[
{"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1932, "culture": " English\n", "content": "Produced by Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed\nBOOK OF ETIQUETTE\n[Illustration]\n[Illustration: Photo by George H. Davis, Jr. Courtesy of the _Woman's\nHome Companion_.\nREADY FOR TEA\nThe tea table should never be cluttered with a lot of things which the\nhostess does not need]\nBOOK OF\nETIQUETTE\nBY\nLILLIAN EICHLER\nVOLUME II\nILLUSTRATED\nNELSON DOUBLEDAY, INC.\nOYSTER BAY, N. Y.\nCOPYRIGHT, 1921, BY\nNELSON DOUBLEDAY, INC.\nALL RIGHTS RESERVED, INCLUDING THAT OF TRANSLATION\nINTO FOREIGN LANGUAGES, INCLUDING THE SCANDINAVIAN\nPRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES\nAT\nTHE COUNTRY LIFE PRESS, GARDEN CITY, N. Y.\nCONTENTS\nPART III\nThe Servant in the Household--A Word to\nthe Mistress--A Word to the Servant--How\nto Address Servants--The Child and the\nServant--The Invisible Barrier--When the\nServant Speaks--The Servants of a Big\nHouse--The Butler--Correct Dress for the\nButler--The Second Man--The Chauffeur--Duties\nof the Chauffeur--The Valet--The\nPage--The Maid-Servants--Lady's Maid--The\nNurse-Maid--Duties of House-Maid--In\nConclusion.\nAbout the American Hostess--Planning the\nFormal Dinner--Arranging the Table--Starting\nat the Center--Some Important\nDetails--Table Etiquette--Table Service--Use\nof the Napkin--The Spoon at the Dinner\nTable--The Fork and Knife--Finger\nFoods--Table Accidents--The Hostess--When\nthe Guests Arrive--The Successful\nHostess--The Guest--Comments on Food--Second\nHelpings--The Menu--Special Entertainment--When\nto Leave--Taking Leave--Inviting\na Stop-Gap--Simple Dinners--Inviting\nCongenial Guests--When There are\nno Servants--Hotel Dinners--Dress for\nDinner.\nPurpose of the Luncheon--Informal Luncheons--About\nthe Table--The Formal Luncheon--The\nTable for the Formal Luncheon--Hostess\nand Guest--Formal and Informal\nBreakfasts--Dress for Luncheons and Breakfasts.\nEvolution of the Afternoon Tea--The\nSimpler Tea--The Formal Tea--The Tea-Table--Dress\nat Tea Time--The Garden\nParty--Receiving the Guests--On the Lawn--Dress\nfor Garden Parties and Lawn\nFestivals--Woman's Garden Costume--The\nMan at the Garden Party--House Parties--Sending\nthe Invitation--When the Guests\nArrive--Entertaining at the House Party--Hostess\nand Guests at the House Party--\"Tipping\"\nthe Servants.\nWhen the Bachelor is Host--Welcoming the\nGuests--The Bachelor's Dinner--Tea at a\nBachelor Apartment--The Bachelor Dance--Theater\nParties--Yachting Parties.\nVI. MUSICALES AND PRIVATE THEATRICALS                                 83\nPreparations for the Musicale--The Afternoon\nMusicale--The Evening Musicale--Card\nParties at the Musicale--Duties of\nGuests at Musicales--Dress at the Musicale--Arranging\nPrivate Theatricals--The Players--The\nGuests--Host and Hostess.\nDancing as a Healthful Art--Dance-Giving\nNo Longer a Luxury--The D\u00e9but Dance--Costume\nBalls--Subscription Dances--The\nBallroom--Music at the Dance--Dance Programs--Dinner\nDances--Dressing Rooms--The\nDance--When the Lady is Asked to\nDance--\"Cutting In\"--Dancing Positions--When\nthe Guest Does Not Dance--Public\nDances--A Plea for Dancing--The Charm\nof Dress in Dancing--At the Afternoon\nDance--Gentlemen at the Dance--Dress for\nthe Ball--Dress of the D\u00e9butante--Wraps\nat the Ball--Ball Dress for Men--For the\nSimple Country Dance.\nWhy the World Plays--Fair Play--Indoor\nGames--Chess--Bridge--Billiards and\nCroquet--Outdoor Games--Lawn Tennis--Golf--Some\nImportant Rules about Golf--Football--Automobile\nEtiquette--Automobile\nParties--Riding--Bathing--Sports--Clothes\nin General.\nPART IV\nConversation--The Charm of Correct\nSpeech--Courtesy in Conversation--The\nVoice--Ease in Speech--Local Phrases and\nMannerisms--Importance of Vocabulary--Interrupting\nthe Speech of Others--Tact in\nConversation--Some Important Information--What\nto Talk About.\nThe First Impression--Men's Dress--Women's\nDress--The Story of Dress--The\nDawn of Fashion--The Fashions of To-day--Harmony\nin Dress--Importance of Color--The\nCharm of Personality--Gaudiness\nversus Good Taste--\"Extravagance the\nGreatest Vulgarity\"--Inappropriateness in\nClothes--The Eccentric Dresser--Comfort in\nClothes--If One is Not Average--Tall and\nShort People--The Well-Dressed Woman--Not\na Slave to Fashion--The Well-Dressed\nMan--The Charm of Old Age--The Elderly\nWoman--Imitation and Over-Dressing--The\nOlder Gentleman--A Trip to the South--For\nthe Gentleman.\nWoman in the Business World--Self-Confidence--The\nSlattern--Following the Fashions--Gaudy\nAttraction--The Business Suit--The\nBusiness Dress and Coat--An Appeal\nto Business Women.\nThe True Etiquette--Poise in Public--The\nCharm of Courtesy--Ladies and Gentlemen--When\nto Bow in Public--Walking in Public--Stopping\nfor a Chat--When Accidents\nHappen--Accepting Courtesies from Strangers--Raising\nthe Hat--How to Raise the\nHat--In the Street Car--Entering the Car--In\nthe Taxicab--Some Social Errors.\nDress at the Theater and Opera--Entering\nthe Theater--Arriving Late--About Wraps--Order\nof Precedence--Before the Play--When\nthe Curtain is Drawn--During the\nPerformance--The Offending Hat--Applause--During\nIntermission--Leaving the\nTheater.\nAt the Hotel--The Woman Guest--Receiving\nMasculine Guests--Making Friends at\nthe Hotel--How to Register--In the Public\nDining-Room--Hotel Stationery--Regarding\nthe Servants--Leaving the Hotel.\nThe Restless Urge of Travel--The Customs\nof Countries--The Traveler's Wardrobe--In\nthe Train--In the Sleeping Car--Train\nCourtesy--The Woman Traveler--The\nWoman who Travels with an Escort--In the\nDining-Car--Children on the Train--In the\nTaxicab--Bon Voyage Gifts--On Board the\nShip--Courtesy of the Ship--The Woman\nCrossing the Ocean--A Concert at Sea--At\nthe Journey's End--At Hotel and Restaurant--At\nTea-Room and Roof-Garden--To\nThose Who Love to Travel.\nAn Un-American Custom--Lavish Tipping--In\nDining-Room or Dining-Car--At the\nHotel--The Taxi-Driver--On the Train--Crossing\nthe Ocean--Tips in Foreign Countries.\nThe American in Foreign Countries--On\nEnglish Soil--Addressing Royalty--Other\nEnglish Titles--And Still Other Titles--Addressing\nClergy Abroad--Lawyers, Statesmen\nand Officials--How to Address Them--At\nthe Court of England--What to Wear to\nCourt--The King's Levees--In France--Addressing\nTitled People in France--Certain\nFrench Conventions--Dinner Etiquette--French\nWedding Etiquette--Balls--About\nCalls and Cards--Correspondence--The\nAmerican in Germany--The Perfect American\nTourist.\nForeign Words in Frequent Social Usage.\nLIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS\nREADY FOR TEA          _Frontispiece_\nTABLE SET FOR DINNER              32\nPART III\n_Repose and cheerfulness are the badge of the gentleman,--repose in\nenergy. The Greek battle pieces are calm; the heroes, in whatever\nviolent actions engaged, retain a serene aspect; as we say of Niagara,\nthat it falls without speed. A cheerful, intelligent face is the end of\nculture, and success enough. For it indicates the purpose of nature and\nwisdom attained._\n_--Emerson._\nBOOK OF ETIQUETTE\nCHAPTER I\nSERVANTS\nTHE SERVANT IN THE HOUSEHOLD\n\"A mouse can look at a king, but a king won't often look at a mouse\"\nsays the old proverb. Which is, sadly enough, the state of affairs\nbetween servants and mistresses in many households.\nA great many people feel somehow that those who labor in the capacity of\nservants are inferior. But in most cases, it is those who place servants\non a lower plane who are themselves inferior. We owe those who take a\npart in the household affairs of our homes, more than the wages we pay\nthem. We owe them gratitude, courtesy, kindness. Many elaborate dinners\nwould be failures if it were not for the silent members of our\nhouseholds. Many formal entertainments would be impossible without their\nhelp. They hold a certain place of importance in the home--and it should\nbe recognized in the social world as a place worthy of every courtesy\nand respect.\nFor those who are fortunate enough to have servants to help with\ndomestic tasks, it is extremely important that the correct etiquette of\nservants be thoroughly known and understood. And those who serve as\nbutlers and maids and valets must also know the little rules of good\nconduct that govern their duties and responsibilities. The information\ncontained in the following paragraphs is meant for both the servant and\nthe mistress, and we hope that both will find it valuable.\nA WORD TO THE MISTRESS\nIn the home where guests are frequently entertained and where the\nhostess holds many formal social functions, servants are essential.\nEvery family that can afford to do so, should have one, or two, or more\nservants according to social requirements and the appointments of the\nhouse. They should be well instructed in their duties and they should be\nexpected to carry them out faultlessly. Untidy, noisy, ill-trained\nservants reflect upon the manners and conduct of the mistress herself.\nThe most common method of engaging a servant is through an agency. Here\ndifferent types of men and women can be found, and the mistress of the\nhousehold may be fortunate enough to find one suited to her\nrequirements. Sometimes she secures a maid or butler by the\nrecommendation of some other housekeeper. This method is usually more\nsatisfactory than any other because it puts things on a rather friendly\nbasis from the start.\nBut whether the maid or butler be engaged by recommendation or through\nan agency, it is important that it be clearly understood from the\nbeginning just what his or her duties will be. And the mistress should\nnot engage a servant unless she feels sure that he will be able to fill\nthe position satisfactorily, for it is both an expensive and provoking\nprocess to change servants frequently.\nThe first few days in a new home are always difficult for the servant.\nThe mistress should be patient and considerate and do all she can to\nmake the newcomer feel at ease in her new surroundings. Her directions\nshould be requests, not commands, and she should overlook blunders for\nthey may be the result of the servant's unfamiliarity with the household\nand its customs.\nAfter the servant has been in the household three weeks or a month, the\nmistress has every right to expect him to carry out his duties\ncorrectly. But we are all human, and we all make mistakes. When a\nservant blunders through carelessness a reprimand may be necessary, but\nto scold in loud, angry tones is most ill-mannered. The well-bred woman\nwill never forget that there is as much demand for courtesy and\nkindliness in her relations with her servants as in any other relation\nin which she is placed. There is absolutely no reason why \"please\" and\n\"thank you\" should be omitted when we speak to the people who live in\nour homes and labor for our comfort and happiness.\nA WORD TO THE SERVANT\nAmong real Americans, with their democratic views, there can be no\nobjection to the word \"servant.\" It is a noun, a name, to denote people\nin a certain occupation; just as \"brokers\" and \"salesmen\" and\n\"housewives\" denote certain people in other occupations. Therefore the\nservants who read these sentences, and the women who have servants in\ntheir households, should interpret the word in the spirit it is\nwritten--that of true American courtesy and respect.\nDomestic service requires a certain character lacking in most other\nprofessions. As a servant, you care for the things of others and it\nshould be done with as much attention and regard as if they were your\nown. You attend to your duties day after day, persisting in work which\nmay sometimes become monotonous and which would be easy enough to shirk,\nbut which you do for the comfort and pleasure of your mistress. You find\nyourself in the position of keeping other people's property attractive,\nputting other people's visitors at ease and being economical with other\npeople's money. And we repeat again that it requires a certain high\nstamp of character that is not found in most professions.\nTidiness is very important in both men and women servants. The maid who\nserves at the dinner table must wear a fresh new blouse and a crisp\napron. Soiled finger-nails or unclean hands are inexcusable. The\nwell-trained servant presents always an immaculate, well-groomed\nappearance.\nIt hardly seems necessary to mention that the servant must be\nscrupulously honest. Perhaps, in their capacity in the home, they are\nexposed to unusual temptations--but that is just the reason why they\nshould refrain from dishonesty of any kind, even the slightest lie.\nGossip about the family life of the people they are serving should also\nbe avoided by servants.\nThe servant should remember that whether she be maid or mistress, she\ncan be _cultured_. The well-bred, well-trained maid is never sullen or\nperverse. Nor is her manner servile or haughty. She is respectful to her\nemployers, but she does not cringe. She does her duties carefully,\nconscientiously and thoroughly, and she carries out the commands of her\nmistress without question. If, however, a maid thinks that a certain\ntask could be done much more quickly and satisfactorily in another way,\nshe may suggest it to her mistress and request her permission to do it\nin that way. If she is reprimanded for a mistake, she should not become\nrude or angry, but remain calm and answer quietly. It will not be long\nbefore her mistress, if she is the right sort of mistress, recognizes\nher superior qualities, her good manners and conscientious work, and\nwill respond by treating her in like manner.\nUndue familiarity from the maid is not to be countenanced. But many\ntimes a certain understanding friendliness develops between a faithful\nmaid and a kind and courteous mistress--a friendship in which rigid\nclass distinctions are not sufficient to form a barrier.\nLet those of us who are servants remember that it is only in helping\nothers that true happiness is found, and that the world is quick to\nrecognize and reward true, loyal, sincere service.\nHOW TO ADDRESS SERVANTS\nHousehold servants are usually addressed by their first names. It is\nindeed bad form to address a servant by some abbreviated nickname, such\nas Lizzy for Elizabeth or Maggie for Margaret. The full first name\nshould be used. A pleasant \"Good morning, Margaret,\" starts the day\nright, both for the mistress and the maid. In England the surname is\npreferred but they do not have to contend with all the foreign\nimportations in the way of names that we have here in America. It is\ncertainly better to call John Soennichsen John, than to use his surname.\nA butler or chauffeur is usually addressed by his surname unless he is a\nman who has served the family for many years.\nThe golden rule of \"Thank you\" is just as golden when it applies to our\nservants. It is only the extremely discourteous man or woman who will\naddress servants in a peremptory, rude tone. And it is especially\nill-bred and unkind to be overbearing to servants in the presence of\nguests, or to scold one servant in the presence of another.\nTHE CHILD AND THE SERVANT\nInsolence to servants on the part of children is as much a reflection on\nthe manners of the parents, as it is upon the breeding of the children.\nThe child that hears the servants addressed in rude, haughty manner will\nquite naturally adopt the same manner towards them. And no one, child or\nadult, can be considered well-bred unless he or she is courteous and\nkind to everyone, especially to those whose social position is inferior.\nIn the park, recently, a little tot of six years or thereabouts had a\nbag of peanuts which she offered to two little playmates and also to\ntheir mother who was sitting near by. Seeing that she did not offer her\ngoverness some peanuts, the woman inquired, \"Why don't you offer Miss\nTaylor some?\" To which the youngster immediately replied, \"Oh, she's\nonly my governess.\"\nThis is the result of wrong principle in the home. No child is born a\nsnob. No child is born haughty and arrogant. It is the home environment\nand the precedent of the parents that makes such vain, unkind little\nchildren as the one mentioned above. It is actually unfair to the young\nchildren in the home to set the wrong example by being discourteous to\nthe servants. They will only have to fight, later, to conquer the petty\nsnobbishness that stands between them and their entrance into good\nsociety.\nTHE INVISIBLE BARRIER\nIn the sixteenth century French women servants were arrested and placed\nin prison for wearing clothes similar to those worn by their\n\"superiors.\" It developed that they had made the garments themselves,\ncopying them from the original models, sometimes sitting up all night to\nfinish the garment. But the court ruled that it made no difference\nwhether they had made them themselves or not; they had worn clothes like\ntheir mistresses', and they must be punished! We very much wiser people\nof the twentieth century smile when we read of these ridiculous edicts\nof a long-ago court--but we placidly continue to condemn the shop-girl\nand the working-girl if she dares to imitate Parisienne importations.\nIt is very often the same in the household. We ridicule the \"class\nsystems\" of other countries, yet we deliberately build up a barrier\nbetween ourselves and those who work for us. Perhaps there must be some\nsuch barrier to keep the social equilibrium; but is there any reason why\nit should be unkind and discourteous?\nThe mistress should not, of course, confide in her servants, gossip with\nthem, discuss her affairs with them, enter their quarrels and take sides\nwith them. But she can be cheerful, polite, considerate; and invariably\nshe will find that this kind of treatment will bring an immediate\nresponse--even from the most sullen servant.\nWHEN THE SERVANT SPEAKS\nIn answering the mistress or master of the household, it is customary\nfor the servant to say, \"Yes, madam,\" or, \"Yes, sir.\" Old servants, who\nhave been for many years in the employ of the same people, may omit the\n\"madam\" and use the name, in this manner,--\"Yes, Mrs. Brown.\" Such\nslovenly expressions as \"No'm\" or \"Yessir\" show lack of good training\non the part of the servant, and poor judgment on the part of the\nmistress.\nBrevity and civility are the two most important virtues of the speech of\nthe man or maid servant who answers inquiries at the door, admits guests\nand takes messages. In the latter case, when a servant takes a message\nfor one of the members of the household, a polite \"Thank you, madam\" is\nessential. If there is a doubt as to whether or not the hostess is at\nhome, the well-trained servant admits the visitor, asks her to have a\nseat, and says, \"I will inquire.\" He returns to say either that Madam is\nnot at home, or that she will be down directly.\nWhen announcing guests, the butler should ask, \"What name, please?\" not\nin the indifferent, sing-song manner so characteristic of butlers, but\nin a cordial, polite tone of voice, and with a genial smile. Having been\ngiven the names of the visitors, he announces them in clear, distinct\ntones. These announcements are made while the guests are entering the\ndrawing-room. A mother and two daughters are announced as: \"Mrs. Smith,\nthe Misses Smith.\" If the given names of the young ladies are called,\nthe form of announcement is: \"Mrs. Smith, Miss Smith, Miss Alice Smith,\"\nthe eldest daughter of a family being given the privilege to use the\ntitle \"Miss Smith.\" In announcing a gentleman and his son, the butler\nsays: \"Mr. Blank, Mr. Francis Blank.\"\nTHE SERVANTS OF A BIG HOUSE\nThe small household must choose servants according to convenience and\nrequirements. Where there are three or four grown-up daughters and the\nhome is a small one, one maid and one butler are sufficient. But in a\nvery large house with numerous rooms, where many social functions are\nheld and many house parties are given by the hostess a full corps of\nservants is required. Each one should have certain, definite tasks to\nperform every day.\nIn the luxurious American home, seven servants are usually employed.\nThey are a butler, a chauffeur, a parlor maid, a cook, a laundress, a\nnurse-maid and a chamber-maid. A lady's maid and a valet are sometimes\nadded. A footman, laundry-maid and scullery-maid are also added,\nsometimes, to the corps of servants. But this list may be increased or\ndiminished according to the requirements of the individual family. For\ninstance, a second-man may be placed under the direction of the butler;\na gardener and his assistants may be charged with the care of the\nenvirons; while grooms may be employed to care for the horses in the\nstables. But usually these additional servants are the luxuries of the\nextremely wealthy and should not be indulged in by those who cannot\nafford them.\nIn the home where there are several men servants and several women\nservants, it is the best plan for the wife to supervise the duties and\nresponsibilities of the women, leaving the men to be directed by her\nhusband. It is important, though, for the mistress of the house not to\ngive counter commands to servants who are under her husband's\nsupervision, for this may cause a friction that is not conducive to the\nbest service on the part of the help.\nTHE BUTLER\nThe duties of the butler confine him to the drawing-room and\ndining-room. The dining-room, however, is his particular domain; he\nsees that everything is in order, that the table is laid correctly, the\nlighting effect satisfactory, the flowers arranged, and in short that\nthe room and appointments are in perfect readiness for a punctual meal.\nIn this work a parlor maid assists him by sweeping and dusting, and a\npantry-maid helps him by keeping everything immaculate and in readiness\nin the pantry.\nThe butler serves at breakfast, luncheon and dinner. Where there is a\nsecond-man, he may assist the butler with the serving at dinner; and at\nlarge entertainments the maid who assists in the pantry may also be\nrequested to serve. The butler also is in charge of the afternoon-tea\nduties, in homes where this custom prevails. He brings in the tray,\narranges it for the hostess and sees that everyone is served.\nWhere there are only a few servants, the butler may be expected to help\nwith the dishes, polish the silver and assist in the pantry. But if\nthere are maid servants, and a second-man to do the heavier work, then\nhe is expected to serve in a small measure as the valet for the master\nof the house. He lays out his evening clothes, brushes and presses the\ngarments worn in the morning, and draws his bath. Sometimes, when his\ndomestic duties are very light, the butler is requested to serve as\nfootman to the mistress when she goes riding in the afternoon.\nAn important duty of the butler is to answer the door bell whenever it\nrings. He must see that the front door and the hall is in order and\nwell-swept, and that the drawing-room door is locked every night after\nthe family has retired. A great deal of the comfort and pleasure of the\nfamily depends upon the manner in which the butler attends to his\nduties.\nCORRECT DRESS FOR THE BUTLER\nNeatness of attire is extremely important. The butler should be\nclean-shaven, and he should not fail to be fresh-shaven every day. His\nhair should not be closely cropped, but cut loosely, and it should be\nwell-brushed at all times. Well-kept nails are, of course, very\nimportant not only for the butler but for anyone who serves at the table\nor has anything to do with the food.\nAs nearly as possible, the butler's costume should parallel the\nfollowing description, but each passing season finds some minor detail\nslightly changed, and each new season finds a slight variation from the\ncostume of the season before. So the best thing to do is to find out\ndefinitely from a reliable clothier or from the men's furnishing\ndepartment of a large department store, just what the butler's costume\nof the present time consists of.\nOrdinarily, the butler wears white linen in the morning, with black or\ndark gray trousers, a black waistcoast that buttons high, and a\nswallow-tail coat. It is also permissible for him to wear a short\nroundtail coat in the morning hours; it is similar to the gentleman's\ntailless evening coat, but it is not faced with silk. A black or dark\ntie and black shoes complete the outfit, which is worn until after the\nmidday meal.\nIf guests are to be entertained at luncheon, the butler wears his\nafternoon and evening livery. Otherwise he dons it only after luncheon\nor about three o'clock in the afternoon. It consists of complete black\nevening dress similar in cut and style to that worn by gentlemen. There\nare no braidings or facings, though the material of the suit may be\nevery whit as excellent in quality as that worn by the master of the\nhouse. The butler does not wear a white waistcoat, a watch chain, or\njeweled studs with his afternoon or evening livery. Nor may he wear a\n_boutonni\u00e8re_ or an assertive tie or patent leather shoes. And it is\nextremely bad taste for him to use perfume of any kind. He wears white\nlinen with plain white studs in the shirt front, a standing collar,\nwhite lawn tie and plain black shoes. His watch is slipped into his\nwaistcoast pocket without chain or fob.\nWhite gloves are no longer the custom for men servants in the private\nhome.\nWhen acting as footman to his mistress in the afternoon, the butler\nwears the livery described for the second man. In cold weather he is\nsupplied with a long footman's coat; and he is also supplied with a top\nhat and gloves, all matching in color and style those worn by the\nchauffeur.\nTHE SECOND MAN\nThe second man may be employed exclusively for the house, or he may be\nemployed solely to serve as footman, sitting next to the chauffeur when\nthe mistress is motoring. In the latter case he wears the regular livery\nmatching that worn by the chauffeur. But usually a second man is\nexpected to help in the house besides serving as footman.\nHe assists the butler by answering the door bell whenever the other is\nbusy or occupied elsewhere. He washes dishes and windows and polishes\nthe silver. He tends to the open fireplace in winter, and to the\narranging of the flowers in the summer. The veranda, front steps and\ncourtyard are also in his care. And when there are guests for dinner,\nor at a large entertainment, he helps serve at the table.\nThe livery of the second man is the same indoors all day; he does not\nchange for the evening. It consists of coat and trousers of one solid\ncolor determined by the heads of the house. It is usually a very dark\ngreen, brown, gray or blue, and the outside edge of the trouser leg is\npiped in some contrasting color. The coat is usually swallow-tail in\ncut, and is ornamented with brass or silver buttons on the tails, on the\ncuffs and down the front. Lately this vogue of the brass and silver\nbutton is disappearing.\nThe color worn by the second man should be the predominating color worn\nby all the other liveried servants in the household. It is certainly not\ngood form to have the chauffeur wear one color of livery, and the\nfootman next to him wear livery of an entirely different color and cut.\nWith his livery described above, the second man wears a waistcoat of\nValencia, striped in the two colors that appear on the coat and\ntrousers. It is usually cut V shape, disclosing white linen in which are\nfastened two plain white studs, a standing collar, and a white lawn tie.\nWhen he serves as footman, the second man may either be requested to don\ncomplete car livery, or he may wear a long footman's overcoat, top hat\nand gloves over his house livery.\nA clean shaven face and well-brushed, close-clipped hair are pleasing\ncharacteristics of the second man. Untidiness, ill-kept hands and nails,\nand the use of jewelry or perfume should not be tolerated in the second\nman, whether he serves only as footman, or in the house. When he helps\nthe butler at the dinner table, he should be especially immaculate in\nappearance.\nTHE CHAUFFEUR\nThe gallant coachman of a decade ago has given way to the chauffeur of\nto-day. But we find that his livery is no less important--it is governed\nby a very definite convention.\nIn winter, for instance, the chauffeur wears long trousers of melton or\nkersey or similar material and a double-breasted greatcoat of the same\nmaterial. The collar and cuffs may be of a contrasting color or of the\nsame color as the rest of the material. He wears a flat cap with a stiff\nvisor and a band of the same contrasting color that appears on the\ncollar and cuffs of the coat. Dark gloves and shoes are worn. Sometimes,\ninstead of long trousers, the chauffeur wears knee-trousers with leather\nleggings. If desired, a double row of brass, silver or polished horn\nbuttons may decorate the front of the greatcoat, but this must be\ndetermined by the prevailing custom. If the weather is extremely cold,\nthe chauffeur should be provided with a long coat of goat or wolf-skin,\nor some other suitable protection against the cold and wind.\nDuring the summer months, the chauffeur usually wears gray or brown\ncords, developed in the conventional style. His cap and gloves match.\nDUTIES OF THE CHAUFFEUR\nThe complete care of the car or cars devolves upon the chauffeur. He\nmust see that it is always spotless and shining, that it is in good\ncondition and will not break down during a trip, and that it is in\nreadiness whenever the owners want to use it.\nWhen the mistress goes motoring, the chauffeur stands at the door of\nthe car until she enters, arranges the robes and sees that she is\ncomfortable before taking his own place. Upon receiving her orders, he\ntouches the rim of his cap. It is not necessary, however, upon reaching\nthe destination for the chauffeur to descend and open the door for his\nmistress. His place is at the wheel and that is where he remains. But if\nthere is a second man to assist the chauffeur, who accompanies him on\nevery trip as a motor footman, he should descend and stand at attention\nwhile the mistress emerges from the car.\nThe footman dresses like the chauffeur. He leaves cards when the\nmistress makes her social calls, and he rings house bells for her. He is\nalso expected to be useful in performing personal service for the\nmasculine members of the household.\nVery often it happens that a tourist, instead of hiring a car and\nchauffeur when he reaches a strange country, desires to take his own car\nand chauffeur with him. He must be sure to arrange beforehand to have\nthe man admitted to the foreign country, for negligence may cause him\nmuch delay and trouble when he reaches the border-line. He must also\narrange for the sleeping and eating facilities of his chauffeur when\nthey stop for a day or two in a town or village. It is not right to\nexpect him to eat with the servants, nor will he wish to eat at the same\ntable with his employer. It is wisest to give him an allowance and\npermit him to eat and sleep where he pleases.\nTHE VALET\nThe business of the valet is to attend to all the comforts and desires\nof the master of the house. He takes no part in the general housework,\nexcept in an emergency.\nThe valet does not wear livery. Indoors, in the evening and during the\nday, he wears dark gray or black trousers, white linen, a high-buttoned\nblack waistcoat and a plain black swallow-tailed coat or one cut with\nshort rounded tails. He wears a dark tie and dull leather shoes. He may\nalso wear an inconspicuous pin in his tie and simple cuff-links; but a\ndisplay of jewelry is not permissible.\nIt may happen that a butler is ill or called away, or that there is a\nshortage of servants during a large entertainment. In this case the\nvalet may be called upon to serve as a butler, and he then wears\ncomplete butler's dress, with the long-tailed coat. When traveling with\nhis employer, the valet wears an inconspicuous morning suit of dark\ngray, brown or blue tweed in the conventional style. He completes this\noutfit with a black or brown derby hat and black leather shoes.\nThe duties of the valet are as follows: he brushes, presses, cleans,\npacks or lays out the clothes of his employer, draws the water for his\nbath, and assists him to dress. He keeps his wardrobe in order and packs\nand unpacks his trunks whenever he is traveling. He does all his\nerrands, buys his railway and steamship tickets, pays his bills, and\ncarries his hand-luggage when they are traveling together. Sometimes he\nshaves him, orders his clothes, and writes his business letters. But\nthese duties are expected only of accomplished valets. He does not,\nhowever, make the bed or sweep or dust his employer's room.\nTHE PAGE\nThe page is a very convenient servant to have when there is no\nsecond-man or when there are no men-servants at all. His duties are many\nand varied. He runs errands for everyone in the house, assists the\nparlor-maid, looks after the open fire places and opens the door to\ncallers. Sometimes he even serves as a sort of miniature footman,\nsitting next to the chauffeur in complete footman livery.\nThe livery for the page boy is the same during the day and evening. It\nis a simple, neat coat and trousers of dark cloth piped with the\ncontrasting livery color of the family in which he serves. The coat fits\nthe body snugly, and ends at the waistline except for a slight point at\nback and front. Metal buttons set as closely together as possible fasten\nthe coat from top to bottom. The trousers are piped or braided in the\ncontrasting color down the outside of the leg. White linen should show\nat the wrists and above the high collar of the coat, but there should be\nno tie. Black calf skin shoes complete the outfit, and when the page is\nout of doors, he wears a round cap to match his suit.\nThe bullet-shaped metal buttons down the front of the coat, and three of\nthe same buttons sewed on the outside seam of the cuffs, have earned for\nthe page the rather appropriate name of \"Buttons.\"\nTHE MAID-SERVANTS\nWhether there is only one maid-servant in the house, or many, their\nduties should be clearly defined and understood. It is the only way to\navoid quarreling and misunderstanding among the servants themselves. Let\neach one understand from the very first day he begins work just what his\nduties are. In this case as in many another an ounce of prevention is\nworth a pound of cure. If there are quarrels among the servants the\nmistress should not interfere nor take sides. If possible she should\nremove the cause of the friction, and for a serious fault she should\ndischarge the one that is causing the disturbance.\nThe services of the waitress are confined to the drawing-room floor. She\nserves breakfast, luncheon and dinner, and afternoon tea where it is the\ncustom. This is assuming, however, that there is no butler in the home.\nIn this case she attends to all the other duties that would ordinarily\nfall upon him. She answers the door-bell, polishes the silver, helps\nwith the washing of the dishes and sees that the table is correctly laid\nfor each meal.\nThe parlor maid is a luxury enjoyed only by families of great wealth.\nShe is expected to devote her time and attention wholly to the\ndrawing-room and dining-room, assisting the waitress in the pantry and\nkeeping the library and drawing-room in order. But in the average\ncomfortable home of America there are usually only two maids, a\nhousemaid and a waitress (with perhaps the additional services of a\ncook) and these two maids have the care of the dining, living and\nbedrooms divided between them.\nThe dress of the house-maids is very much alike. The waitress, or parlor\nmaid, wears a plain, light-colored dress in the morning with a rather\nlarge apron, and a small white cap. The chambermaid's costume is very\nmuch the same. In the afternoon the parlor maid or waitress changes to a\nblack serge dress in winter, or a black poplin in summer, with white\nlinen cuffs and collars and a small white apron.[A] (See footnote.)\n     [A] The costumes for maid-servants change frequently, only in\n     slight details, but enough to warrant specific research at the time\n     the servant is outfitted. A large department store, or a store\n     devoted exclusively to the liveries of servants, will be able to\n     tell you exactly the correct costumes for maid-servants at the\n     present time. Or you may find the desired information in a current\n     housekeeping magazine.\nThe maid-servants never wear jewelry or other finery while they are on\nduty. One very simple brooch, or perhaps a pair of cuff links, is\npermissible; but bracelets, rings and neck ornaments are in bad taste.\nElaborate dressing of the hair should also be avoided, and careless,\nuntidy dressing should never be countenanced.\nLADY'S MAID\nThe lady's maid does not take part in the general housework. Her duties\nare solely to care for the wardrobe of her mistress, to assist her at\nher toilette, to draw her bath, to lay out her clothes and keep her room\ntidy. But she does not sweep or dust the room or make the bed--these are\nthe duties of the chamber-maid. If she is an accomplished maid she will\nprobably do a great deal of sewing, and perhaps she will massage her\nmistress' hair and manicure her nails. But these duties are not to be\nexpected; the mistress who finds her maid is willing to do these things\nfor her, is indeed fortunate.\nA black dress in winter, and a black skirt and waist in summer, worn\nwith a small, dainty white apron comprises the costume of the lady's\nmaid. Stiff white cuffs and collar add a touch of prim neatness which is\nmost desirable. At the present time, the tiny white cap formerly worn by\nlady's maids has been almost entirely dispensed with.\nWhen traveling with her mistress, the lady's maid should wear only very\nsimple and inconspicuous clothes. A tweed suit worn with a neat blouse,\nor a tweed coat worn over a simple dress, is the best form. Anything\ngaudy or elaborate worn by a lady's maid is frowned upon by polite\nsociety.\nTHE NURSE-MAID\nThe nurse-maid should be very particular about her dress. She should\nalways be faultlessly attired, her hair neat and well-brushed, her\nentire appearance displaying a tidy cleanliness.\nIn the house the nurse-maid wears a simple dress of wool or heavy\nmaterial with a white apron and white collar and cuffs. In warmer\nweather she wears linen or poplin with the apron and collar and cuffs.\nOutdoors, she wears a long full cloak over her house dress.\nDUTIES OF HOUSE-MAID\nThe cook, who is always dressed spotlessly in white, does nothing\noutside the kitchen unless special arrangements have been made to the\ncontrary. She keeps the kitchen tidy and clean, cooks the meals, helps\nwith the dishes and perhaps attends to the furnace.\nThe waitress opens and airs the living-rooms, dusts the rooms and gets\neverything in readiness for breakfast. It is customary to excuse her as\nsoon as the principal part of the breakfast has been served, so that she\nmay attend to her chamber-work and be ready to come down to her\nbreakfast by the time the family has finished. However, before she goes\nto her own breakfast, she is expected to clear the dining-room table and\ntake the dishes into the kitchen.\nIf the waitress does not help with the chamber-work, this duty falls\nentirely upon the chamber-maid. She must make the beds, sweep and dust\nthe bedrooms, and keep them immaculate. The mistress should inspect the\nchamber-work occasionally for servants must not be permitted to feel\nthat carelessness in details will be overlooked. And the mistress should\nalso take care of her own linen-closet, unless she has a very\ntrustworthy and competent servant; for linens should be worn alike, and\nnot some worn constantly and others allowed to lie forgotten in a corner\nof the closet.\nIN CONCLUSION\nA good servant--and by \"good\" we mean a man or woman who goes about\nduties cheerfully, is respectful and willing, who is neat, well-mannered\nand well-trained--must be treated in the right manner if he or she is to\nremain such. There are so many blunders the mistress can make, so many\nmistakes that bring the wrong response from those who are temporarily a\npart of her household.\nFor instance, a haughty, arrogant manner towards a servant who is\nsensitive will by no means encourage that servant to do his or her best\nwork. And on the other hand, a servile manner towards a good servant one\nis afraid of losing, encourages that servant to take liberties and\nbecome unduly familiar.\nIt is as difficult to be a good mistress as it is to be a good servant.\nBoth duties require a keen understanding and appreciation of human\nnature, a kindliness of spirit and a desire to be helpful. Both the\nservant and the mistress have their trials and troubles, but they should\nremember that it is only through mutual helpfulness and consideration,\nan exacting attention to duties and responsibilities, a wise supervision\nand a faithful service, that harmony and happiness can be reached in the\nhome. And both should bear in mind that this harmony and happiness is\nsomething worth-while striving for, something worth-while being patient\nand persistent for.\nThere is an old proverb which literally translated means, \"By the\nservant the master is known.\" It is a good proverb for both the servant\nand the mistress to remember.\nCHAPTER II\nDINNERS\nABOUT THE AMERICAN HOSTESS\nThe greatest pride of the American hostess is her formal dinner. And it\nis to her credit that we mention that she can hold her own against the\nmost aristocratic families of Europe.\nThere is a story told of a well-known New York society matron who gave a\nformal dinner party on every occasion that warranted it, no matter how\ntrivial, for the reason that it gave her keen pleasure and enjoyment to\ndo so. At one of her dinners recently a famous world-touring lecturer\nwas the guest of honor--and the hostess was as happy and proud as it is\npossible for a hostess to be. Especially was she proud of the delectable\nmenu she had ordered prepared for the occasion.\nBut much to her chagrin, she noticed that her distinguished guest was\nnot eating the tempting hot dishes--only the vegetables, and relishes\nand fruits. She did not wish to appear rude, but she could not wait\nuntil dinner was over before asking him why he was not eating. \"I am a\nvegetarian,\" he answered, \"and I never indulge in meats.\"\nThe hostess-of-many-dinners had an inspiration. Here was an opportunity\nto give a unique dinner--and nothing could be more delightful for her. A\nweek later, she sent out invitations to all her friends requesting\ntheir presence at another formal dinner to be held in honor of the\nvisiting lecturer. This time it was a vegetarian dinner. Suffice to say\nthat it was a huge success.\nSuch is the hospitality of our American hostesses that they will concede\nto every whim and desire of their guests. They must be pleased at all\ncosts. The dinner is not a success unless each guest leaves a little\nhappier than when he came--and incidentally a little better pleased with\nthe person who happens to be giving the dinner.\nPLANNING THE FORMAL DINNER\nFirst in importance, of course, is when shall the formal dinner be held?\nAny evening of the week may be selected--although Sunday is rarely\nchosen. The hour is usually between seven and eight o'clock. Invitations\nshould be mailed a week or ten days before the date set for the dinner.\nThe hostess may use her own judgment in deciding whether the invitations\nshould be engraved on cards, or hand-written on note paper. The former\nis preferred for an elaborate dinner, the latter for a small one.\nIt must be remembered in inviting guests to dinner, that it is a breach\nof etiquette to invite a wife without her husband, or the opposite. A\nmarried couple must always be invited together. If there are other\nmembers of the family who are desired as guests at the dinner, separate\ninvitations must be sent to them. A dinner card is always addressed to a\nhusband and wife, and individually to single persons.\nFor the convenience of the host, it is a point of courtesy for every\nrecipient of an invitation to dinner, to answer promptly. A good rule\nis to decide immediately upon receiving it whether or not you will be\nable to attend, and follow it with a cordial answer within the next\ntwenty-four hours. If you find that you must refuse, there must be a\nvery good reason for doing so.\nIn planning the dinner party, the hostess must go over her list of\nfriends and carefully select six or eight who would naturally be most\ncongenial together. The number may even be as low as four, and while\nthere can be no absolute limit to the number one may invite, there must\nnever be more than the hostess can handle easily. If the guests are\nchosen carefully, with a regard for their likes and dislikes, the dinner\nis bound to be a happy one.\nARRANGING THE TABLE\nTo set the formal dinner table correctly is an art in itself.\nThe appointments of the modern dinner table are a delight. Services are\nof silver and china is of the finest. Both the square or round table are\nappropriate, the latter being the most popular since it is easier to\nmake attractive. A mat of asbestos or a thickness of canton flannel is\nfirst spread on the table. Over this comes the snowy, linen table-cover,\nfalling gracefully over the sides with the four points almost touching\nthe floor. A place is laid for each guest. The most fashionable method\nis to have a large lace or embroidered doily in the center of the table,\nand smaller ones indicating the position of the guests. A centerpiece of\nglass, china, silver, is usually used, over the doily or without it, and\non top of this flowers. Delicate ferns are sometimes used instead of\nflowers, although roses (hot-house roses when no others are obtainable)\nare always the favorite at an elaborate dinner.\nSTARTING AT THE CENTER\nWhen the center ornament has been adjusted, it may be used as a\nmathematical base for all the rest of the table appointments.\nCandlesticks, either of silver or bronze, are artistic when placed at\nequal distance around the flowers. They diffuse a soft light upon the\ntable, and by being an incentive to the recalling of old memories, they\ninvoke conversation when there is danger of its lagging.\nIt is one of the charms of candlelight--this power to bring up pleasant\nreminiscences. Between these stately guardians of the floral centerpiece\nmay be placed small dishes containing preserved ginger, macaroons or\nbon-bons.\nSalt-cellars and pepper-boxes are next located on the table, and the\nplaces are laid for the guests. The proper number of forks is placed to\nthe left. The knives and spoons are placed at the right. They are placed\nin the order in which they are to be used. Not more than three forks\nshould ever appear on the table at one time. If others are needed they\nshould be placed with their respective courses. A small square of bread,\nor a roll, is in the center, covered with the folded napkin, and a\nlittle to the left are the several glasses.\nCare must be taken in arranging the dinner table to have both sides\nbalanced. There is an old maxim that says, \"There must be a use for\neverything\" and this holds especially true of the table of good taste.\nIt must not be littered with useless articles, no matter how artistic or\nodd, for they hamper the movements of the guests and make things\nunnecessarily crowded. Butter rarely appears on the table at the formal\ndinner; and condiments are brought in by the servant only as they are\nneeded.\nSOME IMPORTANT DETAILS\nMenu-cards are no longer used at the formal dinner, unless it is in\ncelebration of some auspicious occasion and honored guests are present.\nIn this case, the hostess has the menus printed or engraved in a\ndelicate script and has one placed beside the plate of each guest. A\nfavorite fashion is to have them printed in French. Sometime one of\nthese cards serves for two guests, although the hostess who takes a\npride in her dinners will provide each guest with one, as it serves as\nan appropriate souvenir of the occasion.\nThe lighting effect of the dining-room is important. Instead of the\ncandles on the table there may be an electric cluster high above the\ntable, or small candle-power electric lights on the walls. These latter\nproduce a soft effect which is most pleasing. Glaring lights of any kind\nshould be avoided. Candles and electric lights should never be used in\nconjunction.\nThere is nothing more conducive to thorough enjoyment of an evening, to\nthe thorough enjoyment of a menu, than when table and appointments are\nperfect and artistically simple. The hostess should give as much time\nand thought to the preparation and arrangement of the table, as she does\nto the planning of the menu. She will find that her guests will\nappreciate novel lighting effects, surprising color tones, unusual\nserving innovations. And she will find that a correctly laid table will\nadd surprisingly to the entire success of her dinner party.\nTABLE ETIQUETTE\nThe importance of correct table etiquette cannot be over-emphasized.\nNothing is more vulgar, than clumsy, awkward movements at the table, and\nit is certainly a sign of ill-breeding deliberately to fail to act in\naccordance with the rules of table etiquette. The rules of dinner\netiquette should be studied carefully and just as carefully followed, if\none wishes to be--and everyone does--a lady or a gentleman.\nPerhaps the most important thing is one's bearing at table. Very often\nyou see a seemingly cultured gentleman in a hotel dining-room or\nrestaurant playing with the table silver or absent-mindedly clinking\nglasses together. This may be overlooked in the restaurant, but at a\nformal dinner it is essentially bad form. When the hands are not being\nused, they should rest quietly in the lap--never should the elbows be\nrested on the table. The chair should be neither too near nor too far\nfrom the table; both are ungraceful and awkward.\nTABLE SERVICE\nThe dinner napkin is from twenty to twenty-four inches across. It is\nfolded square unless the table is somewhat crowded, when it may be\nfolded diagonally (after having been folded square) so as to give more\nspace around the board. If the napkins are monogrammed the monogram\nshould be placed so as to be in plain view.\nAt a formal dinner the first course is on the table when the guests\nenter the dining-room. It consists of oysters, a canape, a fruit\ncocktail, grapefruit or something else of the same kind. Oysters on the\nhalf-shell are served bedded in crushed ice in a soup plate. This is\nplaced on the service plate. A cocktail is served in a cocktail glass\nwhich is placed on a doily-covered plate which in turn is placed on the\nservice plate. The silver for the first course may be on the table\nbeside the soup spoon or it may be served with the course.\nThe waiter removes the first course entirely before the soup is placed.\nHe stands at the left of each guest and removes the plates with his left\nhand. The soup in soup plates (not in a tureen) is placed on the service\nplates and when this course is over service plates as well as soup\nplates are removed and the entr\u00e9e is served. If the plates for it are\nempty they are placed with the right hand but if the entr\u00e9e is already\non them they are placed with the left. If empty plates are supplied the\nwaiter passes the entr\u00e9e on a platter held on a folded napkin on his\nleft hand, using his right hand to help balance it. Each guest serves\nhimself.\nAt the conclusion of this course the plates are removed and empty warm\nplates placed for the meat course. The meat should be carved before it\nis brought to the table and after the waiter has served each person he\nserves the vegetables. If there is only one waiter it is more convenient\nto have the vegetables placed on the table in large vegetable dishes\nfrom which each guest serves himself. After the vegetables have gone\naround once they are removed but they may be passed once or twice again\nbefore the conclusion of the meal.\nThe salad follows. It may be served on each plate (and this is surely\nthe more artistic way) or it may be served from a platter. After the\nsalad the table is cleared of all plates that have been in use, of salt\nand pepper shakers or cellars and is crumbed before the dessert is\nbrought in.\nUsually the dessert which is nearly always ice-cream or something else\nfrozen is served in individual dishes. Small cakes are passed with it.\nOther desserts besides ice-cream are served in much the same way.\nWhen the dessert has been removed, finger-bowls half filled with water\nand placed on a small doily-covered plate are set before each person.\nCoffee may be served at the table but it is more often served in the\ndrawing-room.\nUSE OF THE NAPKIN\nWhat can be more unsightly than a napkin tucked carefully in the top of\none's waistcoat? And still, how often one sees it done among men who\nbelieve that they are impressively well-bred! The proper way to use a\nnapkin, whether it is at a formal dinner, or in a restaurant, is to\nunfold it only half, leaving the center fold as it is, and lay it across\nthe knees. It may be used constantly during the meal, whenever the guest\nfinds need for it, but it must never be completely unfolded.\nWhen rising from the table, the napkin is placed _as it is_ on the\ntable. It is never folded again into its original form, as that would be\nan assumption on the part of the guest that the hostess would use it\nagain before laundering. A reprehensible habit is to drop the napkin\ncarelessly into the finger-bowl, or over the coffee cup. It should be\nlaid _on_ the table, at the right of the finger-bowl.\nTHE SPOON AT THE DINNER TABLE\nSpoons are used when eating grapefruit and other fruits served with\ncream. Jellies, puddings, custards, porridges, preserves and boiled\neggs are always eaten with spoons. Also, of course, soup, bouillon,\ncoffee and tea. In the case of the three latter beverages, however, the\nspoon is used only to stir them once or twice and to taste them to see\nthat they are of the desired temperature. It is never allowed to stand\nin the cup while the beverage is being drunk. Nor is it permissible to\ndraw up a spoonful of soup or coffee and blow upon it; one must wait\nuntil it is sufficiently cooled of itself. In taking soup, the correct\nway to use the spoon is to dip it with an outward motion instead of\ndrawing it towards one. The soup is then imbibed from the side, not the\nend.\nTHE FORK AND KNIFE\nIn using the fork and knife, one can display a pleasing grace, or just\nthe opposite--awkward clumsiness. It depends entirely upon how well one\nknows and follows the correct rules. The first rule to be remembered is\nthat a knife is never used for any other purpose than cutting food. It\nis unforgiveable to use a knife to convey food to the mouth--unforgiveable\nand vulgar. The knife is held in the right hand and the fork in the\nleft. When the desired morsel of food is cut, the knife is laid aside\ntemporarily and the fork is shifted to the right hand.\nThe knife and fork should never be held in the same hand together, and\nwhen not being used, one or both of the utensils should rest on the\nplate. They should never be allowed to rest against the edge of the\nplate with the handles on the table; when one is through with both the\nknife and fork, they should be placed entirely on the plate, their tips\ntouching at the center, their handles resting against the edge. They\nare never placed back again on the table.\nThe foods eaten with the fork are meats, vegetables, fish, salads,\noysters and clams, lobster, ices, frozen puddings and melons. Hearts of\nlettuce and lettuce leaves are folded up with the fork and conveyed\nuncut to the mouth. If the leaves are too large to be folded\nconveniently, they may be cut with the blunt edge of the fork--never\nwith a knife.\nFINGER FOODS\nVarious foods are eaten with the fingers instead of fork or spoon.\nBread, for instance, is never cut but always broken into small pieces\nand lifted to the mouth with the fingers. Butter is seldom provided at\nthe formal dinner, but if it is, each little piece of bread is buttered\nindividually just before it is eaten. Crackers and cake are eaten in the\nsame way; although some cakes and pastries are eaten with the fork.\nThose that can be eaten daintily with the fingers such as macaroons,\nlady-fingers, cookies, etc., should be eaten so while layer cake and\nelaborate pastries should be eaten with the fork.\nCorn on the cob is without a doubt one of the most difficult foods to\neat gracefully. And yet it is too delicious to forego the pleasure of\neating it at all. It is entirely permissible to use the fingers in\neating corn, holding it lightly at each end; sometimes a napkin is used\nin holding it. Many a foresighted hostess, when serving corn on the cob,\nprovides each guest with a short, keen, steel-bladed knife with which\nthe kernels may be cut from the cob easily. This is by far the most\nsatisfactory method.\n[Illustration: Photo by Bradley and Merrill. Courtesy of the _Pictorial\nReview_.\nTABLE SET FOR DINNER\nThe decoration in the center of the table should never be so high as to\nform an obstruction]\nFrench artichokes are also difficult to eat. The proper way is to break\nthem apart, leaf by leaf, dip the tips in the sauce and lift them to the\nmouth with the fingers. The heart is cut and eaten with a fork.\nLobster claws may be pulled apart with the fingers. Shrimps also, when\nserved whole in their shells, may be separated, peeled and eaten with\nthe fingers. Fruits such as oranges, apples, grapes, peaches and plums\nare all eaten with the fingers. Celery, radishes and olives are\nsimilarly eaten. Sometimes there are other relishes on the dinner table,\nand the guest must use his common sense to determine whether they are\neaten with the fork or fingers. Bonbons, of course, are always eaten\nwith the fingers.\nWhenever fruits are served the finger-bowl should follow. It is always\nused at the completion of the dinner. The bowl is half filled with tepid\nwater and set upon a plate. A fragrant leaf may be added to the water.\nThe fingers are dipped lightly into the bowl, one hand at a time, and\nthen dried on the napkin. It is a mark of ill-breeding to splash the\nwater about, to put both hands into the bowl at once, or to wet the\nentire palm of the hand. Only the finger tips should touch the water.\nTABLE ACCIDENTS\n\"Accidents will happen\"--at the dinner table as well as anywhere else.\nThe duty of the guest and the hostess both is to see that no confusion\nand embarrassment follows.\nIf a spoon or fork or napkin is dropped, the proper thing to do is to\nallow the servant to pick it up; the well-trained servant will not\nreturn it, but place it aside and give the guest another one. If a glass\nor cup is dropped and broken, embarrassed apologies will not put it\ntogether again, but a word of sincere regret to the hostess will relieve\nthe awkwardness of the moment, and will be as gratifying to her as\nprofuse apologies. If the article broken is a valuable one, the guest\nmay replace it by sending, a day or two later, another one as nearly\nlike it as possible. A cordial note of regret may accompany it.\nSometimes a cup of coffee or a glass of water is overturned at the\ntable. This is, of course, a very serious and unpleasant accident, but\nthere is no necessity in making matters worse by fussing about it and\noffering several exaggerated apologies. A simple word or two to the\nhostess will suffice; but it is really quite important that one should\nbe careful not to let an accident of this kind happen too often,\notherwise one will soon acquire the reputation of being a clumsy boor.\nThere is certainly no reason to feel embarrassed when an accident occurs\nat the dinner table--that is, of course, if it was not due to\ncarelessness. It is not the accident itself that will cause the guests\nand the hostess to consider one ill-bred, but continued mention of it\nand many flustered apologies. \"I am sorry\" or \"How careless of me!\" are\nsufficient offers of regret--the matter should then be forgotten.\nTHE HOSTESS\nImportant indeed are the duties of the hostess, for it is upon her that\nthe ultimate success of the dinner depends. It is not enough to send out\nthe invitations, plan a delectable menu and supervise the laying of the\ntable. She must afford pleasant diversion and entertainment for her\nguests from the minute they enter her home until they are ready to\nleave. The ideal hostess is the one who can make her guests, one and\nall, feel better satisfied with themselves and the world in general when\nthey leave her home than they did when they arrived.\nWHEN THE GUESTS ARRIVE\nThe duty of receiving and welcoming the guests rests with the host and\nhostess. They receive in the drawing-room until fifteen or twenty\nminutes after the time mentioned in the invitations. Then, even if there\nis still a guest or two missing, it is customary for dinner to be\nserved. Only on one occasion does this rule vary; if the dinner is being\nheld in honor of some celebrated guest, it may not be served until he\nhas arrived.\nThe hostess, in inviting her guests, should be sure that there is an\nequal number of men and women. Husbands and wives should never be sent\ninto the dining-room together. The usual order of precedence is as\nfollows: The host leads with the lady who is to sit at his right; if the\ndinner is in honor of a married couple, the host goes in to dinner with\nthe wife of the honored guest; the hostess ending the \"procession\" with\nthat lady's husband. When there are no guests of honor the host takes\nthe eldest lady present. Usually a lady visiting the house for the first\ntime is the first to enter the dining-room. If there is one more woman\nthan men in the party, the customary thing is for the hostess to enter\nthe dining-room alone after all her guests have entered it. She must\nnever take the other arm of the last gentleman.\nThe seating should be arranged by placing cards bearing the names of\neach guest next to each plate if the party is a large one. This method\nmay be pursued if the party is small, though, in this case it is quite\npossible for the hostess to indicate gracefully the place where she\nwishes each guest to sit. The guests who enter the dining-room together\nsit side by side; the hostess always waits until everyone is seated,\nbefore she takes her place and motions that the dinner is to proceed.\nWhen a guest arrives late, the hostess must endeavor to make him feel at\nease and unembarrassed. If the guest is a woman, she rises, greets her\ncordially and conducts her to her place without mentioning her lateness.\nIf it is a man, she merely bows and smiles without rising and\nimmediately starts a lively discussion or interesting conversation to\ndraw attention away from the late arrival. In this manner he is put at\nease, and the incident is promptly forgotten.\nTHE SUCCESSFUL HOSTESS\nThe hostess must see that all her guests are comfortable and well taken\ncare of. She must stimulate conversation and help things along by\nherself relating amusing little anecdotes or experiences. She must not\nintroduce any topic, however, that would in the least detail suggest\nscandal or gossip.\nNothing is more delightful, at the dinner table, whether formal or\ninformal, than the interesting little chats between old friends and new\nacquaintances. Special musical programs always please dinner guests, and\nwhen held after dinner are usually appreciated. In selecting musical\nnumbers the hostess should bear in mind the personal likes and dislikes\nof her guests. Music during the meal if it is soft enough not to\ninterfere with conversation is pleasing, though it is not essential. The\nmusicians should be hidden behind palms.\nHappy is she, who, at the conclusion of the formal dinner, can say to\nherself that everything was as it should be; that each of the guests had\nan enjoyable time; that the entire dinner had been a success. And she\nmay claim the success of the evening as her own, for it is upon the\nhostess that each phase of successful dinner-giving devolves, even when\nmost of the actual entertaining is done by one or more of the guests.\nTHE GUEST\nWhen Gung-Yee-Far-Choy (the Chinese two-week New Year) comes, our yellow\ncousins make their formal visits. It is a time of extreme convention,\nand despite the seeming revelry and celebration, the strictest rules are\nobserved. The calls are made according to the callers' rank. One pays\nvisits to those superior, receiving in turn those inferior. It is\nperplexing to know just how they decide which is superior and which\ninferior in each case. Perhaps it is their Oriental instinct.\nBut the American guest does not have to determine whether he is superior\nto his host and hostess--or the opposite. It is already decided for him,\nby the laws of etiquette. For the guest at the formal dinner must accord\nevery respect and honor to his host and hostess--not in the servile\nmanner of the coolie towards the mandarin, of course--but in the\ncaptivating and charming manner that bespeaks the fine lady and\ngentleman.\nCOMMENTS ON FOOD\nMen and women of cultivation rarely make comments on food except to\npraise. It is better to accept a little of each course on one's place\nand eat a bit of it although one does not particularly care for it, than\nto refuse it entirely. A highly amusing story is related of a guest who\nwas invited to a formal dinner given by a prominent New York woman who\nhad gained a reputation for the savory qualities of the soups she\nserved. On this occasion she was especially proud of her Grun Yung Waa\n(Bird's-Nest Soup)--and really, from all reports, it must have been\nremarkably delicious. But the guest we are writing about, sniffed at the\nsoup disdainfully and asked, \"Is this some of that new canned soup they\nare advertising?\" The hostess blushed--as any conscientious hostess\nwould--and the next time she issued invitations for dinner, she somehow\nforgot to include the guest who read the advertisements so diligently.\nSECOND HELPINGS\nA guest at a formal dinner should never ask for a second helping of any\ndish. This holds equally true for an elaborate luncheon. However, the\nhost or hostess may offer to provide a second helping to any one of the\nguests who has disposed of his first helping. In this case, the guest\nmay acknowledge it with a smile, or if his appetite is entirely\nsatisfied, he may refuse it with a polite word of thanks.\nTo insist, on the part of the host, after the guest has refused a second\nhelping, is overdoing the bounds of hospitality, and perilously borders\non the verge of incivility.\nTHE MENU\nThe hostess must be careful not to apologize profusely for things which\nare not as she would like to have them; it is better form completely to\nignore the fact that the salad is not crisp enough or that the entr\u00e9e is\ntoo highly seasoned. The entire time spent at table should be no more\nthan an hour and a half. An hour is usually sufficient if the courses\nare served with expedition. But there must be no semblance of haste.\nGood cook books are full of suggestions for delectable menus and for the\norder of service. The butler or maid takes complete charge and it is\nbetter to have a less elaborate dinner than to have so many courses that\nhe or she cannot manage without haste, noise, or confusion. The order of\nservice depends upon the number of courses. The cook book will help\nhere, also. Generally speaking, oysters on the half shell buried in ice,\na cocktail, or a fruit cup constitutes the first course. This is\nfollowed by soup, game or fish, a salad, the roast and vegetables,\ndessert and coffee.\nIn presenting the first course the lady at the right of the host is\nserved first. After that the order is varied so that the same person\nwill not be served last every time. The butler serves dishes from the\nleft and removes them from the right. No plates for any course are\nremoved until everyone has finished. It is not necessary to wait until\neveryone is served to begin eating but it is most vulgar to show undue\nhaste.\nIt is the duty of the butler to keep the glasses filled with water and\nto see that nuts, bonbons, etc., are passed frequently.\nWhen fruit is served, the butler places a glass dessert-plate on which\nis an embroidered doily and finger-bowl, before each guest, and next to\nit a small fruit knife. Then the fruits are offered to each guest; and\nwhen the hostess is quite sure that everyone has finished, she makes the\nsign for retiring. The usual manner of doing this, is to catch the eye\nof the lady who is the partner of her husband for the evening, nod and\nsmile to her, and they both rise together, followed immediately by the\nother women guests. They adjourn to the drawing-room, where coffee is\nserved and light conversation ensues until the men join them. The\nlatter, in the meanwhile, remain in the dining-room to smoke their\ncigars and drink their coffee. Usually they will leave their original\nseats and move up to the end of the table, gathering around the host,\nwhose duty it now is to entertain them and to keep pleasant conversation\ngoing. Fifteen minutes is an ample time for the gentlemen to smoke and\nchat by themselves. Then they are expected to join the ladies in the\ndrawing-room.\nSPECIAL ENTERTAINMENT\nSome hostesses like to provide special entertainment for their\nguests--professional dancers, elocutionists, or singers. But here\n\"circumstances must alter cases.\" As a matter of fact, not very much\nentertainment is really required, for if the guests are congenial, they\nwill no doubt enjoy conversation among themselves. It is, of course, not\nnecessary to limit one's conversation to the lady or gentleman with whom\none's lot has been cast for the evening. However, special attention\nshould be paid to that person.\nWHEN TO LEAVE\nIt is only an extremely rude and discourteous guest who will leave\nimmediately upon the conclusion of the dinner. The correct thing to do,\nwhen invited to a dinner that begins at eight o'clock is to order one's\ncar to appear at the door at ten-thirty. In most cases, however, when\nthe guests are brilliant and pleasant, and when conversation holds one\nin spite of the desire to leave, it is customary to remain until eleven\no'clock when the party will, no doubt, break up entirely.\nIn these days of gay festivities and continual hospitalities, it is not\nunusual for a popular guest to be invited to two receptions in one\nevening. Even this urgent responsibility, however, does not warrant the\nguest's hurrying away while the dinner is still serving--though it may\nbe the last stages. The courteous way is to wait until all the guests\nhave adjourned to the drawing-room, remain fifteen or twenty minutes\nconversing with one's partner or other guests, and then with a fitting\napology and brief explanation, order one's car. If this is followed, the\nhostess cannot feel any dissatisfaction or resentment; but the guest who\ninsists on rushing away, shows ill-breeding and inconsideration.\nTAKING LEAVE\nThe lady, whether she be wife, sister or fianc\u00e9e, is the first to\nexpress a desire to depart. When she does, she and the gentleman will\nseek out the host and hostess, thank them cordially for their\nhospitality, and take their leave. Here are some accepted forms that\nmay be used with variations according to the guest's own personality:\n     \"Good-night, Mrs. Carr. I must thank you for a perfectly delightful\n     evening.\"\nTo which the hostess will no doubt answer something to this effect:\n     \"We were glad to have you, I'm sure, Mrs. Roberts.\"\nHere is another manner in which to extend one's thanks, and how to\naccept them:\n     \"Sorry we must start so soon, Mrs. Carr. Thank you so much for your\n     kindness.\"\n     \"Good-night, Mrs. Roberts. I hope to see you soon again.\"\nIt is also very important to bid one's partner for the evening a cordial\ngood-night. In fact, it is a flagrant breach to leave without having\nthanked one's partner--and a gentleman will never do it. A word or two\nis all that is necessary.\nThe hostess, in taking leave of her guests, will gratefully acknowledge\ntheir thanks and say a word or two expressing her pleasure at their\npresence. It is not civil or courteous on the part of either host or\nhostess to attempt to prolong the presence of any guest after he has\nmade it known that he wishes to depart.\nINVITING A STOP-GAP\nIf the hostess finds, almost at the last moment, that one of her guests\nis unavoidably detained and will not be able to attend the dinner, she\nmay call upon a friend to take the vacant place. The friend thus invited\nshould not feel that he or she is playing \"second-fiddle\" and the fact\nthat she was not invited at first should not tempt her to refuse the\ninvitation which would be a serious discourtesy, indeed. Quite on the\ncontrary, she should accept cordially, and then do her utmost to make\nher (or his, as the case may be) presence at the dinner amiable and\npleasant.\nThe invitation is usually in the form of a hand-written note, explaining\nthe reason for its last-minute arrival, and frankly requesting the\npresence of the lady or gentleman in the place of the one who cannot\nappear. The answer should be brief but sincere; there must be no hint in\nit that the recipient is not altogether pleased with the invitation and\nwith the idea of dining in someone's else place. To refuse an invitation\nto serve as a stop-gap, without an acceptable reason for doing so is an\ninexcusable violation of the rules of good breeding.\nOf course, it is not always agreeable to the hostess to call on one of\nher friends to attend her dinner in the place of someone else; but it is\ncertainly a better plan than to leave the guest out entirely, and have\none more lady than gentleman, or _vice versa_. If the note is cordial\nand frankly sincere, a good friend will not feel any unreasonable\nresentment, but will, in fact, be pleased to serve.\nSIMPLE DINNERS\nThe simple dinner, perfectly achieved, is as admirable a feat as the\nelaborate dinner, perfectly achieved. The hostess who has attained the\nart of giving perfect dinners, though they are small, may well be proud\nof her attainment.\nIf the cook knows how to cook; if the maid is well-trained, and\ncorrectly attired in white cap and apron and black dress; if the table\nis laid according to the rules of dinner etiquette; if the welcome is\ncordial and the company congenial--the simple dinner may rank with the\nmost extravagant and elaborate formal dinner. The cover may contain\nfewer pieces and the menu may contain fewer courses, the setting may be\nless fashionable, though not less harmonious, and still the dinner may\nbe extremely tempting and enjoyable.\nINVITING CONGENIAL GUESTS\nPerhaps it is more important to select the guests wisely at a small\ninformal dinner than it is at a formal one. As there are usually only\nfour or six guests, they will undoubtedly become well acquainted by the\ntime the dinner is over, and in order to have agreeable conversation it\nis necessary that they be congenial.\nIn a week or two, one generally forgets just what food was eaten at a\ncertain dinner--but if the guests were all amiable and pleasing, the\nmemory of conversation with them will linger and be constantly\nassociated with the hostess and her home. Many a hostess would be\nhappier (and her guests, too) if less time were paid to the planning of\na menu, and more time spent in choosing guests who will be happy\ntogether.\nWHEN THERE ARE NO SERVANTS\nThere is no reason why lack of servants should prevent one from\nentertaining friends and extending one's hospitality. The ideal hostess\nis not the one who tries to outdo her neighbor--who attempts, even\nthough it is beyond her means, to give elaborate dinners that vie\nfavorably with those given by her neighbors. The simplest dinner has\npossibilities of being a huge success, if it is given in the spirit of\ntrue cordiality.\nFor instance, a dinner which the writer attended recently was given by a\nyoung woman who did not have any servants. There were six guests who all\nhad mutual interests and with very little help from the hostess they\nwere not long in finding them.\nThe table was laid for eight. A silver bowl containing delicate ferns\ngraced the center. The lights were shaded to a soft radiance. The entire\ndining-room had an atmosphere of quiet and restfulness about it. Each\nguest found, upon taking his place for dinner, a tall fruit glass at his\ncover, containing crushed grapefruit and cherries. When this first\ncourse was finished, the hostess placed the glasses on a serving table\nand wheeled it into the kitchen. The kitchen adjoined the dining-room,\nwhich of course facilitated matters considerably. And yet it was\nsufficiently separated to exclude all unpleasant signs of cooking.\nThere was no confusion, no haste, no awkward pauses. Somehow, the guests\nseemed to forget that maids or butlers were necessary at all. The quiet,\ncalm poise of the hostess dominated the entire party and everyone felt\ncontented and at ease.\nThere was a complete absence of restraint of any kind; conversation\nflowed smoothly and naturally, and in the enjoyment of one another's\ncompany, the guests were as happy and satisfied as they would probably\nhave been at an elaborate formal dinner.\nA table service wagon is most useful for the woman who is her own maid.\nIt stands at the right of the hostess and may be wheeled in and out as\nshe finds it necessary, though for the informal dinner it should not be\nessential to move it once it is in place. In the drawer should be found\none or two extra napkins and extra silver for each course in case of\naccident or emergency. The coffee service may be placed on top of the\ntable with the dishes for the several courses arranged on the shelves of\nthe table from top to bottom in the order in which they are to be used.\nThe table should not be too heavily loaded. It is much more useful when\nthings are \"easy to get at.\"\nIf your home is small and inconvenient, if you become easily flustered,\nif you don't find intense pleasure in making others happy, then don't\ninvite friends to dinner--and discomfort. But if you are the jolly,\ncalm, happy sort of a hostess, who can attend to duties quickly and yet\nwithout confusion, if you have a cozy little home and taste enough to\nmake it attractive--then give dinners by all means,--and your guests\nwill not object to their simplicity.\nHOTEL DINNERS\nWith the servant problem growing more complex every year, more and more\nhostesses are turning to hotels to provide their special dinners. These\ncannot rival a successful dinner at home but often they are much easier\nto arrange and even the most conservative of hostesses may entertain\ndinner guests at a hotel. Private dining-rooms are a luxury but much\nmore charming than the public room. The latter is, of course, the one\nused by the large majority of people.\nMost hotels provide comfortable lobbies or lounges in which guests may\nwait for each other. But if the hotel is a big one and crowded it is\npleasanter to meet elsewhere and arrive together.\nThe etiquette of the hotel dining-room is that of the home dining-room.\nNothing should ever be done to draw attention to the group of people who\nare dining there. Quiet behavior is more than ever valuable.\nDRESS FOR DINNER\nFor an informal dinner a woman may wear a semi-evening dress of the sort\nsuitable for afternoon while her partner wears the regular dinner\njacket. For a formal affair formal _d\u00e9collet\u00e9_ dress with the hair\narranged somewhat more elaborately than usual is required. Jewels may be\nworn. Gloves are always removed, never at a dinner should they be tucked\nin at the wrists. Men, of course, wear full evening dress to a formal\ndinner.\nIn hotels and other public dining-rooms there is more freedom of choice\nas to what one shall wear but it is in bad taste to attire oneself\nconspicuously. A woman dining alone should always wear her hat into the\ndining-room even if she is a guest of the hotel.\nIt is amazing how much the little niceties of life have to do with\nmaking a dinner pleasant, and in every home the family should \"dress for\ndinner\" even though this may not mean donning regulation evening dress.\nFormal or informal, in the intimacy of the family circle or in a large\ngroup of friends the meal should be unhurried and calm.\nCHAPTER III\nLUNCHEONS\nPURPOSE OF THE LUNCHEON\nIn England, and especially in London, the luncheon is held in quite as\nhigh esteem as our most formal dinners. For it is at the luncheon, in\nEngland, that distinguished men and women meet to discuss the important\ntopics of the moment and exchange opinions. It is indeed easy to\nunderstand why this would be a delightful meal, for there is none of the\nrestraint and formality of the late dinner.\nBut in America, perhaps because most all of our gentlemen are at\nbusiness \"down-town\" during the day, perhaps because we disdain to ape\nEngland's customs, the luncheon has not yet reached the point where it\nrivals the formal dinner. And yet it holds rather an important place all\nits own.\nThe \"place\" is distinctly feminine. The ladies of America have taken the\nluncheon in hand and developed it into a splendid midday entertainment\nand means of hospitality. The gentlemen are of course welcome; but they\nare rarely present. It is usually among themselves that the ladies\ncelebrate the ceremony of the luncheon--both formal and informal--and\nthat it has survived, and is tending to become permanently popular, is\nsufficient proof of its success. It is often preceded or followed by\ncards or other simple entertainment.\nINFORMAL LUNCHEONS\nInvitations may be sent only a few days before the day set for the\nluncheon, and are usually written in the first person instead of the\nthird which is the convention for more elaborate functions. The hour of\nluncheon is stated, but need not be as rigidly followed as the dinner\nhour. If guests are reasonably late they may be excused, but the late\ndinner guest is correctly considered discourteous. Lord Houghton, famous\nin England's social history, used to word his invitations simply \"Come\nand lunch with me to-morrow\" or \"Will you lunch with me Tuesday?\" He\nrarely mentioned the hour. Incidentally, Lord Houghton's unceremonious\nluncheons earned for him widespread comment, and they had much to do\nwith the ultimate popularity of the informal luncheon in England.\nThe informal luncheon lost none of its easy congeniality in traveling\nacross the ocean. There is a certain friendliness that distinguishes\nthis meal from all others. Sometimes, in fact, the hostess dispenses\nwith the ceremony of service altogether, and her guests help themselves\nfrom the buffet or side-table. If such is the case, the luncheon\nconsists of cold meats, ham, tongue, roast beef, etc.; salads, wine\njellies, fruits, cakes, bonbons and coffee. The most usual way, however,\nis to serve a more substantial luncheon, retaining just that degree of\ndinner formality that is so gratifying to the social sense.\nABOUT THE TABLE\nOften the informal luncheon is served on the bare table, making use of\nnumerous lace or linen doilies instead of the usual table-cloth. (This\ndoes not hold true of the formal luncheon and may not be true even of\nthe informal one.)\nThe menu must be appropriate to the season. Tea or coffee are never\nserved in the drawing-room after the informal luncheon. If at all, they\nare served right at the table at the conclusion of the meal.\nThe informal luncheon guest never remains long after the luncheon unless\nthe hostess has provided special amusement. If the luncheon lasts an\nhour the guests may sit around and chat with the hostess for about a\nhalf hour; but they must remember that she may have afternoon\nengagements, and it would be exceedingly inconsiderate and rude on their\npart to delay her.\nTHE FORMAL LUNCHEON\nThe formal luncheon is very much like the formal dinner, except that it\nis not so substantial as to menu. The table is laid the same, except\nthat linen doilies are used in preference to table-cloths. The latter\nare in good form, however, and it is merely a matter of taste in the\nfinal selection. Then too, there is never any artificial light at a\nluncheon, whether it be simple or elaborate.\nThe formal luncheon usually opens with a first course of\nfruit--grapefruit, ordinarily, but sometimes chilled pineapple or fruit\ncocktails. When the fruit glasses are removed, bouillon in two-handled\ncups is served. Sometimes a course of fish follows, but it is really not\nessential to the luncheon and most hostesses prefer to omit it. An\nentr\u00e9e is next served--chicken, mushrooms, sweetbreads or beef according\nto the taste and judgment of the hostess; and usually a vegetable\naccompanies it.\nA light salad, prepared with a regard for harmony with the rest of the\nmenu, is always acceptable at the luncheon. Desserts may be the same as\nthose served for dinner,--jellies, frozen puddings, ice-cream, tarts,\nnuts, etc. It is not customary to retire to the drawing-room for coffee;\nit is good form to have it served at the table. If the weather is\ntempting, and if the hostess is so inclined, coffee may be served on the\nporch. However, these lesser details must be decided by personal taste\nand convenience.\nIt may be taken for granted that the hostess would not give a formal\nluncheon if she had afternoon engagements. For that reason, the guests\nmay stay later than they would at an informal luncheon. Sometimes music\nis provided, and often there are recitations and dramatic readings.\nUsually the hour set for a ceremonious luncheon is one-thirty o'clock;\nit is safe to say, then, that three o'clock or half-past three is ample\ntime to take one's departure.\nTHE TABLE FOR THE FORMAL LUNCHEON\nThe appointments of the formal luncheon table are, as was pointed out\nabove, almost identical with those of the dinner table.\nIn the first place, butter may be served with the formal luncheon and\nrarely with dinner. Thus we find tiny butter dishes added at the left of\neach luncheon cover. These plates are usually decorative, and sometimes\nare made large enough to contain both the bread and butter, instead of\njust the butter alone. Another difference, though slight:--cut-glass\nplatters for nuts and bonbons take the place of the silver platters of\ndinner. Candles are not used; nor is any other artificial light whenever\nit can be avoided.\nThe formal luncheon offers an ideal time for the hostess to display her\nfinest china, her best silver. It is an occasion when dignity and beauty\ncombine with easy friendliness to make the event memorable, and the wise\nhostess spares no effort in adding those little touches that go so far\ntowards making any entertainment a success. Menu cards and favors, of\ncourse, are \"touches\" that belong to the dinner table alone; but\nflowers, service and general setting of the dining-room are details that\ndeserve considerable attention and thought.\nHOSTESS AND GUEST\nThe primary requisite of a successful luncheon is harmonious and\nagreeable relationship between hostess and guests. This holds true both\nof the formal and informal luncheons, though particularly of the former.\nOne cannot possibly enjoy a luncheon--no matter how carefully the menu\nhas been prepared, no matter how delightful the environment--if there\nare awkward lapses in the conversation; if there are moments of painful,\nembarrassing silence; or if the conversation is stilted, affected or\nforced.\nSpontaneity of conversation and ease of manner, together with a hostess\nwho knows how to plan delightful little surprises, and simple though\ndelicious menus,--these are the secrets of successful luncheon-giving.\nAnd if they cannot be observed, the hostess had better direct her\nenergies toward strictly formal entertainments; the luncheon is not one\nof her accomplishments.\nThe hostess receives in her drawing-room. She rises as each guest enters\nthe room, greets her, or him, as the case may be, with outstretched\nhand, and proceeds with any necessary introductions. As soon as all the\nguests have arrived, she orders luncheon served, and she herself leads\nthe way to the dining-room. The guests may seat themselves in the manner\nthat is most congenial; but in arranging the formal luncheon, the\nhostess usually identifies the correct seat with a small place card. If\nthere is a guest of honor, or a lady whom the hostess wishes to show\ndeference to, she is given the place to the right of the hostess.\nIf there are gentlemen at the formal luncheon, including the hostess'\nhusband, they do not remain at the table to smoke and chat as they do\nafter dinner, but leave the dining-room with the ladies. Neither do they\noffer the ladies their arms when entering or leaving the dining-room. If\nthe host is considerate, and is fortunate enough to have a porch, she\nwill suggest that the gentlemen have their cigars on the porch.\nA well-bred guest will never take advantage of the leniency toward\nlate-comers to the luncheon. It is _always_ rude to keep people waiting;\nbut it is doubly so to be lax in one's punctuality because one rule is\nnot as exacting as another. The guest must also bear in mind that a\ngreat part of the enjoyment of the luncheon devolves upon his or her own\ncordiality and friendliness. Every guest must feel it a duty to supply\nsome of the conversation, and if he is not naturally conversant, it\nmight be wise to decide upon and remember several interesting little\nanecdotes that the company will enjoy hearing. No one can be excused\nfrom silence or lack of interest at the luncheon.\nTo the hostess, then, goes the responsibility of providing the means of\nenjoyment; to the guests goes the responsibility of utilizing this\nmeans, and cooperating with the hostess in making the entire thing a\nsuccess. There are huge social possibilities in the luncheon, and it is\nrapidly becoming one of America's favorite functions. With both hostess\nand guest observing their duties, it must inevitably be a triumph that\nwill vie with the important dignity of the formal dinner itself.\nFORMAL AND INFORMAL BREAKFASTS\nBreakfast to some people may mean a hastily swallowed cup of tea or\ncoffee, and a bit of roll or cake. The early breakfast, of course. But\nto many there is a later breakfast that is as elaborate as it is\ntempting.\nThe formal breakfast may be held any time between ten and twelve-thirty.\nA fruit course opens the menu, with a mild _hors d'\u0153uvre_ following.\nSoup is never served. After the fruit, fish, broiled or _saut\u00e9_ is\nserved, and sometimes deviled lobster if it is preferred. In England,\nsteamed finnan haddie is the favorite breakfast fish.\nThe personal tastes of the guests must be taken into consideration in\ndeciding upon the main course. Lamb or veal chops are acceptable, and\negg dishes are always welcomed. They may be accompanied by mushrooms,\nsmall French peas or potatoes. For the next course, chicken meets with\nfavor especially if it is broiled or fried with rice. Dessert of frozen\npunch, pastry or jellies follows immediately after the chicken; and\ncoffee, in breakfast cups, concludes the meal. And of course, the hot\nmuffins and crisp biscuits of breakfast fame are not forgotten--nor the\nwaffles and syrup, either, if one is partial to them.\nFor an informal breakfast, the menu is correspondingly less elaborate.\nOnce again it begins with fruit, and it may be followed by the good\nold-fashioned course of ham or bacon and eggs with johnny-cake and\npotatoes; or the simple breakfast may be started with cereal, served\nwith cream, and followed with broiled finnan haddie and baked potatoes.\nEggs, quail or chops, and a crisp salad is another menu often adapted to\nthe late informal breakfast. Desserts should be simple; sweets are\nseldom indulged in at breakfast. Buns with marmalade or honey are always\nacceptable, and frozen puddings seem to be a just-right finish to a\ndelicious breakfast.\nThe informal breakfast is given at ten or eleven o'clock in the morning.\nIt is never very elaborate; it is, in fact, one of the simplest, yet\nmost dignified of informal meals.\nDRESS FOR LUNCHEONS AND BREAKFASTS\nWhether she is hostess or guest the woman at a breakfast or luncheon\nshould wear an afternoon gown of silk, _cr\u00eape-de-chine_, velvet, cloth\nor novelty material. In the summer preference may be given organdies,\ngeorgettes, etc. The simpler the affair the simpler the costume should\nbe.\nMen may wear the cutaway coat if the luncheon is a formal one while for\nsimpler affairs the sack coat or summer flannels, when the season is\nappropriate, may be worn.\nCHAPTER IV\nTEAS AND OTHER ENTERTAINMENTS\nEVOLUTION OF THE AFTERNOON TEA\nOf course one cannot mention the words \"afternoon tea\" without\nimmediately associating it with merry England. For it was there that,\nover two hundred years ago, a dreamy-eyed Dutchman (dreamy-eyed because\nhe had lived many years in China) brought with him from the Orient a\npeculiar little leaf which, with a little hot water and sugar, made a\ndelicious drink. At first lordly Englishmen would have none of him--but\nhe didn't care. He exhibited the powers of the little leaves, made his\ntea, and drank it with evident relish. Others were curious; they, too,\ndrank, and once they started it was difficult to do without it.\nSomeone spread the rumor that this new drink from China contained drugs\nand stimulants--and no sooner was this rumor spread than everyone began\ndrinking it! Even the ladies and gentlemen of better society finally\ncondescended to taste \"the stuff\"--and lo! before they realized it, it\nhad been unconsciously adopted as their very own beverage! Through two\ngenerations the idea of the afternoon tea has been perfected, until\nto-day we have cosy, delightful, ceremonious five-o'clock teas that are\nthe pride of the English and the joy of everyone who follows the\ncustom.\nAnd so we find the afternoon tea enjoying a vogue of unrivaled\npopularity here in America. When a _d\u00e9butante_ daughter is to be\nintroduced to society, the mother plans an elaborate afternoon tea (and\nthey can certainly be elaborate!). When guests from out-of-town are\nvisiting, the hostess can think of nothing more appropriate than a\nchummy tea to introduce them to her friends. So charming a way of\nentertaining is the afternoon tea that it has usurped the evening\nreception almost entirely, except when the occasion requires special\nformality.\nTHE SIMPLER TEA\nThen, too, there is the simpler tea so dear to the hearts of our\nhospitable ladies of good society. It was George Eliot who earnestly\ninquired, \"Reader, have you ever drunk a cup of tea?\" There is something\nundeniably heart-warming and conversation-making in a cup of steaming\nhot tea served with delicious cream; it is an ideal prescription for\nbanishing loneliness. Perhaps it is not so much the tea itself, as the\ncircle of happy friends eager for a pleasant chat.\nAs the simple tea does not require very much preparation or planning, we\nwill discuss it briefly here and take up only the formal tea in detail.\nThe simple tea may be served for any guest who chances in between four\nor six o'clock in the afternoon. Sometimes a hostess devotes a stated\ntime each day or on certain days in the week which are known to her\nfriends, to tea, and she lets her friends know just what the hour is and\nthat they are welcome to join for a bite and a little chat whenever they\nfeel so inclined. There may be one or several little tea tables which\nare brought into the drawing-room when the guests are ready for tea.\nCovering each one is a dainty lace or linen doily, or an embroidered\ntea-cloth. If tea tables are not available, one large table may serve\nthe purpose, but it also must be covered with small doilies at each\ncover instead of one large table-cloth.\nThe hostess and one or two of her friends may serve. The tea is made at\nthe table and served with very small, dainty sandwiches and all kinds of\nquaintly-shaped cakes. Bonbons, salted nuts and sometimes ices are also\nserved.\nIf the hostess does not own dainty tea equipage, the beverage may be\nmade in the kitchen and brought in ready to serve, fragrant and\nsteaming. The custom of the afternoon tea is confined almost wholly to\nwomen, though it is not bad form by any means to have gentlemen present\nfor tea.\nA tea wagon offers the most attractive service for an afternoon tea. It\nshould not be in the room where the hostess receives but should be\nwheeled in from an adjoining room (the dining-room usually). The maid,\nif there is one, performs this service, the hostess herself if there is\nno maid. The table should not be overcrowded and if there is not ample\nroom for sandwich trays these should be brought in separately.\nThe china should be thin and of the same general kind though not\nnecessarily of the same pattern. There should be sugar--preferably block\nsugar with tongs, a pitcher of cream, slices of lemon, mint leaves and\ncloves. If the hostess makes the tea herself she adds sugar, cream,\nlemon or whatever else the guest may desire before she passes the cup.\nThe hostess who cares about her reputation for hospitality will perfect\nherself in the gentle art of making delicious tea before the day comes\nfor her to prove herself before her guests.\nTHE FORMAL TEA\nWhen the afternoon tea becomes formal and ceremonious it takes the place\nof the customary \"at home.\" Invitations must be sent a week or ten days\nin advance, and if one is unable to attend, a polite note of explanation\nmust be sent. However, no answer is necessary if one intends to be\npresent.\nWith this more pretentious affair, the refreshments are served in the\ndining-room instead of in the drawing-room or outdoors as is sometimes\ndone at simpler teas. The hissing urn always holds the place of honor\n(except on very warm days when iced tea or iced coffee may be served).\nTrays of thinly sliced bread are on the table, and dainty sandwiches in\nlarge variety. Fruit salads are never amiss, and strawberries with cream\nare particularly delightful when in season. Then, of course, there are\ncakes and bonbons and ices, although the latter are usually confined to\nwarm days.\nAt a ceremonious tea, the hostess stands near the drawing-room door to\ngreet each guest as she arrives. If her daughters receive with her, they\nstand to her right, and help in making any necessary introductions. As\nmany guests as can be conveniently entertained may be invited to the\nformal tea; but the refreshments must never be so substantial that they\nwill interfere with dinner. In fact, the tea must be kept true to its\nname, for if other eatables besides those fashionable to the tea are\nserved, it is a reception in substance if not in name.\nWhen one wishes to invite eighteen or twenty friends, and does not wish\nto undertake the trouble or expense of a dinner, the \"high tea\" is in\norder. It is usually held on a Sunday evening. At these \"high teas\"\nsmall tables are invariably used, four guests being placed at each\ntable. It is customary to allow the guests to form their own quartettes,\nfor in this manner they will usually find table companions who will be\ncongenial--and a most unfortunate occurrence at a \"high tea,\" or in fact\nany reception, is a seating arrangement untasteful to the guests\nthemselves. The little tables are covered with snowy tea cloths and\ndecorated with a sprig of flowers in a colored vase occupying the\nposition of honor.\nTHE TEA-TABLE\nPerhaps more important than the tea itself, is the appearance of the\ntea-table. The well-equipped table is adorned with fine china and\ngleaming silver, and there are always a few flowers to add to the beauty\nof the setting. Ferns may be used instead of flowers, but there must be\nno elaborate ribbons or decorations such as appear on the dinner-table.\nAs a matter of fact, the tea-table should always present an appearance\nof unpremeditated simplicity. It must never seem as though it had been\nespecially prepared and planned for the occasion. Candles, dimmed with\npale shades, may be on the table when the day is gloomy and dark. In\nwinter, for instance, when the days are shorter, softly-glowing candles\naid considerably in the cheerfulness of the afternoon tea. Tea napkins\nare used instead of those of regular dinner size.\nA pretty manner of serving sandwiches or cakes is to have them in\nsilver-rimmed wicker baskets which can be passed easily from one guest\nto another. If the tea is informal, wicker chairs and tables may also be\nused. This is especially pleasing and appropriate when the tea is\nserved on the porch or in the garden.\nDRESS AT TEA TIME\nTea time is always the fashionable time of the day and there is\nsufficient variety in appropriate materials and style for a woman to\nfind a gown that is more than ordinarily individual and becoming. For an\ninformal tea the hostess may wear a clinging gown of silk but she should\nnot dress very sumptuously for her guests will come simply attired and\nit is hardly hospitable to be a great deal more elaborately dressed than\nthey. Afternoon frocks of silk, velvet, cloth, etc., or of summer\nmaterials are suitable for the guest. When the weather demands it she\nwears an attractive wrap.\nIn selecting dresses for teas, and, indeed for all occasions, it is well\nto remember that the more ornamentation there is the less elegance there\nwill be. The materials should be rich but not showy--the best-dressed\nperson is the one who calls least attention to his or her clothes.\nOne may wear jewels but not heavy necklaces or glittering brooches or\nother flashing stones. If the affair is a formal one the hair may be as\nelaborately marcelled as for the evening. In this case the gown should\nbe a rich creation of the kind suitable only for such events.\nIf the tea is given for a _d\u00e9butante_ it may be a very festive occasion\nand _d\u00e9collet\u00e9_ gowns may be worn. Dark colors are rarely worn and the\n_d\u00e9butante_ herself should be a fairy dream in a lovely creation of\nsilk, georgette, _cr\u00eape-de-chine_, or something else equally girlish and\nappropriate.\nElderly women wear black lace or satin though certain shades of brown\nand blue and nearly all shades of gray are irreproachably good taste\nif--and this \"if\" is an important one--they are becoming.\nTHE GARDEN PARTY\nCharming indeed is the simple entertainment of the garden party. It is\nan undebatable fact that informal entertainments are always more\nenjoyable than those that are strictly formal, and the easy harmony of\nthe garden party is certainly informal to an acceptable degree.\nSomeone once said of the lawn f\u00eate (which is merely another name for a\ngarden party) that \"a green lawn, a few trees, a fine day and something\nto eat\" constitute a perfect garden party. To this we add, that the\nguests must be carefully selected and the grounds must be attractive.\nThe garden party must be held in the open air; refreshments are served\noutside and the guests remain outside until they are ready to depart. At\nNewport, where garden parties are quite the vogue, the invitations are\nsent weeks in advance, and, if the weather is bad, the party is held\nindoors. But ordinarily it must be held entirely on the grounds. A large\nporch is a great advantage, for if there is a sudden downpour of rain,\nthe guests may repair to its shelter.\nThere are many opportunities for the hostess to show consideration and\nhospitality at the garden party. Easy chairs arranged in groups or\ncouples under spreading trees always make for comfort. Some hostesses\nhave a tent provided on the lawn for the purpose of serving the\nrefreshments--a custom which earns the approbation of fastidious guests\nwho search the food for imaginary specks of dust when it is served in\nthe open.\nRECEIVING THE GUESTS\nInvitations to garden parties may be sent ten days to two weeks in\nadvance, and a prompt reply of acceptance or regret is expected. The\nhostess receives on the lawn--never in the house. The guests, however,\ndrive up to the door of the house, are directed upstairs to deposit\ntheir wraps (if they wish they may keep them with them), and then are\nshown to the part of the grounds where the hostess is receiving. A\nservant should be in attendance to see that each guest is properly\ndirected, unless the grounds where the hostess is receiving are visible\nfrom the house.\nAfter being greeted by the hostess, guests may wander about the grounds,\nstopping to chat with different groups, and seeking the refreshment\ntable when they are weary. The hostess must be sure that her lawns are\nfaultlessly mowed, and that the tennis courts are in order. Lawn-tennis\nhas had a large share in the making of the garden party's popularity,\nand the wise hostess will always be sure that her courts are in\nreadiness for those who enjoy the game.\nCold refreshments are usually served at the garden party. Salads, ham\nand tongue sandwiches, fruits, jellies, ices, cakes, candies and punch\nare in order. Particular care must be taken in serving the refreshments\nto avoid any accidents or mussiness. There is nothing more disturbing to\nboth hostess and guest than to have a glass of punch or a dish of\nstrawberries overturned on a lawn, and pains should be taken to avoid\naccidents of this kind.\nON THE LAWN\nMusic is a pleasing feature at the garden party. A pretty custom, now\nenjoying vogue among the most fashionable, is to have the orchestra\nhidden by a clump of trees or shrubbery, but near enough to be heard\ndistinctly. In the outdoors music is never too loud to interfere with\nconversation, and it is always a source of keen enjoyment to the guests.\nAlso, it adds a solemn charm to the natural beauties of the occasion.\nIn planning a garden party, it is best to hire all the glass, silver and\nchina from the caterer, as there is always considerable breakage no\nmatter how careful the servants may be. If the hostess does use her own\nchina and glassware, she must never use her best unless she is willing\nto take the risk of having it broken. Undoubtedly, the garden party is\ntroublesome, but it offers possibilities of tremendous enjoyment and\namusement, and when properly arranged is always a success.\nThe correct time for a garden party is between three and six in the\nafternoon. Sometimes it lasts until seven if the day is long and the\nguests are congenial. It rarely lasts into the evening, however, unless\nit is in celebration of some special event. Sometimes evening lawn\nreceptions are held, and they are remarkably pretty. An appropriate time\nto hold an evening garden party is in celebration of a summer wedding\nanniversary. The grounds are brilliantly lighted with many-hued Japanese\nlanterns or tiny colored electric lights twining in and out among the\ntrees. Benches and chairs are set in groups or pairs underneath the\ntrees. Music is usually on the porch instead of on the grounds. The\nhouse is open, and the younger guests may dance if they wish. Supper is\nserved either outdoors or indoors as convenient. Altogether the garden\nparty, whether held in the afternoon or evening, is a picturesque,\ncharming and delightful affair and deserves the wide popularity it is\nenjoying both in America and England.\nDRESS FOR GARDEN PARTIES AND LAWN FESTIVALS\nSummer frocks, in their airy flimsiness and gay colors are ideally\nfitted for the colorful background of a garden or lawn party. And the\nlady's escort, in his white trousers and dark sack coat adds still\nfurther a note of festivity.\nFor the garden party, the woman wears her prettiest light-colored frock\nand flower-trimmed hat. Gay parasols may be carried if they match, or\nharmonize with, the rest of the costume. Light shoes are more attractive\nthan dark ones with light frocks.\nA garden party might be compared with a drama, the costumes of the\nguests deciding whether or not it would be termed pure romance or light\ncomedy. Here, amidst summer flowers, woman's natural beauty is\nheightened, and the wrong color schemes in dress, the wrong costumes for\nthe setting, jar as badly as a streak of black paint across the hazy\ncanvas of a landscape painting by an impressionist.\nWOMAN'S GARDEN COSTUME\nOrgandie seems to be the material best suited for the garden-party\nfrock. For the younger person there could be no prettier frock for\ngarden or lawn party, or indeed for any outdoor afternoon occasion.\nFor the older woman, a dress of dotted Swiss, pierette cr\u00eape, or French\nlawn is becoming. The color should be light and attractive, but the\nstyle may be as simple as one pleases. Lilac is a pretty color for the\nolder woman, and sunset yellow is becoming both to age and youth alike,\nwhen it is appropriately combined with some more somber shade.\nThere are several color combinations that are very beautiful in lawn and\ngarden settings. We will mention them here, as they might be valuable in\nselecting frocks for such occasions as mentioned. Violet and orange,\nboth pale and not vivid, offer a delicate harmony of color that is\nnothing short of exquisite. Old rose and Nile green are equally\neffective. Orchid, for the person whose complexion can bear it, may be\ncombined with such vivid colors as red, green and blue, presenting a\ncontrast so strong and clear and beautiful that it reminds one of a\nglorious sunset. Black satin, for the elderly person, is quite festive\nenough for the garden party when it is combined with a pretty shade of\nhenna or old blue or some other bit of color.\nStyles may be simple, but colors must always be gay and rich as the\ncolors from Nature's own palette. And the hat that is broad-brimmed and\nmassed with bright flowers, is a fitting complement for such a costume.\nTHE MAN AT THE GARDEN PARTY\nOf course the decorative art of dress has for a long time been entrusted\nwholly into the hands of woman, but man may be just as attractive on\nfestive occasions, if he follows the rules of correct dress. For him\nthere is less color to be considered, but just as much effect.\nThe younger man is well-dressed for the garden party when he wears a\nsuit of white flannel or serge with colored or white linen, a bright\ntie, straw or panama hat, and oxfords of white or black, or a\ncombination of white and black. Loose jackets of black and white striped\nflannel may also be worn with white duck trousers, if one is young. Then\nthere are the attractive light suits of gray twillett that are so\neffective when worn with a white waistcoat and bright tie.\nFor the older man, a jacket of black and white homespun is extremely\nappropriate. It is smart when worn with a waistcoat of white flannel,\nwhite shirt and collar and gayly figured tie of silk foulard. Trousers\nof white flannel would complete this excellent costume for the elderly\nman, and with a panama hat that boasts a black band, and black-and-white\noxfords he is ready for the most exclusive garden or lawn party.\nHOUSE PARTIES\nNo one should attempt a house party whose home is not comfortably large\nenough and who is not able to provide every convenience for the guests.\nOne need not necessarily be a millionaire to hold a successful house\nparty, but it is certainly necessary to have a spacious home and\nsufficient means to make things pleasant for the guests every minute of\nthe time that they are in the house.\nWhile the success of a house party rests directly on the host and\nhostess, it also depends largely upon the guests themselves. They are\nexpected to contribute to the entertainment. They may be good\nconversationalists, or witty humorists, or clever in arranging\nsurprises. A man or woman who is jolly, eager to please is always\ninvited to house parties and welcomed by both hostess and guests with\nequal pleasure and cordiality.\nSENDING THE INVITATION\nThe invitations to house parties are important. While it is\ncomplimentary for a guest to be invited to \"spend a few days with me\nnext week\" he or she will undoubtedly be ill at ease during the visit\nand fearful of encroaching upon the hospitality of the hostess. It is\nalways more considerate and better form to state the definite duration\nof the visit, for instance, mentioning that a train leaves the guest's\ntown at eleven-thirty on a certain day, and that another train leaves\n_for_ that same guest's town, at a certain hour on the day he is to\nleave. This gives the guest clearly, and without discourtesy, the\nprecise time he is expected to remain at the home of the hostess, and he\nmay remain the full time without any vague premonitions of undesired\npresence. If the hostess did not state the time of arrival and departure\nthe guest should in her acceptance give suggestive dates leaving them\nsubject to change at the discretion of the hostess. Any other plan is\nembarrassing to both hostess and guest since neither can make plans for\nthe future until she finds out what the other intends to do.\nThe usual duration of house party visits are three days--often they last\nfor a week end--although some continue a week or even longer. The lady\nof the house usually writes a note in the name of her husband and\nherself both, inviting Mr. and Mrs. Blank to her house for three days or\nthree months as she (the hostess) pleases. A clear explanation as to how\nto reach the house is given, and also the necessary information\nregarding trains and schedules.\nThese invitations must be answered promptly and if for any reason the\ninvited one cannot attend, the reason should be given. If there is any\ndoubt as to how to get to the house of the hostess; questions may be\nasked in the answer to the invitation, and the hostess must answer them\nat once.\nWHEN THE GUESTS ARRIVE\nIf the hostess cannot be present to receive her guests, the duty\ndevolves upon the daughter of the house or an intimate friend. As soon\nas a guest arrives he is shown to his room for after the long railroad\ntrip one is usually dusty, tired and not in the mood for conversation or\npleasantries. A bath, a nap, and a cup of coffee or tea, or, if the\nweather is warm, an iced drink are most welcome.\nThe taxi fare from the station may be paid by either hostess or guest.\nThe former may consider that the other is her guest from the moment she\narrives and the latter may include this item in her traveling expenses.\nGenerally speaking, the hostess bears all of the expenses of the guest\nwhile she is in her home but special services such as laundry work,\npressing, etc., may be paid for by the guest herself.\nIt is bad form to invite numerous friends and then to crowd them two in\na room to make a place for all. Of course a mother and daughter may be\nasked to share the same room if individual beds are provided; but two\nwomen, meeting at the house party for the first time, cannot be expected\ngraciously to accept and enjoy sharing the same bed and room together.\nThe furnishing of the guest chamber may be modest, but it must always be\nneat and comfortable. To make the visit a pleasant one, the room that\nthe guest will occupy during his stay must be one that invites\nmemory--one that by its very cheerfulness and comfort remains fondly in\none's memory. The personal tastes of the guests themselves should be\nascertained in assigning rooms to them; some may like a sunny room,\nothers may not be able to endure it; and the considerate hostess will so\narrange that each one of her guests is pleased.\nThere are numerous little services that the hostess must make sure are\nprovided for her visiting guests. Scissors, thread and needles should be\nin one of the dressing-table drawers; stationery, pens, ink, and a\ncalendar should be in the writing-desk. Books, chosen especially for the\noccupant, should be scattered about. The thoughtful hostess will make a\nround of the rooms before the arrival of the guests and make sure that\nevery detail is attended to. Fresh flowers should be placed in the\nvases.\nIt is the duty of the guest to see that her room is kept in order. If\nthere is no maid she should attend to it herself and in any case she\nshould keep her own things in place and watch carefully to see that the\nroom is at all times exquisitely neat.\nENTERTAINING AT THE HOUSE PARTY\nAt eight o'clock, or a little later if it is more convenient, all the\nguests meet in evening dress at dinner. It is then that the necessary\nintroductions are made and the guest of honor, if there is one, is\npresented. Plans may be made for the next day or two, the hostess\noffering suggestions and deferring to the wishes of her guests when they\nhave attractive plans to submit. The hostess also informs the guests at\nwhat time breakfast and luncheon is served. It is not obligatory for\nevery guest to be present at luncheon, but it is strictly so at dinner.\nThe considerate hostess, while endeavoring to fill every moment of her\nguests' stay with her, with pleasure and happiness, does not overdo it\nto the extent that they will have no time for writing their\ncorrespondence, reading a bit, or taking their customary nap.\nUnfortunately many of our hostesses who entertain lavishly at house\nparties and spare no expense or effort in making the party a brilliant\nsuccess, spoil it all by trying to crowd too much entertainment into the\nday, forgetting that their guests need a little time to themselves.\nIn planning entertainments for the morning, the hostess must remember\nthat breakfast will be preferred late, and that the women guests,\nespecially, may prefer to forego breakfast entirely and keep to their\nrooms until just before luncheon. Thus it is always best to start any\nentertainment in the afternoon. Long drives through the country, tennis,\nhockey, golf, card parties--all these are appropriate for the afternoon.\nThe evening is usually devoted to some special entertainment prepared\nsufficiently in advance to render it an important occurrence. A dance\nafter dinner, a fancy dress ball, or private theatricals are suitable;\nand often long moonlight drives, ending with a jolly little picnic, are\nplanned with great success.\nHOSTESS AND GUESTS AT THE HOUSE PARTY\nThe first duty of the hostess is personally to meet or have her husband\nmeet the guests as they arrive at the railroad station. It is better\nform to have him meet them while she remains at home to receive them.\nThere are several important rules that the guest must observe. In the\nfirst place, he must not fail to arrive and depart at the exact time\nsignified in the invitation. If a train is missed, the correct thing to\ndo is wire immediately so that the host and hostess will not be awaiting\nthe arrival in vain. Another important rule for the guest is rigidly to\nfollow and adhere to the laws and the customs of the house: thus if\nsmoking is not allowed in the bedrooms, the gentlemen must be sure to\nrefrain from so doing and each guest should adapt his hours to those of\nthe host and hostess.\nOne of the most difficult of guests to entertain is one who is peculiar\nabout his eating. It is an awkward situation and the guest if he can\nshould eat what is set before him. If this is impossible he may speak\nquietly with his hostess, explain the situation and make special\narrangements for food that he can eat. This is excusable if he is on a\ndiet prescribed by a physician but not if he is simply expressing a\nfastidious preference. So many people are vegetarians nowadays that the\nhostess will make provision for them and she should in planning her\nmenus consult the individual tastes of the guests who are under her\nroof.\nPerhaps a guest is unwisely invited to a house-party where someone he or\nshe particularly dislikes is also a guest. In this case it is a mark of\nextreme discourtesy to complain to the host or hostess, or in any way to\nshow disrespect or dislike towards the other guest. To purposely ignore\nhim or her, obviously to show one's prejudice, is very rude. It is most\ndisconcerting to the host for either of them to show discontent or to\nleave the house party because of the unwelcome presence of the other.\nIt is best for them to be formally courteous to each other and not in\nany way to interfere with the enjoyment of the other members of the\nhouse party or of the host and hostess who are responsible for it.\nTo return to the hostess, she has two very important duties--not to\nneglect her guests, but to provide them with ample amusement and\nentertainment, and again, not to weary them by too much attention. She\nmay go out during the day if she pleases, either to visit friends or to\ndo shopping, but she must always be at home for dinner. And she must not\ngo out so often that the guests will begin to feel slighted.\nThe good-natured and hospitable host and hostess will put at the\ndisposal of their guests their entire house and grounds, including their\nbooks, horses, cars, tennis courts and golf links. The duty of the guest\nis to avail himself of these privileges with delicacy, neither abusing\nthem nor hesitating to use them at all. There are some guests who have a\ntact of perception, an ease and poise of manner, a _savoir faire_ and\ncalm, kind disposition that makes them welcome everywhere. They are\nnever petty, never disagreeable, never quarrelsome, never grouchy. It is\na pleasure to include them in the house party--and they _are_ invariably\nincluded.\n\"TIPPING\" THE SERVANTS\nThe question of feeing or \"tipping\" the servants has always been a\npuzzling one. It may be of advantage here to give an approximate idea of\nwhat the fees should be and to whom they should be given. Attending\ncircumstances, of course, always govern the exact conditions. Very\noften guests, both men and women, unable to estimate correctly what\namount is befitting the servants' services, tip lavishly and without any\nregard for services. This borders on the ostentatious, and hence, may be\nconsidered vulgar.\nHere are the recognized tips expected of a single woman: for the maid\nwho keeps her room in order, one dollar or a dollar and a half. (These\nfigures are based on a period of a week's stay). If this maid has also\nhelped the guest in her dressing, and preparing the bath for her, two or\ntwo and a half dollars are the customary fee. A tip of from one to two\ndollars must be given to the maid who waits on the guest at the table,\nand if a chauffeur takes her from and to the station, a dollar is his\nusual fee.\nA bachelor is expected to be somewhat more generous with his tips. The\nboy who cleans and polishes his boots and shoes receives a fee of fifty\nor seventy-five cents.\nWhen a married couple is visiting, they usually divide the tips between\nthem. The wife gives the maid a dollar or a dollar and a half, and the\nhusband tips the men servants. The butler should receive two dollars at\nleast, and if he has rendered many special services both to the man and\nhis wife, he should undoubtedly receive two or three dollars more. On\nsome occasions the cook is remembered, and the gentleman sends her a\ndollar or two in recognition of her culinary art. It must be remembered,\nhowever, that there are no established rules of tipping, and no\nprecedent to go by. One must be guided by the extent of his income and\nby the services rendered.\nOne more word in closing this chapter. Not everyone can afford to give\nelaborate house parties. But this need not interfere with one's\nhospitality. The host or hostess who is discouraged from offering\nfriends simple entertainment because of someone else's magnificent\nparties, should cease being discouraged and take pride and pleasure in\nthe knowledge that they are entertaining their friends as hospitably as\nthey can. To do a thing simply and sincerely is infinitely finer than to\ndo a thing extravagantly merely for the sake of ostentation and display.\nIn homes where there are no servants the guests should take part in the\nwork around the house unless the hostess shows distinctly that she\nprefers for them not to do it. After the visit the guest may send some\nlittle gift in appreciation of the hospitality enjoyed. A bit of\nhousehold linen, a book, flowers, or candy are most appropriate. This is\none case where an unsuitable gift is inexcusable for ample opportunity\nhas been given the donor to study the needs and desires of the hostess.\nWithin ten days after her departure the guest should write a\nbread-and-butter letter to her hostess. This is simply a grateful\nexpression of appreciation for the hospitality which she enjoyed during\nher visit. Great care should be taken to avoid stilted forms.\nCHAPTER V\nWHEN THE BACHELOR ENTERTAINS\nWHEN THE BACHELOR IS HOST\nUntil very recently, the bachelor was rarely a host, was rarely expected\nto entertain. In fact, some people considered it unconventional to\nattend a bachelor entertainment. But with the tremendous increase of\nbachelor apartments and bachelor hotels and even bachelor clubs, it is\nnow quite the usual custom for him to entertain friends at dinner\nparties, theater parties, teas and in almost any other way which strikes\nhis fancy.\nHowever, no bachelor should invite guests to his home unless he has a\nfull retinue of servants to care for their wants. There should be no\nconfusion, no awkwardness. If he is a professional man--an artist,\nauthor or musician--he may entertain guests at his studio without\nservants, except perhaps one to attend to the buffet supper which is\nmost usual at such functions. But that is the only exception; a large\nentertainment in a bachelor's establishment requires as careful\npreparation as a fashionable social function in a well-regulated\nhousehold.\nWhen an unmarried man gives house parties, dinners or entertainments of\nany kind whatever, he always asks a married woman of his acquaintance\nto act as chaperon. She should be the first person invited, and the\nusual method of invitation is a personal call at her home.\nWELCOMING THE GUESTS\nThe host receives his guests at the door, welcoming each one with\noutstretched hand, and introducing immediately to the chaperon or\nchaperons those guests whom they do not already know. When the reception\nis a particularly large one, a man servant usually awaits the guests at\nthe door and the host receives in the drawing-room.\nThe question has arisen on various occasions, whether or not the\nbachelor is expected to provide dressing-rooms for his guests. If as\nmany as thirty or forty are expected the bedrooms may be made to serve\nthe purpose of dressing-rooms for the evening. The matter is one\nentirely dependent upon circumstances and convenience when the\nentertainment is held in the home of the bachelor himself; but when a\nlarge entertainment is given in a hall, dressing-rooms are of course\nessential.\nVery often, when the reception is held in the bachelor's own apartments,\nwhere there is only one servant, the chaperon is asked to pour the tea\nwhile the host himself serves it. This is a very pretty custom; it\ncertainly lends dignity and impressiveness to the bachelor entertainment\nto see a charming matron at the head of the table. And by having the\nbachelor himself serve the refreshments, a certain companionship and\nfriendliness is created among the guests.\nTHE BACHELOR'S DINNER\nAlthough he is not expected to retaliate in the matter of invitations to\ndinners and luncheons, the bachelor often gives dinner parties. For the\nhost is no less eager to entertain than the hostess, and many unmarried\nmen find keen pleasure in gathering their friends about them for a\npleasant evening.\nIn detail, the bachelor's dinner, formal or informal, is very much like\nthe ordinary dinner. The same holds true of the luncheon or supper\nparty. The menu may be identical, if he pleases; but often an elaborate\nChinese, French or Italian menu is decided upon as a novelty.\nIf the guests are all gentlemen, one butler may attend to all their\nwants, including the serving of the courses. But if there are ladies in\nthe party, the chaperon must be present, and perhaps one or two\nwhite-capped maids to serve the dinner.\nIf the dinner is given in honor of a lady, her seat is always at the\nright of the host at the table. If there is no guest of honor, this\nplace is filled by the matron who is serving as chaperon.\nIt is she who makes the first move to leave the dining-room.\nThe host must extend cordial thanks to the chaperon when she is ready to\ndepart. It is usually upon her good judgment and influence that the\nsuccess of the dinner depends, and surely the host owes her a debt of\ngratitude if everything has run smoothly and pleasantly. He also bids\nhis guests a cordial adieu and graciously accepts their thanks for a\npleasant evening.\nMusic is often provided for the entertainment of the guests after a\ndinner-party. It is not unusual for the host to obtain the services of\nwell-known professional singers and players for the evening.\nTEA AT A BACHELOR APARTMENT\nThe bachelor who feels that he must be hospitable to his friends and\nentertain them at his home, may safely choose the afternoon tea without\napprehension as it is the simplest of entertainments. Of course a\nchaperon is necessary, as she is at all his entertainments; but there is\nless restraint and less formality at a tea than at almost any other\nsocial function.\nInvitations should be issued a week or ten days before the day set for\nthe tea. Guests may include both sexes; but if there are only gentlemen,\nthey may be invited verbally. The tea is served in the dining-room, or\nif he wishes, the host may have small tea tables laid out in the\ndrawing-room. A silver tea service is always attractive and pleasing,\nand the host may pour the beverage if the guests are all gentlemen. If\nladies are present, either the chaperon may pour, or a servant.\nRefreshments should consist of delicate sandwiches, assorted cakes and\nwafers, salted almonds, confections and tea. If there are some among the\nguests who do not drink tea, chocolate may be served.\nAs they depart the bachelor host accompanies each one of his guests to\nthe door bidding him or her a cordial good-by. The chaperon must be\nespecially thanked for her service and shown particular deference.\nIndeed, her host should accompany her after the reception, to her own\ndoor if she is without car or escort.\nTHE BACHELOR DANCE\nWealthy bachelors find pleasure and diversion in giving huge balls and\ndances. Dinner or a midnight supper may be a delightful adjunct to the\ndance. A fashionable ball of this kind is sometimes given for the\nimportant purpose of introducing a young sister or another relative to\nsociety.\nThe ball is rarely, if ever, held in the bachelor's own apartments. He\nhires a hall for the occasion, and arranges with several of his married\nfriends to act as chaperons. They also receive with him and help him\nintroduce the guests. As these arrive, they divest themselves of their\nwraps, in the dressing-rooms provided for the purpose, and then are\nreceived in the ballroom by the host and the chaperons. Introductions\nare made, and the music and dancing begins.\nThere are not very many bachelors who can entertain in this lavish\nfashion; but the simpler entertainments, if they have the correct spirit\nof cordial hospitality, go a long way in establishing the desired\nrelationship between the host and his friends. After all, it is the\nlittle things that count; and little courtesies may fittingly repay\nelaborate ceremonials and fashionable functions, if they are offered in\nsincere friendliness and warmth.\nTHEATER PARTIES\nAlways a favorite with the bachelor, the theater party has recently\nbecome his main forte. First in importance, of course, is the selection\nof a play, a matter which is largely determined by the kinds of visitors\nthe host intends to invite. There is nothing more disturbing than to\ninvite one's friends to a play, and then to feel that they have not\nenjoyed it. In selecting something light and amusing, or else the\nperformance of some celebrated star, the host is comparatively sure of\npleasing most of his guests.\nAnother important point is to bring together only congenial people for\nthe theater party. One person out of harmony with the rest will spoil\nthe whole evening as certainly as a sudden summer shower spoils the most\nelaborately planned garden party. It is important to select only those\npeople whose tastes and temperaments blend.\nInvitations are informal. A brief, cordial note hand-written on personal\nstationery is preferred, although some men like to use their club\nstationery. The name of the play may be mentioned in the invitation. An\nimmediate response is expected, as the host must be given sufficient\ntime to choose another guest, if for some reason, the one invited cannot\nattend. Men and women may be invited to the theater party, and if there\nare married couples in the party, a chaperon is not particularly\nnecessary.\nYACHTING PARTIES\nWhen a bachelor invites several men and women friends to dine on his\nyacht, or to take a short cruise, it is absolutely bad form to omit the\nchaperon. She must be a married woman, and she may join the party with\nor without her husband. Another important point regarding yachting\nparties; the host must supply a gig or rowboat to carry his guests to\nand from the shore, and he must stand on the gangway to greet each one\nas he arrives, and assist him to the deck of the yacht.\nIn giving entertainments, the bachelor must remember that no special\nsocial obligations are expected of him. He need not be lavish in his\ndinners and parties, unless he wishes to and can afford it. Simple\nentertainments, given in the spirit of good fellowship and hospitality,\nare always appreciated and tend to substantially strengthen\nfriendships.\nCHAPTER VI\nMUSICALES AND PRIVATE THEATRICALS\nPREPARATIONS FOR THE MUSICALE\nThe only time that music is not subordinated to other purposes of the\nevening's gathering, is at the musicale. Here it is the sole\nentertainment of the evening, and it reigns supreme.\nIn preparing for a musicale, invitations should be engraved and issued\nat least ten days in advance of the time chosen for the occasion. In\ninviting her guests, the hostess must be sure that she includes only\nthose among her friends and acquaintances who understand and appreciate\ngood music, and who enjoy it for itself alone. It is not wise to include\npeople who are not fond of music (if there really are any such people!)\nfor they are likely to be bored, and instead of listening quietly to the\nselections, talk and fidget and so disturb the other guests who are\nanxious to give their undivided attention to the musicians.\nThe invitations to a musicale require prompt answers. The third person\nshould be used in both invitations and answers, as the occasion is\nstrictly a formal one.\nThe drawing-room, in which the musicale is ordinarily held, should be\nbare of all unnecessary furniture save the piano, chairs for the\nperformers, and seats for the guests. Programs may be printed\nsufficiently in advance to distribute at the musicale; they always serve\nas appropriate mementos.\nTHE AFTERNOON MUSICALE\nThe usual time for the afternoon musicale is from four to six. It is\nconsiderably less formal than a similar affair in the evening, although\nstill requiring strictly formal third-person etiquette in invitations\nand replies.\nIt is usual, in issuing invitations for musicales, whether held in\nafternoon or evening, to have the word \"Music\" engraved in the lower\nleft-hand corner. If a famous musician is to play his name may appear on\nthe invitation.\nThe musical selections include various numbers to suit the tastes of the\nhostess, and those of her guests if she happens to know what they are.\nSometimes there are vocal selections in addition to the instrumental\nselections. All professional singers and players are paid for their\nservices, unless they themselves offer them free. It is very bad form\nindeed, to invite a singer or player as a guest, and then expect him to\ngive his services. And yet it is done so often, by hostesses who think\nthat they are following the dictates of etiquette to the highest letter\nof its law! If the performers are friends of the hostess she should\npresent each one with a gift of some sort as an expression of her\ngratitude for their services.\nThe lighter music should always be played first, retaining the important\nnumbers for the end. Many hostesses, when they have a famous\nprofessional for the afternoon's entertainment, start the musicale with\nsinging or playing by unimportant persons, and end it with the\nperformance of the celebrated professional. It is always pleasing to the\nguests--and also the professional himself.\nThe hostess, in receiving her guests, stands in the drawing-room and\ngreets each one as he or she arrives. When the music begins, she seats\nherself near the door, and whenever a tardy guest arrives, sees that he\nis comfortably seated. Incidentally, it is bad form to come late to a\nmusicale; it is disturbing to the performers and guests alike.\nGuests do not remain long after the afternoon musicale. The chairs are\nremoved from the drawing-room and ices, punch, little cakes and bonbons\nare served. As the guests leave, it is customary for them to thank the\nhostess for her entertainment.\nTHE EVENING MUSICALE\nSimilar in general aspect is the evening musicale and yet there are\nseveral details that are strikingly different.\nIt may be held any time in the evening. Again the hostess receives in\nthe drawing-room, and again the selections may be either vocal or\ninstrumental. But the general appearance of the entire affair is more\nceremonious, more formal. And after the musicale, instead of simple\nrefreshments, an elaborate supper is usually given.\nThis supper may consist of jellied bouillon, roast meats, salads, ices,\nconfections, punches and coffee. If an important singer or player\ncontributes to the share of the evening's entertainment he is invited to\njoin the guests. After supper the guests converse for a half hour or so,\nand depart.\nCARD PARTIES AT THE MUSICALE\nVery often, instead of giving a dinner, a hostess will arrange several\nsmall tables at which four guests can be comfortably seated. She will\nserve light refreshments, such as dainty sandwiches, salads, muffins,\nbouillon and perhaps ices or coffee. After the light repast, the tables\nwill be cleared and cards brought out.\nIf the hostess decides to have cards, after the musicale, she must\nmention it in the invitation. The guests may attend only the musicale,\nif they wish, and leave when the other guests begin the card game. But\nif the musicale is held in the evening, and supper is served, the guest\nwho remains must also remain for the card games as a matter of courtesy\nand politeness. If he does not wish to play he may watch the others and\njoin in the conversation during the intervals between games.\nDUTIES OF GUESTS AT MUSICALES\nThe one important rule of conduct at the musicale is to maintain\nabsolute silence during the selections. It is an unforgivable breach of\netiquette to speak, fidget or otherwise disturb the guests while the\nnumbers are being performed. Encores are permissible, but loud applause\nis undeniably vulgar. Silence, interest and attention characterize the\nideal guest at the private concert.\nAnother duty of the guest is to be prompt. It is very disagreeable to\nthe performers, and to the hostess, to have guests arrive late and\ndisturb everyone. However, if one is unavoidably late, to offer profuse\napologies, while the musicians are performing, is to make matters worse\nby prolonging the disturbance. Instead the guest should nod, take his or\nher seat, and after the musicale, seek out the hostess and offer\napologies for not having been on time.\nIn taking leave of the hostess, cordial thanks for her entertainment are\nin order. Remarks about the playing of the guests are not very good\nform, especially if they are in adverse criticism. A word of sincere\npraise, however, is never amiss.\nDRESS AT THE MUSICALE\nDress at the musicale is essentially what it would be if the occasion\nwere an elaborate reception, and if it is given in the evening formal\nevening dress is worn. In the summer this convention may be set aside in\nfavor of comfort.\nARRANGING PRIVATE THEATRICALS\nEveryone enjoys private theatricals, amateur and otherwise--the hostess,\nthe guests, and the actors and actresses themselves. It is an ideal\nmeans of entertainment.\nIn arranging a private theatrical, which is almost invariably an amateur\nventure, the first important thing to do is to find a play which is\nadapted to that talent which is available. It is wise to appoint a\ncommittee to read numerous plays and select for final consideration\nthose that seem best fitted to the type of actors and actresses\navailable. If one of the young men is naturally witty and bubbling over\nwith hilarity and good fun, he must not be given a part that\nnecessitates grave and solemn behavior. If he, and the other actors, are\ngiven parts not suited to them, the play is doomed to failure before it\nis even staged.\nUnless the performers have had some experience in theatricals it is best\nto choose a comedy--for even a Greek tragedy in all its poignant\nsimplicity may become a farce in the hands of unskilful actors.\nRehearsals are of vital importance. The members of the cast must\nrehearse and rehearse and rehearse again until they know their parts\nperfectly. They must be punctual and regular in their attendance of the\nrehearsals; continually to miss them is to spoil the play and a lack of\npreparation on the part of one actor is unfair to the others, for\nultimate success depends on each one of the players.\nThe performance is usually given in the drawing-room of the host who\nissues the invitations, which, by the way, must be sent out two or three\nweeks in advance. The host must arrange for stage, lighting effects,\nseating facilities and all the other incidental details.\nTHE PLAYERS\nIn assigning parts care must be taken, as was pointed out above, in\nselecting that character which is most in accord with the player's own\ncharacter. This is so important that it cannot be over-emphasized. And\nwhen finally the correct part is chosen for him, he must learn his lines\nso thoroughly that he will be able, figuratively, to \"say them in his\nsleep.\"\nCostumes for the play may be obtained from any theatrical supply house.\nThey must be of the style prevalent at the date of the play; Colonial\nclothes in a Mid-Victorian setting foredoom the play to failure. A\ncurtain may also be hired from a theatrical supply house, but it is very\nsimple to adjust one made at home by means of brass rings such as are\nused in hanging porti\u00e8res. There should be a separation in the center so\nthat the curtain may be drawn back from both sides.\nFootlights may consist of a row of small electric lights, or a row of\nreflector lamps will impart the desired effect to the improvised stage.\nFor wings, large Japanese screens will do or they, too, may be hired\nfrom the people who supply the costumes.\nTo give the effect of lightning, a magnesia torch is most effective.\nThunder is simulated by beating slowly on a bass drum. Hoof beats seem\nquite real when produced by beating two cocoanut shells on marble.\nThe danger of stage fright can be lessened and almost obliterated after\na sufficient number of rehearsals, and with that poise and\nself-confidence that comes with true culture, one should be able to\nstand before the largest audience without embarrassment or nervousness.\nIt is one of the rewards of correct training.\nTHE GUESTS\nAs in the musicale, silence is essential. There is nothing more\ndisconcerting to actors than to notice whispering, giggling or lack of\ninterest in the audience. Whether the play is worthy of interest or not,\ncourtesy towards guests and performers demands the appearance of\ninterest.\nGuests must answer invitations promptly. In fact, in almost every\ndetail, attending a theatrical given in the home of a friend requires\nthe same etiquette as is observed at a fashionable evening musicale. In\ndeparting, the hostess must be cordially thanked for the pleasant\nevening, and if the actors are friends of the assemblage and join the\nguests after the play, they, too, must be thanked for their share of the\nentertainment.\nHOST AND HOSTESS\nThe host and hostess usually receive together at private theatricals.\nThey stand together at the door of the drawing-room, welcome each guest\nand make the necessary introductions. When the curtain is drawn, they\ntake seats near the back and rise to greet any delinquent guest.\nAfter the play a supper may be served. If the actors are friends they\njoin in the supper. But sometimes these private theatricals are not\namateurish, but given by professionals, in which case the etiquette is\nsomewhat different, and the performers may or may not be invited, as the\nhostess chooses.\nEngraved cards are issued, and in the lower left-hand corner appears the\nname of the play and the leading actor (if he happens to be a\ncelebrity). The guests are expected to arrive at a definite hour, and\nlateness in this case is inexcusable. If the professional players do not\noffer their services free, they must receive remuneration for them.\nCHAPTER VII\nDANCING\nDANCING AS A HEALTHFUL ART\nDancing is an art. More than that, it is a healthful art. In its\ngraceful movements, cadenced rhythms, and expressive charms are evident\nthe same beautiful emotions that are so eloquently expressed in music,\nsculpture, painting. And it is through these expressions of emotion,\nthrough this silent poetry of the body that dancing becomes a healthful\nart, for it imparts to the body--and mind--a poise and strength without\nwhich no one can be quite happy.\nIt is because the vital importance of dancing on the mind and body has\nbeen universally recognized, that it has been added to the curriculum of\npublic schools in almost every country. We find the youngsters revelling\nin folk-dances, and entering dancing games with a spirit that gives\nvigor to their bodies, balance and grace to their movements.\nConsider, for a moment, the irresistible witchery of music, of rhythmic\ncadences. We hear the martial note of the drum, and unconsciously our\nfeet beat time. We hear the first deep chords of the orchestra, and\ninvoluntarily our fingers mark the time of the measure. With the soft,\nmellow harmony of triplet melodies we are transported to the solemn\nvastness of a mountain beside a gayly rippling stream. With the deep,\nsonorous bursts of triumphant melody, we are transported to the ocean's\nedge, where the rumbling of the waves holds us in awed ecstasy. Thoughts\nof sorrow, of gladness, of joy, of hope surge through us and cry for\nexpression. Dancing is nature's way of expressing these emotions.\nThen let us dance, for in dancing we find poise and strength and\nbalance. Let us dance for in dancing we find joy, pleasure, hope. It is\nthe language of the feelings, and nature meant it for the expression of\nthose feelings.\nIt is only when dancing is confined to hot, crowded rooms where the\natmosphere is unwholesome, that it loses its healthful influence on mind\nand body. But where there is plenty of room and fresh air, plenty of\ngood, soul-inspiring music--we say dance, young and old alike, dance for\nthe keen pleasure and joy of the dance itself, and for the health that\nfollows in its wake!\nDANCE-GIVING NO LONGER A LUXURY\nThe day of the strictly formal dance, entailing elaborate suppers,\npretentious decorations and large orchestras has passed. In its place is\nthe simple, enjoyable, inexpensive dance which is at once the delight of\nthe guests and the pride of the hostess.\nSimplicity is the keynote of the modern ball. A piano and two stringed\ninstruments usually comprise the entire orchestra. The charm of the home\nis no longer spoiled by overdecoration; a vase or two containing the\nflowers of the season offer the sole touch of festivity. There are, of\ncourse, numerous personal innovations that may be instituted; but as the\nguests are assembled for dancing, space and a good floor and plenty of\nfresh air are the primary and paramount requisites.\nLight refreshments have taken the place of the large suppers of not so\nlong ago. Hostesses no longer feel over-burdened with a sense of\nobligation. The dance has become simple and inexpensive; and because it\nis also so thoroughly enjoyable and healthful, it has become a favorite\nsport, especially during the cooler months.\nTHE D\u00c9BUT DANCE\nPerhaps the most important dance of all is that given in honor of the\n_d\u00e9butante_. No matter how large or formal a dance may be, it is never\ncalled a \"ball\" in the invitation. The latter is used only in case of a\nlarge public dance or function. The usual \"at home\" form of invitation\nis used, and in the lower left-hand corner the word _dancing_ is\nprinted. The name of the young _d\u00e9butante_ may be included if it is so\ndesired, although it is not essential. But if it is an evening occasion,\nthe name of both host and hostess must appear on the invitation.\nWhether the dance is held in her own home or in a hall hired for the\noccasion, the hostess receives and welcomes each guest. She may be\nassisted by several of her friends who are well-known in society. Her\ndaughter stands beside her and is introduced to those of her mother's\nguests whom she has not already met.\nThe _d\u00e9butante_ has her first partner selected for her by her mother.\nShe may not dance with one man more than once on the occasion of her\nintroduction to society. But she is expected to dance every dance,\nreturning to receive guests during the intervals. Sometimes the young\n_d\u00e9butante_ has several of her chums receiving with her for the first\nhalf hour. She offers her hand to every guest who arrives, and\nintroduces in turn the friends who are assisting her.\nThe father of the _d\u00e9butante_ may receive with his wife, but his duty is\nmore to see that all the women have partners, and that the chaperons are\ntaken into supper. He also sees that the gentlemen do their duty as\ndancers instead of remaining in the dressing room to smoke and chat. The\nhostess does not dance at all, or if she does, it is usually late in the\nevening. She remains at her post at the door, welcoming guests and\nseeing that all shy men get partners and all the young girls have a good\ntime. One paramount duty of the hostess is so to arrange her invitations\nthat there will be very many more men than women; this eliminates the\nchance of there being any unhappy wallflowers. Another consideration is\nto arrange the chairs in informal little groups instead of close to the\nwalls in a solemn and dreary line.\nCOSTUME BALLS\nThe costume ball is conducted very much on the same order as the formal\nball. The invitations are issued two or three weeks before the date set\nfor the dance, and as for the _d\u00e9but_ dance, the word _ball_ does not\nappear on it. Instead the words \"Costumes of the Twelfth Century\" or\n\"Shakespearean Costumes\" or whatever may be decided upon are printed in\nthe lower left-hand corner of usual \"at home\" cards.\nIn selecting a fancy costume, one must be careful to choose only what is\n_individually_ becoming. It must be in perfect harmony with one's\npersonality. To assume a character that is in every way opposed to one's\nown character is unwise and ungratifying. A sedate, quiet young miss\nshould not choose a Folly Costume. Nor should a jolly, vivacious young\nlady elect to emulate Martha Washington. And furthermore, a character\nmust not be merely dressed--it must be _lived_. The successful costume\nball must be realistic.\nSUBSCRIPTION DANCES\nWhat is the purpose of the subscription dance? The question is a common\none. And the answer is simple.\nA subscription dance is given for the same reason that any other dance\nis given--to be surrounded by one's friends, to enjoy music and dancing,\nand generally to have a \"good time.\" It is conducted very much on the\norder of the formal dance, except that it is semi-public and is usually\nheld in a public hall. There is no host or hostess, of course; their\nplace is held by an appointed committee or by the patronesses of the\ndance. They stand at the door of the ballroom to welcome guests, and\nthey may either offer their hands or bow in greeting. It is the duty of\nthe patronesses to introduce those of the guests who are not already\nacquainted.\nEach subscriber to the dance has the privilege of inviting a certain\nnumber of friends to the function. Or, if the membership decide to give\nseveral periodic dances, he is entitled to invite a certain number of\nfriends to each one of them. The invitations are issued two weeks ahead\nand require a prompt acceptance or regrets.\nSometimes elaborate suppers are served at the subscription dance, the\nmoney for the expenses having been appropriated from the subscription\nfees for the entertainment. Or simple refreshments, such as dainty\nsandwiches, salads, ices, cakes and punch, may be served at small, round\ntables.\nIn departing, it is not considered necessary to take leave of the\npatronesses. However, if they are on duty at the door, a cordial word or\ntwo of consideration for their efforts may be extended.\nTHE BALLROOM\nEverything in the ballroom should suggest gayety, light and beauty. The\nfloor, of course, is the most important detail. A polished hardwood\nfloor offers the most pleasing surface for dancing. If the wood seems\nsticky, paraffine wax adds a smoothness that actually tempts one to\ndance.\nFlowers are always pleasing. Huge ferns may grace unexpected corners and\ngreens may add a festive note, if the hostess so desires. But there must\nnot be an obvious attempt at decoration. Rather nothing at all, than so\nvery much that it borders on the ostentatious.\nIn fact, the dance is tending more and more to become a simple and\nunpretentious function. The elaborate decorations and fashionable\nconventions that attended the minuet and quadrille of several decades\nago have given way to a jolly informality which makes the dance so\ndelightful and popular a way of entertaining.\nMUSIC AT THE DANCE\nThe music, of course, is important. A piano and one or two stringed\ninstruments are sufficient. The musicians should be hidden behind a\ncluster of palms, or placed in a balcony.\nOrdinarily the selections are arranged previously by the hostess. She\nmust also arrange for encores, and should make provision for special\nselections which the guests may desire.\nDANCE PROGRAMS\nThe dance program is rarely used now except at college dances, or army\nand navy dances. It has lost prestige with the passing of the\nold-fashioned ball. But sometimes there are special occasions when the\nhostess wishes to have programs, in which case they serve not only as\npretty and convenient adjuncts to the occasion, but as appropriate\nmementos.\nGilt-edged cards attached with a silk cord and provided with a tiny\npencil are pretty when an attractive little sketch or a bit of verse\nenlivens the front cover. Each dance is entered on the program--and many\na delightful memory is kept alive by glancing at these names days after\nthe dance was held. These programs may be filled beforehand or they may\nbe filled at the dance.\nDINNER DANCES\nAt the dinner dance, the hostess issues two sets of invitations, one for\nthose whom she wishes to invite for dinner and dance both, and one for\nthose whom she wishes to invite to the dance only. For the former the\nordinary dinner invitation may be issued, with the words \"Dancing at\nNine\" added in the left-hand corner. For the latter, the ordinary \"at\nhome\" invitation with the same words \"Dancing at Nine\" added also in the\nleft-hand corner is correct form.\nOften the hostess has a buffet supper instead of a dinner. All the\nguests partake of this refreshment. On a long table, decorated with\nflowers, are salads, sandwiches, ices, jellies and fruits which may be\npartaken of throughout the entire evening. Sometimes hot bouillon is\nalso served, and very often a midnight supper is given at which hot\ncourses are in order.\nIf a dance is scheduled to be held in the ballroom of a hotel, the\nguests who are invited to dinner may be served in the dining-room of\nthat hotel. The small tables are usually decorated with lamps and\nflowers for the occasion, and the dinner may be ordered by the hostess\nseveral days in advance.\nDRESSING ROOMS\nWhether the dance be large or small, dressing rooms, or coat rooms, as\nthey are sometimes called, are essential for the convenience of the\nguests. There must be one for the gentlemen and one for the ladies, each\nproperly furnished.\nIt is usual to have a maid servant in attendance in the dressing room\nset apart for the ladies. She helps them relieve themselves of their\nwraps when they arrive, and to don them again when they are ready to\ndepart. A dressing-table, completely furnished with hand-mirror, powder,\nperfume and a small lamp, should be provided. A full-size mirror is\nalways appreciated. Sometimes, when a great number of guests are\nexpected, a checking system is devised to simplify matters and aid the\nmaid in identifying the wraps.\nThe men's dressing room may be provided with a smoking table supplied\nwith all the necessary requisites for smoking, matches, ash-trays,\ncigar-cutters, etc. Here also a servant is usually on hand to offer the\ngentleman his service wherever it is needed.\nTHE DANCE\nThere is a lesser formality, a greater gayety in the ballroom of to-day.\nThe dance-card and program are no longer enjoying unrivaled vogue as\nthey did when our grandmothers' danced the waltz and cotillon. The\npauses between dances are shorter. Something of the old dignity is gone,\nbut in its place is a new romance that is perhaps more gratifying. It is\nnot a romance of the Mid-Victorian period, or a romance that carries\nwith it the breath of mystery. It is a strangely companionable and\nlevel-headed romance which pervades the ballroom and makes everyone,\nyoung and old, man and woman, want to get out on the floor and dance to\nthe tune of the pretty melodies.\nBut the ballroom of good society, must retain its dignity even while it\nindulges in the new \"romance of the dance.\" It must observe certain\nlittle rules of good conduct without which it loses all the grace and\ncharm which are the pride and inspiration of the dancing couples. There\nis, for instance, the etiquette of asking a lady to dance, and accepting\nthe invitation in a manner graciously befitting the well-bred young lady\nof the twentieth century.\nWHEN THE LADY IS ASKED TO DANCE\nBefore asking anyone else to dance, the gentleman must request the first\ndance of the lady he escorted to the ball. Then he takes care that she\nhas a partner for each dance, and that she is never left a wallflower\nwhile he dances with some other lady.\nAt the conclusion of the dance, the gentleman thanks the lady for the\ndance and goes off to find his next partner. The lady does not seek her\npartner for the next dance, if she has promised it to anyone, but waits\nuntil he comes to claim her. A man should never leave a woman standing\nalone on the floor.\n\"CUTTING IN\"\nA modern system of \"cutting in\" seems to be enjoying a vogue among our\nyoung people. While a dance is in progress, a young man may \"cut in\" and\nask the lady to finish the dance with him. If the dance has not been\nvery long in progress, and the young lady wishes to continue it, she may\nnod and say, \"The next time we pass here.\" The dance continues around\nthe room, and when the couple reach the same place again, the lady\nleaves her partner and finishes the dance with the young man who has\n\"cut in.\"\nPerhaps this custom of \"cutting in\" carries with it the merest\nsuggestion of discourtesy, but when we consider the informal gayety of\nthe ballroom, the keen and whole-hearted love of dancing, we can\nunderstand why the privilege is extended. Like many another privilege,\nit becomes distasteful when it is abused.\nIt is not good form for a couple to dance together so many times as to\nmake themselves conspicuous.\nMen should not neglect their duty as dancers because they prefer to\nsmoke or simply to act as spectators.\nDANCING POSITIONS\nDancing has been revolutionized since the day when the German waltz was\nfirst introduced to polite society. And it is safe to say that some of\nour austere granddames would feel righteously indignant if they were\nsuddenly brought back to the ballroom and forced to witness some of the\nmodern dance innovations!\nThere seems to be an attempt, on the part of the younger generation\n(although the older generation is not so very far behind!) to achieve\nabsolute freedom of movement, to go through the dance with a certain\nunrestrained impulsiveness unknown to the minuet or graceful quadrille.\nThese newer dances and dancing interpretations are charming and\nentertaining; and yet there is the possibility of their becoming vulgar\nif proper dancing positions are not taken. The position is especially\nimportant in the latest dances.\nIn guiding a lady across the polished floor to the tune of a simple\nwaltz or a gay fox-trot, the gentleman encircles her waist half way with\nhis right arm, laying the palm of his hand lightly just above the waist\nline. With his left hand, he holds her right at arm's length in the\nposition most comfortable for both of them, taking special care not to\nhold it in an awkward or ungainly position. His face is always turned\nslightly to the left, while hers usually faces front or slightly to the\nright. The girl should place her left arm on her partner's right arm.\nShe must follow him and not try to lead the dance herself.\nWhen the dance requires certain swaying movements, as almost all modern\ndances do, the lady inclines her body in harmony with that of her\npartner, and if the proper care is taken to retain one's poise and\ndignity, not even a most exacting chaperon can find fault with the new\nsteps.\nWHEN THE GUEST DOES NOT DANCE\nAlways at a dance, formal or informal, there are guests who do not\ndance. Usually they are men, for there is rarely a woman who does not\nknow the steps of the latest dances--that is, if she ever does accept\ninvitations at all. But \"the guest who does not dance\" is one of the\nunfortunate things the hostess has to put up with at every one of her\ndances.\nAnd there is rarely ever an excuse for it. Every man who mingles in\nsociety at all, who enjoys the company of brilliant women and attractive\nyoung ladies, who accepts the invitations of hostesses, is failing in\nhis duty when he offers as an excuse the fact that he doesn't know how\nto dance--for there are sufficient schools of dancing in every city and\ntown where the latest steps can be learned quickly.\nIf for any reason, a gentleman does not know how to dance, and does not\nwant to learn, he may make up for it by entertaining the chaperons while\ntheir charges are dancing,--conversing with them, walking about with\nthem and escorting them to the refreshment table, and altogether show by\nhis kind attentiveness that he realizes his deficiency and wishes to\nmake up for it. To lounge in the dressing-room, smoking and chatting\nwith other gentlemen is both unfair to the hostess and essentially rude\nin the matter of ballroom etiquette. The true gentleman would rather\ndecline an invitation than be unfair to his hostess and her guests in\nthis respect.\nPUBLIC DANCES\nVery often public dances are given in honor of some special occasion or\na celebrated guest. They are very much like private dances, except that\na specially appointed committee fulfills the position and duties of the\nhostess. At most public balls, the committee is composed of men and\nwomen who wear badges to indicate their position, and who stand at the\ndoor to receive and welcome each guest. These men and women do not dance\nthe first dance, but wait until later in the evening when they are quite\nsure that all the guests have arrived; and then they are always back at\ntheir duty during the intervals between dances.\nGuests arriving at a public dance greet the patronesses with a smile of\nwelcome and a word or two, but rarely offer their hands to be shaken\nunless the ladies serving as patronesses take the initiative. They may\nstay for one or two dances, or throughout the whole evening, as they\nprefer; and when departing, it is not necessary to seek out the\npatronesses and bid them good-by.\nEngraved invitations are usually issued three weeks before the date set\nfor the ball. On these cards the names of the patronesses are also\nengraved. If the entrance to the ball is by purchased ticket, such as is\nalways the case when the ball is given for some charity, the invitations\nmust be preserved and shown at the entrance.\nSometimes a supper is included in the arrangement of the public ball,\nand in such case a caterer is engaged to attend to all details,\nincluding servants. A buffet supper is always the most pleasing and\nsatisfactory as the guests may partake of the foods when they desire\nand there is no confusion or interruption to the dance. Hot bouillon,\nvarious meats, salads, cakes, ices, fruits and confections are an ideal\nmenu. Coffee or punch is sometimes added.\nWhen a public ball is given in honor of some special person, that person\nmust be met on his arrival and immediately introduced to the women on\nthe reception committee and escorted to the seat reserved for him. He\nmust be attended throughout the evening, introduced to everyone he does\nnot know, and all his wants carefully taken care of. When he departs, he\nmust be escorted to his carriage, and if he is a celebrated personage\nthanked for his presence--although truly cultured gentlemen prefer not\nto have this honor paid them.\nA public ball is either a tremendous success or a miserable failure.\nThere is no in-between. And the success or failure rests solely on the\ngood judgment and influence of the ladies and gentlemen of the\ncommittees, including, of course, those who receive. To mingle freely\namong the guests, to join in the conversation, to introduce guests to\neach other and find partners for the \"wallflowers\"--all these little\nservices tend to arouse a spirit of friendliness and harmony that cannot\nbut result in an evening that will be long remembered in the minds of\nevery guest.\nA PLEA FOR DANCING\nLately there has been a great deal of unfavorable criticism directed\nagainst the modern dances. There have been newspaper articles condemning\nthe \"latest dance fads\" as immoral and degrading. There have been\nspeeches and lectures against \"shaking and twisting of the body into\nweird, outlandish contortions.\" There have been vigorous crusades\nagainst dance halls. And all because a few ill-bred, fun-loving,\ncarefree young people wrongly interpreted the new dances in their own\nway and gave to the steps the vulgar abandon appropriate only to the\ncheap vaudeville stage or the low dance hall.\nDancing, even the shoulder-shaking, oscillating dancing of to-day, is\nreally not intended to be vulgar or immoral at all, despite the crusades\nof the anti-immorality dancing committees! What is dancing, after all,\nif not the expression of one's ideals and emotions? It is only the man\nor woman with a vulgar mind, with base ideals, who will give a vulgar\ninterpretation to a dance of any kind. But the essentially fine girl,\nthe really well-bred man, the people who, by their poise and dignity\nhave earned for America the envied title of \"Republic of the\nAristocrats\"--they dance these latest creations for the sheer joy of the\ndance itself, reveling in its newness, enjoying the novelty of its\n\"different\" steps, seeing nothing in its slow undulations or brisk\nlittle steps, but art--a \"jazzy\" art, to be sure, but still the\nbeautiful art of dancing.\nAnd so we plead--let the younger generation enjoy its giddy waltzes and\nbrisk-paced fox-trots and fancy new dances just as grandmother, when she\nwas young, was allowed to enjoy the minuet and the slow waltz. They are\ndifferent, yes, and rather hard to accept after the dignified dances of\nnot so long ago. But they are picturesque, to say the least, and\nartistic. The gracefully-swaying bodies, keeping step in perfect harmony\nto the tunes of the newer symphony orchestras, are delightful to watch;\nand in good society, young men and women can always be trusted to deport\nthemselves with utter grace and poise.\nThe minuet was decidedly graceful. The old German waltz with its\ndreamy, haunting melody was beautiful as it was enjoyable. But they have\nbeen relegated into the days of hoop skirts and powdered wigs. To-day\nthe \"jazzy\" dances are in vogue, and society in its lowest and highest\ncircles is finding intense pleasure in the whirling, swirling dances\ndecreed by fashion as her favorites. Why complain? Perhaps in another\nyear or two, these giddy-paced dances will be \"out of style\" and in\ntheir stead will be solemn, slow dances more graceful and stately than\neven the minuet of yore.\nTHE CHARM OF DRESS IN DANCING\nImmediately after the Reign of Terror, France was plunged into a\nreckless round of unrestrained gayety that can come only from love of\nlife and youth and laughter long pent-up. It was as though an avalanche\nof joy had been released; it was in reality the reaction from the\nterrors and nightmares of those two years of horror. The people were\nfree, free to do as they pleased without the fear of the guillotine ever\npresent; and all France went mad with rejoicing.\nIt was then that dancing came into its own. Almost overnight huge dance\nhalls sprang up. The homes of wealthy aristocrats who had been\nsacrificed to the monster guillotine, were converted into places for\ndancing. Every available inch of space was utilized for the dance. And\nthe more these freed people danced, the more their spirits soared with\nthe joy of life and living, until they found in the dance itself the\ninterpretation of freedom and all that it means.\nA biographer who was an eye-witness of this madcap Paris, wrote in\ndetail about the dance and the dress of these people. He told how they\ndressed in the brightest clothes they could obtain, for maddened with\nhappiness as they were, they instinctively felt that bright clothes\nwould enliven their spirits. And they did!\n\"The room was a mass of swirling, twirling figures,\" the biographer\nwrites, \"men, women and children in weird, vivid clothes. It seemed\nnatural that they should be dancing so wildly in their wild costumes; in\ntheir sabots and aprons of two months ago they would not have been able\nto take one step.\"\nIt is, then, the spirit of clothes that imparts to one the spirit of the\ndance. We have mentioned these facts about the Reign of Terror to show\nwhat effect clothes do have on the spirit, and incidentally to show what\nthe ballroom owes to dress. For it is undoubtedly the gayly-colored\ndance frock of the miss of the twentieth century, and the strikingly\nimmaculate dance suit of her partner that gives to the ballroom to-day\nmuch of its splendid brilliance.\nAT THE AFTERNOON DANCE\nThere can be no comparison between the mad dance of freed France and the\nsimple, graceful dance of to-day. Yet we can see the effect of clothes\nin relation to both.\nIt is not often that dances are held in the afternoon, but when the\noccasion does arise, dress is just as gay and colorful as one can wear\nwithout being gaudy. The decorous effect of these bright-colored\ncostumes is what brings the \"giddy kaleidoscopic whirl of colors and\ncostumes, modes and manners\" that the historian speaks of when he\nmentions the ballroom.\nFor the afternoon dance, we would suggest that the very young person\nchoose the fluffiest and most becoming style which fashion permits. Trim\nit gaily, but above all, make it youthful--for youth and dancing are\npeculiarly allied.\nThe older woman will want a gown that is more suited to her years. It\nmay be of taffeta, Canton cr\u00eape or _cr\u00eape-de-chine_; but satin is one of\nthe materials that is preferred for more formal occasions than the\nafternoon dance. The colors may be somber, to match one's tastes, but\nthe trimming should have a note of gayety.\n_D\u00e9collet\u00e9_ is never worn at the afternoon dance. Short sleeves may be\nworn if Fashion favors them at the time, and the neck of the gown is\nalso cut on the lines that agree with the prevalent mode. But it is\nextremely bad taste, even for a very celebrated guest of honor, to\nattend the afternoon dance in a sleeveless, _d\u00e9collet\u00e9_ gown.\nA late custom seems to favor the wearing of satin slippers to match the\ngown. It is not by any means bad taste, but patent leather or kid pumps\nare preferred for the afternoon, reserving the more elaborate satin\npumps for evening wear. Long white silk or kid gloves and a\nlight-colored afternoon wrap complete the correct dress for the\nafternoon dance. The hat, of course, depends on Fashion's whim at the\nmoment.\nGENTLEMEN AT THE DANCE\nIn summer, the gentleman may wear a complete suit of gray with a white\nduck waistcoat and light linen to the afternoon dance, completing his\ncostume with black patent leather shoes or oxford ties, light gray\ngloves, and straw hat with black and white band. But whether it be for\nsummer or winter, the dark suit is always better taste.\nIt may be of serge, twillet or homespun, preference being given always\nto the conventional navy blue serge. Double-breasted models are\nappropriate for the young man; single-breasted for the older. Light\nlinen and bright ties are in full accordance with the gay colors worn by\nthe women at the dance. The coat may be the ordinary unlined, straight\nhanging overcoat of thin material in a light color, or it may be an\nattractive full-belted raglan coat of tan or brown fleece. In either\ncase it is worn with the conventional afternoon hat of the season.\nDRESS FOR THE BALL\nWhen the dance is held in the evening, it often assumes an air of\nformality.\nIt is at the ball that such important events as introducing one's\ndaughter to society or celebrating the graduation of one's son from\ncollege, takes place.\nOf course, one wears one's most important jewels to the ball, and\nindulges in a headdress that is a trifle more elaborate than usual. The\nevent is a brilliant one, and if gaudiness and ostentation are\nconscientiously avoided, one may dress as elaborately as one pleases.\nThis does not mean, however, that the woman whose purse permits only one\nevening gown, need feel ill at ease or self-conscious at the ball, for\nsimplicity has a delightful attractiveness all its own, and if the gown\nis well-made of excellent materials, and in a style and color that is\nbecoming, one will be just as effectively dressed as the much-bejeweled\ndowager.\nDRESS OF THE D\u00c9BUTANTE\nA gown is chosen with much premeditated consideration for so momentous\nan occasion as being ushered into society. The young lady does well to\nseek the advice of her friends who are already in society, and of her\nmodiste who knows by long experience just what is correct and becoming.\nBut perhaps we can give some advice here that will be helpful.\nA delicately tinted gown, in pastel shades, or one that is pure white is\npreferred for the happy _d\u00e9butante_. Tulle, chiffon, net and silk\ngeorgette are the most popular materials. The style should be youthful\nand simple, preferably bordering on the bouffant lines rather than on\nthose that are more severely slender. The neck may be cut square, round\nor heart-shaped, and elbow-length sleeves or full-length lace sleeves\nare preferred. The sleeveless gown is rarely worn by the young\n_d\u00e9butante_.\nThe _d\u00e9butante_ who wears many jewels displays poor taste. Just a string\nof softly glowing pearls, or one small diamond brooch, is sufficient.\nHer hair should be arranged simply in a French coil or youthful\ncoiffure, and should be wholly without ornamentation. Simplicity, in\nfact, is one of the charms of youth, and the wise young person does not\nsacrifice it to over-elaboration, even on the day of her _d\u00e9but_.\nWRAPS AT THE BALL\nThe woman wears her most elaborate evening wrap to the ball. Soft\nmaterials in light shades are suggested, with trimmings of fur for the\nwinter months. A wrap of old blue or old rose velvet with a collar of\nwhite fox is becoming and attractive when it is within one's means. But\nthe simple wrap of cloth, untrimmed, is certainly better taste for the\nwoman whose means are limited. However, discrimination should be shown\nin the selection of lines and colors. A simple wrap, well-cut, and of\nfine material in a becoming shade, is as appropriate and effective as a\nwrap completely of fur. For the woman who must dress economically a dark\nloose coat of black satin is serviceable for many occasions.\nHats are never worn to the ball. A shawl or scarf of fine lace may be\nthrown over the hair and shoulders. Or a smaller shawl may be tied\nmerely around the head. Satin pumps are worn, usually with buckle\ntrimmings; and long gloves of white silk or kid, or in a color to match\nthe gown, complete the outfit.\nBALL DRESS FOR MEN\nNothing less strictly formal than the complete full dress suit is worn\nby the gentleman at the evening ball. His costume strikes a somber, yet\nsmart, note.\nWhether it be summer or winter, the gentleman wears the black full dress\ncoat, lapels satin-faced if he so desires, and trousers to match. Full\nrolled waistcoat, small bow-tie and stiff linen are all immaculately\nwhite. Patent leather pumps and black silk socks complete the outfit.\nIn summer, the gentleman wears over his full dress suit a light unlined\ncoat, preferably black in color. If the lapels of the suit are\nsatin-faced, the coat lapels may correspond. White kid gloves are worn,\nand a conventional silk hat. In winter, the coat may be a heavy,\ndark-colored raglan, although the Chesterfield overcoat more suits his\ndignified dress. With it he wears white kid gloves and a high silk hat\nor felt Alpine as he prefers.\nFOR THE SIMPLE COUNTRY DANCE\nThere can be nothing more picturesque and delightful than some of the\npretty little social dances held in the smaller towns. Sometimes they\nare held in the afternoon; more often in the evening, but always they\nare a source of keen enjoyment both to the participants and to those who\n\"look on.\"\nWe are going to tell you about a dance held recently in the home of a\nsocial leader in a typical small town. Everyone of any consequence\nwhatever attended, and the occasion proved one worthy of remembrance in\nthe social annals of the town. There were perhaps one hundred and fifty\nwomen and one hundred men. Three rooms in the hostess' home were thrown\nopen into one huge ballroom. The dancing began at eight o'clock in the\nevening--rather early for the city, but unusually late for this country\ntown.\nTo a visitor from so gay a metropolis as New York, the simplicity of the\nwomen's dress was a pleasing change. They were in evening dress,\nyes,--but a strangely more conservative evening dress than that\ndescribed previously for the formal ball. There were no sleeveless\ngowns, no elaborate _d\u00e9collet\u00e9s_. Taffetas, chiffons and silk brocades\nwere developed simply into gowns of dignified charm. One did not notice\nindividual gowns, for no one woman was dressed more elaborately than\nanother. This is what everyone should strive for--simplicity with charm\nand a complete absence of all conspicuousness.\n[Illustration:\nPhoto by George H. Davis, Jr. Courtesy of the _Woman's Home Companion_\nTHE PUNCH TABLE\nThis is a very pleasing form of refreshment during the summer months]\nFashion has been condemned. Women have been ridiculed for their \"extreme\ntastes.\" As a matter of fact, civilization owes dress a great debt, and\nwomen have an inherent good taste. And both these facts are forcibly\nproved at the country dance, where simplicity and harmony of color\ncombine to give an effect that is wholly delightful and charming.\nThe lesson we might take from this is that simplicity in dress has more\nbeauty and effect than elaborate \"creations.\"\nCHAPTER VIII\nGAMES AND SPORT\nWHY THE WORLD PLAYS\nAll the world loves to play. In childhood, it is the very language of\nlife. In youth, it vies with the sterner business of young manhood or\nwomanhood. When we are older and the days of childhood are but a fading\nmemory, we still have some \"hobby\" that offers recreation from our\nbusiness and social duties. It may be golf or tennis or billiards; but\nit is _play_--and it is a relaxation.\nIt is a fundamental law of nature that we shall play in proportion to\nthe amount of work we do. The inevitable \"tired business man\" finds\nincentive in the thought of a brisk game of golf after closing hours.\nThe busy hostess looks forward to the afternoon that she will be able to\ndevote exclusively to tennis. The man or woman who does not \"play\" is\nmissing one of the keenest pleasures of life.\nBut there is an etiquette of sport and games, just as there is an\netiquette of the ballroom and dinner table. One must know how to conduct\noneself on the golf links and at the chess table, just as one must know\nhow to conduct oneself at dinner or at the opera. And in one's play, one\nmust remember that touching little fable of the frogs who were stoned by\nboys, in which the poor little creatures cried, \"What is play to you is\ndeath to us.\" Be kind, unselfish and fair. Do not sacrifice, in the\nexciting joyousness of the game, the little courtesies of social life.\nRemember Burns' pretty bit of verse--we cannot resist the temptation of\nprinting it here:\n    \"Pleasures are like poppies spread,\n    You seize the flower, its bloom is shed;\n    Or, like the snowfall on the river,\n    A moment white, then melts forever.\"\nFAIR PLAY\nNothing so quickly betrays a person as unfairness in games. It hardly\nseems necessary to mention it, to caution anyone against it. Yet so many\npeople are prone to believe that the courtesies we observe in social\nlife, may be entirely forgotten in the world of sport and pleasure--and\nthat with them, we may forget our scruples. \"Cheating\" is a harsh word\nand we do not want to use it. But what other word can be used to\ndescribe unfairness, to describe selfish discourtesies?\n\"Fair play is a jewel.\" This proverb has been handed down to us among\nother old sayings of the Danish, and Denmark loves its games and sports\nas few other countries do. It was here that the game of Bridge first had\nits inception. It was here that the game of \"Boston\" first won\nprominence. Many of the games and sports practiced in America to-day had\ntheir origin in Denmark. And it was that country that gave to us the\ngolden proverb, \"Fair play is a jewel.\"\nWe could fill a complete volume on the ethics of sport, but it is not\nnecessary to elaborate on the subject in a book of etiquette. When you\nare on the tennis courts or at the billiard tables remember only to\nobserve the same good manners and courtesies that characterize your\nsocial life--and you will play fair.\nINDOOR GAMES\nBridge and chess have long been the boon of puzzled hostesses. These\nindoor games offer a wealth of interest and enjoyment to visiting\nguests, and in social circles they are frequently resorted to, to make\nan afternoon or evening pass pleasantly.\nEvery woman who ever invites people to her home should know the\netiquette of indoor games. It is also necessary that she herself know\nhow to play the games, as it will be expected that she join her guests.\nAt a recent silver wedding the host and hostess evolved the novel idea\nof spending the evening playing bridge with the guests and offering\nsilver prizes to the winners. Everyone enjoyed the evening, and it saved\nthe hostess the trouble of worrying about providing satisfactory\nentertainment.\nSome women who enjoy indoor games form clubs for the purpose of devoting\none or more afternoons or evenings a week to the favored game. There are\nnumerous chess and bridge clubs that meet in private homes or in\nclub-rooms rented for the purpose. The usual method is to meet at the\nhome of one of the members, rotating each week so that each member has\nher turn at being hostess.\nCHESS\nThere is something romantic, something strangely fanciful in the old\ngame of chess. Its origin is forgotten in a dim past--a past around\nwhich is woven historical tales of kings and queens, interesting\nanecdotes of ancient sports and pleasures. There is perhaps no indoor\ngame as old and as beloved. (See footnote.)[B]\n     [B] To inspire interest in certain games, and to give renewed zest\n     to those who have already made one of these games a hobby, it was\n     considered worth-while to give in these chapters the interesting\n     facts regarding the origin of some of our popular modern games. We\n     are indebted to Paul Monckton, whose splendid book, \"Pastimes in\n     Times Past\" has helped us to make this possible.\nChess is also one of the most universal of games. In slightly altered\nform, it is played in almost every country. Games resembling chess are\nfound even in uncivilized countries. To know the rudiments of the game,\nis to be able to enter into at least one sport when traveling in other\ncountries.\nWe trace the origin of chess to the ancient Sanscrit Indians. At that\ntime it was known as \"chatauranga.\" From this word, the word \"shatrang\"\nwas evolved, developing slowly into our modern word \"chess.\" It was in\nthe sixteenth century that the surface of the chess-board was chequered\nblack and white. Just as the capture of a king by enemies meant the\nterminating of his rule of the kingdom in those days, the capture of the\n\"king\" on the chess-board to-day terminates the game.\nIt is interesting to note that the different \"pieces\" used in the game\nof chess all have their origin in ancient history. The game is one of\nthe most interesting in existence, and the man or woman who does not\nalready know how to play it, should learn how as soon as possible. There\nare numerous authorities who are only too glad to teach it.\nThe hostess who plans a chess-party for her guests should arrange a\nsufficient number of small tables in the drawing-or reception-room.\nUsually coffee and wafers are served as refreshment in the afternoon;\nbut if the party is held in the evening, it usually terminates in a\ncold midnight supper.\nBRIDGE\nBridge is one of our most popular card-games--particularly so among\nwomen. It is also one of the most interesting indoor games ever\ninvented, and therefore usually adopted by the hostess who wishes to\nentertain her guests for the afternoon or evening.\nEngland greeted the origin of bridge, about fifty years ago, with great\ndelight. The game speedily became one of the most popular ones in social\ncircles. Perhaps if we exclude whist, bridge has taken a greater hold\nupon the popular imagination than any other card-game ever invented.\nThe origin of the word \"bridge\" itself is buried in the mists of\nuncertainty. Some say that it comes from the Tartar word \"birintch\"\nwhich means \"town-crier.\" Others contend that it comes from the Russian\nword \"biritch\" meaning Russian whist. But whatever its origin, the word\nmeans a game of such utter interest and delight, that it should be well\nunderstood and frequently indulged in by hostesses and their guests.\nThere are two kinds of bridge; one, known as Auction Bridge is for three\nplayers. Ordinary bridge is for four players. In the former game, one\ndepends largely upon luck. But skill is a very necessary requisite to\nthe one who wishes to play and win in ordinary bridge. Writers on games\ndeclare that Auction Bridge is more of a \"gambling\" game than ordinary\nbridge. But hostesses who do not favor \"gambling\" in any form, had\nbetter choose chess as their popular game, for it is the only game from\nwhich the element of chance is entirely absent. But bridge, perhaps by\nvirtue of its very element of chance, is to-day one of the most popular\nindoor games.\nThe hostess who invites friends to a bridge-party should provide\nsufficient card tables for the purpose. If the party consists entirely\nof ladies, it is usually held in the afternoon and light refreshments\nare served. If men join the party it is usually held in the evening and\nterminates in a midnight supper.\nBILLIARDS AND CROQUET\nThere seems to be some very intimate connection between croquet and\nbilliards. But while croquet is a very old game and now rapidly lapsing\ninto disuse, billiards is a comparatively new one enjoying very wide\npopularity. The fact that small billiard tables are being made to fit\nconveniently into the drawing-room at home, proves that the modern host\nand hostess recognize the popularity of the game.\nCroquet, we find from studying the history of games, was played in the\nthirteenth century. Billiards, which we speak of as being \"comparatively\nnew,\" was known in the seventeenth century, for does not Shakespeare\nhave Cleopatra say in Antony's temporary absence:\n      \"Let us to billiards:\n    Come, Charmian.\"\nBilliards is a game that lends itself to betting. While this may be\npermissible in a public billiard place, it is not good form in a private\nhome where the hostess invites a few friends to enjoy the game with her.\nShe should not invite many people unless she has several tables to\nplace at their disposal.\nCroquet is played on the lawn. Hidden in the forgotten origin of\nbilliards, there must be some connection between the green lawn of\ncroquet and the green baize cloth of the billiard table. Croquet is\nplayed with mallets and balls, very much on the same order as the game\nof billiards.\nThe game of croquet is derived from the same source as hockey. The old\nFrench word \"hoquet,\" meaning a \"crooked stick\" has very much the same\nmeaning as the word \"croquet.\" Both are excellent outdoor sports that\nguests at a house party will find enjoyable and interesting.\nOne hostess we know, who is a billiard enthusiast, has six tables in her\n\"billiard room,\" as she calls it, where she entertains several guests\nalmost every afternoon. On the wall is a large picture showing two\nstately old gentlemen playing a game of billiards, and beneath it in\nbold hand-lettering, the following bit of verse from Cotton's book, \"The\nCompleat Gamester\":\n    Billiards from Spain at first derived its name,\n    Both an ingenious and a cleanly game.\n    One gamester leads (the table green as grass)\n    And each like warriors, strive to gain the Pass.\nOUTDOOR GAMES\nAt garden parties, house parties, and lawn parties, there is always the\nneed for interesting, amusing games that will afford entertainment for\nthe guests. The hostess who knows the various games that are popular\namong the younger and older sets, will be able to spend many jolly,\npleasant mornings and afternoons with her guests.\nNot only for the hostess and her guest, but for every man or woman who\nloves games and sports, who enjoys being outdoors, there are sports that\nare as enjoyable as they are health-building. There can be nothing more\ndelightful, on a Saturday afternoon, than to go out on the links and\nenjoy a good game of golf. And there can be nothing more invigorating to\nthe tired hostess than a brisk game of lawn tennis on a sunny afternoon.\nTo the splendid outdoor games of America, our young women owe their\nlithe, graceful bodies and their glowing good health; and our young men\nowe their well-knit forms and muscular strength. No appeal can be too\nstrong in encouraging people to indulge more freely in outdoor\nsports--and especially people who spend a great deal of their time in\nbusinesses that confine them to offices.\nLAWN TENNIS\nTennis is always popular and always interesting.\nThose who love the game will enjoy a bit of the history of its origin\nand of its development in recent years. It is not a new game. The exact\ndate of its origin is not known, and perhaps never will be, but we do\nknow that it was imported into England from France at a very early date.\nOriginally it was called \"palmplay\" because the palm was used to cast\nthe ball to the other side. And instead of the net, a mud-wall was used\nto separate the two sides.\nThe game of tennis flourished in the time of Joan of Arc, for we find\nher namesake, a certain Jean Margot, born in 1421, called the \"amazon of\nmedieval tennis\" by Paul Monckton in his book, \"Pastimes in Times\nPast.\" He tells us also that she could play ball better than any man in\nFrance.\nIn the fifteenth century, tennis fell into disrepute because of the\nlarge amount of betting. But gradually, with the passing of the years\nand the development of the tennis courts, it once more came into its\nown, and soon we find that it had become so popular and fashionable that\nit threatened to eclipse even cricket, England's most popular outdoor\ngame. Then once again it lapses into neglect, not to return to the lawns\nand courts again until 1874. Since that year, Lawn Tennis has steadily\nrisen to the ranks of the most favored social game in America and\nEngland. In the past few years changes and improvements have been made\nand as the game now stands it is truly the \"king of games\"--as Major\nWingfield described it more than two decades ago.\nThe hostess who invites friends to a tennis game should be sure that her\ncourts are in good condition. It is her duty to supply the net, balls\nand racquets, although some enthusiasts prefer using their own racquets.\nWhether or not the hostess joins in the games herself, depends entirely\nupon her personal preference, and upon convenience. Usually, however,\nshe is expected to play at least one set.\nGOLF\nThe fact that Pepys, in his well-known diary, tells us that he saw the\nDuke of York playing golf (known then as Paille-Maille) is sufficient\nevidence of the antiquity of the game. It is of Scotch origin, being\nplayed in the Lowlands as early as 1300. The very words \"caddie,\"\n\"links\" and \"tee\" are Scotch. \"Caddie\" is another word for cad, but the\nmeaning of that word has changed considerably with the passing of the\ncenturies. \"Link\" means \"a bend by the river bank,\" but literally means\na \"ridge of land.\" \"Tee\" means a \"mark on the ground.\"\nIt seems that golfing has some strange charm from which there is no\nescaping once one has experienced it. To play golf and to learn its\nfascination, is to love it always and be unable to forsake it. James I\nand Prince Henry his son, were ardent golfers. Charles I was also a\nlover of golf, and it is related that the news of the Irish Rebellion in\n1642 was brought to him while he was playing at the Links at Leith. Sir\nJohn Foulis, Earl John of Montrose, Duncan Forbes and the Duke of\nHamilton are other notables of history, known to have been addicted to\nthe game.\nIn 1754 a Golf Club was founded in England, pledging themselves to\ncompete each year for a silver cup. In 1863 another Royal Golf Club was\nfounded of which the Prince of Wales was elected Captain. The minutes\nand records of this club reveal many interesting, and ofttimes amusing,\ncustoms that presaged the very customs practiced by golf-lovers to-day.\nOne reason why golf is so popular is that it is a sport in which old and\nyoung can join on an equal footing. In this manner it is unlike hockey\nor other similar games, where strength and training are essential. But\none must not have the impression that golf can be played once or twice,\nand then known and understood thoroughly. It is the kind of game that\nmust be played enthusiastically and constantly; and gradually one\nbecomes conscious of a fascination that can hardly be found in any other\ngame or sport.\nThere is a distinct etiquette of the links that should be known by the\nhostess who plans a golfing party, and also by everyone who plays the\ngame. Courtesy is one of the unwritten laws of the links. It is\nconsidered an unpardonable sin to speak or move when watching another\nplayer make a drive. It is also unpardonable to attempt to play through\nthe game of persons who are ahead on the links.\nSOME IMPORTANT RULES ABOUT GOLF\nIn teeing-off, one should be quite sure that one's immediate\npredecessors from the tee are at least two shots in advance. Otherwise\nthere is danger of injuring other players; and there is also the\nconfusion of driving balls among those of near-by players. If, however,\na ball is driven into the space of greensward where another player is\nconcentrating upon his ball an apology should be made.\nSometimes skillful and rapid players find their progress over the links\nretarded by players who are slow and inaccurate. These slow players may\nbe new at the game, or they may prefer to play slowly. At any rate, it\nis good form for the rapid players to request that they be permitted to\nplay through ahead of the others; or it is still better for the slow\nplayers themselves, when they see that they are retarding others, to\nvolunteer stepping aside while the others play through. A courtesy of\nthis kind requires cordial thanks.\nPutting is a delicate and difficult operation upon which the entire\nsuccess of the game rests. Spectators must keep this in mind when they\nare on the links, and they must not stand so close to the player that\nthey will interfere with his concentration. It is extremely bad form to\ntalk, whisper or shuffle about while a player is putting, and those who\ndo so are revealing their lack of courtesy and of the knowledge of the\ncorrect etiquette of sport.\nFOOTBALL\nWe feel that a word about football is necessary, not only because it is\none of the most popular American sports, but because men and women alike\nenjoy watching the game. At the Yale Bowl, where some of the most\nspectacular football games are played--and won--thousands of men and\nwomen from all over the United States gather every year.\nLike all other ball games, football is based on many other games that\nhad their origin in medieval times. It was only after the game of\nkicking the ball had been introduced in England, that it became a\ndistinct sport known as _football_. Since then it has flourished and\ndeveloped, until to-day it is as popular as tennis, hockey, baseball and\ngolf.\nFootball is a strenuous game. In England it was confined largely to boys\nand young men. Even in America elderly men never play the game, but that\nis no reason why they cannot watch and enjoy it.\nThere can be no etiquette prescribed for the players in a football game\nbeyond that incorporated in the rules of the game and in the general\nlaws of good sportsmanship. But the people who are watching the game\nmust observe a certain good conduct, if they wish to be considered\nentirely cultured. For instance, even though the game becomes very\nexciting, it is bad form to stand up on the seats and shout words of\nencouragement to the players. Yet how many, who claim to be entirely\nwell-bred, do this very thing!\nOf course it is permissible to cheer; but it must be remembered that\nthere are correct and incorrect ways of cheering. Noise is noise even in\nthe grandstand, and your loud cheering is very likely to annoy the\npeople around you. A brief hand-clapping is sufficient applause for a\ngood play or even for a victory. It is not necessary to be boisterous.\nAnd this holds true of the game of baseball also, when loud cheering\nserves only to create confusion and disorder.\nThe well-mannered person is known by his or her calm conduct and gentle\nmanners whether it be in the ballroom or at the football game.\nAUTOMOBILE ETIQUETTE\nWith automobiling enjoying its present universal popularity, it is\nnecessary to add a few paragraphs here regarding the correct automobile\netiquette. For there is an etiquette of driving, and a very definite\netiquette that must be followed by all who wish to be well-bred.\nFirst there are the rules by which the driver of the car must be\ngoverned. In busy city streets, where there are no traffic regulations\nto govern the reckless driver, one should drive slowly and cautiously.\nIt is time enough to drive speedily when the open roads of the country\nare reached. But it is inconsiderate and selfish to speed one's car\nalong streets where children are likely to dash unexpectedly in front of\nthe car or where pedestrians are in danger of being thrown down.\nA very uncourteous and unkind habit is to sound one's horn wildly, for\nno other reason than to frighten less fortunate people who have to walk.\nThe horn on the car should be used only to warn people out of the road,\nor when turning a dangerous corner. It should never be used to signal\nto a person that the car is waiting outside for her.\nCare should be exercised in the seating arrangement. The courteous host\nand hostess take the seats in the center, leaving those on the outside\nfor their guests. If the host is driving, the front seat at his side is\na place of honor and should be given to a favored guest.\nThe people inside the car also have some rules of good conduct to\nobserve. It is bad form to stand up in the car, to sing or shout, or to\nbe in any way boisterous. Automobile parties often speed along country\nroads shouting at the top of their voices for no other reason than to\nattract attention--to be noticed. The very first rule of good conduct\ntells us that this is utterly ill-bred.\nIt hardly seems necessary to warn the people who are out motoring, not\nto throw refuse from the car on to the road. Yet we often see paper bags\nand cigarette boxes hurtling through the air in the wake of some\nspeeding car. This is as bad form as dropping a match-stick on the\npolished drawing-room floor of one's hostess or home.\nAUTOMOBILE PARTIES\nSome hostesses plan motor trips for their guests. If it is to be a long\ntrip, requiring an over-night stop at a hotel, the invitations must\nstate clearly, but tactfully, whether they are to be guests throughout\nthe trip, or only while in the motor. Ordinarily, the host and hostess\npay all expenses incurred while on the trip.\nGentlemen do not enter the car until the ladies have been comfortably\nseated. Neither do they smoke in the car without asking permission to\ndo so. A driver, whether he be the host himself or a hired chauffeur,\nshould be sure that all the guests are comfortably seated before\nstarting. And he should drive slowly to prevent the uncomfortable\njolting that usually results when a car is driven at a great speed.\nHostesses often provide linen dusters and goggles for those of their\nguests who desire them. It is wise, also, to include a few motor\nblankets, in case the weather changes and the guests become chilly. A\nconsiderate host, or hostess, will see that the wind-shield, top and\nside-curtains are adjusted to the entire comfort of all the occupants of\nthe car.\nThe dress for an automobile party is a sports suit of some serviceable\nmaterial that will not show dust readily. The hat should be a small one\nthat will not interfere with the wearer's comfort. In place of a suit\none may wear a one-piece dress and a coat but one must never wear light\nor flimsy materials. If there is to be an overnight stop and one wishes\nto wear a dinner gown she must have it made of a stuff that will not\nwrinkle easily or she must be able to make arrangements to have it\npressed.\nWhen the car stops and the guests descend, the gentlemen should leave\nfirst and help the ladies to descend. If the party stops for\nrefreshments, the chauffeur must not be forgotten. It is a slight that\nis as unforgivable and discourteous as omitting to serve a guest in\none's dining-room. The chauffeur is as much entitled to courtesy as the\nother members of the party. Of course he does not expect to join the\nparty at their table, nor does he care to eat with the servants of the\nhotel. The wisest plan is for him to be served in the regular\ndining-room of the hotel, but at another table except when the hotel\nhas special arrangements to meet this condition.\nIt is always necessary to take the guests on an automobile party back to\nthe place where they started from unless it is distinctly understood\nfrom the beginning that some other plan is to be pursued. When planning\na motor party consisting of two or more cars, the hostess should be sure\nto arrange her guests so that only congenial people will be in each car.\nIt is never good form to crowd a car with more people than it can hold\ncomfortably, except in an emergency.\n\"Careful driving\" should be the watchword of everyone who owns a motor.\nRemember that the streets were not created merely for the owner of the\nautomobile, but for the pedestrian as well.\nRIDING\nHorse-back riding is one of the favorite outdoor sports of men and\nwomen. Which is as it should be, for not only is it excellent for poise\nand grace, but it is splendid for the health.\nA gentleman, when riding with a woman, assists her to mount and\ndismount. This is true even though a groom accompanies them. In\nassisting a lady to mount her horse, the gentleman first takes the\nreins, places them in her hand and then offers his right hand as a step\non which to place her foot, unless she prefers to slip her foot in the\nstirrup and spring up to the saddle unassisted. In this case, it is\nnecessary for him only to hold the horse's head, and to give her the\nreins when she is comfortably seated in the saddle. He does not mount\nhis own horse until she is mounted and on her way.\nIt is the privilege of the woman rider to set the pace. The gentleman\nfollows at her side or slightly behind. He goes ahead, however, to open\ngates or lower fences that are too dangerous for her to jump. In\ndismounting, he again offers his aid, holding her horse and offering his\nhand if it is necessary to assist her. The lady dismounts on the left\nside.\nAt a hunt, a gentleman must sacrifice a great deal of the sport of the\nchase if there is a woman in the party under his care. He must ride very\nclose to her, taking the easiest way and watching out for her comfort.\nIt is poor form, however, for any woman to follow the hounds in a chase\nunless she is an accomplished rider. Otherwise she is merely a hindrance\nto the rest of the party, and especially to the man who is accompanying\nher.\nBe kind to your horse. Do not exhaust it. Do not force it to climb steep\nhills. Be careful of how you use your spurs. And try to remember that\ngood old proverb, \"The best feed of a horse is his master's eye.\"\nEven in the most conservative communities to-day women wear breeches\ninstead of the heavy skirts of a short time back. The cut depends upon\nthe prevailing fashion but the habit should never be of flashing\nmaterial.\nBATHING\nThe etiquette of the beach has not yet been settled and the chief point\nof dispute is the way a woman should dress. It is absurd for her to wear\na suit that will hamper her movements in the water but it is even worse\nfor her to wear a skimpy garment that makes her the observed of all\nobservers as she parades up and down the beach. There is no set rule as\nto what kind of suit one should wear for one person can wear a thing\nthat makes another ridiculous if not actually vulgar. A well-bred woman\nis her own best guide and she will no more offend against modesty at the\nbeach than she will in the drawing-room.\nSPORTS CLOTHES IN GENERAL\nComfort and style should be attractively combined in sports clothes with\nthe emphasis on comfort. Practicability should never be sacrificed to\nfashion, and however beautiful they may be to look at, an automobile\ncoat that cannot stand dust, a bathing suit that cannot stand water and\na hiking outfit that cannot stand wear are merely ridiculous. There are\nthree questions that the man or woman should first ask themselves before\nbuying a sports outfit. First, Is it comfortable? Next, Is it practical?\nAnd last, Is it pleasing?\nPART IV\n_I would rather have a young fellow too much than too little dressed;\nthe excess on that side will wear off, with a little age and reflection;\nbut if he is negligent at twenty, he will be a sloven at forty and\nintolerable at sixty. Dress yourself fine where others are fine, and\nplain where others are plain; but take care always that your clothes are\nwell made and fit you, for otherwise they will give you a very awkward\nair._\n--_Chesterfield._\nCHAPTER I\nSPEECH\nOne is judged first by his dress but this judgment is not final. A\nbetter index is his speech. It is said that one can tell during a\nconversation that lasts not longer than a summer shower whether or not a\nman is cultivated. Often it does not take even so long, for a raucous\ntone of voice and grossly ungrammatical or vulgar expressions brand a\nman at once as beyond the pale of polite society.\nNo point of social etiquette is quite so valuable as this one of speech.\nAs one goes forth he is weighed in the balance and if he is found\nwanting here he is quietly dropped by refined and cultured people, and\nnearly always he is left wondering why with his diamonds and his motors\nand his money he yet cannot find _entr\u00e9e_ into the inner circles where\nhe would most like to be. Money does not buy everything. If it were\npossible for it to do so there would be no proverb to the effect that it\ntakes three generations to make a gentleman. And the proverb itself is\nnot more than half true. If the attitude of mind is that of one who\nhonestly wants to develop himself to the highest possible point,\nmentally, morally, and spiritually, it can be done in much less than a\nsingle generation. Of course, much depends upon one's definition of what\nconstitutes a gentleman but for the purpose of this book we mean a man\nof education, high principles, honor, courtesy, and kindness.\nCONVERSATION\nThere is an old Italian proverb that says, \"He who has a tongue in his\nhead can go all the world over.\" But it is not enough merely to have a\ntongue in one's head. That tongue must have a certain distinct appeal\nbefore it becomes the weapon before which all the barriers of social\nsuccess vanish.\nWe have all heard the expression, \"The magic power of words.\" Is it a\nmagic power? Or to be more explicit, is conversation an art or a gift?\nThe answer must certainly be an art, for nature never gives that which\nstudy accomplishes. And by study you can become a master of speech--you\ncan make words a veritable torch, illuminating you and your\nsurroundings. But words alone mean very little. It is the grouping of\nwords, expressions, phrases; the combination of thoughts that make real\nconversation.\n\"In the beginning of the world,\" said Xanthes, \"primitive man was\ncontented to imitate the language of the animals.\" But as we study the\nevolution of human nature, we find that man was not long content to\nimitate the sounds of the animals in the forests. He found the need to\nexpress himself, his sensations, his thoughts, in more definite and\nsatisfactory manner. He wanted to share his joys with his neighbors, and\nhe wanted to tell others about his sorrows. And so, nature in her wise\njudgment, decreed that he should speak, and in his speech should convey\nhis thoughts and ideas to those who listened.\nWe do not think of these things to-day when we \"chatter\" aimlessly among\nourselves, caring little whether or not we make the most of that\nwonderful power bestowed upon us. Yes, speech is a power. It is a most\neffective weapon, not only to social success, but to the very success of\nlife, if one does not ignore the power of its influence. And that is the\npurpose of the following paragraphs--to help you realize and profit by\nthe powers of speech and conversation.\nTHE CHARM OF CORRECT SPEECH\nIt is strange, but true, that the spirit of conversation is often more\nimportant than the ideas expressed. This is especially true in social\ncircles. Since speech is never used in solitude, we may take it for\ngranted that the spoken word is an expression of the longing for human\nsympathy. Thus, it is a great accomplishment to be able to enter gently\nand agreeably into the moods and feelings of others, and to cultivate\nthe feelings of sympathy and kindness.\nEarly in the seventeenth century the _causerie_ (chat) was highly\nesteemed in France. This was a meeting, at the Hotel Rambouillet, of the\ngreat nobles, literary people, and intelligent and brilliant women of\nFrance, gathered together for the definite purpose of conversation--of\n\"chatting.\" Among these people, representing the highest intellectual\nclass in France at the time, there developed the taste for daily\ntalks--the tendency of which was toward profound, refined and elegant\nintercourse according to the standards of that day, and the criticisms\noffered by the members had a certain influence on the manners and\nliterature of the epoch.\nMany years have passed since those days of harmonious gatherings, but we\nmention them here to draw the comparison between those delightful\ngatherings of long ago, and our own drawing-rooms and social circles\nwhere brilliant men and women gather and converse on topics of immediate\ninterest. If one has imagination, a striking similarity can be noticed\nbetween the two.\nThere is a certain charm in correct speech, a certain beauty in correct\nconversation. And it is well worth striving for.\nCOURTESY IN CONVERSATION\nA Crow Indian once said to Dr. Lowie, \"You Whites show no respect to\nyour sisters. You talk to them.\" Other instances of how respect and\ncourtesy can be shown in conversation, is found in the traditions and\npresent-day practices of other countries.\nIn China, for instance, a young man will not introduce into\nconversation, a topic which has not already been touched upon by his\nelders. On the Fiji Islands, a woman does not talk to her mother-in-law,\nand among the Sioux, a young man does not talk at all unless someone\nelse addresses him. These signs of courtesy in conversation have a\ncertain distinct significance in the countries where they are practiced.\nCourtesy is the very foundation of all good conversation. Good speech\nconsists as much in listening politely as in talking agreeably. Someone\nhas said, very wisely, \"A talker who monopolizes the conversation is by\ncommon consent insufferable, and a man who regulates his choice of\ntopics by reference to what interests not his hearers but himself has\nyet to learn the alphabet of the art.\" To be agreeable in conversation,\none must first learn the law of talking just enough, of listening\npolitely while others speak, and of speaking of that in which one's\ncompanions are most interested.\nThere was a time when bluntness of manner was excused on the ground that\nthe speaker was candid, frank, outspoken. People used to pride\nthemselves upon the fact that in their conversation they had spoken the\ntruth--and hurt some one. To-day there are certain recognized courtesies\nof speech, and kindliness has taken the place of candidness. There is no\nlonger any excuse for you to say things in your conversation that will\ncause discomfort or pain to anyone of your hearers.\nOne should never interrupt unless there is a good reason for it and then\nit should be done with apologies. It is not courteous to ask a great\nmany questions and personal ones are always taboo. One should be careful\nnot to use over and over and over again the same words and phrases and\none should not fall in the habit of asking people to repeat their\nremarks. Argument should be avoided and contradicting is always\ndiscourteous. When it seems that a heated disagreement is about to ensue\nit is wise tactfully to direct the conversation into other channels as\nsoon as it can be done without too abrupt a turn, for to jerk the talk\nfrom one topic to another for the obvious purpose of \"switching someone\noff the track\" is in itself very rude.\nLet your proverb be, \"Talk well, but not too much.\"\nTHE VOICE\nRuskin said, \"Vulgarity is indicated by coarseness of language.\" By\nlanguage he meant not only words and phrases, but coarseness of voice.\nThere can be nothing more characteristic of good breeding than a soft,\nwell-modulated, pleasing voice. This quotation from Demosthenes is only\nanother way of saying it: \"As a vessel is known by the sound whether it\nis cracked or not, so men are proved by their speeches whether they be\nwise or foolish.\"\nConversation should be lively without noise. It is not well-bred to be\ndemonstrative in action while speaking, to talk loudly, or to laugh\nboisterously. Conversation should have less emphasis, and more\nquietness, more dignified calmness. Some of us are so eager, in our\ndetermination to be agreeable in conversation, to dominate the entire\nroom with our voice, that we forget the laws of good conduct. And we\nwonder why people consider us bores.\nDon't be afraid to open your mouth when you talk. First know what you\nwant to say, be sure that it is worth saying, and then say it calmly,\nconfidently, _through your mouth_ and not through your nose. Too many\npeople talk through tightly closed teeth and then wonder why people\ndon't understand them. Enunciate clearly and give to your vowels and\nconsonants the proper resonance.\nAnother mistake to avoid is rapid speaking. To talk slowly and\ndeliberately, is to enhance the pleasure and beauty of the conversation.\nRapidity in speech results in indistinctness, and indistinctness leads\ninvariably to monotony.\nEASE IN SPEECH\nThere are two languages of speech--voice and gesture. Voice appeals to\nthe ear, gesture to the eye. It is an agreeable combination of the two\nthat makes conversation pleasant.\n\"A really well-bred man,\" a writer once said, \"would speak to all kings\nin the world with as little concern and as much ease as he would speak\nto you.\" Confusion is the enemy of eloquence. Self-restraint must be\ndeveloped before one can hope to be either a good conversationalist or a\nsocial success. To create a pleasant, harmonious atmosphere, and at the\nsame time to make one's ideas carry conviction, one must talk with ease\nand calm assurance.\nTry to be naturally courteous and cordial in your speech. It is a\nmistake to \"wear your feelings on your sleeve\" and resent everything\nthat everyone else says that does not please you. To become quickly\nexcited, to speak harshly and sarcastically is to sacrifice one's\ndignity and ease of manner. Know what you want to say, be sure you\nunderstand it, and when you say it, be open for criticisms or\nsuggestions from those around you. Do not become flustered and excited\nmerely because someone else does not agree with you. Remember that Homer\nsaid, \"The tongue speaks wisely when the soul is wise,\" and surely the\nsoul can be wise only when one is entirely calm, self-confident and at\npeace with all the world!\nLOCAL PHRASES AND MANNERISMS\nIt is not always easy to drop the local phrases, colloquial expressions\nand mannerisms to which one has been accustomed for a long time. Yet\ngood society does not tolerate these errors in speech. For they _are_\nerrors, according to the standards of educated men and women.\nTo use such phrases as \"How was that\" when you mean \"What was that\" or\n\"How's things\" when you mean \"How are you\" are provincialisms which have\nno place in the cultured drawing-room. One must drop _all_ bad habits of\nspeech before claiming the \"good English which is a passport into good\nsociety.\"\nMannerisms in speech are evident in nasal expression and muffled words,\nspoken through half-closed teeth. We were not meant to speak in that\nunbeautiful manner, nor were we meant to gesticulate wildly as some of\nour drawing-room orators persist in doing--to the amusement of everyone\nelse concerned. When you enter the world of good society, drop all your\ncolloquial phrases and mannerisms behind.\nIMPORTANCE OF VOCABULARY\nSimple expression has the same advantage over flowery language as a\nsimple and artistic room has over a room filled with gaudy, inharmonious\nembellishments. One is effective, the other defective. And yet to\nexpress ideas simply and correctly, with a regard for polish and poise,\none must have a good command of the language.\nMake a resolve, right now, that you will never use a foreign word when\nyou can give its meaning in English. And also determine now, definitely,\nthat no matter how popular slang becomes in the less refined circles of\nsociety, _you_ will never use it because you know that it is the badge\nof vulgarity. There is nothing quite as beautiful as good, simple\nEnglish, when it is spoken correctly.\nTo know the right word in the right place, to know its correct\npronunciation and spelling, there is nothing more valuable than a good\nstandard dictionary. If you haven't one--a new revised edition--get one\nright away. You can not hope to become a pleasing conversationalist\nuntil you own and use a good dictionary.\nAn excellent way to increase your vocabulary and perfect your speech is\nto talk less, and listen politely while others lead the conversation.\nThere's a lot of truth in that old maxim, \"Speech is silver, but silence\nis gold!\"\nINTERRUPTING THE SPEECH OF OTHERS\nIt was mentioned previously that the Sioux youth does not speak until he\nis first spoken to. This is also true of the young Armenian woman. She\nwould be horrified at the idea of addressing a woman older than herself,\nunless first spoken to. Many other countries observe these courtesies of\nspeech, with a wholesome effect upon the general culture of the people.\nHow often, here in our own country, even in the most highly cultivated\nsociety, do we hear a man or woman carelessly interrupt the conversation\nof another, perhaps an older person, without so much as an apology! It\nis bad form, to say the least, but it is also distinctly rude. No person\nof good breeding will interrupt the conversation of another no matter\nhow startling and remarkable an idea he may have. It will be just as\nstartling and remarkable a few minutes later, and the speaker will have\ngained poise and confidence in the time that he waits for the chance to\nspeak.\nWhispering in company is another bad habit that must be avoided. The\ndrawing-room or reception room is no place for personal secrets or\nhidden bits of gossip. The man or woman commits a serious breach in good\nconduct by drawing one or two persons aside and whispering something to\nthem.\nTACT IN CONVERSATION\nBe careful not to give too strong an expression of your likes and\ndislikes. To master this important point of speech, it is wise to\nexamine carefully and frankly all your opinions before expressing them\nin words. It is necessary that you understand yourself, before you are\nable to make others understand you.\nIn carrying on a conversation in a public place be sure to keep the\nvoice modulated and do not mention the names of people about whom you\nare talking in such a way that anyone overhearing the conversation by\nchance could identify them. It is best to avoid all personal talk when\none is in public.\nThe person who is always trying to set other people right does not use\ntact. If they wanted assistance, they would probably ask. People are\nsensitive, and they do not like to have their shortcomings commented\nupon by others.\nAsk questions only if you are gifted with great tact. Otherwise you are\nbound to create embarrassing situations. If you do ask questions, make\nthem of a general character, rather than personal. But never be curious,\nbecause people resent inquisitiveness--and rightly so, for it is a very\nundesirable trait to have, and each person has a right to privacy.\nNever talk for mere talking's sake. Speak only when you have something\nto say, and then talk quietly, deliberately and with sincerity. Never\ncriticize, antagonize or moralize--and your company will be sought by\neveryone.\nSOME IMPORTANT INFORMATION\nIf you mumble over your words and have difficulty in pronouncing\nclearly, you will find it a great help to talk very slowly and take deep\nbreaths between each two or three words. For stammering, deep breathing\nis also suggested before uttering the words upon which one is most\nlikely to come to grief.\nSelf-consciousness is the result of exaggerated humility. If you\nconcentrate upon what you are saying, and forget all about how you are\nsaying it, you will forget your shyness. Respect yourself, have\nconfidence in yourself--and nervousness and shyness in conversation will\nvanish.\nLisping is a matter of defective speech, and although reading aloud and\ndramatic recitations help, it is best to consult a specialist if\nordinary methods fail to prevent it. Such habits as hesitation,\ncoughing, or groping for a word, are often forms of nervousness and a\nlittle will-power exerted in the right direction may easily control\nthem.\nAbove all, be simple and be sincere. Let interest in your subject lend\nanimation to your face and manner. Do not attempt to make yourself\nappear brilliant and inspired, for you will only succeed in making\nyourself ridiculous. Be modest, pleasant, agreeable and sympathetic, and\nyou will find that you win the immediate response of your audience,\nwhether it consists of two people or two hundred people.\nWHAT TO TALK ABOUT\nIn this beautiful country, filled with charming woodland scenes,\nlandmarks of interest, museums, schools, monuments, libraries, there is\nno excuse for the man or woman who finds that he or she has \"nothing to\ntalk about.\" In the newspapers every day, in books, plays, operas, even\nin the advertisements and posters, there is material for interesting\nconversation.\nTry it the next time you meet some friends and you find that\nconversation lags. Talk about something, anything, until you get\nstarted. Talk about the sunset you saw last night, or the little\ncrippled boy who was selling newspapers. As long as it is something with\na touch of human interest in it, and if you tell it with the desire to\nplease rather than impress, your audience will be interested in your\nconversation. But to remain quiet, answering only when you are spoken\nto, and allowing conversation to die each time it reaches you, is a\nfeature of conduct belonging only to the ignorant and dull. There are\nmany pleasant and agreeable things to talk about--argument and\ndiscussion have no place in the social drawing-room--and there is no\nreason why _you_ cannot find them and make use of them.\nIf you are forgetful, and somewhat shy in the company of others, it\nmight be well to jot down and commit to memory any interesting bit of\ninformation or news that you feel would be worthy of repetition. It may\nbe an interesting little story, or a clever repartee, or some amusing\nincident--but whatever it is, make the appeal general. It is a mistake\nto talk only about those things that interest you; when Matthew Arnold\nwas once asked what his favorite topic for conversation was, he\nanswered, \"That in which my companion is most interested.\"\nMake that your ideal, and you can hardly help becoming an agreeable and\npleasing conversationalist.\nCHAPTER II\nDRESS\nTHE FIRST IMPRESSION\nThe two most important guides to one's personality are one's appearance\nand one's manner of speech. Centuries of experience have shown that by\nmeans of these one may almost without exception get at least a general\nidea of the sort of person that lies back of them.\nDress is the most important factor in the first impression. An honest\nheart may beat beneath the ragged coat, a brilliant intellect may rise\nabove the bright checked suit and the yellow tie, the man in the shabby\nsuit may be a famous writer, the girl in the untidy blouse may be an\nartist of great promise but as a general rule the chances are against it\nand such people are dull, flat, stale, and unprofitable both to\nthemselves and to other people.\nLike advertising, dress should call attention not to itself but to the\nperson or product which it represents so that people will say, not,\n\"What an attractive gown!\" but \"What a lovely woman!\" not, \"What a\nwell-dressed man!\" but, \"I think I should like to know that man.\"\nThere is more room for originality, and by the same token for\nfreakishness in woman's dress, and therefore the greater responsibility\nis hers. Her clothes should belong to her rather than merely to the era\nin which she happens to be living. This means that they must be\nindividual but it does not mean that they should be outlandish. Again\nthe golden rule of the Greeks: Moderation in all things.\nThe attitude of a number of people is expressed in the old limerick:\n    As for looks I know I'm no star,\n    There are men better looking by far;\n      But my face I don't mind it\n      For I am behind it.\n    It's the folks out in front that I jar.\nIt is worth while now and then to think of the \"folks out in front,\" and\npity for them, if no other feeling, should inspire one to be at all\ntimes as well dressed as is within the compass of one's means and\nability.\nMEN'S DRESS\nIn the morning when he goes out to business a man should wear a plain\nserviceable suit of the prevailing cut. If he is invited to an elaborate\nmorning entertainment he may wear the regular cutaway coat and the usual\naccessories that go along with it. It is always best to follow the local\ncustoms with regard to dress and it is absurd for one man to appear at a\nformal morning affair in the cutaway coat when he knows that all of the\nother gentlemen present will be in their simple business suits.\nFor formal afternoon affairs the cutaway is worn while for dinner in the\nevening full dress is prescribed as it is for any formal entertainment\nwhich takes place after six o'clock. To informal garden parties and\nother similar affairs in the afternoon during the summer, flannels may\nbe worn.\nThere are special sporting outfits designed for the man who golfs, plays\ntennis, rides or motors and the best guide to all of these is a reliable\nhaberdasher. It is his business to keep up with the details of dress and\nsince these are constantly in process of change it is obviously\nimpossible for a book of etiquette to lay down precise rules as to what\nshould be worn.\nIf a man is to escort a woman he should adapt his costume to hers. If\nshe is to wear evening dress he should also, and if he is in doubt as to\nwhether she is to wear evening dress or a simpler costume, he should ask\nher. In many cases it rests with the individual which shall be the order\nof the day.\nWOMEN'S DRESS\nThe woman who goes to business must dress inconspicuously. Clean,\nfreshly laundered white shirt waists with simple dark skirts form the\nbest of outfits. But with laundry bills at prohibitive prices, a\nsubstitute must be found for them for the girl in moderate\ncircumstances. For this reason it is more sensible to wear dark serge,\nsilk, or satin fashioned into severely simple frocks relieved perhaps by\nwhite linen or organdie collars and cuffs.\nThe woman who entertains at home in the morning wears a simple frock of\nthe sort in which she may appear on the street. Similarly, in the\nafternoon unless the occasion is an elaborate one, when she may wear an\nelegant reception gown or an informal tea, when she may wear one of the\nexquisite creations especially designed for such occasions.\nThere is a semi-evening dress which may be worn to afternoon affairs or\nto dinner and to all evening entertainments except very elaborate ones.\nFor these a woman's gown should be _d\u00e9collet\u00e9_ and should be of\nbeautiful material. The color and design are at the discretion of the\nindividual but it is well to remember that those which are simplest are\nmost effective.\nIt is trite to remark that a woman's crowning glory is her hair, but it\nis true. The manner in which it is arranged should depend upon the kind\nof costume she is wearing. Only in the evening should she wear heavy\nbandeaux, aigrettes, etc.\nScattered about elsewhere in these volumes under the theater, etc., more\ndetails are given as to the proper kind of dress to wear. Remember this:\nit is always better to be underdressed than to be overdressed.\nTHE STORY OF DRESS\nIt is interesting to note how closely the history of dress parallels the\nhistory of civilization. With the awakening of shame came the virtue of\nmodesty. With modesty came the desire for clothes, and clothes brought\nthoughts of higher ideals, wider desires than those merely of the\nanimal. Out of the desire to cover the body grew the love of decoration,\nof beauty. Slowly, through the ages, as the love of beauty advanced and\nwas cultivated, an artistic sense developed which is the very flower of\nour civilization.\nPerhaps the most effective way to tell the story of dress is to make\nthis very striking comparison. First let us go back to the time of the\nprehistoric cave-woman. In her breast the first thought of shame has\nstirred, and she makes for herself a covering--a dress. She makes it of\nthe skin of a newly killed animal. It is raw and ugly and unpleasant.\nBut the owner feels naught but pride in its ownership, for it is a good\nskin, impervious alike to the ravages of sun and rain--and its style is\nexactly like that of the other women in the tribe.\nNow let us stand for a moment on a corner of Fifth Avenue, New York's\nfamous avenue of fashion. We see a modern young woman on her way to the\ntheater. From the tips of her French-heeled slippers to the jaunty\nlittle hat on her head, she is--perfect. Her gown seems to express in\nevery line the story of her own personality. The color-scheme might well\nhave been invented by Mother Nature herself. The wrap she wears is of\nsable furs--but how different from the furs of her sister of ancient\ndays! Each skin is exquisitely glossed and dressed, and the whole\nmatched to perfection.\nAnother young woman passes. She is differently attired in trig tailored\nsuit and smart toque. A business girl. Also perfect. And countless\nothers, streaming endlessly along the wide avenue, men and women,\ndefying in the expression of their own taste and individuality, the\ndecrees of fashion; interpreting silks, cottons, fabrics and furs to\nharmonize with their own particular personalities, and the story of\ncivilization is told in the clothes they wear.\nTHE DAWN OF FASHION\nIt was Cowper who said, \"While the world lasts, Fashion will lead it by\nthe nose.\" And really, hasn't Fashion been a stern monarch throughout\nthe ages? It commanded the Chinese women to have tiny feet--and tiny\nfeet they had to have although it meant months of torture to the young\nchild. It commanded the monstrous ruff of the Elizabethan period, and\ndecreed dignified wigs for the gentlemen of the Colonial days. It\ndecided upon the mantle of the patriarch, the toga of the Roman, the fez\nof the Turk. Its endless whims and vagaries made the study of dress one\nof the most curious and fascinating in the world.\nHow was Fashion created, you ask? To answer thoroughly, we must once\nmore go back to those distant cave-man days when dress itself had its\ninception. At first one simple costume for both men and women\ndistinguished each tribe. There was nothing different in the way the\nskins were thrown over the body, no embellishments to render any one\ncostume different from those worn by the others. Even at a relatively\nlate date, uniformity of dress among people of one race was like a\nnational characteristic; it was worn by all.\nBut slowly, as the tiny beam of civilization struggled onward and\nupward, there came a desire for something more than merely a protection\nagainst cold and rain. There came a very intense desire for\nornamentation and personal adornment. Thus we find men and women in\nCentral Africa decorating their bodies with stripes of paint, and those\nwho were still more \"fashionable\" deforming themselves with most weird\nseries of cicatrices on their bodies and faces. In New Guinea we find\nwomen who do not indulge in clothing at all, ashamed to appear in public\nwithout bracelets on their arms and legs, and ornaments on their heads.\nSo intense did this love of ornament grow among women, that they began\nto cover their bodies with fur, feathers, shell, beads and countless\nornaments. As late as the year 400 the primitive desire for\nself-adornment is evident. In that year, it is recorded that the wife of\nthe Emperor Honorius died, and when her grave was reopened in 1544, the\ngolden tissues of her shroud were melted and amounted in weight to\nthirty-six pounds.\nMen and women alike hesitated to think for themselves in those earlier\nperiods. Thus, instead of creating \"styles\" for themselves, they chose\nthe easier method of imitating what others wore--changing it just enough\nto meet with their own requirements, to satisfy their own undeveloped\ntastes. One tribe copied what another wore, changing it only slightly\naccording to whim. We find that man soon realized that the accumulation\nof coverings on his body hindered him in his strenuous activities. It\nwas quite natural, then, that simplicity should dominate his attire,\nwhile to woman was left the development of the decorative art.\nFashion was born--and it has remained undisputed ruler ever since.\nTHE FASHIONS OF TO-DAY\nIt is not so much in the Fashion of days gone by that we are interested,\nbut in the very delightful fashions of to-day. We all know that the love\nof beauty is inherent in all women--just as the pride of personal\nappearance is inherent in all men. It is a heritage brought down through\ngenerations of slowly developing culture. And we find to-day that\nFashion is the means of expressing individuality.\nIt would indeed be a Herculean task to attempt to write a discourse on\nthe ever-changing dictates of Fashion, on the constant whims and\nvagaries of Style. Each season brings forth striking new dress\ninnovations--new colorings, new draperies, new lines. What is in vogue\nto-day is cast aside to-morrow as \"out-of-date.\"\nIn the world of good society, dress plays an important part in the\nexpression of culture. There is a proper dress for afternoon wear, and\nanother for evening functions. There are certain costumes for the\nwedding, and others for the garden f\u00eate. The gentleman wears one suit to\nbusiness, and another to dinner. Where civilization has reached its\nhighest point, there has dress and fashion reached its finest and most\nexquisite development.\nBut instinct can be carried to excess. Inherent love of beauty can be so\nabused that it becomes a sign of vanity. Fashion can be made a series of\nfads, and style an excuse for eccentricities. It is because men and\nwomen, and especially women, are so eager to adopt any new style\ncreation offered to them by the vast army of \"authorities,\" so impatient\nalways for something new, new--that the dress of to-day has earned the\ncensure of students of sociology. \"Supply the demand\" has ever been the\nslogan of the producers, while they strive in every way to increase the\ndemand.\nAnd yet, the study of dress is a beautiful one. Women are never so\nlovely as when they are dressed well. Men are never so attractive as\nwhen their garments are faultless. There is something romantic in the\ngown and veil of the bride, just as there is something delightfully\nrefreshing in the sight of a young girl daintily attired on a hot\nSummer's day. There is poetry in dress, just as there is in a towering\ncathedral or in a well-molded statue.\nHARMONY IN DRESS\nOne of the most important, in fact, _the_ important principle of dress\nis harmony. Nature itself is a glorious example of all that is\nharmonious. Picture, for instance, the delicate pansy, with its soft\nblend of greens and yellows and purples. Think of the exquisite\nchina-aster with its pale colorings of violet and pink. And the\nmany-hued rainbow that glorifies the sky with a sudden brilliance. How\nutterly irresistible are these harmonies of Nature, and how well we can\nall profit by her example!\nThe spirit of the modern dress seems to be more definitely centered\naround \"sensation\" than harmony. We see sport skirts worn with\nhigh-heeled shoes, pinks indulged in where navy blue or dark brown would\nbe more appropriate, elaborate motifs and decorations where simplicity\nshould have been. And we see women, priding themselves upon being\nfashionable, wearing gowns that are pretty enough, but that on them are\ncompletely out of harmony.\nThe reason for this is that so many women, and men too, accept the\ndictates of Fashion without stopping to determine whether or not these\nnew creations are suitable to their own particular type. They do not\nrealize that to be fashionable does not mean to follow conscientiously\nevery new fad, but to adjust the prevailing style to conform with the\nlines of their individual faces and forms. To illustrate: it is\nridiculous for the very slim young lady to wear a severe straight-line\nfrock simply because it is the fashion, but she can adapt the\nstraight-line effect to her own figure, and add a bit of fluffiness.\nSimilarly, the stout woman need not wear tremendous, voluminous ruffles\nand flounces because Fashion decrees that they shall be worn, but she\nmay gain the desired effect by using them in moderation.\nWhy is it that a gown may look thoroughly beautiful on a manikin, but\nhave an entirely different effect when you put it on? Because you have\ndistinct personality, you have little peculiarities of line and\ncoloring that require special consideration. To select lines that\nharmonize with the lines of your body, colors that harmonize with your\nown coloring, and styles that harmonize with your particular type, is to\ndress well and attractively. Seek harmony first--and style afterward.\nIMPORTANCE OF COLOR\n\"White was made for brides,\" but that is no reason why we, all of us,\ncannot enjoy it in its cool daintiness, youthful simplicity. White may\nalways be worn--by young and old, at party and dance, in morning and\nafternoon. It is, and always will be, the ideal color.\nBut Fashion, in a different mood, demands many hues both soft and\nbrilliant. And here again, whether she dictates pale pink or vivid\nscarlet, one must be guided by one's own sense of taste and harmony.\nThe colors of the dress must blend with the natural colors if beauty is\nto be obtained. Remarkable effects, as startlingly beautiful as the\nsomber afterglow of the setting sun, can be obtained by the correct use\nof color. It may be contrast or harmony--but there must be a perfect\nblend.\nTo illustrate for a few individual types: the sallow-complexioned\nbrunette must never wear yellow, even though it is the favorite color of\nthe season, for it brings out more clearly the yellow lurking in the\nsallowness of her cheeks. The person with \"coal black\" hair must avoid\nblues, light and dark; the colors that most become her are crimson,\norange, dark red. Pink is the ideal color for the blond woman with warm\ncoloring; black for the woman with fair skin. Pink and green are for\nyouth; purple and black are for age. The other colors may be used\naccording to the artistic sense of the wearer.\nIn selecting material for a gown, the fashionable modiste will first\nconsider the eyes of the lady who is to wear it. Though few but the\nartist realize it, the eyes are the keynote of the entire costume. They\ndetermine whether the dress shall be frivolous or demure, gay or somber,\nvivid or soft. The color of the hair, also, is important in deciding the\ncolor of the gown itself. The soft colors--pink, green, violet,\nblue--are admirably adapted to blue eyes and light hair while the more\nbrilliant colors are suitable for dark eyes and black hair.\nSo large a part does color play in the creating of fashions that one\nmust give it correspondingly careful consideration in adapting it to\none's complexion and hair. A wrong color has the alarming propensity of\nmarring the beauty of the most charming gown--even as the use of the\nright color enhances the beauty of the most simple gown. With harmony,\nstyle and color the gown needs only the final touch of _personality_ to\nmake it perfect. And it is that of which we are now going to speak.\nTHE CHARM OF PERSONALITY\nDress is an index to character as surely as a table of contents is an\nindex to what a book contains. We know by looking at an over-dressed\nyoung person, with a much-beruffled and ornamented frock, that she is\nvain. We know by glancing at a young man who wears an orange tie,\nchecked hat, and twirls a bamboo cane, that he is inclined to be just\nthe least bit gay. We know by the simple dignity of an elderly woman's\ndress that she is conservative and well-poised.\nIn the clothes we wear we reveal to the world the story of our ideals,\nour principles. If we are frivolous, our clothes show it. If we have a\nsense of the artistic, our clothes show it. If we are modest, bold, vain\nor proud the clothes we wear reveal it for all the world to see.\nBut \"Dress changes the manners,\" Voltaire tells us. It is true; on the\nstage the \"beggar\" in his tattered clothes acts and speaks and looks the\npart of a beggar. At dress rehearsals he plays the part to perfection,\nbut rehearsing in ordinary street clothes he is never quite\nsatisfactory. Something seems to be missing; and that something is\npersonality. The same is true of the rather studious young girl who is\nalso shy and retiring. In her somber clothes, she is perfectly content\nin the gloomy solitude of her study; but dressed in a filmy little frock\nof lace and net, with her hair youthfully marcelled, with buckled\nslippers on her feet, she feels vaguely dissatisfied. She wants to skip\nand dance and laugh and sing; if she knew psychology and the personality\nin dress, she would be able to explain it to herself in this manner:\nclothes so affect the mental outlook, that the wearer unconsciously\nadopts the personality portrayed.\nCan you imagine a Lord Chesterton in tattered clothes, a Queen Elizabeth\nin a limp calico frock, a George Washington in a conspicuously checked\nsuit? Unmistakable qualities of character are discernible in the clothes\nwe wear--and for that reason we should be particularly careful to make\nthem a true expression of our personality.\nThus when you want to feel light-hearted and free from care, wear\ndelicate fabrics and bright hats. When you want to be thoughtful and\nsolemn, wear heavy clothes and large, drooping hats. Adapt your clothes\nto your moods, or your moods to your clothes; but have always one ideal\nin dress--yourself.\nThis holds equally true of the man. When weighty business matters are to\nbe attended to, dark suits with correspondingly somber ties and shirts\nattract the desired mood of seriousness. For less sedate, though not\nless important, occasions, brighter attire makes one forget the cares of\nbusiness and assume an air of gayety. One may recline in a full-dress\nsuit and strive vainly for rest; but the mere putting on of a smoking\njacket brings an immediate feeling of relaxation.\nAs Haliburton so pointedly said, \"As soon as a person begins to dress\n'loud' his manners and conversation partake of the same element.\"\nGAUDINESS VERSUS GOOD TASTE\nStriking attractiveness, rather than simple good taste, seems to be the\nspirit of modern dress. To see a beautiful young woman in gaudy clothes\nis as disappointing as seeing a romantic old Spanish tale bound in a\ncheap paper cover.\nHow much more delightful is a simple frock, developed of rich materials,\nand boasting only deep soft folds of the material as decoration, than an\nelaborate gown with rows and rows of imitation gold lace! And yet, we\nfind that many of our most fashionable women, priding themselves on\nhaving good taste, select clothes that are conspicuous and gaudy rather\nthan those that are simple.\nBeauty of material and excellence of workmanship should be the primary\nconsiderations in selecting a new gown or suit. If ornament is desired,\nthe laws of harmony, contrast and personality should be carefully\nconsidered. Colors must blend; there must be no weird contrasts that jar\nbadly on one's artistic sense. Gaudiness, after all, defeats its own\npurpose, for it expresses a certain vulgarity. The desire to attract\nattention has no place in the world of good breeding.\nWho wishes to be stared at, remarked upon, openly admired--if not the\nill-bred woman, the sorely uncultivated man? Good taste finds expression\nin gowns that are simple, inconspicuous, yet well-cut and artistic; in\nsuits that are quiet, conservative and well-tailored. And the good taste\nfinds its reward in the genuine admiration and keen appreciation of\nothers.\n\"EXTRAVAGANCE THE GREATEST VULGARITY\"\nThat is what Dr. Crane says--Dr. Crane, who has studied manners in all\ntheir aspects. \"Extravagance is the greatest vulgarity.\" How true it is!\nHow many of us adjust the expenditure for clothes in our households, not\nby what we ourselves can afford, but by what our neighbors and friends\nspend!\nFashion is a temptress. Smart gowns, exquisite hat creations, attractive\nstyles in bootery, all tempt us to spend more than is really quite\nnecessary. The extravagant woman fills her wardrobe with numerous\ndresses, blouses and hats for which she has no real use. But how much\nmore sensible it is to have just enough for one's needs, a few stylish,\nwell-made garments--each one an expression of the wearer's own\npersonality.\nThere seems to be a false impression among men and women alike, that to\nbe fashionable one must have a new dress for every occasion, a different\nsuit for every day of the week. As a matter of fact, this is an\nentirely mistaken idea. Fashion is not measured by the number of suits\nor dresses we have, but by the good taste we display in their selection.\nIt is significant that the woman whose wardrobe is filled to\noverflowing, invariably finds that she has \"nothing to wear,\" while the\nwoman of taste, with her carefully selected wardrobe, always seems to be\ndressed just right.\nINAPPROPRIATENESS IN CLOTHES\nJust as there are certain laws governing the manners and conduct of\nsociety, there are certain laws governing the uses of dress. What is\ncorrect for the dance, is entirely incorrect for street wear. What one\nwears on a shopping trip may not be worn to the theater. The gentleman\nmust not wear his business suit to dinner. Occasion governs costume--and\nits dictates must be heeded if one would be considered both fashionable\nand well-bred.\nThere is, for instance, the modish young lady taking an afternoon stroll\nin high-heeled satin slippers. What could be more inappropriate? Satin\nslippers should be worn only with semi-evening or evening dress--never\nwith street clothes. Pumps with fur coats are strikingly inconsistent,\nas are straw hats with winter attire, or velvet hats with dainty\nsummer-time frocks. True fashion does not profess to distort the\nseasons, although the style authorities would often have us believe so\nfor their own material gain.\nThen, of course, there is the young person who is athletically inclined,\nand insists on wearing sport clothes on all occasions. We see her on a\nshopping tour, blissfully unaware of how ridiculous her full-pleated\nskirt and loose middy appear beneath her elaborate wrap. We see her at\na tea, enthusiastic over the glories of the eighteenth hole, and\ninterpreting the glances of her friends at her sport shoes and bright\nsweater as glances of admiration rather than disapproval. Sport clothes\nare for the tennis courts, golf links, skating rinks and similar places.\nThey have no place at teas and receptions.\nOf the transparent blouses and silk dresses of the business woman, we\nwill speak later; but in drawing a comparison, we might say that they\nare no more inappropriate than the eccentricities of dress assumed by\nsome of our women of fashion. The importance of this question warrants a\nspecial paragraph.\nTHE ECCENTRIC DRESSER\nMany men and women, in the mistaken belief that they are expressing\npersonality, adopt certain peculiarities of dress.\nEccentric dressing always attracts attention, and is therefore bordering\non the vulgar. There are, of course, many men and women who enjoy\nattracting attention, who delight in being considered \"different.\" In\nsuch people we are not interested. It is the people of good taste that\nwe wish to advise against the mistake of wearing peculiar and\nunconventional clothes.\nThere is a very old tale related about an Egyptian queen who owned a\nchain of coral, strung on a strip of dried skin from one of their sacred\nanimals. She gloried in the possession of it, and in order to do full\njustice to it, she forbade everyone in her kingdom to wear beads.\nThe man or woman of to-day who wears \"different\" clothes, unconventional\nand in most cases unbecoming garments, is merely obeying the same vain\nand selfish instinct that prompted that Queen of long ago to forbid the\nwearing of beads.\nAs for personality, the man or woman who cannot express it in correct,\nconservative and conventional clothes, certainly cannot express it in\ngrotesque and eccentric ones.\nCOMFORT IN CLOTHES\nBeautiful dress alone is not enough. We may be attracted to a manikin,\nbut after five minutes or so it bores us. With beauty of dress there\nmust also be a grace and ease of manner without which no man or woman is\nquite charming, for uncomfortable garments rob us of all poise and\ngrace.\nThink of holding a quiet, serious, calm conversation while one's foot\naches painfully because of a tight shoe! Think of sitting gravely and\npatiently through a long concert while one's too-tight collar grows ever\nmore and more irritating, while one's narrow jacket becomes constantly\nmore uncomfortable!\nTo be uncomfortable is to be conscious of what one is wearing; and we\nknow that well-dressed men and women are never conscious of clothes.\nThey know instinctively that they are well-dressed, and with the\nknowledge comes a dignity that adds charm to the beauty of their\ncostumes. Thus they are able to enter whole-heartedly into conversation,\nfeeling neither constrained nor uncomfortable but enjoying that serene\nsatisfaction that comes when one is fully aware that one is\nwell-dressed.\nThe early Romans had two distinct costumes which were worn alike by rich\nand poor--one simple, flowing garment for the ordinary activities of\nevery-day life, and one that was also simple but a bit more decorative,\nfor the ceremonial occasions. Perhaps the grace and ease of manner for\nwhich the Romans of yore were noted was due to the delightful comfort of\ntheir dress.\nTight shoes, extreme styles, uncomfortable wraps, coats or\nsuits--anything that in any way makes you conscious of what you are\nwearing, should be rigidly avoided. You are truly a \"slave of fashion\"\nif you allow yourself to suffer hours of torture merely to present an\nappearance that would have been vastly more pleasing if it had been\naccompanied by the graceful ease of manner of which discomfort robbed\nyou.\nIF ONE IS NOT AVERAGE\nWe cannot all be perfect \"sixteens\" or perfect \"thirty-sixes.\" Some of\nus are taller than others. Some of us are inclined to be stout. Some of\nus are short, and others very slender. We all have distinct\nindividualities that can be marred or \"starred\" in the manner of dress\nwe adopt.\nWe should all study our \"good points\" and wear the kind of clothes that\nwill emphasize them at the same time that it will conceal our defects.\nClothes have the power of magnifying imperfections. The too-stout woman\ncan wear dresses that will make her look twice as stout. The short man\ncan wear suits that make him look very much shorter. Intelligence, good\njudgment and a sense of beauty will achieve remarkable results for the\nman or woman who cares about his or her appearance.\nThere is the very thin woman, for instance. She must avoid the severely\nstraight up-and-down lines that are so appropriate for other women who\nare built differently. Her forte is tunics, large collars, ruffles,\noverblouses and bows. Soft, filmy materials that fall in graceful lines\nare especially becoming, as are checked and flowered materials. Stripes\nin all forms must be strictly avoided as they accentuate the\nslenderness. For the thin woman, an easy, graceful manner is most\nimportant. When she develops such a manner, and combines it with the\nfluffiest and most frilly of feminine fashions, one will see how very\ncharming she can be.\nThe too-stout woman faces a more difficult problem. She must carefully\nconsider each detail of her dress, making sure that it does not in any\nway accentuate her fleshiness. She must avoid the checked and\nbrightly-colored materials that her slender friends may wear. Long lines\nshould be worn, and it should be remembered that clothes without\nwaistlines work wonders for the stout woman--just as the coat without a\nbelt improves the appearance of the stout man. Such edicts of fashion as\nthe tight sleeve, round neck or short waist are not for the stout woman.\nThe ideal dress for her is one long and sweeping in line. The length of\nthe skirt, as well as details of style, must be adapted to her own\nparticular requirements. She will find that she will be much happier\n(and her friends, too!) if she forgets that she is stout, and does not\nconstantly bewail the fact to those who are with her. It is not\ndeplorable to be stout, but it certainly is deplorable to dress in a\nmanner which emphasizes that stoutness.\nTALL AND SHORT PEOPLE\nTall people have a distinct advantage. They are able to wear all styles,\nall colors, unless they are extremely tall. They seem to have a certain\nnatural grace that lends charm to whatever they wear. But there is the\ntoo-tall person who must be careful of what he or she wears. The very\ntall woman should avoid stripes as they add to her height. She must not\nwear high collars, nor severely tailored blouses. The tailored suit,\nhowever, becomes her. She should avoid bright colors and indulge a great\ndeal in blacks and \"midnight\" blues. The tall man may wear whatever he\npleases--as long as it is not conspicuous. He almost invariably presents\nan imposing and dignified appearance if he is well dressed.\nShort people, especially short women, must exert special care in the\nselection of their wardrobes. The short woman must select only those\ngowns that have long lines, long-waisted effects. Bright colors are not\nfor her--except a touch here and there. Short skirts are more becoming\nthan long ones, just as stripes are more becoming than checks. Two\nextremes that the short woman must never indulge in, are large, drooping\nhats and extremely high heels. The hat cuts her height, and the heels\ngive her a tilted appearance.\nWhether you are tall or short, stout or slender, you have some\nparticular attractiveness, and you should not allow the knowledge of\nyour imperfections to make you timid or awkward. It needs only the\ncorrect dress and the proper spirit of pride and dignity to accentuate\nyour personal charms. Remember that it is personality that\ncounts--personality and character--and while some of the world's\ngreatest personalities have been exceptionally tall, just as many of\nthem have been extremely short!\nTHE WELL-DRESSED WOMAN\nSomeone once said there is nothing more beautiful than a beautiful\nwoman. A pretty sentiment, but not quite complete. We would have it\nread: There is nothing more beautiful than a beautiful woman\nwell-dressed.\nWhen is a woman well-dressed? It cannot be when she is merely\nfashionable, for when we glance at the fading portrait of some forgotten\nancestor, graceful in her Colonial gown with its billows and billows of\ncreamy white lace, we feel instinctively that she is well-dressed. And\nyet, we cannot call her fashionable. It cannot be elaborate attire, for\nwe know that the stylish young miss in her severely tailored suit and\nsailor hat is certainly well-dressed. It cannot be distinctiveness--or\nindividuality--for many a delightfully well-dressed young woman buys all\nher frocks and suits in the shops.\nNo, it is neither of these--and yet, it is all of them. The well-dressed\nwoman has the faculty of charming you--and yet you yourself know not\nwhy. You know that she is well-dressed, but when she is gone you cannot\nremember just what it was that she wore. You have only a faint\nrecollection of a perfect harmony of line and color.\nShe is fashionable, yes; and elaborate, too, if the occasion warrants\nit. She is distinctive, but not obviously so. But if she is truly\nwell-dressed, her clothes are of the best materials and the workmanship\nis faultless. Style, color and line are all incidental to these two\ndominating principles of dress--material and workmanship.\nThe striking characteristic of the woman who is well-dressed is her\npoise, her grace and ease of manner, on all occasions. She is never\nself-conscious, never uncomfortable. She never is the center of\nattraction because she is never conspicuous. She is simply yet smartly\ndressed, graceful yet dignified, attractive yet inconspicuous. Above\nall, she is _always_ well-dressed--not only on festive occasions.\nEvery woman has within her the possibilities of being charming--if not\nbeautiful. It requires only the knowledge of correct dress, of harmony\nand beauty in costume. There is, of course, the woman who insists that\nshe does not care at all about clothes, that she does not care how she\nis dressed. But she is the exception, and we are interested in the rule.\nWoman does herself an injustice by being dowdy, careless or commonplace\nin dress. She puts herself at an unfair disadvantage. Charm and beauty\nare the heritage of woman, and the world expects it of her.\nNOT A SLAVE TO FASHION\nThe woman who is ruled by fashion may not consider herself a\nwell-dressed woman. If her sense of beauty is developed, if she knows\nthe value of art and harmony, she will not be the slave of a stupid\nmode. She will not worship at the pedestal of fashion, trembling as each\nnew decree is announced lest she be not among the very first to observe\nit. Style does not dominate her personality; rather, her personality\ndominates style.\nAnd after all, is it not absurd to adhere slavishly to that which is in\nvogue, without attempting to adapt those modes to one's own\nindividuality? There is, for instance, the woman who discards an\notherwise attractive and fashionable gown merely because the sleeves are\nslightly puffed instead of severely tight-fitting as the whim of Fashion\ndemands. She does not stop to consider that puffed sleeves are\ninfinitely more becoming to her. They are not the \"latest\"--and that\nfact alone is enough to cause her to discard the gown.\nAn excellent thought for the girl or woman who wishes to be\nwell-dressed, to remember, is: always dress as though you were going to\nthe photographer to have your picture taken--a picture that you are\ngoing to leave to your children to remember you by. If you keep this in\nmind, you will never wear commonplace clothes nor clothes that are\nextreme in style, but you will dress with simplicity and taste, being\nsure to add here and there a touch of your very own personality--perhaps\na corsage of violets to show your love of flowers, or a rare old cameo\nbrooch to show your reverence for the things grown old.\nTHE WELL-DRESSED MAN\nFew men realize the tremendous importance of clothes both in the social\nand business worlds. The effects of dress are far-reaching--and they are\ncertainly no less so among men than women.\nThere is the story of the man who gained admittance to the Athenaeum\nLibrary in Boston, although he was not a member. After spending a very\npleasant morning reading, he prepared to leave. It was then that he was\nattracted to a rather dowdy individual who was remonstrating indignantly\nwith an official at the door. \"I am a member, I tell you!\" he exclaimed.\n\"Well, you certainly don't look it,\" the other retorted.\nThe man who had spent a morning in the library hastened away. He had not\nknown that use of the reading rooms was restricted to members. But no\none had questioned him, as he _looked_ the part of a member. Yet, the\nman who really did belong, had to submit to the indignity of questioning\nand of submitting proof, because his appearance--his clothes--did not do\njustice to his position.\nWe know that first impressions are the most important, especially in\nbusiness. The man whose clothes are gaudy, ill-fitting or extreme, will\nfind that he is not making as rapid a stride forward as his abilities\nwarrant. Incorrect dress is a serious handicap. In the social world, it\nis not only a handicap, but a barrier. The oft-repeated Dutch proverb\nmay be a bit exaggerated, but it certainly has a suggestion of\ntruth--\"Clothes Make the Man.\"\nAnd so we say to the young and the old man alike, dress well. Dress, not\nas a fashion-plate, but with a regard for appropriate style--and with an\nespecially keen regard for fine materials and excellent workmanship. Do\nnot be content with an ordinary suit, but be sure that each one you wear\nimparts that poise and dignity which is so essential to the true\ngentleman. Your wardrobe need not be filled with suits for every day and\nevery occasion; but a few carefully selected garments, well-tailored and\nsmartly styled will earn for you the enviable distinction of \"a\nwell-dressed man.\"\nOne might remember, to quote once again from the proverbs of the Dutch,\nthat \"A smart coat is a good letter of introduction.\"\nTHE CHARM OF OLD AGE\nYouth may not claim sole possession of charm. Old age has a charm all\nits own--a silver charm that makes one think of mellowed roses, and\nfading sunsets.\nA delightful gray-and-lilac grandmother, reposing quietly in the depths\nof a great armchair, perhaps dreaming of a golden youth--this is a\npicture that artists have long loved to paint. There is something\nstrangely irresistible in old age, especially when old age is\nbeautiful. And to make it beautiful requires only a calm assurance and\nkind heart combined with clothes that are in good taste and in harmony\nwith one's years and personality.\nOf course, one does not expect one's grandmother to wear the same kind\nof gay creations that young Miss Seventeen delights in; nor would one\nexpect one's grandfather to flaunt the same style of suit one's son\nwears at college. The sound of rustling silk and sweeping petticoats is\none of the charms of the elderly lady--but an abbreviated skirt would\ncertainly make her appear ridiculous. Similarly, the elderly gentleman\nfinds dignity and distinction in a black frock coat, but one is inclined\nto smile when he appears in the jaunty black-and-white checked Norfolk\nsuit that would better become his son.\nYes, age has a charm that is well worth striving for. There is something\ndecidedly imposing and impressive about a handsome old man immaculately\ndressed; and there are no words beautiful enough to describe the\nenchantment of the silver-haired old lady in delicate colors and\nfabrics, and flowing styles reminiscent of the days of powdered wigs.\nOld age has its compensations; youth can never have its charming repose\nand calm.\nTHE ELDERLY WOMAN\nIn these days, when daughter and grandmother enjoy the same\nentertainments, and attend the same affairs, the clothes of the elderly\nwoman are just as important as those of the younger. We shall describe\nhere several kinds of costumes that invariably add charm to old age, so\nthat grandmother may appear to advantage beside the youthful bloom of\nthe young girl.\nThere is, for instance, the soft, wide lace fichu so becoming to the\nelderly woman--but that the young miss cannot very well wear. Combined\nwith a dress of brocaded satin, with a full skirt that takes one back to\nthe days of the Quakers, the lace fichu is most attractive. Then there\nis always the shadowy charm of black velvet and black lace. For the more\nformal occasions when the elderly woman wishes to be particularly\nwell-dressed, yet not conspicuous, a dress of black velvet, with wide\nfrills of black Chantilly lace, makes a most appropriate costume. The\nlace may be used to veil the skirt and as sleeves.\nThe elderly woman may choose any dark color that becomes her--gray, dark\nblue and black are perhaps the three colors most favored. There are\nseveral light colors that are appropriate, chief among them, gray and\nlavendar. Materials worn by the woman-who-is-older are taffeta, velvet,\n_cr\u00eape de chine_ and satin. She should avoid such materials as organdie,\ngeorgette and tulle--they are meant for youth.\nIMITATION AND OVER-DRESSING\nTwo of the most common faults of elderly women are imitation and\nover-dressing. Both rob old age of its charm, and the wise woman will\nconscientiously avoid them.\nBy imitation, we mean the following of fashions and styles meant for the\nyoung person. We see women celebrating their fiftieth wedding\nanniversaries wearing \"fashionable\" dresses that are in absolute discord\nwith their years and personality. Short skirts and straight-line\nsilhouettes may be perfectly all right, but they certainly do not give\nto old age the imposing dignity that is its main charm.\nOne instinctively respects and admires the white-haired woman whose\nskirts are of a length commensurate with her age and dignity, and who\ncarries herself with calm poise. More than that, one _appreciates_ her.\nBut the woman who is growing old and insists upon keeping herself young\nby wearing inappropriate and inharmonious clothes, is merely making a\nfarce of herself. There can be nothing more ridiculous than a woman past\nfifty in gown and wrap obviously created for the young person of\nseventeen. Instead of improving her appearance, the elderly woman\ndeprives herself of the charm that should rightfully be hers.\nAs for over-dressing, it is so utterly bad form and bad taste that it\nrequires only passing notice. Just as simplicity enhances the beauty of\nyouth, so does simplicity enhance the charm of old-age. Ostentation of\nany kind, jewels, bright colors, gaudy styles--all these make old age\nawkward, unpresentable and unrefined.\nTHE OLDER GENTLEMAN\nOne can be a good many years past fifty and still enjoy the theater, the\nopera. And one can easily retain the presentable dignity of earlier days\nby wearing clothes that are just as appropriate as those of those\nearlier days.\nFor afternoon wear the elderly man will find the black frock coat with\ngray trousers most effective. He should wear white linen, wing collar\nand small black tie. This costume is also appropriate for morning wear.\nIn the evening the gentleman always wears full dress, irrespective of\nage.\nIn the warmer climates, gentlemen of more mature years find keen\npleasure in the early morning and afternoon costume consisting of black\nand white patterned homespun jacket, slacks and waistcoat of white\nflannel, white linen and foulard tie. Black and white sport shoes and a\nlight panama hat complete the costume admirably.\nA TRIP TO THE SOUTH\nBecause it is the trip about which people are most in doubt when it\ncomes to deciding what to take along we give here below a few\nsuggestions about the wardrobe for a person about to start South.\nTo visit the balmy sunshine of the South, is to require a wardrobe that\nwill harmonize with the lazy mood of the skies of Havana or Miami. Even\nthough the snows may have tied up traffic in one's own home town,\nclothes for the Southland trip must be delicate, \"summery\" and flimsy.\nOne includes a bathing suit, too, although the lake back home is frozen\nover.\nThe wardrobe one takes to the South depends largely upon the duration of\nthe visit and the extent of one's purse. The one described here is for\nthe average requirements of both.\nFor the mornings there must be several crisp, demure little frocks that\nare easy to launder. Bright colors match bright skies, and wide sashes\nare most becoming. For afternoon wear, frocks of taffeta, silk and\norgandie are suggested--colorful little frocks made with a regard for\neasy packing and attractiveness. Canton cr\u00eape is a lovely material,\nespecially when it is of pale apricot or Nile green--and it does not\ncrush as easily as taffeta or organdie. A delightful frock for Southern\nwear is hand-sewn voile in a soft old rose shade. With it may be worn a\nlarge-brimmed straw hat of old rose.\nBright sweaters, sport skirts, sport coats, blouses, oxfords--all these\nare of course indispensable to the wardrobe for the southern visit. The\nnumber of sweaters and blouses taken depends upon the length of the\nvisit. One should include a bathing suit, a beach coat and a brightly\ncolored parasol. And the smart frock for evening strolls must not be\nforgotten.\nAt least one elaborate evening gown, and two or three semi-evening gowns\nwill be necessary even if the visit to the South is a short one. And we\nwould heartily recommend a fluffy little evening wrap to go with the\ngown. Then, of course, there are the little strapped slippers and the\nlow-cut sports shoes to be considered.\nOne is pretty sure to be happy under the blue skies of the tropics if\none's wardrobe contains a plentiful supply of gay, colorful frocks,\nblouses and sports things. But one need not postpone the visit because\nclothes seem to be expensive; common sense, good judgment and a small\npurse go a long way.\nFOR THE GENTLEMAN\nPlenty of white duck trousers, white linen, light sack coats and sports\nclothes are necessary for the man who winters in the South. He will find\nthe patterned homespun jacket very smart indeed, with slacks and\nwaistcoat of white flannel. This outfit may be worn with panama hat,\ncolored foulard tie and black and white sports shoes.\nA brown or gray flannel sack suit is convenient for Southern\nwear--especially in the morning and early afternoon. It is attractive\nwhen worn with tan oxfords, colored linen and straw hat. Flannel suits\nare often worn with white oxfords, and sometimes blue serge sack jackets\nwith white duck trousers.\nThe wise man will include a suit for motoring in his wardrobe. With it\nhe should include a motor cap, and a light raglan coat or a coat of\nunshorn homespun. An attractive tennis jacket for Southern wear is of\nblue and black striped English flannel, with a wide roll collar; worn\nwith white linen and white flannel trousers. White tennis shoes should\nbe included for wear with this outfit.\nFor the afternoon, an attractive costume for the gentleman in the South\nis a single-breasted jacket of diamond weave homespun, a double-breasted\nvest to match, white flannel trousers and white linen. A black tie with\npolka dots of white, and black and white sports shoes add just the right\nnote of smartness.\nA dinner jacket and full dress suit must have place in the wardrobe one\nprepares for the South. Patent leather pumps should not be forgotten,\nnor a silk hat for the very formal occasions. Of course, there must be\nplenty of white and colored linen, and a generous supply of bright ties\nand sports shoes and hose. As for bathing suit, golf togs and riding\nhabits, we leave these to the taste and discrimination of the gentleman\nwho is contemplating the visit.\nCHAPTER III\nTHE BUSINESS WOMAN\nWOMAN IN THE BUSINESS WORLD\nThere was a time, not so very long ago, when woman's activities were\nconfined to the home. For a woman to be actively engaged in some\nbusiness or profession of her own meant one of two things: either she\nwas an \"old maid\" or she was \"queer.\" Naturally, the social standing of\nsuch women was rather doubtful.\nBut to-day, with the equal franchise that has given woman her\nlong-denied vote, she has allowed her talents and capabilities to find\noutlet in other wider fields than those limited merely to the home.\nThere are women in law offices, women in courts as reporters and\ninterpreters, women in the stock exchange, women editors, women\ndirectors--women in every conceivable branch of art, industry and\ncommerce. That they are succeeding, admirably so, is evident in their\nsocial status.\nYears of blind adherence to false tradition have robbed woman of her\nproper development along business lines. That explains why there is\nstill a difference in the business status of men and women. Then, of\ncourse, there is the sex difference; and advanced though she prides\nherself on being, woman is still considered mentally inferior--for the\nsimple reason that she is a woman. It may take many years of slow\ndevelopment before woman is considered man's absolute equal--in\nbusiness as in politics. And until that time arrives, it behooves every\nwoman who is interested in the progress of womanhood, to do her little\nshare in hastening that glorious time of complete equality.\nOne of the seemingly small, but really vital things woman can do, is to\ndress so well and so wisely in business that the most exacting man can\nfind no excuse to condemn her as a \"slave of fashion.\"\nSELF-CONFIDENCE\nPoise, self-confidence, dignity--all these come with the knowledge that\none is well-dressed. The business woman cannot afford to sacrifice\nself-confidence, if she wishes to make a success. Self-confidence brings\nwith it a certain forcefulness of manner, a certain dignity of bearing\nthat is convincing at the same time that it is impressive.\nAnd clothes play a large part in the development of this\nself-confidence! Yes, clothes, for it is when one knows and feels\ninstinctively that one is perfectly attired, yet inconspicuous, that one\nis in full command of one's thoughts and bearing. The woman who would be\na success in business, must remember that she cannot do justice to the\nbusiness of the moment, if she is wondering whether her skirt falls just\nright, whether her blouse is still crisply laundered, whether the colors\nshe is wearing are not too bright. She becomes embarrassed,\nflustered--and she fails to do justice to whatever should have been\nclaiming her attention.\nRecently, we read in the newspapers about a woman lawyer defending a\nyoung man accused of murder. We read with a great deal of interest, that\nshe was a comparatively young woman, and inclined to be eloquent in her\nspeech. We read parts of her rebuttals to the court, and we tried to\npicture her standing in the center of the huge room, surrounded by eager\nspectators, facing the jury,--in a gown that was fashionable, becoming,\nyet inappropriate and uncomfortable. We could not do it. We _knew_ that\nshe could never have made the impassioned appeal that freed the\ndefendant if she had been thinking of her clothes, rather than of the\ncase. We pictured her in a conservative suit, with high-necked waist,\nstrictly tailored throughout, and giving the appearance of being\nwell-dressed without anyone even stopping to think about it. Later we\nwere gratified to learn definitely that we were correct--this woman\nlawyer who had made so tremendous a success was an extremely\nconservative dresser, with simple good taste.\nSelf-confidence, poise and dignity are valuable assets to have in\nbusiness. Correct dress aids materially in their development.\nTHE SLATTERN\nIt hardly seems necessary in a book of this kind to speak about the\nslattern. And yet, some bits of advice we can give may be of value to\nsome--and therefore we will not omit them.\nBy a slattern we mean a woman who shows lack of care and thought in\nclothing. The girl whose blouse sags is a slattern. The woman whose\ndress hangs loosely and does not fit well is a slattern. The woman who\nlooks as though she had jumped into her clothes quickly, dashed off to\nthe office without glancing in the mirror, and then forgotten all about\nstraightening her hat and belt, is a slattern. Broadly speaking, any\nwoman is a slattern who is not scrupulously careful in her attire, who\ndoes not show by her very appearance that she is well-groomed, well\ncared for.\nOne can be perfectly groomed with the possession of just one suit. A\ngirl who is planning to have an illustrious career, and who wishes to\nput aside her earnings with a view towards future investments, need not\nspend large sums on clothes. With one very smart, tailored suit of a\ngood material, and several attractive blouses, she can always look neat\nand well-dressed. Satin blouses, tucked and high-necked, are excellent\nfor the office. A soft, fluffy little blouse of georgette transforms the\nsuit into a quite appropriate costume for visiting and entertaining.\nThere can be no excuse for the girl or woman who does not always look\nher best at business as well as when she is attending to her social\nduties. And being well-dressed does not mean expensively or elaborately\ndressed. Some of the best groomed women wear clothes that are striking\nbecause of their very simplicity.\nFOLLOWING THE FASHIONS\nChanging constantly as they do, Fashions must be followed wisely. To\nadopt each new style as it is presented, stopping to question neither\nits authenticity nor permanency, is to become very soon a literal \"slave\nof fashion.\" To avoid this, women of good taste adopt only those new\nfashions that are conservative and not obviously \"new.\" Anything\nradically different, anything extreme, should be strictly avoided.\nThe business woman should pay particular attention to the selecting of\nstyles for her dresses, blouses and suits. She should never select a\ndress that is made with some distinct feature that may be worn for a\nmonth or two and then discarded. She should never search among the\n\"fads\" for her blouses, but choose instead those simple, tailored,\nbecoming waists that are so appropriate for business. Her suits should\nalways be dark in color, of excellent material, and of a style that is\namply conservative enough to be worn two seasons if necessary.\nIf fashions are chosen wisely, with a regard for simplicity; if, in\nfact, clothes are chosen for good cut and fine material rather than\nattractive style, the business woman will soon find that she is gaining\na reputation for being at all times well-dressed. And it is a reputation\nshe will find valuable.\nGAUDY ATTRACTION\nOne need only step into a modern office for a moment, and glance around\nat the stenographers in their thin georgette blouses and high-heeled\nshoes, to realize how inappropriate gaudy, attractive clothes are in the\nbusiness atmosphere. The stenographers may continue to wear their flimsy\nwaists and gaudy clothes without ever feeling sorry for it, but the\nbusiness person who expects to have a worthy career, will find\nostentation in clothes, and especially gaudy display, fatally\ndetrimental to her ultimate success.\nThere is nothing more conducive to respect, trust and honor in business\nthan quiet tastes--in clothes as in everything else. One instinctively\nrespects the young lady who is smartly attired in dark, simple clothes,\nideally adapted to the business environment. How much more sensible she\nlooks, how much more eager one is to trust her with confidential\ninformation, with responsible duties, than the flippant person who wears\ngaudy clothes! The wise woman will never allow bad taste to influence\nher to wear bright, attractive things to business; what she lacks in\ngood taste and the knowledge of correct dress, she will make up in good\ncommon sense.\nSomeone once said, \"There must be a reason for everything.\" There must\nbe, then, a good reason for everything we wear. And surely there can be\nno reason for a bright orange georgette waist, or a finely plaited white\n_cr\u00eape de chine_ skirt worn to business. Women who wish to succeed in\nbusiness, should avoid all that is gaudy, useless and inappropriate in\ndress, wearing only what is simple, becoming and neat.\nTHE BUSINESS SUIT\nThe correctly-tailored, neat business suit is indispensable--as any\nbusiness woman will attest. There seems to be a dignity about a suit\nthat is lacking in any other business garment. Perhaps it is because of\nits simplicity.\nFor the woman who wishes to be tailored, we suggest the smart English\ntweed suits that are always in good taste. They may be simple, belted\nmodels with large patch pockets and straight-line jackets. Heather is a\ngood color, or gray or brown mixture. Worn with plain white lawn or\nwhite batiste blouses, suits of this kind are ideal for business wear.\nJersey suits are also appropriate, if they are developed in dark colors,\nand simple styles. Loose, belted jackets are always in style, or they\nmay be slightly fitted at the waist. Most popular and most becoming of\nall is the navy blue serge suit. It is always appropriate. It can be\nworn with white or colored blouses, and always presents a neat\nappearance. If it is well made and fits perfectly it will impart that\nwell-groomed look so important to business women. For exact style of\nsuit, fashion magazines or personal tailors must be consulted.\nIn the summer a woman may with propriety wear simple frocks of gingham,\nchambray, linen, and other washable materials.\nTHE BUSINESS DRESS AND COAT\nDark colors and heavy materials are always better form for business\nfrocks than light, colorful materials. Good taste is undeniably evident\nin the simple, one-piece business dress of navy blue serge or tricotine.\nA bit of lace at the neck, or perhaps some touch of bright color,\nrelieves the sombre darkness of the dress yet does not add any undue or\ninappropriate attraction.\nPlease remember we are not trying to preach here, or lecture you on the\nextremes of style. What we are attempting to do is merely point out for\nyou what is correct and incorrect to wear in business circles, and we\nfeel sure that you can make no mistake by following our advice.\nFor instance, there is the woman who is seeking valiantly to make a\nsuccess in some line of business hitherto barred to women. Yet she wears\nan expensive fur coat and attractive frocks that would be better fitted\nto the dance floor. She wonders why her superiors hesitate to trust her\nwith important responsibilities. She does not realize that her lack of\ndiscrimination in dress, her evident lack of knowledge of what is\ncorrect to wear at business, has caused them to lose confidence in her.\nThe business coat should be of cloth, never completely of fur unless\none's position is high enough to warrant it--and even then it should be\nonly of one fur, instead of a combination of two or three, and made with\na regard for simplicity and inconspicuousness. However, the most\nappropriate business coat is made of a heavy cloth, plain or fur-trimmed\nfor winter, and light-weight, dark-colored material for the warmer days.\nThe hat, of course, follows the general note of simplicity and is\nusually small and dark. A turban is excellent, and it is one of the few\nfashions in hats that remains always popular.\nAN APPEAL TO BUSINESS WOMEN\nIt took many centuries of hammering before the portals of business and\nindustry and art were thrown wide open to women. Now that that has\nhappened it is her duty and pride to conduct herself in such a way that\nthere can be no regrets and vain longings for the return of the woman of\nyesterday. By her manner and her dress a woman determines her place, and\nthe women who are careless of their appearance and careless of their\nstandard are the ones who are hindering the progress of women toward the\ngoal of perfect womanhood.\nWhen she enters business she must realize that she is on an equal\nfooting with men and she should not demand or expect privileges simply\nbecause she is a woman. What she does and says and wears during the\nhours of her social life is entirely distinct from her business life,\nthough, of course, she is always courteous, however hard it may be\nsometimes to control herself under the grinding of the routine work at\nthe office.\nCHAPTER IV\nON THE STREET\nTHE TRUE ETIQUETTE\nEtiquette, in its truest sense, is an exponent of _self_, rather than a\nmanifestation towards _others_. We do what is right and courteous\nbecause no other behavior possibly could be consistent with our claim to\nbe well-bred.\nAs Shakespeare has said,\n    \"To thine own self be true;\n    And it must follow as the night the day,\n    Thou canst not then be false to any man.\"\nInstinctively, and with no thought of impressing others, the well-bred\nman does and says what is correct. And his manners are as polished and\ncultivated in his home, at business and in public, as they are at the\nmost formal social functions.\nIt is not enough to observe the conventions of society when you are in\nthe elaborate ballroom or at a fashionable dinner. You must be always,\nat all times, in all places, as courteous and well-mannered as you would\nbe in the most impressive surroundings. The world judges you by your\nmanners in the street car and on the avenue just as severely as it does\nin private homes and at social functions.\nDo what is correct because you are well-bred, and not because some\nimportant person is watching you. Then you will truly be following the\nrules of courtesy.\nPOISE IN PUBLIC\n\"Mightiest powers by deepest calms are fed\" says the proverb. And Dr.\nCrane, himself a mighty power, supplements the saying by one of his\nown--\"The silent sun is mightier than the whirlwind.\"\nIt is the quiet well-mannered person who inspires respect and liking.\nThe loud laugh bespeaks the vacant mind and noisy, boisterous conduct\nhas a tendency to irritate and make nervous the people who have to come\ninto contact with it. In public and elsewhere you are accredited with as\nmuch refinement and gentility as your manners display--no more.\nIt is a mark of extreme good breeding to be able to meet all emergencies\ncalmly and without uncontrolled anger or excitement. In training in the\netiquette of calm behavior, there can be no better test than that of\ncontrolling the temper. Do not confuse this serenity of manner with\ncowardice; for the calm dignity that forbids one to be ill-mannered also\nforbids one to endure insolence. By learning to control the temper, one\ndevelops that kind of poise which is undeniably one of the greatest\nassets in the social and business worlds.\nTHE CHARM OF COURTESY\nReal culture has a tendency to avoid excessive individuality. Instead,\nit requires that all people be treated with equal courtesy, whether they\nare strangers in the street of friends in the drawing-room. And it is\nthis very charm of courtesy that has made etiquette so important a\nfactor in civilization.\n\"All doors open to courtesy,\" the proverbs tell us. The \"general public\"\nso sadly abused in book and speech, is quick to recognize courtesy and\neager to respond to it. Before a pleasant face and a courteous manner,\nall obstacles vanish, and we find ourselves progressing easily through\nthe world, making friends as we go.\nSome of us vainly pride ourselves upon being frank and candid in our\nassociation with others. This is a serious blunder which many men and\nwomen make. It is not commendable to be frank, when courtesy is\nsacrificed. Be truthful and just, but do not be unkind. And it certainly\nis unkind to repeat bits of gossip or scandal, unless there is a special\nreason why it should be done. How much better it is to gain the\nreputation of being considerate than the reputation of being brutally\nfrank!\nThere are countless trifling tests of good manners that distinguish the\nwell-bred. And these same tests prove that a careful attention to the\nrights and comforts of others, is one of the most decided marks of good\nbreeding. For instance, at the postoffice one can immediately discern\nthe well-bred man. He stands quietly in line until there is room for him\nat the window. He does not crowd. He does not attempt to push ahead of\nothers to reach the window before his turn. He does not interfere with\nother people's business; he would be horrified at the thought of\ndeliberately loitering near a window to overhear the private affairs of\nsome other man. He is quiet, unobtrusive and considerate, moving quickly\naway from the window for the next person's convenience. In manner and\nspeech, he is essentially _courteous_.\nIt is impossible to be a lady or gentleman without _gentle_ manners. And\nit is impossible to have gentle manners without being _courteous_. The\nword \"courtesy\" to-day should carry the same meaning of beauty and\ncharm that the word \"chivalry\" did in the eighteenth and nineteenth\ncenturies.\nLADIES AND GENTLEMEN\nThere was a time, not so long ago, when a most marked reserve was\nrequired between men and women in public. But to-day, with the advent of\nwomen into almost every branch of business, art and profession, there is\na tendency to loosen this social barrier and create a more friendly\nrelationship between men and women. The stiff formalities of a decade\nago have given way to a much more pleasing social harmony and\nunderstanding.\n\"Etiquette requires that the association of men and women in refined\ncircles shall be frank without freedom, friendly without familiarity\"\ndeclares a recent writer on good manners. There is no longer need for\nthe strained reserve formerly felt when women were in the company of men\nin public. If the correct rules of etiquette are observed, and courtesy\nand poise follow in their wake, the man and woman in public may be as\nentirely at ease and unrestrained as they would be in a drawing-room or\nat an informal dinner.\nAmerican gentlemen have the reputation of being more chivalrous than the\ngentlemen of any other country. American ladies are acclaimed the most\ncharming and intelligent in the world. Thus, when the speaker on the\nplatform addresses the public audience as \"Ladies and Gentlemen\" the\nexpression should mean something more than merely a careless formality.\nWHEN TO BOW IN PUBLIC\nTo bow or not to bow is often a puzzling question! Some authorities on\netiquette claim that \"it is correct to bow first to a person of higher\nsocial position.\" Others assert that social position has nothing to do\nwith it, and that it is age alone that determines who shall bow first.\nThe question devolves upon several very important rules that should be\nrigidly observed.\nThe first, and invariable rule, is that the woman always bows first when\nmeeting men acquaintances. Her bow assumes the proportions of a simple\ngreeting; the head is slightly inclined, she looks directly at the man\nrecognized, and smiles cordially. To the woman, therefore, is given the\nprivilege of recognizing or refusing to recognize a man acquaintance.\nHowever, the really well-bred woman will never ignore in public a\nperson, man or woman, with whom she has had even a slight\nacquaintance--unless she has a very good reason to do so.\nTwo young women meeting in public greet each other with a certain degree\nof spontaneity which consequently eliminates any question regarding the\nfirst bow. But when one of the women is married and the other unmarried,\nthe first bow invariably comes from the former. Younger people, of the\nsame sex, always wait for the first sign of recognition from the older\nperson.\nYoung women who are dance partners or partners at the dinner table with\nmen who are not personal friends, incur the social obligation of bowing\ncourteously when chance meetings are made in public, even though there\nis no desire to continue social acquaintanceship. Also, when a man or\nwoman has been invited to an entertainment at a house through the good\noffices of a friend of the hostess, he or she must wait to receive first\nrecognition from that hostess when meeting in public.\nGentlemen meeting each other in public observe the same rule as that\noutlined for two women,--the younger waits for first recognition from\nthe elder. If both are of the same age, the question of first bow is\nunimportant. People meeting often during the day need not bow\nelaborately each time; a simple smile or glance of recognition is\nsufficient.\nIt is extremely rude and unkind to \"cut\" an acquaintance publicly by\nstaring coldly in response to a courteous bow and smile. There are so\nmany more dignified methods of terminating an undesirable\nacquaintanceship. It is necessary only to keep one's eyes averted,\npersistently but not obviously if one wishes to avoid greeting an\nundesirable acquaintance. Or if one wishes one may bow with extreme\nformality, but a bow and smile in public should always receive some kind\nof acknowledgement, no matter how severely formal.\nWALKING IN PUBLIC\nFirst in importance to remember when walking in public is poise and\nbalance of bearing. The expression \"the _d\u00e9butante's_ slouch\" is a\ndirect result of the lazy manner of walking recently adopted by a number\nof young women. Aside from its bad effect upon health, this manner of\nwalking is both ungraceful and unattractive. Men and women both should\nremember that an erect, well-poised bearing is more impressive than the\nmost elaborate costume.\nA lady does not take a gentleman's arm when walking with him in the\ndaytime unless she is elderly or infirm. It is only after dark that she\nproperly accepts the support of her escort. In this case, she merely\nrests the palm of her hand lightly within the curve of his elbow. It is\nextremely bad form, as well as ungraceful, for her to link her arm\nthrough his. The gentleman always walks nearest the curb unless on a\nspecial occasion when the street is very crowded and he wishes to\nprotect her from the jostling crowds. He may offer his arm to the lady\nin crossing dangerous streets or to guide her through congested traffic.\nWhen walking with two ladies, a gentleman's proper position is not\nbetween them; if it is in the evening, he offers his arm to the elder\nlady and the other friend walks by her side. There seems to be a\nmistaken belief that a gentleman walking with two ladies must \"sandwich\"\nhimself between them, but correct social usage teaches that this is\nentirely wrong. The ladies always walk side by side.\nOn no occasion may a gentleman take a woman's arm. Good society regards\nthis as a disrespectful freedom. Thus, whenever he feels that she needs\nhis protection, a gentleman should offer a lady his arm, but never\nattempt to thrust his hand through her arm. It is not even correct for\nhim to grasp her by the elbow (as so many young men insist upon doing!)\nwhen crossing a street.\nSTOPPING FOR A CHAT\nVery often we meet, in the course of our daily strolls, old friends or\nacquaintances with whom we are eager to have a little chat. This is\nentirely permissible, if certain laws of good conduct are observed. One\nshould never stop on the street to talk, but should walk on slowly with\nthe person with whom one wishes to converse.\nRemember that primarily all conduct in public should be characterized by\nreserve. While it is entirely allowable to call a jolly \"Hello!\" to a\nfriend one meets in a country lane, even though one still is fifty rods\naway, it would be extremely bad form on Broadway or Fifth Avenue--or\nMain Street in any town. A cordial but quiet greeting shows good\nbreeding; a greeting so conspicuous that it attracts attention is never\nin good form.\nConversation should be carried on in quiet and subdued tones. Above all,\nbe natural in your speech. Do not attempt to be flowery in your\nlanguage, or \"different\" merely because there are strangers around to\nhear--and admire. And if you do stop to converse with your old friend,\nbe sure that you speak sensibly of things of mutual interest; there is\nno excuse to stop merely for the sake of exchanging inanities.\nWhispering is as rude in public as it is in the ballroom or at the\ndinner table. Confidential business should not be discussed on the\nstreet or in the department store; the proper place for such private\naffairs is in the office or parlor.\nIf addressed by a stranger seeking information regarding a certain\nstreet or number, show a cheerful and kindly interest. It is perplexing\nand often embarrassing to be in an unfamiliar town or country, and\nwhatever information you give should be in an interested and courteous\nmanner.\nSomeone once said, \"If you must do a thing, do it with all your heart.\nTo do it half-heartedly is to rob it of all its charm.\" Let this be your\nmotto in regard to the courtesy extended strangers who seek your aid.\nWHEN ACCIDENTS HAPPEN\nGibbon said, \"Accident is commonly the parent of disorder.\" But where\nthere are only people of culture and fine breeding, an accident is\ndevoid of all haste, hysteria or other indications of disorder of any\nkind. It is the final test of correct manners, this being able to\nconduct oneself with calmness and dignity even in moments of most\ndistracting circumstances. And besides its cultural aspects, calmness in\ntime of danger or accident is often the means of saving lives.\nThe rules of good breeding are nothing more than the rules of good sense\nand these are never put to a more severe test than when an accident\noccurs. The person who can keep his head during a fire will be much more\nlikely to get out of the building than one who loses all control of\nhimself and becomes hysterical. Presence of mind when someone faints or\nis hurt or is in danger often prevents a serious or fatal mishap and\nalways eliminates a large part of the disorder incidental to such\noccasions.\nWhen an automobile or railroad disaster occurs, it is the calm person\nwho is most helpful. And surely helpfulness is one of the basic terms of\ngood conduct everywhere.\nACCEPTING COURTESIES FROM STRANGERS\nElla Wheeler Wilcox, writing about etiquette, said \"Etiquette is another\nname for kind thought. The man who says 'I know nothing about etiquette'\ndoes not realize that he is saying 'I know nothing about courtesy to my\nfellow beings.'\" One of the reasons why America has truly been the land\nof golden promise to so many strangers from other shores, is that there\nare always so many men and women eager to help, eager to show those\nlittle courtesies that warm the heart and rekindle the dying spirit.\nEtiquette and courtesy are synonymous.\nBut it is not alone with the giving of courtesies that we are\ninterested. It is important that we know the correct way to accept\nthem. And it is particularly important that we know the correct way to\naccept courtesies extended to us in public. There can be nothing more\ndiscouraging to the lover of social etiquette than to see a man give up\nhis seat in the car to a woman who accepts it without a word of thanks\nor a smile.\nThe question has often been asked whether or not it is correct for a\nwoman to accept the offer of shelter of an umbrella offered her by a\ngentleman who is a perfect stranger. To settle this definitely, we say\nthat it is absolutely bad form for a woman to accept this courtesy no\nmatter how hard it is raining and how important the need of saving her\nclothes may be. She may, however, accept the courtesy if it is offered\nby a gentleman to whom she has been introduced at a dinner, dance,\ntheater party, or other social function.\nIf a woman drops her bag or gloves and they are retrieved by a passing\nman, it is necessary only to smile and say \"Thank you.\" No further\nconversation is permissible. But if a man saves her from some grave\ndanger, such as being thrown down by a horse, or run over by a car, it\nis not only necessary for her to thank him but the woman should ask,\n\"May I have the pleasure of knowing to whom I am indebted?\" To offer\nfurther expression of her obligation the woman would later send some\nmale member of her family, a brother or husband, to the home of the man\nwho has been of service to her. She should never offer money in\nappreciation of the service, unless it is evident that he is a working\nman; and even then she should use tact.\nSuch courtesies as assisting to pick up bundles that have dropped to the\nground, opening a door that has stuck or giving desired information,\nrequire only the conventional \"Thank you.\" No courtesy, however slight,\nshould be accepted without evidence of gratification, even though it be\nbut a slight smile.\nRAISING THE HAT\nWhen bowing to a woman or in acknowledgment of a greeting, when walking\nwith a woman and bowing to another man of his acquaintance, a gentleman\nraises his hat. Similarly, when bowing to a man who is accompanied by a\nwoman, the courtesy is observed and also when a man is walking with\nanother man who lifts his hat in greetings to a friend, whether or not\nthat friend is known to him personally. The hat is also raised whenever\na gentleman offers a civility to a lady, whether she be friend or\nstranger.\nElderly men, superiors in office, clergymen and men of distinction are\nentitled to the courtesy of lifting the hat. \"Hat in hand goes through\nthe land\" say the Germans. And \"Cap in hand never did any harm\" is the\ngem we find among the Italian proverbs. When in doubt, raise your hat.\nSurely it is better to be too polite (if such a thing were possible)\nthan to be rudely discourteous to someone.\nThe question of whether or not the hat should be removed in the elevator\nis perplexing. Some contend that the elevator is the same as a small\nroom in a private home, and therefore that the hat should be removed.\nOthers just as positively declare that the elevator is the same as the\nstreet, and that it is unnecessary to raise the hat. The question of\ndrafts and colds in the head have entered into the discussion--but\nultimately all writers of etiquette reach the same conclusion: as the\nelevator is so small and boasts a ceiling, it may be considered in the\nsame class as a room, and the polite man will keep his head\nuncovered--especially while there are women in it. The man who is very\nsusceptible to colds may lift his hat upon entering the car and replace\nit immediately. But it is not courteous to retain the hat entirely.\nHOW TO RAISE THE HAT\nIt is not enough to know when to raise the hat, one must also know the\naccepted manner of doing it. Profound and elaborate bows are\nold-fashioned and un-American. While lifting the hat one should incline\nthe head slightly and smile. But it must be remembered that the\nunmannerly habit of touching the hat, instead of lifting it is an\nindication of sheer laziness and a lack of gallantry.\n\"A hat raised half-heartedly is a courtesy without charm\" is a proverb\nwell worth remembering. Why raise your hat at all, if you do it only as\nan annoying duty that must be gotten over as quickly as possible? If you\nwant to be courteous and polite show by your manner that you _are_\npolite. A graceful lifting of the hat is entirely incompatible with an\nunsmiling face. But both together--a sincere smile and a graceful\nlifting of the hat--are most pleasing to the person for whom the\ngreeting is intended.\nMany gentlemen, while speaking to ladies in the street, stand with their\nheads uncovered. While it is a polite custom, it is dangerous to the\nhealth and therefore should not be indulged in except in warm weather.\nThe most usual method is to lift the hat upon meeting, slowly replace it\nduring the conversation or while walking beside the lady, and lift it\nagain when taking leave of her.\nIN THE STREET CAR\n\"The world is on wheels!\" declares a modern writer. \"Everyone is going\nsomewhere, and all the world is moving!\" And Dr. Eliot of Harvard, in a\nrecent newspaper article, deplores the fact that the \"younger\ngeneration\" is losing in courtesy and good manners that which it is\ngaining in this rapid onward rush of the world's affairs.\n\"There is a general coarsening of manners\" declares the president\nemeritus of Harvard University. \"Young women expect to encounter\nrudeness from young men and they do not resent it\" and when one watches\nthe rough-and-tumble manners of people in subways and street cars every\nday one is inclined to agree with him.\nThe custom of relinquishing one's seat, for instance, is not as marked\nas it was a decade ago. Perhaps the new suffrage amendments may have\nsomething to do with it. Perhaps the war and woman's changed status is\nthe reason. Or it may just be a \"coarsening of manners.\" But whatever it\nis, we do not find our young men of to-day as eager to relinquish their\nseats in the car as they were several years ago.\nWomen should never indicate by word or glance that they wish a man to\ngive up his seat. But the woman who is ill, or who is extremely tired\nshould feel no hesitancy in making the request if her need is really\ngreat. When the seat is given, the owner should be thanked for his\nkindness. This holds true whether the courtesy has been requested or\nwhether it has been spontaneous.\nBoisterous action in the street car is inexcusable--as it is anywhere\nelse. The girl of mirthful disposition who laughs loudly may not be\ndoing it to attract attention to herself but merely to give vent to her\ngay spirits, but it is most unattractive. \"All noise is waste\"--but it\nis more than waste in public where it reflects ill-breeding upon the\nperson who is the perpetrator.\nENTERING THE CAR\nIn ascending a car on an omnibus, a man assists the woman he is\nescorting by a slight touch at the elbow. He enters after her, finding\nher a seat and taking his place next to her. If there is only one empty\nplace in the car, he stands directly in front of her, or as near as\npossible. If a man relinquishes his seat to the woman, the escort must\nlift his hat and offer a word of thanks for the kindness. A smile from\nthe woman is sufficient. In leaving the car the order is reversed; the\ngentleman leaves first and assists the woman in alighting.\nA man pays all fares and fees for the woman he is escorting. But when a\nman meets a woman in the street by chance and they both enter a car\ntogether, he is not under obligation to pay her fare. Common sense has\nmade a rule of its own in this matter, and some men insist upon paying\nthe fare of women they meet even inside the car. But etiquette tells us\nthat only an escort is under obligation to pay the fare of a woman.\nIN THE TAXICAB\nHere again the woman enters first, assisted by her escort. There is no\nrule as to which side she should take in the car; she enters first and\ntakes the furthest seat, whether it be to the right or left. In\nalighting the man again leads the way, assisting the woman to reach the\nground safely.\nA word of caution will not be amiss here. No woman or girl should ride\nin a taxicab with a man who is not her escort, unless she has a very\ngood reason for doing so. It is not conventional, and in most cases it\nis not prudent. The woman with a fine regard for all the little niceties\nof good conduct, who wishes to observe the rules of etiquette in their\ntruest sense, does not ride in a taxicab with a man, and allow him to\npay the bill, unless he is acting as her escort. And ordinarily, a\ngentleman of polished manners does not ask a lady to ride with him\nunless he is taking her to a social function such as a dance, formal\ndinner or theater party.\nIf the taxicab has double seats, the man should take his place with his\nback facing the driver, unless he is an old friend of many years'\nstanding. A new acquaintance should not take the liberty of sharing a\nseat in the taxicab with a young woman unless she has particularly asked\nhim to do so.\nSOME SOCIAL ERRORS\nReserve should not be confused with haughtiness. The first is a\nnecessary social attribute; the second is a regrettable social evil that\nshould be carefully avoided.\nTo be haughty, proud, superior, is to indicate that you hold those\nbeneath you in contempt. When etiquette is based on courtesy and a\nconsideration for the rights and comforts of a fellow-man, one readily\nsees why this is a mistake. A haughty person is a conceited person. A\nhaughty person is an unkind person. And therefore, a haughty person is\nan uncultured person.\nReserve, on the other hand, is a calm dignity that comes with the\nknowledge that one does and says only what is entirely correct. It is\nthat certain well-poised sureness of oneself entirely devoid of all\nsemblance of pride,--yet with sufficient self-respect to attract\ninstinctively the respect of others. Reserve is that which is developed\nonly after close application to, and experience in, the laws of good\nconduct. Haughtiness is merely a sham drapery used to cover the defects\nof uncultured manners.\nThe other extreme of haughtiness is self-consciousness. Both faults are\nthe result of too much self-thought. To overcome self-consciousness,\nwhich makes you awkward, easily embarrassed, and ill at ease--think less\nof yourself! Think of the books you have read, of the people you have\nmet, of the new scenes you have observed. Take a more keen interest in\npeople. Speak to them. Don't be afraid of them. But most important of\nall, forget yourself. And before you realize it, you will have developed\nsufficient poise and _unself-consciousness_ to be confident to appear in\nthe most elaborate drawing-room, among the most brilliant and highly\ncultured people, without feeling the least bit ill at ease.\n\"Our personal appearance is our show window where we insert what we have\nfor sale, and we are judged by what we put there.\" If you remember to\nobserve this bit of philosophy of Orison S. Marden's--not only in dress,\nbut in speech and manners and bearing--you will invariably do and say\nand wear what is correct in public.\nCHAPTER V\nAT THE THEATER AND THE OPERA\nDRESS AT THE THEATER AND OPERA\nFor a matinee a simple street dress of a dark material is appropriate\nexcept during the summer months when one may wear dainty fabrics and\nlight colors.\nIn the evening if one is to sit in a box one should wear evening dress,\nnot so elaborate, however, as that worn at a ball or dance. If one is to\nsit in the orchestra full or semi-evening attire is appropriate but in\nthe cheaper seats such attire is out of order. Plain street dress should\nbe worn.\nENTERING THE THEATER\nThere is one law of good conduct that cannot be over-emphasized--and\nthat is the law of making oneself inconspicuous. A man or woman who is\nthe \"center of attraction\" when the occasion does not merit it, cannot\nclaim the distinction of being entirely well-bred. There seems to be a\ncertain dignified simplicity and modesty in dress, speech and behavior\nthat distinguishes well-bred people and enables them to move with ease\nand unconscious grace among people of every status and position.\nARRIVING LATE\nWhether it be the theater, opera, lecture or some other public\nentertainment, it is exceedingly bad form to arrive late. People who are\nconsiderate always make it a point to arrive five or ten minutes before\nthe hour set for the performance.\nWhen one is unavoidably detained and reaches the theater after the\ncurtain has been raised, it is polite to remain at the rear of the\nauditorium until the first intermission. It is permissible to take one's\nplace quickly and quietly while the audience is applauding; but it is\nrude and inconsiderate to attempt to find your place while the\nperformers are on the stage and the attention of the audience has been\nfixed.\nIt is good form for the man or woman who arrives late to excuse himself\nor herself to the people who are disturbed while the vacant place is\nbeing reached. One may say, \"I am sorry to disturb you,\" or, \"Pardon\nme.\" Those who are seated should rise to allow passage if the place is\nvery narrow, but if there is sufficient room for them to pass without\nstumbling it is better for those who are already seated to keep their\nplaces, drawing aside to facilitate matters for the new-comers.\nABOUT WRAPS\nIt is customary for a woman to slip off her wrap in the lobby and carry\nit on her arm to her place, where it may either be placed over the back\nof her chair or folded in her lap. Some big theaters now have checking\nrooms for women, where wraps may be left until after the performance.\nOther theaters arrange for a wrap-checking service in the ladies'\ndressing-room. Individual preference must decide whether the wrap shall\nbe checked or kept with one. But to stand up after the play has begun,\nand leisurely divest oneself of one's wraps, is a breach of good\nmanners. If her wrap is a light one a woman may keep it on until she is\nseated and then slip it off her shoulders and let it fall over the back\nof her chair.\nHat and veil are usually removed after one has been comfortably seated.\nOr, if one prefers, they may be checked in the dressing-room. In the\nevening, when _d\u00e9collet\u00e9_ is worn with an evening veil and no hat, the\nveil may be dropped over the shoulders and kept throughout the evening.\nA very common fault is to begin to put on wraps and hats before the\nperformance is over. This is rude to the performers and unjust to the\npeople around you. Wraps should not be touched until the curtain has\nfallen for the last time, even though one is anxious to leave.\nPoliteness is a vital law of good conduct, and certainly nothing could\nbe more impolite than to interrupt an actor or lecturer by fussing with\nclothing.\nGentlemen usually check their hats and coats in the lobby; otherwise\nthey remove them both before taking their places. The hat is deposited\nunder the chair, and the coat may either be folded and placed over the\nknees, or over the back of the seat.\nORDER OF PRECEDENCE\nThere seems to be some doubt as to the correct order of precedence upon\nentering and leaving the theater or concert hall. Some authorities on\netiquette claim that the correct order is for the usher to lead the way\nto the seats, the lady following immediately behind him, and after the\nlady, her escort. But more modern usage has changed this order of\nprecedence.\nTo-day it is correct for the usher to lead the way, a few feet ahead of\nthe gentleman. Immediately behind the gentleman follows the lady. The\nreason for this change is that it enables the gentleman to stop before\ntheir places and hand the lady to her seat. Otherwise this duty devolves\nupon the usher. However, as the lady precedes the gentleman in almost\neverything else, it is safe to assume that both methods of precedence\ngiven above are correct.\nOne thing is certain--it is absolutely incorrect for lady and gentleman\nto walk down the aisle together, arm in arm.\nBEFORE THE PLAY\nUpon entering a theater or concert hall a few moments before the curtain\nis drawn, one becomes immediately conscious of the gentle buzz of voices\nthroughout the audience. While it is entirely permissible to carry on a\nconversation before the play begins, it is most offensive to those who\nare sitting near for one to act in a noisy, conspicuous manner. Low\ntones are a mark of cultivation. As a matter of fact, loud noise of any\nkind is an exhibition of thoughtlessness, and it can be so easily\navoided by a little caution.\nAnother reprehensible habit often indulged in before the play is that of\nstanding up and glancing around one in the search of a familiar face,\nthen nodding and smiling conspicuously to a friend in some other part of\nthe auditorium. After having once been seated one should remain so,\ninstead of rising and disturbing others. It is merely a form of vanity\nto search for friends among the audience and endeavor to attract their\nattention.\nA certain gayety of manner is, of course, in harmony with the occasion,\nbut it should be the kind of gayety that is under control. It is\ncommendable to be smiling and cheerful--but be careful that you do not\nlaugh boisterously or talk loudly.\nWHEN THE CURTAIN IS DRAWN\nThe first chord of the orchestra should be the sign for absolute quiet\nin the theater. There can be nothing quite as rude as continuing a\nconversation while the musicians are doing their best to entertain you.\nUsually, when the orchestra begins, programs are hastily opened and\nscanned. This causes an unpleasant rustling sound that mars the effect\nof the music and is sometimes very disturbing to music-lovers who are\nsitting near you. The time to glance through the program is while you\nare waiting for the play to begin, and before the musicians have taken\ntheir places. Then it should not be referred to again until during\nintermission.\nPeople who arrive while the orchestra is playing should be particularly\nquiet. Care should be taken that chairs are not clattered or allowed to\ndrop noisily.\nDURING THE PERFORMANCE\nIt hardly seems necessary to say that talking or continued whispering\nduring a performance is ill-bred and rude. Young people are most at\nfault in this matter. They must learn to curb their enthusiasms and\ncriticisms until after the performance or during the intermissions.\n\"The _intelligent_ listener never interrupts\" declares an eminent\nauthority. Complete quiet should be maintained during a performance or\nconcert; all talking or whispering is interruption. Beating time to the\nmusic, whistling or rustling programs are also unmannerly.\nIf anyone near you is inconsiderate enough to talk or hum during the\nperformance, it is entirely proper to turn and in quiet tones request\nthat he or she be more quiet. It is necessary, though that you do not\nspeak in a curt or offensive manner that will cause antagonism on the\npart of the stranger. A kind request always meets with an immediate\nresponse. You might say, \"Pardon me. Do you mind speaking a little\nlower?\" or \"Would you mind speaking more quietly?\" It is polite, also,\nto offer a reason, as \"I cannot hear very well. Will you please speak\nmore softly?\" If the person thus addressed complies with your request\nand answers you politely, you should acknowledge it with a very\ncourteous \"Thank you.\" But there should be no further conversation\nduring the performance.\nTHE OFFENDING HAT\nThe polite woman removes her hat as soon as she is comfortably seated.\nTo wear a hat that obstructs the view of the people behind is\ninconsiderate--and anything that is inconsiderate is also ill-bred.\nIf you find that it is necessary to ask the woman sitting before you to\nremove her hat, be sure that you couch your request in terms of careful\npoliteness. This is very important. The cultured man or woman is polite\nat all times, and especially so when reminding someone of a politeness\nthat has been overlooked. It should be remembered that a hearty smile\nand a friendly manner go a long way in winning a similar response.\n\"Pardon me, madam, but may I ask that you remove your hat?\" is the form\nusually used. But a better way is to offer some explanation, as, \"I am\nsorry to disturb you, but your hat is in my way. Will you kindly remove\nit?\" The simple form \"Will you please remove your hat?\" is sufficient if\nit is accompanied by a pleasant smile. But under no circumstances is a\ncurt, \"Take off your hat\" permissible. If one hesitates to speak to a\nstranger he or she may call the usher and request him to ask the\noffender to remove her hat.\nThe woman thus addressed may, upon complying with the request, either\nsmile and remain silent, or say simply, \"Yes, indeed.\" Other forms\nfrequently used are \"Certainly,\" \"I am sorry,\" or, \"Pardon me.\" The two\nlatter forms are perhaps the best, for they indicate that the offender\nrealizes her lack of politeness and is sorry.\nAPPLAUSE\nClapping hands is a natural language of delight. Very young infants clap\ntheir hands when they are happy. Children clap their hands to express\ntheir pleasure. And older people clap their hands to show appreciation\nand enjoyment.\nBut stamping of feet, whistling, or noisy acclamation of any kind is bad\nform. This may seem superfluous in a book of etiquette, but it is\nsurprising how many otherwise cultured men stamp noisily or whistle when\nsomething said or done upon the stage particularly pleases them.\nIll-timed or continual applause is disturbing to performers and audience\nalike. Indiscriminate hand-clapping is not only annoying, but reflects\npoor judgment upon the offender. When you feel that an actor or lecturer\nmerits applause, give him a short and hearty hand-clapping, but do not\nmake the mistake of clapping noisily and excessively each time the\nopportunity presents itself.\nIt should be particularly remembered that ill-timed applause hinders the\nprogress of the performers.\nDURING INTERMISSION\nAt a theater party, when there are several men and women in the party,\nthe men may take advantage of the intermission to leave their places for\na few moments. But they must not indulge in this privilege more than\nonce during a performance, if they wish to be polite and considerate to\nthe ladies. And they should not go without excusing themselves to the\nladies whom they are escorting.\nWhen a young man and woman are together, it is the height of\nill-breeding for him to leave her alone during intermission. If he\nwishes water or candy or programs, the usher will attend to it for him.\nHe must not leave the lady alone unless she requests him to get\nsomething for her. A gentleman alone may, of course, come and go as he\npleases during intermission.\nIf one must walk past strangers to leave one's seat for intermission, or\nif one wishes to leave before the performance is over, a courteous\napology must be made to the people who are disturbed. \"I beg your\npardon,\" or, \"May I trouble you to pass?\" are the forms most frequently\nused. When the aisle is reached, it is polite to acknowledge the\nobligation by smiling and saying, \"Thank you.\"\n[Illustration:\nPhoto by George H. Davis, Jr. Courtesy of the _Woman's Home Companion_.\nTHE BUFFET LUNCH\nThe informality of the buffet lunch permits the use of paper napkins but\nthe hostess may use linen ones if she prefers]\nDuring intermission it is permissible to step across the aisle or into\nanother box to greet a friend. Often introductions are made, but they\nare not formal and need not gain future recognition. As soon as the\ncurtain begins to rise, the caller must return to his own place.\nLEAVING THE THEATER\nIf you wish your acquaintances to recognize your charm and cultivation,\nyou should conduct yourself at the conclusion of the performance with\nthe same quiet dignity that you observed when you entered the theater\nand while you were waiting for it to begin. Speak in low tones, smile\nbut do not laugh, discuss the play but do it in so quiet a manner that\nno one but your companion will hear you. It is bad form to gather in\nsmall groups and discuss the play in loud tones. Leave the theater as\nquickly as possible. The attendants are waiting to close it.\nIt usually takes a long time for a large theater to be emptied because\nmany inconsiderate people block the aisles and loiter at the rear of the\nauditorium. As soon as the curtain has fallen for the last time, gather\nyour wraps together, slip them on if it is convenient and move quickly\ndown the aisle to the rear. Then pass quickly out of the theater and out\nof the way. But if you still carry your wraps, you may either go to the\ndressing-room or remain a moment or two in the lobby until you have\narranged them.\nShakespeare said, \"All the world's a stage.\" If this is true, do we not\nowe the stage the same courtesy, respect and honor that we owe the world\nof fellow-men? Be as well-mannered and courteous at the theater and\nopera as you would in the most fastidious drawing-room.\nCHAPTER VI\nHOTEL ETIQUETTE\nAT THE HOTEL\nThere is a very distinct code of ethics by which the lady and gentleman\nmust be governed when stopping at a hotel. It is a mistaken idea that\none may act as one pleases, merely because the hotel is public. But it\nis as important to remember one's social obligations as it is in the\nhome of a friend.\nIndeed, the hotel is one place where men and women are most likely to\nmake embarrassing blunders and commit humiliating mistakes. This is\nespecially true of the man or woman from a small town who stops for a\nday or two at a big hotel in the city. Only by knowing thoroughly the\nlaws of good conduct, as adapted to hotel life, can one expect to move\nsmoothly and with ease through its often puzzling social intricacies.\nAt home, or even when visiting at a friend's home, a boor may remain\nundetected. But how quickly the truth appears after he has registered at\na hotel! There are numerous little tests of good breeding that betray\nhim; the servants themselves soon discover whether or not he is\ncultivated, well-bred. And they invariably treat him accordingly.\nThe definite rules will be given in the following paragraphs. But for\none's general conduct it should be remembered solely that the\nhospitality of a hotel is no less worthy of courtesy and consideration\nthan the hospitality extended by a friend.\nTHE WOMAN GUEST\nTo-day women stop at hotels much more frequently than they did a decade\nago. The war brought with it a widened horizon for the women of America,\nand they travel all over the country on political, professional and\nbusiness enterprises as well as for pleasure. It is, consequently,\nnecessary for them to stop often at hotels; thus they must know exactly\nhow to conduct themselves.\nSome hotels, in smaller towns, have ladies' entrances. The woman visitor\nshould first ascertain whether or not there are such entrances, and if\nso should govern her actions accordingly. But in large cities, hotels\ngenerally have but one large entrance where the woman may enter without\nembarrassment. Business often takes the modern woman into strange towns,\nand there is no reason why she should feel the least hesitancy in\nstopping at a hotel--providing she knows how to conduct herself.\nHand baggage should be relinquished at the door to attendants of the\nhotel. The woman should make her way immediately to the desk-clerk,\nregister, and then follow the page assigned to her, to her room. It is\nnot good form to loiter in the lobby before going to one's room after\none has registered. A wise plan is to call the hotel on the telephone\nbeforehand, requesting them to reserve a room or suite of rooms as the\ncase may be. This will eliminate any possibility of having to leave the\nhotel because there is no room. It is always a wise plan for a woman to\nreserve a room in advance, especially if she is to arrive late at night\nsince certain hostelries refuse to admit women after a certain hour.\nThe day of the chaperon is practically over, except in the cases of very\nyoung girls. But women to-day travel very often in the company of their\nmaids. Whether one double room or two single rooms adjoining each other\nare chosen, depends upon the degree of intimacy between mistress and\nmaid, and also upon convenience and accommodation at the hotel. The\nusual form is to reserve two adjoining rooms.\nA woman never stops at a hotel without baggage. Even though she intends\nto stay only over-night, she should carry a small handbag with her. A\nwoman traveling across country with a great deal of baggage may have her\ntrunks sent on ahead to the hotel if she reserves rooms previously. On\nno occasion should the woman approach the clerk's desk laden with\nvalises and bags. A hotel attendant should take them from the car and\ndeposit them on the floor near the desk; or the guest's chauffeur should\ndeposit them at the entrance of the hotel, to be attended to by one of\nthe hotel attendants.\nRECEIVING MASCULINE GUESTS\nA gentleman calling upon a lady who is stopping at a hotel, gives his\nname to the desk clerk. It is not necessary to offer a card. The form in\nmost common usage is, \"Mr. Roberts to see Miss Nelson.\" The clerk will\ncall Miss Nelson on the telephone or will direct him to one of the\ntelephones in the lobby, and advise her of the visitor. If she is ill\nand does not wish to see him, she will say, \"Please tell Mr. Roberts I\nam indisposed and I am sorry that I cannot see him to-day.\" But she\nshould not refuse to see a visitor without offering some sort of\nlegitimate excuse. If she is not ready to greet visitors, she may say to\nthe clerk, \"Tell Mr. Roberts I shall be downstairs in a half-hour.\" That\nis the maximum amount of time it is permissible to keep a visitor\nwaiting.\nLadies receive the gentlemen who call on them in the parlor or reception\nroom of the hotel. They may be hatless and gloveless, if they wish,\nobserving the same rules of etiquette that they would observe in their\ndrawing-room at home. But if the visits are entirely of a business\nnature, it is always advisable for the woman to wear a hat.\nTo welcome a man in one's room is to break a convention that has many\nyears of strict practice to uphold it. It is a serious blunder in hotel\netiquette.\nIf a gentleman calls upon a lady at a hotel, whether it be in a business\nor social capacity, and finds that she is not in, he may leave his card\nwith the desk clerk to be forwarded to her. It is necessary, however,\nthat he write on the back of the card for whom it is intended; for the\nmemories of desk clerks are not quite as retentive as some of us think\nthey are, and there is a possibility of the card being sent to the wrong\nguest.\nMAKING FRIENDS AT THE HOTEL\nHotels have the alarming propensity of making one feel extremely lonely,\nespecially if one is stopping there all by oneself. And there is the\nvery strong temptation to forget all about conventionalities and speak\nto the friendly-looking old gentleman at the next table, or the charming\nyoung woman in the dressing-room. But everyone, and the woman\nespecially, should be extremely careful in making friends and\nacquaintances at the hotel.\nSelf-introductions are not unusual at the hotel. In the dining-room, in\nthe lobby, in the rest-rooms, conversations are often started that\nresult in self-introductions and subsequent acquaintanceships. But one\nshould be prudent. It is not wise to go beyond the usual civilities of\ngreetings and casual conversations or to take anyone into your\nconfidence.\nWhile conducting yourself with all due courtesy and consideration for\nthe hospitality extended by the hotel, it is important to remember that\nafter all the hotel is not a private home, but a temporary one for\ntravelers--for the public. The conventions you observe in public must\ntherefore also be observed at the hotel. Strangers still remain\nstrangers, even though you sleep under the same roof with them.\nIf a gentleman becomes interested in another gentleman, either in the\nhotel lobby or the dining-room, and he wishes to become acquainted with\nhim either for business or social reasons, he may request the manager of\nthe hotel to make the necessary introduction. He may also indulge in the\nself-introduction, but it is never as effective as the introduction made\nby a third person.\nHOW TO REGISTER\nIt is not considered dignified for a woman traveling alone to sign\nherself in the hotel register without the title of \"Mrs.\" or \"Miss.\" A\nmarried woman should register as \"Mrs. Harris K. Jennings,\" an unmarried\nwoman as \"Miss Mildred Jennings.\" It is decidedly bad form to sign\noneself \"Millie Jennings,\" or \"Flossie Jennings\" for Florence. The full\nfirst and last name should be written out and preceded by the correct\ntitle of \"Miss\" or \"Mrs.\" Only the eldest daughter, or only daughter, of\na family may sign herself, \"Miss Jennings.\"\nWhen traveling together, a mother and daughter register as \"Mrs. Harris\nK. Jennings, Miss Mildred Jennings.\" Even a very young girl is\nregistered in this manner. A small boy's name appears in the register as\n\"Master Edward Jennings.\" A husband and wife register as \"Mr. and Mrs.\nHarris K. Jennings.\" To use the expression \"Mr. Harris K. Jennings and\nwife\" is considered very bad form indeed. Only those who are ignorant of\nthe best rules of hotel etiquette make this blunder.\nAfter the name, the town and state from which the visitors have come\nshould be written in the register. Thus the complete entry of a young\nlady would be, \"Miss Mildred Jennings, Cambridge, Mass.\" A gentleman\nwould register in this manner, \"Mr. Harris K. Jennings, 681 Fifth Ave.,\nNew York.\" Even if he lives in New York and stops at a hotel in that\ncity, he must write \"New York\" after his name. Nor is it correct for him\nto omit the \"Mr.\" from before his name.\nDeep flourishes and illegible handwriting should be avoided. The\nwell-bred man or woman registers neatly in a clear, small, legible\nscript.\nIN THE PUBLIC DINING-ROOM\n\"A gentleman is known by the way he eats,\" declared a well-known writer\nrecently in one of his newspaper articles. And this is particularly true\nin the hotel dining-room, where one is judged--or misjudged--by one's\ntable manners; and one should remember to make them as gracefully\ncorrect as if the dinner were a most formal one in a private home.\nIf you drop a fork or other part of the table service, do not stoop to\npick it up. Simply ignore the incident and leave it to the waiter to\nattend to. A most reprehensible habit is to pick up a knife or fork that\nhas been dropped, wipe it carefully with the napkin, and proceed to use\nit. The correct thing to do is to leave the fork or knife on the floor\nwhere it has fallen and request another one from the waiter in charge.\nIt is optional with the ladies whether or not they wear their hats to\ndinner. In the dining-rooms of the larger hotels, however, women\ngenerally do not appear hatless. Even though one is a permanent guest\nand a special table is reserved for one each evening, it is better to\nwear a hat to dinner at the hotel.\nLoud laughing and talking reflect ill-manners. And this applies not only\nto the dining-room, but to the private rooms as well. As a rule, the\npartitions in hotels are thin and talking that is the least bit loud can\nbe heard in the next room. For this reason, it is also discourteous to\nplay any musical instrument at such times of the day when it would be\nlikely to disturb those whose rooms adjoin. At the table, conversation\nmay be conducted only when low, natural tones of voice are used. Loud\ntalking should be avoided.\nGuests who wish to eat in their rooms should request that a waiter be\nsent to the room with a menu. The order is given, and the waiter will\nsee that it is satisfactorily filled. For this service he should receive\nan extra fee from the guest.\nHOTEL STATIONERY\nHotels invariably place a supply of writing paper in the room. This is\nmeant for the business or social correspondence of the guest. More of\nthis paper is usually found in the writing-room.\nDo not waste the hotel stationery. Use it only if you have to. You would\nnot waste the stationery provided for your use at the home of your\nfriend. Then why take advantage of the courtesies extended by your\nhotel? Just as one adapts oneself to the routine at the home of a\nfriend, so should one accustom and adapt oneself to the rules and\nregulations of the hotel.\nNever take any of the hotel stationery away with you. It is as wrong in\nprinciple as carrying away one of the Turkish towels. Use only as much\nas you need for your correspondence, and leave the rest behind you.\nREGARDING THE SERVANTS\nArrogance is only another form of selfish pride. The man or woman who is\ncultured is never arrogant. After all, isn't it sham--sham adopted to\ncover the defects of manner and bearing?\nIf you are dissatisfied with some service performed by one of the hotel\nattendants, if one of them is inattentive to your wants or negligible in\nhis duties, complain to the manager. Do not scold the servants\nthemselves, or order them in a peremptory manner to do such and such a\nthing correctly. The greatest vulgarity--and you will do well to\nremember this--is to look down upon a person as inferior merely because\nhe or she has to earn his or her own living. There is nothing to be\nashamed of in good, honest, faithful toil. But the person who ridicules\nit has a great deal to be ashamed of.\nBe considerate to the hotel attendants. Do not expect the maid to come\nhurrying to your room when you ring at one o'clock in the morning. The\nguest who is kind and thoughtful will receive twice as much service as\nthe person who is constantly complaining and scolding.\nLEAVING THE HOTEL\nWhen you are ready to leave the hotel, call an attendant to carry your\nbaggage down to the entrance. Do not attempt to carry it down yourself,\nwhether you are a man or woman, unless you have only one or two small\nvalises.\nDifferent hotels have different rules with regard to keys. Some require\nthat the key be returned to the desk clerk. Others require that it be\nleft in the room. When in doubt, the best form is to return the key at\nthe desk before asking the cashier for one's bill. After this is paid,\nring for a servant to call a car; never do this yourself.\nTipping, though an entirely un-American custom, is still widely\npracticed. When leaving the hotel, it is necessary to tip, or fee, those\nhotel attendants who have been of service.\nCHAPTER VII\nTRAVEL ETIQUETTE\nTHE RESTLESS URGE OF TRAVEL\nMan is essentially a restless being. Ever since the world began, men and\nwomen have found themselves growing impatient, eager for new scenes, new\nfaces, new experiences. First they packed up their few belongings and\nmoved by foot to another place a few miles away. Then they took down\ntheir tents and put them up in some other place. Soon we find them\nbuilding houses, and at different periods moving to other houses.\nGradually, through the ages, as man's desire for wider experiences and a\nwider radius for travel and exploration developed, the horse-drawn\ncarriage appeared, then the steamboat, then the locomotive, the surface\ncar, the subway, the automobile and airplane.\nDiogenes with his lantern could not find an honest man, and he would\nhave just as difficult a task to-day to find a man, woman or child who\ndoes not love to travel. Everyone likes to see new scenes, meet new\npeople, enjoy new experiences; and the easiest way to accomplish this is\nthrough traveling.\nTHE CUSTOMS OF COUNTRIES\nIn America, where almost everyone is something of a tourist, the\netiquette of travel must not be neglected. And it is particularly\nimportant that the customs of foreign countries be respected, especially\nnow that the world is becoming one great family and intercourse among\nthe nations is increasing every day.\nSomehow, we Americans feel that there is no other country in the world\nquite as wonderful as our dear United States. There is, of course, no\nreason why we should not believe this; but it is bad form and poor\njudgment to show by action and speech in other countries that you\nbelieve it. The man or woman who affects a supercilious disdain of all\nforeign countries and their forms and customs, is not impressing the\nnatives with his vast superiority, but is really convincing them that he\nor she is an ill-bred simpleton. And even our beloved America is hardly\nperfect enough to warrant a great deal of boasting.\nIn traveling abroad, every national prejudice, every custom of every\nlittle town or village, should be observed as nearly as possible. \"When\nin Rome do as the Romans do\" is the truest courtesy that can be observed\nby those who travel. Well-bred and polite people conform to native\ncustoms no matter how strange they may appear. And they do it\ngracefully, with a smile of friendliness rather than one of disdain.\nIn her book \"Fear and Conventionality,\" Elsie Parsons relates an\nincident during her visit to Tokyo. She and her companions were the\nguests of Japan. As they were on their way to the station, the natives\nstole up furtively and placed cards in their carriages. Realizing that\nit must be some native custom, the occupants of the carriages merely\nsmiled and allowed the cards to remain. Perhaps if they had been haughty\nindividuals they might have scowled at the seeming intrusion, thrown\naside the cards, and won the everlasting hate of the natives not only\nfor themselves but for all future American tourists. For one ill-bred\ntraveler makes it hard for the next people who pass along the same\nroute, however courteous they may be. The best way to make a pleasant\njourney is to adapt oneself graciously and courteously to varying\ncircumstances and conditions.\nTHE TRAVELER'S WARDROBE\nIt is not wise to overburden oneself with numerous clothes when\ntraveling. Wardrobes can always be replenished if the necessity arises,\nin other countries, and there is really no need to impede one's journey\nwith numerous trunks and handbags that must be constantly checked,\nlooked after and traced. Many people have journeyed happily all over\nEurope with only a suit case or two.\nWomen should dress quietly and inconspicuously when traveling. A dark,\ntailored suit with light blouses is in excellent taste, especially when\nworn with a small dark turban or toque. In her wardrobe should be\nsimple, but smart frocks for the afternoon, an evening gown, numerous\nfresh blouses and perhaps a sport outfit or two. An abundant supply of\nfresh undergarments is essential, but even these can be bought during\nthe trip if the supply does not hold out. Remember that it is a wise\nrule to take too little rather than too much. An experienced traveler\ncan usually be distinguished by the small amount of luggage he carries.\nThe wardrobe of the gentleman traveling should also be as small as\npossible. Of course the number of suits and the quantity of linen he\ntakes with him depends upon the length of his trip and the social\nactivities he expects to indulge in.\nIf the trip is to be one of long duration the porter will provide a\npaper bag in which the hat may be placed. On a trip of this kind it is\npermissible to make oneself at ease by removing hat and wraps and\nleaning against a pillow which the porter will furnish upon request.\nIN THE TRAIN\nAn ill-bred person is always known by his selfishness and discourtesy in\nthe train. He will claim more service and comfort than he is entitled\nto. He will scold the attendants and make himself generally a nuisance.\nHe will encroach upon the rights of others, assume an air of importance,\nand make himself conspicuous by his actions and manners.\nWhen in the train, be as solicitous of the passenger's comforts as you\nwould be of your dearest friend's, if he or she were traveling with you.\nDo not keep your window open if you know that it is causing discomfort\nto others. Do not spread your hand-luggage into the aisles where other\npassengers will be likely to trip over it. It is good nature, courtesy\nand an affable adaptation to unexpected circumstances that mark the lady\nand gentleman in traveling.\nIf someone opens a window that places you in a draught or exposes you to\nflying cinders or other discomforts, it is permissible to request\npolitely that the window be lowered again. The courteous man or woman\nwill do so immediately without impatience or annoyance.\nAll boisterous behavior, loud laughing and talking, are as reprehensible\nin the train as they are in the drawing-room. Composure of manner and a\ncalm, easy grace distinguish the cultured traveler. He who is restless,\nexcitable, fidgety, who talks in loud tones, walks back and forth to\nthe water cooler many times, arranges and rearranges his belongings, is\nmerely advertising to the other passengers in the train that he is\ntraveling for the first time, and that he does not know how to conduct\nhimself.\nIt should be remembered that the railroad train is a public place, and\ntherefore it is not correct to discuss family affairs or converse loudly\nabout people who are absent while you are traveling on it. This habit of\ntalking about people who are absent is most uncivil. How often do we\noverhear conversations in which some unfortunate man or woman is \"picked\nto pieces\" by inconsiderate friends or acquaintances who mean no harm\nand bear no malice but having nothing else to talk about, choose their\nfriend as the subject of their conversation. It is unkind, and it is\ncertainly bad form.\nIN THE SLEEPING CAR\nIn traveling on the sleeping car the person who has the lower berth is\nentitled to the seat facing forward while the one with the upper berth\nhas the seat facing backward. If a lady was unable to procure a lower\nberth and the gentleman beneath her offers to exchange she may at\ndiscretion accept the offer.\nWhen one is ready to go to bed he rings for the porter to prepare the\nberth. In crowded trains it may be some time before this can be done and\nthe owner of the berth must be patient until his turn comes. It is\ncourteous to consult one's seat mate before asking to have the beds made\nfor the night, and if one wishes to go to bed early because of fatigue\nor slight illness, he may politely beg of his partner to allow him to do\nso.\nThe person who is to spend the night on the train should provide himself\nwith a dressing gown, a traveling toilette case containing the necessary\naccessories such as brushes, soap, tooth-paste, pins, etc. One may dress\nand undress in the regular dressing room but many people prefer to\naccomplish the greater part of their toilette in their berths. It is not\npermissible to take exclusive possession of the dressing-room or to\nspread one's belongings out so as to be in the way of the other\ntravelers.\nTRAIN COURTESY\nA gentleman always steps aside to permit a woman to enter a train first.\nHe does not rush ahead of her for a choice seat, nor does he open a\nwindow near her without having first requested and obtained her\npermission to do so.\nCivility of the highest sort is possible when traveling in a train. One\nmay be courteous to the gruff ticket collector and polite to the\nbustling expressman. A \"soft answer turneth away wrath\"--and we usually\nfind that a curt, peremptory order receives response that is no less\ncurt; but a kind and courteous request invariably receives an immediate\nfriendly response. \"Thank you\" is never superfluous, and it is only the\nexceedingly impolite man who fails to say it when some service, no\nmatter how trivial, has been performed for him.\nWhen a gentleman sees that a woman passenger is having difficulty in\nraising a window, he need feel no hesitancy in offering to assist her.\nHowever, the courtesy ends when the window has been raised; he resumes\nhis seat and the incident is closed. It is incorrect for him to attempt\na conversation with her or to intrude upon her in any way. The gentleman\nshould also offer his seat to a woman standing in an overcrowded train,\nor to a man very much older than himself. A man or woman carrying a\nchild should never be permitted to remain standing.\nA gentleman never allows a woman to feel incumbent upon him for monetary\nassistance. For instance, if a young and inexperienced woman is\ntraveling alone and seems to be in doubt as to where she will be able to\nget something to eat, the gentleman may offer to send a porter to take\nher order. Or if no porter can be found, he may himself get her a\nsandwich and a glass of milk. But he must absolutely accept the money\nexpended for these articles, otherwise the young woman will undoubtedly\nfeel embarrassed.\nTHE WOMAN TRAVELER\nWomen travel about much more independently to-day than ever before. We\nfind young and elderly women traveling across country for business\npurposes, for relaxation, and for pleasure. And though conventions are\nno less strict than they were twenty-five years ago, these women who\ntravel are enjoying a much wider and more untrammeled freedom than their\ngrandmothers ever enjoyed.\nWomen who have not had much experience in traveling, who are ignorant of\nthe laws of good conduct while _en route_, are prone to expect a great\nmany courtesies and much attention from the train officials and from the\ngentlemen passengers. Very often they make themselves appear rude and\nill-bred by their assumed manner of haughtiness. It is the quiet,\ndignified manner that commands respect; not the exacting, fault-finding\nand imperious one that so many women like to affect.\nThe woman on a train should never sacrifice the comfort of the people\naround her for her own. It is exceedingly discourteous to insist upon\nhaving a window open, when you know that others around you object, even\nthough they are all men. And it is just as discourteous to accept a seat\nthat a gentleman has kindly relinquished, or to accept any other\ncourtesy, without offering polite thanks.\nIt is bad form to get excited over every little thing that happens. A\ntwo-minute delay, a brief unexplained stop, is enough to make some women\nfret and fume.\nThe woman who travels alone should maintain a great deal of dignity and\nreserve. She should not make an acquaintance of any fellow-passengers of\neither sex, and she should not accept courtesies from anyone without\ncordial thanks. But beyond those few conventional words of thanks, there\nshould be no conversation with a man or woman she does not know. And\nyet, when the journey is a very long one, lasting perhaps more than a\nday, what harm can it be for a woman to chat a bit about the scenery or\nthe newest \"best-seller\" with the motherly looking woman beside her?\nCommon-sense is often the better part of etiquette.\nTHE WOMAN WHO TRAVELS WITH AN ESCORT\nWhen a man serves as escort to a woman who is traveling by train, he\nincurs all expenses. He buys her ticket at the station, attends to the\nchecking and directing of her luggage, carries her hand-bags and sees\nthat she is comfortably seated. He pays for all magazines and\nnewspapers that she wishes and fees the porter that has helped her. He\nalso buys and pays for all refreshments taken during the trip.\nA lady invariably precedes her escort down the aisle of the train. She\ntakes the inside seat and leaves the arranging of the luggage and wraps\nto the gentleman. He may, if he excuses himself, spend part of the trip\nin the smoking car, but it is exceedingly rude of him to leave the lady\nby herself throughout the trip. In fact, it is wise after the first few\nhours of travel, to leave the lady to her own devices for she may want\nto nap or to read a book. Even one's dearest friend, or one's favorite\nbrother can become monotonous and tiresome after four or five hours of\ncontinuous conversation on a noisy train.\nIN THE DINING-CAR\nWhen a man meets a woman on a train, and after a brief conversation,\ninvites her into the dining-car, she may assume that he wishes to be the\nhost and that he would be offended if she refused to allow him to pay\nfor her meal. However, the woman who travels alone must be extremely\ncircumspect in her conduct, and she must not incur monetary obligations\nfrom men who are almost strangers to her.\nFor instance, if a man and woman who have met just once before and who\nare not really friends but slight acquaintances, find that they are\ntraveling to the same place at the same time, they may for mutual\npleasure's sake, elect to travel together. This is especially true when\nthe journey is one of four or five hours' duration, when a bit of\nconversation would enliven the monotony of the trip. In this case, if\nboth decide to go into the dining-room together, the woman must by no\nmeans allow the man to pay her bill. He may pay the tip, if he wishes,\nbut he must accept the money that she offers him to pay for her share of\nthe bill. A considerate woman will wait until they are back at their\nseats before venturing to reimburse her companion. It is better to have\nthe waiter present separate bills. This does away with all awkwardness\nand embarrassment.\nA gentleman who is escorting a lady on a trip should not be expected to\npay for her meals on the train, unless there is only one and he feels\nthat it would be a pleasure for him to serve as host on that occasion.\nBut if the trip lasts several days, the woman should insist that she pay\nher own expenses. This is especially important if the escort is a friend\nand not a relative; she should by no means allow him to pay her bills.\nCHILDREN ON THE TRAIN\nVery often it is necessary for parents to travel with their children.\nThe mother must see that her youngsters observe the most careful order\nwhile they are in the train and that they do not disturb the other\npassengers.\nIt is not very pleasant for young children to sit quietly for three or\nfour hours, and the wise mother will see that they have something to\namuse themselves with. A big picture book for the boy, a doll for the\ngirl or some other equally interesting diversion will keep the child\nfrom becoming impatient and restless.\nIt is very wrong to permit children to race up and down the aisles, to\nclimb over the backs of the seats, to play noisy games or in any other\nmanner disturb the other passengers. Nor is it proper for them to eat\ncontinually, crumbling cake and dropping fruit stones upon the floor of\nthe train. Correct, well-bred little boys and girls will remain quietly\nseated in their places, watching the scenery or looking at the pictures\nin the book; and if they converse at all, it will be in a low tone that\ndoes not annoy the man or woman in front who is reading. It is never too\nearly to teach children the golden rule of courtesy and respect.\nIf a child is addressed by a kindly neighbor, he should answer politely;\nbut he must not leave his place and go over to that neighbor to be\nflattered and indulged, and perhaps plied with sweets that will do him\nmore harm than good. Courtesies extended children should be gratefully\nacknowledged both by the child himself and by his mother.\nIN THE TAXI CAB\nWhen one arrives at a station one usually has to summon a taxi to the\nhotel. It is hardly safe for a young woman traveling alone at night to\nride in a taxi by herself especially if the ride is to be a long one.\nThe best way to avoid it is for her if possible to time her trip so as\nto arrive in the day time. If this cannot be done she must perforce\naccept the alternative.\nIf a man and woman are traveling together he helps her in before getting\nin himself. At the end of the ride he first helps her out and then pays\nand tips the driver. Ten per cent. of the amount of the fare is the\nusual rate. Unless a man is acting as a woman's escort he should not pay\nher fare.\nBON VOYAGE GIFTS\nMany people like to send their friends _bon voyage_ gifts of flowers,\nbooks, fruit or candy when they are going away. Steamer letters are\nalways acceptable and if they are arranged in some novel way they may\nbe most delightful. A series of letters or small packages, one to be\nopened each day, go a long way toward relieving the tedium of the\njourney. Similar gifts may be sent to friends who are going on a long\nrailway trip. The address of packages sent to steamers should include\nthe name of the vessel and of the line to which it belongs and the\nnumber of the pier.\nON BOARD THE SHIP\nThe only place where formal introductions are not necessary is at sea.\nLife on shipboard is more or less free from conventionality,\nfortunately, especially for those who are making the voyage alone. The\ndays would be long and tedious if one refused to speak to any of the\nother passengers because they had not been formally presented. It is\nquite permissible, if one feels so inclined, to speak to the person\nwhose steamer chair is near or to the people who share one's table in\nthe ship's dining-room.\nCOURTESY ON THE SHIP\nAlthough the barriers of social etiquette are let down on board the ship\nto the extent of permitting passengers to talk to one another without\nformal introductions, there is no excuse for lack of courtesy. The man\nor woman who encroaches upon the rights of other passengers, who is\ndiscourteous or rude, will undoubtedly be shunned and avoided by the\nothers.\nIt is, for instance, very bad form to use someone else's pillow,\ndeck-chair or book, without having first requested permission to do so.\nIt is also impolite to speak in loud tones, or to read aloud, where it\nwould disturb others who are trying to nap or to read. Noisy conduct of\nany kind is an evidence of ill-breeding, and it is only the extremely\nill-bred people who will sit in little groups and discuss and comment\nupon each passenger on board the ship.\nPassengers are never permitted to interfere with the mechanisms of the\nship. Not only is it very incorrect to do so, but it may be criminal or\nunsafe. To inspect certain parts of the ship barred to all but employees\nis to risk one's own life and the lives of the other passengers. Remain\nin your stateroom or on deck, but do not wander into places where\nship-ethics forbid you.\nTHE WOMAN CROSSING THE OCEAN\nIt is not usual for a woman to travel across the ocean alone. But very\noften a young woman correspondent or journalist, or perhaps a woman\nbuyer for some large fashion establishment, finds that business takes\nher abroad. She need feel no hesitancy or embarrassment in attempting\nthe trip, if she knows and understands all the little rules of good\nconduct that govern railroad, steamship and hotel etiquette.\nThe young lady who is alone, should be careful that she does not make\nhaphazard acquaintances among the gentlemen on board the ship. It is\nmuch wiser for her to find companions among the women passengers, and\nlater they will undoubtedly introduce her to their gentleman\nacquaintances. She must never allow a man whose acquaintance she made\nonly on board the ship, to assume any of her expenses. Nor should she\nsit up on the deck after eleven o'clock with one of her new\nacquaintances. She must be extremely careful of her conduct, and she\nmust not give anyone the opportunity to talk about her and comment upon\nthe fact that she is traveling without a chaperon.\nWhen there is a dance on board the ship, the woman who is traveling\nalone may accept an invitation to dance from a gentleman she has not\nformally met; but it is always wiser to find some excuse to avoid\ndancing with a man who is a total stranger.\nA CONCERT AT SEA\nVery often, as the sea voyage draws near an end, a concert or\nentertainment is held for the benefit of some special charity fund, or\nmerely for the amusement of the passengers. All those who are\naccomplished in any way--who can sing, dance, recite or play a musical\ninstrument, are expected to volunteer their services for the occasion.\nThose who are specially requested to do so, should consent amiably; it\nis very rude, indeed, to refuse without some very good reason.\nThe passenger who absents himself from the concert which all other\npassengers attend, is both impolite and ill-bred. Whether he cares to or\nnot, he should attend for the sake of courtesy. And everyone should\ncontribute to the fund if one is raised after the concert. Only a very\nselfish and unkind person will refuse to contribute to a fund of this\nkind.\nAT THE JOURNEY'S END\nIn the excitement of reaching _terra firma_ once again, a few people are\ninclined to forget the courtesies due the other passengers.\nA little while before the ship reaches the dock, cordial farewells\nshould be made to all those with whom one has been friendly.\nHand-shaking is in order, and a polite phrase, such as, \"Good-by, Mrs.\nJones, I hope I shall have the pleasure of seeing you again,\" is most\nappropriate. If it is desired, an exchange of cards may accompany this\nleave-taking, especially if one really wishes to continue the\nfriendship.\nFarewells on board a ship should be brief but cordial. Long, sentimental\nfarewells should never be indulged in for, at the most, they cause only\nsorrow at the parting of a brief friendship that may perhaps never be\nresumed. A warm handclasp, a sincere word or two of farewell--and it\nshould be over.\nAT HOTEL AND RESTAURANT\nWhen arriving in a strange city, a traveler immediately asks to be\ndriven to whatever hotel he has previously decided upon. Here he\nregisters, using the same form that appears on his visiting card but\nadding to it the name of the city from which he has come.\nThe woman who is traveling alone does well to wire or phone ahead to the\nhotel and request that they reserve a room for her. While at the hotel,\nher conduct must be unimpeachable. She must not entertain masculine\nvisitors in her private rooms, but only in the public reception room of\nthe hotel. She must not return to the hotel after midnight, and she\nshould not dine alone in the hotel dining-room after eight o'clock.\nWhen a large party is to dine at a hotel, the table should be reserved\nand the dishes chosen in advance. This will save a great deal of\nconfusion and waste of time. If the dinner is not arranged for in\nadvance, the host or hostess should do all the ordering, subjecting it,\nof course, to the approval of the guests.\nAT TEA-ROOM AND ROOF GARDEN\nThere seems to be something about a tea-room, whether it be at home or\nin some strange city or town, that is conducive to quiet and\npeacefulness. Loud talking and boisterous laughter is entirely out of\nplace, and those who are guilty of indulging in these two improprieties\ncondemn themselves as ill-bred.\nAt the tea-room the lady always retains her hat. Gloves are removed and\nwraps may either be slipped off the shoulders or completely removed. At\nthe roof garden, hats are also worn, except in the evening when full\nevening dress is worn. Here also, it is important that a quiet reserve\nof manner characterize the lady and the gentleman. No amount of\nfrivolity and gayety in the atmosphere of one's environment can excuse\nnoisy, ill-mannered conduct.\nTO THOSE WHO LOVE TO TRAVEL\nAlmost everyone enjoys traveling, but there are comparatively few people\nwho really appreciate it. To those who love to travel, who find it an\ninspiration and a delight, the following bits of information may be of\ninterest.\nIf you want to enjoy a trip to a foreign country--let us say\nFrance,--spend a week or two reading about the history and literature of\nthat country. Make notes while you are reading, give your imagination\nfull rein, and absorb just as much knowledge as you can of the habits\nand customs of the French people. The cultivation of the imagination is\nespecially important; while you read about France, picture the tiny\nvillages and big cities to yourself, try to visualize the people and\ntheir homes. And when you do arrive in France, you will find keen\nenjoyment in seeing the people and places that lived first in your\nimagination. We promise that you will enjoy your trip a great deal more\nthan if you neglected to devote a little time to the reading up of the\nimportant facts about the country you intended to visit.\nAnother very good plan is to buy a French-and-English or a\nSpanish-and-English dictionary before or as soon as reaching those\ncountries. Whether one knows the language or not, it is always safest to\nhave one of these little volumes handy. They are absolutely\nindispensable to those who expect to travel in a country the language of\nwhich is entirely unknown to them.\nWise tourists carry a map of the countries they intend visiting. It\nsaves them much time, and often prevents mistakes. These maps may be\nobtained of most reliable stationers, and they take up very little\nspace. There are times, during the journey, when their help is well nigh\ninvaluable; and a map is nearly always a safer guide than a native.\nA camera is a splendid thing to have along on one's trips abroad. No\nmatter how vivid an impression a certain scene makes upon one's mind, it\nis bound to fade with the passing of a year or so. But a clear snap-shot\ntaken of that scene will keep it fresh indefinitely, for one needs only\nto glance at the picture to have all associations with the scene\nrecalled. The latest cameras have a device for writing the date and name\nof the place on the negative, to be printed with the picture. It is\nmost convenient for the tourist.\nThere are too many of us who rush through the world seeing nothing. We\nrace through one country after another, hustling and bustling, feeling\nimportant and acting the part--and we feel that we have traveled. But\nthat is not travel. True travel is when a man or woman visits a strange\ncountry and carries back with him, or her, to be remembered forever,\nimpressions of the people and customs of that country--valuable\nimpressions that make his or her life fuller, wider, more in sympathy\nwith the great world of fellow-men. Better stay at home and read good\nbooks about foreign countries, than rush through them with unseeing\neyes, merely to be able to tell those at home that you have \"been\nabroad.\"\nCHAPTER VIII\nTIPPING\nAN UN-AMERICAN CUSTOM\nEveryone knows that tipping is a European custom and is entirely\nun-American in principle. But while the custom is observed as widely in\nthis country as it is to-day, it is both inconsiderate and bad form to\nignore it. The wages of waiters end waitresses, porters and hotel\nservants are outrageously small, for the reason that they receive tips\nfor each service they perform for individual guests and travelers. If\nthe tipping custom were abolished, the wages of these people would be\ncorrespondingly increased; but as things are now, it is inconsiderate to\ndeprive them of the tips that both they and their employers expect that\nthey will receive.\nIn a little tea shop in Fifth Avenue in New York, the following is\nprinted on the back of each menu: \"Tipping is an un-American custom.\nHelp us abolish it by adding 10c to the amount of your bill. At the end\nof the week, the waiter will receive the entire amount added to his\nwages.\" Patrons have greeted this plan enthusiastically. They feel that\nit presages the ultimate abolition of a custom that has long been in\ndisrepute because it is so distinctly un-American. The waiters in this\nprogressive little tea-room serve each patron with the same degree of\ncourtesy and respect; there is no fawning servility, no unfair dividing\nof service between two patrons.\nLet us hope that before long all restaurants and hotels will follow the\nlead of the little tea-shop that revolts against the undemocratic custom\nof tipping. But for the present, while it remains a national custom, we\nmust know when to tip and how to tip, and the correct amounts.\nIn certain states, as in South Carolina, tipping is illegal. In this\ncase as in all others of a like nature, the rules of etiquette are set\naside in favor of the statutes of the law.\nLAVISH TIPPING\nThe man or woman who gives a waiter or a porter a tip that is entirely\nincommensurate with that individual's services, is not impressing by his\ngenerosity, but is earning the derision of the servants for his lack of\n_savoir faire_. Extravagance in tipping is like extravagance in any\nother form--it is decidedly vulgar.\nA servant should be tipped according to the amount of service rendered.\nThe hall-boy who brings you a pitcher of ice-water should not receive\nthe same amount as the waiter who serves a full course dinner. Nor\nshould the maid who cares for your room be forgotten while the porter\nwho carries your trunks is handsomely rewarded for his few minutes'\nservice.\nIN DINING-ROOM OR DINING-CAR\nAt a hotel, when a guest expects to stay for a long time, he may reward\nthe waiter in the dining-room for his services at the end of each week.\nOne dollar is considered the correct amount for a woman guest for a\nweek's service in the dining-room, and one dollar and a half for the\ngentleman guest. Individual tips should amount to ten per cent. of the\nbill.\nIn the dining-car a tip of twenty-five cents is sufficient for the\nservices rendered a man or woman. The woman who travels alone may leave\ntwenty-five cents for the waiter in the dining-car. The man who travels\nalone should leave ten per cent. of the bill, or more according to the\nservices received.\nThe woman who travels with children and stops at a hotel dining-room or\na restaurant along the route, for dinner, should remember that children\nalways require extra service and trouble, and the waiter or waitress\nshould be tipped accordingly. A woman with one child should leave a\ntwenty-five cent tip; and when there are more children the tip should be\nincreased so as to be commensurate with the services received.\nAT THE HOTEL\nWomen are never expected to tip as generously as men. At a hotel, the\nwoman should remember the hall-boy, the chamber-maid, the porter, and\nthe waiter in the dining-room. When her stay is a short one, twenty-five\ncents apiece is sufficient for each one, except the hall-boy, who is\ngiven a tip of ten cents whenever he performs an individual service. If\nher stay is longer, she should tip according to the amount of service\nreceived from each servant.\nThe man at the hotel is not expected to tip the chamber-maid unless she\nperforms some very special service for him. But he tips all others who\nserve him in any way. The porter should receive ten cents for each\ntrunk that he carries to the room, and more if he performs additional\nservice. Ten cents is adequate compensation for the bell-boy whenever he\nperforms some service, and it should be forthcoming immediately upon the\ncompletion of that service.\nBoth men and women guests are expected to tip a hotel employee whom they\nsend out on an errand in proportion to the services rendered. If the\ntrip to be taken is a long one, and entails a great deal of trouble. The\ntip should be a generous one.\nTHE TAXI-DRIVER\nIn large cities where taxicabs are fitted with meters that give the\nexact amount of ground covered and the corresponding cost, the traveler\nhas nothing to fear. He may pay the amount with full confidence that he\nis not being over-charged. His tip should be fifteen or twenty-five\ncents, according to the length of the trip; or if the taxi-driver has\nbeen specially requested to make the trip in the shortest possible time,\nand if the distance covered is unusually long, a tip of fifty cents\nshould be forthcoming.\nBut in some small towns where taxicabs have no meters, unsuspecting\nstrangers are often forced to pay twice or even three times as much as\nthe trip is actually worth. For this reason, it is always wise to know\nexactly the values of certain trips, and the careful man or woman will\nknow when it is worth one dollar and when it is worth three. To\nremonstrate with the driver when you feel that he has excessively\novercharged is to discourage his future attempts to do the same thing to\nothers. A distance of twenty city blocks--or one mile--should never\namount to more than fifty cents; from this figure it should be easy to\ncompute what longer trips should cost.\nThere is no more reason why exorbitant tips should be paid the\ntaxi-driver than the waiter. He performs no greater service, except in\nunusual cases, such as catching a train in time or getting you to a\nphysician quickly. The amount of the tip should be in proportion to the\namount of the bill, if the trip is just an ordinary one.\nON THE TRAIN\nThe man in the baggage room who gathers together and checks the trunks\nwill expect a tip of at least twenty-five cents. A woman may offer less\nthan this--but never less than ten cents. To the porter who carries the\nhand luggage aboard the train and finds a comfortable seat for the\ntraveler, a tip of fifteen or twenty-five cents should be given, and the\nparlor car porter who performs many little services during the trip\nshould be similarly tipped.\nWhen the railroad journey is longer than twenty-four hours, the man and\nwoman will find that they have several people to tip in the sleeper. The\nporter who makes the beds and blackens the boots will expect nothing\nless than twenty-five cents, and for extra service he is entitled to\nextra compensation. Others who perform services are tipped in amounts\nthat are commensurate with the services rendered, and immediately upon\nthe performance of those services.\nCROSSING THE OCEAN\nIt was on a German steamship that the custom of raising a contribution\nfor the band of musicians originated. Some steamships to-day still\nobserve this custom, but on better ships, where the musicians are of a\nhigh order, it has been abolished. If the collection is made, at the end\nof the journey, each passenger should feel it incumbent upon him to\ncontribute at least twenty-five cents. Fifty cents is not too much, and\nsome people who have particularly enjoyed the music, offer one dollar or\neven more. It is very bad form, indeed, to refuse to contribute to this\nfund.\nThe servants to be remembered on the steamship are the bedroom steward,\nthe table, deck and bathroom stewards, the stewardess, and the boy who\nblackens the boots. Masculine passengers do not tip the stewardess\nunless she has rendered them special service. Tips to the servants\nmentioned above should be governed by the amount of service rendered.\nFor instance, if a woman passenger has been ill all the way across, she\nis expected to give a generous tip to the stewardess who has nursed her.\nFive dollars would not be considered extravagant in this case. The man\nwho has been ill should be just as generous with the bedroom steward and\nall others who have attended him.\nWhen leaving the ship, no one who has been of any service whatever\nshould be forgotten. The porter who helps you with your hand luggage and\nsees you safely down the gang plank should be rewarded with no less than\ntwenty-five cents.\nTIPS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES\nAmericans in Germany, England or France should learn at once the values\nof German, English and French money. Otherwise they may make mistakes\nthat will cost them quite a bit. For instance, an American woman in\nEngland recently gave a crown to a hotel maid, thinking that it was\nequivalent to our quarter. The maid realized that the woman did not know\nthe value of it, and she explained it to her. But the traveler must\nremember that not all servants are so scrupulous.\nTips in foreign countries should be given on the same basis as the ones\ngiven to those who serve us here in America. Extravagance is bad form,\nand not to give at all is niggardly. The amount of the tip should always\nbe commensurate with the service performed. Americans have every right\nto expect respectful and courteous treatment wherever they chance to be,\nand they must not feel that they are expected to pay exorbitant fees to\nobtain it.\nCHAPTER IX\nETIQUETTE ABROAD\nTHE AMERICAN IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES\nThe American who goes abroad and expects to learn in a few days the\ncustoms, manners and even the language of the countries he visits, is\nlike the proverbial Irishman who comes to America and expects to find\nthe streets paved with gold. Both are doomed to disappointment.\nOne of the most undesirable features of travel abroad is to be forced to\ndepend upon the half-incorrect interpretations of guides for one's\ncomfort and pleasure. How much better it is to be able to talk to the\nnatives of the country themselves, and to understand them and their\nways! A little preliminary preparation before the trip, or while one is\non the way, serves as an excellent foundation upon which to build one's\nknowledge of the language and customs of a foreign country.\nGood manners are, of course, universal; and the man who is well-bred in\nAmerica is sure to be correctly-mannered when he is in France or\nEngland. And yet there are slight differences between the etiquette of\nAmerica and the etiquette of foreign countries. They do not affect one's\ncourtesy or kindliness of manner, but they do affect those daily little\nconventionalities, such as greetings, farewells, table etiquette,\naddressing clergy and royalty, etc. To be ignorant of these rules is to\nbe susceptible to embarrassment and uncertainty, and to incur the\ndispleasure and unfriendliness of foreigners of good social standing.\nThe following paragraphs will, we hope, help the man or woman who is\ntraveling abroad, for they contain all the important details of foreign\netiquette. But in addition, we have suggested that those who intend to\nvisit France or Germany or any other foreign country, spend a little\ntime reading about that country and learning a bit about the language.\nThere are many good books available in public libraries and elsewhere,\nthat teach one a great deal about the people, interesting places, and\nlanguage of foreign countries.\nON ENGLISH SOIL\nPerhaps it is because America and England have so much in common, that\ntheir etiquette is so very similar. We find that balls and receptions\nand entertainments, dinners, calls, funerals and weddings, in fact,\nalmost all social functions are celebrated in practically the same\nmanner as is considered best form here in America. The changes are so\nslight that they are not important enough to mention.\nBut there is one radical difference between English and American\nconventionalities that usually cause difficulty to the tourist. We refer\nto the royal society of England which requires a very special kind of\nrecognition. The traveling American who visits an English court will\nexpose himself to a great deal of embarrassment if he does not know the\ncorrect court etiquette--if he does not know the proper titles and their\nrecognition, how to address the King or Queen, how to conduct himself\nwhile in the presence of royalty.\nADDRESSING ROYALTY\nAlthough every American tourist delights in being presented at court, or\nto a royal personage, it is usually regarded as a nervous and\nembarrassing business--for the reason that one does not quite know just\nwhat is correct to say and do. When addressing the King, there are two\ncorrect forms and no others that may be used. One may say either, \"Your\nMajesty\" or \"Sir.\" There are also two forms that may be used when\naddressing the Queen. They are, \"Your Majesty\" or \"Madame.\" When\nanswering a question put by either of these rulers, one may not use the\nbrief \"No\" or \"Yes.\" \"No, madame,\" or \"Yes, sir,\" are the correct forms.\nWhen addressing the King, the form \"Your Majesty\" is used.\nAll children of the King and Queen are addressed as \"Your Royal\nHighness.\" This same title is used when addressing the brother or sister\nof the reigning monarchs, or the brother or sister of the late King. In\nspeaking to royalty, one does not use the simple expression \"you,\" but\nexpresses oneself in this manner, \"Has your Royal Highness been to\nAmerica recently?\"\nOne rule that all Americans should observe when in the presence of\nforeign royalty is to wait until they are addressed by the persons of\nrank. They themselves should not volunteer remarks but should enter into\nthe conversation only when they are directly addressed. To use a title\nof rank, such as \"Your Majesty\" or \"Your Royal Highness\" incessantly, is\nto make it seem superficial. It should be used only when respect and\nconvention demand it.\nWhen presented to royalty, a man is expected to bow, a woman to\ncourtesy. The hand is never offered in greeting, unless the person of\nrank makes the first motion. In the presence of the Queen everyone\nshould show some mark of respect--men stand with heads uncovered and\nwomen bow slightly. Americans should follow these customs if they do not\nwish to earn the enmity of their English brothers and make their stay in\nthe country unpleasant. But most of all, they should do it because it is\nthe _polite_ and _proper_ thing to do. Americans should also remain\nstanding at the theater or opera when the national anthem, \"God Save the\nQueen,\" is sung, or while the rest of the audience stands in respect for\na member of the royal family who has not yet been seated.\nOTHER ENGLISH TITLES\nAn American in England is very likely to meet some persons of high\nhereditary title, if they are not presented at the court itself. When\nspeaking of a Duke, one says, \"The Duke of Lancastershire.\" When\naddressing him, one says, \"Your Grace\" or \"My Lord Duke.\" Familiarly, by\nthose who know him well and address him as an equal, the Duke is\naddressed merely as \"Duke.\" The same rule applies to the Duchess.\nFormally she is addressed as \"Your Grace\"; familiarly she is addressed\nas \"Duchess.\"\nThe eldest son is entitled to the highest of the lesser titles of his\nfather. Thus, the eldest son of a Duke who was a Marquis immediately\nbefore receiving his ducal degree, is known as the Marquis, and is\naddressed as \"Lord Barrie\" (if Barrie happened to be the surname of the\nfamily). Earls, Viscounts and Barons are addressed in the same manner,\nwhen their titles are given them as courtesies, as the eldest sons of\nDukes.\nThe wife of anyone of the titled men mentioned above would be addressed\nas \"Lady Barrie.\" A curt \"No\" or \"Yes\" is extremely rude on the part of\nan American when answering a question put by the wife of a person of\nnobility. One should say, \"No, Lady Barrie.\"\nThe younger sons of a Duke are addressed as \"Lord James\" or \"Lord Sidney\nBarrie.\" Daughters are addressed as \"Lady Helen\" or \"Lady Louise\nBarrie.\"\nA Marquis (not the eldest son of a Duke, but a recognized Marquis by\nEnglish law) is entitled to the formal title of \"My Lord\" or \"Your\nLordship\" when addressed by traveling Americans--or by their own\ncountry-people. By his friends or equals he is addressed as \"Lord\nDenbigh\" or \"Marquis.\" On formal occasions, or by those of lesser rank,\na Marchioness is addressed as \"My Lady\" or \"Your Ladyship.\" But her\nfriends and equals call her \"Lady Penhope\" or \"Marchioness.\"\nJust as the eldest son of a Duke bears a \"courtesy title,\" so does the\neldest son of a Marquis. This eldest son is called \"Lord Denbigh.\" The\ndaughters of the Marquis are \"Lady Helen\" or \"Lady Janet,\" and they are\naddressed in this manner by their friends and equals. Formally, an Earl\nis addressed as \"My Lord\" or \"Your Lordship.\" The wife of an Earl is\nformally addressed as is the Marchioness. But by her intimate friends\nand her social equals she is addressed as \"Countess\" or \"Lady Hendrick.\"\nThe eldest son of an Earl bears his father's second title. There are no\ntitles for the younger sons of an Earl. His daughters are addressed in\nthe same manner as are the daughters of a Marquis. A Viscount is\naddressed formally as \"My Lord\" and his friends and equals address him\nfamiliarly as \"Lord Roberts.\" In addressing the wife of a Viscount, one\nuses the same forms outlined for the wife of an Earl. The sons and\ndaughters of a Viscount, when addressed or spoken about, are referred to\nas Mr. or Miss Roberts, but when formally introduced, this form is used,\n\"The Honorable Henry Roberts.\"\n---- AND STILL OTHER TITLES\nThe American traveler in England will certainly have a great many titles\nto remember, especially if he expects to mingle to any extent with the\nroyal society. There are still others besides those outlined above. The\nfollowing are \"lesser\" titles, but are used perhaps even more frequently\nthan those given in the preceding paragraphs.\nThere are the Baron and Baroness, for instance, who are addressed\nrespectively as \"My Lord\" and \"Your Ladyship.\" Their children have the\nsame titular rank and are addressed in the same manner. The Baronet is\naddressed formally and familiarly as \"Sir Thomas\" without the addition\nof his surname. His title is really only an hereditary privilege. But\nhis wife enjoys the title of \"Lady Merick\" or \"Lady Carol,\" instead of\njust \"Lady Sylvia.\" The children of a Baronet have no title.\nA Knight is addressed as \"Lord Henry\" or \"Lord James,\" both formally and\nfamiliarly. His wife is addressed in the same form as that used for the\nwife of a Baronet. The children of a Knight are called merely Mr. or\nMiss.\nADDRESSING CLERGY ABROAD\nAnother difficulty that often confronts the stranger in England, is that\nof correctly addressing the clergy. England is a land of titles, and to\nbe at ease one must know how to place each title properly and pay proper\nrespect where it is due.\nIn England the Archbishops of Canterbury and York and all the bishops\n(with the exception of two) are called \"Lords Spiritual.\" They enjoy the\nprivilege of sitting in the House of Lords. Thus, when addressing them\nformally, the form \"Your Grace\" should be used. \"Archbishop\" may be used\nonly by those who are addressing that dignitary familiarly as a friend\nor an equal. Bishops should be formally addressed as \"Your Lordship\" or\n\"My Lord,\" but merely as \"Bishop\" by their friends. Their wives, and the\nwives of archbishops, have no title, nor do the children of either\narchbishop or bishop have any title other than Mr. or Miss.\nFollowing the bishop in rank, comes the Dean, addressed simply as \"Dean\nHarris.\" His wife is known only as \"Mrs. Harris.\" The same forms apply\nto the Archdeacon and his wife. Other clergymen--canons, vicars, rectors\nand curates--have no titles and are addressed simply as \"Mr. Brown\" or\n\"Mr. Smith\" as the case may be.\nLAWYERS, STATESMEN AND OFFICIALS--HOW TO ADDRESS THEM\nWhile traveling about in merry England, one may find it necessary to\nseek legal advice or the protection of a court. The etiquette is\nslightly different from that observed in America.\nThe members of the judiciary, for instance, are not spoken of as \"Judge\nBrown\" and \"Judge Harris,\" but as \"Mr. Justice Brown\" and \"Mr. Justice\nHarris.\" While presiding in his court, the member of the judiciary is\naddressed as \"My Lord,\" \"Your honor,\" \"Your worship,\" according to the\nposition occupied. In private life, however, he is plain \"Mr. Smith.\"\nWhether addressed formally or familiarly, the members of the Cabinet,\nand the prime minister are simply Mr. Blank, unless they have titles\nconferred upon them by the King or inherited. In this case they use\ntheir titles constantly and are addressed accordingly.\nThe Lord Mayor of London is entitled to the honorary title of \"His\nLordship.\" He may also be addressed as \"My Lord Mayor\" at social\ngatherings.\nAT THE COURT OF ENGLAND\nThe social activities of the English Court, and the etiquette governing\nthese activities, should be known and thoroughly understood by every\nAmerican who ever intends to visit that country. The war interfered\nslightly with the functions of the court, but with the return to normal\nthese have been resumed with all their pre-war ceremony.\nUsually four Courts are held every season, two in the early part of\nspring, and two at equal intervals later on. This may be altered,\nhowever, to suit conditions; as, for instance, in Nineteen-Fourteen\nthere were only three Courts, and in Nineteen-Fifteen there were none at\nall.\nAmerican women who wish to be presented at Court may either be presented\nby the wife of the American Ambassador or by some English woman of title\nand position who has herself been received by the Queen. The American\nAmbassador has the privilege of sending to the authorities in whose\nhands the matter rests, the names of several American women suitable\nfor presentation at Court. Those who wish this privilege, should\nregister their names at the offices of the Embassy in London,\nsufficiently ahead of time for due consideration.\nIn addition to the registering of her name at the Embassy, the woman who\nwishes to be presented at Court should bring to the Ambassador a letter\nof recommendation from some member of the American government who is\nwell known to the Ambassador. Then, if the application is accepted, her\nname and credentials will be sent to Buckingham Palace, from whence\ninvitations will be issued if the Ambassador's list is approved.\nHaving gained the coveted invitation to appear at the Court of Her\nMajesty, the Queen, the American woman must be careful that she knows\nexactly what to wear.\nWHAT TO WEAR TO COURT\nBefore attempting to appear at Court, the American woman should consult\na reliable modiste. She will be able to tell her exactly the correct\nthing to wear at her presentation.\nCourt gowns invariably have trains, and the head dress is always\nelaborate. The dress itself must be fashioned according to the style of\nthe moment, and in this the woman must be guided by her dressmaker. For\na young, unmarried woman a dress of thin, light-colored material is\nsuggested, unadorned by jewels of any kind. The matron may wear diamonds\nor pearls, but must not attempt to emulate the gaudiness of a Queen\nElizabeth.\nThe well-bred woman will not feel awkward in the vast room where all the\ngreat personages are assembled. She will learn beforehand, just how to\nenter the room, how to kiss the Queen's hand and how to conduct herself\nwith poise and grace during the period of presentation.\nTHE KING'S LEV\u00c9ES\nThe American gentleman who wishes to be presented to His Majesty, may\narrange through his Ambassador to attend one of the lev\u00e9es which the\nKing holds at St. James' Palace. These lev\u00e9es are not quite as\nceremonious as the Courts which the Queen holds, but they require a\ncertain definite etiquette which must not be overlooked.\nFor instance, the American who is not in uniform, must wear the correct\ndress prescribed for the occasion. It is known as lev\u00e9e dress, and a\ncompetent London tailor will be able to inform the American gentleman of\njust what it consists. He must not attempt to appear at the lev\u00e9e in any\nother than these conventional clothes. Slight variations take place in\nthese lev\u00e9e costumes, from time to time, and the American in England\nshould make sure by consulting with a fashionable tailor.\nIt is wise also, before attending a lev\u00e9e, to have a little chat with a\nfriend or acquaintance who has already attended one, and learn from him\nthe correct way to conduct oneself throughout the presentation.\nIN FRANCE\nFrance is a land of polished manners. Here one is either cultured or\nuncultured. Mistakes in etiquette, divergence from the path of good\nform, are not tolerated in good society. The American in France must\nknow exactly what is correct to do and say in that country, if he\nwishes to enjoy his visit.\nThe brief expressions \"Yes\" or \"No\" are never used in France when one\nwishes to be polite. It must be followed by the correct title, such as\n\"Yes, Monsieur\" or \"No, Madame.\" In the morning, upon greeting an\nacquaintance, no matter how slightly you know him, it is correct to say,\n\"Bonjour, Monsieur.\" When expressing thanks for a courtesy or for\nrequested information, one says, \"Merci, Madame.\" And the customary\nfarewell is \"Au revoir, Mademoiselle.\"\nPoliteness is universal in France. One greets shop clerks as cordially\nas one greets one's best friend. Upon entering the French shop one\nshould say \"Bonjour, Monsieur\" to the floorwalker, and \"Bonjour, Madame\"\nto the saleslady. In the restaurant it is proper to say \"Merci,\nMonsieur,\" to the head waiter who shows you to your place. The waiters\nare addressed as _gar\u00e7on_, but the waitresses are called _Madame_ or\n_Mademoiselle_.\nIf one happens to brush against someone accidentally, or to get into\nsomeone's way, it is very important that polite apologies be offered. To\nhurry on without so much as saying, \"Pardon, Monsieur,\" is extremely\nrude, and Frenchmen are quick to notice it. They are very courteous and\nthey expect visitors to be the same.\nADDRESSING TITLED PEOPLE IN FRANCE\n\"Monsieur le Comte\" is the correct mode of address to employ towards a\nCount in France. A Baron is addressed as \"Monsieur le Baron.\" His wife,\nhowever, is called simply \"Madame----.\"\nOfficers in the Army are addressed in the following manner: \"Mon\nCapitaine,\" \"Mon G\u00e9n\u00e9ral,\" etc. It is a decided breach of good conduct\nto address an officer in the French army as \"Monsieur,\" especially when\nhe is in uniform. When speaking about a certain officer, one may say,\n\"Le G\u00e9n\u00e9ral Denbigh.\"\nThe concierge and his wife are known merely as Monsieur and Madame. The\nparish priest, however, is spoken of and to as, \"Monsieur le cur\u00e9.\" A\nnun is addressed always as \"Ma S\u0153ur.\"\nBe careful not to forget the correct forms of address in France, for\nFrenchmen are quick to take offense and much ill-will may unwittingly be\nincurred by the American man or woman who does not pay proper respect\nwhere it is due, who does not use the correct titles at the correct\ntime. And the American traveler in France should remember that his\nmanners and conduct in that country reflect not only upon his own\nmanners and breeding, but upon the manners and customs of the country he\nrepresents.\nCERTAIN FRENCH CONVENTIONS\nIn France the first recognition of acquaintanceship must come from the\ngentleman. For instance, if a young American man makes the acquaintance\nof a young French woman, she will expect him to raise his hat when they\nmeet again, before she nods to him. In America it is the reverse--the\nyoung lady has the privilege of acknowledging or ignoring an\nacquaintanceship.\nNot only must the hat be raised to women, in France, but to men also. A\nyoung American and a young Frenchman who are known to each other raise\ntheir hats simultaneously when they encounter each other on the street.\nBut when the Frenchman is the elder of the two, or the more\ndistinguished, the American is expected to wait until he makes the first\nmotion of recognition.\nThe American who stops at a small hotel in France for a period of two\ndays or more, should feel it his duty to nod courteously to every woman\nguest of the hotel he chances to meet, whether or not she is a total\nstranger. This is considered a conventional courtesy which all well-bred\npeople in France observe. However, it does not serve the purpose of an\nintroduction, and the American must not make the mistake of thinking\nthat this privilege entitles him to address the women guests without the\nintroduction of a mutual friend or acquaintance.\nFrenchmen always stand with heads uncovered when a funeral passes, and\nwomen bow for a moment. The well-bred American man and woman in France\nwill also observe this custom. Nor will they neglect to remain standing\nwhile the _Marsellaise_ is being sung.\nDINNER ETIQUETTE\nAn invitation to dine should be accepted or declined promptly when one\nis visiting in France. And one may not decline unless one has a very\ngood excuse, such as having a previous engagement, or being called away\non the day set for the dinner.\nIt is considered polite to arrive twenty minutes or a half-hour before\ndinner is served. If it is a formal and elaborate dinner, evening dress\nshould be worn; but afternoon or semi-evening dress is appropriate for\nthe informal dinner. It is not at all incorrect, if one is in doubt, to\nask the host or hostess whether one should wear full dress or not. It is\ncertainly wiser than to make oneself conspicuous by wearing different\ndress from all the other guests.\nIn France, the order in which the guests proceed to dinner is as\nfollows: the host leads the way with the woman guest of honor, or the\nmost distinguished woman guest, on his arm. Directly behind him follows\nthe hostess on the arm of the masculine guest to be honored; and they\nare followed by the other guests, who proceed arm in arm.\nAccording to the latest dinner etiquette in France, coffee is served for\nboth the men and women at the dinner table. But when the dinner is very\nlarge and fashionable, it is still customary for the women to retire to\nthe drawing-room, where the hostess presides over the coffee-urn. When\nmen and women leave the dining-room together, they resume the same order\nas they observed when they entered it.\nThe American who is a guest at a formal dinner in France should pay a\ncall upon the hostess within a week's time. This call is known as the\n\"_visite de digestion_.\"\nFRENCH WEDDING ETIQUETTE\nWeddings are occasions of solemn dignity in every country, but in France\nthey are perhaps more dignified than anywhere else. Here no rice and old\nshoes are cast after the bride and bridegroom--it would be considered a\nmost shocking thing to do. Good wishes, politely expressed, are the only\ngood-by offerings of friends and relatives.\nThere are usually two ceremonies to be celebrated at the French\nwedding--first the civil, and later the religious, marriage. At the\ncivil wedding, which is held two or three days before the religious\nceremony, only a few intimate friends and relatives of the two families\nare present. But the ceremony at church is a very important affair and\nall friends and acquaintances of both families are invited to attend.\nThose who cannot attend should send cards of regret to the bride's\nparents.\nBALLS\nVery elaborate and gay indeed are the balls of France. There is, for\ninstance, the _bals blancs_, at which all ladies are gowned in pure\nwhite and only maidens and bachelors are expected to be present. Men\nguests at the _bal blanc_ wear the conventional evening dress.\nAt a ball in France, a gentleman may request to dance with a lady\nwithout having first been introduced to her. Even a total stranger may\napproach a lady on the ballroom floor and ask for a dance. But it is\nconsidered very bad form for a young man and woman to \"sit out\" a dance\ntogether or retire to the veranda or lawn.\nABOUT CALLS AND CARDS\nIf one expects to remain in France any length of time at all, it is\nimportant that one know and understand the etiquette of calls and cards\nin that country.\nCalls are paid just as frequently in France as they are in America.\nBetween two and six o'clock in the afternoon is the correct time for\ncalling in the former country. One observes very much the same\nconventions of calling that one does here in America, except that the\ngentleman wears both his gloves when entering a drawing-room, and that\nthe hostess does not rise to welcome a masculine caller. (However, the\nFrench hostess always does rise to greet an elderly gentleman, a\ndistinguished person, or a member of the clergy.)\nFrench introductions are never haphazard, never careless. The hostess\nintroduces freely all the guests that assemble in her home, but she is\nnot, as the American hostess sometimes is, careless and hurried. In\nacknowledging an introduction, a brief, polite greeting should be\nexpressed; French people rarely shake hands.\nThe significance of the bent visiting card still remains in France,\nthough here in America it has been almost entirely eliminated. When a\nhostess finds the card of a friend or acquaintance, with one of its\ncorners turned down, she knows that that friend called for the purpose\nof a visit but found no one at home. In fact, that is almost the only\ntime when cards are left in France--when the person called upon is not\nat home. However, a dinner call is often paid by the simple process of\ncard-leaving.\nCORRESPONDENCE\nThe French people are very particular in their correspondence. Certain\nset rules of salutation and closing are observed, and the margins\nthemselves have a particular significance. For instance, when writing a\nletter to a French person, a wide margin should be left on the left side\nof the sheet; and the greater the social prestige and distinction of the\nperson addressed, the wider this margin must be.\nA man writing to another man who is an intimate friend begins his letter\nin this manner: \"Mon cher Frederick,\" or \"Mon cher ami.\" The closing to\nthis letter would be, \"Bien \u00e0 vous,\" or \"Bien cordialement \u00e0 vous.\" When\nthe two men are not intimate friends, a letter should begin, \"Cher\nMonsieur,\" or \"Mon cher Monsieur Blank,\" and should end with \"Croyez \u00e0\nmes sentiments d\u00e9vou\u00e9s.\" Strangers address each other merely as\n\"Monsieur,\" and close with \"Recevez je vous prie l'assurance de ma\nconsideration distingu\u00e9e.\"\nWhen writing to a woman friend, a man begins his letter with \"Ch\u00e8re\nMadame et ami,\" or \"Ch\u00e8re Mademoiselle.\" But when he is a stranger or\njust a slight acquaintance, he begins his letter with \"Madame\" and\nconcludes it with \"Veuillez, Madame, re\u00e7evoir l'expression de tout mon\nrespect.\" The French have very pretty expressions of greeting and\nconclusion, and they expect every well-bred person to use them.\nA woman writing to a gentleman addresses him in the following manner, if\nhe is an intimate friend: \"Monsieur,\" or \"Cher Monsieur Brown,\" and she\ncloses the letter with the courtesy phrase, \"Agr\u00e8ez, cher monsieur,\nl'expression de mes sentiments d'amitie.\" Greetings and closings are\nmore formal when the woman addresses a masculine stranger or slight\nacquaintance by letter. She begins simply with \"Monsieur,\" and closes\nwith, \"Veuillez, monsieur, re\u00e7evoir l'expression de mes sentiments\ndistingu\u00e9s.\"\nSpecial forms of address and conclusion are used when writing officers\nin the French army. A general or commander are addressed in the\nfollowing manner: \"Monsieur le g\u00e9n\u00e9ral,\" or \"Monsieur le commandant.\"\nThe letter should be couched in terms of most exact respect.\nTradespeople in France are addressed by letter in the following manner:\n\"Monsieur C.,\" or \"Madame C.,\" and the conclusion should be, \"Agr\u00e8ez,\nMonsieur C., mes civilit\u00e9s.\" A servant should be addressed with \"Je prie\nM. Smith (or Mad. Smith) de vouloir bien.\"\nIn France abbreviations on the envelope are considered very bad form.\nM. may never be used for Monsieur, nor may Mlle, be used for\nMademoiselle. The full title and name must appear on the envelope.\nTHE AMERICAN IN GERMANY\nThe American who finds himself in Germany for the first time is likely\nto be puzzled and embarrassed by the numerous different manners and\ncustoms in each little town and duchy. What is correct in one place, may\nbe incorrect elsewhere. Thus it is impossible to give certain rules of\netiquette to be followed by the American in the German Empire. He must\nbe guided by good judgment and by the advice of his German friends.\nHowever, one may be certain of one thing--throughout the length and\nbreadth of the German empire the greatest ceremony is observed in\ncorrespondence of all kinds. As great courtesy and respect is paid the\nstranger as the friend. When writing to a man or woman of social\ndistinction, this impressive inscription appears on the envelope and\nbegins the letter: \"To the high and well-born Mrs. Robert Smith.\" It\nsounds, perhaps, a trifle crude in the English, but in the native German\nit is a pretty and courteous phrase and a true expression of respect.\nWhen writing to a person of lesser social importance, as a business\nletter, for instance, one should begin with \"Honored Sir.\" The\nexpression, \"Lieber Freund,\" should be used only when writing informally\nto a dear friend. In fact, the same method of address as is used in\nwriting English letters may be used when writing to friends and\nacquaintances in Germany.\nThe hours for paying calls and leaving cards differ in the various\nlocalities. Ordinarily, the correct time would be between half-past\nthree and half-past four o'clock in the afternoon, although in some\nlocalities calls are not considered correct before five o'clock. In\nGermany, card-leaving should be followed in the same manner as\ncard-leaving in the United States.\nWhen meeting a feminine acquaintance in Germany, the American gentleman\ndoes not wait for recognition to come from her, but immediately bows and\nraises his hat. As in France, he may request a lady to dance with him,\nat a ball, without having first requested an introduction. And also, as\nin France, it is considered polite to bow and raise one's hat to the\nladies who are at the same hotel, although here again, the privilege\ndoes not serve as an introduction.\nAt all times, men and women in Germany should be given full recognition\nof their titles and positions. A German woman always enjoys the title\nbestowed upon her husband. The wife of a general expects to be addressed\nas \"Mrs. General Blank,\" and the wife of a doctor should be called \"Mrs.\nDoctor Blank.\" Men of official or professional rank and titles are\naddressed as, \"Mr. Professor, Mr. General, Mr. Doctor, etc.\" \"Herr\nDoktor Smith\" is the correct German form--and to omit the _Herr_ is a\nbreach of good conduct.\nTHE PERFECT AMERICAN TOURIST\nUnfortunately, there are some Americans who go abroad each year merely\nbecause it is the \"fashion\" to do so, and because they wish to impress\ntheir friends and acquaintances at home with their social distinction\nand importance. These people are wont to let their money talk for\nthem--instead of their manners. But there are many things that wealth\nwill not excuse; and among them is lack of courtesy and breeding.\nThe American abroad, whether he is traveling for pastime, pleasure or\nbusiness, should remember primarily that he is a representative of the\nUnited States, and that as such he owes his country the duty of making\nhis manners a polished reflection of the manners of all Americans. He\nmust be courteous, polite, kind, _gentlemanly_. He must conform with the\ncustoms of the country he chances to be in, and he must avoid all\nsuggestion of superiority on his part, or disdain for the customs of the\nother country.\nThere is a certain fellow-feeling, a certain sympathy and kindliness\nthat can take the place of conventionalities when one is not sure of the\ncustoms of certain countries. Perhaps you do not know the French\nlanguage, and you wish to have a window raised while you are traveling\non a French railroad. Is it forgivable to bend across a man or woman and\nraise the window without a word of excuse, or a cordial smile of\nunderstanding? And yet how often do we see this thing done! Many a\nseemingly well-bred man or woman will raise the window next to another\nman or woman without so much as asking permission to do so! The proper\nthing to do when one does not know the language, is to smile in a\ncordial manner to the person or persons in the vicinity of the window,\nindicate that you would like to have it raised, and wait until your\nrequest is understood and granted before you venture to raise it. Then a\npolite \"Merci,\" which means \"Thank you,\" and which everyone should know\nand remember, should be given.\nIt is not always easy to do and say what is absolutely correct when one\nis in a strange country among people who speak a strange language. But\nhe who is kind and courteous at all times, who has a ready smile and a\npolished manner, will avoid much of the embarrassment that awaits the\ntourist who is indifferent and careless. The proverb, \"All doors open to\ncourtesy,\" is as true in France and England as it is in America.\n_APPENDIX_\nFOREIGN WORDS IN FREQUENT SOCIAL USAGE\nAd infinitum, L., to infinity.\n\u00c0 la carte, Fr., according to the bill of fare at table.\n\u00c0 la mode, Fr., according to the mode or fashion.\n\u00c0 la Russe, Fr., according to the Russian fashion (individual portions).\nA propos, L., to the point.\nAu fait, Fr., well-versed in social custom.\nAu revoir, Fr., good-by till we meet again.\nBen educato, It., well educated.\nBillet d'amour, Fr., love letter.\nBlas\u00e9, Fr., world-weary.\nBona fide, L., in good faith.\nBonbonni\u00e8re, Fr., bonbon dish.\nBon jour, Fr., good morning; good day.\nBon ton, Fr., fashionable society.\nBon voyage, Fr., good journey to you.\nBouillion, Fr., a clear broth.\nBoutonni\u00e8re, Fr., a flower for the buttonhole.\nBuffet, Fr., a sideboard for china, silver or glass.\nCarte blanche, Fr., unconditional permission.\nChancel, L., space in church reserved for the officiating clergy.\nCh\u00e8re amie, Fr., dear friend (fem.).\nCoiffure, Fr., dressing of the hair.\nCollation, Fr., a light repast.\nCompotiers, Fr., dish for served stewed fruits or bonbons.\nCorsage bouquet, Fr., flowers fastened on bodice.\nCort\u00e8ge, Fr., a formal procession.\nCoterie, Fr., a social set; a clique.\nCotillon, Fr., a dance for four couples.\nCoup d'\u00e9tat, Fr., a sudden decisive blow in politics.\nD\u00e9butante, Fr., a young lady just introduced to society.\nD\u00e9collet\u00e9, Fr., fashionably low-cut for evening wear.\nDe luxe, Fr., of luxury; made with unusual elegance.\nD\u00e9nouement, Fr., the issue.\nDramatis person\u00e6, L., characters in the play.\nDe trop, Fr., too much, too many.\nDemoiselle, Fr., young lady.\n\u00c9clat, Fr., renown, glory.\n\u00c9lite, Fr., better society.\nEn buffet, Fr., served from the buffet; no tables.\nEn d\u00e9shabille, Fr., in undress; n\u00e9glig\u00e9e.\nEn masse, Fr., in a mass.\nEn route, Fr., on the way.\nEn suite, Fr., in company.\nEn toilette, Fr., in full dress.\nEntr\u00e9e, Fr., a side-dish, served as one course of a meal.\nEntre nous, Fr., between ourselves.\nEnsemble, Fr., all together.\nE pluribus unum, L., one out of many.\nEt cetera, L., and everything of the sort.\nEt tu, Brute, L., and thou also, Brutus.\nEureka, Gr., I have found it.\nF\u00eate, Fr., a festive social occasion.\nF\u00eate champ\u00eatre, Fr., an open-air festival or entertainment.\nFilets mignon, Fr., small pieces of beef tenderloin, served with sauce.\nFinesse, Fr., social art in its highest conception.\nFondant, Fr., soft icing or glac\u00e9.\nFinis, Fr., the end.\nGar\u00e7on, Fr., boy.\nGrace \u00e0 Dieu, Fr., grace of God.\nHors d'\u0153uvre, Fr., out of course; special course.\nIn memorium, L., to the memory of.\nLe beau monde, Fr., the fashionable world.\nLettre de cachet, Fr., a sealed letter.\nMa ch\u00e8re, Fr., my dear (fem.).\nMal de mer, Fr., sea-sickness.\nMardi gras, Fr., Shrove Tuesday.\nMayonnaise, Fr., a salad sauce of egg, oil, vinegar and spices beaten\ntogether.\nMenu, Fr., bill of table fare.\nMon ami, Fr., my friend (mon amie, fem.).\nMusicale, Fr., private concert.\nN\u00e9glig\u00e9e, Fr., morning dress; easy, loose dress.\nNoblesse oblige, Fr., rank imposes obligations; much is expected from\none in good position.\nNom de plume, Fr., an assumed name of a writer.\nNotre Dame, Fr., Our Lady.\nO Tempora! O Mores! L., Oh the times! Oh the manners!\nPass\u00e9, Fr., out of date.\nPenchant, Fr., a strong or particular liking.\nPi\u00e8ce de r\u00e9sistance, Fr., something substantial by way of entertainment;\nmost substantial course of a dinner; literally, a piece of resistance (a\nmain event or incident).\nPour prendre cong\u00e9, Fr., to depart, take leave. (P.p.c. on calling\ncards meaning the departure of a caller for a long voyage, hence a\nparting call.)\nPrima donna, Ital., the chief woman vocalist of a concert.\nPro patria, L., for our country.\nProt\u00e9g\u00e9e, Fr., under the protection of another.\nRendezvous, Fr., an appointed place for a meeting.\nR.s.v.p., Fr., (R\u00e9pondez s'il vous pla\u00eet), please reply.\nRequiescat in pace, L., may he (she) rest in peace.\nR\u00e9sum\u00e9, Fr., a summary or abstract.\nSalon, Fr., a drawing-room; the room where guests are received.\nSang froid, Fr., coolness, indifference.\nSans souci, Fr., without care.\nSavoir faire, Fr., knowledge of social customs; tact.\nTable \u00e0 manger, Fr., dining-table.\nTable d'h\u00f4te, Fr., a public dinner at hotel or restaurant.\nTrousseau, Fr., the bridal outfit.\nTout de suite, Fr., immediately.\nTout ensemble, Fr., all together.\nVeni, Vidi, Vici, L., I came, I saw, I conquered.\nVerbatim, L., word for word.\nVis-\u00e0-vis, Fr., face-to-face.\nVoil\u00e0, Fr., behold; there you are!\nThe following changes have been made: (note of etext transcriber)\nbecause of someone's else magnificent parties=>because of someone else's\nmagnificent parties\navalance=>avalanche\nones own sense=>one's own sense\nMany gentlemen, while speaking to ladies in the street, stand with their\nuncovered=>Many gentlemen, while speaking to ladies in the street, stand\nwith their heads uncovered\nadddressed=>addressed\nRepondez s'il vous pl\u00e2it=>R\u00e9pondez s'il vous pla\u00eet\nthe the elderly woman=>the elderly woman\nbe be paid the taxi-driver=>be paid the taxi-driver\nbe ill at east=>be ill at ease\nEnd of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Book of Etiquette, Volume 2, by \nLillian Eichler Watson\n*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BOOK OF ETIQUETTE, VOLUME 2 ***\n***** This file should be named 7029-0.txt or 7029-0.zip *****\nThis and all associated files of various formats will be found in:\nProduced by Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed\nUpdated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions\nwill be renamed.\nCreating the works from public domain print editions means that no\none owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation\n(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without\npermission and without paying copyright royalties.  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{"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1932, "culture": " English\n", "content": "Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, Janet Blenkinship\nand the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at\n  THE NECESSITY OF ATHEISM\n  DR. D. M. BROOKS\n  FREETHOUGHT PRESS ASSOCIATION\n  NEW YORK\n  _Copyright, 1933_\n  BY FREETHOUGHT PRESS ASSOCIATION\n_Dedicated to_\nJOSEPH LEWIS IN AMERICA\nAND\nCHAPMAN COHEN IN ENGLAND\nOF WHOM\nIT MAY BE SAID:\n_\"How often it has happened that one man, standing at the right point of\nview, has descried the truth, and, after having been denounced and\npersecuted by all others, they have eventually been constrained to adopt\nhis declarations!\"_--(DRAPER.)\n_For the old Gods came to an end long ago. And verily it was a good and\njoyful end of Gods!\nThey did not die lingering in the twilight--although that lie is told!\nOn the contrary, they once upon a time laughed themselves to death!\nThat came to pass when, by a God himself, the most ungodly word was\nuttered, the word: \"There is but one God! Thou shalt have no other Gods\nbefore me.\"\nAn old grim beard of a God, a jealous one, forgot himself thus.\nAnd then all Gods laughed and shook on their chairs and cried: \"Is\nGodliness not just that there are Gods, but no God?\"\nWhoever hath ears let him hear._\n  _\"Thus Spake Zarathrustra\"_--FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE\nCONTENTS\n      I. THE EVOLUTION OF RELIGIOUS BELIEFS                           21\n     II. THE KORAN, THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS                        31\n    III. THE PROPHETS MOHAMMED, JESUS,\n         AND MOSES CHARLATANS OR VICTIMS\n     IV. SOUNDNESS OF A FOUNDATION FOR A\n      X. RELIGION AND CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS                          154\n     XI. RELIGION AND GEOLOGY, PHILOLOGY,\n  XVIII. THE PHILOSOPHERS AND THE GREAT\n    XIX. THE DOOM OF RELIGION; THE NECESSITY\nPREFACE\nPlain speaking is necessary in any discussion of religion, for if the\nfreethinker attacks the religious dogmas with hesitation, the orthodox\nbeliever assumes that it is with regret that the freethinker would\nremove the crutch that supports the orthodox. And all religious beliefs\nare \"crutches\" hindering the free locomotive efforts of an advancing\nhumanity. There are no problems related to human progress and happiness\nin this age which any theology can solve, and which the teachings of\nfreethought cannot do better and without the aid of encumbrances.\nHavelock Ellis has stated that, \"The man who has never wrestled with his\nearly faith, the faith that he was brought up with and that yet is not\ntruly his own--for no faith is our own that we have not arduously\nwon--has missed not only a moral but an intellectual discipline. The\nabsence of that discipline may mark a man for life and render all his\nwork ineffective. He has missed a training in criticism, in analysis, in\nopen-mindedness, in the resolutely impersonal treatment of personal\nproblems, which no other training can compensate. He is, for the most\npart, condemned to live in a mental jungle where his arm will soon be\ntoo feeble to clear away the growths that enclose him, and his eyes too\nweak to find the light.\" The man who has allowed his mental capacities\nto clear his way through the dense underbrush of religious dogma finds\nthat he has emerged into a purer and healthier atmosphere. In the\nbright light of this mental emancipation a man perceives the falsities\nof all religions in their historic, scientific, and metaphysical\naspects. The healthier mental viewpoint holds up to scorn and discards\nthe reactionary religious philosophy of morals, and the sum total of his\nconclusions must be that religion is doomed; and doomed in this modern\nday by its absolute irrelevance to the needs and interests of modern\nlife. And this not only by the steadily increasing army of freethinkers,\nbut by the indifference and neglect of those who still cling to the fast\nslipping folds of religious creeds--- the future freethinkers.\nIt was Spinoza who remarked that, \"The proper study of a wise man is not\nhow to die but how to live.\" Religious creeds can but teach how man\nshould live, so that when he dies, he may be assured of salvation; and\nthe important thing is not what he does to help his fellow men while he\nis living, but how closely he lives in conformity to a reactionary code\nof dogmas. Religion has always aimed to smooth the sufferer's passage to\nthe next world, not to save him for this world.\nFreethought has dethroned the gods from the pedestal, and has replaced,\nnot an empty idol, but an _ideal_, the ideal of a man who is his own\ngod.\nIt has become increasingly apparent that what men have hitherto\nattributed to the gods are nothing but the ideals they value and grope\nfor in themselves. The ideal of the freethinker, the conception that\nplaces the supreme worth of human life in the expanding horizon of man's\nusefulness to man, is forever menaced by the supernaturalism of the\ntheist which manifests itself in the multifarious religious sects that\nare the most active and constant menace to civilization and to mankind\ntoday. That religion in the past has produced suffering incalculable and\nhas been the greatest obstacle in the advance of secular knowledge is a\nfact too well attested to by history to be denied by any sincere and\nunbiased intelligent man. That today it constitutes a cultural lag, an\nactive menace to the best interests of humanity and the last refuge of\nhuman savagery, is the contention of the freethinker.\nThe conception of the God-idea as held by society in general stands in\nthe same position as the vermiform appendix does to the anatomy of man.\nIt may have been useful in some way thousands of years ago, but today it\nconstitutes a detriment to the well-being of the individual without\noffering any compensatory usefulness. Agree or disagree with this\ncontention you may, but only when you are made aware of the facts that\ncan be brought to the aid of this conviction. Just as the fundamental\nprinciple of justice is outraged when a man or an institution is\ncondemned by jurist or popular opinion when an opportunity is not given\nto present the facts on both aspects of the case, just so is no man\njustified in making a decision between theism and atheism until he\nbecomes acquainted with both sides of the controversy. Freethought but\nasks a hearing and the exercise of the unbiased reason of the man who\nhas not hitherto been made aware of its contentions.\nIn the religious revolution of this twentieth century, the battle ground\nis squarely seen to be between supernaturalism and secularism. Although\nthe supernaturalists are well entrenched and fortified, it is well to\nremember that it is the man with vision who finally prevails. The time\nhas passed when the freethinker could be held up to the community as an\nexample of a base and degraded individual. No manner of pulpit drivel\ncan delude even the unthinking masses to this misconception. The\nfreethinker is today the one who beholds the vision, and this vision\ndoes not transcend the natural. It is a vision that is earth-bound; a\nvision it may be called, since it leaps the boundary of the present and\ninfers for him what the future of a secular organization of the entire\nconstituency of humanity will bring forth. This vision is but a product\nof his scientific armamentarium and is the means by which he is assured\nof victory over the well-entrenched and fortified position of the\nsupernaturalists who are still creed-bound to use antiquated and useless\nweapons. The supernaturalist's armamentarium of God, Bible, Heaven,\nHell, Soul, Immortality, Sin, The Fall and Redemption of Man, Prayer,\nCreed, and Dogma, leave as much impression on the mind of intelligent\nman as would an arrow against a battleship. And the comparison is apt,\nthe supernaturalists have made full use of force, be it in physical\nwarfare or in mental coercion. The freethinker has as much use for\nphysical force and war as he has for mental coercion; both are abhorrent\nto him.\n_Supernaturalism vs. Secularism_--that, and that alone is the field of\nargument. The supernaturalist, be he the fundamentalist of whatever\ndenomination, or the more advanced modernist, is as tenaciously clinging\nto the transcendental, to revelation, to the infallibility of the Bible,\nif not in all respects at least in some (although this is a\ncontradiction _per se_), to the interdisposition of a deity in the\naffairs of mankind, as were his ancestors of five hundred years ago. In\nthese aspects as well as in the armamentarium enumerated above, the\nsupernaturalists are agreed and are making their last stand.\nThe secularists, the opinion of the theists to the contrary, are also\nagreed. It matters not what a man calls his mental process; be he\ninfidel, sceptic, rationalist, agnostic, or atheist; he is firm in the\nconviction that religions of all varieties are rapidly sinking into the\nlimbo of all other ancient superstitions. To him it is but a matter of\ntime for the inevitable crumbling and disappearance of these\nsuperstitions, and the time involved is directly proportional to the\nease and rapidity with which scientific knowledge is disseminated to men\nwho have the mental capacity to understand the value of this knowledge\nand its utter destruction of all forms of supernaturalism. When man\nbecomes fully cognizant of the fact that all the knowledge acquired by\nthe human race has been the result of human inquiry, the result of\nreasoning processes, and the exercise of mind alone, then secularism\nwill have overcome the long night of supernaturalism. And it is this\nmental attitude of secularism that proceeds with an ever accelerated\nrapidity to overcome the problems that confront humanity by substituting\nhuman inquiry for divine revelation. Thus this attitude of man to\nproceed through life dependent only on his own resources will expand and\nstrengthen his mentality by doing away with the inferiority complex of\nthe God-idea. This vision of man, the master of his own destinies, the\nsearcher for truth and the shaper of a better life for the only\nexistence that he knows anything about, this reliance of _man upon man_,\nand without the supposed interference of any god, constitutes atheism in\nits broadest and true sense.\nScience and reason, the constituents of secularism, are the mortal\nenemies of supernaturalism. Secularism, however, is at a disadvantage at\nthis stage of our mental development, since it is approached only by the\ncalm light of the intellect. And intellect can but make an appeal to\nreason. If the seeds of these appeals fall on the fertile minds of\nmentally advanced humanity, they will flourish; if they fall on the\nbarren ground of creed-bound minds, they take no root. Recognition of\nfacts and honest deductions are not natural to the human mind. As far as\nreligious matters are concerned, the vast majority of men have not\nreached a mental maturity; they are still in the infantile state where\nthey have not as yet learned that the sequences of events are not to be\ninterrupted by their desires. The easier path lies in the giving way to\nthe unstable emotions. The primitive instincts are for emotion and for\nloose imaginings, and these are the provinces of supernaturalism.\nSupernaturalism arouses the stupid interests and the brutish passions,\nand from these are born the bitter fruits of ignorance and hatred. The\nsecularist is one in whom the intellect is passionate, and the passions\ncold. The supernaturalist on the other hand reverses the order, and in\nhim the passions are active and the intellect inert. In each man there\ndwells a tyrant who creates for him a deity materialized out of these\nfactors of ignorance and fear. It is science and reason which must\ndestroy for him this monstrous apparition. But, as yet, there is no\nindication that our mental development in relation to social progress\nhas made the great strides that our purely material progress has made.\nThe twentieth century man utilizes and enjoys the material benefits of\nhis century, but his mental progress lies bound and drugged by the\nviewpoints of 2000 years ago.\nSir Leslie Stephen has declared, \"How much intellect and zeal runs to\nwaste in the spasmodic efforts of good men to cling to the last fragment\nof decaying systems, to galvanize dead formul\u00e6 into some dim semblance\nof life! Society will not improve as it might when those who should be\nleaders of progress are staggering backward and forward with their eyes\npassionately reverted to the past. Nay, we shall never be duly sensitive\nto the miseries and cruelties which make the world a place of torture\nfor so many, so long as men are encouraged in the name of religion to\nlook for a remedy, not in fighting against surrounding evils, but in\ncultivating aimless contemplations of an imaginary ideal. Much of our\npopular religion seems to be expressly directed to deaden our sympathies\nwith our fellow men by encouraging an indolent optimism; our thoughts of\nthe other world are used in many forms as an opiate to drug our minds\nwith indifference to the evils of this; and the last word of half of our\npreachers is, 'dream rather than work.'\"\nThere is always a great deal of discrepancy between that which is best\nfor the gods and that which is best for the individual and for society\nin general. One cannot serve man perfectly and the traditional gods as\nwell. It is, therefore, the contention of freethinkers that if man had\ngiven to the service of man all that he had given to the gods in the\npast, our present stage of civilization would be much in advance of\nwhere it is today.\nIf there is anything in the discussion to follow that may seem\nirreverent to the reader, the author wishes to call attention that he\nhas but presented well substantiated facts. It is not only his opinion\nthat he is voicing, but it is the facts as he has found them recorded in\nthe researches of numerous sincere men. Finally, it is the conviction of\nall freethinkers that, as Professor James H. Leuba has stated, \"It is,\nfurthermore, essential to intellectual and moral advances that the\nbeliefs that come into existence should have free play. Antagonistic\nbeliefs must have the chance of proving their worth in open contest. It\nis this way scientific theories are tested, and in this way also,\nreligious and ethical conceptions should be tried. But a fair struggle\ncannot take place when people are dissuaded from seeking knowledge, or\nwhen knowledge is hidden.\"\nThe cultivation of the intellect is a duty that is imposed on all men.\nEven those who still cling to the dying beliefs must admit the force of\nwhat Winwood Reade said, \"To cultivate the intellect is therefore a\nreligious duty; and when this truth is fairly recognized by men, the\nreligion which teaches that the intellect should be distrusted and that\nit should be subservient to faith, will inevitably fall.\"\nWhen the principles of freethought shall have dispelled the intellectual\ncloud of the God-idea and the vanishing dream of a heaven which has too\nlong drawn men's eyes away from this earth, then, and then only, will\nthese words of Cicero have widespread meaning:\n\"Men were born for the sake of men, that each should assist the\nothers.\"\nTHE NECESSITY OF ATHEISM\nCHAPTER I\nTHE EVOLUTION OF RELIGIOUS BELIEFS\n    _To early man, the gods were real in the same sense that the\n    mountains, forests, or waterfalls which were thought to be their\n    homes were real. For a long time the spirits that lived in drugs or\n    wines and made them potent were believed to be of the same order of\n    fact as the potency itself. But the human creature is curious and\n    curiosity is bold. Hence, the discovery that a reported god may be a\n    myth._\n    MAX CARL OTTO.\nThe geologists estimate that the age of the earth is somewhere between\n80 and 800 millions of years; that the Neanderthal race existed for more\nthan 200,000 years; that between 40,000 and 25,000 years ago, as the\nFourth Glacial Period softened towards more temperate conditions, a\ndifferent human type came upon the scene and exterminated Homo\nNeanderthalensis. These first \"true men\" descended from some more\nape-like progenitors and are classed by ethnologists with the same\nspecies as ourselves, and with all human races subsequent to them under\none common, specific term, Homo Sapiens.\nThe age of cultivation began with the neolithic phase of human affairs\nabout 10,000 or 12,000 years ago; about 6000 or 7000 years ago men began\nto gather into the first towns and to develop something more than the\nloose-knit tribes which had hitherto been their highest political\norganization. Altogether, there must have elapsed about 500,000 years\nfrom the earliest ape-like human stage of life on this planet to the\npresent time.\nIt necessarily follows that the age of our present civilization is by no\nmeans that which the Bible stipulates, but is merely an atom in the vast\nspace-time of this earth. The reason for this disparity is that with the\ndevelopment of the mind of man throughout the ages there was conceived\nalso his self-made religious systems, based on a subjective\ninterpretation of the universe, and not on an objective one, devoid of\nemotional bias.\n\"Primitive man did not understand the natural cause of shadows, echoes,\nthe birth and death of vegetable and animal organisms. Of this ignorance\nreligion was born, and theology was evolved as its art of expression.\"\n(_Draper._)\nOur story takes us back some twelve thousand years to neolithic man.\nSquatting in his rude hovel or gloomy cave, he listens to the sounds of\na storm without. The howling of the wind, the flashes of lightning, and\ncrashing of thunder give rise to that elemental emotion--fear. Fear was\nalways with him, as he thought of the huge stones that fell and crushed\nhim, and the beasts which were so eager to devour him. All things about\nhim seemed to conspire for his death: the wind, lightning, thunder, rain\nand storm, as well as the beasts and falling trees; for in his mind he\ndid not differentiate animate from inanimate objects. Slowly, through\nhis groping mind there evolved the thought, due to past experience, that\nhe could not contend with these things by physical force, but must\nsubdue them with magic; his magic consisted of the beating of crude\ndrum-like instruments, dances, and the mumbling of words.\nUpon falling asleep he dreams, and awakening, he finds that he is still\nin the same place where he had lain the night before. Yet, he is certain\nthat during the night he had traveled to his favorite wood and killed an\nanimal whose tender flesh he was still savoring. Since the conception\nof a dream was as yet foreign to him, the logical conclusion he arrived\nat was that he had both a body and a spirit. If he possessed a body and\na spirit, then all things about him, he reasoned, must likewise possess\na similar spirit. Some spirits, he felt, were friendly; some, hostile to\nhim. The hostile spirits were to be feared; but that powerful factor,\n\"hope,\" had at last entered into his mind, and he hoped to be able to\nwin them over to the camp of friendly spirits.\nIn this manner, man passed from the stage of contending against the\nspirits to one of placating them. It was believed that certain men\ncarried more favor with the spirits than others, and these became the\noriginal priests, called the \"Shamans.\"\nAnother expedient for warding off evil spirits was by means of the\nfetish. The primitive fetish was an object containing an active friendly\nspirit, which, if worn by the individual, protected him from the evil\nspirits. In a short while the manufacture of fetishes became a sacred\nprofession, and the men who were thought to fashion the best ones became\nthe professional holy men of the period, the priests.\nAt first, idols were used to drive away the evil spirits, and then, the\nconception changed to one of attracting the good spirits to man. From\nthe individual fetish man passed to tribal ones, which in their first\nform were huge boulders and trees.\nAs the primitive mind gained cunning, it slyly smeared the surface of\nthe idol with oily substances, hoping that the spirit, like some wild\nbeast, would come and lick, be gratified, and remain in the idol. When\nsome favorable signs denoted that a good spirit had entered into the\nidol, it was regularly smeared with oils and then blood, in the hope\nthat the spirit would be pleased sufficiently to remain there\npermanently. As time went on, it became a custom, a rite, and the\nspirit having performed to the satisfaction of the tribe, ways were\ninvented to manifest their gratitude. Instead of smearing the idol with\nblood, it was thought more fitting that an animal be killed and offered\nto the good spirit contained within the idol. In this manner arose the\nbeginning of \"sacrifice.\" It was at this time, when man began to\npersuade the idols or spirits to do things for his benefit that religion\nbegan.\nSlowly, slowly, down through the ages, as the mind of man progressed,\nhis self-made religious conceptions advanced. He now worshiped idols,\nand these idols were his gods. The Celts, the Babylonians, the Greeks,\nthe Romans, all had their idols. All were certain that their gods were\nthe true ones, and that the others were all inferior and even false\ngods. But, is the modern worshipper who is contemptuous of the ancients\nvery different from them?\nThe centuries pass by, and in their wake is man's self-conceived\nreligion. Now, some men take the prerogative in the manufacture of\nreligion, and there evolve Brahmanism, Jainism, Buddhism, Hinduism,\nConfucianism, Taoism, and Zoroastrianism, all inspired, all\nsupernatural, and with their myriads of followers who believed and still\nbelieve that theirs is the only true creed.\nVery recently, in the time-scale of our development, man adopted the\nmethods of \"Big Business,\" and the religion of many gods and idols,\npolytheism, has given way to one Supreme God, monotheism. Man found that\nit made for simplicity and saved his valuable time if he worshiped one\ngod, instead of obeying the hitherto many. The \"Chosen People\" took it\nupon themselves to bring the next divinely concocted conception of a\nSupreme God, and they manufactured the creed of Judaism.\nAfter many years, a rift arose among the Jews, and the sectarians were\ndefeated and expelled. Foiled in their first object, they cast aside\nthe laws of Moses and offered the Hebrew religion without the Hebrew\nceremonies to the Greek and Roman world. Jesus was the man who prepared\nthe way for this remarkable event.\nWhen Mohammed conceived the divine conception that he would follow in\nthe footsteps of his brother-prophets, Moses and Jesus, the latest of\nthe major religions was revealed.\nAt the present time, the Hebrews and Christians, although worshiping the\nsame Jehovah, are disputing with each other, and indeed, amongst\nthemselves, with regard to the various attributes, amorous pursuits, and\nlineal descendants of the Godhead. Jehovah himself appears to be on the\ndecline and his unity is steadily disintegrating into a paradoxical\ntrinity. But we are progressing, for in 1300 years no new prophet has\narisen, and no new divine revelation is perturbing our race; the old\nones, however, are causing quite enough disturbance.\nIt would be of value for the modern religionist who believes that the\nworship of a deity in our own age is far removed from the worship of an\nidol by our savage ancestors, to retrace his steps and compare the\nsavage mind worshiping his particular idol and a so-called civilized\nmind of today worshiping his deity.\nThe savage prayed to his idol, that is, he _begged_. He begged the idol\nto watch over his flock or his fields. The modern prays, that is he begs\nof his idol, his deity, to prosper his business, to guard his life, and,\nas one of my \"super-devout\" acquaintances recently informed me, on the\neve of an important golf match, for the Deity to give him endurance; in\nother words, \"to cut down his golf score.\"\nThe savage voiced his incantations; the modern sings hymns, that is he\nflatters. There is still a great deal of the charlatanry of the magician\nin the construction of the houses of prayer, with the sunlight shut out\nand only filtering through the leaded and multi-colored panes, the\nsemidarkness, the solemnity, the rise and swell of the organ; all things\ncombined to overcome the senses, to play upon the emotions, and to\nsubdue the reason.\nThe savage made sacrifices to his idols, that is, he paid tribute,\nchiefly out of fear, but partly in the hope of getting something better\nin return. The modern does not offer human or animal sacrifice, it is\ntrue; but it must be borne in mind that the wealth of the savage\nconsisted of his sheep, oxen, oils, and wines, not money. Today, the\ndevout offer a sacrifice of money to the Deity. We are all familiar with\nthe requests of religious institutions for gifts, which nearly always\nfinish with the phrase, \"And the Lord will repay you many fold.\" In\nother words, sacrifice part of your worldly goods to the idol, and he\nwill repay with high interest. He will give in return long life and much\nriches. The savage was afraid to utter the real name of his god, it was\ntaboo. The modern says, \"Take not the name of the Lord in vain.\" Even\ntoday, the followers of Moses consider it taboo to utter the name of\nJehovah except in prayer.\nThe present-day methods of worship are no different from those of the\nsavage; the method of supplication has changed with the advance of the\nyears, but the fundamental ideas at the base of all worship are just as\ncrude today as they were 4000 years ago. Primitive man was no more a\nfetishist than is the modern Catholic. The latter still wears medals and\nimages suspended from the neck and pinned to the inner clothing.\nMoreover, a survey of the various religions extant indicates that the\nreligious factor is no less prevalent today than it was in primitive\nsocieties.\nIn Greenland, one finds, that through nearly all of its vast area\nreligion has no place, but that is chiefly the result of its being\nlargely uninhabited. In Alaska, the population is for the most part\nCatholic, although the natives are animists. In Canada, 33 per cent are\nCatholic, the rest are mainly Protestant. In the United States, 20 per\ncent are Catholic, 3.5 per cent are Jewish, and the remainder are\nProtestants. Mexico, Central and South America, are almost entirely\nRoman Catholic. In Europe, Russia was until recently dominantly Greek\nOrthodox; the Scandinavian peninsula, the English Isles, and Central\nEurope are dominantly Protestant, while France, Portugal, Spain, Italy,\nand the rest of the countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea are\nCatholic. The rest of the continent is divided between Jews and\nMohammedans. In Asia, the entire vast area of Siberia is only sparsely\nsettled and its religions include Animism, Taoism, and Christianity. In\nChina, we find the land of three truths, Confucianism, Taoism, and\nBuddhism. India, Tibet, and Burma are dominated by Hinduism and\nBuddhism; Arabia, Persia, and the rest of the continent are Mohammedan.\nIn Japan, there are the Shintoists. The East Indies, where the\npopulation is native, are Animistic. In Australia, the dominant religion\nis Protestantism. In North Africa, the west coast inhabitants are\nMohammedans, while the Abyssinians are Christians. There are some Coptic\nChristians, in Egypt, while in the Congo and South African countries\ndown to the Cape Settlements, the natives are Animists. The Cape\nSettlements themselves are Protestants.\nMore concretely, it is estimated that 10.7% of the inhabitants of the\nglobe are Protestants; 16.2% are Catholics; 7.1% are Greek Orthodox; 10%\nare Animists; 1.4% are Shintoists; 18.2% are Confucians and Taoists;\n12.8% are Hindus; 8.4% are Buddhists; 13.4% are Moslems; and 1.8% are\nHebrews and unclassified sects. Truly, a religious babel! and 10% of all\nthe inhabitants of the globe, about the same number of people who\nprofess to Protestantism, are Animists. This is the lowest stage of\nprimitive religion, and millions of humans are still quagmired in the\nsloth of a primitive faith which once must have been the faith of all\nhuman beings.\nThe Mohammedan, the Jew, the Christian, will readily agree that the\nanimism, the fetishism, and idolatry of the savage were man-made foolish\nbeliefs. They can readily perceive that there was nothing supernatural,\nnothing revealed, in such beliefs; but they do not realize that to him,\nin his infantile development, the fetish and the idol were just as\nsupernatural and superior as the modern conception of a Supreme Being.\nIn each age man creates his god, in his own image, and within the\nconfines of his own mental development. The mind of man has expanded so\nthat it has conquered more and more of his environment; it has grown and\nwrested from nature those secrets which constitute his civilization.\nAlong with this has progressed the conception of a deity, but only to a\ncertain extent. The mind has embellished the outward appearance of its\ngods, consolidated them, and built upon them intricate systems of\ntheology, upon which feed vast hordes of clergy; but the basic\nconception, the fundamental principle, that there must be something\nsupernatural to explain something which we cannot explain at the present\nmoment, that conception still drugs the mind of man. Primitive man did\nnot understand the meaning of lightning, thunder, shadows, echoes, etc.,\nand he placed these among the supernatural phenomena. The modern mind\nexplains these phenomena, understands the laws governing their\nproduction. Yet, it is this same modern mind which persists in going\nback to our savage ancestors and their mental sloth, by attributing the\nmyriads of phenomena which still elude its present stage of mental\ndevelopment, to a particular idol, this time, a Supreme Being.\nBrahmanism, Jainism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Confucianism, Taoism,\nZoroastrianism, Hebrewism, Mohammedanism, Christianity--which is the\ntrue religion?\nLet us suppose for a moment that an inhabitant of Mars, if there be\nsuch, were by a \"miracle\" to be transported to this earth and endowed\nwith the mental capacity of the average inhabitant of the earth (a thing\nwhich perhaps would not be so flattering to our guest), were to be\napproached by a zealot of each one of these faiths, who hoped to convert\nthis stranger to its ranks. Since the factor of coercion by force of\nenvironment to which each of these earthlings was subject would\nnaturally be absent, the Martian would be in a position to make a fair\nchoice. How much would the visitor be impressed by the statements of the\nChristian, Mohammedan, or Jew, when advised that unless he embraced\ntheir particular creed, he would be damned to eternal torture in their\nparticular Hell?\nIf a Christian were to accost him and endeavor to put the fear of God\ninto him, and if our visitor, being from Mars, already knew that of the\nworld's population, only about 27 per cent are Christians, and the other\n73 per cent are Non-Christians, is it logical to suppose that he would\never be convinced that an omniscient, omnipotent, benevolent, Supreme\nBeing would select only one quarter of his children whom he had created\nfor redemption, with the infallible knowledge that nearly three-quarters\nof them would be confined to Hell for not believing what He could have\nmade them believe if He were truly omnipotent, omniscient, and\nbenevolent? Would he not rather reply that on his planet such a \"Father\"\nwho would select some of his children for rewards, and maliciously\ntorture his other children, would not be designated as a God but a\nDevil? Were the Martian to be further informed that each one of God's\nchildren was represented in actual figures by hundreds of millions and\nthat these have been living on the planet Earth for hundreds of\nthousands of years, and were the visitor to contemplate the vast\nincomprehensible number of souls that have been confined to Hell by such\na father, might he not cut his visit short? He would be apt to repeat\nwith James Mill, \"Think of a being who would make a Hell, who would\ncreate the human race with the infallible foreknowledge and therefore\nwith the intention that the great majority of them should be consigned\nto horrible and everlasting torment.\" I believe that our guest would\nassert that if such a Being actually existed and demanded worship, he\nwould certainly have revealed his true belief to the first man Adam, and\ntherefore saved his children an inestimable amount of suffering.\nWere the visitor to be further pressed by the zealot with the vision of\neternal hell, I believe he would retort that there is no reason for God\nto punish those who doubt or deny faith in His existence, since it is\nHis own doing; and if He desired each one of His children to worship Him\naccording to the precepts of a certain creed, He surely would have\ninstilled that creed into man's make-up together with the rest of his\ncharacteristics. Undoubtedly, He would not esteem any creed which damned\nthe human intellect by cursing the doubts which are the necessary\nconsequence of its exercise, or the creed which cursed the moral faculty\nby asserting the guilt of honest error.\nIf our visitor would but glance at the history, the evolution, of\nreligious beliefs, he would realize and soundly assert that all\nreligions are human in their origins, erroneous in their theories, and\nridiculous in their threats and rewards.\nCHAPTER II\nTHE KORAN AND THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS\n    _The Jews emerge into history, not a nation of keen spiritual\n    aspirations and altruistic ethics, but that pagan people,\n    worshipping rocks, sheep and cattle, and spirits of caves and wells,\n    of whom the Old Testament, tending towards its higher ideal, gives\n    fragmentary but convincing evidence_.\n    JAMES T. SHOTWELL.\n    _Consider Jahveh. Cruel god of a horde of nomadic invaders settling\n    in a land of farmers, he had his images, ranging in elaboration from\n    an uncut mazzebah or asherah, to a golden bull. He was plural by\n    place and tribe and function. What did the prophetic movement do\n    with his sacred powers? It identified his taboos with a written\n    constitution_.\n    HORACE M. KALLEN.\n    _The mental attitude of these priest-dominated ancestors of ours is\n    amazing. They were like children in the hands of unscrupulous\n    teachers. In reading these old chronicles it is impossible not to be\n    shocked by the incongruity ever arising out of the juxtaposition of\n    theory and practice_.\n    LLEWELYN POWYS.\nOur Martian visitor, having withstood the blasts of the Zealot, is\napproached by a Mohammedan who places in his hands the Koran and tells\nhim that it is a divinely inspired revelation, as revealed by Allah\nthrough his prophet, Mohammed. Having already had some experience with\nearthly religionists, the Martian is disposed to avail himself of the\nhistorical evidence regarding the life of Mohammed.\nHe finds that Mohammed, from all accounts, was a demagogue, a charlatan,\nand a victim of mental disease. It strikes him strangely that such an\nindividual should be chosen by Allah as his disciple on earth to make\nknown his commands. He notes Mohammed's appearance on earth in 600 A.D.\nand wonders why the Creator should have procrastinated for such a long\ntime; but decides to read the revelations anyhow.\nHe discovers that \"from the literary point of view, the Koran has little\nmerit. Declamation, repetition, puerility, a lack of logic, and\nincoherence strike him at every turn. He finds it humiliating to the\nhuman intellect to think that this mediocre literature has been the\nsubject of innumerable commentaries and that millions of men are still\nwasting time in absorbing it.\"\nA Hebrew next takes his turn at this obstinate guest and sets before him\nthe Old Testament. Again, the Martian is informed that it is an inspired\nbook actuated by God.\nIn his attempt to find the historical evidence corroborating this book,\nthe Martian finds that authentic history begins for the Israelites with\nthe constitution of Saul's monarchy about 1100 B.C. All that precedes\nthis--the deluge, the dispersal of mankind, Abraham, Jacob, Joseph, the\ncaptivity in Egypt, Moses, Joshua, and the conquest of Canaan, is more\nor less mythical.\nIn the Old Testament, our Martian reads the first chapter, glances at\nthe chronology, and is immediately bewildered since he has a fair\nknowledge of our scientific advances. As he reads on, he becomes aware\nof a host of errors, contradictions, and manifest absurdities. When he\nquestions the zealous Hebrew, he comes in contact with what he is\ninformed is Concordism, which he perceives is a false science that\nconsists in determining, at any cost, a perfect harmony between modern\nscience and the knowledge possessed by God's people. He is thus told\nthat the days of creation were not days at all, but periods; although\nthe Bible mentions the morning and evening of each day. Delving further\nin this most holy of revelations, he learns that God is represented in a\nmanner most unworthy of what such a being should be represented. He\nfinds the Lord walking in the cool of the evening, showing his hind\nquarters to Moses, ordering abominable massacres, and punishing chiefs\nwho had not killed enough people. On further perusal, there is revealed,\n\"A great deal of Oriental bombast, incoherence and absurdity, that the\nmarvels recounted are often ludicrous or grotesque.\"\nIn a chance moment, when the Hebrew had relaxed his hold for a second, a\nvile heretic points out to the visitor (_Exodus XXII, 18_): \"Thou shalt\nnot suffer a witch to live!\" and explains the witchcraft delusion to\nhim.\nFrom a comparison between Exodus XXXIV and Exodus XX, he is at a loss to\ndecipher which are the true commandments that the Lord gave to Moses.\nThe first five books of the Pentateuch, he finds, are attributed to\nMoses, although they contain the account of the latter's death. On\ninquiry, he learns that this is still maintained by the synagogue. His\nMartian intellect is unable to comprehend the logic of a God who would\ndemand human and animal sacrifice, and the story of Abraham about to\nsacrifice his son Isaac fills him with disgust. His estimate of the\nmentality of Jehovah receives a severe jolt when he reads in Leviticus\nXVI, \"Herewith shall Aaron come unto the holy place with a young bullock\nfor a sin offering and a ram for a burnt offering. He shall put on the\nholy linen coat, and he shall have the linen breeches upon his flesh,\nand he shall be girded with the linen girdle, and with the linen mitre\nshall he be attired; they are the holy garments; and he shall bathe his\nflesh in water and put them on. And he shall take of the congregation of\nthe children of Israel two he-goats for a sin offering, and one ram for\na burnt offering. And Aaron shall present the bullock of the sin\noffering, which is for himself, and he shall make atonement for himself\nand for his houses. And he shall take the two goats and set them before\nthe Lord at the door of the tent of the meeting.\"\nOur visitor reads on to Leviticus XVIII, after which he must stop to\nquestion the Hebrew, for here he finds, \"None of you shall approach to\nany that is near of kin to him, to uncover their nakedness; I am the\nLord. The nakedness of thy father, even the nakedness of thy mother,\nshalt thou not uncover; she is thy mother; thou shalt not uncover her\nnakedness. The nakedness of thy father's wife shalt thou not uncover; it\nis thy father's nakedness. The nakedness of thy sister, the daughter of\nthy father, or daughter of thy mother, whether she be born at home, or\nabroad, even their nakedness thou shalt not uncover. The nakedness of\nthy son's wife--the nakedness of the wife of thy father--the nakedness\nof thy father's sister, thy mother's sister, the nakedness of thy\ndaughter-in-law, thy brother's wife, the nakedness of a woman and her\ndaughter, thou shalt not uncover. And unto a woman separated by her\nuncleanliness thou shalt not approach to uncover her nakedness. Thou\nshalt not be carnally with thy neighbor's wife, to defile thyself with\nher. Thou shalt not be with mankind as with womankind. And thou shalt\nnot be with any beast to defile thyself thereto; neither shall any woman\nstand before a beast to lie down thereto; it is confusion.\"\nThe Martian, totally aghast, is constrained to exclaim that he cannot\nbelieve that a Deity should find it necessary to place this in a divine\nrevelation. The Hebrew Zealot relents somewhat to explain that perhaps\nthis was not revealed, but found its way into the divine text as a\nmoral lesson to the primitive tribes for which it was written. To this,\nour guest counters with the remark that if this be a parable of manners\nand morals, then, from what he observes on the earth, we, Earthlings,\nhave certainly outgrown the need for such coarse and obscene statements\nmade some 2000 years ago; and that on Mars, although the inhabitants are\nnot blessed with such divine revelations, common sense and reason have\ntaught their most primitive men the same lessons in morality while they\nwere yet in their infancy.\nReflecting on this maze of contradictions, the Martian determines to\nanalyze the Old Testament and the Hebrew religion in the same manner\nthat he would investigate any other problem presented to him.\nThirty-five hundred years ago, the Hebrews were a pastoral, primitive\npeople inhabiting the wilderness known today as the Arabian Desert.\nTheir religion was that of all other primitive peoples--Animism, an\nillusion which made primitive man recognize everywhere spirits similar\nto his own spirit. They worshiped the spirits of the sun and the moon,\nthe mountains and rocks, as well as the spirits of the dead.\nIt appears certain that the barrenness of this desert land necessitated\nthese wandering tribes to migrate to adjacent areas of greater\nfertility. To the north lay the fertile valleys of the Tigris and\nEuphrates and the coast of the Mediterranean Sea; to the west lay the\nland of the Egyptians. Time and time again, these Bedouin tribes hurled\nthemselves against the inhabitants of the northern fertile valleys.\nBabylonia, to the northeast, was the first country to be invaded, and\nlater Canaan to the northwest. Successful at times in establishing\nthemselves in Babylonia and Canaan, they were at other times driven back\ninto the desert when the native inhabitants in turn attacked the\ninvaders. Migrating into Egypt in search of food, they were made a\ncaptive nation and escaped again into the desert when the Egyptians were\nengaged in fighting the savage invaders from Libya.\nThe leader of this flight from Egypt was the prophet Moses. The Martian\ndecides to investigate the character and deeds of this influential\nfigure at another time. It is probable that the exodus gave the proper\nstimulus for the beginnings of a distinctive Hebrew religion, and was\nthe reason for their finally establishing themselves in Canaan, with\nJehovah as their chief deity. It has often been proclaimed that the\nvalue of Judaism has been in first establishing a religion of\nmonotheism; but it must not be forgotten that centuries before the\nHebrews escaped into the desert, the Egyptians were tending to\nmonotheism. It is known that one god was exalted over all the rest in\nEgypt, and that as far back as 1375 B.C. King Ikhnaton made the religion\nof Egypt an absolute monotheism. The Hebrews, in proclaiming their\nYahveh as the one and supreme deity, were but following what they had\nassimilated from the Egyptians. The faith of these desert marauders, at\nthe time of their entrance into Canaan, was as crude and savage as the\nHebrews themselves. Brought into contact with the gods of the\nPhoenicians and Babylonians, their Yahveh underwent a change, as have\nall other creeds since that time when brought into contact with another\ncreed. The final idea of Yahveh accepted by the Hebrews was not the\nproduct of a sudden revelation but of a gradual evolution.\nThe Hebrews, about the twelfth century B.C., gained access into Canaan,\nand at first were successful in warfare, so that under King David they\npresented the aspect of a united nation. However, following the\nextravagant reign of King Solomon, the nation was embroiled in a\nrevolution, and the land was divided into two kingdoms--Israel in the\nnorth, Judah in the south. These two tiny kingdoms were habitually at\nwar with each other and, finally, in 722 B.C. Israel was conquered,\nwhile in 586 B.C., Judah was defeated and its population either\nscattered or taken into captivity.\nIn 538 B.C., Cyrus of Persia conquered Babylonia and set the exiles\nfree. Returning to their own land, the exiles took back with them the\nlaw code which the priests had manufactured for them. Then began a\nperiod of priestly domination and corruption, a period of subjugation to\nRome, of insurrection against Rome, and the capture and destruction of\nJerusalem in 70 A.D. With the capture of Jerusalem, the Hebrew nation\nwas finally dispersed.\nJust as the Martian was able to trace the evolution of the Hebrews from\nthe stage of the marauding tribes of the Arabian desert who wandered\ninto Egypt, Canaan, and Babylonia, and finally established a kingdom for\nthemselves which was dispersed by Rome; just so could he trace the\nevolution of their religious beliefs from their incipient crudities to\ntheir not too great refinement at 70 A.D. This evolution of the Hebrew\nreligion is best exemplified by an analysis of the Old Testament itself.\nThere are several canons, or official collection of books which comprise\nthe Old Testament. The Jews and Protestants accept fewer books than the\nRoman Catholics. The Jewish Canon consists of those so-called sacred\nbooks of which the Synagogue possessed Hebrew texts about a century\nbefore the Christian era. \"About 150 B.C. the sacred books of the Jews\nwere translated into Greek for the use of those Egyptian Jews who could\nnot read Hebrew. This translation is called the Septuagint, from a\ntradition that seventy or seventy-two translators had worked upon it.\"\n(_Salomon Reinach, \"Orpheus._\") The earliest manuscripts of the Hebrew\nBible date only from the tenth century A.D., but there are very much\nolder manuscripts of the Greek and Latin translations in existence. At\nthe time of Jesus Christ, three divisions of the Old Testament were\nrecognized. These were, the Law, the Prophets, and the other Scriptures.\nThe first five books, Genesis, Exodus, Numbers, Leviticus, and\nDeuteronomy, are known as the Pentateuch, and are attributed to Moses\nhimself; although, as has been noted, they contain the account of his\ndeath. This conception of the Mosaic origin of the Pentateuch was\naccepted by the Israelites as early as the fifth century B.C. and has\nbeen maintained by the Synagogue since that time. Following the example\nof the Hebrews, the Christian Churches accepted this version as to\norigin, and the Roman Catholic Church still upholds this view. The\nJewish Synagogue and the various Christian Churches further hold that\nthe Old Testament is a collection of works inspired or dictated by God.\nEven as late as 1861, the famous Dean Burgon, in a sermon preached at\nOxford University, declared, \"The Bible is none other than the voice of\nHim that sitteth upon the throne. Every book of it, every chapter of it,\nevery verse of it, every syllable of it, every letter of it, is the\ndirect utterance of the Most High. The Bible is none other than the Word\nof God, not some part of it more, some part of it less, but all alike\nthe utterance of Him who sitteth upon the throne, faultless, unerring,\nsupreme.\" The Martian compared this statement with the words of the\nscholar Loisy, \"If God himself wrote the Bible, we must believe Him to\nbe either ignorant or untruthful.\"\nAs he delves further into the intricacies of the construction of the\nBible, our visitor perceives that the Old Testament gradually evolved\nfrom the tenth century to the second century B.C., and in its present\nform is mainly a fifth century compilation, so distorting the facts\nthat it has taken scholars one hundred and fifty years to get them\nstraight. \"It may rightly be said that there is not a single book in the\nBible which is original in the sense of having been written by one man,\nfor all the books are made up of older documents or pre-existing sources\nwhich were combined with later materials, undergoing, in this way,\nseveral revisions and editions at the hands of different scribes or\ncompilers. Deep traces have therefore been left upon the text of the\nBible by these several stages of expansions, additions, modifications,\nrevisions, and incorporations--they appear to the scholar of biblical\nliterature much like the striations grooved in the rocks by large\nglaciers to the student of Geology.\" (_Trattner, \"Unravelling the Book\nof Books._\")\nThe Martian ascertains that to most thinking men it has become very\nobvious that the Bible is the work of man, and not the inspiration of a\ngod; that an increasing number of liberal theologians are discarding the\ntheory of the divine inspiration of the Bible. He likewise clearly\nperceives that there are as yet many men that have given this matter but\nlittle thought; with the Divine inspiration looming up as a corner stone\nin the Hebrew faith he realizes that it behooves him to carry his\ninvestigations further.\nThe Christians, accepting the Old Testament as a book dictated by God,\nhad fixed the age of the earth as 4004 B.C. The harm done by the\nChristian ecclesiastics in attempting to force science to conform to the\nridiculous concept of the construction of the universe as contained in\nthe Bible, and as interpreted by the Church, the Martian considers in a\nfurther chapter. Scientists incline to the view that the earth has\nexisted as a separate planet for something like two thousand million\nyears (2,000,000,000). The rocks give a history of 16,000,000,000. Just\nas in the study of the origin of primitive beliefs, one finds that man\nmade his gods and invented all that they are reported to have said, so a\nstudy of the Old Testament reveals that the ancient Hebrew invented his\nGod, and manufactured the vast mass of myth and fable that are recorded\nas the words and deeds of God. Throughout the ages, the words of these\nancient Hebrews have been taken as the words of a god.\n\"Everything goes to show that the Hebrew literature was produced like\nother literatures. Hebrews were not the first to tell tales. When they\ndid come to write 'for our learning' they borrowed from other people.\nThe only reason why anything more than a literary attention is paid to\nthese old Jewish writings is that Jesus was a Jew. When Christianity was\nfounded--a difficult date to fix--there was no such thing as a Bible.\nThe old Brahmans and Buddhists had Holy Scriptures; the Egyptians had a\nBook of the Dead, and the Sayings of Khuenaten; the Persians had the\nZend-Avesta; the Chinese had sacred books. They were all as sacred as\nthe Jewish books. Priests made them sacred. Priests generally rewrote\nand edited them, even if they had not originally imagined them. There is\nnothing to guide the man of common sense save knowledge and reason.\nEvery priest swears his religion and his scriptures are true. But they\ncannot all be true. If the first are true, then the Jews are past\nfurther consideration, for they were not the first in the field with\nsacred writings.... Holy scriptures are merely Jewish classics. We have\nhad to accept these old writings of the Hebrews as holy and inspired\nbecause the priests said so, and for no other reason whatsoever. There\nis no other reason.\" Assuming the existence of a deity, a man exercising\nhis common sense would be compelled to deny that the Old Testament is\ninspired of God, because it abounds in stupidities and errors such as\nno god could inspire. \"But because the Jews accumulated these writings,\nthe subsequent adopters of Christianity, realizing that Jesus was a Jew,\nand had been a professing Jew, promptly annexed these tales of fancy and\nof fear, of muddled, sensual, silly things and said they must be\naccepted with the teachings of Jesus. And in the course of time, people\nhad to believe these old Jewish writings were the Word of God.\" (_W. H.\nWilliamson, \"Thinker or Believer_.\")\nThe Hebrews had as one of their gods, Yahveh, whom they endowed with\ntheir qualities; qualities inherent in a primitive people: jealousy and\nmight, trickery and fickleness. They evolved a worship that contained in\na modified form many of the ceremonials that they witnessed when they\ncame into contact with the Babylonians and Phoenicians. Their Bible\nthey maintained to be a collection of books which appeared at intervals,\nwith divine inspiration, during a thousand years of Jewish history.\nSimilarly, they insisted that Moses wrote the Pentateuch, that Judges,\nKings, and Chronicles go back to the times they describe, that the\nprophecies were added from the ninth century onward, and so on.\nThe Martian found that not a single book of the Old Testament is older\nthan the ninth century B.C. and that in the fifth century B.C. all the\nolder books and fragments were combined together into the Old Testament\nas we have it, and were drastically altered so as to yield a version of\nearly Jewish history which is not true. The manipulation of the Hebrew\nwritings by the Jewish priests had for its object to represent the\nJewish priesthood, and its rights and customs, as having been\nestablished in the days of Moses. Deuteronomy and Leviticus have been\nclassed as priestly forgeries. Nearly every occurrence, from the\ncreation of the world to the death of Moses, is related twice and, in\nsome cases, three times; and as the Pentateuch is supposed to have been\nwritten by Moses one must assume that Moses had double and triple\nvision.\nChronicles, Ezra, and Nehemiah are impudent forgeries of the fourth\ncentury, giving a totally false version of the events. The Martian finds\nthat the terms used for these fabrications are \"redaction\" or\n\"recension,\" but, in his understanding, he finds the word most\ndescriptive of the process to be forgery. \"The main point is that\npractically all the experts assure you that in scores of material points\nthe Old Testament history has been discredited, and has only been\nconfirmed in a few unimportant incidental statements; and that the books\nare a tissue of inventions, expansions, conflations, or recensions\ndating centuries after the event.\"\nThe Martian in his analysis becomes aware of instances related in the\nOld Testament that on his planet would have to be termed\nforgeries,--deliberate falsifications or fabrications of documents or of\nthe signature to them. \"Now the far greater part of the more learned\nclerical authorities on the Bible say that many books of the Old\nTestament pretend to be written by men who did not write them; that many\nbooks were deliberately written as history when the writers knew that\nthey were not history; and that the Old Testament as a whole, as we have\nit, is a deliberate attempt to convey an historical belief which the\nwriters knew to be false. But these learned authorities do not like the\nword forgery. It is crude.\" (_Joseph McCabe, \"The Forgery of The Old\nTestament.\"_) They veil the meaning of this word in the elegance, the\nsubtlety, the resources, of diplomatic language. They talk of certain\nbooks in terms of \"their legendary character,\" \"their conformity to a\nscheme,\" and \"their didactic purpose.\" To the Martian these are but an\nextremely polite description of what he would call a forgery.\nA theologian in speaking of David states that \"Keen criticism is\nnecessary to arrive at the kernel of fact,\" and, \"the imaginative\nelement in the story of David is but the vesture which half conceals,\nhalf discloses certain facts treasured in popular tradition.\" The\nMartian thinks this is polite language, but the word forgery is much\nmore concise and to the point, and he finds an excellent example of this\ndescribed by Joseph McCabe in \"The Forgery of the Old Testament.\" He\nstates, \"Some time ago we recovered tablets of the great Persian king,\nCyrus, and Professor Sayre gives us a translation of them, and he\ncompares them, as you may, with the words of Daniel, 'In that night was\nBelshazzar, the king of the Chaldeans, slain, and Darius the Median took\nthe kingdom.' The tablets of Cyrus describe the taking of Babylon, and\nare beyond the slightest suspicion. The Persians had adopted the\nBabylonian custom of writing on clay, then baking the brick or tablet,\nand such documents last forever. And these and other authentic and\ncontemporary documents of the age which 'Daniel' describes show:\n     1. That Belshazzar was not the king of Babylon.\n     2. That the name of the last king was Nabonidos.\n     3. That the city was taken peacefully, by guile, not by bloodshed.\n     4. That it was Cyrus, not Darius the Median, who took it.\n     5. That Darius, who is said (XI, 1) by Daniel to have been the son\n     of \"Ahasuerus\" (Xerxes), was really his father.\n     6. That all the Babylonian names in Daniel are absurdly misspelt\n     and quite strange to the writer.\n     7. That the writer described the Chaldeans in a way that no writer\n     could have done before the time of Alexander the Great.\nIt is now beyond question that the man who wrote Daniel, and pretended\nto be alive in 539 B.C. (when Babylon fell), did not live until three or\nfour centuries later. The book is a tissue of errors, as we find by\nauthentic documents and by reading the real Babylonian names on the\ntablets.\"\nThe Martian discovers glaring instances of forgery in the book of Isaiah\nand the Psalms of David, which, while they pretend to have been written\nby Isaiah and David, are really compilations by various writers.\nSimilarly, he finds that the Book of Esther has been pronounced by\nscholars as a clumsy forgery of the second century, and that the story\nof the slaying of Goliath by David is not consistent with the\nunlegendary tradition that the slayer of Goliath was Elhanan, and the\nperiod of this adventure not in Saul's but in David's reign. The Book of\nPsalms, although attributed to King David, was not written by King\nDavid; and the Book of Proverbs, although attributed to Solomon, was not\nwritten by King Solomon.\nThe Book of Genesis relates the mythical traditions of the Hebrews from\nthe creation of the world to the death of Joseph. \"A French physician of\nthe eighteenth century, Astruc, was the first scholar to point out that\nthe two principal designations of God in Genesis, Elohim and Jahveh, are\nnot used arbitrarily. If we place side by side the passages in which God\nis called Elohim, and those in which he is called by the other name, we\nget two perfectly distinct narratives, which the author of the\nPentateuch, as we possess it, has juxtaposed rather than fused. This one\ndiscovery suffices to discredit the attribution of these books to\nMoses, who could not have been an unintelligent compiler, and also\ndiscredits the theory of the divine inspiration of the Bible text. A\ncomparison of the two narratives shows that all which relates to the\ncreation of Eve, the Garden of Eden, and Adam's transgression, exists\nonly in the Jehovist text. Thus it is evident that two versions of the\nCreation are given in Genesis. But there are traces in the Old Testament\nof a third legend, akin to that of the Babylonians, in which Marduk\ncreates the world by virtue of a victory over the waters of chaos\n(Tiamat). This conception of a conflict between the creator and hostile\nforces was contrary to the monotheistic thesis, and has disappeared from\nour two versions of Genesis; but the suppression sufficiently proves\nthat it was very ancient and had long been accepted.\"\nThe Martian finds that theologians have attempted to crawl out of\ndesperate situations in their interpretation of the Old Testament by a\nmethod of reading into a passage or extracting out of it ideas\naltogether foreign to its original intent. This method they call\n\"Allegory.\" By means of this process they have been able to extract any\nmeaning which suits their purposes, and by this method of juggling could\nprove anything. A classic example is that licentious piece of literature\ncalled the \"Song of Solomon,\" in which it is claimed that a woman's\nbreasts, thighs, and belly are the symbols of the union of Jahveh and\nthe Synagogue.\nContinuing his researches, the Martian notices a number of passages in\nthe Old Testament that lead him to the conclusion that the Hebrews were\noriginally polytheists. The name Elohim, he finds, is plural (singular,\nEloah), meaning the gods. Again, in another passage of Genesis, God is\ndescribed as saying, \"Let us make man in our image (I, 26),\" and further\non, \"The man is become as one of us.\" It becomes evident to him that\nthe Hebrews, like their neighbors, worshiped \"baalim\" or the gods of the\nheathens. The \"teraphim,\" the etymology of which is unknown, were little\nportable idols which seem to have been the Lares of the ancient Hebrews.\nDavid owned some (I Samuel XIX, 13-16), and the prophet Hosea, in the\neighth century before Christ, seems still to have considered the\n\"teraphim\" as indispensable in worship (Hos. III, 4). These evidences of\npolytheism and fetichism in the people of Israel destroy, in the mind of\nthe Martian, the claim of these people to have been faithful from their\nearliest origin to a spiritual monotheism. Rather does he find that they\ntook the religions of other peoples with whom they came in contact.\nThe Old Testament contains numerous instances of the practice of magic.\nMoses and Aaron were magicians who rivalled Pharaoh's magicians (Ex.\nVII, 11-20); and Balaam was a magician who pronounced incantations\nagainst Israel and afterwards passed over to the service of Jehovah.\nJacob resorted to a kind of sympathetic magic to procure the birth of a\nspeckled sheep (Gen. XXX, 39). \"Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live,\"\nis written in Exodus XXII, 18, and this phrase offered an affirmation of\nthe reality of witchcraft during the period of the Witchcraft Delusion.\nThe Martian notes that the sentence, \"Thou shalt not suffer a witch to\nlive,\" has caused more suffering, torture, and death than probably any\nother sentence ever framed. His mind revolts at the stupidity and the\nslavish adherence to so-called authority of the human mind, which is\nmanifested in this example of what occurred in the period of the\nWitchcraft Delusion, when the words of an ignorant and barbaric Hebrew\nwere taken by Christian followers to be the words of a god. And yet our\nMartian guest recognizes that in this day all men are aware of the\nfallacy of this utterance in a book which is still claimed to be\ninfallible.\nThe Martian then considers the many ancient Hebrew rites and religious\ntaboos that have come down through the ages, and are still practiced in\na modified form by the modern Hebrew. Thus, in the Old Testament, there\nare numerous instances recorded of the practices of slaughtering of\ninnocent animals who were offered as peace offerings to Yahveh. As time\npassed, the practice of slaughtering and then burning the sacrificial\nanimal gave way to the practice of only giving the blood of the animal\nas an offering. This custom has come down to the present day in the\nmodern worship of Jehovah; the blood of animals is still forbidden to\nthe modern Hebrew. Therefore, the orthodox Jew has the neck of the\nchicken slit by a \"Shochet\" who allows the blood to drip to the\nground--a modern blood offering to the Gods. The explanations given by\nthe rabbis of our day are spurious. Similarly, the orthodox Jew of our\ntime still persists in salting the meat before cooking, a process which\nis intended to remove the blood, which is the portion of the Gods.\nThe reason that the pious Jew abstains from pork leads to the\nconsideration of Totemism as found in the Old Testament. Totemism is a\nkind of worship rendered to animals and vegetables considered as allied\nand related to man. The worship of animals and plants is found as a\nsurvival in all ancient societies and is the origin of the belief in the\ntransmigration of souls. Totemism seems to have been as widespread as\nthe animism from which it is derived, and has been closely intertwined\nin the development of religious beliefs. Totemism in a modified form is\nfound in the Old Testament where animals speak on occasion, as the\nserpent in Genesis, or Balaam's ass. In the most remote periods it is\nprobable that every clan had at least one totem animal which might no\nmore be killed or eaten than the human individuals of the clan. The\ntotem was protected by taboo. The totem was sacred and in this capacity\nit was looked upon as a source of strength and holiness, and to live\nbeside it and under its protection was considered as a righteous custom.\nIn certain communities the idea that it was necessary to abstain from\neating certain totems survived the progress of material civilization.\nThe cow is taboo to the Hindus, the pig is taboo to the Mohammedans and\nto the Jews. The pious Jew abstains from pork because his remote\nancestors, five or six thousand years before our era, had the wild boar\nas their totem. This is the origin of this alimentary taboo; among the\nancient Hebrews it arose, and only comparatively recently has it been\nsuggested that the flesh of these taboo animals was unwholesome. In the\neighteenth century, philosophers propagated the erroneous notion that if\ncertain religious legislators had forbidden various aliments, it was for\nhygienic motives. Even Renan believed that dread of trichinosis and\nleprosy had caused the Hebrews to forbid the use of pork. To show the\nirrational nature of this explanation, it will be enough to point out\nthat in the whole of the Bible there is not a single instance of an\nepidemic or a malady attributed to the eating of unclean meats; the idea\nof hygiene awoke very late in the Greek world. To the Biblical writers,\nas to contemporary savages, illness is supernatural; it is an effect of\nthe wrath of spirits.\nPrimitive man ascribed all diseases either to the wrath of God, or the\nmalice of an evil being. The curing of disease by the casting out of\ndevils and by prayers were the means of relief from sickness recognized\nand commanded by the Old Testament. The hygienic explanation of an\nalimentary prohibition as still insisted upon by the rabbis is entirely\nerroneous and marks the expounder of such an explanation as one who is\nentirely ignorant of the evolution of religious beliefs. The entire\nmatter is well stated in one sentence by Reinach, \"Nothing can be more\nabsurd, generally speaking, than to explain the religious laws and\npractices of the remote past by considerations based on modern science.\"\nThe Martian is able to trace some curious customs that were exhibited by\nthe ancient Hebrews as well as most other ancient peoples, and which\nhave persisted to this day. The customs remain the same, the meanings\nhave become lost in the blind adherence to custom. It is known that the\nold Jewish mourning customs originated with the desire for protection\nfrom the liberated spirit of the deceased. The loud cries uttered by the\nmourners were thought to frighten away the spirits. The change of dress,\nthe covering of the head with ashes, and the shaving of the hair of the\nmourners were done with the purpose of making themselves unrecognizable\nto the spirits. Hence, the custom still prevails of wearing the mourning\nveil. The covering of mirrors when death occurs in the household may\nwell be an attempt to prevent the spirit from lingering in the vicinity.\nSimilarly, even today, the orthodox Jew, in case of grave illness in his\nfamily, changes the given name of the sufferer. To confuse the evil\nspirit causing the disease?\nFurther survivals of totemism as found in the Old Testament are\nillustrated by the worship of the bull and the serpent. Portable gilded\nimages of bulls were consecrated and Hosea protested against the worship\nof the bull in the kingdom of Israel (Hos. VIII, 5; X, 5). The famous\ngolden calf of the Israelites, which was the object of Moses' anger, was\na totemic idol. The worship of the serpent was practiced by Moses\nhimself (Num. XXI, 9). A brazen serpent was worshiped in the temple of\nJerusalem, and was only destroyed by Hezekiah about 700 B.C. (2 Kings\nXVIII, 4).\nThe ancient Hebrews, as well as their neighbors, were phallic\nworshipers. To primitive people it is but a natural phase to have the\nphallus become the exponent of creative power, and as such to be\nworshiped. To these primitive minds there was nothing immoral in genuine\nphallic worship. Signs of phallicism among the ancient Hebrews can be\nclearly pointed out; the serpent was a phallic symbol. \"That the serpent\nwas the phallus is proved by the Bible itself. The Hebrew word used for\nserpent is 'Nachash,' which is everywhere else translated in the Bible\nin a phallic sense, as in Ezekiel XVI, 36, where it is rendered\n'filthiness' in the sense of exposure, like the 'having thy Boseth\nnaked' of Micah.\" (_J. B. Hannay, \"Christianity, the Sources of its\nTeaching and Symbolism.\"_) The ark itself was a feminine symbol, and\nphallicism would explain why Moses made an ark and put in it a rod and\ntwo stones. \"The Eduth, the Shechina, the Tsur, and the Yahveh were\nidentical; simply different names for the same thing, the phallus. They\noccupied the female ark with which they formed the double sexed life\nsymbol. The Hebrew religion had thus a purely phallic basis, as was to\nbe expected from a ritual and symbolism derived from two extremely\nphallic nations, Babylon and Egypt.\" (_J. B. Hannay, Ibid._) An\nintelligent reading of Exodus XXXIV, 13, and 1 Kings XIV, 23 and 24,\nwill prove the above contention.\nOnce more our Martian guest is besieged by the Hebrew Zealot to examine\nthe divine revelation of his religion. This time the Martian notes, \"I,\nYahveh, thy God, am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers\nupon the children unto the third and fourth generations\" (Deut.), which\nseems to him to savor of a cruel and monstrous being. He cannot perceive\nof a just being favoring slavery (Ex. XI), or of a merciful father\nordering human sacrifice (Ex. XIII), (Lev. XXVII, 29), (Num. XIII, 3).\nHe is dumbfounded to find references to cannibalism (Lev. XXVI,\n14-16-28; Deut. XXVIII, 53-58; Jer. XIX, 9; Ezek. V, 10; Kings VI,\n26-29-33). A Benevolent Being, he reasons, would not sanction war and\ndestruction of the captured enemy, yet there are instances of this\n(Deut. XXI, 10-14; Deut. XX, 13-14; Deut. VII, 1-2-16). The reading of\nNumbers V, 11-29, and Deuteronomy XXII nauseated him. The Hebrew Zealot,\nobserving the utter disgust with which the reader was regarding his\nrevelation, is obliged to explain to the bewildered barbarian unbeliever\nthat the Old Testament is the foundation for all of our morals and that\nwithout it we would have developed into a very shocking and immoral\nrace.\nSince the visitor wishes to remain courteous he proceeds, but with a\ngreat deal of hesitation, to further examine the revelation of God. At\nthis point he is assured that this work is read in most schools and\ntaught to small children. However, our guest is again disillusioned; for\nno sooner does he arrive at Genesis, XII, 11-20, than he finds that\nAbraham, good Abraham, the pure, the father of all Hebrews, makes of the\nsacred relationship of marriage a means of personal gain and safety by\nbetraying his own wife. Now it is the Martian's turn to inquire of the\nHebrew whether the latter had ever read this story to his own daughter?\nOr, the story of Abraham's affair with Hagar, his handmaiden? Was the\nHebrew's young daughter aware that Isaac, son of Abraham, was as ready\nand willing to prostitute his wife for protection for himself as was his\nfather Abraham?\nThe Martian is puzzled by the word \"sporting\" in Genesis, XXVI, 8-11,\nand is informed of its meaning. A few moments after reading Genesis XIX,\n1-7, he informs his would-be converter that if Lot had lived in Mars and\nhad offered his daughters to appease the mob, the account of that\nincident would never have found its way into any work on morals.\nMoreover, he failed utterly to see how the account of Lot's daughters\ngetting him into a drunken state, followed by a statement such as, \"Thus\nwere both the daughters of Lot with child by their father,\" could ever\nhave any moral value.\nThe story of Jacob, Leah, and Rachel does not appeal to this infidel\nMartian, since he still believes that integrity and faithfulness are\nvirtues. Yet, in his endeavor to respect the courtesy due to his host,\nhe reaches for pencil and pad, and notes the various moral lessons he\nhad derived thus far from the Old Testament. He wrote lust, incest,\ninfidelity, and prostitution; arriving at the story of Dinah, Genesis\nXXXIV, 1-2, he wrote that in addition to those vices already listed,\nrape should be given a prominent place. The stories of Joseph and\nPotiphar's wife, Judah and Tamar, King David and his wives, the rape of\nTamar by her brother Ammon, did not impress the Martian as stories for\nthe delectation of children, since he was crude enough to hold that\nanything which would shock the mind of a child, could not have any moral\nvalue and would thus be automatically excluded from any religion. He,\ntherefore, returned the volume to the Hebrew with the remark that as an\nadult he found the stories of De Maupassant and Balzac more interesting,\neven though they belonged to the same genre.\nOur guest now repaired to one of our golf courses where, during the\ninterval of a few hours, the fresh air, the sunshine, and exercise\ndispelled the mental nausea which the reading of the Old Testament had\noccasioned in him. Returning to his quarters, he is approached by one of\nthe Christian Brethren and the New Testament is placed in his hands with\nthese remarks, \"The Christian recognizes that in the Old Testament the\nJews have given to the Christian world its greatest heritage.\" The fact\nthat in exchange for this priceless heritage, the Christians have given\nto the Jews a series of persecutions unequaled in the annals of human\nwarfare is explained by the quality of the Brotherhood of Man that\nnaturally manifests itself after a complete conversion to the Bible's\nprecepts. The Old Testament contains the first revelations of God; the\nNew Testament, the last revelations. Our Christian Brother \"forgets\" to\nremind the visitor that the difference of opinion regarding these two\nTestaments of God has caused more sorrow, bloodshed, harm, devilment,\nmisery, and devastation than any other single item in the life and\nhistory of the human race.\nThe Martian is hard pressed to reconcile the fact that Mohammedanism six\nhundred years after the appearance of Christianity triumphed over\nChristianity in a great portion of the earth's surface; yet he is\ninformed that Christianity is _the_ religion of God, that Allah made the\nMohammedans, Jehovah the Jews, the Trinity the Christians, and the rest\nof the believers were illegitimate children of the above gods, was the\nonly conclusion he could reach. In a few moments the myth of Christ\nbegins to unfold itself before his eyes in the Gospels of Matthew, Mark,\nLuke, and John, the Acts of the Apostles, and the Apocalypse. He finds,\n\"The so-called Messianic texts which are supposed to prefigure Jesus in\nthe Old Testament have all been either misunderstood or deliberately\nmisinterpreted. The most celebrated is that in Isaiah VII, 14, which\npredicts that a virgin shall bear a son, Emmanuel, but the word, Al-mah,\nwhich the Septuagint rendered \"virgin\" means in Hebrew a young woman,\nand this passage merely deals with the approaching birth of a son to the\nking or the prophet himself. This error of the Septuagint is one of the\nsources of the legend relating to the virginal birth of Jesus. As early\nas the second century A.D. the Jews perceived it and pointed it out to\nthe Greeks, but the Church knowingly persisted in the false reading, and\nfor over fifteen centuries she has clung to her error.\"\nHis attentive reading convinces him that not one of the Gospels is the\nwork of an eyewitness to the scenes recorded; a little side\ninvestigation reveals that there were a great many writings called\nGospels, from which the Church finally adopted four, guaranteeing their\ninspiration and absolute veracity, no doubt because they were in favor\nin four very influential churches, Matthew at Jerusalem, Mark at Rome or\nat Alexandria, Luke at Antioch, and John at Ephesus. Moreover, what the\nGospels tell him, he perceives is what different Christian communities\nbelieved concerning Jesus between the years 70 and 100 A.D. In Matthew\nXXVI, 39, Mark XIV, 35, and Luke XXII, 42, there are words such as those\nJesus is supposed to have uttered during the slumber of these very same\nApostles. This occurrence enlightens him as to what St. Augustine meant\nwhen he wrote, \"I should not believe in the Gospel if I had not the\nauthority of the Church for so doing.\" If the documents are stuffed with\nthe authority of the Church, these Gospels cannot be utilized for a\nhistory of the real life of Jesus.\nA study of the Epistles of St. Paul reveals that St. Paul taught that\nsin and death came into the world by Adam's fall. In spite of a diligent\nsearch the Martian found no mention of this in the words ascribed to\nJesus. From St. Paul's utterances he learns that Christ came to redeem\nmankind by his voluntary oblation of himself. He was the Son of God!\nPaul, not knowing that in the future a special form of conception would\nbe superimposed on Jesus, states that he was of human birth. The Martian\ndetermined to ascertain what effect the teachings of St. Paul have had\non Christianity. He learns that, \"Ever since St. Paul, the ruling idea\nof Christianity has been that of the redemption of man, guilty of a\nprehistoric fault, by the voluntary sacrifice of a superman. This\ndoctrine is founded upon that of expiation; a guilty person must suffer\nto atone for his fault; and that of the substitution of victims, the\nefficacious suffering of an innocent person for a guilty one. Both are\nat once pagan and Jewish ideas; they belong to the old fundamental\nerrors of humanity. Yet, Plato knew that the punishment inflicted on a\nguilty person is not, nor should it be, a vengeance; it is a painful\nremedy imposed on him for his own benefit and that of society. At about\nthe same period Athenian law laid down the principle that punishment\nshould be as personal as the fault, thus St. Paul founded Christian\nTheology on two archaic ideas which had already been condemned by\nenlightened Athenians of the fourth century before our era, _ideas which\nno one would dream of upholding in these days, though the structure\nbuilt upon them still subsists_.\"\nIn chapter V of the first Epistle of St. John, these words strike the\nvisitor, \"There are three that bear witness in heaven, the Father, and\nthe Word, and the Holy Ghost, and these three are One.\" If these two\nverses are authentic, they would be an affirmation of the doctrine of\nthe Trinity, dating from the first century, at a time when the Gospels,\nthe Acts, and St. Paul ignore it. It was first pointed out in 1806 that\nthese verses were an interpolation, for they do not appear in the best\nmanuscripts, notably all the Greek manuscripts down to the fifteenth\ncentury. The Roman Church refused to bow to evidence. The Congregation\nforbade any question as to the authenticity of the text relating to the\n\"three heavenly witnesses.\" It appeared strange to the Martian that a\ngod should need the lies of his disciples to be incorporated in a divine\nrevelation. But his confusion was even greater when he read, \"We worship\none God in Trinity, and Trinity in Unity, neither confounding the\nPersons nor dividing the substance--and yet, they are not three\nEternals, but One Eternal, not three Almighties, but One Almighty. So,\nthe Father is God, the Son God, and the Holy Ghost God, and yet they are\nnot three Gods, but One God.... The Father is made of none, neither\ncreated nor begotten. The Son is of the Father alone, not made, nor\ncreated, but begotten. The Holy Ghost is of the Father and of the Son,\nneither made nor created, nor begotten, but proceeding.... And in this\nTrinity, none is afore or after the other; none is greater or less than\nanother; but the whole three Persons are coeternal together and\ncoequal.\"\nHe thought this would make a great puzzle, truly an insoluble conundrum,\nto take back to bewilder his Martian friends. However, he was able to\ncomprehend the remarks of Vigilantius, \"who returned from a journey in\nItaly and the Holy Land disgusted with official Christianity. He\nprotested vehemently against the idolatrous worship of images, the\nlegacy of Paganism to the Church, a practice directly opposed to that\nof the Mosaic law which Jesus came, not to destroy, but to fulfill. It\nwas idle to reply that these images were the Scriptures of the\nilliterate, that they were not the object of, but the stimulus to,\nworship. Experience showed that the majority of the faithful confounded\n(as indeed they still do) the sign with the thing signified.\" (_Salomon\nReinach, \"Orpheus.\"_)\nThe result of the critical examination of the New Testament by the\nMartian is that just as most of the Old Testament books are not only\nanonymous but highly composite productions, that as certain writings\ntraditionally ascribed to Moses, David, Solomon, Daniel, and others are\nutterly lacking in the necessary evidences in support of authorship, but\nbear unmistakable evidence of having gone through a long compilatory\nprocess; so does each gospel, despite its seeming unity, give evidence\nof being a composite literary product. Scholars have agreed that Mark\nfirst set forth the doings of Jesus and \"it was out of Mark that both\nMatthew and Luke took the framework of their own writings, cleverly\nfitting into its arrangement their own distinctive material and coloring\nthe whole by their own individual treatment.\" (_Trattner, \"Unravelling\nthe Book of Books.\"_) It is estimated that Mark was written shortly\nbefore the Romans destroyed Jerusalem in 70 A.D. \"This means that a\nchasm of 30 or 40 years separates Mark's written document from the\nministry of Jesus--a long enough time to create a plastic body of oral\nteachings and a highly colored tradition embellished with fanciful\nstories.\"\nLuke was a Greek physician living somewhere on the shores of the \u00c6gean\nSea. He had been a friend of Paul, just as Mark had been with Peter.\nLuke had no personal acquaintance with Jesus and had to get his\ninformation from what others said, or from what the friends of\n\"eye-witnesses\" had seen.\nThe Gospel of \"Matthew\" is an anonymous composition which, on analysis,\nhas been found to incorporate nearly fifty per cent of what is found in\nMark. It is now believed by many scholars to have been written between\nthe years 75 and 80 A.D. at Antioch not, of course, by the Apostle\nMatthew, but by some unknown editor.\nThe Fourth Gospel, the Gospel of John, is vastly different in style,\narrangement, and in the description of the words, actions, and general\nspiritual character of Jesus. Many scholars believe that it was written\nin the city of Ephesus, somewhere around the year 100 A.D. \"Church\ntradition ascribed it to the Apostle John, the son of Zebedee, one of\nthe fishermen whom Jesus called to be a disciple. Years ago this view\nwas easily entertained, but there now exists too much refractory\nevidence against assigning this Greek Gospel to an Aramaic-speaking\nGalilean. That an untutored fisherman could have written so elaborate\nand so highly philosophical an account of Jesus has always presented a\nthorny problem. And so to most scholars John's authorship of the Fourth\nGospel is unthinkable.\"\nNot one of the Gospels is the work of an eyewitness, and the four\nGospels do not complete each other; they contradict each other; and when\nthey do not contradict, they repeat each other. The Christ of John is a\ntotally different person from the Christ of Mark, Matthew, and Luke.\nLoisy, in his \"_Quelques Lettres_,\" states, \"If there is one thing above\nothers that is obvious, but as to which the most powerful of theological\ninterests have caused a deliberate or unconscious blindness, it is the\nprofound, the irreducible incompatibility of the Synoptical Gospels, and\nthe Fourth Gospel. If Jesus spoke and acted as he is said to have\nspoken and acted in the first three Gospels, he did not speak and act as\nhe is reported to have done in the fourth.\"\nThe Martian is forced to the conclusion that the New Testament, with its\nversion of the Virgin Birth, Elizabeth, the cousin of Mary, Zacharias\nand the Angel Gabriel, Jesus and the Sinner, are on par with the\neroticism of the Old Testament. The interpolations, the myth, and fable\nalso compare with the first revelation, and, in his opinion, he prefers\nAndersen's Fairy Tales, or \u00c6sop's Fables.\nMeanwhile, a Protestant Brother mentions the name of Luther, and the\nconclusions he draws are that the exciting cause of the Reformation was\nan extravagant sale of indulgences conceded to the German Dominicans.\nThe Augustinians grew jealous of the Dominicans, and an Augustinian\nMonk, Martin Luther, affixed to the door of Wittenberg Cathedral\nninety-five articles against the abuse of indulgences. This started the\nfray in Germany with Luther at the head of this heresy. The gravest\ndifference of opinion had to do with the Communion. \"Luther retained\none-half of the mystery, and rejected the other half. He confesses that\nthe body of Jesus Christ is in the consecrated element, but it is, he\nsays, as fire is in the red-hot iron. The fire and the iron subsist\ntogether. This is what they called impanation, invination,\nconsubstantiation. Thus, while those they called Papists ate God without\nbread, the Lutherans ate God and bread; soon afterwards came the\nCalvinists, who ate bread and did not eat God.\" In short, Luther was in\nharmony with the Roman Church in nothing but the doctrines of the\nTrinity, Baptism, the Incarnation, and the Resurrection. Luther thought\nit was time to abolish private mass. He pretended the devil had appeared\nto him and reproached him for saying mass and consecrating the\nelements. The devil had proved to him, he said, that it was idolatry.\nLuther declared that the devil was right and must be believed. The mass\nwas abolished in Wittenberg, and soon afterwards throughout Saxony; the\nimages were thrown down, monks and nuns left their cloisters, and, a few\nyears later, Luther married a nun called Catharine von Bora. This tale\ndid not greatly impress our guest.\nA Catholic Brother, not to be outdone, extols the glories of his\nUniversal Church, and the Martian again sets out to investigate. This\ntime he finds:\nThe quotations in the New Testament which the Catholic creed interprets\nas giving divine authority to its representatives on earth is a late\ninterpolation; the Trinity as stated above is a paradox which no\nrational being can understand, and its dogmas and idolatry are\nconsistent with a civilization of 4000 years ago.\nA study of the lives of its popes put to shame the statement that they\ncould possibly be the earthly representatives of a Benevolent Being. \"In\nthe ninth and tenth centuries the papacy passed through a period of\nshameful disorder. The Rome of John X was a cloaca in which the Popes\nset the example of the worst misconduct.\" (For a good short account of\nthe lives of the popes, see Draper's, \"History of the Intellectual\nDevelopment of Europe.\")\nDuring the complete control by the Church of civilization in Europe, it\nhas retarded the progress of humanity for at least 2000 years, and its\nprecepts and fundamental principles are today detrimental to the advance\nof mankind. It has to its credit a long series of judicial murders for\ndifferences of opinion. The Crusades, instigated by the popes and\nseconded by the monks, cost millions of lives and exhausted the\nresources of Christian Europe; they aggravated fanaticism, exaggerated\nthe worship of saints and relics to the point of mania, and encouraged\nthe abuse of and traffic in indulgences. There had never been a single\nopinion persecuted by the Church in the Middle Ages the adoption of\nwhich would not have brought about a diminution of her revenues; the\nChurch has always primarily considered her finances. The papacy was\nresponsible for the Inquisition, and it actively encouraged and excited\nits ferocity. It gave birth to the Witchcraft Mania. The first Grand\nInquisitor, Torquemada, received the congratulations of the Pope. It\ndiabolically applauded the St. Bartholomew Massacre, and instigated the\nnumerous religious wars that tore Europe asunder, and was the cause of\nthe loss of hundreds of thousands of lives and incalculable suffering.\nWith such savage alacrity did it carry out its object of protecting the\ninterests of religion that between 1481 and 1808 it had punished three\nhundred and forty thousand persons, and of these, nearly 32,000 had been\nburnt.\n\"It is perfectly certain that the Catholic Church has taught, and still\nteaches that intellectual liberty is dangerous, that it should be\nforbidden. It was driven to take this position because it had taken\nanother. It taught, and still teaches, that a certain belief is\nnecessary to salvation. It has always known that investigation and\ninquiry led, or might lead, to doubt; that doubt leads, or may lead, to\nheresy, and that heresy leads to Hell. In other words, the Catholic\nChurch has something more important than this world, more important than\nthe well-being of man here. It regards this life as an opportunity for\njoining that Church, for accepting that creed, and for the saving of\nyour soul. If the history of the world proves anything, if proves that\nthe Catholic Church was for many centuries the most merciless\ninstitution that ever existed among men. We, too, know that the\nCatholic Church was, during all the years of its power, the enemy of\nevery science. It preferred magic to medicine, relics to remedies,\npriests to physicians. It hated geologists, persecuted the chemists, and\nimprisoned the naturalists, and opposed every discovery of science\ncalculated to improve the condition of mankind. There is no crime that\nthe Catholic Church did not commit, no cruelty that it did not reward,\nand no virtue that it did not persecute. It was the greatest and most\npowerful enemy of human rights. In one hand, it carried an alms dish,\nand in the other, a dagger. It argued with the sword, persecuted with\npoison, and convicted with faggot.\" R. G. Ingersoll, \"_Rome or Reason_.\"\n\"From the time of Newton to our own day, the divergence of science from\nthe dogmas of the Church has steadily increased. The Church declared\nthat the earth is the central and most important body in the Universe,\nthat the sun and moon and stars are tributary to it. On these points she\nwas worsted by astronomy. She affirmed that a universal deluge had\ncovered the earth; that the only surviving animals were such as had been\nsaved in the Ark. In this, her error was established by geology. She\ntaught that there was a first man who, some 6000 or 8000 years ago, was\nsuddenly created or called into existence in a condition of physical and\nmoral perfection, and from that condition he fell. But anthropology has\nshown that human beings existed far back in geological time, and in a\nsavage state but little better than that of the brute.... Convicted of\nso many errors, the papacy makes no attempt at explanation. It ignores\nthe whole matter. Nay, more, relying on the efficacy of audacity,\nalthough confronted by these facts, it lays claim to infallibility.\"\nThe persecutions of Bruno, Galileo, and Copernicus, together with the\nfacts hitherto stated, did not impress the Martian with the\n\"infallibility\" of the Church. The only great spiritual power that could\nhave interposed to prevent the outbreak of the World War was the papacy.\nPope Pius X had his Nuncio admonish the Austrian emperor, but he failed\neven to get an audition from that old imbecile. The next Pope, Benedict\nXV, was under the influence of a majority of pro-German cardinals. He\nstrove to remain neutral. He attempted to solace the Belgians with\nwords, but he did not reprove the murderous invaders. He protested\nagainst the new and devilish methods of warfare but he did not condemn,\nhe did not excommunicate those that used them. Had the papacy lost its\nmuch-used power of commanding kings and nations, and had it lost its\ngreatest threat, a threat which hitherto could have thrown the masses of\nits adherents into a panic, the threat of excommunication? No, the\npapacy still blessed the banners of the armies, just as it did during\nthe middle ages, and sent its adherents out to slaughter; but first took\ngreat care that the minds of the devout be completely drugged with the\npoison of its creed. A creed that told its followers that do what you\nmight, no matter how dastardly that act might be, so long as you repent\nand confess your sins, life everlasting will be the reward. What is the\nvalue of a church that has claimed the moral leadership of the world\nwhen such things can happen?\nNow that the Martian has become acquainted with the three major\nreligions which dominate the world, Judaism, Christianity, and\nMohammedanism, and has been amazed and shocked at the significance of\ntheir teachings in the history of civilization, his curiosity is further\naroused, and he decides to obtain some information of the respective\npersonalities responsible for the amassing of devotees to these creeds,\nall \"infallible,\" and all detrimental to progress. This time his\ninterest leads him to ancient and contemporary sources, of a literal\nrather than verbal nature; sources dealing with the three most\ninfluential prophets in the history of mankind, Jesus, Moses, and\nMohammed.\nCHAPTER III\nTHE PROPHETS MOHAMMED, JESUS, AND MOSES CHARLATANS OR VICTIMS OF MENTAL\nAND PHYSICAL DISEASE\n    _The prophet or seer is a man of strong imaginative powers, which\n    have not been calmed by education. The ideas which occur to his mind\n    often present themselves to his eyes and ears in corresponding\n    sights and sounds.... Prophets have existed in all countries and at\n    all times; but the gift becomes rare in the same proportion as\n    people learn to read and write_.\n    WINWOOD READE.\nReligious apologists are forever reminding us that we must interpret\nboth the lives and the works of their prophets and recorders in the\nspirit and meaning of the ages in which they lived. To this I agree; but\nthe apologists have so mutilated the meaning of the words of the seers\nand built about them such a mass of nonsense, myth, and fable that it\nbecomes nearly impossible after the lapse of centuries to differentiate\nthe actual man from the fabled man. But there are certain facts that do\ncome down to us recorded by disinterested observers from which can be\nderived finally some conception of their mode of life, and the content\nand significance of their teachings.\nAlthough time causes great changes in customs and manners, it only\neffects a negligible variation in the vast majority of diseases which\naffect the body and mind of man. We know from the examination of the\nskeletal remains of prehistoric man that the diseases of the bone of\nthousands of years ago were similar in their manifestations to those\nsame diseases of bone of today. From the writings of the early Egyptian,\nGreek, and Roman physicians we identify diseases by their symptoms, and\nrecognize that the symptoms of these diseases have not changed\nthroughout the ages. Therefore, with the knowledge of the signs and\nsymptoms of various diseases which we have today, we can safely assert\nthat if an ancient complained of the same group of signs and symptoms\n(which is now termed a \"disease complex\"), he was suffering from the\nsame disease which we can identify in modern man.\nWhat applies to physical disease is just as applicable to mental\ndisease. In speaking of mental disease, it is important for the layman\nto keep in mind a few fundamental principles held by the physician. The\nphysician in speaking of mental disease means a more or less permanent\ndeparture from the normal or usual way of thinking, acting, or feeling.\nIn the examination of a patient with mental disease the physician looks\nfor delusions, illusions, and hallucinations.\nA delusion is a false belief, concerning which the individual who holds\nit is unable to admit evidence such as would be admitted by ordinary\nindividuals.\nAn illusion is a deception of the senses, a misinterpretation of sensory\nimpressions; the normal person can be convinced of this deception. The\nmirage, for example, is an optical illusion which has a starting point\nin an external stimulus.\nA hallucination is a deception of any of the five senses, in which there\nis no starting point but it is fabricated in a disordered mind.\nIllustrations of hallucinations are the hearing of voices when none are\npresent, smelling of odors, the seeing of visions in a vacuum.\nWith the elementary understanding of fundamental symptoms of mental\ndiseases as a point of departure, let us consider the cases of Mohammed,\nJesus, and Moses, three of the most influential prophets in the history\nof civilization.\nMOHAMMED\nOf the three, Mohammed should be considered before the others for\nseveral reasons. First, there is no question regarding the actual\nexistence of Mohammed. We know that he was born at Mecca about 571 A.D.\nand died at Medina on June 8th, 632 A.D. From the facts of his life and\nthe religion which he founded we are able to see the manner in which\nlegend and superstition were superimposed on its original simple form.\nThe historical records of his life and teachings are easier of access\nsince he is nearer our time than the other two prophets, and we can get\na better understanding of his character.\nIt was Gibbon who said, \"It may be expected that I should balance his\nfaults and his virtues, that I should decide whether the title of\nenthusiast or impostor more properly belongs to that extraordinary\nman.... At the distance of twelve centuries, I darkly contemplate his\nshade through a cloud of incense.\"\nIn attempting to peer through this cloud of religious incense we find\nthe following facts: In the city of Mecca, probably in August, in the\nyear 571, Mohammed, the Prophet of Allah, was born. There seems little\ndoubt that he was descended from those lofty Koreish, whose opposition,\nwhich at first nearly succeeded in holding his name in perpetual\noblivion, eventually caused him to emerge into the light of deathless\nfame.\nHis birth was surrounded by all manner of signs and omens, we are told.\nThe labor of his mother, Amina, was entirely painless, earthquakes\nloosed the bases of mountains and caused great bodies of water, whose\nnames were unfortunately not specified, to wither away or overflow; the\nsacred fire of Zoroaster which, under the jealous care of the Magi, had\nspouted ceaseless flames for nearly a thousand years, was extinguished.\nAll the idols in the world except the Kaaba tumbled to earth.\nImmediately after the babe was born an ethereal light dazzled the\nsurrounding territory, and, on the very moment when his eyes were first\nopened, he lifted them to heaven and exclaimed: \"God is great! There is\nno God but Allah and I am his Prophet!\" All these poetic fancies have\nbeen appropriately denounced by Christian scribes, who have claimed that\nnature would never have dignified the birth of a pagan like Mohammed\nwith such marvelous prodigies as undoubtedly attended the advent of\nChrist.\nHowever, Mohammed was born shortly after the death of his father. At the\nage of six his mother died also, and he spent the first ten years among\nthe Bedouins under the care of a foster-mother named Halima. At the age\nof four it was noticed that the child had signs of convulsive seizures\nwhich later commentators thought were of an epileptic nature. He was\nbrought up under the care of his uncle Abu Talib, and his early manhood\nwas spent in caring for the flock and in attending caravan expeditions.\nWhen the prophet was twenty-five years old, his uncle secured for him a\nposition with a caravan owned by a wealthy widow, Khadija. Thanks to\nMohammed's keen business sense the caravan was highly successful, and he\nwas induced to personally report his success to Khadija. That lady, a\nwealthy widow of forty years, and the mother of three children, was\nhighly pleased at Mohammed's story. As she listened to the proof of his\nbusiness ability and fondly scanned his large, nobly formed head, his\ncurling coal-black hair, his piercing eyes, and his comely form, it\nnaturally occurred to her that this vigorous and handsome young fellow\nwould make an excellent successor to her deceased husband. She had her\nway and they were married. During the next fifteen years Mohammed led a\ntranquil life. His future was provided for and he had plenty of leisure\nto occupy himself as he chose. In these years Mohammed and his wife\ncontinued to be conventional worshipers of idols, who nightly performed\nrites in honor of various gods and goddesses, among whom were Allah and\nhis female consoler Al-Lat. And so, by the year 610, Mohammed, at the\nage of forty, was nothing more than a respectable but unknown tradesman\nwho had experienced no extraordinary crises, whose few existing\nutterances were dull and insipid, and whose life seemed destined to\nremain as insignificant and unsung as any other Arab's.\nAt this time, he began to retire for days at a time to a cave in the\nfoothills of Mount Hira, a hill several miles north of Mecca. Meanwhile\nhis business languished. As the months passed, he still continued to act\nin the same incomprehensible manner; it was noticed that little by\nlittle certain members of his immediate family attended him to his\nrefuge or gathered with him in some one of their houses. This continued\nfor several years until it was rumored that Mohammed, the camel driver,\nwas confidently claiming the honor of having made a great discovery;\nnamely, that \"There is no God but Allah, and Mohammed is His Prophet.\"\nBy what process of thought had Mohammed come to exalt Allah not merely\nabove all Arabian gods, but above the gods of all times? Furthermore,\nwhy was he so certain of his own intimate association with Allah? We\ncan understand this if we consider Mohammed in the light of a victim of\nmental disease.\nOne account informs us that as Mohammed was wandering near the cave at\nMount Hira, \"an angel from the sky cried to him, 'O Mohammed, I am\nGabriel!'\" He was terrified and hurried home to impart his experience to\nhis wife.\n\"I see a light,\" he said to his wife, \"and I hear a sound. I fear that I\nam possessed.\" This idea was most distressing to a pious man. He became\npale, haggard; he wandered about on the hill near Mecca crying for help\nto God. More than once he drew near the edge of the cliff and was\ntempted to hurl himself down, and so put an end to his misery at once.\nHe lived much in the open air, gazing on the stars, watching the dry\nground grow green beneath the gentle rain. He pondered also on the\nreligious legends of the Jews, which he had heard related on his\njourneys; and as he looked and thought, the darkness was dispelled, the\nclouds disappeared, and the vision of God in solitary grandeur rose\nwithin his mind, and there came upon him an impulse to speak of God.\nThere came upon him a belief that he was a messenger of God sent on\nearth to restore the religion of Abraham, which the pagan Arabs had\npolluted with idolatry, the Jews in corrupting their holy books. At the\nsame time he heard a Voice, and sometimes he felt a noise in his ears\nlike the tinkling of bells or a low deep hum, as if bees were swarming\nround his head.\nAt this period of his life the chapters of the Koran were delivered in\nthroes of pain. The paroxysms were preceded by depression of spirit, his\nface became clouded, his extremities turned cold, he shook like a man in\nan ague, and he called for coverings. His face assumed an expression\nhorrible to see, the vein between his eyebrows became distended, his\neyes were fixed, his head moved to and fro, as if he was conversing,\nand then he gave forth the oracle or Sura.\nThe hitherto mentally and emotionally normal trader, husband, and father\nwas thus suddenly swept off his feet and carried irresistibly away on a\nmighty tide. His perturbed spirit now soared to the heights of Heaven,\nnow plunged into the chasms of hell. Moments of ethereal bliss would be\nfollowed by periods of profoundest melancholy.\n\"It is related that the Angel Gabriel, who thus far had labored only in\nthe field of Christian endeavor, was chosen by Allah as bearer of the\ndivine revelation to Mohammed. One day, while the trader-poet was\nwrestling with his doubts among the foothills of Mount Hira, he saw a\nwondrous apparition floating downward on celestial wings. 'Thou art\nGod's Prophet, and I am Gabriel,' announced the awe-inspiring guest\nbefore he departed to receive the blessing of Allah for having so\nsuccessfully executed the heavenly command. Gabriel was a very valuable\nambassador, for through the to-and-fro journeying of this indefatigable\nmessenger Allah was able to remain at ease in heaven, thus keeping up\nthe appearance of intangible, majestic remoteness so necessary for\ndignified gods. And thus Mohammed came into his own. From that moment\nMohammed looked upon himself as Allah's vice regent, through whom\nAllah's incontestable decrees were to be given to man.\" (_Mohammed_--_R.\nF. Dibble._) Mohammed's every doubt had now vanished, his soul was\ncompletely at ease, and from his lips there burst the wildly exultant\nchant, \"There is no God but Allah and Mohammed is His Prophet.\"\nThe obliging Gabriel, he said, had borne him on a winged steed over\nMedina to the Temple of Jerusalem, and from there he continued his\ncelestial journey until he was carried completely out of this world to\nthose ethereal realms of bliss where the Seven Heavens are. Up and up he\nflew, while he carefully noted the order of precedence of those prophets\nwhose model he had proclaimed himself to be. Jesus and John were in the\nsecond or third--he was not quite sure which--Moses was in the sixth,\nwhile Abraham alone had the supreme distinction of residing in the\nSeventh Heaven. There, at the apex of indescribable glory, Mohammed had\nentered the awful presence of his Maker, Who, after some chit-chat,\ncharged him to see that all Moslems should hereafter prostrate\nthemselves in prayer toward the Temple of Solomon five times a day. The\ntruth of this narrative rests upon two solid facts: from that day to\nthis, all devout Moslems have continued to bow themselves five times\ndaily in prayer, and sceptics may still see, upon the rock where stands\nthe Mosque of Omar in Jerusalem, the identical print of the Prophet's\nfoot where he leaped upon the Heavenly Charger.\nHis thoughts, whether conceived in a white heat of frenzy, or with\ndeliberate coolness and sly calculations for the main chance, were\nprobably not written down in any definite manner during his lifetime. It\nis not even certain whether he could read or write. He delighted in the\nappellation, \"The Illiterate Prophet,\" possibly on account of his\nhumility and possibly because he knew that inspired ignorance had been\nthe indisputable prerogative of all successful prophets in the past.\nIndeed, the very fact that he was unlearned was rightly supposed to\nincrease the miraculous nature of his revelations. As he tossed the\ndivine emanations from his lips, they were sometimes recorded by\nhireling scribes upon palm leaves, leather, stones, the shoulder blades\nor ribs of camels and goats. But often they were not immediately written\ndown at all; the Prophet would go around spouting forth his utterances\nto his followers, who, trained from infancy to memorize verses and songs\nof every sort with infallible precision, would piously commit them to\nmemory. Such is the Koran, and through its instrumentality, Allah the\nWise, The Only Wise, revealed his immutable decrees: to the good, the\nrewards of a Paradise that utterly beggared the Christian Heaven; to the\nbad, the punishments of a Hell that contained an infinity of such\nrefined tortures of heat, and even of cold as neither the most\nimaginatively gifted Jew or Christian had yet conceived.\nReinach aptly states, \"It is humiliating to the human intellect to think\nthat this mediocre literature has been the subject of innumerable\ncommentaries and that millions of men are still wasting time in\nabsorbing it.\" Over one hundred and sixty million are adherents of the\nKoran.\nIn an objective analysis, excluding the emotional factors of religious\nbias, Mohammed would as unquestionably be considered a victim of mental\ndisturbances as an individual living in our own day and manifesting the\nsame symptoms.\nMohammed was the subject of illusions, hallucinations, and delusions. He\nhad suicidal tendencies, and he had alternating periods of exhilaration\nand depression. To simply assert that he was an epileptic does not\nexplain these symptoms. For epileptics cannot throw a fit at will.\nHowever, we know that ten per cent of epileptics develop mental\ndiseases, no particular psychosis but a loss of mental and moral sense.\nThere are two types of individuals who can produce seizures such as\nMohammed was wont to evoke at will. One type is the hysterical, and the\nother is that degraded individual who for the sake of collecting alms\nwill place a piece of soap in his mouth, enter a crowded street, fall\nto the ground, and proceed to foam at the mouth and twist and contort\nhimself as an epileptic does. That is the charlatan, the faker, and that\nbrings us to the second aspect of his (Mohammed's) character.\n\"Outside of Arabia, Paganism was in general disrepute. The dissolute and\ndeclining Romans were cracking lewd jokes in the very faces of their\ngods, the myriad followers of Confucius, Buddha and Zoroaster were\neither too remote or too helpless to matter in one way or another.\nTalmudic Judaism and Oriental Christianity despised idolatry and\nworshipped the same Jehovah, even though they disputed with each other,\nand indeed, among themselves, concerning the various attributes, amorous\npursuits, and lineal descendants of the Godhead. Now, to one who chose\nto regard himself as a prophet, Monotheism had distinct advantages over\nPolytheism.\" (_Mohammed--R. F. Dibble._)\nIn the first place, it was rather confusing to attempt to obey the\nbehests of conflicting deities; in the second place, the different\nprophets of Jehovah in Judaism and Christendom had, so far as Mohammed\nknew, been uniformly successful, for he was familiar with the glorious\nhistory of Abraham, Moses, and David, and he always held to the perverse\nconception that Jesus was not crucified. However deep in the dumps\nprophets may have been on occasion, they have invariably believed one\nthing: victory for their particular cause would inevitably come. Neither\nan unbroken series of worldly failures nor the chastisement of his god\nhave ever shaken the faith of a first-class prophet in himself or, as he\nwould doubtless prefer to say, in his Divinity. Arabia, broken,\nunorganized, inglorious, idolistic Arabia, obviously lacked one Supreme\nBeing whose prerogative was greater than all other Supreme Beings, and\nthat Being, in turn, needed a messenger to exploit His supremacy. The\nmessengers who had served Jehovah had certainly prospered well; but\nJehovah Himself appeared to be on the decline. His Unity was steadily\ndisintegrating into a paradoxical Trinity. Why, therefore, not give\nAllah, the leading icon in Arabia, an opportunity? Such considerations\nquite probably never entered the head of Mohammed with any definiteness;\nyet his behavior for the rest of his days seems to indicate that these,\nor similar conceptions, were subconsciously egging him on.\nOf certain facts, moreover, he was definitely aware. He may have had\nlittle or no formal education, but his memory was retentive and\ncapacious, and his caravan journeys, together with the scores of\nconversations he had held at the yearly fairs, as well as at Mecca, with\nmany cultivated strangers, had packed his mind with a mass of highly\nvaluable matter. In these ways he had learned both the strength and the\nweakness of the Jews and Christians; their fanatical enthusiasm and\ndespairs; their spasmodic attempts to proselytize as well as the\nwidespread defection from their faiths. \"Since his conception of\nreligion was largely personal, for he looked upon Moses, Jesus, and the\nrest of the prophets as merely capable men who had founded and\npromulgated religions; and since Arabia had no pre-eminent ruler, why\nshould he not seize the reins of power and carry on the great tradition\nof prophethood? What a magnificent opportunity beckoned, and how\nfortunate that he had been the first to recognize the call! By keeping\nonly what was best of the Arabic faith, the Kaaba and the Black Stone,\nand by a judicious selection of the most feasible ideas which lay\nimbedded in Jewish and Christian precepts, he might establish a code\nthat would supersede all others, and then might dictate to all Arabs\nalike. What prophets had done, he would also do and do better.\"\n(_Mohammed--R. F. Dibble._)\nSuch are the thoughts of a charlatan and _a_ demagogue. If Mohammed\nactually had such ideas, we can never know; but a study of his further\nactions and conquests surely shows that he must have had something of\nthe same trend of thought in mind.\nHis \"fits\" before the oncoming of a new Sura have been mentioned.\nEventually, he so perfected his technique that he could throw a\ncataleptic fit and produce a message without any previous preparation.\nHe would drum up a crowd with his ludicrous snortings and puffings until\nthe resounding cry, \"Inspiration hath descended on the Prophet!\" assured\nhim that he had a sufficiently large audience to warrant the\nout-spurting of a new Sura. While in a room that was obviously empty, he\ndeclared that all seats were occupied by angels; he cultivated suave and\nbenign expression; he flattered and astounded his followers by telling\nthem facts which he had presumably acquired through private information;\nhe took the most painstaking care of his person, painting his eyes and\nperfuming his entire body daily, and wearing his hair long. Ayesha, one\nof the Prophet's wives, remarked that the Prophet loved three things:\nwomen, scent and food, and that he had his heart's content of the first\ntwo, but not of the last. In fact, Mohammed, himself, argued that these\ntwo innocuous diversions intensified the ecstasy of his prayers. In the\nKoran's description of heaven so much emphasis was put on food that a\njolly Jew objected on the grounds that such continual feasting must of\nnecessity be followed by a purgation. The Prophet, however, swore that\nit would not even be necessary to blow the nose in Paradise, since all\nbodily impurities would be carried off by a perspiration \"as odoriferous\nas musk.\"\nWhen his wife Khadija was dying he comforted her with the assurance that\nshe, together with three other well-known women, the Virgin Mary,\nPotiphar's wife, and \"Kulthum,\" Moses' sister, would occupy his chamber\nin Paradise.\nOn Mohammed's escape to Medina, a long series of holy wars began which,\nlike all holy wars, were characterized by extreme brutality. The Koran\nof the period contains such pacific doctrines as these: \"The sword is\nthe key of Heaven and Hell; a drop of blood shed in the cause of God, a\nnight spent in arms is of more avail than two months of fasting or\nprayer; whosoever falls in battle, his sins are forgiven. At the day of\nJudgment his wounds shall be resplendent as vermilion, and odoriferous\nas musk; and the loss of limbs shall be supplied by the wings of angels\nand cherubim ... God loveth not the Transgressors; kill them wheresoever\nye find them.\"\nMohammed, no less than many other religiously-minded emperors and tsars,\nappears to have conducted himself in battle according to the wise\nprinciple that a head without a halo is infinitely more desirable than a\nhalo without a head. Yet he was profoundly convinced that the ultimate\nvictory of Islam depended upon the sword. The Koran of this period\nbreathes defiance against the enemies of Islam on almost every page. Its\nprofuse maledictions, once confined to the evildoers of Mecca, now\ninclude all unbelievers everywhere. When Mohammed once had captured a\nfortress inhabited by a tribe of Jews, his judgment was, \"The men shall\nbe put to death, the women and children sold into slavery, and the spoil\ndivided amongst the army.\" Then, trenches were dug, some seven hundred\nmen were marched out, forced to seat themselves in rows along the top of\nthe trenches, beheaded, and then tumbled into a long gaping grave.\nMeanwhile, the Prophet looked on until, tiring of the monotonous\nspectacle, he departed to amuse himself with a Jewess whose husband had\njust perished.\nHe continued these conquests until, at his death, in 632, he was the\nmaster of nearly all Arabia and revered almost as a god. Yet, when Omar,\nhis first lieutenant, captured Jerusalem in 636, he ensured the\nconquered Jews and Christians free exercise of their religion, and the\nsecurity of their persons and their goods. But when the Crusaders took\nJerusalem in 1099, they massacred all the Mohammedans, and burnt the\nJews alive. It is estimated that 70,000 persons were put to death in\nless than a week to attest the superior morality of the Christian faith.\nThe successors of Mohammed, the Caliphs, in less than a century\nconquered Syria, Egypt, Babylonia, Persia, Turkestan, Spain, Northern\nAfrica, Sicily, and Southern France. Today, 160,000,000 are followers of\nMohammed,--a man who began as a humble religious leader, and ended as an\nadroit politician and powerful general; a man who hid during battles,\nwho often broke faith with friend and foe alike, a charlatan and\ndemagogue of general intellectual incompetency, and a victim of mental\ndisease.\nJESUS\nWhen we come to consider the life of Jesus, a far different and more\nintricate problem is met with. None but the most illogical and purposely\nignorant of religious apologists will admit that the life of Jesus has\nbeen misrepresented by his followers to suit their particular aims. Had\nthe followers of the moralist Epictetus or the Rabbi Hillel written\nlives of these two teachers they would be quite similar to the reputed\nlife of Jesus. The moral sentiments attributed to Christ in the Gospels\nwere borrowed from the Jewish rabbis and the numerous cults that\nflourished in that age. The birth, death, and resurrection of Christ is\nquite similar to the myths of that time concerning the savior gods\nAdonis, Isis, Osiris, Attis, Mithra, and a multitude of others. (_For a\nfull exposition of the subject, the reader is referred to E. Carpenter,\n\"Pagan and Christian Creeds.\"_)\nThe evidence for the point of view that Jesus was actually a historic\ncharacter is so slight that such scholars as J. M. Robertson, Prof. W.\nB. Smith, Professor Drews, Dr. P. L. Couchoud, and many others deny the\nhistoric reality of Christ on the ground that the Gospels are totally\nunreliable as history, that Paul bears no witness to a human Jesus, and\nthat the pagan and Jewish writers are strangely silent about the Messiah\nJesus.\nThere are in existence only twenty-four lines from Jewish and Pagan\nwriters referring to Jesus. These include a reference in Tacitus'\nAnnals, and brief references by Suetonius and Pliny the Younger. These\nthree references are considered spurious by many scholars, and even if\nthey were all to be accepted it would mean that the total pagan\ntestimony as to the historicity of Jesus is confined to three very vague\nand brief references written a century after the reputed time of Jesus.\nThe longest reference to Jesus is in the writings of the Jewish\nhistorian, Josephus. The passage referring to Jesus in his \"Jewish\nAntiquities\" has been considered as spurious even by conservative\nscholars. A group of scholars has always deemed it very probable,\nhowever, that this spurious reference may have replaced an unfavorable\nreference to Jesus in the original. Working on this theory, Dr. Eisler\nhas purged of interpolations this work by a painstaking and scholarly\ninvestigation.\nHowever, it must be pointed out that with regard to Jesus' actual\nexistence, what divided the Christians and non-Christians was not the\nquestion whether or not Jesus existed; but the vastly more pertinent\nand essentially different question whether or not the obscure Galilean\ncarpenter, executed by a Roman governor as king of the Jews, was really\na superhuman being who had overcome death, the longed-for-savior of\nmankind, foretold by the Prophets, the only-begotten Son of God Himself.\nTo the Jews, Jesus was indeed a heretic and an agitator of the lower\norders; to the pagans, he was a magician who through sham miracles and\nwith subversive words had incited the people to rebellion, and as a\nleader of a gang of desperate men had attempted to seize the royal crown\nof Jud\u00e6a, as others had done before and after him. The non-Christian\nwriters referred to Jesus as a wizard, a demagogue, and a rebel.\nWe are fortunate, at this date, to have brought to our attention a\nmasterful work by Dr. Robert Eisler, a work which will be as\nrevolutionary to the study of Christianity as was Darwin's \"Origin of\nthe Species\" in the realms of science; and, similarly, the former work\nwill be the basis upon which much progress will be made in a great\nfield. Dr. Eisler unfolds a great mass of hitherto unknown information\nconcerning the life, the actual appearance, and the doings of Jesus. He\ndefinitely establishes the proof of Jesus' actual existence, and makes\nclear many hitherto obscure utterances and deeds of this Prophet.\nThe descriptions which follow are based on the material in this work of\nDr. Eisler, \"The Messiah Jesus.\"\nIn the complete statement of Josephus on Pilate's governorship, we find,\n\"At that time there appeared a certain man of magical power, if it is\npermissible to call him a man, whom certain Greeks call a Son of God,\nbut his disciples, the True Prophet, said to raise the dead, and heal\nall diseases. His nature and his form were human; a man of simple\nappearance, mature age, small in stature, three cubits high,\n_hunchbacked_, with a long face, long nose, and meeting eyebrows, so\nthat they who see him might be affrighted, with scanty hair but with a\nparting in the middle of his head, after the manner of the Nazarites,\nand with an undeveloped beard. Only in semblance was he superhuman for\nhe gave some astonishing and spectacular exhibitions. But again, if I\nlook at his commonplace physique, I, for one, cannot call him an angel.\nAnd everything whatsoever he wrought through some invisible power, he\nwrought through some word and a command. Some said of him, 'Our first\nlaw giver is risen again, and displays many healings and magic arts.\nOthers said, 'He is sent from God.' Howbeit in many things he disobeyed\nthe law and kept not the Sabbath according to our fathers' custom.\n\"And many of the multitude followed after him and accepted his\nteachings, and many souls were excited, thinking that thereby the Jewish\ntribes might be freed from Roman hands. But it was his custom most of\nthe time to abide over against the city on the Mount of Olives, and\nthere, too, he bestowed his healings upon the people. And there\nassembled unto him of helpers one hundred and fifty, and a multitude of\nthe mob.\n\"Now, when they saw his power, how he accomplished whatsoever he would\nby a magic word, and when they had made known to him their will, that he\nshould enter into the city, cut down the Roman troops, and Pilate and\nrule over us, he disdained us not. And having all flocked into\nJerusalem, they raised an uproar against Pilate, uttering blasphemies\nalike against God and against C\u00e6sar.\n\"And when knowledge of it came to the Jewish leaders, they assembled\ntogether, with the high priests and spake, 'We are powerless and too\nweak to withstand the Romans. But seeing that the 'bow is bent,' we will\ngo and impart to Pilate what we have heard, and we shall be safe, lest\nhe hear of it from others and we be robbed of our substance and\nourselves slaughtered, and the children of Israel dispersed.\n\"And they went and imparted the matter to Pilate, and he sent and had\nmany of the multitude slain. And he had that wonder-worker brought up,\nand after instituting an inquiry concerning him, he passed this sentence\nupon him, 'He is a malefactor, a rebel, a robber thirsting for the\ncrown.' And they took him and crucified him according to the custom of\ntheir fathers.\"\nSuch is the history of Jesus as contrasted with the myth of Jesus in the\nNew Testament. This description of the actual appearance of Jesus for\nthe first time gives us a clue to the mental and physical\ncharacteristics of this Prophet.\nIt must be borne in mind that at the time that Jesus achieved manhood,\nhis people and his nation were under the complete domination of Rome,\nand oppressed by a race whom the Jews looked upon as cursed barbarians\nand idolaters. The country was overrun with religious zealots who\nstormed over the cities and villages preaching the immediate destruction\nof the world and the proximity of the long-awaited coming of the\nMessiah.\nThe fact that Jesus had to bear the hard fate of a deformed body may go\nfar in helping to explain this remarkable character. It is common\nknowledge how frequently weak and deformed children have to suffer from\nthe cruelty and neglect of environment, a factor which cannot but\nproduce a peculiar reaction on the childish mind which has a\nfar-reaching effect in later life. This accounts for Jesus' indifference\ntowards his mother and brothers; of a delicate constitution, he must\nhave suffered from insults a great deal more than the others, which\nthrows some light on the severe punishment demanded by Jesus for\ncomparatively harmless insults. Under such circumstances it is easy to\nexplain how every \"neighbor,\" and next-of-kin, although to the weak\nnaturally an \"enemy,\" came to be included in the sphere of that\nall-embracing love which is the nucleus of Jesus' teaching. For the\ncripple has to face the dilemma either of warping everything into a\npowerful, misanthropic hatred, or else to overcome this feeling of\nrevenge for the high moral superiority of a Plato, Mendelssohn, or a\nKant. Jesus chose the latter of the two courses, and we may well imagine\nthat it was not at Golgotha that he had the first occasion to cry out,\n\"Father, forgive them for they know not what they do!\"\nIn the case of Jesus, the whole paradoxical thought of his being the\nvicarious sin-offering and world redeemer can best be understood as the\nsolution, proposed in the Deutero-Isaiah, of the question which had\noccupied Job--to wit: Why must the innocent suffer? If the maimed in\nbody refuse to consider himself as forsaken by his God, as a sinner\npunished for some guilt of which he is unconscious, he cannot but assume\nthat there is such a thing as a vocation to suffering, and believe in\nthe inscrutable plan of salvation in which his own life and sufferings\nare called upon to play some part. Nothing but this conviction of being\nthus elected can afford him the desired compensation for his depressed\nand hampered ego.\nA repressed nature of this type will, in seeking such a compensation,\nescape from the harsh reality into the realm of dreams. This is the\nbasis of what the physician recognizes in hysteria, and in the mental\ndisease termed \"Dementia Pr\u00e6cox.\" The glorious daydreams of the\nmillennium, the time of bliss when all strife and all hate will\ndisappear from the earth, when all the crooked will be made straight,\nfind their best explanation in this peculiarity. They console the\nsuffering and heavy-laden for the bitter reality which, in the light of\nthe old messianic prophecies, appears only as a nightmare, promptly to\nbe chased away by the dawn of a new day, a new, a perfect era. The\nDavidic Jesus, in spite or rather because of his servile form, feels\nthat he is himself the secret incognito king of that wonderful realm,\nthe monarch whom God some time in the future, nay, right here and before\nthe passing of the present generation, will transform while at the same\ntime \"revealing\" his kingdom.\nIt is but natural that in the mental development of such individuals\nthey should seek to be great, glorious, and to achieve the supernatural,\nsince they, themselves, are denied the ordinary satisfactions. If, in\naddition, such individuals believe that they have had a divine call, if\nthe disability of the body so preys on the mind that the sensitive\nstructure gives way to delusions, then there results an aberration from\nthe normal and usual processes of thought,--to be sure not the rabid,\nviolent form of mental disease, but yet a deviation from the normal\nmanner of thinking. Such was the case with the Prophet Jesus.\nAfflicted in body but endowed with a sensitive mind, exposed to an\nunusual environment of seething unrest and political ferment, and firmly\nconvinced in the current fancies regarding the approaching destruction\nof the world, the conquest of the Evil Power, and the Reign of God,\nJesus became the subject of a delusion that he was the only true Messiah\nwho had been presaged by the prophets of old.\nThe greatest difficulty encountered in every attempt to present the life\nand work of Jesus according to the evidence of his own words preserved\nin the sources is the sharp, irreconcilable contradiction between the\nso-called \"fire and sword\" sayings on the one side, and the beatitudes\non the peacemakers and the meek, the prohibition to kill, to be angry,\nto resist wrong, and the command to love one's enemy, contained in the\nSermon on the Mount, on the other.\nIn the early period of his messianic career, the period of the Sermon on\nthe Mount, Jesus was a thorough quietist. But if we realize that the\ndelusion that he was \"The Messiah\" had entered his mind so vehemently\nthat he firmly believed that the end of the world was imminent, and that\nit was his duty to save as many as possible, we can understand his\nacquiescence to the violence which followed.\nMoreover, he was clearly forced to the fatal road by the idea that he\nmust set on foot a movement of hundreds of thousands, the picture of the\nexodus from Egypt with the fantastic figures given in the Old Testament.\nThe Messianic rising he was to initiate could not be regarded as\nrealized if he left the country with a band of some hundred elect. If he\nwished, however, to put at least two-fifths of the population in motion,\nthe method of sending out messengers had proved altogether\nunsatisfactory. He must try the effect of his own words in a place\nwhere, and at a time when, he was sure to reach the greatest multitude\nof his people. That could only be in Jerusalem, at the time of the great\npilgrimage at the feast of the Passover. Moreover, the desired result\ncould only be obtained of course if he openly proclaimed himself to be\nthe Messiah.\nThen it was that the Prophet of quiet reversed his words and armed his\ndisciples. Jesus was fully aware of the illegality of this arming of his\ndisciples and of his own direction to purchase a weapon; none the less,\nhe saw no escape from this bitter necessity. The prediction of the\nprophet must be fulfilled, according to which the righteous servant of\nthe Lord must be numbered among the lawless transgressors. True it is\nthat he did not lead the revolt himself, but tarried with his disciples\nat the Last Supper at a house near by the fighting. When he becomes\naware that his secret hiding place on the Mount of Olives has been\nbetrayed, Jesus hopes for a miracle from God up to the last. Captured,\nhe is led away to the palace of the high priest's family on the Mount of\nOlives, where, while Jesus is questioned by the high priest, Peter,\nunrecognized, warms himself at the fire in the courtyard and thrice\ndenies his master. He was then taken to the Roman governor's\ncourt-martial, where sentence was passed and he was led off to the place\nof execution and there deserted by all his followers except a few\nGalilean women. Then was heard the last despairing cry of the desolate,\ndying martyr, \"My God, My God, why hast thou forsaken me?\"\nThus ended the career of this deformed Prophet with the sensitive\ndeluded mind; a martyr who attempted only to effect reforms amongst his\nown people, in his own small locality.\nMOSES\nWith regard to the life, the deeds, and the words of the Prophet Moses\nwe have no history; only myth and legend. The existence of Moses is not\ndemonstrated by the Biblical books which are falsely ascribed to him,\nyet we cannot be certain that such a character did not exist. In any\nevent, we must judge his character from the writings ascribed to him.\nThe legend of the child cast upon the waters is to be found in the\nfolklore of all nations. This legend, concerning Moses, relates that one\nday Pharaoh's daughter, while bathing with her maids in the Nile, found\na Hebrew child exposed on the waters in obedience to a new decree. She\nadopted the boy, gave him an Egyptian name, and brought him up in her\npalace as a prince. She had him educated and the fair inference is that\nhe was schooled in the culture of the Egyptians. The royal lady made of\nthe Hebrew slave-child an Egyptian gentleman.\nYet, although his face was shaved, and outwardly he appeared to be an\nEgyptian, at heart he remained a Hebrew. One day, when he was grown,\nMoses went slumming among his own people to look at their burdens, and\nhe spied an Egyptian smiting a Hebrew. He was so overcome by passion at\nthis scene that he killed the man on the spot. The crime became known,\nthere was a hue and cry raised, and the king had a search made for Moses\nwith the intention of slaying him. With all hope of a career in Egypt\nended, Moses escaped to the Peninsula of Sinai, and entered the family\nof an Arab sheik.\nThe Peninsula of Sinai lies clasped between two arms of the Red Sea. It\nis a wilderness of mountains covered with a thin, almost transparent\ncoating of vegetation which serves as pasture to the Bedouin flocks.\nAmong the hills that crown the high plateau there is one which at the\ntime of Moses was called the \"Mount of God.\" It was holy ground to the\nEgyptians, and also to the Arabs, who ascended as pilgrims and drew off\ntheir sandals when they reached the top. Now is it strange that Sinai\nshould have excited reverence and dread? It is indeed a weird land. Vast\nand stern stand the mountains, with their five granite peaks pointing to\nthe sky. Avalanches like those of the Alps, but of sand, not of snow,\nrush down their naked sides with a clear tinkling sound. A peculiar\nproperty resides in the air, the human voice can be heard at a\nsurprising distance and swells out into a reverberating roar, and\nsometimes there rises from among the hills a dull booming sound like the\ndistant firing of heavy guns.\nLet us attempt to realize what Moses must have felt when he was driven\nout of Egypt into such a harsh and rugged land. Imagine this man, the\nadopted son of a royal personage, who was accustomed to all the splendor\nof the Egyptian court, to the busy turmoil of the streets of the\nmetropolis, to reclining in a carpeted gondola or staying with a noble\nat his country house. In a moment all is changed. He dwells in a tent,\nalone on the mountain side, a shepherd with a crook in his hand. He is\nmarried to the daughter of a barbarian; his career is at an end.\nHe realizes that never again will he enter that palace where once he was\nreceived with honor, where now his name is uttered only with contempt.\nNever again will he discourse with grave and learned men in his favorite\nhaunts, and never again will he see the people of his tribe whom he\nloves and for whom he endures this miserable fate. They will suffer but\nhe will not help them; they will mourn, but he will not hear them. In\nhis dreams he hears and sees them. He hears the whistling of the lash\nand the convulsive sobs and groans. He sees the poor slaves toiling in\nthe fields and sees the daughters of Israel carried off to the harem\nwith struggling arms and streaming hair. He sees the chamber of the\nwoman in labor, the seated, shuddering, writhing form, the mother\nstruggling against maternity, dreading her release, for the king's\nofficer is standing by the door, ready, as soon as a male child is born,\nto put it to death.\nThe Arabs who gave him shelter were also children of Abraham, and they\nrelated to him legends of the ancient days. They told him of the\npatriarchs who lay buried in Canaan with their wives; they spoke of the\nGod whom his fathers had worshiped. Then, as one who returns to a long\nlost home, the Egyptian returned to the faith of the desert, to the God\nof Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. As he wandered on the mountain heights,\nhe looked to the west and saw a desert; beyond it lay Canaan, the home\nof his ancestors, a land of peace and soon to be a land of hope. For\nnow, new ideas rose tumultuously within him. _He began to see visions\nand to dream dreams._ He heard voices and beheld no form; he saw trees\nwhich blazed with fire and yet were not consumed. He became a prophet\nand entered into the ecstatic stage. _That is, he began to have\nillusions and hallucinations._\nDwelling on the misery and suffering of his people, his mind becomes\ndeluded with the idea that he has been chosen by his new-found God to\nliberate his people from the tyranny of their oppressors.\nMeanwhile the king had died, and a new Pharaoh had ascended the throne.\nMoses returns to Egypt to carry out the great designs which he had\nformed. He announces to the elders of his people, to the heads of the\nhouses, and the sheiks of the tribes that the God of Abraham had\nappeared to him in Sinai and had revealed his true name. It was Jehovah.\nHe had been sent by Jehovah to Egypt to bring away his people, to lead\nthem to Canaan.\nIn company with his brother, Aaron, Moses asked Pharaoh to liberate the\nchildren of Israel, but after several vain attempts to dazzle Pharaoh\nwith his skill as a magician, he was met with an obstinate refusal.\nMoses before Pharaoh descends to the level of a vulgar sorcerer, armed\nwith a magic wand, whose performances only draw our smiles. This\ncharlatanry having been unsuccessful, the wizard connives with his\naccomplice Jehovah to have inflicted upon the Egyptians the ten plagues.\nThen the loving and kind Father, having killed innumerable Egyptians, as\nthe story relates, so terrorizes the minds of his other children in\nEgypt, that Pharaoh is finally convinced that he must allow the Chosen\nPeople to leave his domain. The Israelites quitted Egypt carrying away\nwith them the gold and silver of their oppressors. They then entered\nthe desert.\nThe magic art of Moses enabled them to pass dry-footed through the Red\nSea, whereas the Pharaoh who was pursuing them was engulfed with his\nwhole army. Again the Chosen People are liberated by means of the death\nof multitudes of Egyptians. Truly, Jehovah at that time must have loved\nthem well, or did some other Deity form the Egyptians? It matters not\nthat the crossing of the Red Sea and the drowning of Pharaoh are\nromantic incidents, not only unknown to the Egyptian texts, but even to\nthe earliest of Hebrew prophets. It matters not, for the story is the\nimportant thing, even though it is an inspired story, inspired by the\nJehovah who tortured and killed the Egyptians to show how well he loved\n_his_ people.\nThis Wild West story, with its multitudes of slaughters, proceeds to the\nwilderness of Sinai; and there again, the Prophet Moses goes into a\nsecret seance and finally announces that God had delivered laws to him,\nwhich had been issued from the clouds.\nWhat a great showman was this Prophet! Barnum must have been a devoted\nadmirer of Moses, for Moses was the first to create the two-ring circus;\nfor these laws given by Jehovah are described in two places, and the\ncircus varies in both places. Exodus XX and Exodus XXXIV are the two\ntexts which differ considerably.\nTo further convince the Children of Israel, Moses tells them the story\nof how he had cajoled Jehovah into allowing him to see what no man had\nhitherto seen, the form of Jehovah, for it appears that Jehovah was so\npleased with this murderer, charlatan, and wizard that he allowed him to\nglimpse His hind quarters. At least, Jehovah had a sense of humor!\nWhat a bag of tricks this Prophet had at his command! The Prophet waves\nhis arms and tugs at his gown, and lo and behold! The Lord has spoken!\nThe following is a specimen of the revelations which the Lord is\nsupposed to have dictated to Moses. (Leviticus XIV, 25.)\n\"The priest shall take some of the blood of the trespass offering and\nput it upon the tip of the _right_ ear of him who is to be cleansed and\nupon the thumb of his _right_ hand, and upon the great toe of his\n_right_ foot, and the priest shall pour of the oil into the palm of his\nown _left_ hand and shall sprinkle with his _right_ finger some of the\noil that is in his _left_ hand seven times before the Lord.\"\nSurely, it must have been a God with a superior mentality who dictated\nthis, for it surpasses our feeble comprehension. And we can well imagine\nJehovah's wrath when the priest confuses his _right_ and _left_.\nTwirling his arms again, Moses gives forth this oracle (Numbers XV,\n37-41): \"And the Lord spake unto Moses, saying, 'Speak unto the Children\nof Israel, and bid them that they make them a fringe upon the corner of\ntheir garments throughout their generations, and that they put upon the\nfringe of each corner a cord of blue, etc., etc.\"\nJehovah chooses Blue as the divine color. Royal Purple. Divine Blue.\nThen there is the familiar myth of the Prophet's tapping of the rock to\nbring forth water in the desert; the story of the manna; the tale of the\ndoves.\nThus can the fabled life of Moses be divided into two stages, the early\nperiod of illusions, hallucinations, and delusions, and the later stage\nof wizardry, charlatanry, and demagoguery. Neither must we think that we\nmoderns are the first to peer through this sham, for what the\nIsraelites thought of these laws appears from the bitter criticism of\nMoses and Aaron, which the Haggadah put into the mouth of the rebel\nKorah.\n\"When we were given the ten commandments, each of us learnt them\ndirectly from Mount Sinai; there were only the ten commandments and we\nheard no orders about 'offering cake' or 'gifts to priests' or\n'tassels.' It was only in order to usurp the dominion for himself and to\nimpart honor to his brother Aaron, that Moses added all this.\"\nMoses, Jesus, and Mohammed--these prophets whose adherents number\nhundreds of millions, about whom there has been built up those vast\nsystems of theology,--what is there of the divine in their characters?\nWhat supernatural in their deeds? What wisdom poured forth from their\nlips which did not come from other philosophers? What immense structures\nhave been founded on these shifting sands, on this morass of ignorance\nand childish fable? How long can these structures endure, aided by the\nbolstering up of the theologists, and how long must it be before the\nlight of reason will pierce these foundations of blindness and force\nthem to topple over? How much longer before humanity can begin to build\non a sound foundation?\nMoses, Jesus, and Mohammed; revolutionists three. Moses at the head of a\nweak, squabbling, and disgruntled group of Hebrew desert marauders.\nJesus sanctioning the insurrection against Rome. Mohammed at the head of\nhis Arabian marauders.\nIf the freethinkers firmly believe that in them dwell the hope for a\nbetter humanity, for an exhilarated progress, for universal freedom and\nliberty for all mankind, and emancipation from fear and superstition,\nthen they, too, must destroy. They must first undo the wrong before they\ncan proceed to build on a right foundation.\nThey must build on the corner stone that all religion is human in its\norigin, erroneous in its theories, and ridiculous in its threats and\nrewards. Religion is the greatest impediment to the progress of human\nhappiness.\nCHAPTER IV\nSOUNDNESS OF A FOUNDATION FOR A BELIEF IN A DEITY\n    _It is better to bury a delusion and forget it than to insult its\n    memory by retaining the name when the thing has perished_.\n    F. H. BRADLEY.\n    _A thousand miraculous happenings have been honoured by the\n    testimony of the ancients, which in later times under a more\n    exacting and sceptical scrutiny can no longer be believed. Inherent\n    in man's nature is his disposition to be gulled.... Emotion is\n    encouraged to supplant cool reason, fanaticism to supplant\n    tolerance. Not by such means can our race be saved_.\n    LLEWELYN POWYS.\nOur interplanetary visitor is firmly convinced that all religion, no\nmatter what its antiquity or its modernity may be, is an invention of\nour groping earthly minds. It occurs to him that it would be interesting\nand proper to lay aside all theology, all creed, all the superficial\ntrappings placed by man about his conceptions of a deity, and consider\nonly the basic God-idea. The literature on the subject revealed to him\nthat even on this broad and basic principle not all religionists were\nagreed. He found a threefold classification:\n(1) Those who held to the belief in an anthropomorphic personal God who\nwas benevolent, omniscient, and omnipotent.\n(2) Those who saw in the constitution of our universe an impersonal\nSupreme Power, who had created the universe, but who had not given us\nany revelation, and thus has no need for worship by prayer and\nsacrifice.\n(3) Those who very recently conceived of the deity as a \"cosmic force,\"\nan \"ultimate,\" or as a mathematical or physical law. Such are the\nhypotheses of Jeans and Eddington. The Martian set about, therefore,\nwith the principle that, \"God is a hypothesis, and as such, stands in\nneed of proof.\"\n(1) The belief in a personal God:\nThe Martian, as our guest, had by this time had ample opportunity to\nsurvey our civilization, and to acquaint himself with the things with\nwhich God in His goodness had endowed His earthly children. A proponent\nof a personal God informs him that his deity is an infinite personal\nbeing of consciousness, intelligence, will, good, unity, and Beauty; the\nSupreme, the infinite personality, who was loving, benevolent,\nomnipotent, and omniscient. Like the American from Missouri, the visitor\nhastened to see for himself the marvelous workings of such an exalted\nbeing, for surely such a being, with such attributes as he was credited\nwith, would certainly be in an excellent position to bestow great gifts\nupon his earthly children.\nThe Martian is informed that the vast majority of our inhabitants, no\nmatter what their geographical distribution may be, are suffering from a\n\"financial depression\" brought on by the last World War. War and cruelty\nare synonymous in the mind of our seeker for God; and immediately, there\narises a conflict between the conception of an omnipotent, all-wise and\nloving God and one who would permit war and cruelty. Fearing that he has\nnot comprehended the meaning of an omnipotent being, he turns to the\nlexicon for verification, only to learn that it means an all-powerful\nbeing. How, then, could an omnipotent being permit wholesale and\nprivate murder? Is He not rather a demon than a God? On the other hand,\nif this being is not omnipotent, then He is a useless god, and there is\nno need for all the fears which religion breeds, no need for creed and\nworship. Every war, particularly this last one, is an indictment of God.\n\"God's in His Heaven, all's right with the world,\" is seemly only to\nminds drugged with an irrational creed.\n\"If there is a God, he is quite careless of human well-being or human\nsuffering. The deaths of a hundred thousand men mean no more to him than\nthe deaths of a hundred thousand ants. A couple of million men locked in\na death struggle on the battlefield is only a replica of the struggle\nthat has been going on in the animal world throughout time. If there be\na God, he made, he designed all this. He fashioned the hooks for the\nslaughter, the teeth for the tearing, the talons for destruction, and\nman with his multiplied weapons of destruction has but imitated his\nexample. A world without God, and in which humanity is gradually\nlearning the way to better things, is an inspiration to renewed effort\nafter the right. A world such as this, with God, is enough to drive\ninsane all with intelligence enough to appreciate the situation.\"\n(_Chapman Cohen: \"War, Civilization and the Churches.\"_)\nWhen the Martian investigated the annals of the World War he found,\ndespite the opportunities Providence had had of showing its benevolence,\nthe affair of the sinking of the _Lusitania_, the torpedoing of hospital\nships, vessels that were not engaged in fighting but in bringing home\nwounded men who had fought in \"God's Cause.\" He found descriptions of\nthe slaughter of men and women and children in air raids, and he\nnaturally concludes that the \"providence of God\" is an insult to the\nearthly intelligence.\nGreatly disturbed, he picks up one of our newspapers and the stories of\nhate and racial antagonism rear their ugly heads. These, together with\njealousy and fear, seem to him to be the outstanding features of our\nattitudes. A benevolent, loving, omnipotent father, guiding our\ndestinies, yet allowing such monstrosities to exist! The conundrum grows\ndeeper as he proceeds.\nIt is a bright day, and the Martian is aware of a head-ache brought on\nby the effort to understand the ways of earthlings, and therefore\ndecides to drive through the city streets. Yet this drive affords him no\nrelaxation, for on every side two diametrically opposed sights meet his\nkeen eyes--luxury and poverty. Poverty and starvation, yet the Lord's\nPrayer: \"Our Father which art in Heaven, give us this day our daily\nbread!\" No Martian father would allow his children to starve; if he did,\nthe law would fine him and imprison him. Since these earthlings are\nneglected by their Heavenly Father, and are powerless to indict him, the\nleast they could do would be to stop paying tribute to him. If the God\nof these earthlings bothers not about them, why should they trouble\nabout God? The Son of God who could once create a miraculous batch of\nfish to satisfy a few fishermen, can do nothing to help these starving\nmillions! Aloud he muses, \"Is there no place on Earth which is free from\nthis contradiction?\"\nHis automobile happens to stop in front of an immense edifice marked\n\"Hospital,\" and his curiosity is sufficiently aroused to cause him to\nalight and enter. The physician in charge courteously asks his\ndistinguished visitor to inspect this refuge for those suffering with\npain. He remembers that a religionist had told him that disease is a\nvisitation of the Lord for our sins, in the same breath with which he\nhad added that the Lord was loving and compassionate. If that were so,\nthen this was the ideal place to witness the infinite goodness and\ncompassion of the Creator of all earthlings. But, the first scene to\nmeet his gaze was that of a woman in childbirth. The torture, the\nexcruciating pain, and the mental anguish of the human female before his\neyes, defied his Martian power of expression. This process of birth, it\nwas explained to him, was not a pathological one, nor a disease, but a\nphysiological function. To this, the Martian could not refrain from\nreplying, \"From your own words, Doctor, it is readily understood that\nyour women experience a torture more acute, more nerve-wracking, and of\nlonger duration than your Jesus experienced during his crucifixion. And\nyour world commiserates and sheds oceans of tears when they contemplate\nthe anguish of Jesus on the cross; but no mention is made of the agony\nwhich is the fate of every woman who brings another human being into\nthis 'best of worlds.'\"\n\"But, my dear Martian,\" exclaims the physician, \"the Heavenly Father has\nordained that in anguish shall woman bring forth her young.\" The other\ndeliberated on the compassion of the Benevolent Father in silence, and\ncontinued on his rounds through the hospital.\nNearby was the crib containing a baby of a few days, suffering with a\ncongenital heart disease. The infant's lips were blue, so was the body\nblue, and the gasping for breath and heaving of the small chest were\npitiful to behold.\n\"This infant,\" nonchalantly remarked the physician, \"was born with a\ngreatly defective heart. It will live for a few days, it will thirst for\nair, it will have intense air-hunger, the lungs will fill with fluid and\nthen it will drown in its own secretions.\"\nThe Martian recalled the time he had plunged under the water and\nremained there too long; vividly, he remembered the thirst for air, the\nseeming bursting of the lungs, the compression and vise-like grip of\nthe muscles of the throat and chest, and he could not help exclaiming,\n\"Benevolent, Compassionate Being!\"\nThe physician continued, \"This child,\" pointing to a beautiful, robust\nboy of ten years, \"was in perfect health, until he fell in the street\nand received a minor cut which the parents treated with home remedies,\nbut which in a few days was diagnosed as Tetanus.\" And the doctor went\non to explain that the compassion of the Lord is great when this occurs,\nfor the child gets convulsions, the jaws become locked, and beads of\ncold sweat stand out on the child's forehead in his anguish; the\nconvulsions increase in severity and in duration so that finally they\nare continuous and the child lies with the heels and back of the head\nonly touching the bed, the rest of the body is arched. The convulsions\nthen become so severe that the body is so bent backwards at times that\nthe head and trunk touch the heels. The misery of such a child is\nsufficient to cause a physician to lose his reason. Again the Martian\nmurmurs, \"Verily, the compassion of the Lord is beyond understanding.\"\nThe child in the next bed had just become paralyzed by an attack of\npoliomyelitis (infantile paralysis). The Martian observes how the Lord\nin His compassion saved a certain number of these children upon whom he\nvents His anger for their sins, by inflicting upon them this hideous\ndisease. He saves their lives, but to serve as an everlasting reminder,\nas a covenant between them and their Lord, He paralyzes their limbs. The\nspectacle of these children attempting to move, making intense effort to\nmove paralyzed limbs, was the most revolting and heart-breaking sight\nthat he had ever witnessed. This time, too, the Martian remarked,\n\"Verily, the Lord in His infinite wisdom and goodness strange tasks does\nperform.\"\nThe physician then informed him of the many men and women who have died\nof cancer. A large number of these individuals had reached a period in\nlife where they could just afford to relax from their struggles for mere\nsustenance; men and women who had reached a calm lake after journeying\nthrough troubled and tortuous waters; who had fought the \"good fight,\"\nand had won the just reward of resting after their labors. But no, the\nLord must trouble them for their sins.\nA group of these sufferers is shown to the Martian, and the normal\ncourse of this disease is explained. This time all he can do is to\nprotest that he firmly asserts that not one of our savage chiefs, even\nwere he of the most primitive tribe, of the cruelest imagination, of the\nmost base and insane nature, would nor could conceive of such torture as\nthe Loving Father conceived when he decided upon cancer as a visitation\nfor our sins. The roasting of a witch alive is but a mere trifle\ncompared to the long-drawn-out agony, the slow wasting, the anguish of a\ncancer patient watching himself sink to death. And when death mercifully\nreleases this sufferer from his hellish torture the preacher murmurs,\n\"Lord, thy will be done.\"\nThe Martian talks for a few moments with a sufferer from this disease\nand ascertains that the latter is a devout and true religionist, that he\nhas been a good, moral church-goer, and has lived strictly according to\nthe tenets of his creed, that he firmly and passionately believes that\nhe has lived so that he will merit the reward of heaven, an everlasting\nsojourn in a land where there is no pain and suffering. And yet, this\ndevout religionist, when he was informed that he had an incurable\ncancer, traveled the length and breadth of his land, from one surgeon to\nanother, allowing himself to be cut to pieces, in order that he might\nremain on this earth but a moment longer. To stay and suffer the\ntortures of the damned when he might go to heaven and get his reward in\nthe land where there is no pain!\n\"I wonder,\" mused the Martian, \"did the grim spectre of death finally\ninstill a grain of scepticism into his mind?\"\nLater, in the quiet of his chambers, he reviews the day's\nimpressions--cruelty, hate, fear, jealousy, racial antagonism, poverty,\nluxury, disease, pain, superstition, church, religion, and intolerance.\n\"If we suppose that the universe is the creation of an Omnipotent and\nBenevolent God, it becomes necessary to ask how pain and evil arise.\nPain and evil are either real or unreal. If they are real then God, who,\nbeing omnipotent, was bound by no limitations and constrained by no\nnecessities, willfully created them. But the being who willfully creates\npain and evil cannot be benevolent. If they are unreal, then the error\nwhich we make when we think them real is a real error. There is no doubt\nthat we believe we suffer. If the belief is erroneous, then it follows\nthat God willfully called falsehood into existence and deliberately\ninvolved us in unnecessary error. It follows once again that God cannot\nbe benevolent.\n\"If we regard pain and evil as due to the wickedness of man and not as\nthe creation of God, we are constrained to remember that man himself is\none of God's creations (God being conceived as all creative), and\nreceived his wickedness, or his capacity for it, from whom? If we say\nthat man had no wickedness to begin with but willfully generated\nwickedness for himself, we have to face the double difficulty of\naccounting for: (a) How man, who is an emanation from God, can will with\na will of his own which is not also a piece of God's will; and (b) how a\nbenevolent God could, assuming pain and evil to be a purely human\ncreation, deliberately allow them to be introduced into a world that\nknew them not, when it was open to Him to prevent such introductions.\"\n(_C. E. M. Joad, \"Mind and Matter.\"_)\nHe had seen that crime and immorality exist now, just as they had\nexisted before the belief in one personal God, and just as they promise\nto exist beyond our time. He had scrutinized evidence revealing the\nincontestable fact that most criminals were religious, and absolutely\nand proportionately, a smaller number of criminals were non-believers in\na personal deity. Judging by these alone, a belief in a benevolent,\nloving, omniscient, omnipotent, and compassionate Being could not be\nsustained. Furthermore, if such a God ever existed, he certainly would\nhave revealed his true religion to the first man, Adam. If he required\nprayer to satisfy his vanity, he surely would have told Adam how, when,\nwhy, and where to pray. Then again, once having neglected to inform his\nfirst model about all this, since He is omnipotent, he would certainly\nhave instilled into the minds of men \"the\" true creed so that no doubt\ncould have ever entered into any one's mind. What a universe of\nsuffering He would have saved!\nThe Martian is aware that a great number of earthlings hold that every\nevent must have a cause, therefore the Universe must have had a cause,\nwhich cause was God. Everything as it now exists in the universe is the\nresult of an infinite series of causes and effects. Everything that\nhappens is the result of something else that happened previously and so\non backwards to all eternity. Applying this reasoning that everything is\nthe effect of some cause, and that a cause is the effect of some other\ncauses, the theists work back from effect to cause and from cause to\neffect until they reach a First Cause. By predicating a First Cause,\nhowever, the theist removes the mystery a stage further back. This\nFirst Cause they assume to be a cause that was not caused and this First\nCause is God. Such a belief is a logical absurdity, and is an example of\nthe ancient custom of creating a mystery to explain a mystery. If\neverything must have a cause, then the First Cause must be caused and\ntherefore: Who made God? To say that this First Cause always existed is\nto deny the basic assumption of this \"Theory.\" Moreover, if it is\nreasonable to assume a First Cause as having always existed, why is it\nunreasonable to assume that the materials of the universe always\nexisted? To explain the unknown by the known is a logical procedure; to\nexplain the known by the unknown is a form of theological lunacy.\nThe effect noted in any particular case is not of necessity related to a\nsingle cause, and science gives no assurance that causes and effects can\nbe traced backward to a simple First Cause. A man is so unfortunate as\nto contract pneumonia. What is the cause? An infection of the\nrespiratory tract by the pneumococcus. It is not quite so simple as to\nultimate causation. The person afflicted was harboring these germs in\nhis nose and throat, and his resistance was weakened by wetting his\nfeet. The day was cold and his shoes were thin. The humidity and\ntemperature were such that rain fell. The temperature and humidity were\ncaused by air currents hundreds of miles distant from the scene, and so\nad infinitum. In this series of complications where may we discern a\nfirst cause? When applied to the much more difficult problem of physical\nphenomena, we can conceive of an endless cycle of causes, but we cannot\nconceive of a First Cause. \"Cause and effect are not two separate\nthings, they are the same thing viewed under two separate aspects.... If\ncause and effect are the expressions of a relation, and if they are not\ntwo things, but only one, under two aspects, 'cause' being the name for\nthe related powers of the factors, and 'effect' the name for their\nassemblage, to talk, as does the theist, of working back along the chain\nof causes until we reach God, is nonsense.\" (_Chapman Cohen: \"Theism or\nAtheism.\"_)\nA great many theists attempt to deduce the existence of an invisible\ncreator and ruler of the universe from the visible features of nature\nsuch as the design, regularity of movement and structure, and the\nvarious aspects of beauty which one may find in studying natural\nobjects. This argument from design in nature has been overruled by a\nstudy of the evolutionary processes. Paley based his argument on the\nassertion of a mind behind phenomena, the workings of which could be\nseen in the forms of animal life. The theists no longer use Paley's\noriginal arguments, but a great deal of the theistic arguments are still\nbased on his assumptions. From the humanistic point of view, and the\ntheist bases his entire arguments from design in nature from the\nhumanistic view, an understanding of the merciless character of organic\nevolution shows clearly that the forces at work in nature are full of\nwaste, there are numerous plans that are futile, there is an unrelenting\npreying of one form of life upon the other, and it is not always the\n\"higher\" form that is victor; there are myriads of living organisms\ncoming to life only to perish before reaching an age at which they can\nplay their part in the perpetuation of the species; and there is a\nuniverse of pain and misery that serves no useful purpose. The impartial\neye of science observes ugliness as well as beauty, disorder as well as\norder, in nature. If there is evidence of design in a rose, there is at\nleast as much evidence of design in the tubercle bacillus, and the\ntetanus bacillus. Whatever in nature produced the peacock produced the\nitch-mite; whatever produced man produced the spirochete of syphilis. If\nthis earth is evolving for the better, the past is still vivid in all\nits cruelty. The old and familiar argument from design and beauty in\nnature is so inconsistent with the facts at hand, that most theists have\nabandoned this attitude, and the retreat from this position has been\nturned into a veritable rout by the steady advance of scientific\nknowledge. God could by exercising His omnipotence reveal His existence\nwith overpowering conviction at any moment; yet, men have been searching\nfor centuries for just the slightest evidence of His presence.\nThe Martian, moreover, holds that the entire argument is irrelevant, for\neven if he grants that there is a supernatural being that fashions that\nwhich we behold at work in the universe, how can we say that he designed\nall this without first knowing what his intention was? Only by knowing\nthe intention in the mind of a supernatural being before the act, can we\ninfer that something was designed. When the theist finds intention and\ndesign in nature he is but reading his own feeling and desires into\nnature. Considering the universe as a whole, the Martian fails to find\nanything that suggests a conscious and purposive god, and certainly\nnothing to suggest a being that considers the welfare of man. The\nindividual is not much interested in God as manifested in nature, what\nhe is vainly seeking is _God as Providence_; he is seeking an\nintelligence that his clergy tell him is devoted to his welfare, an\nintelligence that will guide his stumbling efforts, that will relieve\nhim from war and misery, that will shield the innocent from pain and\npoverty. He finds that his clergy cannot point to one clear trace of the\naction of God in human affairs. In the whole long record of man's career\nthe finger of God cannot be found pointing to one well-substantiated\nfact.\nThe Martian considers the theistic argument that it would be impossible\nto have an orderly universe merely resulting from the inherent\nproperties of natural forces, and that \"directivity\" is necessary to\nkeep the universe on its present track. Keeping in mind the scientific\nconception of the universe and the knowledge at hand concerning the\natoms and their properties, it is inconceivable that any other\narrangement than the present one should have resulted. The Martian\ncannot marvel as most earthlings do that the present order exists as it\ndoes; the marvel to him would be if any other order should be or that\nany radical alteration in it should occur. He perceives that the state\nof the universe at any moment is the result of all the conditions then\nprevailing, and that the natural forces possess the capacity to produce\nthe universe as we see it. It matters not what the ultimate nature of\nthese forces may be, electrons, protons, electricity, or wave energy;\nthese material forces possess the capacity to produce the universe as we\nsee it. If these forces do not possess this capacity it is indeed\ndifficult for the Martian to conceive in what way even a \"directing and\nsupreme mathematician\" an \"ultimate,\" or any supernatural power however\ndesignated could produce this capacity. Unless the capacity for\nproducing the universe as we see it existed in the atoms themselves, no\namount of direction could have produced it. The property of the atom and\nits combinations to produce the material universe is therefore inherent\nin the atoms themselves and does not necessitate the operation of a\ndeity. The order manifest in the universe is the necessary consequence\nof the persistence of force. If a supernatural, intelligent force\nexisted, the Martian believes that the claims of the theist could in no\nway be better substantiated than if this controlling force would in some\nway manifest an inhibitive influence and prevent certain things\noccurring which would have transpired but for his interference. Such\nmanifestations have not occurred. It is impossible for the theist to\nshow any instance in which the normal consequences of known forces did\nnot transpire in which the aberration could not be accounted for by the\noperation of other known forces.\nA \"law\" of nature is not a statute drawn up by a legislator; it is the\ninterpretation and the summation which we give to the observed facts.\nThe phenomena which we observe do not act in a particular manner because\nthere is a law; but we state the \"law\" because they act in that\nparticular manner. It cannot be said that the laws of nature are the\nresult of a lawmaker; it cannot be affirmed that a supreme intelligence\ntold things in nature to act just that way and no other. If the theist\nclaims that a supreme intelligence issued laws for his own pleasure and\nwithout any reason, then he must admit that there is something which is\nnot subject to law and the train of natural law is interrupted. If it is\nclaimed that a supreme intelligence had a reason for the laws which he\ngave, the reason being to create the best possible universe, then it\nfollows that God himself was subject to law and there is no advantage in\nintroducing God as an intermediary. This contention would make it appear\nthat there is a law outside and anterior to the divine edicts, and God\ndoes not serve the purpose of the theist since he is not the ultimate\nlawgiver.\nThe anthropomorphic conception of God, our Martian finds, is now denied\nby most cultured theists; nevertheless, they still maintain a belief in\na deity endowed with consciousness. Professor H. N. Wieman states that,\n\"God is superhuman, but not supernatural. He is a present, potent,\noperative, observable reality.... He is more worthy of love than any\nother beloved ... He is one to whom men can pray and do pray, and who\nanswers prayer.\" This can be understood to be not greatly removed from\nthe fundamentalists' conception of God, but when he continues to say,\n\"God is that interaction between individuals, groups, and ages which\ngenerates and promotes the greatest possible mutuality of good,\" and \"it\nresponds to prayer and is precisely what answers prayer, when prayer is\nanswered,\" the personal \"He\" has suddenly changed to the unpersonal\n\"It.\" Emotions and intelligence are connected with nerve structures in\nall sentient beings that we have experience and knowledge of. How can we\nattribute these qualities to a being who is described to us as devoid of\nany nerve structure?\nIn former ages the theist saw God in the color and construction of a\nflower, in the starry heavens, and in a sunset or sunrise. The\nbiologists have driven the theists from this misconception, the\nphysicists have explained the phenomena of sunset and sunrise, and with\nthe advance of astronomy the heavens no longer proclaim the glory of\nGod, and the theistic arguments have shifted from worlds to atoms. At\nthe present moment the vision of God has narrowed down to a perception\nof the divine intelligence noted in the design of the atom. Astronomy,\nphysics, geology, chemistry, medicine, psychology, ethics, aesthetics,\nand the social sciences have left no room for a theistic explanation of\nthe universe. The mystics who proclaim God in their intuitive trances\nare being crowded out into the light of reason by the researches of\npsychologists. There are still many gaps in our knowledge, and if the\ntheist persists in finding the manifestation of a supreme being in these\nvague zones of our present ignorance, he is at the mercy of the science\nof the future. Science is concerned with mind as much as it is with the\nmaterial aspects of atoms and stars, hence the sciences of psychology,\nethics, and aesthetics. The entire universe is the province of science\nand it is rapidly providing a scientific interpretation of all the\ncontents of the universe. It may well be a few more centuries before the\nscientific explanation is partially complete, but it must be kept in\nmind that science as we conceive the term is less than 2500 years old,\nand out of this infantile period, at least 1000 years must be deducted\nfor the intellectual stagnation of the dark ages.\nIn tracing the retreat of the clergy from the arguments from the First\nCause, the arguments from design, causation, and directivity, the\nMartian recalls the words of Vivian Phelips, \"How is it that God allowed\nearnest and learned divines to commit themselves to arguments in proof\nof His existence, the subsequent overthrow of which has been a potent\ncause for unbelief?\"\n\"The finite mind cannot expect to understand the Infinite,\" retorts a\ntheist to our Martian. \"What manner of reasoning is this,\" asks our\nMartian, \"that denies my finite mind the right to question the 'proofs'\nof the existence of an Infinite, when these same 'proofs' are derived by\nfinite minds? The theist cannot infer God from the cosmic process until\nhe can discover some feature of it which is unintelligible without him.\"\n(2) The belief in a deity, but the rejection of revelations, theology,\npriestcraft, and church.\nTo the Martian the opinion held by these individuals presented two\ndifficulties. First, if the adherents of this hypothesis considered\ntheir deity as a providence which took an active part in the life of\nthis world, then the objections heretofore stated against belief in a\npersonal god are still valid. Secondly, if they considered this being as\nonly a creator, who then leaves this world to its own resources, they\nare only assuming a philosophical existence behind phenomena. Such a\nbeing, they believe, they deduce intellectually. But actually who\ncreated this creator? They assume a god who remains always hidden behind\nphenomena, but such a god has no connection with the God that the\nreligious man worships and to whom he prays for guidance and for\nblessings, for actual interference in the life of this world. Such\ntheories impress our visitor as but a feeble attempt at new concepts of\nthe same hypothetical deity, and it seemed to him that we already had\nsufficient ideas of God to trouble our earthly minds.\n(3) The god of the Physicists.\nIt was brought to the Martian's attention that two scientists, Sir\nArthur Eddington, a British astronomer, and Sir James Jeans, a\nmathematical physicist, had still another concept of God.\nAccording to Eddington, \"Phenomena all boil down to a scheme of symbols,\nof mathematical equations.\" He admits that this mathematics of nature\ndoes not explain anything. They do not define reality, they only define\nthe relations that exist between the phenomena of reality. So far does\nhe go, and then his limited mind, our Martian perceives, meets an\nobstacle that he cannot explain. He, therefore, abandons the formula and\nreturns to the human mind which has conceived this formula. From the\n\"spiritual essence of Man's nature,\" he assumes the spiritual nature of\nthe cosmos itself, which he finds in what religion has known for\ncenturies as God. To him, it is impossible to explain the universe\nexcept in terms of spirit.\nProfessor Jeans insists that in the equations which reveal the relations\nbetween phenomena, there may reside also the revelation of the ultimate\nwhich these phenomena express. He believes that there may exist \"a great\narchitect of the universe who is a pure mathematician.\"\nHowever, the Martian argues, \"Is it not a fact that in your earthly\nexperience, you have created your gods in your own image? Your savages\ncreated God in the only fashion their mental capacities could supply, in\nthe shape of an idol; now the modern physicist creates his god in the\nlight of his own intimate vision, which is that of a mathematician! This\nis just another attempt to formulate an hypothetical existence of a\nsupernatural being.\"\nThe theologians, by this time thoroughly aroused, lay down a verbal\nbarrage, and learned Jesuits place before the visitor a recent\npublication entitled, \"The Question and Answer\" by Hilaire Belloc. The\nauthor, acting as the mouthpiece of the Roman Catholic Church, attempts\nto prove two things: namely, whether God is, and that the witness to\nRevelation is the Roman Catholic Church. Were it not for the fact that\nthe work was published by permission of the Church, one could logically\nsuppose from its arguments that the author was attempting to give the\nanswer, \"No,\" to the question propounded, as to whether God is. There is\none sentence, however, to which the Martian agrees: this one, \"But\nreligions, though not very numerous, considering the vast spaces of time\nover which we can study them, and the vast number of millions to which\nthey apply, differ and contradict each other; on which account, any one\napproaching this problem for the first time, and being made acquainted\nat the outset with the variety of religions, would naturally conclude\nthat every religion is man-made, and every religion an illusion.\"\nOn reading the opening remarks, the Martian exclaims, \"This earthling\nplainly tells us at the beginning that he will make his theories fit in\nwith his conclusion! He informs us that he does not seek the truth, no\nmatter where it may lead, but he only deems it necessary to fit ideas,\nno matter how distorted, in order that the final conclusion will\nsimulate what he deliberately sets out to prove.\"\nMr. Belloc's statement, \"How many men will agree that wanton cruelty,\ntreason to family or the state, falsehood for private gain, breach of\nfaith, are admirable?\" strikes the Martian as absurd when viewed in the\nlight of the historical annals of the Church itself. Mr. Belloc's creed\nmust have considered these very vices as virtues, judging from the\nactions of his Church.\nIn calling the Roman Catholic Church the witness to revelation, the\nauthor continues with, \"Yet, that it should suffer from men's hatred and\npersecution.\" If God has divinely ordained this institution as His\nChurch on earth, and in His omnipotence and omniscience allows this\nChurch to be hated, then how do the religionists assume that their god\nis a god of love? The author tells us that He is a god of hate, such a\ngod as was conceived of by the barbarians and the Hebrews--cruel,\nvengeful, and monstrous. Does not this apologist confuse his god with\nhis devil? Then again, has it not occurred to this apologist that he is\nin all futility attempting to prove something which is a contradiction\nwithin itself? If God is, and is benevolent, is it not logical to assume\n(since the theologians assume all sorts of attributes to this deity)\nthat he would not have constructed the minds of men when He created them\nso as to desire to doubt His being; would not have tortured the minds of\nmen with cruel doubt as to His existence?\nIf He is omnipotent, it would have been just as easy to instill into the\nminds of men only the strongest desire to believe in His reality; and\neven that would not be necessary had He so arranged matters that by His\neverlasting presence He would reveal Himself or His deeds to man in such\na conclusive manner that even the feeblest of intellects could not\ndoubt His existence.\nIf He is omniscient, as the parable asserts, that not a hair falls from\nthe head of man, not a sparrow dies without His knowledge, it must\ntherefore be apparent that He created man with the foreknowledge that\nman would doubt His existence. This is a contradiction in itself.\nThe Martian notes that in the entire length of the work not a reference\nis made to the time-worn theological defense, \"the revelation\" which the\nChurch has always claimed for its scriptures.\nAppended as an afterthought, as an apology, as it were, for the\nphilosophical defense and not the theological, the Jesuit father reminds\nthe reader of its messiah, Jesus and the New Testament. The Jesuit\nstates, \"The New Testament writings, considered merely as trustworthy\nhistorical documents, inform us that--\" but at this point the Martian\ninterrupted the speaker, for the audacity of any learned man terming the\nNew Testament writings \"historical\" was beyond his comprehension. It\nbrought forcibly to his attention the great change which the apologies\nfor the Church had undergone, and the new methods which they assumed.\nThe old theological defense of the deity was gone; not even philosophy\nwas deemed strong enough support for the present day. How the Church had\nfallen! The Church which had persecuted, anathematized, burned, and\ntortured the scientist, the geologist, the astronomer, the geographer,\nthe biologist, the chemist, and the physician; this same Church in its\nlast extremus, casts aside theology as its weapon and its appeal to the\nminds of the sceptics whom they aim to convert. The Church casts aside\nits own theology, having learned by bitter experience and recanting of\nopinions, bulls, and infallible statements by infallible popes, and now\nsuccumbs to the opinions it has formerly anathematized. In the present\nage the Church calls science to its aid, and utterly disregards its\nobsolete theology which it still practices, and attempts, by means of\nthe misinterpretation of scientific facts and statements of a few men\nsuch as Eddington and Jeans, to force science into some illogical and\nunscientific concordance with the conception of a supreme being.\nIronically it occurs to the Martian that the shades of Hypatia, Bruno,\nGalileo, Copernicus, Vanini, Darwin, and the vast numbers of Waldenses,\nAlbigenses, Huguenots, Jews, and the victims of the Inquisition and the\nWitch Hunt, must, as they contemplate the present tactics of that Holy\nInstitution, the Church, find some consolation in the depths of that\nhell to which the Church consigned them. The Martian logically deduces\nthat by employing science for its defense, the Church admits the\nimpotence of \"divine revelation,\" in this age, to convince even its own\nadherents of the problematical existence of a divine being. _Theology is\nno longer recognized as authoritative even by theologians!_\nWill the theologians now discard their theology based on the\nsupernatural, and build a system of theology based on science? Is this\nall that is left to the theologian: that he must use the pitiful\n\"Theology of Gaps\"? That is, wherever there are gaps in scientific\nknowledge, the theologians insert their idea of God! This is but the\nreplacing of the question mark with a meaningless label.\nCHAPTER V\nTHE PERSISTENCE OF RELIGION\n    _We believe what we believe, not because we have been convinced by\n    such and such arguments, but because we are of such and such a\n    disposition._\n    _The mind of the ordinary man is in so imperfect a condition that it\n    requires a creed; that is to say, a theory concerning the unknown\n    and the unknowable in which it may place its deluded faith and be at\n    rest._\n    WINWOOD READE.\n    _Generations followed and what had been offered as hypothetical\n    theological suppositions were through custom and tradition taken for\n    granted as unquestioned truth._\n    LLEWELYN POWYS.\nThe Martian has had his attention drawn to the statement that religion\nin some form or other has existed from most primitive times down to the\npresent day. The theologians point to this as a proof of the existence\nof a supreme being. An investigation of this assertion leads the Martian\nto the conclusion that religions have continued to exist mainly because\nof the power which inherited superstitions wield over mankind. Men are\nborn with a marked tendency towards superstitions.\nCertain isolated families of men are born with an inherited tendency\ntowards tuberculosis. Most of these are born, not with an active\ntuberculosis, but some as yet imperfectly understood tendency, a defect\nin their protoplasmic make-up that renders them an easy prey to the\ntubercle bacillus if they are exposed to it. Similarly, generations of\nmen have been born with a weakened mental vitality towards superstition;\na weakened mental capacity that renders their minds an easy prey to that\nfear which manifests itself in superstition, creed, religion--the\nGod-idea. It was Karl Marx who remarked that, \"The tradition of all the\ngenerations of the past weighs down like an Alp upon the brain of the\nliving.\"\nSince the days of our racial childhood, our beliefs have been handed\ndown from generation to generation, and they have persisted since in all\nages it was forbidden to question their existence. Man has persuaded\nhimself that it is so just because he has said it for so long and so\noften. The force of repetition is great; it is, in fact, taken by a vast\nmajority of men as the equivalent of proof.\nMost men have to accept their religions ready made. Their daily tasks\nleave them no time or opportunity for a personal search. The toil for\nbread is incessant, there is not sufficient leisure to verify the\nsources of their religious beliefs. Moreover, the ecclesiastic's answers\nto the riddles of life are easier, by far, to grasp than the answers of\nscience. These two factors, of innate mental inertia and force of\nrepetition, are well manifested by the present tactics of advertising.\nThe manufacturer of any product well knows that constant repetition and\nthe dangling of his product before the eyes of the public will lead to a\nwidespread acceptance of the advertising slogans propounded for his\narticle.\nThe force of so-called authority has aggravated this mental inertia. It\ntakes a tremendous amount of will power and mental courage for any\nindividual to assert an opinion that runs counter to the accepted mode\nof thinking. It is much easier and much more pleasant to give oneself\npassively to that delusion of grandeur, that delusion that pleasantly\ndrugs the mind with the assumption that there is a supreme being who is\npersonally interested in our well-being; a providence who, like a school\nmaster, at his pleasure dispenses rewards and punishments; as\nimmortality, Heaven and Hell. So firmly has this become entrenched in\nthe minds of men that the irrationalities which manifest themselves\nagainst such a conception make no impression. Schopenhauer well states,\n\"Nothing is more provoking, when we are arguing against a man with\nreasons and explanations, and taking all pains to convince him, than to\ndiscover at last that he _will_ not understand, that we have to do with\nhis _will_.\"\nThe Martian, knowing the widespread extent of religious beliefs and\ntheir supposed influence in our daily lives, is prepared to find in our\nannals a vast literature that would attest to the overwhelming benefits\nthat mankind had derived from his religious beliefs.\nHe is amazed to find that the little good which religion had\naccomplished, had occurred at the time when our race was in its infancy.\nJust as fear is instilled into the mind of the child to protect it from\nthe dangers of its environment before the child has reached the age when\nit can use its reason for protection, just so had religion, by its\nimplantation of fear, served its purpose in the days of our racial\nchildhood. The child, however, as soon as it learns to reason, replaces\nthose fears by a logical comprehension of the laws governing his\nenvironment. But in religious matters this fear has clung to man\ntenaciously; and while at first serving a protective function, at the\npresent stage of civilization constitutes an embryonic impediment. The\nassertion of ecclesiastics that without the aid of religious learning\nand influence our civilization would have been retarded is a statement\nthat a study of the development of man shows to be directly opposed to\nthe facts; that religion has been the greatest impediment in the road to\nprogress. This will be shown in the subsequent chapters. The\noft-repeated assertion that, during the Middle Ages, ecclesiastic\ninfluence was the saving grace is well refuted by Dr. William J.\nRobinson:\n\"We are told by the Church apologists that during the Middle Ages the\npriests and monks kept up the torch of learning, that, being the only\nliterate people, they brought back the study of the classics.\nHistorically speaking, this is about the most impudent statement that\none could imagine. It was the Church that retarded human progress at\nleast one thousand years, it is the Church that put a thick,\nimpenetrable pall over the sun of learning and science, so that humanity\nwas enveloped in utter darkness, and if the priests and monks later\nlearned to read and write (from the Arabs, Jews, and Greeks exiled from\nConstantinople after 1453), it is because they wanted to keep the power\nin their hands; the people they did not permit to learn either to read\nor write. _Even the reading of the Bible, bear in mind, was considered a\ncrime._ We are told that the priests and monks built hospitals and gave\nalms to the poor. Having gotten enormous tracts of the best land into\ntheir hands, so that the people were starving, they were willing to\nthrow a bone occasionally to the latter. It cost them nothing and it\ngave them a reputation for charity. They built enormous monasteries with\nwell filled cellars, and lived on the fat of the land, while the people\nlived in wretched hovels, working their lives away for a crust of bread.\nThe beasts, the domestic animals lived a more comfortable life than did\nthe men, women, and children of the people. And the Church never, never\nraised a finger to ameliorate their condition. It kept them in\nsuperstitious darkness and helped the temporal lords--for a long period\nthe spiritual were also the temporal lords--to keep them in fear,\nsubjection and slavery.\"\nThe Martian being an impartial observer examined what had been done by\nChristianity for the intellectual and material advancement of humanity\nduring her long reign, and what had been done by science and purely\nsecular knowledge in its brief period of activity, the period when\nscience and secular knowledge had partially liberated themselves from\necclesiastical domination. He came to the conclusion that in instituting\na comparison he had established a contrast.\nCHAPTER VI\nRELIGION AND SCIENCE\n    _Science, then, commands our respect, not on the basis that its\n    present assumptions and deductions are absolutely and for all time\n    true, but on the ground that its method is for all time true--the\n    method of discovery, the method of observation, research,\n    experimentation, comparison, examination, testing, analysis and\n    synthesis._\n    MAYNARD SHIPLEY, \"The War on Modern Science.\"\n    _In the bare three and one-half centuries since modern science\n    began, the churches had conducted an unremitting crusade against it.\n    That much of this crusade had turned into a rear-guard action was\n    due less to the weakness of the defenders of the faith than to the\n    invulnerability of their non-resistant victim._\n    HORACE M. KALLEN, \"Why Religion?\"\nSome sixty years ago in the \"Dogmatic Constitution of the Catholic\nFaith,\" the Church stated, \"But never can reason be rendered capable of\nthoroughly understanding mysteries as it does those truths which form\nits proper subject. We, therefore, pronounce false every assertion which\nis contrary to the enlightened truth of faith.... Hence, all the\nChristian faithful are not only forbidden to defend as legitimate\nconclusions of science those opinions which are known to be contrary to\nthe doctrine of faith, especially when condemned by the Church, but are\nrather absolutely bound to hold them for errors wearing the deceitful\nappearance of truth. Let him be anathema....\n\"Who shall say that human sciences ought to be pursued in such a spirit\nof freedom that one may be allowed to hold true their assertions even\nwhen opposed to revealed doctrine.\"\nCan anything stronger be said to discourage research, investigation,\nexperiment, and retard progress? And only sixty years ago! It is but the\nrestatement of what the Church has uttered so many times and for so\nlong--that all knowledge, material as well as spiritual, is to be found\nin the Bible as interpreted by the Church. It was this myth which had\nstultified the mind of man for 1500 years (during the period in which\nthe Church was dominant); it was this that had killed the urge to search\nand seek for the truth, which is the goal of all science, the means by\nwhich humanity is set on the road to progress. This was the damnable\nprecept foisted on the minds of men which enslaved them throughout the\nages, and from which we are just emerging. This was the precept that\nplunged the world into the Dark Ages, and retarded the advance of\nmankind for centuries.\nThis is the reason that it is utterly impossible for the intellectually\nhonest scientist, and for that matter any individual, to reconcile\nscience with religion. On the one hand, that of religion, we have the\nforces of intolerance, superstition, and the endeavor to besmirch,\nrepress, and ridicule every advance favorable to mankind; to cloak with\nmeaningless words obsolete rites, to stand in the way of human progress,\nbecause it does not permit men to think boldly and logically. Science,\non the other hand, does not hesitate to tear down old conceptions, and\nhas only one motive, the ultimate truth. Religion has the purpose of\nkeeping the masses in the narrow and false path of only accepted\ndoctrines. The true scientist is the man with the open mind, one who\nwill discard the worthless and accept only the proven good. The\nreligionist closes his mind to all facts which he is unwilling to\nbelieve, everything which will endanger his creed. Religion teaches the\nindividual to place all hope, all desire, in a problematical hereafter.\nThe stay on earth is so short compared to the everlasting life to come,\nthat of what interest is this life; all things are vain. The misery, the\nsuffering, of his fellow men leave him cold; he can only think of living\nin the light of his narrow creed so that he may gain his future reward.\nHow well this philosophy has fitted in with the schemes of the select\nfew for the control of the many!\nTruth to the scientific mind is something provisional, a hypothesis that\nfor the present moment best conforms to the recognized tests. It is an\nevolving conception in a constantly changing universe. It is not that\nscience has attained true conclusions; not that the evidence at hand\nmust remain immutable; but that the scientific method of analyzing and\nformulating assumptions on the basis of discovery, on ascertained facts,\nis a superior method to the closed \"infallible\" method of \"revelation.\"\nThese assumptions, based upon the known facts, lead to a working\nhypothesis which in turn develops into a theory. If the theory is\nadopted it must account for the facts known. But the theory is not held\nas final, it is always changed or abandoned if necessary to conform to\nthe new discovered data. Science welcomes the critical attitude that\nleads to the refinement of its theories. There may be today various\ntheories held by scientists in which they are mistaken, but the question\nof the _method_ by which they arrive at conclusions can no longer be\nunder consideration with regard to its validity.\nTo the scientific mind, knowledge is something to be arrived at by study\nand research. To the religionist, knowledge is something that is\ncontained in an infallible and supernatural statement or insight.\nReligion exalts the transcendental; science manipulates only the\nmaterial. To the consistent religionist, his belief, as such, determine\nthe fact; to the scientist it is the evidence that establishes the fact.\nTo the religionist truth is something that is unchanging, that is fixed,\nfinal, and heretical to question. Confronted with a constantly changing\nuniverse, he would delude himself that his inner convictions give him a\nfinality concerning his evolving environment. It is therefore not so\nmuch Science that the religionist is fighting, but the _scientific\nmethod_. This scientific method of approach, he rightly perceives, has\nso pervaded our mode of thinking that it is the subtle and most\ndisintegrating force that is shattering the religious foundations.\nDr. James T. Shotwell, speaking of the scientific method, concludes,\n\"But whatever strictures philosophy may pass upon the _conclusions_ of\nscience, as merely relative and provisional, there is no clearer fact in\nthe history of thought, that its _attitudes_ and _methods_ have been at\nopposite poles from those of religion. It does no good to blink the\nfact, established as it is by the most positive proofs of history and\npsychology. Science has made headway by attempting to eliminate mystery\nso far as it can. Religion, on the other hand, has stressed mystery and\naccepted it in its own terms. Science is the product of bold adventure,\npushing into the realm of the mysterious to interpret its phenomena in\nterms of the investigator; religion enters this same realm to give\nitself up to the emotional reactions. Science is the embodiment of the\nsense of control, religion yields the control to that power which moves\nin the shadow of the woods by night, and the glory of the morning\nhills....\n\"Science does not justify by faith, but by works. It is the living\ndenial of that age-long acceptance which we accord to the mystery--as\nsuch. It renounces authority, cuts athwart custom, violates the sacred,\nrejects the myths. It adjusts itself to the process of change whose\ncreative impulse it itself supplies. Not _semper idem_ but _semper\nalterum_ is the keynote of science. Each discovery of something new\ninvolves the discarding of something old. Above all, it progresses by\ndoubting rather than by believing.\" (_James T. Shotwell: \"The Religious\nRevolution of To-day.\"_)\n_There has never been an advance in science of widespread importance\nwhich in some manner or other endangered some mouldy religious concept,\nthat the Church has not bitterly opposed; an advance which in time has\nproven of inestimable benefit for all mankind. A glance at the history\nof human progress will reveal scores of such instances._\nThe two rival divisions of the Christian Church, Protestant and\nCatholic, have always been in accord on one point, that is, to tolerate\nno science except such as they considered to be agreeable to the\nScriptures. It was the decree of the Lateran Council of 1515 that\nordered that no books should be printed but such as had been inspected\nby the ecclesiastical censors, under pain of excommunication and fine.\nIt is easily understood that having declared the Bible to contain all\nknowledge both scientific and spiritual, and then passing a decree\nordering no books to be printed which did not agree on all points with\nthe Church's interpretation of the Bible, the Church was in absolute\ncontrol of all thought, both written and spoken.\nIt was to no advantage for the scholar to investigate any new fields,\nfor all knowledge which was possible for the mind to discover had\nalready been revealed in the Scriptures. Thus declared the Church. We\nunderstand why it was that Copernicus did not permit his book to be\npublished until he was dying. We understand also that when Galileo and\nBruno had the courage of their convictions, and gave voice to their\nbeliefs, they were persecuted. Galileo was made to recant a discovery\nthat the youngest of children now takes for granted. Bruno was burnt at\nthe stake.\nWe know that astronomy was at a standstill under Church domination,\nchemistry was forbidden, and the study of natural philosophy was\ncontradicted; while anthropology, which showed on what mythical\nfoundations the story of the fall of man rests, was squelched. The\nattitude of the Church on geography was hostile to the truth, as witness\nthe persecutions of those who dared to venture that the earth was round.\nBotany, mathematics, and geometry, as well as the natural sciences,\nslumbered. Geology, which proved that the earth was more than 6000 years\nold, was anathematized; archeologists had the greatest difficulty to\nexpound the truth concerning the antiquity of the human race. In purely\ncivil matters, the clergy opposed fire and marine insurance on the\nground that it was a tempting of Providence. Life insurance was regarded\nas an act of interference with the consequence of God's will. Medicine\nmet the most strenuous of opposition.\nIt is impossible in this short study to analyze the specific forms of\nretardation which the Church exhibited to all of these branches of\nlearning, whose only endeavor it was to search for the truth, to state\nthe facts, and to alleviate and make more bearable man's sojourn on this\nearth. However, a few of the many instances of retardation on the part\nof the Church will be pointed out.\nCHAPTER VII\nRELIGION AND MEDICINE\n    _Now, when physiologists study the living brain of an ape, they have\n    no grounds for supposing that they are dealing with a dual\n    structure. The brain is not a tenement inhabited by a spirit or\n    soul. The spirit or soul is but a name for the manifestations of the\n    living brain. The leading neurologists of the world are agreed that\n    the same is true of the human brain. It was only when they abandoned\n    the dual conception--an inheritance from the dark ages of\n    medicine--that they began to understand the disorders of man's mind\n    and how to treat them._\n    _Modern medicine thus strikes at the very root of Christian\n    doctrine. For, if man is truly mortal, if death ends all, if the\n    human soul is but the manifestation of the living brain, as light\n    and heat are the manifestations of a glowing bar of steel, then\n    there can be no resurrection of the dead. Man has the seeds of\n    immortality in him, but the gift is for the race, not for the\n    individual._\n    SIR ARTHUR KEITH.\nMedicine and religion have been closely associated from the most\npristine time. Primitive medicine had its origin in conjunction with the\nmost primitive of religious conceptions, namely, animism; an illusion\nthat made primitive man recognize in all things, and everywhere, spirits\nsuch as his supposed spirit; a belief that the world swarms with\ninvisible spirits which are the cause of disease and death. And thus\nprimitive medicine is inseparable from primitive modes of religious\nbelief. All these phenomena which we consider today natural--the\nrustling of leaves in a forest, the crash of thunder, the flash of\nlightning, winds, clouds, storms, and earthquakes--were to primitive\nman the outward and visible signs of angry gods, demons, and spirits.\nSimilar spirits caused disease and death, and these evil spirits that\nproduced disease and death were to be placated and cajoled by man, just\nas he did his other deities, by magic, by burnt offerings, and\nsacrifice.\nThe first holy man, the first priest, was the \"shaman,\" and it was his\nduty not only to placate and cajole the spirits that were thought to\ncontrol the physical well-being of the individual members of the tribe;\nbut it was his duty also, by the exercise of his magic, to alleviate and\ncure illness by exorcism. The \"shaman\" was therefore the first medicine\nman, the first witch doctor, the first physician. He relied chiefly upon\npsychotherapy as does the modern witch doctor of Christian Science.\nMedicine could not begin to be medicine until it was disassociated from\nmagic, religion, and theology. This struggle has been going on from the\ntime of the \"shaman\" to the present moment. Primitive medicine stands\nmidway between magic and religion, as an attempt to safeguard health by\ncontrol of so-called supernatural processes, and the warding off of evil\ninfluences by appeal to the gods.\nIn all primitive societies, priest, magician, and medicine man were one\nand the same; and medicine remained stationary until it could divorce\nitself completely from religion. Primitive medicine, then, springs from\nfolklore, legends, credulity, and superstitions; the same forces that\ngive rise to all forms of religious beliefs.\nHuxley has stated, \"Science commits suicide when it adopts a creed,\" and\nfrom the earliest of times those men who had a scientific trend of mind\nrealized this, however vaguely, and have attempted to divorce science\nfrom religion. The science of medicine has been divorced from\nsuperstition, but its twin brother religion lies as firmly bogged in\nthe mire of superstition today as it did in the days of the incantations\nof the first theologist, the \"shaman.\" And it is due to this close\nassociation of religion and medicine that ideas of the greatest\nscientific moment have been throttled at birth or veered into a blind\nalley through some current theological lunacy. Medicine has advanced\nthrough its disassociation with supernaturalism, while religion still\nremains the last refuge of human savagery.\nAnd so it had been that throughout those long, sterile, and barbarous\nages primitive man ascribed all diseases either to the wrath of God, or\nthe malice of an Evil Being. With the rise of the Greek philosophers,\nthe human mind for the first time began to throw off the fogs of\nsuperstition. In Greece, 500 years before Christ, Hippocrates developed\nscientific thought and laid the foundations of medical science upon\nobservation, experience, and reason. Under his guidance, medicine for\nthe first time was separated from religion. He relieved the gods of the\nresponsibility for disease and placed it squarely upon the shoulders of\nman. His findings were passed on to the School of Alexandria, and there\nmedical science was further developed. At this stage of history all\nadvances stopped, and for the following reason:\nWith the coming of Christianity this science, as well as all others, was\nstultified. A retrogression took place to the ideation of the most\nprimitive of men, namely, the conception of physical disease as the\nresult of the wrath of God, or the malice of Satan, or by a combination\nof both. The Old Testament attributes such diseases as the leprosy of\nMiriam and Uzziah, the boils of Job, the dysentery of Jehoram, the\nwithered hand of Jeroboam, the fatal illness of Asa, and many other\nills, to the wrath of God, or the malice of Satan. The New Testament\nfurnishes such examples as the woman \"bound by Satan,\" the rebuke of\nthe fever, the casting out of the devil which was dumb, the healing of\npersons whom \"the devil oftimes casteth into the fire,\" and various\nother episodes. Christian theology then evolved theories of miraculous\nmethods of cure, based upon modes of appeasing the divine anger, or of\nthwarting satanic malice. The curing of disease by the casting out of\ndevils, by prayers, were the means of relief from sickness recognized\nand commanded by the Bible. Thus Christianity perverted the beginning of\na science of medicine to a system of attempted cure of disease by fraud.\nThe treatment of disease descended to the cures found in holy and\nhealing wells, pools, and streams; in miracles and the efficacy that was\nto be found in the relics of saints. Instead of reliance upon\nobservation, experience, and thought, attention was directed toward\nsupernatural agencies. In contrast to the Greek physicians who were\nattempting to lay a scientific foundation, we have the Christian idea\nprevailing that the water in which a single hair of a saint had been\ndipped was to be used as a purgative; water in which St. Remy's ring had\nbeen dipped cured lunacy; oil of a lamp burning before the tomb of St.\nGall cured tumors; wine in which the bones of a saint had been dipped\ncured fevers; St. Valentine cured epilepsy; St. Christopher cured throat\ndisease; St. Eutropius, dropsy; St. Ovid, deafness; St. Vitus, St.\nAnthony, and a multitude of other saints, the maladies which bear their\nnames.\n\"In the year 1585, in the town of Embrun, France, the male generative\norgan of St. Foutin was greatly revered. A jar was placed beneath his\nemblem to catch the wine with which it was generally anointed; the wine\nwas left to sour, and then it was known as the 'Holy Vinegar.' The women\ndrank it in order to be blessed with children.\" (_Joseph Lewis,\n\"Voltaire.\"_)\nEnormous revenues flowed into various monasteries and churches in all\nparts of Europe from relics noted for their healing powers. The\necclesiastics perceived that the physician would interfere with these\nrevenues and gifts of the shrines, and deemed it the will of God to\npersecute and condemn physicians. St. Ambrose declared, \"The precepts of\nmedicine are contrary to celestial science, watching and prayer.\" St.\nAugustine declared, \"All diseases of Christians are to be ascribed to\nthese demons, chiefly do they torment fresh baptized Christians, yea,\neven the guiltless, new-born babe.\" Gregory of Nazianzus declared that\nbodily pains are provoked by demons, and that medicines are useless, but\nthat they are often cured by the laying on of consecrated hands. St.\nNiles and St. Gregory of Tours gave examples to show the sinfulness of\nresorting to medicine instead of trusting to the intercession of saints.\nEven as late as 1517, Pope Leo X, for a consideration, issued tickets\nbearing a cross and the following inscription, \"This cross measured\nforty times makes the height of Christ in His humanity. He who kisses it\nis preserved for seven days from falling sickness, apoplexy, and sudden\ndeath.\"\nThe Council of Le Mons, in 1248, forbade monks to engage in surgery. At\nthe beginning of the twelfth century, the Council of Rheims forbade\nmonks to study medicine; and shortly after the middle of the twelfth\ncentury, Pope Alexander III forbade monks to study or practice medicine.\nIn the thirteenth century, the Dominican Order forbade all ecclesiastics\nto have any connection with medicine; and when we remember that the\npolicy of the Church had made it impossible for any learned man to enter\nany other profession, the only resource left for a scholar was the\nChurch; so effectively did the Church kill all scientific endeavors.\nThe Reformation made no sudden change in the sacred theory of medicine.\nThe Church of England accepted the doctrine of \"royal touch,\" and in a\nprayer book of that period is found a service provided for that occasion\nwhich states that \"They (the kings), shall lay their hands on the sick,\nand they shall recover.\"\nPestilences were taught to be punishments inflicted by God on society\nfor its shortcomings. Modern man has no conception of the ravages of\ninfections and epidemics that swept over Europe in the Middle Ages, and\nto a lesser extent, until less than fifty years ago. Tacitus described\nthe plague in Rome thus: \"Houses were filled with dead bodies, and the\nstreets with funerals.... Alike, slaves and plebeians were suddenly\ntaken off amidst lamentations of their wives and children, who, while\nthey mourned the dead, were themselves seized with the disease, and,\nperishing, were burned on the same funeral pyre.\"\nIn 80 A.D. an epidemic swept Rome causing 10,000 deaths daily. During\nthe ages until the present century, wave after wave of pestilence swept\nover Europe. The plague in 1384 A.D. took no less than 60 million lives.\nIt was estimated that twenty-five per cent. of the population of the\nthen known world perished in that one epidemic. Between 1601 and 1603,\n127,000 died of the plague in Moscow. The epidemic of 1630 took 500,000\nlives in the Venetian republic; Milan alone lost 88,000. In 1605, London\nlost 69,000; 70,000 died in Vienna in 1679; the following year Prague\nlost 83,000, all from this disease. The horrors of such visitations are\nbeyond description, and can scarcely be imagined. For a time, attempts\nwere made to collect and bury the dead. Wagons would pass through the\nstreets at night collecting the victims. The drivers, benumbed with\ndrink, frequently failed to ascertain whether death had occurred. Living\npatients, desperately ill, were piled into the wagons with corpses\nbeneath, about, and on them. These gruesome loads were dumped pell-mell\ninto huge pits hastily dug for the purpose. In some instances, living\nvictims crawled out of these pits and survived to tell the tale. As the\nepidemics progressed, attempts to dispose of the dead were abandoned.\nPutrefying bodies were everywhere. Whole cities were left desolate, the\nfew survivors having fled.\nIt is not to be wondered at that such epidemics swept over Europe when\nit was taught that these were the vengeance of God. How could it be\ndiscovered that the real causes were the crowded conditions and bad\nsanitation of the cities, the squalor, the misrule, and gross immorality\noccasioned by the Holy Wars, when hordes of soldier-bandits plagued the\ncountryside? The devout continued to live in their squalor, to trust in\nthe Lord, and to die by the millions.\nIn all pestilences down to the present time, the Church authorities,\ninstead of aiding and devising sanitary measures, have preached the\nnecessity of immediate atonement for offenses against the Almighty. The\nchief cause of the immense sacrifice of lives in these plagues was of\ncourse the lack of hygienic precautions. But how could this be\ndiscovered when, for ages, living in filth was regarded by great numbers\nof holy men as an evidence of sanctity!\nSt. Hilarion lived his whole life long in utter physical uncleanliness.\nSt. Athanasius glorifies St. Anthony because he had never washed his\nfeet. St. Abraham's most striking evidence of holiness was that for\nfifty years he washed neither his hands nor his feet; St. Sylvia never\nwashed any part of her body save her fingers; St. Euphraxia belonged to\na convent in which the nuns religiously abstained from bathing; St. Mary\nof Egypt was eminent for filthiness; St. Simeon Stylites was in this\nrespect unspeakable--the least that can be said is that he lived in\nordure and stench intolerable to his visitors. For century after century\nthe idea prevailed that filthiness was akin to holiness.\nAnother stumblingblock hindering the beginnings of modern medicine and\nsurgery, was the theory regarding the unlawfulness of meddling with the\nbodies of the dead. The dissection of the human body was prohibited\nsince the injury to the body would prevent its resurrection on the Last\nDay. Andreas Vesalius was the pioneer in the movement for increased\nknowledge of anatomy, and in 1543, when his work appeared, he was\ncondemned to death by the Inquisition as a magician. He escaped this\nfate by undertaking a pilgrimage to Jerusalem only to be shipwrecked on\nthe Island of Zante when he attempted to return, and there died in\nmisery and destitution.\nIn the year 1853, cholera, after having committed serious ravages in\nmany parts of Europe, visited Scotland. It was evident to most thinking\npeople that, due to the extreme poverty and squalor of most of the\nScottish towns at that time, a great number of people would necessarily\nsuccumb to this disease unless stringent sanitary measures were\ninstituted immediately. Instead, the Scotch clergy proposed to combat\nthis scourge with prayer and fasting, which would have lowered the\nresistance to this disease by producing physical exhaustion and mental\ndepression. They proposed the ordering of a national fast day in which\nthe people were to sit the whole day without nourishment in their\nchurches and retire to their beds at night weeping and starved. Then it\nwas hoped that the Deity would be propitiated, and the plague stayed. To\ngive greater effect to this fast day, they called upon England to help\nthem, and the Presbytery of Edinburgh dispatched a letter to the\nEnglish minister, requesting information as to whether the queen would\nappoint a national fast day. The English minister, to his credit,\nadvised the Presbytery of Edinburgh that it was better to cleanse than\nto fast, and cleanse they must swiftly or else, in spite of all prayers\nand fastings of a united but inactive nation, the cholera would\ndevastate them.\nThere are today, in this twentieth century, two pestilences which could\nbe wiped from the face of the earth. \"There are two pestilences which\nthus unfortunately involve moral conceptions. They are the plagues of\nSyphilis and Gonorrhea. Against them medicine has developed methods of\ncontrol. They could be eradicated, but as yet civilization has not\nadvanced entirely beyond the ancient idea that disease is imposed by God\nas a measure of vengeance for our sins. It still rejects protection,\nwhen without it these plagues will continue to exact death and suffering\non a scale which probably exceeds that of any one of the medieval\nplagues. Those who today look upon Syphilis and Gonorrhea as punishment\nfor sin have not progressed beyond the ideas of medieval Europe.\n\"Ignorance and bigotry are the twin allies of the plagues of Syphilis\nand Gonorrhea. Medicine and civilization advance and regress together.\nThe conditions essential to advance are intellectual courage and a true\nlove for humanity. It is as true today as always in the past that\nfurther advances or even the holding of what has already been won,\ndepend upon the extent to which intellectual courage and humanity\nprevail against bigotry and obscurantism.\" (_Haggard, \"Devils, Doctors,\nand Drugs.\"_)\nAs a result of the lack of control of these plagues there are in the\nworld at the present moment thousands of children suffering from\ncongenital syphilis who would never have been born but for the desire of\nChristians to see sinners punished. With regard to the spread of sex\nknowledge, the clergy's attitude is dangerous to human welfare. The\nartificial ignorance of sex subjects which orthodox Christians attempt\nto enforce upon the young is extremely dangerous to mental and physical\nhealth. The young are much less likely to act wisely when they are\nignorant, than when they are instructed.\nThese two venereal diseases are no more controlled under the moral\nstandards of today than they were two centuries ago, and yet medical\nscience offers for these diseases what it can offer for few others; both\na prevention and a cure. And it is due to the ignorance and the bigotry\nof the theists that the spread of sex knowledge is hampered so that a\nsane conception of sex and the prevention of venereal disease does not\neradicate these diseases. The theists have, therefore, without sense or\njustice, founded their morality on disease; neglecting the fact that all\ndisease is immoral in the widest sense, since it is detrimental to the\nhappiness of man, and that no one disease is more so than another. The\nmorality of the body is health--not disease. So much for the actual\nfacts and reality. In passing to the theoretical, we again see the truth\nof the statement that religion is the last resort of human savagery.\nTo postulate that a supreme being is omnipotent, omniscient, and\nall-loving, and then to assume that he inflicts disease on his children\nas punishment for sin is a sadistic mental aberration. In his\nomniscience he full well knows beforehand what each of his children will\ndo. He foreordains their sins and then punishes his children for sins\nthat he wills them to commit. It is just as if a syphilitic father\nshould punish his syphilitic child because the child has that congenital\ndisease for which the father is responsible. If the theist insists that\nhis deity is all that he claims him to be, then it is only logical that\ninstead of man asking his god for forgiveness, what actually should be\nis that God should ask the forgiveness of man for his bungling and\nerror.\nChristianity has attempted from its inception to eradicate the sexual\ninstinct and in so doing has antagonized an instinct that is as\nfundamental as that of self-preservation. All it has accomplished is a\ndistortion. The church, by claiming that it alone was privileged to\nregulate sexual desires, has done one of two things to each of its\nadherents. It has either made him a hypocrite or driven him insane. Much\nof the insanity in this country could be overcome were religion and sex\npermanently divorced; and an immediate amount of inestimable good could\nbe accomplished when one considers that fifteen per cent of all mental\ndisease is caused by syphilis.\nPhysical disease having been considered as a malicious trick of Satan,\nit was but natural that the disease of the mind was also attributed to\nsatanic intervention. The conception that insanity was a brain disease,\nand that gentleness and kindness were necessary for its treatment, was\nthrottled by Christian theology for fifteen centuries. Instead the\necclesiastic burdened humanity with a belief that madness was largely\npossession by the Devil. Hundreds of thousands of men and women were\ninflicted with tortures both physical and mental. It was not until 1792\nthat the great French physician Penel, and William Tuke in England,\nplaced the treatment of mental disease on a rational and scientific\nbasis. And this, in spite of such ecclesiastical attacks as were seen in\nthe _Edinburgh Review_ of that period. These two men, Penel and Tuke,\nwere the first acknowledged victors in a struggle of science for\nhumanity which lasted nearly two thousand years.\nThe clergy resisted Jenner when he introduced vaccination, and yet the\napplication of this measure of defense against disease has probably\nsaved more lives than the total of all the lives lost in all wars. The\nclergy maintained that \"Smallpox is a visitation from God, and\noriginates in man, but Cowpox is produced by presumptious, impious men.\nThe former, heaven ordained, the latter is perhaps a daring and profane\nviolation of our holy order.\"\nIn the seventeenth century, the Jesuit missionaries in South America\nlearned from the natives the value of the so-called Peruvian Bark in the\ntreatment of ague. In 1638, quinine, derived from this bark, was\nintroduced into Europe as a cure for malaria. It was stigmatized as \"an\ninvention of the Devil.\" The ecclesiastical opposition to this drug was\nso strong that it was not introduced into England until 1653.\nThe medieval Christians saw in childbirth the result of a carnal sin to\nbe expiated in pain as defined in Genesis. Accordingly the treatment\ngiven the child-bearing woman was vastly worse than the mere neglect\namong the primitive peoples. Her sufferings were augmented by the fact\nthat she was no longer a primitive woman and child-bearing had become\nmore difficult. In these \"Ages of Faith\" which could be better called\nthe \"Ages of Filth,\" nothing was done to overcome the enormous mortality\nof the mother and child at birth. Attempts, however, were made to form\nintra-uterine baptismal tubes by which the child, when it was locked by\nsome ill chance in its mother's womb, could be baptized and its soul\nsaved before the mother and child were left to die together. But nothing\nwas done to save their lives. No greater crimes were ever committed in\nthe name of civilization, religious faith, and smug ignorance than the\nsacrifice of the lives of countless mothers and children in the first\nfifteen centuries after Christ among civilized mankind.\nApproaching our own time, we have the example of Dr. James Y. Simpson,\nprofessor of obstetrics at the University of Glasgow about 1850, first\nadministering an anesthetic to alleviate the pain of childbirth. He was\nbitterly opposed by the clergy on the ground that it was impious to\nattempt to escape from the curse pronounced against all women in\nGenesis. It was Dr. Simpson who, in defending this humanitarian\npractice, asserted that opposition, particularly on theological grounds,\nhad been presented against every humane innovation in the past.\nWhen Paul Ehrlich, in 1910, announced his discovery of salvarsan for the\ntreatment of syphilis, the clergy again were horror-struck that man\nshould interfere with a visitation of the Lord.\nThe resistance to the spread of information concerning contraception,\ncommonly known as birth control, is an example of the Church's dominance\nof government today; and yet this information is as vital to the welfare\nof humanity as is the control of cancer.\nIn 1926, our newspapers carried conspicuous headlines, \"Episcopal Church\nJoins Catholic to Gag Birth Control\"; four years later, 320 bishops of\nthe Episcopal Church met in London, and by a majority of 3 to 1 voted in\nfavor of contraception when \"there is morally sound reason for avoiding\ncomplete abstinence.\" The bishops had by this time become well aware of\nthe insistence of secular opinion towards this movement, and having done\ntheir best to prevent this progressive movement for the past one hundred\nyears, they finally accepted defeat, proving once again that religion\nhas never accepted anything that science has shown to be a fact or of\nbenefit to humanity until it was compelled to do so to save its face.\nThe infallible Church, however, still persists in its opposition and in\nthe Encyclical of Pope Pius XI, published in January, 1931, it is said,\n\"The conjugal act is destined primarily by nature for the begetting of\nchildren. Those who, in exercising it, deliberately frustrate its\nnatural power, and purpose, are against nature and commit a deed which\nis shameful and intrinsically vicious.\" So speaks the infallible Pope,\nbut the great majority of physicians hold that there are few things more\nperilous to mental health, intellectual efficiency, moral equanimity,\nand physical well-being than prolonged denial of the sex urge for the\naverage, normal human being. Every physician can furnish numerous case\nhistories to substantiate the statement that continual sexual abstinence\nis prejudicial to the health and happiness of the man and woman, and is\nthe causation of hundreds of semiderelicts and psychoneurotics.\nFurthermore, the rising tide of insanity in this country would be\nstemmed were religion and sex permanently divorced.\nToday the modern clergy still endeavor to explain natural phenomena by\nsupernatural theories, and while they do not assign preternatural powers\nto witches and demons, they yet persist in attempting to pervert facts\nof science, and delude themselves with faith in some supernatural force.\nThe clergy state that the physician cures disease through the mediation\nof God, the physician merely playing the part of the agent of God,\nthrough whom the real cure is effected. Is anything more ridiculous and\nat the same time more contradictory, than to suppose that an\nall-powerful god should have to appoint an intermediary to perform his\nwork? And if it is only by God's will and aid that a cure takes place,\nthen it follows that God must be willing for the individual to be cured;\nwhy in the name of reason, did He not prevent the initial step, the\ncontracting of the disease? What a mass of suffering, of mental anguish\nmight thus have been spared us! Thus, this omnipotent being either did\nnot desire to spare us this misery and suffering, in which case he must\nsurely be a monster incarnate; or, on the other hand, he is powerless\nto halt it, and thus cannot be omnipotent.\nWhile the clergy maintain that a cure is only effected by God's will,\nthe physician knows otherwise. The physician accomplishes his cures\nalone, and definitely cures and saves the lives of human beings by his\nown skill, intelligence, and application of methods which have been\ndeveloped by the exercise of secular knowledge, not theological\nnonsense. When man is so unfortunate as to contract an infection of the\nappendix, and that inflammation succeeds to pus-formation so that this\ndiseased and non-essential part of the human anatomy is on the point of\nrupturing and causing a fatal peritonitis, it is not by God's will and\nintervention that a cure is effected, but by the intervention of the\nsurgeon who removes the diseased part. If man depended upon God's will\nto save him, as he did in the past, the appendix would rupture,\nperitonitis would set in, and despite prayers and sacrificial offerings,\nthe Deity would exact his life.\nWhen an innocent infant, in the first few weeks of life, develops an\nintussusception (an infolding of the bowel which causes an acute\nobstruction), the prayers and supplication of the parents avail not a\nparticle; if the surgeon did not save the infant's life by operating and\nremoving the obstruction, the benevolent being would allow the child to\ndie.\nThe adult who develops a hernia, which is due to a defect in the\nconstruction of the human body, which is assigned to an omniscient being\nwho still persists in forming bodies that are defective, and this hernia\nbecomes strangulated (twisted), the deity sits calmly by in omnipotent\ninaction, while the prompt interference of the surgeon saves the\nindividual's life.\nWhen the surgeon observes a superficial cancerous growth, or an internal\ngrowth which can be removed in its entirety, does he trust to the Lord\nto halt this pernicious development? No, the surgeon does not consult\nGod, but resorts to his own knowledge and skill to save a human life.\nThe diphtheritic child who is strangling to death with a diphtheritic\nmembrane in its throat is not permitted by the physician to be left to\nthe benevolent being's will, nor to the prayers of the parents. The\nphysician's prayer is the diphtheria antitoxin, which in his hands is\nthe life-saving device.\nWhen the physician administers quinine for malaria, or salvarsan for\nsyphilis, he effects cures for these diseases by using agents to which\nthe clergy strenuously objected when they were first introduced. And\nwhen the ecclesiastic attributes to the Deity whatever laws man has been\nable to evolve out of his own experience and wisdom, he establishes,\nfallaciously, the corollary that if God is responsible for the cures, He\nis also responsible for the non-cures. Then what of the countless number\nthat died of disease before man evolved those cures, and what of the\nwholesale murder of His children in the past ages?\nDo certain diseases still baffle the physician? Surely it is less often\nthan the pestilences of old which baffled sacrifice and prayer. The\ncruelest laws ever devised by man have more equity and benevolence in\nthem than the appalling and irrational jurisprudence of the Deity.\nDo certain diseases as yet remain to plague man? Then it is only because\nreligion has for the past 2000 years been the greatest obstacle in the\ndevelopment of cures for these diseases. Every single individual, in the\npast 2000 years, who has succumbed to a disease for which medical\nscience has no cure, has died directly at the hands of religion. The\nobstruction which religion has placed on the development of medical\nscience has laid at its feet the responsibility for the deaths of\ncountless millions throughout the ages.\nThe religionist replies that man's mind cannot fathom the will of God.\nWhich is an irrational statement for it is a well established fact, and\nindeed, a criterion of insanity, that when the deranged are confronted\nwith facts which are conclusive and with creations of the imagination,\nthey cannot differentiate fact from fancy, and maintain, instead, that\nfancy is the real fact. The religionists are guilty of the same breach\nof reason. They suffer with what may be termed, \"dementia religiosa.\"\nThe remarkable feature of the latter disease is its wide prevalence.\nDr. Haggard in his book, \"Devils, Drugs, and Doctors,\" declares, \"The\nearly and Medieval Christians accepted the doctrine of the power of\ndemons in the lives of men; they saw this power particularly in the\ndemoniac production of diseases. They believed in miracles and\nespecially in the miraculous healing of diseases. The demonological\nbelief of the Christians was inherited from the doctrine of the Jews,\nwho were believers in demons and the 'possession by the devil.' Jesus\nhimself cured by casting out of devils. Following his example,\nChristians everywhere became exorcists. Jewish demonology was continued\namong Christian converts, and the belief in supernatural interpositions\nin human affairs was widely accepted. _Nothing has retarded the growth\nof scientific medicine during the past 2000 years so much as the iron\ngrip of theology in maintaining practices based on belief in this\nsupernatural origin of disease._\" The fabled curing of disease by\ncasting out devils, and the New Testament recordings of Jesus's\nconviction that disease was caused by evil spirits, have had an\ninestimable detrimental result on the development of medical science.\nThe fact that Jesus believed in the demoniacal production of diseases\nand cured them by exorcism was deemed so important by the author of the\nGospel according to Mark that he has actually recorded the Aramaic words\nJesus was reported to have used in addressing his patients. In Mark\nV:41, Jesus is reported to have given the command \"Talitha cumi\" to a\nlittle Jewish girl whom her parents believed dead. In Mark VII:34, Jesus\nis reported as uttering the magical word \"Ephphatha,\" as he \"put his\nfingers into his ears, and he spit, and touched his tongue\" in behalf of\n\"one that was deaf, and had an impediment in his speech.\"\nAn excellent and timely illustration of what occurs when secular\nknowledge has not yet replaced ecclesiastical ignorance and bigotry,\nparticularly in the field of medicine, is furnished by an article from\none of Philadelphia's leading newspapers, _The Evening Bulletin_, of\nDecember 23, 1932. We quote it verbatim:\n\"Faith Healers Arrested; Two Charged with Choking to Death 5-Year-Old\nGirl, Linden, Texas, Dec. 23, 1932. Despite a purported confession,\nofficers to-day continued an investigation of the death of a\nfive-year-old girl, allegedly at the hands of two itinerant preachers\nwho sought to 'drive out the devil' they believed responsible for her\npartial paralysis. Murder charges were filed against Paul Oaks and his\nbrother, Coy Oaks, and precautions taken to prevent possible mob\nvengeance. Sheriff Nat Curtright said the accused men admitted they had\nchoked the child to death in an attempt to cure her. Officers said the\npreachers had been conducting meetings in rural communities and had\npreached on the subject of faith healing. George Wilson, a neighbor,\nofficers said, found the two men kneeling over the prostrate form of the\nchild. They ordered him to leave, declaring he was a 'devil.' He said\nthe child's father was in the room.\"\nMedieval exorcism still practised in one of the leading nations of the\nworld! In America, which prides itself on its scientific advances,\ntowards whom the rest of the world looks for guidance in scientific\ndiscoveries and practices!\nTo have retarded the growth of medicine for the past 2000 years! Think\nof the strides made in medicine in the past hundred years, and dwell on\nthe comfort humanity derives from it, in contrast to the filth, misery,\nand pestilences of the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries.\nWould so much progress have been possible had man still persisted in the\nbelief that disease was due to demoniac intervention, and that the sum\ntotal of all knowledge humanly possible was contained in the Bible?\nIt is no longer necessary for children to choke to death with\ndiphtheria. Yellow fever, and small pox in civilized countries are, or\ncould be, wiped from the face of the earth. Malaria is controlled;\ntuberculosis will shortly be a rarity; typhoid fever and cholera have\nbeen eradicated wherever there is sanitation; erysipelas can be\ncontrolled; hydrophobia prevented; childbirth fever has lost its\ntremendous mortality; tetanus can be checked; syphilis and gonorrhea can\nbe controlled; diabetes and pernicious anemia can be controlled; surgery\nis reclaiming vast multitudes and restoring to useful and happy lives\nthousands who would have hitherto died. So much has been done; but it is\nespecially true that there is as much, at least, yet to be done. But all\nthis has been achieved so recently. What might not have been won had not\nthe minds of men been polluted from infancy, warped by the first\nprofessional holy men, the religionists, the priests? Had the idea of a\nsupernatural force been allowed to die in the Dark Ages, as it surely\nwould have, as man's mind expanded and developed, humanity would today\nfind itself more advanced on the road to progress. But as it was, the\nmyth of religion was foisted on the superstitious brain, and man\nresigned himself to his fate, and lived in such a manner as to please\nthis hypothetical supernatural being. The inevitable result was the\nabject misery, both material and spiritual, of Europe during the period\nwhen the Church was in absolute control.\nIf this myth and mystification had died with the dead ages, as it should\nhave done, what a fitter place to live in this world would be today!\nConsider the needless misery and the agony of those who died of the\nvarious plagues; and think of the advanced stage of medicine of\nAlexandria, three hundred years before the Christian era, where the\nphysicians were welcomed to the famous library by the emperors. The\nstate gave them their livelihood and their duties were to advance\nmedicine by study and research. Anatomy was studied and dissection was\nallowed. With the coming of Christianity, the remnants of this library\nwere destroyed, and with them went all progress in that field. If such\nhad been the enlightened state in Egypt three hundred years before\nChristianity appeared, then why had not science made the same progress\nthen as it does now? Because, to the knowledge stored in the library at\nAlexandria had not been added a progression of learning, a continued\nprocess of research; if this had not been halted by Christianity, how\nmuch vaster would our achievements be today?\nIt was not necessary for all of those millions to have been the victims\nof plagues, of inquisitions, of witchcraft burnings, of religious\npersecutions and wars. The sorrow and pain brought to untold numbers\nthroughout the centuries could have been prevented; and would have been\nif man had been interested in the welfare of his fellowmen instead of\nthe glorification of an almighty being. Future generations may well\ndeclare religion to have been the curse of humanity. The Church had\ncursed the human intellect by cursing the doubts which are the\nnecessary consequence of its exercise. She had cursed even the moral\nfaculty by asserting the guilt of honest error.\nMedicine which has for its sole objects the alleviation of man's\nsufferings, to cure them when possible, to relieve more often the pains\nand ills which make this life a living hell, what might it not have\naccomplished ages ago had religion not interfered with its progress?\nWhatever cures are known, and preventions that are practiced now, could\nhave been common knowledge centuries ago. And what of the multitudes\nthat perished who might have been saved, and what of the misery which\nmight have been prevented, had not this curse fallen upon man?\nSince 1906, there have been only five deaths from yellow fever in the\nUnited States. Outbreaks of cholera and plague are unknown. In former\nyears, puerperal fever took the lives of from five to fifty of each one\nhundred parturient mothers. At present, an average of one out of 1250\nmothers dies of this infection following childbirth. Deaths from many\ndiseases are less than one-tenth of their former number. These include\nwound infections, diphtheria, scarlet fever, malaria, dysentery,\ntyphoid, small pox, and many dietary and metabolic diseases. Since 1880,\nthe medical sciences have accomplished a total net saving of human life\nfrom all diseases which, if equally distributed among the population,\nwould add sixteen years to the life span of each person. In 1880, the\naverage duration of human life, that is, the average age at which death\noccurred, was 41.78 years. In 1925, the average duration of life was\n58.29 years. In other words, those born at this time live on the average\n16.5 years longer than those born at any time prior to 1880. In a\npopulation of 120,000,000 this would mean a total of 1,920,000,000\nadditional years of life. Such a figure is as difficult to conceive of\nas are the interstellar spaces. This is one contribution, numerically\nexpressed, which medical science and its offspring, preventive medicine,\nhave made to humanity in the short space of fifty years.\nIndeed if, as the religionists believe, there is a god, he could not\nhave punished his subjects more than by instilling in them the \"dementia\nreligiosa.\" If the Church had not taught that the sum total of all\nknowledge was contained in the Bible, and prohibited, on pain of death\nand confiscation of property, the promulgation of any discoveries, men\nwould have reasoned as they are accustomed to at the present day, and we\nwould not be 2000 years behind in all branches of learning.\nBut there has never been an advance in science of widespread importance,\nwhich in some manner endangered some mouldy religious concept, that the\nChurch has not bitterly opposed; an advance which in time has proven of\ninestimable good for all mankind. (A glance at the history of human\nprogress will reveal scores of such instances.) The opposition to\nmedicine, as previously noted, is only one of many examples which might\nhave been chosen. In proportion, as the grasp of theology upon education\ntightened, medicine declined, and in proportion, as the grip relaxed,\nmedicine developed.\nCHAPTER VIII\nRELIGION AND ASTRONOMY\nIn the early Church, astronomy, like other branches of science, was\nlooked upon as futile, since the New Testament taught that the earth was\nsoon to be destroyed and new heavens created.\nThe heavenly bodies were looked upon by the theologians as either living\nbeings possessing souls, or as the habitation of the angels. However, as\ntime passed, the geocentric doctrine, the doctrine that the earth is the\ncenter of the universe and that the sun and planets revolve about it,\nwas the theory that held the highest respect.\nCopernicus, in 1543, was first to bring clearly before the world the\nthen astounding theory that the earth and planets revolve about the sun.\nBut not until he was on his deathbed did he dare to publish it, for he\nwell knew the opposition with which it would be met. Even then he\npublished it with an apologetic lie by a friend Osiander, that\nCopernicus had propounded the doctrine of the earth's movement not as a\nfact, but as a hypothesis.\n\"Thus was the greatest and most ennobling, perhaps, of scientific\ntruths--a truth not less ennobling to religion than to science--forced\nin coming before the world, to sneak and crawl.\" (_White: \"History of\nWarfare of Science with Theology.\"_)\nDuring the next seventy years the matter slumbered, until Galileo upheld\nthe Copernican doctrine as the truth, and proved it to be the truth by\nhis telescope. Immediately the Church condemned the statements of\nCopernicus and forbade Galileo to teach or discuss them. All books which\naffirmed the motion of the earth were forbidden, and to read the work of\nCopernicus was declared to risk damnation. All branches of the\nProtestant Church, Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican, vied with each other\nin denouncing the Copernican doctrine.\nOne man, Giordano Bruno dared to assert the truth in the hearing of the\nPapacy. For this heresy he was hunted from land to land, finally trapped\nin Venice, imprisoned at Rome, burned alive, and his ashes scattered to\nthe winds!\nAgainst Galileo, the war against the Copernican theory was concentrated.\nHis discoveries were declared to be deceptions, and his announcements\nblasphemy when, in 1610, he announced that his telescope had revealed\nthe moons of the planet Jupiter.\nIn 1615, Galileo was summoned before the Inquisition at Rome, and forced\nto promise that he would \"relinquish altogether the opinion that the sun\nis the center of the world, and immovable, and that the earth moves, nor\nhenceforth to hold, teach, or defend it in any way whatsoever verbally\nor in writing.\"\nPope Paul V solemnly rendered the decree that \"the doctrine of the\ndouble motion of the earth about its axis and about the sun is false and\nentirely contrary to Holy Scripture.\"\nThe climax of this instance of the infallibility of the Church occurred\nwhen in his seventieth year Galileo was again brought before the\nInquisition; he was forced to abjure under threats of torture and\nimprisonment by command of Pope Urban a truth which, in this day, is\ntaken for granted by the youngest of children. Galileo was then kept in\nexile for the rest of his days, died, and was buried ignobly, apart\nfrom his family, without fitting ceremony, without monument or epitaph.\nAs late as 1873 there was published, in St. Louis, a work by a president\nof a Lutheran teachers' seminary in which he stated that the earth is\nthe principal body of the universe, that it stands fixed, and that the\nsun and moon only serve to light it.\nAstronomy brings forth a noble array of men who have, by their intense\ndesire for the truth, persevered against the Church, and in spite of the\nvilest opposition of that Church, brought to the attention of man laws\nthat have given a meaning and order to our universe.\nCopernicus escaping persecution only by death; Bruno burned alive;\nGalileo imprisoned; Kepler reviled, and Newton bitterly attacked. In\nthis manner has religion aided astronomy!\nCHAPTER IX\nRELIGION AND GEOGRAPHY\nThe ancient Greeks, especially the Pythagoreans, Plato, and Aristotle,\nhad evolved theories of the earth's sphericity, which, while vague, were\nbasic for subsequent accurate ideas that developed later.\nWhen Christianity sprang into existence Eusebius, St. John Chrysostom,\nand Cosmos evolved a complete description of the earth. They considered\nthe earth as a parallelogram, flat, and surrounded by four seas, as a\nkind of house, with heaven as its upper story and the earth as its\nground floor. To the north of the earth was a great mountain; at night\nthe sun was pushed into a pit and pulled out again in the morning, with\nheaven as a loft and hell as a cellar. In the Atlantic Ocean, at some\nunknown distance from Europe, was one of the openings into hell, into\nwhich a ship sailing to this point, would tumble. The terror of this\nconception was one of the chief obstacles of the great voyage of\nColumbus. Luther, Melanchthon, Calvin, and Zwingli held to the opinion\nthat a great firmament, or floor, separated the heavens from the earth;\nthat above it were the waters and angels, and below it, the earth and\nman.\nDuring the time that the sphericity of the earth was still undecided,\nanother question arose that was considered of far greater importance,\nnamely, the conception of the antipodes and the problem of deciding\nwhether human beings existed on the earth's opposite side. It was\nLactantius who asked, \"Is there any one so senseless as to believe that\nthere are men whose footsteps are higher than their heads? That the\ncrops and trees grow downward? That the rains and snow and hail fall\nupwards toward the earth? I am at a loss as to what to say of those,\nwho, when they have once erred, steadily persevere in their folly, and\ndefend one vain thing by another.\"\nSt. Augustine insisted that men could not be allowed by the Almighty to\nlive there, since, if they did, they could not see Christ at His second\ncoming, descending through the air.\nIn the eighth century, a Bishop Virgil of Salzburg dared to assert that\nthere were men living in the antipodes. He was strongly attacked by St.\nBoniface of Germany, who appealed to Pope Zachary for a decision. The\nPope, as the infallible teacher of Christendom, made the following\nresponse: He declared it, \"Perverse, iniquitous, and against Virgil's\nsoul.\" And again another infallible statement by the infallible Pope\nZachary became a doctrine of the Church.\nIn Italy, in 1316, Peter of Abano, famous as a physician, promulgated\nthe opposite view to that of the Church, for which he was persecuted by\nthe Inquisition, and barely escaped with his life. In 1327, Cecco\nd'Ascoli, an astronomer, was burned alive at Florence for daring to\nassert that men lived in the antipodes.\nThe difficulties that beset Columbus are well known. How he was hounded\nboth in Portugal and in Spain by the clergy; and even after his\ndiscovery of America, the Papacy still maintained its theory of the\nflatness of the earth and the nonsense of the antipodes. Pope Alexander\nVI and Pope Julius II attempted to settle the disputes between Spain and\nPortugal by drawing some remarkable maps that may still be found; but no\none dares to disturb the quiet of the ridiculous bulls that the popes\nissued on this dispute.\nIn 1519 Magellan made his famous voyage and proved the earth to be round\nand that men actually lived in the antipodes. But the force of\necclesiastical stultification was so great, as it is today, that men\nstill believed the opposite view for two hundred years after the voyage\nof Magellan.\nCHAPTER X\nRELIGION AND CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS\nThe establishment of Christianity, beginning a new evolution of\ntheology, arrested the normal development of the physical sciences for\nmore than 1500 years. The work begun by Aristotle and carried on to such\na high state of relative perfection by Archimedes, was stifled by the\nearly Christians. An atmosphere was then created in which physical\nscience could not grow. The general belief derived from the New\nTestament was that the end of the world was at hand, and the early\nChurch Fathers poured contempt upon all investigators of the science of\nnature.\nThen, too, for science there was established an insurmountable barrier,\nin that the most careful inductions of science from ascertained facts\nmust conform to the view of nature given in the myth and legends of the\nBible. For 1500 years science was forced to confine itself to a system\nof deducing scientific truth from scriptural texts. It was the accepted\nword of the clergy that science was futile and dangerous which led to\nthe discrediting of Roger Bacon's works.\nIn 1163 Pope Alexander III forbade the study of physics to all\necclesiastics, which of course, in that age, meant prohibition of all\nsuch scientific studies to the only persons likely to follow them.\nRoger Bacon was first to practice extensively the experimental method of\nscience. Through his researches the inventions of clocks, lenses, and\nthe formula for extracting phosphorus, manganese, and bismuth were\nbrought to light. Bitterly attacked by the clergy, he attempted to\ndefend himself by stating that much which was ascribed to demons\nresulted from natural means. This statement but added fuel to the flame.\nFor in 1278 the authorities of the Franciscan Order assembled at Paris,\nsolemnly condemned Bacon's teachings, and the general of the\nFranciscans, Jerome of Ascoli, afterwards Pope, threw him into prison,\nwhere he remained for fourteen years. At the age of eighty, he was\nreleased from prison declaring, \"Would that I had not given myself so\nmuch trouble for the love of science.\"\n\"Sad is it to think of what this great man might have given to the world\nhad ecclesiasticism allowed the gift. He held the key to treasures which\nwould have freed mankind from ages of error and misery. With his\ndiscoveries as a basis, with his method as a guide, what might not the\nworld have gained! Nor was the wrong done to that age alone; it was done\nto this age also.... Thousands of precious lives shall be lost, tens of\nthousands shall suffer discomfort, privations, sickness, poverty,\nignorance, for lack of discoveries and methods which, but for this\nmistaken dealing with Roger Bacon and his compeers, would now be\nblessing the earth.\" (_White: \"Warfare of Science.\"_)\nCenturies afterwards, for stating the same claim, namely, that much\nwhich was attributed to demons, resulted from natural causes, Cornelius\nAgrippa, Weyer, Flade, Loos, Bekker, and a multitude of other\ninvestigators and thinkers, suffered confiscation of property, loss of\nposition, and even torture and death.\nIn the latter half of the sixteenth century, John Baptist Porta, who was\nthe first to show how to reduce the metallic oxides and thus laid the\nfoundation of several important industries, was summoned to Rome by\nPope Paul II, and forbidden to continue his researches.\nBoth in Protestant and Catholic countries instruction in chemistry and\nphysics was discouraged by Church authorities, and in England the\ntheologians strenuously opposed the Royal Society and the Association\nfor the Advancement of Science.\nFrancis Bacon and Boyle were denounced by the clergy, and Lavoisier was\nsent to the scaffold by the Parisian mob. Priestley had his home, his\nlibrary, instruments, and papers containing the results of long years of\nscientific research burned by a Birmingham mob that had been instigated\nby Anglican clergymen. He was driven into exile, and the mob would have\nmurdered him if they could have laid their hands upon him.\nYet, in spite of the opposition of the clergy, an opposition of such\nforce that one may well wonder how these tender embryonic sciences could\nhave withstood the terrific ecclesiastical onslaughts, the truths of\nchemistry and physics continued to diffuse themselves among the\nintelligent observers. The value to humanity of these two sciences is\nnow established as inestimable.\nCHAPTER XI\nRELIGION AND GEOLOGY, PHILOLOGY AND EVOLUTION\n_The human race has suffered three grave humiliations: when Copernicus\nshowed that the earth was not the center of the universe; when Darwin\nproved that man's origin was not the result of direct creation; when\nFreud explained that man was not the master of his own thoughts or\nactions_.\n  LLEWELYN POWYS.\nIn the writings of the Greek and Roman philosophers are found the\ngerminal concepts of geological truths. But as Christianity took control\nof the world instead of a steady progression of knowledge in this field\nthere was a distinct retrogression. According to the prevailing belief\nthe earth was soon to be destroyed and the collecting of knowledge was\nfutile and any study of its nature was vain.\nSt. Jerome stated that the broken and twisted crust of the earth\nexhibited the wrath of God against sin. Tertullian asserted that fossils\nresulted from the flood of Noah. A scientific explanation of fossil\nremains was attempted by De Clave, Bitaud, and De Villon in the\nseventeenth century. The theological faculty of Paris protested against\nthe scientific doctrine as unscriptural, destroyed their treatises, and\nbanished their authors from Paris.\nIn the middle of the eighteenth century Buffon, in France, produced a\nthesis attempting to state simple geological truths. The theological\nfaculty of the Sorbonne dismissed him from his high position and forced\nhim to print a recantation stating, \"I declare that I had no intention\nto contradict the text of the Scripture; that I believe most firmly all\ntherein related about the creation, both as to order of time and matter\nof fact. I abandon everything in my book respecting the formation of the\nearth and generally all which may be contrary to the narrative of\nMoses!\"\nThe doctrine which Buffon abandoned is now as firmly established as that\nof the earth's rotation upon its axis. Yet, in his day, it was heatedly\nasserted by ecclesiastics that the scientific doctrine that fossils\nrepresent animals which died before Adam contradicts the theological\ndoctrine of Adam's fall, and the statement that death entered the world\nby sin--and this objection was further strengthened when the\necclesiastics became cognizant that geology had proved that the earth\nwas vastly older than the 6000 years determined by Archbishop Ussher's\ninterpretation of the Old Testament.\nAbout 1580, there was published by authority of Pope Gregory XIII, the\nRoman Martyrology, revised in 1640 under Pope Urban VIII, which declared\nthat the creation of man took place 5199 years before Christ. In 1650,\nArchbishop Ussher announced after careful study that man was created\n4004 years before the Christian era. But, this proving too vague, Dr.\nJohn Lightfoot, vice-chancellor of the University of Cambridge, assured\nthe world that, \"Heaven and earth, centre and circumference, were\ncreated together, in the same instant, and clouds full of water ... and\nthis work took place and man was created by the Trinity on the 23d of\nOctober, 4004 B.C. at nine o'clock in the morning.\"\nWhen the Egyptologists, Assyriologists, archeologists, and\nanthropologists showed that man had reached a far advanced stage of\ncivilization long before the 6000 years given as the age of the earth,\ntheir efforts were ridiculed by the clergy, and these scientists were\nforced to bring their findings before the world in the face of the well\nknown methods of ecclesiastical opposition.\nAt a very early period in the evolution of civilization men began to ask\nquestions regarding language, and the answers to these questions were\nnaturally embodied in the myths, legends, and chronicles of their sacred\nbooks. Language was considered God-given and complete. The diversity of\nlanguage was firmly held to be explained by the story of the Tower of\nBabel; and since the writers of the Bible were merely pens in the hand\nof God the conclusion was reached that not only the sense, but the\nwords, letters, and even the punctuation proceeded from the Holy Spirit.\nAt the end of the seventeenth century, the ecclesiastical contention\nthat the Hebrew punctuation was divinely inspired seemed to be generally\ndisproven. The great orthodox body of \"religiosa dementia\" fell back\nupon the remainder of the theory that the Hebrew language was the first\nof all languages which was spoken by the Almighty, given by Him to Adam,\ntransmitted through Noah to the world after the deluge, and that the\nconfusion of tongues was the origin of all other tongues.\nIt has only been in comparatively recent time, and in spite of the\nopposition of the clergy, that language has been accepted as the result\nof evolutionary processes in obedience to laws more or less clearly\nascertained. Babel thus takes its place quietly among the other myths of\nthe Bible.\nIn a purely civil matter, the infallible Church from its inception had\ndisplayed a marked hostility to loans at interest. From the earliest\nperiod the whole weight of the Church was brought to bear against the\ntaking of interest for money. Pope Leo the Great solemnly adjudged it a\nsin worthy of severe punishment. In the thirteenth century, Pope Gregory\nIX dealt an especially severe blow at commerce by his declaration that\neven to advance on interest the money necessary in maritime trade was\ndamnable usury. The whole evolution of European civilization was greatly\nhindered by this policy.\nRELIGION AND EVOLUTION\nDarwinism, which at first was declared by the clergy to be brutal,\ndegrading, atheistic, and anti-Christian, is now included as part of the\nBible teaching.\nIn a similar manner, the Copernican theory, the theory of gravitation,\nthe nebular hypothesis, the theory of uniformity in geology, and every\nscientific advance has been opposed on the same grounds; that is, that\nthese are against the teachings of the Christian Church. And how many\nGalileos, Brunos, and Darwins, and other would-be benefactors to the\nhuman race have died mute because of this opposition and fear of\npersecution by the Church?\nIn 1877, an eminent French Catholic physician, Dr. Constantin James,\npublished an elaborate answer to Darwin's book. He called it, \"On\nDarwinism, or the Ape Man.\" A copy was sent to Pope Pius IX, who was so\npleased with it that he sent the author a reply in which he stated that\nit \"refutes so well the aberrations of Darwinism, a system which is\nrepugnant at once to history, to the traditions of all peoples, to exact\nscience, to observed facts, and even to reason itself, would seem to\nneed no refutation did not alienation from God and the leaning toward\nmaterialism, due to depravity, eagerly seek support in all this tissue\nof fables.\"\nThe Protestant clergy were no less vigorous in their opposition. In our\nown country it was opposed by Dr. Noah Porter, president of Yale\nCollege, and most bitterly by the Rev. Dr. Hodge and the Rev. Dr.\nDuffield, both leading authorities at Princeton University.\nFundamentalism in the United States furnished the spectacle of the\ntrial, in 1925, of a school teacher named Scopes, for teaching the\ntheory of evolution. Dayton, Tennessee, became the laughingstock of the\neducated world, and the derision with which this effort to obstruct\nknowledge at this late date was met with by the comments of the press in\nthis country and abroad is at least encouraging. But it is an excellent\nexample of what effect religious obscurantism may exert in backward\nsections of our country.\nDr. Max Carl Otto, considering the implications of evolution, calls\nattention to the following: \"Take the evolution of living forms. The\nmore we learn about biological history the clearer it becomes that the\nprocess has been, from the human point of view, incredibly bungling and\nwasteful. There have been futile experiments without number; highly\nsuccessful achievements have been thrown aside; one type of life after\nanother has arisen and has pushed up a blind alley to extinction. If\nthere is a God whose method has been Evolution, then seemingly his\nslogan was 'We'll fight it out along this line if it takes a billennium'\nbut, unlike Grant, he has always surrendered. In this maelstrom, the\nhuman species, as Thomas Huxley said--'plashed and floundered amid the\ngeneral stream of evolution, keeping its head above water as best it\nmight, and thinking neither of whence nor whither.' Many volumes have\nbeen written to give a purposive interpretation of the rise and\nevolutionary ramifications of living forms. The course of evolution\nitself is their refutation.\"\nWhen the Churches could no longer ignore the rising tide of secular\nopinion, they resorted to compromise and called to their aid a certain\nnumber of intellectually dishonest scientists. The attempt to harmonize\nChristianity and Evolution can only be accounted for in terms of either\ndishonesty or stupidity.\n\"And that is true of the whole range of science. Science is, in fact,\natheistic or nothing. It knows nothing of God, it does not bother about\nGod, its triumphs are achieved by leaving God out of account.\" (_C.\nCohen_.)\nWhat has heretofore been mentioned is but a mere trifle when one\nconsiders the vast number of similar incidents in which religion has\nplayed the r\u00f4le of barrier to progress. These examples, though few, are\nsufficient to impress the mind of any clear-minded, intelligent\nindividual with the conviction, in spite of all the sophistry and\ncasuistry of the ecclesiastical apologies, that progress in this world\nhas taken place in direct proportion to the degree that the mind of man\nhas liberated itself from the control of theology and the myth of\nreligion.\nCHAPTER XII\nRELIGION AND WITCHCRAFT\n    _Better that a man's body should be destroyed than his soul. The\n    worst death of the soul is freedom to err_.\n    ST. AUGUSTINE.\n    _It would be hard to calculate the perilous import of so treacherous\n    an utterance, an utterance the latent sentiment of which has been\n    responsible for I know not how much human agony. Menacing indeed to\n    human happiness was such a claim, and in the course of time when the\n    corporate body of the church became all-powerful in Christendom, it\n    put into tyrannical practice what had been but a theological\n    theory_.\n    LLEWELYN POWYS.\nIt is the purpose of this chapter to trace the origin of witches,\nwizards, and devils, the widespread belief in them at the time of pagan\nRome, and the manner in which these were incorporated into Christian\ntheology.\nWith the rise of Christianity and the gain of political power by its\nadherents, the perverted pagan idea of witchcraft became the source of\nthe most terrible persecutions in the bloody history of religion. The\nnumerous references to witches and devils in both the Old and New\nTestaments established the authority for the organized religious mania\nthat scourged both Roman Catholic and Protestant Europe, and extended\nits tentacles into the New England colonies.\nInstigated by ecclesiastics, and carried into effect by the intellectual\nserfs, their adherents, hundreds of thousands of \"witches\" were tortured\nand burned during the sway of the Witchcraft Delusion. With the Bible\nas an inspiration, the clergy inflamed the superstitious minds of the\nmasses of that time with the conception of a ceaseless strife between\nthe Kingdom of God and the Kingdom of Satan for possession of their\nsouls and their bodies.\nWe of the present age may readily wonder how such a belief could have\nhad so firm a grasp on the minds of our ancestors. Perhaps we will be\ntempted to attribute it to the ignorance of that time, particularly to\nthe ignorance of the untutored masses. On the contrary, this does not\napproximate the actual situation. History reveals that the greatest\nminds of that age, men eminent in law, letters, and philosophy, not only\ndefended this conception strenuously, but even engaged in the\nextermination of \"witches.\"\nThat men of such superior intellect could defend such a barbaric\ninstitution, which today is revolting to our senses, necessitates the\nconclusion formulated at the end of this chapter.\nThe ancient Greeks and Romans believed that it was possible by\nsupernatural means to inflict evil on their fellowmen, and all the sects\nof philosophers admitted this, with the exception of the Epicureans, who\ndenied the existence of evil spirits. The magicians, in Greece and Rome,\nwere at times punished because they injured men and not because they\noffended the gods. During the latter period of pagan Rome, some of the\nemperors passed laws against the magicians, if it was proven that by\ncasting the horoscope the magicians had ascertained what was, according\nto their belief, the most auspicious time to start a rebellion against\ntheir rule. The emperors, however, notably Marcus Aurelius and Julian,\nwere the patrons of magicians who foretold coming events to them. The\npublic methods of foretelling the future, such as the oracle of the\ngods, formed part of their religion.\nWhen the first Christians came into Rome and spread Christianity\nthroughout the empire, they were inspired by an intense religious\nenthusiasm. They thought much less of the civil than of the religious\nconsequence of magic, and sacrilege seemed much more terrible in their\neyes than anarchy.\nThe Christians found in Rome a vast polytheistic religion in contrast to\ntheir own in which the entire world was divided into the Kingdom of God\nand the Kingdom of Satan. For them the world seemed to be teeming with\nmalignant demons, who had in all ages persecuted and deluded mankind.\n\"According to these Christians, the immediate objects of the devotions\nof the pagan world were subsidiary spirits of finite power and imperfect\nmorality; angels, or, as they were then called, demons, who acted the\npart of mediators, and who, by permission of the Supreme and\nInaccessible Deity, regulated the religious government of mankind. The\nChristians had adopted this conception of subsidiary spirits, but they\nmaintained them to be not the willing agents, but the adversaries of the\nDeity; and the word demon, which among the pagans, signified only a\nspirit below the level of a Divinity, among the Christians signified a\ndevil.\" (_Lecky._)\n\"This notion seems to have existed in the very earliest period of\nChristianity; and in the second century, we find it elaborated with the\nmost minute and detailed care. Tertullian, who wrote in that century,\nassures us that the world was full of these evil spirits, whose\ninfluence might be descried in every portion of the pagan creed. If a\nChristian in any respect deviated from the path of duty, a visible\nmanifestation of the devil sometimes appeared to terrify him. The terror\nwhich such a doctrine must have spread among the early Christians may\nbe easily conceived. They seemed to breathe an atmosphere of miracles.\nWherever they turned they were surrounded and beleaguered by malicious\nspirits, who were perpetually manifesting their presence by supernatural\narts. Watchful fiends stood beside every altar, they mingled with every\navocation of life, and the Christians were the special objects of their\nhatred. All this was universally believed, and was realized with an\nintensity which, in this secular age, we can scarcely conceive. The\nbearing of this view upon the conception of magic is very obvious. Among\nthe more civilized pagans, magic was mainly a civil, and in the last\ndays of the empire, a political crime. In the early church, on the other\nhand, it was esteemed the most horrible form of sacrilege effected by\nthe direct agency of evil spirits. It included the whole system of\npaganism, explained all its prodigies, and gave a fearful significance\nto all its legends. When the Church obtained the direction of the civil\npower, she soon modified or abandoned the tolerant maxims she had\nformerly inculcated; and in the course of a few years, restrictive laws\nwere enacted, both against Jews and heretics.\" (_Lecky._)\nConstantine, after his conversion to Christianity, enacted laws against\nthe magicians. These were made more rigid under Constantius, his son,\nbut suspended under Julian. These persecutions were renewed by\nValentinian, spasmodically carried on to a slight extent, and then\nlapsed. During the period that elapsed between the sixth and thirteenth\ncenturies the executions for sorcery were comparatively rare.\nIt is to be borne in mind, then, that magic as existing in pagan Rome\nwas part of the religious conceptions of the Romans. The oracle as well\nas the various demons, which to them signified what the word \"angel\"\nsignifies to us now, formed an elaborate system of mythology and\nidolatry. The early Christians coming into contact with these\nconceptions, at first found an insurmountable difficulty in spreading\ntheir beliefs among the rural inhabitants of the Roman empire.\nPolytheism was dominant while their monotheism was as yet a persecuted\nbelief. The road of least resistance was compromise, and so this vast\nsystem of polytheism was perverted, while seemingly accepted into their\nbeliefs, by making these \"angels,\" \"demons,\" as we now understand the\nword. Since the early Christians were dominated by a belief in constant\nSatanic presence, these demons were said to be the \"Hosts of Satan.\" It\nwas firmly believed that the arch-fiend (Satan) was forever hovering\nabout the Christians, but it was also believed that the sign of the\ncross, or a few drops of holy water, or the name of Mary, could put him\nto an immediate and ignominious flight.\n\"In the twelfth century, however, the subject passed into an entirely\nnew phase. The conception of a witch, as we now conceive it, that is to\nsay of a woman who had entered into a deliberate compact with Satan, who\nwas endowed with the power of working miracles whenever she pleased, and\nwho was continually transported through the air to the Sabbath, where\nshe paid her homage to the Evil One--first appeared. The panic created\nby the belief at first advanced slowly, but after a time with a\nfearfully accelerated rapidity. Thousands of victims were sometimes\nburnt alive in a few years. Every country in Europe was stricken with\nthe wildest fever. Hundreds of the ablest judges were selected for the\nextirpation of this crime. A vast literature was created on the subject,\nand it was not until a considerable portion of the eighteenth century\nhad passed away that the executions finally ceased. The vast majority of\nthose accused of witchcraft were women, and again the Bible furnished\nthe authority for the belief that women were inherently wicked. That\nthe Fathers of the Church believed this is exemplified by the statement\nof Chrysostom in which he said that women were a 'necessary evil, a\nnatural temptation, a desirable calamity, a domestic peril, a deadly\nfascination, and a painted ill.'\" (_Lecky._)\nAt this period the conception of a witch is radically different from\nthat which was prevalent in the era prior to this one. The popular\nbelief of the witchcraft ages, a belief sanctioned by most of the\nlearned men of the time, was that the earth swarmed with millions upon\nmillions of demons. They multiplied by reproduction in the usual way, by\nthe accession of the souls of wicked men, of women dying in childbirth,\nof children still-born, of men killed in duels. The air was filled with\nthem, and one was always in danger of inspiring them with the air, of\nswallowing them in food and drink. Most Christian writers and legendists\nsaid that there were so many of them they could not be counted, but\nWierus took a census of them and reported that there were only 7,505,926\ndivided into seventy-two companies, each commanded by a captain or\nprince. They could make themselves hideous, or beautiful, as suited\ntheir purposes, and assume any shape. While capable of appearing at any\ntime, they preferred the night between Friday and Saturday. Any human\nbeing who gave up to them his immortal soul could command their services\nfor a certain time. Occasionally general conferences took place, at the\npleasure of Satan, which were attended by all the demons and all the\nwitches.\n\"These 'sabbaths' were held on the Brocken or other high mountain. Upon\nthe spot where they met, nothing would ever grow afterwards, as their\nhot feet burnt all the fecundity out of the soil. In France, England,\nand the American Colonies, it was supposed that witches made their trips\non broomsticks; in Spain and Italy it was believed that they twirled on\nthe back of the Devil himself, who, for the occasion, transformed\nhimself into male goat. On no account would a witch, when starting for a\nsabbath, go out through the open door or window; she would pass through\nthe keyhole or up the chimney. While they were gone, inferior demons\nassumed their shape, and lay in their beds, feigning illness. Assembled\non the Brocken, the Devil, as a double-headed goat, took his seat on the\nthrone. His subjects paid their respects to him, kissing his posterior\nface. With a master of ceremonies appointed for the occasion, he made a\npersonal examination of all the wizards and witches, to see if they had\nthe secret mark about them by which they were stamped as the Devil's\nown. This mark was always insensible to pain, and it was the sure proof\nof witchery when found by the inquisitor. Any witches found by the Devil\nnot so marked received the mark from him then and there, also a\nnickname. Then they all sang and danced furiously. If a stranger came to\nbe admitted, silence reigned while he denied his salvation, spat upon\nthe Bible, kissed the Devil, and swore absolute obedience to him.\nSinging and dancing was resumed, a mythical formula being used in the\nsinging. When tired, they sat down and told of their evil deeds; those\nwho had not been bad enough were scourged by Satan himself with thorns\nand scorpions until they could neither sit nor stand. Then came a dance\nby thousands of toads who were conjured out of the ground and standing\non their hind legs kept time to the music Satan evoked from bagpipes or\na trumpet. They could all talk, and asked the witches to give them the\nflesh of unbaptized babes for food. The witches promised to do so. The\nDevil told them to remember and keep their word and then stamped his\nfoot, and the frogs disappeared instantly into the earth. Next came a\nmost disgusting banquet, except for a few of the most wicked witches,\nto whom were given rich viands on golden plates and expensive wines in\ncrystal goblets. Then came more dancing; those who did not care for that\namused themselves by mocking the sacrament of baptism. For this purpose\nthe toads were again called up and sprinkled with filthy water, the\nDevil making the sign of the cross, while the witches repeated a formula\nas absurd as that used in ordinary baptisms. Sometimes the Devil made\nthe witches take off their clothes and dance before him, each with a cat\ntied around her neck, and another dangling behind as a tail. Sometimes,\nagain, there were lascivious orgies. At cock-crow, all disappeared; the\nsabbath was over.\" (_\"The Story of the Inquisition\"--Freethought Press\nAssociation._)\nThis conception of a witch continued from the twelfth century to the\ntime witch-burning ceased. With this idea of a witch being constantly\ninstilled into the minds of their listeners, the clergy set loose\nfervidly religious mobs to scourge the countries of innocent women. With\nthe entire world divided into the \"Hosts of Heaven\" and the \"Hosts of\nSatan,\" with witches abounding in the air, in the water, and in the\nfood, and with their immortal souls at stake, the frenzied population\nfound evidences of witchcraft in all manner of happenings.\n\"Pope after pope set the seal of his infallibility upon the bloody\npersecutions. At length came Innocent VIII who, on the 7th of December,\n1484, sent forth his bull Summis Desiderantis. Of all documents ever\nissued from Rome, imperial and papal, this, doubtless, first and last,\ncaused the greatest shedding of innocent blood. Yet no document was ever\nmore clearly dictated by conscience. Inspired by the scriptural command,\n'Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live,' Pope Innocent exhorted the\nclergy of Germany to leave no means untried to detect sorcerers, and\nespecially, those who by evil practice destroy vineyards, gardens,\nmeadows, and growing crops. These precepts were based upon various texts\nof scripture, especially upon the famous statement in the Book of Job;\nand to carry them out, witch-finding inquisitors were authorized by the\nPope to scour Europe, especially Germany, and a manual was prepared for\ntheir use, the Witch-Hammer, Malleus Maleficarum.\" (_White: \"Warfare of\nScience.\"_)\nAnother important and much discussed department was the connection\nbetween evil spirits and animals. That the Devil could assume the form\nof any animal he pleased, seems to have been generally admitted, and it\npresented no difficulty to those who remembered that the first\nappearance of that personage on earth was as a serpent, and that on one\noccasion a legion of devils had entered into a herd of swine. Saint\nJerome also assures us that in the desert St. Anthony had met a centaur\nand a faun, a little man with horns growing from his forehead, who were\npossibly devils, and at all events, at a later period, the \"Lives of the\nSaints\" represent evil spirits in the form of animals as not infrequent.\nLycanthropy, however, or the transformation of witches into wolves,\npresented more difficulty. The history of Nebuchadnezzar and the\nconversion of Lot's wife were, it is true, eagerly alleged in support of\nits possibility; but it was impossible to forget that St. Augustine\nappeared to regard lycanthropy as a fable, and a canon of the Council of\nAncyra had emphatically condemned the belief. On the other hand, that\nbelief has been very widely diffused among the ancients. It had been\naccepted by many of the greatest and most orthodox theologians, by the\ninquisitors who were commissioned by the popes, and by the law courts of\nmost countries. The evidence on which it rested was very curious and\ndefinite. If the witch was wounded in the form of an animal, she\nretained that wound in her human form, and hundreds of such cases were\nalleged before tribunals. Sometimes the hunter, having severed the paw\nof his assailant, retained it as a trophy; but, when he opened his bag,\nhe discovered in it only a bleeding hand, which he recognized as the\nhand of his wife.\nA French judge named Boguet, at the end of the sixteenth century,\ndevoted himself especially to the subject and burnt multitudes of\nlycanthropes. He wrote a book about them and drew up a code in which he\npermitted ordinary witches to be strangled before they were burnt, but\nexcepted lycanthropes who were to be burnt alive.\nNow let us examine on what authority the popes and afterwards the\nreformers so rigorously persecuted the \"witches.\" Both the Old and the\nNew Testaments are riddled with references to witches, wizards, and\ndevils. For example, this passage from Exodus XXII 18, \"Thou shalt not\nsuffer a witch to live.\"\nFrom Matthew VIII 28-32, \"There met him two possessed with devils coming\nout of the tombs, exceeding fierce, so that no man might pass by that\nway. And, behold, they cried out, saying, 'What have we to do with thee,\nJesus, Son of God? Art thou come hither to torment us before the time?'\nAnd there was a good way off from them a herd of many swine feeding. So\nthe devils besought him, saying, 'If thou cast us out, suffer us to go\naway into the herd of swine. And he said unto them, 'Go!' And when they\nwere come out, they went into the herd of swine. And behold, the whole\nherd of swine ran violently down a steep place into the sea and perished\nin the waters.\"\nThe Old Testament, therefore, definitely commands its adherents to kill,\nand the New Testament gives a brilliant example of its chief magician,\nJesus, exorcising devils from men and driving them into swine. There\nare numerous passages of the Bible which speak of the Devil, the Devil\nand his angels, spirit of an unclean devil, dumb spirit, foul spirit,\nunclean spirit, evil spirit, witch, witchcraft, wizards, necromancers,\nsatan, the tempter, prince of the power of the air, prince of devils,\netc.\nThese passages in the Bible were at once the chief source and sanction\nof the terrible atrocities which extended over several centuries and\nhave come to be known, taken collectively, as the \"Witchcraft\nPersecutions.\" The Devil, with his subordinate demons and the human\nbeings who sold their souls to him, were supposed to be both capable and\nguilty of blighting the crops; causing the lightning; bringing\ndestructive storms; withholding the rain; drying up cows; killing\ndomestic and wild beasts; afflicting the nations with pestilence,\nfamine, and war; causing all manner of diseases; betwitching men, women,\nand children; planting doubts in the mind and weeds in the fields; and\nin brief, doing about everything that was disagreeable to man in\ngeneral, or that offended the priests as a caste.\nThus buttressed by the Bible, and with the nearly entire current of\nChurch literature setting in the same direction, it is no wonder that\nthe witchcraft delusion became one of the most appalling, if not the\nmost appalling, fact in the development of the Christian religion.\nThere is extant no other record of destruction and cruel slaughter\ngrowing out of such beliefs in supernatural persons and powers that can\never begin to tell such a story of degradation and mercilessness as the\nrecord made by the Christian Church. Theologians laid stress especially\nupon the famous utterances of the Psalmist that \"All the gods of the\nHeathens are devils,\" and St. Paul, \"The things which the Gentiles\nsacrifice, they sacrifice to the devils.\"\nThose suspected of heresy and witchcraft must confess; they were to be\ntortured until they did confess. This made suspicion equivalent to\nconfession and conviction. In the witch \"trial\" the victim must not only\nincriminate herself but her accomplices, or all whom she \"knew\" to be in\npartnership with the Devil. She was bound to be tortured until she had\ngiven the names or described the persons of those she had seen at the\n\"witches' sabbath.\" Then they would be put to the torture and the\nprocess repeated. It was not in human nature long to bear the awful\npain; soon the leading questions of the inquisitors would be answered as\nthey wanted them answered. It would be incredible were it not attested\nby such a multitude of witnesses, that men could honestly believe that\ntestimony so extorted had the slightest value. But it is indisputable\nthat hundreds of thousands of human beings were sent to a cruel death on\nthis utterly worthless \"evidence.\"\nAs few people realize the degree in which these superstitions were\nencouraged by the Church that claims infallibility, I may mention that\nthe reality of this particular crime was implied and its perpetrators\nanathematized by the provincial councils or synods of Troyes, Lyons,\nMilan, Tours, Bourges, Narbonne, Ferrar, Saint Malo, Mont Corsin,\nOrleans, and Grenoble; by the Rituals of Autun, Chartres, Perigueux,\nEvreux, Paris, Chalons, Bologna, Troyes, Beauvais, Meaux, Rheims, etc.,\nand by the decrees of a long series of bishops.\nThe infection was everywhere--Germany, Spain, Portugal, France, Italy,\nEngland, Scotland, and even America was scourged. It has been estimated\nthat one hundred thousand perished in Germany from the middle of the\nfifteenth century to the middle of the sixteenth century.\nPope Gregory IX wrote a great mass of nonsense to the bishop and other\nchiefs urging stringent methods against the Stedingers, Frieslanders,\ninhabiting the country between Weser and Zeider Zee. He wrote, \"The\nDevil appears to them (the Stedingers) in different shapes, sometimes as\na goose or duck, and at other times in the figure of a pale, black-eyed\nyouth, with a melancholy aspect, whose embrace fills their hearts with\neternal hatred against the Holy Church of Christ. This Devil presides at\ntheir sabbath when they all kiss him and dance around him. He then\nenvelops them in total darkness, and they all, male and female, give\nthemselves up to the grossest and most disgusting debauchery.\"\nThe infallible pope of Rome!\nThe result was that the Stedingers, men, women, and children, were\nslain, the cottages and woods burned, the cattle stolen and the land\nlaid waste. The pope's letter is a fair example of the theological\nliterature of the time; the slaughter of the Stedingers an average\nillustration of the evangelistic methods of the Church.\nMillions of men, women, and children were tortured, strangled, drowned,\nor burned on \"evidence\" that today would be accepted nowhere unless by a\ncourt and jury composed of the inmates of a lunatic asylum, if even by\nthem. It is unnecessary to say that the more severe the persecution, the\nmore widespread did witchcraft become. Every person tortured accused\nothers and whole communities went mad with grief and fear and\nsuperstition. No amount of human evidence establishing the actual\nwhereabouts of the accused at the time they were asserted by the witness\non the rack to have been at the sabbath would avail. The husbands were\ntold that they had seen or held only the devil-created semblance of\ntheir wives. The originals were with Satan under the oak. The\nconfessions of tens of thousands of witches are to be found in Europe's\njudicial records of the period of the Inquisition.\n\"The Protestant Reformers zealously seconded the exertions of Rome to\nextirpate witchcraft; they felt that they must prove that they were as\northodox as the Catholics, and were as loyal to the Bible. No one urged\ntheir fundamental ideas more than did Luther, Calvin, Beza, the Swedish\nLutherans, Casaubon, Wesley, Richard Baxter, the Mathers,--all stood\nloyally by Rome.\" (_Lecky._)\nAt Lisbon, a horse whose master had taught him many tricks, was tried in\n1601 and found guilty of being possessed by the Devil, for which he was\nburned.\nThe witchcraft mania proper in England began in the sixteenth century\nand reached its climax in the early part of the seventeenth century. Sir\nMatthew Hale, the great jurist, sanctioned the delusions and passed\nsentences of death by burning.\nQueen Elizabeth made witchcraft a capital offense in England; and King\nJames I wrote a book on the subject, and lent his personal aid and royal\nsupport to the persecutions.\nJoan of Arc, the noblest of all the victims of this belief, perished by\nEnglish hands, though on French soil, and under the sentence of a French\nbishop.\nIn Scotland, during the sixteenth century, as well as the seventeenth,\nwere seen the most horrible examples of what domination of superstitious\nminds by ecclesiastics could do.\n\"Nothing was natural, all was supernatural. The entire course of affairs\nwas governed, not by their antecedents, but by a series of miracles.\nGoing still further, they claimed the power (the clergy) not only of\nforetelling the future state, but also of controlling it; and they did\nnot scruple to affirm that, by their censures, they could open and shut\nthe Kingdom of Heaven. As if this were not enough, they also gave out\nthat a word of theirs could hasten the moment of death, and by cutting\noff the sinner in his prime, could bring him at once before the\nJudgment Seat of God.\n\"The Scotch clergy preached that, 'Hell was created before man came into\nthe world. The Almighty,' they did not scruple to say, 'having spent his\nprevious leisure in preparing and completing this place of torture, so\nthat, when the human race appeared, it might be ready for their\nreception.'\n\"Of all the means of intimidation employed by the Scotch clergy none was\nmore efficacious than the doctrines they propounded respecting evil\nspirits and future punishment. On these subjects, they constantly\nuttered the most appalling threats. The language which they used was\ncalculated to madden men with fear and to drive them to the depths of\ndespair.\n\"It was generally believed that the world was overrun by evil spirits\nwho went not only up and down the earth, but also lived in the air, and\nwhose business it was to tempt and hurt mankind. Their number was\ninfinite, and they were to be found at all places and in all seasons.\n\"At their head was Satan himself, whose delight it was to appear in\nperson ensnaring or terrifying every one he met. With this object, he\nassumed various forms. One day he would visit the earth as a black dog,\non another day as a raven, on still another day he would be heard in the\ndistance roaring like a bull. He appeared sometimes as a white man in\nblack clothes, and sometimes he became a black man in black clothes,\nwhen it was remarked that his voice was ghastly, that he wore no shoes,\nand that one of his feet was cloven. His stratagems were endless. For,\nin the opinion of divines, his cunning increased with his age; and\nhaving been studying for more than 5000 years, he had now attained to\nunexampled dexterity. He could, and he did, seize both men and women\nand carry them away through the air. Usually he wore the garb of laymen,\nbut it was said that, on more than one occasion, he had impudently\nattired himself as a minister of the Gospel. At all events, in one dress\nor other, he frequently appeared to the clergy, and tried to coax them\nover to his side. In that, of course, he failed; but out of the\nministers thus tempted, few indeed could withstand him. He could raise\nstorms and tempests. He could work, not only on the mind, but also on\nthe organs of the body, making men hear and see whatever he chose. Of\nhis victims, some he prompted to suicide, others to commit murder.\nStill, formidable as he was, no Christian was considered to have\nattained to a full religious experience unless he had literally seen\nhim, talked to him, and fought with him.\n\"The clergy were constantly preaching about him, and preparing their\naudiences for an interview with their great enemy. The consequence was\nthat the people became almost crazed with fear. Whenever the preacher\nmentioned Satan, the consternation was so great that the church\nresounded with sighs and groans. They believed that the Devil was always\nand literally at hand; that he was haunting them, speaking to them, and\ntempting them. The clergy boasted that it was their special mission to\nthunder out the wrath and curses of the Lord. In their eyes the Deity\nwas not a Beneficent Being, but a cruel and remorseless tyrant. They\ndeclared that all mankind, a very small portion only excepting, were\ndoomed to eternal misery.\n\"The Scotch clergy taught their hearers that the Almighty was\nsanguinary, and so prone to anger that he raged even against walls and\nhouses, and senseless creatures, wreaking his fury more than ever, and\nscattering desolation on every side.\n\"The people, credulous and ignorant, listened and believed.\n\"For in Scotland as elsewhere, directly the clergy succeeded in\noccupying a more than ordinary amount of public attention, they availed\nthemselves of that circumstance to propagate those ascetic doctrines\nwhich, while they strike at the root of human happiness, benefit no one\nexcept the class which advocates them; that class, indeed, can hardly\nfail to reap the advantages from a policy which by increasing the\napprehensions to which the ignorance and timidity of men make them\nliable, does also increase their eagerness to fly for support to their\nspiritual advisers; and the greater their apprehension, the greater the\neagerness.\" (_Buckle: \"The History of Civilization in England.\"_)\nJames I of England had become imbued with the idea of witchcraft while\nin Scotland, and he believed that his stormy passage on his return from\nDenmark was due to witches. This storm was the origin of one of the most\nhorrible of the many horrible Scotch trials on record. One Dr. Fian was\nsuspected of having aroused the wind and a confession was wrung from him\nby torture which, however, he almost immediately retracted. Every form\nof torture was in vain employed to vanquish his obduracy; the bones of\nhis legs were broken into small pieces in the boot. All the torments\nthat Scottish law knew of were successively applied. At last, the king\n(who personally presided over the tortures) suggested a new and more\nhorrible device. The prisoner, who had been removed during the\ndeliberation, was brought in and \"His nails upon his fingers were riven\nand pulled off with an instrument, called in Scottish a 'turkas,' which\nin England we call a 'payre' or 'pincers' and under everie nayle there\nwas thrust in two needles over, even up to the heads. So deeply had the\ndevil entered his heart, that he utterly denied all that which he\navouched,\" and he was burnt unconfessed.\nAnd this from a king of England!\nThe methods of obtaining a confession were as follows: If the witch was\nobdurate, the first, and it was said, the most effective method of\nobtaining confession was by what was termed \"waking her.\" An iron bridle\nor hoop was bound across her face with four prongs which were thrust\ninto her mouth. It was fastened behind to the wall by a chain, in such a\nmanner that the victim was unable to lie down, and in this position she\nwas sometimes kept for several days, while men were constantly with her\nto prevent her from closing her eyes for a moment in sleep. Partly in\norder to effect this object, and partly to discover the insensible mark\nwhich was the sure sign of a witch, long pins were thrust into her body.\nAt the same time, as it was a saying in Scotland that a witch would\nnever confess while she could drink, excessive thirst was added to her\ntorments. Some prisoners have been \"waked\" for five nights, one it is\nsaid, even for nine.\nThe physical and mental suffering of such a process was sufficient to\novercome the resolution of many, and to distract the understanding of\nnot a few. But other and perhaps worse tortures were in reserve. The\nthree principal ones that were habitually applied were the \"pennywinks,\nthe boot, and the caschielawis.\" The first was a kind of thumbscrew; the\nsecond was a frame in which the leg was inserted, and in which it was\nbroken by wedges driven in by a hammer; the third was also an iron frame\nfor the leg, which was from time to time heated over a brazier.\nFire-matches were sometimes applied to the body of the victim. We read\nin a contemporary legal register, of one man who was kept for\nforty-eight hours in \"vehement torture\" in the caschielawis; and of\nanother who remained in the same frightful machine for eleven days and\nnights, whose legs were broken daily for fourteen days in the boots, and\nwho was so scourged that the whole skin was torn from his body. This\nwas, it is true, censured as an extreme case, but it was only an\nexcessive application of the common torture.\nThe witches were commonly strangled before they were burnt, but this\nmerciful provision was very frequently omitted. An Earl of Wear tells\nhow, with a piercing yell, some women once broke half-burnt from the\nslow fire consuming them, struggled for a few moments with a despairing\nenergy among the spectators, but soon with shrieks of blasphemy and wild\nprotestations of innocence sank writhing in agony amid the flames.\nBut just picture this scene for a moment! The horror of such a scene!\nWhat a crime for one human to commit against another! A burnt offering\nto the gods! How well pleased the Almighty God must have been with the\nstench of burning human flesh rising to his nostrils. And how well he\nmust have rewarded his faithful servants, for was this not done in His\nname? \"Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live.\"\nAs Lecky points out in his famous work on the \"History of European\nMorals,\" such incidents are but illustrations of the great truth that\nwhen men have come to regard a certain class of their fellow creatures\nas doomed by the Almighty to eternal and excruciating agonies, and when\ntheir theology directs their minds with intense and realizing\nearnestness to the contemplation of such agonies, the result will be an\nindifference to the suffering of those whom they deem the enemies of\ntheir God, as absolute as it is perhaps possible for human nature to\nattain.\nIt is a historical fact that in 1591, a lady of rank, Eufame Macalyane,\nsought the assistance of Agnes Sampson for the relief of pain at the\ntime of birth of her two sons. Agnes Sampson was tried before King James\nfor her heresy, was condemned as a witch, and was burned alive on the\nCastle Hill of Edinburgh.\nIt is generally said that the last execution in Scotland was in 1722,\nbut Captain Burt, who visited the country in 1730, speaks of a woman who\nwas burnt as late as 1727. As late as 1736, the divines of the\nAssociated Presbytery passed a resolution declaiming their belief in\nwitchcraft, and deploring the scepticism that was then general.\nThe Pilgrim Fathers brought to our shores the seeds of the Witchcraft\nDelusion at a time when it was rapidly fading in England, and again\nhistory furnishes us with an example of a people with strong religious\ninstincts who, being freed from their persecutors, became in turn the\nmost violent persecutors of those that did not profess their particular\ncreed. It was particularly due to the preaching of Cotton Mather that a\npanic of fear was created through the New England Colonies. Mrs. Ann\nHibbons was tried before the Great and General Court of Massachusetts,\nsentenced and hanged on the 19th of June, 1656. \"Goody Oliver\" was\nexecuted as a witch on November 16th, 1688.\nThere were twenty murders in 1692, and these before a civil court. The\ntrials took place before the illegal Court of Oyer and Terminer,\nappointed by Governor Phipps, at the instigation of the\nLieutenant-Governor and Chief Justice Stoughton, and Joseph Dudley,\nformerly governor, and the Chief Judge of the Court which, in 1688, had\nsent \"Goody Oliver\" to her death at the gallows.\nCotton Mather defended this practice in his book, \"The Wonders of The\nInvisible World,\" and Increase Mather, the father of Cotton, was equally\nas strenuous in the \"Witch Hunt.\" Increase Mather survived this massacre\nthirty years, and his son, five years longer, but there is hardly a word\nof regret or sympathy to be found anywhere, even in their private\ndiaries and correspondence. These executions in Massachusetts form one\nof the darkest pages in the history of America.\nIt is not surprising that the clergy of the sixteenth and seventeenth\ncenturies supported both in practice and theory the Witchcraft Delusion,\nbut when we find the ablest minds of the laity bursting into print with\na vehement defense of this belief, it is difficult for us, in the\npresent day, to conceive of such folly. And yet, today, we have able\nminds defending a precept of which the Witchcraft Delusion is but a\npart.\n\"The defenders of the belief (Witchcraft), who were men of great and\ndistinguished talent, maintained that there was no fact in all history\nmore fully attested, and that to reject it would be to strike at the\nroot of all historical evidence of the miraculous.\" (_Lecky._)\nThe subject was examined in tens of thousands of cases, in almost every\ncountry in Europe, by tribunals which included the acutest lawyers and\necclesiastics of the ages, on the scene and at the time when the alleged\nacts had taken place, and with the assistance of innumerable sworn\nwitnesses. The judges had no motive whatever to desire the condemnation\nof the accused, and as conviction would be followed by fearful death,\nthey had the strongest motives to exercise their power with caution and\ndeliberation. The whole force of public opinion was directed constantly\nand earnestly to the question for many centuries, and although there was\nsome controversy concerning the details of witchcraft, the fact of its\nexistence was long considered undoubted.\nFor many centuries the ablest men were not merely unwilling to repudiate\nthe superstition, but they often pressed forward earnestly and with the\nutmost conviction to defend it. Indeed, during the period when\nwitchcraft was most prevalent there were few writers of real eminence\nwho did not, on some occasion, take especial pains to throw the weight\nof their authority into the scales.\nSt. Thomas Aquinas was probably the ablest writer of the thirteenth\ncentury, and he assures us that diseases and tempests are often the\ndirect act of the Devil; and the Devil can transform men into any shape\nand transport them through the air.\nGerson, the chancellor of the University of Paris, and, as many think,\nthe author of \"The Imitation,\" is justly regarded as one of the master\nminds of his age; he too, wrote in defense of this belief. \"These men,\"\nhe wrote, \"should be treated with scorn, and indeed, sternly corrected,\nwho ridicule theologians whenever they speak of demons, or attribute to\ndemons any effects, as if these things were entirely fabulous. This\nerror has arisen among some learned men, partly through want of faith,\nand partly through weakness and imperfection of intellect.\"\nBodin was unquestionably the most original political philosopher who had\narisen since Machiavelli, and he devoted all his learning and acuteness\nto crushing the rising scepticism on the subject of witches. The truth\nis that in those ages ability was no guarantee against error; for the\nsingle employment of the reason was to develop and expand premises that\nwere furnished by the Church. And this statement is as valid today as it\nwas three hundred years ago.\nBodin was esteemed, by many of his contemporaries, the ablest man who\nhad then arisen in France, and the verdict has been but little\nqualified by later writers. Amid all the distractions of a dissipated\nand an intriguing court, and all the labors of a judicial position, he\nhad amassed an amount of learning so vast and so various as to place him\nin the very first rank of the scholars of his nation. He has also the\ngreater merit of being one of the chief founders of political philosophy\nand political history, and of having anticipated on these subjects many\nof the conclusions of our own day. In his judicial capacity he had\npresided at some trials of witchcraft. He had brought all the resources\nof his scholarship to bear upon the subject, and he had written a great\npart of his \"Demonomanie des Sorciers\" before the appearance of the last\nwork of Wier.\nJohn Wier was a physician of Cleves who had in 1563 published a work\nwhich he called, \"De Pr\u00e6stigus D\u00e6monum.\" He was quite convinced that the\nworld was peopled by crowds of demons, who were constantly working\nmiracles among mankind; and his only object was to reconcile his sense\nof their ubiquity with his persuasion that some of the phenomena that\nwere deemed supernatural arose from disease.\n\"Wier,\" said Bodin, \"had armed himself against God. His book was a\ntissue of 'horrible blasphemies.' For the word of God is very certain\nthat he who suffers a man worthy of death to escape, draws the\npunishment upon himself, as the prophet said to King Ahab, that he would\ndie for having pardoned a man worthy of death. For no one had ever heard\nof pardon accorded to sorcerers.\"\nSuch were the opinions which were promulgated towards the close of the\nsixteenth century by one of the most advanced intellects of one of the\nleading nations of Europe at that time; promulgated, too, with a tone of\nconfidence and of triumph that shows how fully the writer could count\nupon the religious sympathies of his readers: the \"Demonomanie des\nSorciers\" appeared in 1581.\nWith a man of the caliber of Bodin writing the above, it is not to be\nwondered at that the mobs were so active in the \"Witch Hunt.\" For as\nLecky cites, \"Although the illiterate cannot follow the more intricate\nspeculations of their teachers, they can catch the general tone and\ncharacter of thought which these speculations produce, and they readily\napply them to their own sphere of thought.\"\nIn 1587, Montaigne published the first great sceptical work in the\nFrench language. The vast mass of authority which those writers loved to\narray, and by which they shaped the whole course of their reasoning, is\ncalmly and unhesitatingly discarded. The passion for the miraculous, the\nabsorbing sense of diabolical capacities, have all vanished like a\ndream. The old theological measure of probability has completely\ndisappeared, and is replaced by a shrewd secular common sense. The\nstatements of the witches were pronounced intrinsically incredible. The\ndreams of a disordered imagination, or the terrors of the rack, would\naccount for many of them; but even when it is impossible to explain the\nevidence, it is quite unnecessary to believe it. \"After all,\" Montaigne\nsaid, \"it is setting a high value upon our opinions to roast men alive\non account of them.\"\n\"It was the merit of Montaigne to rise, by the force of his masculine\ngenius, into the clear world of reality; to judge the opinions of his\nage, with an intellect that was invigorated but not enslaved by\nknowledge; and to contemplate the systems of the past, without being\ndazzled by the reverence that had surrounded them. He was the first\ngreat representative of the modern secular and rationalistic spirit. The\nstrong predisposition of Montaigne was to regard witchcraft as the\nresult of natural causes, and therefore, though he did not attempt to\nexplain all the statements which he had heard, he was convinced that no\nconceivable improbability could be as great as that which would be\ninvolved in their reception.\" (_Lecky._)\nThirteen years after Montaigne, Charron wrote his famous treatise on\nWisdom. In this work he systematized many of the opinions of Montaigne.\nVoltaire treated the whole subject with a scornful ridicule and observed\nthat, \"Since there had been philosophers in France, witches had become\nproportionately rare.\"\nIn 1681, Joseph Glanvil, a divine who in his day was very famous, took\nup the defense of the dying belief. \"The Sadducismus Triumphatus,\" which\nhe published, is probably the ablest book ever published in defense of\nthe superstition, and although men of the ability of Henry More, the\nfamous philosopher Casaubon, the learned Dean of Canterbury, Boyle and\nCudworth, came to his defense, the delusion was fast losing ground.\nLecky points out that by this time, \"The sense of the improbability of\nwitchcraft became continually stronger, till any anecdote which involved\nthe intervention of the Devil was on that account generally ridiculed.\nThis spirit was exhibited especially among those whose habits of thought\nwere most secular, and whose minds were least governed by authority.\"\nBut the belief did not become extinguished immediately. In France, in\n1850, the Civil Tribunal of Chartres tried a man and woman named\nSoubervie for having caused the death of a woman called Bedouret. They\nbelieved she was a witch, and declared that the _priest_ had told them\nshe was the cause of an illness under which the woman Soubervie was\nsuffering. They accordingly drew Bedouret into a private room, held her\ndown upon some burning straw, and placed a red-hot iron across her\nmouth. The unhappy woman soon died in extreme agony. The Soubervies\nconfessed, and indeed, exulted in their act. At their trials they\nobtained the highest possible characters. It was shown that they had\nbeen actuated solely by superstition, and it was urged that they only\nfollowed the highest ecclesiastical precedent. The jury recommended them\nto mercy, and they were only sentenced to pay twenty-five francs a year\nto the husband of the victim, and to be imprisoned for four months. In\nA great many may remember the \"Hex\" murder case near Lancaster,\nPennsylvania, in 1930! This is scarcely different from an incident which\nhad occurred in 1892 in Wemding, Germany: An hysterical woman was\n\"exorcised\" by the Capuchin Father Aurelian, who accused a peasant woman\nof bewitching him.\nThe foregoing has shown that witchcraft is not an isolated incident in\nthe history of Christianity, as the ecclesiastics would have us believe,\nbut is a vital part of their religion. Witchcraft bears the same\nrelation to Christianity that an arm bears to the body; neither can be\nremoved without destroying the symmetrical aspect of the whole.\nWitchcraft is an integral part of the Christian religion, but its\nfalsity has become so obvious that even the most devout have had to\nabandon it. Yet the other precepts are still maintained; and in the\nBible which is claimed to be infallible, something is forgotten and\ndiscarded, something is declared to be ridiculous. And yet they call the\nBible infallible. Again, if witchcraft is given up, why not the chief\nwitch of the Bible, the Devil? Yet if this be yielded, then the idea of\nAtonement, the central doctrine of the Christian Church, must also go.\n\"Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live.\" If this be God's word, did God\nerr when He said it? If He erred, He probably did so in many other\nthings; if He did not Christians must either still maintain the\nWitchcraft Delusion or deny the Bible Delusion.\nThe Witchcraft Delusion is denied and forgotten, and no one thinks of\nquoting, \"Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live.\" But the Bible Delusion\ndespite all manner of ecclesiastical sophistry still maintains that man\nwas created miraculously some 6000 years ago from the dust of the earth,\nthat woman was made from a bone taken from the side of man, that\nlanguage came into existence in the course of a single night, that God\ninstituted a horrible massacre of the people by drowning because they\ndid not come up to his expectations. It maintains miracles, virgin\nbirths, resurrections from the dead, and a literal heaven and hell.\nAgain, in the New Testament, Matthew tells how the chief magician of the\nNew Testament, Jesus, exorcised the devils from men and drove them into\nswine. What could be more explicit? If men were possessed of devils in\nJesus' time, what has happened to these devils now? Surely, Jesus could\nnot misinterpret his own words or deeds, if the religionists contend\nthat we are now misinterpreting the Bible? If they state that his\nrecorders were in error, then they admit the error of the entire Bible,\nfor it is illogical for one part to be true and another to be false,\nwhen both are components of an infallible statement.\n\"But they who abandon belief in maleficent demons and in witches as\nalso, for this follows, in beneficent agents, such as angels, find\nthemselves in a serious dilemma. For to this are such committed: If\nJesus who came that he might destroy the Devil, and who is reported,\namong other proofs of his divine ministry, to have cast out demons from\nthe 'possessed human beings,' and in one case, to have permitted a\ncrowd of infernal agents to enter into a herd of swine; if he verily\nbelieved that he did these things, and if it be true that the belief is\na superstition limited to the ignorant or barbaric mind, then what value\ncan be attached to any statement that Jesus is reported to have made\nabout the spiritual world?\" (_Edward Clodd: \"Pioneers of Evolution.\"_)\nThe old adage that a chain is just as strong as its weakest link is very\napt in this case. A belief in witches is part of the Bible; and if the\ncivilized world rejects that concept, it must reject the Bible, for it\nis no longer infallible, since it is in error.\nDisregarding the internal evidence which declares the Bible to be\nspurious, and the scientific advances which have proven the Bible to be\na myth and a fable, if man still insists on \"revealed religion\" he must\nadmit that sorcery and witchcraft are an integral part of the Bible\nteaching. He must still either believe in witchcraft or disbelieve all\nof the Bible. For again, one part cannot be true and another false of an\ninfallible statement.\nI thoroughly and emphatically agree with John Wesley who, in 1769,\nwrote, \"The English in general, and indeed most of the men of learning\nin Europe, have given up all accounts of witches and apparitions as mere\nold wives' fables. I am sorry for it, and I willingly take this\nopportunity of entering my solemn protest against this violent\ncompliment which so many that believe in the Bible pay to those who do\nnot believe it. I owe them no such service. I take knowledge that these\nare at the bottom of the outcry which has been raised, and with such\ninsolence spread through the land, in direct opposition, not only to the\nBible, but to the suffrage of the wisest and best of men in all ages and\nnations. They well know (whether Christians know it or not) _that the\ngiving up of witchcraft is in effect giving up the Bible_.\"\nLecky, in that masterful work, \"The Rise and Influence of Rationalism in\nEurope,\" from which I have so freely quoted, states, \"A disbelief in\nghosts and witches was one of the most prominent characteristics of\nScepticism in the seventeenth century. Yet, for more than fifteen\nhundred years it was universally believed that the Bible established in\nthe clearest manner, the validity of the crime, and that an amount of\nevidence, so varied and so ample as to preclude the very possibility of\ndoubt, attested its continuance and its prevalence.... In our own day,\nit may be said with confidence, that it would be altogether impossible\nfor such an amount of evidence to accumulate around a conception which\nhas no substantial basis in fact.\"\nAnd yet today, in the twentieth century, we do have an amount of\n\"evidence\" accumulated around a conception which had no substantial\nbasis of fact. What a perfect analogy presents itself between one\nprecept of revealed religion and religion in its entirety. In the\nseventeenth century, scepticism confined itself to a disbelief in\nwitchcraft, one particular of revealed religion; in the twentieth\ncentury, scepticism expands and reveals the absurdity of all revealed\nreligion. Just as when we read the annals of witchcraft today we sicken\nwith the horror of this insane conception, so will posterity in the none\ntoo distant future, perhaps three more centuries, do for _all religion_\nwhat three centuries did for witchcraft. Just so will they regard\nrevealed religion in its entirety as we look upon the one factor, the\n_Witchcraft Delusion_.\nMen came gradually to disbelieve in witchcraft because they learned\ngradually to look upon it as absurd. This new tone of thought appeared\nfirst of all in those who were least subject to theological influences,\nand soon spread through the educated laity, and last of all, took\npossession of the clergy. So shall it be with all religions.\nA belief that was held for 1500 years, in the comparatively\ninsignificant period of 100 years, sinks into oblivion; for the last\njudicial execution occurred in Switzerland in 1782; and the last law on\nthe subject, the Irish Statute, was repealed in 1821. It is not,\ntherefore, too much of a stretch of the imagination to conceive what the\ninhabitants of this planet will think of all religion 300 years from\nnow. We have the sterling example of the Witchcraft Delusion before us.\nYes, despite the otherwise brilliant men of today who still maintain the\nBible Delusion, and the \"Hedgers,\" that group of religious apologists\nwho form those various sects, such as the Unitarians, the Humanists,\netc. They are but the middle ground; they are but the intermediate\nbetween the delusionists and those that maintain the philosophy that\neventually must triumph, the philosophy of atheism. When we think back\nto that group of capable men headed by Bodin, Gerson, and Joseph\nGlanvil, who turned their ability and learning to the defense of the\nWitchcraft Delusion, we find the answer to that ever-present response\nwhich the confused of this age give when confronted with the\nincompatabilities in their religion, namely, \"Oh, well, more brilliant\nmen than I believe in this delusion.\"\nBodin, Gerson, and Glanvil could not bolster up a dying belief; and the\nBodins, Gersons, and Glanvils of today cannot long bolster up the dying\nbelief in all religions ... no matter what their ability or capacities\nmay be. The handwriting is on the wall; the past teaches us what the\nfuture may be, but there is still much work to be done.\nCHAPTER XIII\nRELIGION AND MORALITY\n    _The current religion is indirectly adverse to morals, because it is\n    adverse to the freedom of the intellect. But it is also directly\n    adverse to morals by inventing spurious and bastard virtues._\n    WINWOOD READE, \"Martyrdom of Man.\"\nIt had been formerly asserted by theologians that our moral laws were\ngiven to man by a supernatural intuitive process. However, Professor E.\nA. Westermarck's \"Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas,\" and\nsimilar researches, give a comprehensive survey of the moral ideas and\npractices of all the backward fragments of the human race and\nconclusively prove the social nature of moral law. The moral laws have\nevolved much the same as physical man has evolved. There is no\nindication whatsoever that the moral laws came from any revelation since\nthe sense of moral law was just as strong amongst civilized peoples\nbeyond the range of Christianity, or before the Christian era. Joseph\nMcCabe, commenting on Professor Westermarck's work states, \"All the fine\ntheories of the philosophers break down before this vast collection of\nfacts. There is no intuition whatever of an august and eternal law, and\nthe less God is brought into connection with these pitiful blunders and\noften monstrous perversions of the moral sense, the better. What we see\nis just man's mind in possession of the idea that his conduct must be\nregulated by law, and clumsily working out the correct application of\nthat idea as his intelligence grows and his social life becomes more\ncomplex. It is not a question of the mind of the savage imperfectly\nseeing the law. It is a plain case of the ideas of the savage reflecting\nand changing with his environment and the interest of his priests.\"\nJustice is a fundamental and essential moral law because it is a vital\nregulation of social life and murder is the greatest crime because it is\nthe greatest social delinquency; and these are inherent in the social\nnature of moral law. \"Moral law slowly dawns in the mind of the human\nrace as a regulation of a man's relation with his fellows in the\ninterest of social life. It is quite independent of religion, since it\nhas entirely different roots in human psychology.\" (_Joseph McCabe:\n\"Human Origin of Morals.\"_)\nIn the mind of primitive man there is no connection between morality and\nthe belief in a God. \"Society is the school in which men learn to\ndistinguish between right and wrong. The headmaster is custom and the\nlessons are the same for all. The first moral judgments were pronounced\nby public opinion; public indignation and public approval are the\nprototypes of the moral emotions.\" (_Edward Westermarck: \"Origin and\nDevelopment of the Moral Ideas.\"_)\nMoral ideas and moral energy have their source in social life. It is\nonly in a more advanced society that moral qualities are assumed for the\ngods. And indeed, it is known that in some primitive tribes, the gods\nare not necessarily conceived as good, they may have evil qualities\nalso. \"If they are, to his mind, good, that is so much the better. But\nwhether they are good or bad they have to be faced as facts. The Gods,\nin short belong to the region of belief, while morality belongs to that\nof practice. It is in the nature of morality that it should be implicit\nin practice long before it is explicit in theory. Morality belongs to\nthe group and is rooted in certain impulses that are a product of the\nessential conditions of group life. It is as reflection awakens that men\nare led to speculate upon the nature and origin of the moral feelings.\nMorality, whether in practice or theory, is thus based upon what is. On\nthe other hand, religion, whether it be true or false, is in the nature\nof a discovery--one cannot conceive man actually ascribing ethical\nqualities to his Gods before he becomes sufficiently developed to\nformulate moral rules for his own guidance, and to create moral laws for\nhis fellowmen. The moralization of the Gods will follow as a matter of\ncourse. Man really modifies his Gods in terms of the ideal human being.\nIt is not the Gods who moralize man, it is man who moralizes the Gods.\"\n(_Chapman Cohen: \"Theism or Atheism.\"_)\nIn the formation of the Old Testament, the moralization of Yahveh led to\nthe creation of a god who coincided more with the morality of the later\nwriters, the God Elohim.\n\"Rather must we say that morality begins in human social relations and\npasses from them to the relations maintained with the other life and\nwith the Gods. Or, if one prefers to consider ghosts and gods as\ninseparable elements of the primary organism, then we should say that\nmorality is born in that all-embracing psychical atmosphere. But it does\nnot follow from that fact that the rise and development of morality are\nconditioned by belief in Gods and in immortality. Merely human relations\nare sufficient to the production of ethical appreciations. The invisible\nghosts and Gods would never have been thought interested in the morality\nof the tribe, had not the leaders realized the importance of courage, of\nloyalty, of respect for neighbors' possessions, and the other elementary\nvirtues. It is when the disastrous consequences of their absence became\nevident that the Gods were made to sanction these virtues. God or no\nGod, immortality or no immortality, the essential morality of man would\nhave been what it is.\" (_J. H. Leuba: \"Belief in God and Immortality.\"_)\nThe best that is in man is generated in the experiences of his daily\nlife. The attributing of moral qualities to the gods was a much later\ndevelopment in the evolution of the moral ideas. At this stage of our\ndevelopment man is fortified by a sense of human fellowship, and in\npractice, as well as in theory, has long since given up the assumption\nthat he needed superhuman beliefs. He has fully recognized the\nindependence of morality from superhuman beliefs.\nJames Mill and J. S. Mill taught the greatest happiness of the greatest\nnumber as the supreme object of action and the basis of morality. And it\nwas this conception that introduced the new ethical principles of duty\nto posterity. This conception is a much nobler one than the religious\ninterpretation of morality to consist in mainly defining what man's duty\nto God is; a morality whose chief selfish inspiration is not the helping\nof one's fellowmen but the saving of one's own soul. A secular morality\nteaches that what man thinks, says, and does lives after him and\ninfluences for good or ill future generations. This is a higher, nobler,\nand greater incentive to righteousness than any life of personal reward\nor fear of punishment in a future life. There are today a rapidly\ngrowing number of eminent moral teachers who condemn the clinging to the\nbelief of personal existence after death as a hindrance to the best life\non earth. Professor J. H. Leuba, in his work, \"The Belief in God and\nImmortality,\" concludes that, \"These facts and considerations indicate\nthat the reality of the belief in immortality to civilized nations is\nmuch more limited than is commonly supposed; and that, if we bring into\ncalculation all the consequences of the belief, and not merely its\ngratifying effects, we may even be brought to conclude that its\ndisappearance from among the most civilized nations would be, on the\nwhole, a gain.\"\nThere are few educated men nowadays who would claim that morality cannot\nexist apart from religion. Theists are desperately attempting to\nharmonize a primitive theory of things, with a larger knowledge and a\nmore developed moral sense. Morality is fundamentally the expression of\nthose conditions under which associated life is found possible and\nprofitable, and that so far as any quality is declared to be moral its\njustification and meaning must be found in that direction. \"Our alleged\nessential dependence upon transcendental beliefs is belied by the most\ncommon experiences of daily life. Who does not feel the absurdity of the\nopinion that the lavish care for a sick child by a mother is given\nbecause of a belief in God and immortality? Are love of father and\nmother on the part of children, affection and serviceableness between\nbrothers and sisters, straight-forwardness and truthfulness between\nbusiness men, essentially dependent upon these beliefs? What sort of\nperson would be the father who would announce divine punishment or\nreward in order to obtain the love and respect of his children? And if\nthere are business men preserved from unrighteousness by the fear of\nfuture punishment, they are far more numerous who are deterred by the\nthreat of human law. Most of them would take their chances with heaven a\nhundred times before they would once with society, or perchance with the\nimperative voice of humanity heard in the conscience.\" (_Leuba._)\nThe primary motive of moral standards and practices is man's desire to\nseek happiness and avoid pain. And so it is not strange that morality\nhas become stronger as the power of religion has weakened. \"Right\nthrough history it has been the social instincts that have acted as a\ncorrective to religious extravagances. And it is worth noting that with\nthe exception of a little gain from the practice of casuistry, religions\nhave contributed nothing towards the building up of a science of ethics.\nOn the contrary, it has been a very potent cause of confusion and\nobstruction. Fictitious vices and virtues have been created and the real\nmoral problems lost sight of. It gave the world the morality of the\nprison cell, instead of the tonic of the rational life. And it was\nindeed fortunate for the race that conduct was not ultimately dependent\nupon a mass of teachings that had their origin in the brains of savages,\nand were brought to maturity during the darkest period of European\ncivilization.... And we know that the period during which the influence\nof Christian theism was strongest, was the period when the intellectual\nlife of civilized man was at its lowest, morality at its weakest, and\nthe general outlook hopeless. Religious control gave us heresy hunts,\nJew hunts, burning for witchcraft, and magic in place of medicine. It\ngave us the Inquisition and the _auto da fe_, the fires of Smithfield,\nand the night of St. Bartholomew. It gave us the war of sects, and it\nhelped powerfully to establish the sect of war. It gave us life without\nhappiness, and death cloaked with terror. The Christian record is before\nus, and it is such that every Church blames the others for its\nexistence. Quite as certainly we cannot point to a society that has been\ndominated by Freethinking ideals, but we can point to their existence in\nall ages, and can show that all progress is due to their presence. We\ncan show that progressive ideals have originated with the least, and\nhave been opposed by the most religious sections of society.\"\n(_Cohen._)\nThe puerile conception of heaven and the savage conception of hell are\nstill, in modified form, deemed necessary for a religious morality. Why\nit should be necessary for a supreme intelligence to make all things\nstraight in another world, that he could more convincingly rectify in\nthis one, is a conception which has escaped the reason of a freethinker,\nbut has been very profitable to those on earth that lead their adherents\nto believe that they hold the keys to our future abodes. Winwood Reade\nin his \"Martyrdom of Man,\" discussing the moral value of the fears of\nhell-fire, states, \"a metaphysical theory cannot restrain the fury of\nthe passions; as well attempt to bind a lion with a cobweb. Prevention\nof crime, it is well known, depends not on the severity, but on the\ncertainty of retribution. The supposition that the terrors of hell-fire\nare essential or even conducive to good morals is contradicted by the\nfacts of history. In the Dark Ages there was not a man or woman from\nScotland to Naples, who doubted that sinners were sent to hell. The\nreligion which they had was the same as ours, with this exception, that\neveryone believed in it. The state of Europe in that pious epoch need\nnot be described. Society is not maintained by the conjectures of\ntheology, but by those moral sentiments, those gregarious virtues which\nelevated men above the animals, which are now instinctive in our natures\nand to which intellectual culture is propitious. For, as we become more\nand more clearly enlightened, we perceive more and more clearly that it\nwas with the whole human population as it was with the primeval clan;\nthe welfare of every individual is dependent on the welfare of the\ncommunity, and the welfare of the community depends on the welfare of\nevery individual.\"\nThe teachings of Christianity towards marriage furnishes a well known\nexample of a reactionary philosophy of morals. The views of St. Paul on\nmarriage are set forth in I Corinthians VII 1-9:\n1. Now concerning the things whereof ye wrote unto me: It is good for a\nman not to touch a woman.\n2. Nevertheless, to avoid fornication, let every man have his own wife,\nand let every woman have her own husband.\n3. Let the husband render unto the wife due benevolence; and likewise\nalso the wife unto the husband.\n4. The wife hath not power of her own body, but the husband; and\nlikewise also the husband hath not power of his own body, but the wife.\n5. Defraud ye not one the other, except it be with consent for a time,\nthat ye may give yourselves to fasting and prayer; and come together\nagain, that Satan tempt you not for your incontinency.\n6. But I speak this by permission, and not of commandment.\n7. For I would that all men were even as I myself. But every man has his\nproper gift of God, one after this manner, and another after that.\n8. I say therefore to the unmarried and widows, it is good for them to\nabide even as I.\n9. But if they cannot contain, let them marry: for it is better to marry\nthan to burn.\nThese precepts furnish an example of the harm that can be done when man\nfollows the absurd and unsocial decrees of an ascetic individual written\nin a barbaric age and maintained as law in a more advanced period. The\nenlightened physician holds that it is not good for a man not to touch a\nwoman; and one wonders what would have become of our race if all women\nhad carried St. Paul's teaching, \"It is good for them if they abide even\nas I,\" into practice. Bertrand Russell, in his \"Marriage and Morals,\"\nhas gone to the root of the matter when he states, \"He does not suggest\nfor a moment that there may be any positive good in marriage, or that\naffection between husband and wife may be a beautiful and desirable\nthing, nor does he take the slightest interest in the family;\nfornication holds the center of the stage in his thoughts, and the whole\nof his sexual ethics is arranged with reference to it. It is just as if\none were to maintain that the sole reason for baking bread is to prevent\npeople from stealing cake.\" But then it is too much to expect of a man\nliving nearly two thousand years ago to have known the psychology of the\nemotions, but we do know the great harm that his ascetic principles have\ndone. St. Paul took the standpoint that sexual intercourse, even in\nmarriage, is regrettable. This view is utterly contrary to biological\nfacts, and has caused in its adherents a great deal of mental disorder.\nSt. Paul's views were emphasized and exaggerated by the early Church and\ncelibacy was considered holy. Men retired into the desert to wrestle\nwith Satan, and when their abnormal manner of living fired their\nimagination with erotic visions, mutilated their bodies to cleanse their\nsouls. \"There is no place in the moral history of mankind of a deeper or\nmore painful interest than this ascetic epidemic. A hideous, sordid, and\nemaciated maniac, without knowledge, without patriotism, without natural\naffections, passing his life in a long routine of useless and atrocious\nself-torture, and quailing before the ghastly phantoms of his delirious\nbrain, had become the ideal of the nations which had known the writings\nof Plato and Cicero, and the lives of Socrates and Cato.\" (_Lecky:\n\"History of European Morals.\"_)\nThis concept that the closest of association between man and wife is an\nobnoxious deed, has strewn its evil influence down through the ages to\nthe present day. The stealth and obscurity placed upon sexual matters\nhas had its roots so firmly fixed in our manner of dealing with this\npurely normal function, that at this late date medical science is just\nbeginning to eradicate the evils. It is now well recognized by educators\nand physicians and all clear-thinking individuals that it is extremely\nharmful for men, women, and children to be kept in artificial ignorance\nof the facts relating to sexual affairs. The obscurantism placed upon\nsexual matters has caused more physical and mental distress than most of\nour organic diseases. The physician is constantly correcting the\nabnormal conceptions that exist. The sex act had become something in the\nnature of a crime which could not be avoided, instead of assuming the\nmanifestation of the consummation of the greatest love and tenderness\nthat can exist between two individuals keenly attuned to the natural\ndesires of a natural act. \"The love of man and woman at its best is free\nand fearless, compounded of body and mind in equal proportions, not\ndreading to idealize because there is a physical basis, not dreading the\nphysical basis lest it should interfere with the idealization. To fear\nlove is to fear life and those who fear life are already three parts\ndead.\" (_Bertrand Russell: \"Marriage and Morals.\"_)\nReligion has brutalized the marital relations, and Lecky, dealing with\nthis subject, states, \"The tender love which it elicits, the holy and\nbeautiful domestic qualities that follow in its train, were almost\nabsolutely omitted from consideration. The object of the ascetic was to\nattract men to a life of virginity, and as a necessary consequence\nmarriage was treated as an inferior state. It was regarded as being\nnecessary, indeed, and therefore justifiable, for the propagation of the\nspecies, and to free men from great evils; but still as a condition of\ndegradation from which all who aspired to real sanctity could fly. To\n'cut down by the axe of Virginity the wood of Marriage' was, in the\nenergetic language of St. Jerome, the end of the saint; and if he\nconsented to praise marriage it was merely because it produced virgins.\"\nIndeed, the entire ascetic attitude was well summed up by St. Jerome\nwhen exhorting Heliodorus to desert his family and become a hermit; he\nexpatiated with foul minuteness on every form of natural affection he\ndesired him to violate: \"Though your little nephew twine his arms around\nyour neck, though your mother, with dishevelled hair and tearing her\nrobe asunder, point to the breast with which she suckled you, though\nyour father fall down on the threshold before you, pass over your\nfather's body ... You say that Scripture orders you to obey parents, but\nhe who loves them more than Christ loses his soul.\"\nIt has only been with the advance of secular literature that the\ndegrading assumption of St. Paul that marriage is to be regarded solely\nas a more or less legitimate outlet for lust has been discarded, and the\nact of love as applied to marriage has come to have any meaning. And in\nthis modern day the conception of the relationship of the sex act to\nmarriage is far from being on the high plane where it rightly belongs.\nBertrand Russell comments, \"Marriage in the orthodox Christian doctrine\nhas two purposes: one, that recognized by St. Paul, the other, the\nprocreation of children. The consequence has been to make sexual\nmorality even more difficult than it was made by St. Paul. Not only is\nsexual intercourse only legitimate within marriage, but even between\nhusband and wife it becomes a sin unless it is hoped that it will lead\nto pregnancy. The desire for legitimate offspring is, in fact, according\nto the Catholic Church, the only motive which can justify sexual\nintercourse. But this motive always justifies it, no matter what\ncruelty may accompany it. If the wife hates sexual intercourse, if she\nis likely to die of another pregnancy, if the child is likely to be\ndiseased or insane, if there is not enough money to prevent the utmost\nextreme of misery, that does not prevent the man from being justified in\ninsisting on his conjugal rights, provided only that he hopes to beget a\nchild.\"\nWhat effect has Christianity had upon our moral life, upon crime,\ndrug-addiction, sexual immorality, prostitution, and perversion? These\nblights upon our moral character existed long before Christianity, and\nafter Christianity. But what effectual check has Christianity\ncontributed?\nThe agitation concerning increased crime after the recent world conflict\nhas brought this subject to the fore, and aroused a great deal of\ndiscussion and consideration of this problem. In its relation to\nreligion, we have but one undeniable fact to bring before the thinking\npublic. An examination of the statistics of penal institutions reveals\nthat practically all criminals are religious. _Absolutely and\nproportionately smaller numbers of criminals are freethinkers._ Although\nchurch members nowhere constitute even half the population outside the\nprisons, they constitute from eighty to ninety-five per cent of the\npopulation inside the prison. This can be verified by reference to any\ncensus of any penal institution. As strangely as this may strike a great\nmany readers, just so strange did it appear at one time to the multitude\nthat the earth was round. (It is 500 years since the earth was proven to\nbe round, yet there is a large colony of Christians near Chicago\nofficially maintaining that the earth is as flat and four-cornered as\nthe Bible states.) Neither Christianity nor any religious creed has\nproved an effectual check on civil crime.\nThe prostitute has been hounded and abused by ecclesiastics since\nBiblical times, yet, it is only true to say that the religionist is not\nvitally interested in prostitution. Outwardly, he may pour forth a\nverbal barrage of condemnation, but if he believes he can save her\nimmortal soul, ahunting he goes. He does not attempt to ameliorate the\nsocial welfare of this poor, degraded individual, as he thinks; her\npitiful condition in the \"everlasting present\" on this earth interests\nhim not at all, although it is this existence about which he raves, his\nonly interest is in redeeming her soul not her body. If when the\nreligionist tells the prostitute that only those who believe in Christ\nas God, in His Virgin Birth, and in His Resurrection in the Body, will\ngo to heaven, and she agrees and repents--all is well; the religionist\nhas saved a soul, and the prostitute goes about her business of\nspreading hideous venereal disease to others whose souls are saved by\nbelieving in Christ as a God. Her soul is saved and safe, but the\nscholar, the poet, the scientist, the benefactor to mankind, all those\nwho make this life bearable and livable, their souls must roast in hell\nforever if they do not believe in the creed. Divine Justice?\nThe greatest number of prostitutes are religious, yet prostitution\ncontinues to flourish. The ecclesiastic condemns the prostitute as the\ncause, never stopping to think that the cause must have an effect, and\nthat prostitution is but the effect. The cause is our economic\nconditions. Prostitution is purely a medico-social problem, and the more\nthe ecclesiastic keeps his hands off the problem the sooner will the\ncondition be remedied to its best. Attempts to repress prostitution\nwithout changing the economic organization will always result in\nfailure. Prostitution has always existed and will continue to exist\nuntil our economic system has undergone a radical change. So long as\ngirls have to fight with starvation or with beggarly wages, so long as\nmen are deterred from early marriage by inability to support a family,\nand so long as many married men remain polygamous in their tastes, just\nso long will prostitution exist. But we have seen that the clergy is\nnever anxious to interfere with the \"rights of the few to tyrannize the\nmany,\" and since prostitution is an economic problem, religion never\nhas, and never will be, of any help in this case. (Aside from the fact\nthat there are many instances of a few centuries ago where the Church in\na period of temporary financial distress has owned well paying\nbrothels.)\nWhen we think of morality we are apt to concentrate more on sexual\nmorality than on the more obtuse moral duties. Religion has from time\nimmemorial been held up to our minds as a great force in the production\nof this morality. That is another myth. In our own country it is a trite\nphrase that a man has a \"Puritan code of ethics,\" or as \"straight laced\nas a Puritan.\"\nWhen the Puritan Fathers landed in this country, they began an existence\nthat has revealed to the world for all time the value of a \"burning\nreligious zeal.\" In a sense they showed this zeal in regard to the\nWitchcraft Delusion.\nComing as they did, to avoid religious persecution in their own native\ncountry, they should have established a colony which for meekness and\nbeneficence would have shown the value of a true religious fervor.\nInstead, the persecuted immediately became the persecutors--again\nproving the worth of a mind that is imbued with a dominating religious\nzeal.\nSecondly, the principal vocation and recreation of these Fathers was\ntheir religion. It is only reasonable to suppose that in such a truly\nreligious atmosphere morality should have reached its zenith of\nperfection. What actually happened is well illustrated in a very\ninformative and case reporting work by Rupert Hughes, the novelist,\n\"Facts About Puritan Morals\":\n\"Everybody seems to take it for granted that the behavior of the early\nsettlers of New England was far above normal. Nobody seems to take the\ntrouble to verify this assumption. The facts are amazingly opposite. The\nPuritans admitted incessantly that they were exceedingly bad. The\nrecords sustain them.... The Puritans wallowed in every known form of\nwickedness to a disgusting degree. Considering the extremely meagre\npopulation of the early colonies, they were appallingly busy in evil. I\ndo not refer to the doctrinal crimes that they artificially construed\nand dreaded and persecuted with such severity that England had to\nintervene: the crimes of being a Quaker, a Presbyterian, which they\npunished with lash, with the gallows, and with exile. I do not refer to\ntheir inclusion of lawyers among keepers of disorderly houses, and\npeople of ill-fame. I refer to what every people, savage or civilized,\nhas forbidden by law: murder, arson, adultery, infanticide, drunkenness,\ntheft, rape, sodomy, and bestiality. The standard of sexual morality\namong the unmarried youth was lower in Puritan England than it is today\nfor both sexes.\n\"It is important that the truth be known. Is religion, is church\nmembership, a help to virtue? The careless will answer without\nhesitation, Yes! of course. The statistics, when they are not smothered,\ncry No!\n\"If church-going keeps down sin, then the Puritans should have been\nsinless because they compelled everybody to go to church. They actually\nregarded absence from church as worse than adultery or theft. They\ndragged prisoners from jail under guard to church. They whipped old men\nand women bloodily for staying away. They fined the stay-at-homes and\nconfiscated their goods and their cattle to bankruptcy. When all else\nfailed they used exile. Disobedience of parents was voted a capital\noffense and so was Sabbath-breaking even to the extent of picking up\nsticks.\n\"Yet, as a result of all this religion, the sex life of the Puritan was\nabnormal.... Their sex sins were enormous. Their form of spooning was\n'bundling,' an astonishing custom that permitted lovers to lie down in\nbed together in the dark, under covers. They were supposed to keep all\ntheir clothes on, but there must have been some mistake somewhere for\nthe number of illegitimate children and premature children was\nstupefying. Dunton tells us that there hardly passed a court day in\nMassachusetts without some convictions for fornication, and although the\npenalty was fine and whipping, the crime was very frequent.\n\"Nothing, I repeat, would have surprised the Puritans more than to learn\nthat their descendants accepted them as saints. They wept, wailed, and\nrefused to be comforted. They were terrified and horrified by their own\nwickedness. The harsh, granite Puritan of our sermons, on statues and\nfrescoes, was unknown in real life. The real Puritan Zealot spent an\nincredible amount of his time in weeping like a silly old woman. Famous\nPuritan preachers boast of lying on a floor all night and drenching the\ncarpet with their tears. Their church services according to their own\naccounts, must have been cyclones of hysteria, with the preacher sobbing\nand streaming, and the congregation in a state of ululant frenzy, with\nmen and women fainting on all sides.\n\"The authorities are the best possible, not the reports of travelers or\nthe satires of enemies, but the statements of the Puritans themselves,\ngovernors, eminent clergymen, and the official records of the colonies.\nHereafter, anybody who refers to the Puritans as people of exemplary\nlife, or morality above the ordinary, is either ignorant or a liar. In\nour own day, there is an enormous amount of crime and vice among the\nclergy. Most horrible murders abound, by ministers, of ministers, and\nfor ministers. Published and unpublished adulteries, seductions, rapes,\nelopements, embezzlements, homosexual entanglements, bigamies, financial\nturpitudes, are far more numerous than they should be in proportion to\nthe clerical population.\n\"Governor Bradford breaks out in his heart-broken bewilderment and\nunwittingly condemns the whole spirit and pretense of Puritanism. The\nPuritans fled from the wicked old world for purity's sake, they were\nrelentless in prayer, they were absolutely under the control of the\nchurch and clergy, and yet, their Governor says that sin flourished more\nin Plymouth Colony than in vile London!\n\"If our people are wicked nowadays because they lack religion, what\nshall be said of the Puritans who were far more wicked, though they\nlived, moved, and had their being in an atmosphere so surcharged with\nreligion that children and grown persons lay awake all night, sobbing\nand rolling on the floor in search of secret sins that they could not\nremember well enough to repent? It is well to remember that there has\nperhaps never been in history a community in which Christianity had so\nperfect a laboratory in which to experiment.\n\"The very purpose of the Colony was announced as the propagation of the\nGospel. The Bible was the law book. The Colony lacked all the things on\nwhich preachers lay the blame for ungodliness; yet, every infamy known\nto history, from fiendish torture to luxurious degeneracy flourished\namazingly. This ancient and impregnable fact has been ignored. The\nrecords have been studiously veiled in a cloud of misty reverence, and\nconcealed under every form of rhetoric known to apologists.\"\nWe can only conclude that religion does not seem to act as an effectual\ncheck against sexual immorality. Furthermore, high moral principles can\nbe inculcated without any religious background, and have been in spite\nof religion. A man who is moral because of his reason and his\nsensibilities, and his comprehension of the necessary social structure\nof the world is a far better citizen than the man who feebly attempts a\nmoral life because he expects a mythical existence in a delusional\nheaven or wishes to avoid hell-fire. A secular code of morals based upon\nthe best experiences of communal and national life would place its\nhighest obligation not to a deity but to the welfare of all fellowmen.\nCHAPTER XIV\nCHRISTIANITY AND WAR\n\"Instead of diminishing the number of wars, ecclesiastical influence has\nactually and very seriously increased it; we may look in vain for any\nperiod since Constantine in which the clergy as a body exerted\nthemselves to repress the military spirit, or to prevent or abridge a\nparticular war with an energy at all comparable to that which they\ndisplayed in stimulating the fanaticism of the Crusades, in producing\nthe atrocious massacres of the Albigenses, in embittering the religious\ncontests that followed the Reformation.\" (_Lecky._)\nAny institution that can sanction war is the most immoral institution\nthat the mind of man can imagine. That an institution which claims to\nhave under its guidance the moral activity of this earth, has instituted\nand condoned war is a known historical fact. That the Church has blessed\nthe banners of opposing factions, and has gloried in the butchering of\ninnocent heretics, no manner of present disregard for the facts and\napology can refute and redeem. The religious and civil wars, the\nmassacre of the Albigenses and other sects, the Massacre of St.\nBartholomew, are still alive in the memories of historians and still\nrankle. The Crusades were a bloody blot in the none too peaceful times\nof the Middle Ages. Christianity hurled itself at Mohammedanism in\nexpedition after expedition for nearly three centuries. Millions of men\nperished in battle, hunger, and disease, and every atrocity the\nimagination can conceive of disgraced the warriors of the cross. When\none crusade failed, a papal bull instigated the next. Taxes were imposed\nto defray the expenses, and Europe was so drained of men and money that\nit was threatened with social bankruptcy and annihilation.\nThe Inquisition between 1481 and 1808 had punished 340,000 persons, and\nof these, nearly 32,000 had been burnt. This was the result of the\ndeclaration that \"The Inquisition is an urgent necessity in view of the\nunbelief of the present age.\" The Church forgot to mention the vast\namount of wealth that accrued to her by these means. But we need not\nturn to the dead ages for material, for the present still firmly holds\nits war memories.\n\"Armenians massacred by Turks and Kurds; Christians slaughtered by\nMohammedans is a horror as hideous in the name of religion as in the\nname of war. The persecution of Jews by Christians in the name of Christ\nis diabolical. The atrocities inflicted on Christian Belgium by\nChristian Germany stains the Teuton's hand as red as the Turk's, but\nwith a difference. The Teuton outraged his own 'holy women,' despoiled\nand murdered his own 'sisters in Christ,' while the Mohammedan hordes\nperpetrated their nameless infamies on those whom they believed to be\nthe imps of Satan. Mercifully, call these things the logical crimes of a\nstate of war! Then we must admit that savagery still is more powerful\nthan religion, and we must concede that no religion so far has achieved\nthe success that one might reasonably expect of a divine institution.\"\n(_Bell: \"Woman from Bondage to Freedom.\"_)\nThe World War proved the utter worthlessness of Christianity as a\ncivilizing force. The nations engaged were not fighting non-Christians;\nGermany, Austria, Russia, England, Belgium, Servia, Italy, and the\nUnited States are all Christian nations. They all worship the same God,\nthey are all brothers in Christ, but that did not prevent their cutting\neach other's throats on the battlefield. Their common religious belief\ndid not render the war less bitter nor less bloodthirsty.\nIs it not a fact that if the Christian nations of the world would only\nlive at peace together, war would be impossible? Neither Mohammedan\nnations nor Japan could threaten. When the Christian speaks of the\nbrotherhood of man, he means a brotherhood of _believers_ only. What\nkind of brotherhood did Christians bestow on Jews or heretics in the\nMiddle Ages? Was it the brotherhood of man that Christianity bestowed on\nthe conquered Mexican and Peruvian nations, and on the Indians of our\nown country? If Christianity had expended as much energy in teaching its\nadherents the fundamentals of a sane social life, as it did to prepare\nmankind for a mythical life in Heaven, civilization would be today\ngreatly in advance of where it is.\nDoes any one believe that Jew, Mohammedan, Catholic, and Protestant can\nlong live in peace together? Common social needs bring mankind together\nbut religion drives them apart. There can never be a lasting peace until\nthe myth of God is dispelled forever from the minds of men. Then and\nthen only, can the adjustment between economic and political forces lead\nto a permanent peace.\nCHAPTER XV\nCHRISTIANITY AND SLAVERY\n    _Nothing during the American struggle against the slave system did\n    more to wean religious and God-fearing men and women from the old\n    interpretation of Scripture than the use of it to justify slavery._\n    ANDREW DICKSON WHITE.\nThe Christian Church has had the audacity, in modern times, to proclaim\nthat it had abolished slavery and the slave trade. It is difficult to\nunderstand how any \"righteous\" man could make that contention\nremembering that it was not until the middle of the nineteenth century\nthat slavery became illegal in Christian countries, with one exception,\nAbyssinia, the oldest of the Christian countries, which still maintains\nslavery. In our own country, a nation had to be embroiled in a civil war\nbefore slavery could be abolished. Abolished by Christianity in the\nnineteenth century, when Christianity has been dominant in most\ncivilized countries since the third century, and when the traffic in\nhuman flesh flourished right through those centuries in which\nChristianity was most powerful!\nA reference to the facts show that this claim is as spurious as many\nothers which the ecclesiastics have boldly affirmed throughout the ages.\nFor not only is this contrary to the truth, but it is an undeniable fact\nthat it was only by the aid and sanction of the theological forces that\nslavery was able to degrade our civilization as long as it did.\nOn referring to that legend which has been the source of most of our\nsuffering and inhumanity, the Bible, a direct sanction for slavery is\ngiven in the Old Testament. Leviticus XXV gives explicit instructions as\nto where and from whom slaves should be bought, and sanctions the\nrepulsive feature of separation of the slave from his family. Leviticus\nXXVII gives the \"price\" of human beings.\nThe Koran, which the Christians look upon as a ridiculous smattering of\nutterances of a spurious prophet, sets a superior example to the\nChristian \"Divine Revelations.\"\n\"God hath ordained that your brothers should be your slaves, therefore,\nlet him whom God hath ordained to be the slave of his brother, his\nbrother must give him of the clothes wherewith he clotheth himself, and\nnot order him to do anything beyond his power.... A man who illtreats\nhis slave will not enter paradise.... Whoever is the cause of separation\nbetween mother and child by selling and giving, God will separate him\nfrom his friends on the day of resurrection.\"\nThe New Testament follows the Old Testament, and there is nowhere to be\nfound in its contents anything to suggest the elimination of this\npractice. Jesus did not condemn this practice, but accepted slavery as\nhe accepted most institutions about him, and all superstitions. The\nteachings of Paul on the question of slavery are clear and explicit.\nPope Leo, in his letter of 1888 to the Bishop of Brazil, remarks:\n\"When amid the slave multitude whom she has numbered among her children,\nsome led astray by some hope of liberty, have had recourse to violence\nand sedition, the Church has always condemned these unlawful efforts,\nand through her ministers has applied the remedy of patience....\"\nSt. Peter was addressing himself especially to the slaves when he wrote,\n\"For this is thankworthy, if for conscience towards God a man endures\nsorrows, suffering wrongfully.\"\nThe Church certainly saw nothing wrong with slavery when she preached\npatience to her slaves. It did not condemn slavery, but condemned the\nslaves for revolting. This in 1888!\nIn the \"Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics\" is found: \"There is no\nexplicit condemnation in the teaching of our Lord.... It remains true\nthat the abolitionist could point to no one text in the Gospels in\ndefense of his position, while those who defended slavery could appeal\nat any rate to the letter of Scripture.\"\nIt is true that slavery existed under Pagan civilization, but there it\nrepresented a phase of social development, while Christian slavery stood\nfor a deliberate retrogression in social life. It was Seneca who said,\n\"Live gently and kindly with your slave, and admit him to conversation\nwith you, to council with you, and to share in your meals.\"\nThink of what would have occurred if one of our philosophers had\nadmonished a slave-holding Christian in the above manner.\n\"We are apt to think of the ancient slave as being identical with the\nmiserable and degraded being that disgraced Christian countries less\nthan a century ago. This, however, is far from the truth. The Roman\nslave did not, of necessity, lack education. Slaves were to be found who\nwere doctors, writers, poets, philosophers, and moralists. Plautus,\nPh\u00e6drus, Terence, Epictetus, were slaves. Slaves were the intimates of\nmen of all stations of life, even the emperor. Certainly, it never\ndawned on the Roman mind to prohibit education to the slave. That was\nleft for the Christian world, and almost within our own time.\" (For a\ngood account of the close association of Christianity with slavery see,\n\"_Christianity, Slavery, and Labor,\" Chapman Cohen._)\nIn Rome, the slave kept his individuality, and outwardly there was no\ndistinction in color and clothing; there was very little sound barrier\nbetween the slave and the freeman. The slave attended the same games as\nthe freeman, participated in the affairs of the municipality, and\nattended the same college. The ancients kept the bodies of their slaves\nin bondage, but they placed no restraint upon the mind and no check upon\nhis education. It has even been said that the slave class of antiquity\nreally corresponded to our free laboring class. It is also well known\nthat a well-conducted slave, by his own earnings, was able to purchase\nhis freedom in the course of a few years.\nThere can be no comparison, therefore, between Pagan and Christian\nslavery, except to the detriment of the latter. The Christian slave\ntrade represents one of the most frightful and systematic brutalities\nthe world has ever known. The contrast between the Pagan and Christian\nslavery is even more marked when the dependence of the Christian slave\nupon the good nature of his master is considered. Compare this with the\ndecrees of the Roman emperors:\n\"Masters were prohibited sending their slaves into the arena without a\njudicial sentence. Claudius punished as a murderer any master who killed\nhis slave. Nero appointed judges to hear the complaints of slaves as to\nill-treatment or insufficient feeding. Domitian forbade the mutilation\nof slaves; Hadrian forbade the selling of slaves to gladiators,\ndestroyed private prisons for them, and ordered that they who were\nproved to have ill-treated their slaves be forced to sell them.\nCaracalla forbade the selling of children into slavery.\"\n\"All that need be added to this is that the later Christian slavery\nrepresented a distinct retrogression, deliberately revived from motives\nof sheer cupidity, and accompanied by more revolting features than the\nslavery of ancient times.\" (_Chapman Cohen._)\nIn the \"History of Ethics Within Organized Christianity\" is recorded,\n\"The Church, as such, never contemplated doing away with slavery as\nsuch, even though Stoicism had denounced it as 'Contra Mundum.' Nowhere\ndoes the early Church condemn slavery as an institution. Kindness to the\nslave is frequently recommended, but this was done quite as forcibly,\nand upon a much broader ground by the pagan writers. It would be indeed\nnearer the truth to say that the Christians who wrote in favor of the\nmitigation of the lot of the slave were far more indebted to pagans than\nto Christian influence.\"\nThe Church itself owned many slaves, advised its adherents to will their\nslaves to her, and was the last to liberate the slaves which she owned.\nYet, the apologists for the Church would have us believe that she was\ninstrumental in the destruction of slavery, when it is a fact that there\nis nowhere a clear condemnation of slavery on the part of the Church.\nH. C. Lea in his \"Studies of the Church History\" says, \"The Church held\nmany slaves, and while their treatment was in general sufficiently\nhumane to cause the number to grow by voluntary accretions, yet it had\nno scruple to assert vigorously their claim to ownership. When the Papal\nChurch granted a slave to a monastery, the dread anathema, involving\neternal perdition, was pronounced against anyone daring to interfere\nwith the gift; and those who were appointed to take charge of the lands\nand farms of the Church, were especially instructed that it was part of\ntheir duty to pursue and recapture fugitive bondsmen.\"\nIt must not be assumed that the Catholic Church was the only\necclesiastical body to condone slavery, or that it was only the traffic\nin black slaves that flourished a few hundred years ago.\n\"In the seventeenth century, thousands of Irish men, women and children,\nwere seized by the order or under the license of the English government,\nand sold as slaves for use in the West Indies. In the Calendar of State\nPapers, under various dates, between 1653-1656, the following entries\noccur: 'For a license to Sir John Clotworthy to transport to America 500\nnatural Irishmen.' A slave dealer, named Schlick, is granted a license\nto take 400 children from Ireland for New England, and Virginia. Later,\n100 Irish girls and a like number of youths are sold to the planters in\nJamaica.\n\"Had the Church been against slavery it would have branded it as a\nwrong, and have set the example of liberating its own slaves. It did\nneither. Nay, the Church not only held slaves itself, not only protected\nothers who held slaves, but it thundered against all who should despoil\nits property by selling or liberating slaves belonging to the Church.\nThe whole history of the Christian Church shows that it has never felt\nitself called upon to fight any sound institution, no matter what its\ncharacter, so long as it favored the Church. Slavery and serfdom, war,\npiracy, child labor, have all been in turn sanctioned.\" (_Chapman Cohen:\n\"Christianity, Slavery, and Labor.\"_)\nIn Abyssinia, the influence of Christianity has been dominant for a\nlonger period of time than anywhere else in the world. The population of\nAbyssinia is at least ten million, and of this population not less than\none-fifth, probably more, are slaves. In 1929, Lady Kathleen Simon\npublished her book entitled, \"Slavery,\" dealing with the slave trade of\nthe world. In this work it is pointed out that slave-owning is an\nintegral part of the religion of the country, and that opposition to the\nabolition of slavery comes principally from the priesthood which\nconsiders itself the guardian of the Mosaic law, and regards slavery as\nan institution ordered by Jehovah.\nSlave raids are constant in this country, and are accompanied by the\ngreatest brutality and cruelty. Vast areas are depopulated by these\nraids and even at this date, gangs of slaves may be seen by travelers,\nwith the dead and dying bodies of those that have fallen strewn along\nthe roadside. \"The slave trade in Abyssinia is open, its horrors are\nwell known, and it is supported by the Christian Church of the country.\nSuch is slavery in the most Christian country in the world today, the\ncountry which has the longest Christian history of any nation in the\nworld. Its existence helps us to realize the value of the statement that\nthe power of Christianity in the world destroyed the slave trade.\nSlavery flourishes in the oldest of Christian countries in the world,\nbacked up by the Church, the Old Bible, and the New Testament. It has\nall the horrors, all the brutalities, all the degradations of the slave\ntrade at its worst. Such is Christian Abyssinia, and such, but for the\nsaving grace of secular civilization, would be the rest of the world.\"\n(_Chapman Cohen._)\nThe slave system that arose in Christian times, created by and continued\nby Christians in the most Christian of countries, provides the final and\nunanswerable indictment of the Christian Church.\nSlavery was unknown to the Africans until it was introduced by the\nChristian Portuguese. In 1517 the Spaniards began to ship negro slaves\nto Hispaniola, Cuba, Jamaica, and Porto Rica. John Hawkins was the first\nEnglishman of note to engage in the traffic, and Queen Elizabeth loaned\nthis virtuous and pious gentleman the ship _Jesus_. English companies\nwere licensed to engage in this trade and during the reign of William\nand Mary it was thrown open to all.\nBetween 1680 and 1700, it has been said that 140,000 Negroes were\nimported by the English-African Company, and about 160,000 more by\nprivate traders. Between 1700 and 1786, as many as 610,000 were\ntransported to Jamaica alone. In the hundred years ending 1776, the\nEnglish carried into the Spanish, French, and English Colonies three\nmillion slaves.\nThe cruelty experienced by these human cargoes on their transportation\ndefies description. The chaining, the branding, the mutilation, the\nclose quarters, the deaths by suffocation and disease, are a sterling\nexample of man's inhumanity to man when his conscience is relieved by\nfinding support of his inhumane actions sanctioned in that most holy of\nholies, the Bible. Exclusive of the slaves who died before leaving\nAfrica, not more than fifty out of a hundred lived to work on the\nplantations. Ingram's \"History of Slavery\" calculates that although\nbetween 1690 and 1820 no less than 800,000 Negroes had been imported to\nJamaica, yet, at the latter date, only 340,000 were on the island.\nSlavery in America received the same sanction by the religionists which\nit received on the continent. George Whitefield, the great Methodist\npreacher, was an earnest supporter of slavery. When the importation of\nslaves finally ceased the states began the new industry of breeding\nslaves; the leading state for this breeding, and the one which contained\nthe largest number of stud farms, was Virginia. Lord Macaulay, in a\nspeech delivered before the House of Commons on February 26, 1845, said:\n\"The slave states of the Union are of two classes, the breeding states,\nwhere the human beast of burden increases, and multiplies, and becomes\nstrong for labor; and the sugar and cotton states to which these beasts\nof burden are sent to be worked to death. Bad enough it is that\ncivilized man should sail to an uncivilized quarter of the world where\nslavery existed, should buy wretched barbarians, and should carry them\naway to labor in a distant land; bad enough! But that a civilized man, a\nbaptized man, a man proud of being a citizen of a free state, a man\nfrequenting a Christian Church, should breed slaves for exportation, and\nif the whole horrible truth must be told, should even beget slaves for\nexportation, should see children, sometimes his own children, gambolling\nfrom infancy, should watch their growth, should become familiar with\ntheir faces, and should sell them for $400 or $500 a head, and send them\nto lead in a remote country a life which is a lingering death, a life\nabout which the best thing that can be said is that it is sure to be\nshort; this does, I own, excite a horror exceeding even the horror\nexcited by that slave trade which is the curse of the African coast. And\nmark, I am speaking of a trade as regular as the trade in pigs between\nDublin and Liverpool, or as the trade in coals between the Tyne and the\nThames.\"\nIt has been estimated that the members and ministers of the Orthodox\nchurches in the South owned no less than 660,000 slaves.\nThomas Paine, in 1775, when he wrote his article on \"Justice and\nHumanity,\" was the first to demand emancipation in a lucid manner. The\ncampaign for liberation of the slaves was therefore inaugurated by a\nfreethinker, and triumphantly closed by another freethinker, Abraham\nLincoln. In this manner did the Church abolish slavery. With\ncharacteristic disregard for the truth, the religionists have laid claim\nto Lincoln, which claim has been amply refuted; but we are still\nawaiting the Church's claim to Paine as one of her devotees.\n\"And, truly, the case against Christianity is plain and damning. Never,\nduring the whole of its history has it spoken in a clear voice against\nslavery; always, as we have seen, its chief supporters have been\npronounced believers. They have cited religious teaching in its defence,\nthey have used all the power of the Church for its maintenance.\nNaturally, in a world in which the vast majority are professing\nChristians, believers are to be found on the side of humanity and\njustice. But to that the reply is plain. Men are human before they are\nChristians; both history and experience point to the constant lesson of\nthe many cases in which the claims of a developing humanity override\nthose of an inculcated religious teaching.\n\"But the damning fact against Christianity is, not that it found slavery\nhere when it arrived, and accepted it as a settled institution, not even\nthat it is plainly taught in its 'sacred' books, but, that it\ndeliberately created a new form of slavery, and for hundreds of years\ninvested it with a brutality greater than that which existed centuries\nbefore. A religion which could tolerate this slavery, argue for it, and\nfight for it, cannot by any stretch of reasoning be credited with an\ninfluence in forwarding emancipation. Christianity no more abolished\nslavery than it abolished witchcraft, the belief in demonism, or\npunishment for heresy. It was the growing moral and social sense of\nmankind that compelled Christians and Christianity to give up these and\nother things.\" (_C. Cohen: \"Christianity, Slavery, and Labor.\"_)\nCHAPTER XVI\nCHRISTIANITY AND LABOR\n    _The mortgage which the peasant has on heavenly property guarantees\n    the mortgage of the bourgeois on the farms._\n    MARX.\n    _The same Christ, the same Buddha, the same Isaiah, can stand at\n    once for capitalism and communism, for liberty and slavery, for\n    peace and war, for whatever opposed or clashing ideals you will. For\n    the life and the power of a church is in the persistent identity of\n    its symbols and properties. Meanings change anyhow, but things\n    endure. The rock upon which a church is founded is not the word of\n    God; the rock upon which a church is founded is the wealth of men._\n    HORACE M. KALLEN, \"Why Religion?\"\nDuring the Middle Ages the heads of the Church exercised all the rights\nof a feudal lord, and were even more tenacious of their privileges. The\nserfs were prohibited from migrating from one part of the country to\nanother. The daughter of a serf could not marry without the consent of\nthe lord, who frequently demanded payment for permission; or, worse\nstill, the infamous \"Right of the First Night.\" The serf was bonded in a\nhundred different ways, and it is significant of the esteem in which the\nChurch was held that in every peasant revolt which occurred, there was\nalways a direct attack on the Church.\nProfessor Thorold Rogers, writing of the twelfth century, gives the\nfollowing picture of the poorer classes:\n\"The houses of these villagers were mean and dirty. Brickmaking was a\nlost art, stone was found only in a few places. The wood fire was on a\nhob of clay. Chimneys were unknown, except in castles and manor houses,\nand the smoke escaped through the door or whatever other aperture it\ncould reach. The floor of the homestead was filthy enough, but the\nsurroundings were filthier still. Close by the door stood the mixen, a\ncollection of every abomination--streams from which, in rainy weather,\nfertilized the lower meadows, generally the lord's pasture, and polluted\nthe stream. The house of the peasant cottager was poorer still. Most of\nthem were probably built of posts wattled and plastered with clay or\nmud, with an upper storey of poles reached by a ladder.\"\n\"What the lord took he held by right of force; what the Church had it\nheld by force of cunning. And as, in the long run, the cunning of the\nChurch was more powerful than the force of the robber-lord, the\npriesthood grew in riches until its wealth became a threat to the whole\nof the community. In England, in the thirteenth century, the clergy\nnumbered one in fifty-two of the population, and the possessions of the\nChurch included a third of the land of England. No opportunity was lost\nby the Church to drain money from the people whether they were rich or\npoor. The trade done in candles, and sales of indulgences brought in\nlarge sums of money, and there were continuous disputes between the\nclergy and the king and the Pope as to the divisions of the spoil. The\npicture of the Church watching over the poor, sheltering them from\nwrong, tending them in sickness, and relieving them in their poverty\nwill not do. It is totally without historic foundation. When the poor\nrevolted, and apart from the great revolts, there were many small and\nlocal outbreaks, the anger of the poor was directed as much against the\nChurch as it was against the nobles.\" (_C. Cohen: \"Christianity,\nSlavery, and Labor.\"_)\nWhen the downtrodden masses of Spain, Mexico, and Russia revolted\nagainst the tyranny which had held them in the slough of medieval\ndegradation, they likewise, in recent times, proved that they realized\nthat their submission was as much caused by the Church, allied as it is\nwith the state, as by the government itself.\nThe Church did attend the sick, but its trade was in the miracle cures\nand prayers, and so they very much resembled men hawking their own\ngoods, and attending to their own business. And there is the plain,\nhistoric fact, that in defense of its miracle cures it did what it could\nto obstruct the growth of both medical and sanitary science. It did give\nalms but these constituted but a small part of what it had previously\ntaken.\nThrough all the changes of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth\ncenturies, it is impossible to detect anxiety on the part of the\nChurches, Roman Catholic or Protestant, to better the status of, or\nimprove the condition of, the working classes. Whatever improvements may\nhave come about, and they were few enough, came independently of\nChristianity, organized or unorganized. Controversies about religious\nmatters might, and did, grow more acute; controversies about bettering\nthe position of the working classes only began with the breaking down of\nChristianity. And when, as in Germany, there occurred a peasants'\nrevolt, and the peasants appealed to Luther for assistance, he wrote,\nafter exhorting the peasants to resignation, to the nobles:\n\"A rebel is outlawed of God and Kaiser, therefore who can and will first\nslaughter such a man does right well, since upon such a common rebel\nevery man is alike the judge and executioner. Therefore, who can shall\nopenly or secretly smite, slaughter and stab, and hold that there is\nnothing more poisonous, more harmful, more devilish than a rebellious\nman.\"\nAnd in pre-revolutionary France, the Church saw unmoved a state of\naffairs almost unimaginable, so far as the masses of the people were\nconcerned, in their misery and demoralization. And this at a time when\nhalf the land of France, in addition to palaces, chateaux, and other\nforms of wealth were possessed by the nobility and clergy, and were\npractically free from taxation.\nA contemporary observer writes, \"Certain savage-looking beings, male and\nfemale, are seen in the country, black, livid, and sunburnt, and\nbelonging to the soil which they dig and grub with invincible\nstubbornness. They stand erect, they display human lineaments, and seem\ncapable of articulation. They are, in fact, men. They retire at night\ninto their dens, where they live on black bread, water and roots. They\nspare other human beings the trouble of sowing.\"\nIn pre-revolutionary France, the clergy, counting monks and nuns,\nnumbered, in 1762, over 400,000, with total possessions estimated at two\nthousand million pounds, producing an annual revenue of about one\nhundred and forty millions. The clergy were free from taxation and the\nhigher members of the order possessed all the rights and privileges of\nthe feudal nobility. To the end the Church in France, as in our day, in\npre-revolutionary Russia, remained the champion of privilege and\nmisgovernment.\nIn England, during the latter half of the eighteenth century and the\nbeginning of the nineteenth century, developed the English manufacturing\nsystem. Woman-and child-labor were common in both mines and factories.\nThe regular working hours were from 5 A.M. to 8 P.M., with six full\ndays' labor per week. One investigator remarks: \"It is a very common\npractice with the great populous parishes in London to bind children in\nlarge numbers to the proprietors of cotton-mills in Lancashire and\nYorkshire, at a distance of 200 miles. The children are sent off by\nwaggon loads at a time, and are as much lost for ever to their parents\nas if they were shipped off for the West Indies. The parishes that bind\nthem, by procuring a settlement for the children at the end of forty\ndays, get rid of them for ever; and the poor children have not a human\nbeing in the world to whom they can look up for redress against the\nwrongs they may be exposed to from these wholesale dealers in them,\nwhose object it is to get everything they can possibly wring from their\nexcessive labor and fatigue.\"\nIn the mines conditions were still worse, and a report in 1842 states:\n\"Children are taken at the earliest ages, if only to be used as living\nand waving candlesticks, or to keep rats from a dinner, and it is in\npits of the worst character, too, in which most female children are\nemployed. It would appear from the practical returns obtained by the\ncommissioner, that about one-third of the persons employed in coal mines\nare under eighteen years of age, and that much more than one-third of\nthis proportion are under thirteen years of age.\" In certain mines there\nwas no distinction of sex so far as underground labor was concerned. The\nmen worked entirely naked and were assisted by females of all ages, from\ngirls of six years to women of twenty-one, who were quite naked down to\nthe waist.\nBut if oppression was rife, education at a low ebb, and misery\nprevalent, the religion of the people was receiving attention. The\nperiod was, in fact, one of revival in religion. The Wesleyan revival\nwas in full swing, and Evangelical Christianity was making great\nadvances. Between 1799 and 1804 there were founded, \"The British and\nForeign Bible Society,\" \"The London Missionary Society,\" and \"The\nMission To The Jews.\"\nWhen the Education Bill of 1819 came before the House of Lords, out of\neighteen Bishops who voted on the measure, fifteen voted against it!\nThus the religionists were most active during the period when a\ncondition approximating white slavery existed. And why should this not\nhave been so, when the Church is not interested in the social and\neconomic status of its adherents during their existence on this planet,\nbut is avowedly concerned with deluding its devotees into a mythical\nbelief in a life hereafter? The greatest number of slaves and the\ngreatest degradation of workers is to be found in those times and places\nwhere religious superstition is most powerful.\nIn our own country, as well as in England, the labor movement has\ndeveloped not merely outside the range of organized Christianity, but in\nthe teeth of the bitterest opposition to it. Christianity, since it came\ninto power, has always preached to the poor in defense of the privileges\nand possessions of the rich.\nIn a recent publication by Jerome Davis, which is entitled \"Labor Speaks\nfor Itself on Religion,\" the author has compiled the opinions of labor\nleaders in the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Russia, Germany,\nCzechoslovakia, Mexico, China, Austria, Australia, Belgium, and Japan.\nIt is a terrific indictment by labor against organized religion. The\nauthor tells us, \"Here is labor speaking for itself, and in the by and\nlarge it feels that the Church has not understood or helped it to secure\njustice. The majority believe that the Church has a capitalistic bias.\nIt is a class institution for the upper and middle classes.\" This is\nputting the matter rather mildly when one considers their grievances\nexpressed in their own words. Again Jerome Davis asks, \"Is it possible\nthat our Church leaders are to some extent blinded by current\nconventional standards? Are they so busy sharing the wealth of the\nprosperous with others in spiritual quests that they fail to see some\nareas of desperate social need? Do they to some degree unconsciously\nexchange the gift of prophecy for yearly budgets and business boards?\"\nJames H. Maurer, the president of the Pennsylvania Federation of Labor,\nspeaks for labor and the title of his subject is, \"Has the Church\nBetrayed Labor?\" Mr. Maurer's opinion follows: \"A worker living from\nhand to mouth, and lucky if he is not hopelessly in debt besides,\nworking at trip-hammer speed when he has work, with no security against\nenforced idleness, sickness, and old age, can hardly be expected to\nbecome deeply interested in, or a very enthusiastic listener to sermons\nabout Lot's disobedient wife, who because she looked back was turned\ninto a pillar of salt. He is far more concerned about his own overworked\nand perhaps underfed wife who, due to the strain of trying to raise his\nfamily on a meager income that permits of no rest or proper medical\ncare, is slowly but surely turning into a corpse. To go to a church and\nlisten to a sermon about the sublimeness of being humble and meek, that\nno matter how desperate the struggle to live may be one should be\ncontented and not envy the more fortunate, because God in His infinite\nwisdom has ordained that there shall be rich and poor and that no matter\nhow heavy one's burdens on this earth, one should bear them meekly and\nlook for reward in the world to come and remember that God loves the\npoor--such sermons naturally sound pleasing to the ears of the wealthy\nlisteners, and the usual reward is a shower of gold and hearty\ncongratulations by the sleek and well-fed members of the congregation.\nBut to an intelligent worker such sermons sound like capitalistic\npropaganda, upon which he is constantly being fed by every\nlabor-exploiting concern in the country, and quite naturally he tries to\navoid getting an extra dose of the same kind of buncombe on Sunday....\n\"In Churches, men have listened for nearly two thousand years to lessons\nand sermons about 'the brotherhood of man,' 'the forging of swords of\nwar into plowshares of peace,' 'man is his brother's helper,' 'peace on\nearth, good will toward men,' 'thou shalt not kill,' We are taught to\nsay the Lord's Prayer, and ask for heaven on earth, and yet, at every\nwar opportunity, with a very few noble exceptions, the Church, at the\ncommand of the war lords, has scrapped its peace sentiments and turned\nits back to the Prince of Peace and Heaven on Earth and has shouted\nitself hoarse for hell on earth. And then the spokesmen of the churches\nof each nation at war have had the impudence to pray to a just God and\nask Him to play favorites, to use His infinite power on their side and\njoin in the mad slaughter of His own beloved children. And those\nslaughtered are the workers, and their folks at home naturally wonder\nwhy the one big international peace organization on earth, the Church,\nat the crack of the war demon's whip, deserts its principles of 'Thou\nshalt not kill,' and 'Peace on earth,' and helps to stampede its\nfollowers in the very opposite direction.\"\nMr. Maurer points out that labor's struggle to have a Federal Child\nLabor amendment to the Constitution ratified by the various state\nlegislatures, and to have such legislation enacted as the Workmen's\nCompensation Laws, Mothers' Pensions, and Old Age Pensions, received no\nsupport from the clergy. He concludes by citing this occurrence:\n\"For a good illustration of what the Church is sometimes guilty of let\nus take a glimpse at what happened in Detroit, during the month of\nOctober, 1926, when the American Federation of Labor was holding its\nannual convention there. Nearly every church in Detroit sent invitations\nto prominent labor officials to speak in their churches before Bible\nclasses, Sunday schools, and Young Men's Christian Associations. Most of\nthe invitations were accepted by the labor officials, including\nPresident Green of the A. F. of L. As soon as the big employers learned\nabout the program they not only frowned upon the idea of allowing their\nsacred temples to be contaminated with representatives of the working\nclass, but put both feet down as hard as they could on the proposition.\nDid the clergymen stand firm when men with dollars talked? To their\neverlasting shame they did not. Ninety-five percent of them bowed to the\nwill of Mammon and the representatives of labor were barred from the\nsacred temples erected in the name of God and the lowly Nazarene,\nproving conclusively to the minds of the average citizen who controls\nthe churches and whom they serve. Small wonder that many workers have a\npoor opinion of the Church, and that so many pews are empty.\"\nJ. B. S. Hardman, the editor of _The Advance_, the official journal of\nthe Amalgamated Clothing Workers, gives us his opinion regarding the\nreligion of labor. \"It lulls the social underdog with a sham consolation\nfor the oppression and exploitation which are his lot, and furnishes the\nexploiter and oppressor with graceful distraction and absolution from\nhis daily practice and meanness. This is the actual basis of Church\nactivity to-day. The religion of labor is godless, for it seeks to\nrestore the divinity of man.\"\nJames P. Thompson, the national organizer of the Industrial Workers of\nthe World, heads his article for Jerome Davis, \"Religion is the Negation\nof the Truth,\" and in his militant manner proclaims \"This organization\ndesigned to praise God and help him run the universe is known as the\nChurch. The established Church has always been on the side of the rich\nand powerful. Its robed representatives, pretending to be Godlike and\nfavorites of God, having special influence with Him, have ever\nfunctioned as the moral police agents of the ruling classes. At one time\nor another, they have asked God to bless nearly everything, from the\nslave driver's lash to murderous wars. Thus they strive to extend the\nblessings of God to the infamies of men.\n\"To-day, under Capitalism, they teach the working class the doctrine of\nhumility: tell them that if they get a slap on one cheek to turn the\nother, and, 'blessed are the poor.' They tell us to bear the cross and\nwear the crown, that we will get back in the next world what is stolen\nfrom us in this. In other words, they try to chloroform us with stories\nof heaven while the robbers plunder the world. For this support the\nruling classes donate liberally to the Church. The organized robbers and\norganized beggars support each other.\"\nJames P. Noonan, vice-president of the American Federation of Labor,\nasks a pertinent question, \"Labor observes an increasing tendency on the\npart of the Church to regulate what man may eat, drink, or smoke, where\nand how he shall spend his Sundays, the character and kind of amusements\nhe may participate in, and various other activities, many of which seem\nmore or less trivial; all of which leads the average worker to ponder\nrather seriously just why it is that the Church can vigorously advocate\nand promote legislation seeking to curtail his liberty to enjoy, in his\nown way, the limited number of leisure hours at his disposal, and yet\nturn a deaf ear to the cry of tortured men, women, and children for\nrelief from the curse of low wages, long hours, and scores of other\nindustrial conditions and abuses which inevitably pave the way for\nnumberless cases of moral turpitude.\"\nJames S. Woodsworth, a former minister, speaking for the Canadian Labor\nParty, exclaims: \"The Church--a class institution--what does the Church\ndo to help me and those like me? The Church supported by the wealthy,\nyes, 'He who pays the piper calls the tune.' The well-groomed parson,\nwith his soft tones prophesying smooth things, well, I'm glad I'm not in\nhis shoes!\"\nJames Simpson, secretary of the Canadian Labor Party, makes this\nstatement: \"I found that the conditions which called for radical change\nif the social and economic security of the people was going to be\nestablished did not concern the Church. As an institution it was\nconcerned in establishing an outlook upon life that would induce men to\ndo the right, but, if the right was not done, there was very little\ndistinction drawn between the wrong-doer and the right-doer. This lack\nof distinction did not apply so much to what were re-regarded as moral\nindiscretions as it did to the larger failures to recognize man's\nrelationship to man in the industrial and commercial activities of life.\nLabor thinks the Church is insincere. It is an exceptional case for a\nminister to take a stand on the side of the workers, even when the issue\nbetween the employers and employees is a clear case of the former trying\nto enforce conditions upon the latter which are unfair and inhuman.\"\nA. Fenner Brockway, the political secretary of the Independent Labor\nParty in England, writes in this manner: \"The hymns of the Church are\nobsolete; the sermons are very rarely worth listening to; the forms of\nworship are unrelated to life; and such inspiration as comes from the\ndevotion and beauty of some church services and buildings can be found\never more intimately and fully in the silences and beauty of nature.\"\nGeorge Lansbury is another Englishman speaking for British Labor, and he\ntells us that, \"Ordinary working people in Britain think very little\nabout Churches, or about religion. Years ago I was asked, 'Why don't\npeople accept religion? Why don't the masses go to Church?' I said then,\nas I say now, 'They, the masses, believe we Christians do not believe\nwhat we say we believe.\"\nLenin, Trotzky, Lunacharsky, and Yaroslavsky, are the speakers for\nRussian Labor in Soviet Russia. Their attitude toward Church and\nReligion is well known....\nArthur Crispien, president of the German Social Democratic Party, gives\nus his opinion. \"Men should not look upon this earth as a vale of tears\nand fly from rude realities to a world of phantasms; they should embrace\nthe beauties of the world, and realize and fulfill their social rights\nand duties. Our work lies in this world. As to the other, each is at\nliberty to decide according to his needs.\"\nKarl Mennicke, another former minister, points out the attitude of\nGerman Labor. \"For modern labor the feeling that human life is first of\nall a matter of eternal life, and only secondarily a matter of this\nworld, has been entirely lost. The high-strung eschatologic mood, or\nexpectation of Jesus, has no sounding board in the masses of the\nproletariat of to-day. The Christian epoch in history is obviously on\nits way to extinction. The eschatological mood of Christianity has been\na handicap, and still is, for the Christian community has difficulty\nfinding an organic relationship to the creative problems of social\nlife.\"\nEmanuel Radl speaks of labor and the Church in Czechoslovakia. \"In\ngeneral the churches play a far lesser part in our public life than in\nthe United States. People are accustomed to speak of the churches as\nexploded institutions that are factors only among the uneducated\nclasses. The churches are not measuring up in understanding and helping\nthe poor.\"\nRobert Haberman, representing the Mexican Labor Party, gives a clear-cut\nsummation of the tyranny that the clergy of that country yoked upon the\nmasses and the retardation that it has produced. It furnishes striking\nand conclusive evidence of the harm that is done when the Church and\nState are still integrally intertwined. There is no better example of\nthe efforts of a reactionary clergy to keep the masses in poverty and\nignorance than is this study of the church in modern Mexico. Mr.\nHaberman gives an account of the church activities in old Mexico and\ncoming to the present, \"By the year 1854, the Church had gained\npossession of about two-thirds of all the lands of Mexico, almost every\nbank, and every large business. The rest of the country was mortgaged to\nthe Church. Then came the revolution of 1854, led by Benito Juarez. It\nculminated in the Constitution of 1857, which secularized the schools\nand confiscated Church property. All the churches were nationalized,\nmany of them were turned into schools, hospitals, and orphan asylums.\nCivil marriages were made obligatory. Pope Pius IX immediately issued a\nmandate against the Constitution and called upon all Catholics of Mexico\nto disobey it. Ever since then, the clergy has been fighting to regain\nits lost temporal power and wealth. It has been responsible for civil\nwars and for foreign intervention.\" Under the rule of Diaz, the\nconstitution was disregarded and the Church was permitted to regain most\nof its lost privileges. \"The Church bells rang out at sunrise to call\nthe peons out, with nothing more to eat than some tortillas and chili,\nto work all day long in the burning fields, until sunset when the Church\nbells rang again to send them home to their mud huts. During their work\nthey were beaten. On Sundays they were lashed and sent bleeding to Mass.\nAfter Church they had to do Faenas (free work) for the Church, in the\nname of some saint or other--either to build a new church or do some\nspecial work for the priests. It is no wonder then, that after the\nrevolution against Diaz, in many places, as soon as the peons were told\nthey were free, their first act was to climb up the church steeples and\nsmash the bells. After that, they rushed inside the churches and\ndestroyed the statues and paintings of the saints. During the whole\nperiod of havoc and exploitation, _not once_ was the voice of the Church\nheard in behalf of the downtrodden. Illiteracy amounted to eighty-six\npercent. But the Church helped the further enslavement of the workers.\nThere was not a church ceremony, birth, marriage, or death, that did not\ncost money. The worker had to borrow for each; and the more he borrowed,\nthe more closely he riveted upon himself the chains of peonage.... The\npresent conflict started in February, 1926, when Archbishop Jose Mora\ndel Rio, head of the Church in Mexico, issued a statement in the press\ndeclaring war against the Constitution.\"\nGideon Chen, speaking for Chinese Labor asserts: \"The Christian Church\nin China, brought up in a Western greenhouse, with all its achievements\nand shortcomings, does not speak a language intelligible to the labor\nworld.\"\nKarl Kautsky, the Austrian representative of labor, takes the attitude\nthat, \"The less Labor as a whole has to do with Church questions and the\nless it is interested in the churches, the more successful will be its\nstrife for emancipation.\"\nOtto Bauer, another representative of Austrian labor, makes the\nassertion: \"Capitalism forces the worker into the class struggle. In\nthis class struggle he comes across the clergy and finds it the champion\nof his class adversary. The worker transfers his hate from the clergyman\nto religion itself, in whose name this clergyman is defending the\nsocial order of the middle classes. In Austria the bourgeois parties\ntake advantage of the belief of hundreds of thousands of proletarians in\na Lord in Heaven to keep them in subjection to their earthly masters.\"\nErnest H. Barker, the general secretary of the Australian Labor Party,\nholds forth in an article entitled, \"The Church is Weighed and Found\nWanting.\" He is quite emphatic in his statements. \"The attitude of the\nLabor Movement in Australia to the Church is one of supreme\nindifference. There is little or no point of contact between the two and\napparently neither considers the other in its activities and plan of\ncampaign.... The Church preaches the brotherhood of man. What\nbrotherhood can exist between the wealthy receiver of interest, profit,\nand rent and the struggling worker who sees his wife dragged down by\npoverty and overwork, and his children stunted and dwarfed physically\nand intellectually--between the underworked and overfed commercial or\nindustrial magnate and the underfed, overworked denizen of the slums?\n... The Church is put on trial in the minds of men. They ask, 'What did\nthe Church do when we sought a living wage, shorter hours of work, safer\nworking conditions, abolition of Sunday work, abolition of child labor?'\nThe answer is an almost entirely negative one. The few instances when\nchurch officials have helped are so conspicuous as to emphasize the\ngeneral aloofness.... In how many of the advanced ideas of our time has\nthe Church taken the lead? Is it not renowned for being a long way in\nthe rear rather than in the vanguard of progressive thought and action?\nIt resents any challenge to its ideas, doctrines, or authority.\"\nEmile Vandervelde, the leader of the Belgian Labor Party, discusses the\npersonal religious convictions of the Labor leaders in France and\nBelgium. \"Today as yesterday the immense majority are atheists,\nold-fashioned materialists, or at least agnostics, to whom it would\nnever occur to profess any creed, no matter how liberal it might be.\"\nToyohiko Kogawa, the secretary of the Japan Labor Federation, says:\n\"Labor considers the Church too other-worldly. It thinks it has no\nconcern with the interests of labor; and that the Church has lost her\naim in this world and is looking up only into heaven. And labor forgets\nwhere to go, loses its sense of direction. So labor stops thinking about\nreligion, and religion stops thinking about industry. The Church has no\nprinciple of economics, and labor has no religious aspiration.\"\nThe opinions of these men who are daily in contact with the problem of\nsocial justice the world over surely furnish a tremendous amount of\ninformation regarding both the unconcern of religion upon the\nfurtherance of social justice and its actual negative and harmful\ninfluence. The devout Sherwood Eddy, a sincere and noble exponent of\nsocial justice, is forced to exclaim; \"But I saw that there would be\nmuch more opposition from professing Christians if I preached a gospel\nof social justice, than ever there had been from so called 'heathen'\nnations in calling them to turn from their idols. Indeed, Mammon is a\nmuch more potent idol, it is more cruel, smeared with more human blood,\nthan Kali of Siva. They sacrifice goats to Kali and we shudder; we\nsacrifice men to Mammon and justify our 'rights.' In simple fact, though\nthey are not worthy of mention, I have met with more opposition and\nmisrepresentation, ten times over, in 'Christian' America, than I ever\nmet in fifteen years in India, or in repeated visits to China, Turkey,\nor Russia.\" (_Sherwood Eddy: \"Religion and Social Justice.\"_)\nReligious philosophy is slave philosophy; it teaches of a God who is\npersonally interested in the individual and who will reward present\nmisery with future bliss. The demoralizing effect of this infamous\nfraud is apparent everywhere. If a worker is constantly assailed with\nthis nonsense from the pulpit, the result is the production in him of a\nmental as well as a physical slavery; it aggravates his mental inertia,\nand the force of repetition achieving its effects, he soon resigns\nhimself to his present miserable state drugged with the delusion of a\nbetter life in the hereafter. He believes that his destiny is\npredetermined by God and that he will be rewarded in heaven for his\nsufferings on earth.\nWhat a marvelous opiate the ecclesiastics have been injecting into the\nminds of the masses! It is not to be wondered at, therefore, that\ncapital has aided throughout the ages and has stood by religion. The\nirony of the situation lies in the fact that the slave will fight so\nvaliantly for his tyrannical master, that the unscrupulous few who\nderive all the benefits, can, like a malignant parasite, suck the\nlife-blood of its victims while their still living prey submits without\na struggle! The worker, inebriated with his religious delusion, calmly\nallows his very substance to be the means through which his parasitic\nemployer grows fat.\n\"That was the net result of Christianity, and of the activity of the\nChristian Church in spreading abroad a spirit of kindliness, humanity\nand brotherhood! The coquetry of Christianity with Labor within the last\ngeneration or two is only what one would expect. But it is clear that\nthe one constant function of Christianity has been to encourage loyalty\nto existing institutions, no matter what their character so long as they\nwere not unfriendly to the Church. Slavery and the oppression of labor\ncontinued while Christianity was at its strongest and wealthiest; its\nown wealth derived from the oppression it encouraged. Slavery died out\nwhen social and economic conditions rendered its continuance more and\nmore difficult. And the conditions of labor improved when men ceased to\ntalk of a 'Providential Order,' of 'God's Decree,' and dismissed the\nevangelical narcotic served out by the Church, and began to realize that\nsocial conditions were the products of understandable and modifiable\nnatural forces.\" (_C. Cohen: \"Christianity, Slavery and Labor.\"_)\nCHAPTER XVII\nRELIGION AND WOMAN\n    _She was the first in the transgression therefore keep her in\n    subjection._\n    _Fierce is the dragon and cunning the asp; but woman has the malice\n    of both._\n    ST. GREGORY OF NAZIANZUM.\n    _Thou art the devil's gate, the betrayer of the tree, the first\n    deserter of the Divine Law._\n    TERTULLIAN.\n    _What does it matter whether it be in the person of mother or\n    sister; we have to beware Eve in every woman._\n    _How much better two men could live and converse together than a man\n    and a woman._\n    ST. AUGUSTINE.\n    _No gown worse becomes a woman than the desire to be wise._\n    LUTHER.\n    _The Bible and the Church have been the greatest stumbling blocks in\n    the way of women's emancipation._\n    ELIZABETH CADY STANTON.\nIt is noticed in most calculations of churchgoers that women have\nremained attached to the churches in a far higher proportion than men.\nThe proportion of women in the churches is vastly greater than their\nproportion in the general population. Most of the men who still\npassively attend their churches do so under the pressure of\nprofessional interest or social or domestic influence.\nThe degree of religiosity has always been associated with the free play\nof the emotions and woman being more imaginative and emotional than man,\nit seems clear that this strong emotional factor in woman accounts, at\nleast partly, for the greater proportion of women as churchgoers. And\nthis, be it noted, lies not in any inherent inferiority in the mental\nmake-up of woman, but rather in the environmental influences that until\nvery recently shaped woman's education in such a manner that it was\nlittle adapted to strengthening her reason, but rather calculated to\nenhance her emotionalism.\nEcclesiastic historians have a notorious habit of viewing pre-Christian\ntimes for the single biased purpose of only stating the aspects of that\ncivilization which they deemed inferior to that exerted by Christianity.\nResearches have established fairly well the position of women in the\nEgyptian community of 4000 years ago. It is no exaggeration to state\nthat she was free and more honored in Egypt 4000 years ago, than she was\nin any country of the earth until only recently. Scholars assure us\nthat, at a period which the Bible claims the Earth was just coming into\nbeing, the Egyptian matron was mistress of her home, she inherited\nequally with her brothers, and had full control of her property. She\ncould go where she liked and speak to whom she pleased. She could bring\nactions in the courts and even plead in the courts. The traditional\nadvice to the husband was, \"Make glad her heart during the time that\nthou hast.\"\nContrast this position of woman in the community and society in general\nwith the statement given in Mrs. E. Cady Stanton's \"History of Woman's\nSuffrage,\" in which she speaks of the status of the female of the\nspecies in Boston about the year 1850. \"Women could not hold any\nproperty, either earned or inherited. If unmarried, she was obliged to\nplace it in the hands of a trustee, to whose will she was subject. If\nshe contemplated marriage, and desired to call her property her own, she\nwas forced by law to make a contract with her intended husband by which\nshe gave up all title or claim to it. A woman, either married or\nunmarried, could hold no office or trust or power. She was not a person.\nShe was not recognized as a citizen. She was not a factor in the human\nfamily. She was not a unit, but a zero in the sum of civilization....\nThe status of a married woman was little better than that of a domestic\nservant. By the English Common Law her husband was her lord and master.\nHe had the sole custody of her person and of her minor children. He\ncould punish her 'with a stick no bigger than his thumb' and she could\nnot complain against him.... The common law of the State [Massachusetts]\nheld man and wife to be one person, but that person was the husband. He\ncould by will deprive her of every part of his property, and also of\nwhat had been her own before marriage. He was the owner of all her real\nestate and earnings. The wife could make no contract and no will, nor,\nwithout her husband's consent, dispose of the legal interest of her real\nestate.... She did not own a rag of her clothing. She had no personal\nrights and could hardly call her soul her own. Her husband could steal\nher children, rob her of her clothing, neglect to support the family:\nshe had no legal redress. If a wife earned money by her own labor, the\nhusband could claim the pay as his share of the proceeds.\" With such a\ncontrast in mind, it is indeed difficult to see where the truth of the\nassertion lies when it is stated that the status of woman was indeed\npitiful until Christianity exerted its influence for her betterment. And\nit is again curious to note that after a period of nearly 2000 years of\nChristian influence it was left for a sceptic such as Mrs. Stanton and\nher sceptical co-workers to bring about an amelioration of the degrading\nposition of woman in Christian society.\nThe degrading picture of womankind as depicted in the Old Testament is\nwell known to anyone who has glanced through this storehouse of\nmythology. It would be well for the multitude of devout female adherents\nof all creeds to take the time, just a little of the time they give to\nthe plight of the poor, benighted heathen and read some of the passages\nin the Old Testament dealing with their lot. The entire history of woman\nunder the administration of these \"heaven-made\" laws is a record of her\nserviture and humility.\nIn the 24th chapter of Deuteronomy we find the right of divorce given to\nthe husband. \"Let him write her a bill of divorcement and give it in her\nhand and send her out of his house.\" The discarded wife must acquiesce\nto \"divine justice.\" But if the wife is displeased, is there any\njustice? Under no clause of the Divorce Law could the wife have a\ndivorce on her part. None but the husband could put her asunder from\nhim.\nIn the 22d chapter of Deuteronomy is enacted the law for \"Test of\nVirginity,\" which states that, \"If any man take a wife, and is\ndisappointed in her, and reports, 'I found her not a maid,' then, her\nfather and mother shall bring forth the tokens of the damsel's virginity\nunto the elders of the city in the gate.\" The gynecological elders then\ngo into a \"peeping Tom's\" conference and \"If virginity be not found for\nthe damsel: Then they shall bring out the damsel to the door of her\nfather's house, and the men of the city shall stone her with stones that\nshe die.\" Most probably the male partner in her \"crime\" was the first to\ncast the largest stone.\nThe law laid down in the 12th chapter of Leviticus may have been\nintended for hygienic purposes but it is cruel and degrading to women\nbecause it assumes that the parturient woman who has borne a female\nchild is twice as impure as one who has borne a male child.\nThe \"law of jealousies\" as described in the 5th chapter of Numbers is a\ngood example of the mentality of the writers of this \"divine\nrevelation.\" God in His infinite wisdom had caused to be written for\nHim, that to test whether a woman has laid carnally with another man,\nthe priest shall, \"take holy water in an earthen vessel, and of the dust\nthat is on the floor of the tabernacle the priest shall take and put it\nin the water ... the bitter water that causeth the curse, and shall\ncause the woman to drink the water.\" The divine revelation then\ncontinues with, \"if she be defiled, her belly shall swell and her thigh\nshall rot.\"\nBut after all, God did not know that in the dust of the Tabernacle\nsprawled the germs of Dysentery, Cholera, and Tuberculosis, and a few\nother such mild infections. Or did the Divine Father know that even a\nself-respecting germ could not inhabit the filthy floor of the\nTabernacle?\nConsequently, it is not to be wondered at that in the \"good old days of\nthe old-fashioned woman,\" the acme of hospitality was the giving of wife\nor daughter to a visitor for the night. It was not religion that put an\nend to this barbarous custom; it was the advance of civilization; not\nthe religious force, but the place rational thinking assumed in the life\nof people.\nThe following is a description of a religious riot which took place in\nAlexandria during the early days of the Church: \"Among the many victims\nof these unhappy tumults was Hypatia, a maiden not more distinguished\nfor her beauty than for her learning and her virtues. Her father was\nTheon, the illustrious mathematician who had early initiated his\ndaughter in the mysteries of philosophy. The classic groves of Athens\nand the schools of Alexandria equally applauded her attainments and\nlistened to the pure music of her lips. She respectfully declined the\ntender attentions of lovers, but, raised to the chair of Gamaliel,\nsuffered youth and age, without preference or favor, to sit\nindiscriminately at her feet. Her fame and increasing popularity\nultimately excited the jealousy of St. Cyril, at that time the Bishop of\nAlexandria, and her friendship for his antagonist, Orestes, the prefect\nof the city, entailed on her devoted head the crushing weight of his\nenmity. In her way through the city, her chariot was surrounded by his\ncreatures, headed by a crafty and savage fanatic named Peter the Reader,\nand the young and innocent woman was dragged to the ground, stripped of\nher garments, paraded naked through the streets, and then torn limb from\nlimb on the steps of the Cathedral. The still warm flesh was scraped\nfrom her bones with oyster-shells, and the bleeding fragments thrown\ninto a furnace, so that not an atom of the beautiful virgin should\nescape destruction.\" The cruelty of man when spurred on by the mania of\nreligious zeal!\nIn more historic times there are numerous instances of the tyranny\nexercised over women by the feudal system. Feudalism, composed as it was\nof military ideas and ecclesiastical traditions, exercised the well\nknown \"rights of seigniory.\" These \"rights\" comprised a jurisdiction\nwhich is now unprintable, and had even the power to deprive woman of\nlife itself.\nA history of the licentiousness of the monks and the early popes would\nfill a great number of volumes; and indeed, many are the volumes which\nhave been devoted to this subject. It will suffice to point out only a\nfew representative incidents. In 1259, Alexander IV tried to disrupt the\nshameful union between concubines and the clergy. Henry III, Bishop of\nLiege, was such a fatherly sort of individual that he had sixty-five\n\"natural children!\" William, Bishop of Padreborn, in 1410, although\nsuccessful in reducing such powerful enemies as the Archbishop of\nCologne, and the Count of Cloves by fire and sword, was powerless\nagainst the dissolute morals of his own monks, who were chiefly engaged\nin the corruption of women. Indeed, the Swiss clergy in 1230, frankly\nstated that they \"were flesh and blood, unequal to the task of living\nlike angels.\" The Council of Cologne, in 1307, tried in vain to give the\nnuns a chance to live virtuous lives; to protect them from priestly\nseduction. Conrad, Bishop of Wurzburg, in 1521, accused his priests of\nhabitual \"gluttony, drunkenness, gambling, quarrelling, and lust.\"\nErasmus warned his clergy against concubinage. The Abbot of St. Pilazo\nde Antealtarin was proved by competent witnesses to have no less than\nseventy concubines. The old and wealthy Abbey of St. Albans was little\nmore than a den of prostitutes, with whom the monks lived openly and\navowedly. The Duke of Nuremburg, in 1522, was concerned with the\nclerical immunity of monks who night and day preyed upon the virtue of\nthe wives and daughters of the laity.\nThe Church openly carried on a sale of indulgences in lust to\necclesiastics which finally took the form of a tax. The Bishop of\nUtrecht in 1347 issued an order prohibiting the admittance of men to\nnunneries. In Spain, conditions became so intolerable that the\ncommunities forced their priests to select concubines so that the wives\nand daughters would be safe from the ravages of the clergy.\n\"The torture, the maiming, and the murder of Elgira by Dunstan\nillustrates further, amongst thousands and thousands of similar bloody\ndeeds, the diabolical brutality of superstition perpetuated in the name\nof Christianity upon women in the earlier centuries of our epoch.\nIndeed, religious superstition always has contrived to rob, to pester,\nto deceive, and to degrade women.\" (_Bell: \"Women from Bondage to\nFreedom.\"_)\nDuring the Middle Ages, the ages in which the Church was in complete\ndomination of all forms of endeavor, the status of woman was no better\nthan the general conditions of the time. This Age of Faith is\ncharacterized by \"the violence and knavery that covered the whole\ncountry, the plagues and famines that decimated towns and villages every\nfew years, the flood of spurious and indecent relics, the degradation of\nthe clergy and monks, the slavery of the serfs, the daily brutalities of\nthe ordeal and the torture, the course and bloody pastimes, the\ninsecurity of life, the triumphant ravages of disease, the check of\nscientific inquiry and a hundred other features of medieval life.\"\n(_Joseph McCabe: \"Religion of Woman.\"_)\nThe Church was chiefly responsible for the terrible persecutions\ninflicted on women on the ground of witchcraft and this must be taken\ninto calculation when one considers what woman owes to religion. The\nReformation reduced woman to the position of a mere breeder of children.\nDuring the sway of Puritanism woman was a poor, benighted being, a human\ntoad under the harrow of a pious imbecility.\nThe pioneers in the Modern Woman Movement in this country were, of\ncourse, Mrs. Stanton, Mrs. Gage, and Miss Susan B. Anthony. In their\n\"History of Woman Suffrage\" they comment on the vicious opposition which\nthe early workers encountered in New York. \"Throughout this protracted\nand disgraceful assault on American womanhood the clergy baptised every\nnew insult and act of injustice in the name of the Christian religion,\nand uniformly asked God's blessing on proceedings that would have put to\nshame an assembly of Hottentots.\"\nAnd while the clergy either remained silent or heaped abuse on this\nearly movement, such freethinkers as Robert Owen, Jeremy Bentham, George\nJacob Holyoake, and John Stuart Mill in England entered the fray\nwholeheartedly in behalf of the emancipation of woman. In France it was\nMichelet and George Sand that came to their aid. In Germany it was Max\nSterner, B\u00fcchner, Marx, Engels, and Liebknecht. In Scandinavia it was\nIbsen and Bj\u00f6rnson.\nThe battle was begun by freethinkers in defiance of the clergy and it\nwas only when the inevitable conquest of this movement was manifest that\nany considerable number of clergy came to the aid of this progressive\nmovement. The righting of the wrongs imposed on womankind therefore had\nbeen started not only without the aid of the churches but in face of\ntheir determined opposition. It was not the clergy that discovered the\ninjustice that had been done to women throughout the centuries, and when\nit was finally pointed out to them by sceptics, it was the rare\necclesiastic that could see it so and attempt to right the wrong.\nR. H. Bell, in tracing this struggle of woman in her publication, \"Woman\nfrom Bondage to Freedom,\" has this pertinent remark to make. \"If there\nare any personal rights in this world over which Church and State should\nhave no control, it is the sexual right of a woman to say, 'Yes' or\n'No.' These and similar rights are so deeply imbedded in natural\nmorality that no clear-headed, clean-hearted person would wish to\ncontrovert them.... Enforced motherhood, through marriage or otherwise,\nis a mixed form of slavery, voluntary motherhood is the glory of a free\nsoul.\"\nIn the age-long struggle for freedom, woman's most rigorous antagonist\nhas always been the Church.\nCHAPTER XVIII\nTHE PHILOSOPHERS AND THE GREAT ILLUSION\n    _But the powers of man, so far as experience and analogy can guide\n    us, are unlimited; nor are we possessed of any evidence which\n    authorizes us to assign even an imaginary boundary at which the\n    human intellect will, of necessity, be brought to a stand._\n    BUCKLE.\nThere has been an effort made in certain religious publications to imply\nthat there is a dearth of thought and thinkers beyond the pale of\ntheism. The subsequent examination of the theological beliefs of great\nminds will show that there has never been a lack of brilliant thinkers\nwho have not sought truth apart from the dominant faith of their age. It\nwas Socrates, I believe, who first asked if it was not a base\nsuperstition that mere numbers will give wisdom. Granting this truth, it\ncertainly cannot be claimed that the philosophers of any time\nconstituted a majority of any population, nor that the philosopher, as\nsuch, was not greatly in advance of the mental status of the populace of\nhis particular age. It would seem appropriate to briefly comment on the\nopinions of the philosophers, both ancient and modern, concerning their\nviews on \"man's giant shadow, hailed divine.\"\nIn former ages, philosophy was the handmaiden of theology. From the time\nof Socrates and Plato, and throughout the medieval ages, the foremost\ntask of the philosopher seemed to be to attempt the proof of the\nexistence and nature of God, and the immortality of the soul. The\nleading thinkers of the seventeenth century, Hobbes, Descartes, Spinoza,\nLeibnitz, and Malebranche, liberated philosophy from its bondage to\ntheology. The criticism of Kant of the philosophical foundations of\nbelief destroyed the \"theological proofs,\" and modern thinkers now spend\nlittle time on the question of the existence and nature of God and the\nsoul.\nModern philosophy has been completely secularized, and it is a rare\noccasion to find a philosopher dwelling on the problems of God and\nimmortality. This question in philosophy, as in all other branches of\nthought, is utterly irrelevant and at present there is less insistence\non God and more on the world, man, morals, and the conditions of social\nlife.\nIt cannot be denied that we are under a heavy obligation intellectually\nto the Greek philosophers. And it may be that the fruitful efforts of\nthose minds were largely due to their unhampered intellectual freedom.\nThey had no \"holy books\" and few authorities to check their free\nspeculation and hence these Greek thinkers furnish the first instance of\nintellectual freedom, from which arose their intelligent criticism and\nspeculation. \"They discovered skepticism in the higher and proper\nsignificance of the word, and this was their supreme contribution to\nhuman thought.\" (_James Harvey Robinson: \"The Mind In The Making.\"_)\nWe know the teachings of Socrates only through his disciple Plato, as\nSocrates wrote nothing himself. From this source we gather that Socrates\nfirmly upheld the right and necessity of free thought. He was mainly a\nmoralist and reformer, and attempted to prove the existence of God by\nfinding evidence of design in nature. He rejected the crude religious\nideas of his nation, was opposed to anthropomorphism, but considered it\nhis duty to conform publicly to this belief. In his old age, he was\ncharged with rejecting the gods of the state, and was sentenced to\ndeath.\nThe philosophy of Plato has given rise to diverse interpretations and\nthere are those who, on reading the Dialogues, believe that it is not\namiss to state that in certain utterances there is ground to hold that\nPlato argued for the pragmatic value of a belief in God and personal\nimmortality; that he does not stress the truth of the matter, but argues\nmainly for the benefit which the State derives from the belief; that\nsuch theistic beliefs cannot be demonstrated, and may well be but a\ncraving and a hope, yet it will be of no harm to believe. He inferred\nthe existence of God from what he considered the intelligence and design\nmanifested in natural objects. Mainly, however, Plato's theism was\nfounded upon his doctrine of a universe of ideas, and as no one today\nholds that ideas are self-existing realities, the foundation of his\ntheism is destroyed. James Harvey Robinson, in his \"Mind in The Making,\"\ndiscusses the influence of Plato, and remarks, \"Plato made terms with\nthe welter of things, but sought relief in the conception of supernal\nmodels, eternal in the heavens, after which all things were imperfectly\nfashioned. He confessed that he could not bear to accept a world which\nwas like a leaky pot or a man running at the nose. In short, he ascribed\nthe highest form of existence to ideals and abstractions. This was a new\nand sophisticated republication of savage animism. It invited lesser\nminds than his to indulge in all sorts of noble vagueness and\nimpertinent jargon which continue to curse our popular discussions of\nhuman affairs. He consecrated one of the chief foibles of the human\nmind, and elevated it to a religion.\"\nThe philosophy of Aristotle is commonly known to be the reverse of\nPlato's. Plato started with universals, the very existence of which was\na matter of faith, and from these he descended to particulars.\nAristotle, on the other hand, argued from particulars to universals, and\nthis inductive method was the true beginning of science. The accumulated\nknowledge of his age did not furnish him facts enough upon which to\nbuild and he had to resort to speculation. It does not detract from the\nstupendous achievement of this man that the clergy of the Middle Ages,\nin control of the few isolated centers of learning, looked upon the\nphilosophy of Aristotle as final and considered his works as\nsemi-sacred, and in their immersion in un-reason and unreality, exalted\nas immutable and infallible the absurdities in the speculations of a\nmind limited to the knowledge of centuries before theirs.\nIn the attempt to explain plant and animal life, Aristotle formulated\nthe theory that a special form of animating principle was involved. The\n\"\u00e9lan vital\" of Bergson and the theory of Joad are modern reiterations\nof this conception. Aristotle is not quite consistent when he attempts\nto give us his theistic beliefs. At times God is, for him, a mysterious\nspirit that never does anything and has not any desire or will.\nElsewhere, he conceives God as pure energy; a prime mover unmoved.\nCertain modern physicists still cling to this Aristotelian god. This\nconception of a deity was far from the beliefs of his age, and it is not\nstrange that Aristotle was charged with impiety and with having taught\nthat prayer and sacrifice were of no avail. He fled from Athens and\nshortly afterwards died in exile.\nThese three supreme Greek thinkers, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, have\nnot contributed a single argument for the existence of a supreme being\nwhich is now not discredited. Socrates relied on the now outmoded\nargument from design; and only in a greatly modified form are the\narguments of Plato and Aristotle accepted by modern theists. Holding\nsuch heretical views in an age when history was a frail fabric of\nlegends, and the scientific explanation of nature in its extreme\ninfancy, what would their views be today?\nIn the consideration of the Greek thinkers of lesser importance one\nfinds that they were continually storming against the religious\nconceptions of the populace. The philosophers were ever unpopular with\nthe credulous. \"Damon and Anaxagoras were banished; Aspasia was\nimpeached for blasphemy and the tears of Pericles alone saved her;\nSocrates was put to death; Plato was obliged to reserve pure reason for\na chosen few, and to adulterate it with revelation for the generality of\nhis disciples; Aristotle fled from Athens for his life, and became the\ntutor of Alexander.\" (_Winwood Reade: \"The Martyrdom of Man.\"_)\nAnaxagoras, the friend and master of Pericles, Euripides, and Socrates,\nwas accused by the superstitious Athenians of atheism and impiety to the\ngods. He was condemned to death and barely escaped this fate through the\ninfluence of Pericles; which resulted in the accusation of atheism\nagainst Pericles. Euripides was accused of heresy, and Aeschylus was\ncondemned to be stoned to death for blasphemy and was saved from this\nfate by his brother Aminias. The philosophy of Parmenides was distinctly\npantheistic, and Pythagoras, who attempted to purify the religion of the\nGreeks and free it from its absurdities and superstitions, was exiled\nfor his scepticism.\nDemocritus, a materialist and atheist of 2500 years ago, formulated a\nmechanical view of phenomena in accordance with which everything that\nhappens is due to physical impacts. \"Such a materialism was a great\nliberation from superstition; and had it survived in its integrity, the\npath of European wisdom would have been vastly different from what it\nwas. What the path would have been, we are beginning to see to-day, for\nsince the nineteenth century we have been treading it more or less\nconsistently but by no means so gallantly and courageously as\nDemocritus.\" (_G. Boas: \"The Adventures of Human Thought.\"_)\nDemocritus and the Epicureans strove to deliver men from their two chief\napprehensions: the fear of the gods, and the fear of death; and in so\ndoing rejected the religious beliefs and substituted a rational and\nscientific conception of the universe.\nIt was Xenophanes, the Voltaire of Greece, who brought to the attention\nof his countrymen the discovery that man created the gods in his own\nimage. He attacked the conceptions of the Greek deities with these\nwords, \"Mortals deem that the gods are begotten as they are, and have\nclothes like theirs, and voice and form ... Yes, and if oxen and horses\nor lions had hands, and could paint with their hands, and produce works\nof art as men do, horses would paint the forms of the gods like horses,\nand oxen like oxen, and make their bodies in the image of their several\nkinds.... The Ethiopians make their gods black and snub-nosed; the\nThracians say theirs have blue eyes and red hair.\"\nConsidering Greek philosophy in its entirety, we see that it was\nnaturalistic rather than supernaturalistic, and rationalistic rather\nthan mystical. These gifted men saw no clear indication for the\nexistence of a supreme being; very few of them speak of the deity in the\nrole of Providence and fewer still believed in personal immortality.\nProfessor Boas, in contrasting Asiatic mythology with Greek philosophy,\nremarks: \"The Asiatic myths assumed the existence of beings beyond the\nworld, not subject to mundane laws, who made and controlled the course\nof events. There was no reason why they should have made a world. They\nseemed to be living as divine a life without it as with it. The question\nwas one which persisted in Asiatic thought, and when Christianity became\ndominant in Europe, much of its theologians' time was spent in answering\nit. The only plausible answer then was that God made the world because\nHe felt like it. For no reason could be given sufficiently compelling to\nsway the will of the Omnipotent. But such an answer was unsatisfactory\nto the Greek. In his philosophy all this is changed. No god steps out of\nthe machine to initiate cosmic history. The First Cause is a physical\nsubstance, some material thing, which operates by the laws of its own\nnature. Its every movement is theoretically open to the scrutiny of\nreason. And hence, a scientific rather than a religious answer can be\ngiven to every question.\"\nAt the beginning of the Christian era, the cultured Romans were stoics\nor epicureans. The poet Lucretius was an epicurean who regarded the\nbelief in the gods as a product of the terrors of primitive man and\nrecommended that the mind should be emancipated from the fear of the\ngods and argued against the immortality of the soul. Seneca, Epictetus,\nand Marcus Aurelius were stoics. Cicero insinuates that the gods are\nonly poetical creations, that the popular doctrine of punishment in a\nworld to come is only an idle fable, and is uncertain whether the soul\nis immortal. Seneca wrote against the religion of his country, and the\nphilosophy of cultured Romans of the time of the physician Galen tended\ntowards atheism.\nThe prime factor of Greek philosophy was the insistence on intelligence\nand knowledge, and by these means it reached its pinnacle of reasoning.\nThe blight that exterminated all scientific progress, with the fall of\nthe Roman Empire, carried with it the neglect of the Greek thinkers.\nSimilar to the retrogression of scientific thought, traced in former\nchapters, is the corresponding retrogression in philosophic thought. In\nplace of the free inquiry of the Greeks we see arising the theology of\nClement of Alexandria, Origen, St. Augustine, and finally that of St.\nThomas Aquinas. At the time of St. Augustine most of the cultural Greek\nwritings had disappeared in western Europe. The greatest store of Greek\nthought was in the hands of the Arab scholars and led to a marked\nscepticism, as we see manifested in the writings of the Spanish Moors.\nIt is significant that during the \"age of faith\" in Europe no\nphilosopher of merit arose, and the only philosophy permitted was the\npuerile Scholastic-Aristotelic. This scholastic philosophy, hemmed in\nbetween metaphysics and theology, sought to reconcile Plato, Plotinus,\nand Aristotle with the needs of orthodoxy, and split hairs over subtle\nessences and entities. Francis Bacon impeaches, in this manner, the\nmedieval philosophers: \"Having sharp and strong wits, and abundance of\nleisure, and small variety of reading, but their wits being shut up in\nthe cells of a few authors, as their persons were shut up in the cells\nof monasteries and colleges, and knowing little history, either of\nnature or time, did out of no great quantity of matter and infinite\nagitation of wit spin out unto us those laborious webs of learning which\nare extant in their books.\"\nThe sole preoccupation of medieval philosophy seemed to be conjectures\nas to what would happen to man after death, and the entire system of\nthought was based on authority. The medieval philosopher turned in\ndisdain from the arduous path of investigation of actual phenomena and\nconfidently believed that he could find truth by easy reliance upon\nrevelation and the elaboration of dogmas. A few brave minds rebelled\nagainst this unnatural imprisonment of the intellect, with the usual\nconsequences. Peter Abelard was condemned for his scepticism at a\ncouncil at Sens in 1140; the philosophy of John Scotus Erigena was\ncondemned for its pantheistic ideas by a council at Sens in 1225; and\nthe pantheistic views of Bruno had much to do with his martyrdom in the\nyear 1600.\nMontaigne, the pioneer of modern scepticism, gave voice to his\nrepugnance for dogmas in his brilliant Essays, in which he stated that\nall religious opinions are the result of custom; and that he doubted if,\nout of the immense number of religious opinions, there were any means of\nascertaining which were accurate. Bacon, Hobbes, Locke, and Descartes\nwere the inaugurators of a school of thought which is characterized by\nits practical spirit; and while these men professed theistic beliefs,\ntheir systems of thought had done much, when applied and amplified by\ntheir followers, to undermine that belief. These men furnished the\nsource of a later agnosticism.\nThomas Hobbes agreed with Bacon and Galileo that all knowledge starts\nfrom experience, and, carrying out the inductive method of Bacon, he\nproduced his \"Leviathan\" in 1651. It was promptly attacked by the clergy\nof every country in Europe. Hobbes says of the immortality of the soul,\n\"It is a belief grounded upon other men's sayings that they knew it\nsupernaturally; or that they knew those who knew them, that knew others\nthat knew it supernaturally.\"\nLocke concerned himself with a philosophic inquiry into the nature of\nthe mind itself, and was looked upon as a destroyer of the faith.\nDescartes based his philosophy on the rejection of authority in favor of\nhuman reason for which his works were honored by being placed on the\n\"Treatise on Human Nature,\" threw consternation into the ranks of the\ntheists. His theory of knowledge played havoc with the old arguments for\nbelief in God and immortality of the soul. His works were widely read\nand were instrumental in leading to the philosophical agnosticism of the\nnineteenth century.\nSpinoza's religious views seemed in his time little short of atheism and\nbrought him the hostility of both Jews and Christians, to which was\nadded the excommunication from the synagogue. In his philosophy God and\nnature are equivalent terms and it is pantheistic only in the sense that\nif man is to have a god at all, nature must be that god, and whatever\nman considers godlike must be found in nature. Spinoza recognizes no\nsupernatural realm and denies the survival of personal memory. Professor\nG. Boas, in his \"Adventures of Human Thought,\" discusses the attitude of\npublic opinion of the time of Spinoza. \"He was the arch-atheist, the\nmaterialist, the subverter of all that was held most dear by the\nreigning powers. It was only after the French Revolution that he came\ninto his own when certain Germans, captivated by Neo-Platonism,\nemphasized the pantheistic element in him. But by then Christianity had\nceased to be a dominant intellectual force and had become what it is\ntoday, a folk belief.\" In the \"Tractus Theologico-Politicus,\" Spinoza\nstates: \"When people declare, as all are ready to do, that the Bible is\nthe Word of God teaching men true blessedness and the way of salvation,\nthey evidently do not mean what they say, for the masses take no pains\nat all to live according to Scripture, and we see most people\nendeavoring to hawk about their own commentaries as the word of God, and\ngiving their best efforts, under the guise of religion, to compelling\nothers to think as they do. We generally see, I say, theologians\nanxious to learn how to wring their inventions and sayings out of the\nsacred text, and to fortify them with divine authority.\"\nIn France, Pierre Bayle cleverly satirized the absurdity of dogma, and\nLa Mettrie, an army physician, was exiled for the publication of his\n\"Man a Machine.\" He insisted that if atheism were generally accepted\nsociety would be happier. His views were taken up and expanded by such\natheists as Helvetius, d'Holbach, d'Alembert, and Diderot, who taught\nthat morality should be founded on sociology and not on theology. The\npublication of their Encyclop\u00e6dia incurred the fierce opposition of the\nChurch. Of Voltaire's anti-clericism little need be said, except to\nrecall our debt to his victory over ecclesiasticism and superstition.\nHis assertion that \"a fanaticism composed of superstition and ignorance\nhas been the sickness of all the centuries,\" still holds too great an\nextent of truth. His denial of miracles, the supernatural efficacy of\nprayer, and the immortality of the soul earned for him the undying\nenmity of the clergy. Condorcet, another deist, was the successor of\nVoltaire in the Encyclop\u00e6dic warfare.\nThe \"Critique of Pure Reason\" of Kant demolished the ontological and the\ncosmological arguments for the existence of God and showed the weakness\nin the teleological argument. He demonstrated that all the current\narguments for God and immortality; the entire basis of rational proof of\nreligious beliefs; were invalid. The theists protested vehemently, and\nshowed their superiority by calling their dogs \"Immanuel Kant.\" In his\n\"Critique of Practical Reason,\" however, he went on to restore the\ncredit of religion through the moral sense, the \"Categorical\nImperative,\" and, as certain commentators have stated, after having\nexcluded God from the cosmos, he attempted to find Him again in ethics.\nHolding that the moral sense is innate and not derived from experience,\nhe reduced the truth of religion to moral faith. Kant believed that he\nfound a divine command in his own conscience; but the science of ethics\nnow gives a natural account of moral laws and sentiments. The study of\nthe evolution of our moral ideas has, today, destroyed Kant's theory of\nan innate and absolute moral sense.\nWhen Franklin showed the nature of lightning, the voice of God was\ndisplaced from that of thunder. The sciences of ethics and psychology,\nlike modern Franklins, show plainly that conscience is no more the voice\nof God than is thunder. Schopenhauer, commenting on Kantian theology,\noffers the suggestion that Kant was really a sceptic, but became\nfrightened when he contemplated what he thought would happen to public\nmorals if belief were to be denied to the masses. Nietzsche speaks of\nKant: \"With the aid of his concept of 'Practical Reason,' he produced a\nspecial kind of reason, for use on occasions when reason cannot\nfunction: namely, when the sublime command, 'Thou shalt,' resounds.\" In\nhis old age Kant became more bold, and perhaps voiced his true views,\nfor we find that in \"Religion Within the Limits of Pure Reason,\" he is\nactively antagonistic to ecclesiasticism, so much so that, for\npublishing this work, he was censured by the Prussian king, who wrote,\n\"Our highest person has been greatly displeased to observe how you\nmisuse your philosophy to undermine and destroy many of the most\nimportant and fundamental doctrines of the Holy Scriptures and of\nChristianity.\" Indeed, many a man approaching Kant with a firm theistic\nbelief finds his belief somewhat shaken by Kantian logic.\nSchopenhauer's \"Will\" has nothing in common with the God-idea as\ncommonly held, and he was bitterly anti-theistic. In a dialogue entitled\n\"Religion,\" he places these words in the mouth of his character\nPhilalethes: \"A certain amount of general ignorance is the condition of\nall religions, the element in which alone they can exist. And as soon as\nastronomy, natural science, geology, history, the knowledge of countries\nand peoples, have spread their light broadcast, and philosophy finally\nis permitted to say a word, every faith founded on miracles and\nrevelation must disappear; and philosophy takes its place.\"\nHegel's deification of thought or reason left no room for personal\nimmortality, and his query, \"Do you expect a tip for having nursed your\nailing mother, and refrained from poisoning your brother?\" is well\nknown. A vague conception of a deity whose existence can be proved, if\nit can be proved at all, only by the abstruse arguments of a Hegel is\nnot a god of practical service to the theists.\nSchelling was pantheistic, and Feuerbach played havoc with the\nphilosophic evidence for God and immortality and treated all religions\nas a dream and an illusion.\nHerbert Spencer, James Mill, J. S. Mill, and Huxley popularized the\nagnostic standpoint. Spencer in his \"First Principles\" argues in this\nmanner: \"Those who cannot conceive of a self-existent Universe, and\ntherefore assume a creator as the source of the Universe, take for\ngranted that they can conceive a self-existent creator. The mystery\nwhich they recognize in this great fact surrounding them on every side,\nthey transfer to an alleged source of this great fact, and then suppose\nthat they have solved the mystery. But they delude themselves.\nSelf-existence is inconceivable; and this holds true whatever be the\nnature of the object of which it is predicated. Whoever agrees that the\natheistic hypothesis is untenable because it involves the impossible\nidea of self-existence, must perforce admit that the theistic hypothesis\nis untenable if it contains the same impossible idea.... If religion and\nscience are to be reconciled, the basis of reconciliation must be this\ndeepest, widest, and most certain of all facts, that the Power which the\nUniverse manifests to us is inscrutable.\"\nNietzsche, the great liberator of modern thought, vigorously opposed\nreligious morality, the influence of Christianity, and all religious\nbeliefs. \"When the natural consequences of an action,\" he wrote, \"are no\nlonger looked upon as natural, but are considered to be produced by the\nphantasms of superstition, by 'God,' 'Ghosts,' and 'Souls,' and appear\nas 'moral' consequences, as rewards, punishments, guidance and\nrevelation, then the whole basis of knowledge is destroyed; and the\ngreatest possible crime against humanity has been committed.\"\nWilliam James, claimed as a supporter of religion, argues that our inner\nexperience makes us cognizant of a spiritual world. The advance of\npsychological research does not deal kindly with this contention, and\nsuch works as Leuba's \"Psychology of Religious Mysticism\" give a\nrational explanation of the mystic state. Moreover, James did not give\nhis support to monotheism. \"That vast literature of proofs of God's\nexistence,\" he stated, \"drawn from the order of nature, which a century\nago seemed so overwhelmingly convincing, today does little more than\ngather dust in the libraries, for the simple reason that our generation\nhas ceased to believe in the kind of God it argued for. Whatever sort of\nGod may be, we know today that he is nevermore that mere external\ninventor of 'contrivances' intended to make manifest his 'glory' in\nwhich our great-grandfathers took such satisfaction.\"\nJames claimed to be a pluralist in the sense that there are several or\nmany spiritual beings above us, and his writings lead one to believe\nthat he was not convinced that man, as a distinct personality, survives\nthe grave.\nRoyce rejected all the current arguments for God and immortality and\nargues for the mysticism of internal experience. Eucken offers no\nsupport to theologians; and Bergson does not seem to express a clear\nbelief in a personal god or personal immortality.\nComing to the more popular of contemporary philosophers one finds that,\njust as the Greek philosophers reasoned outside the pale of the then\nheld beliefs which were theistic, so do these modern philosophers reach\nconclusions that are outside the pale of organized religion of today.\nGeorge Santayana is a materialist and sceptic who, in his \"Reason in\nReligion,\" reveals his scepticism and frowns upon personal immortality.\n\"It is pathetic,\" he comments, \"to observe how lowly are the motives\nthat religion, even the highest, attributes to the deity, and from what\na hard-pressed and bitter existence they have been drawn. To be given\nthe best morsel, to be remembered, to be praised, to be obeyed blindly\nand punctiliously, these have been thought points of honor with the\ngods, for which they would dispense favors and punishments on the most\nexhorbitant scale.... The idea that religion contains a literal, not a\nsymbolic, representation of truth and life is simply an impossible idea.\nWhoever entertains it has not come within the region of profitable\nphilosophizing on that subject.\"\nBertrand Russell, considered by some the keenest philosophical mind of\nthe present age, is an agnostic who maintains \"The objections to\nreligion are of two sorts, intellectual and moral. The intellectual\nobjection is that there is no reason to suppose any religion true; the\nmoral objection is that religious precepts date from a time when men\nwere more cruel than they are now, and therefore tend to perpetuate\ninhumanities which the moral conscience of the age would otherwise\noutgrow.\"\nThe Italian philosopher Benedetto Croce is an atheist who states that\nphilosophy removes from religion all reason for existing. C. E. M. Joad\nis a young English philosopher who repeatedly predicts the disappearance\nin the near future of the present forms of theistic beliefs. M. C. Otto\nholds to \"An affirmative faith in the non-existence of God.\" William P.\nMontague discards all organized religions for a \"Promethean Religion.\"\nJohn Dewey is a naturalistic philosopher who will have nothing to do\nwith supernatural causation and insists that all things be explained by\ntheir place and function in the environment. His philosophy is permeated\nwith the secular ideal of control of the external world.\nWhat consolation does organized religion receive from the views of such\nmodern philosophers as Russell, Alexander, Joad, Croce, Santayana,\nDewey, Otto, Montague, Sellars, and the Randalls? The views of an\nintellectual incompetent, such as Bryan was, are spread widecast, but\nfew know the extent of the scepticism of Edison, Luther Burbank, Albert\nEinstein, Paul Ehrlich, Ernst Haeckel, Robert Koch, Fridjof Nansen, and\nSwante Arrhenius. What consolation can the theists derive from the\nreligious views of Shelley, Swinburne, Meredith, Buchanan, Keats, George\nEliot, Thomas Hardy, Mark Twain, and Anatole France?\nIn the not far distant past deism and pantheism served as a polite\nsubterfuge for atheism. There is a growing tendency in this present age\nto dress one's atheistic belief in an evening suit, and for the sake of\nsocial approbation call such a belief \"religious humanism.\" A quotation\nfrom the Associated Press, appearing recently in one of our magazines,\nstates the need for this \"new religion\" as being the inadequacy of the\nreligious forms and ideas of our fathers, and the new creed to be:\n\"Religious humanists regard the universe as self-existing and not\ncreated.\n\"Religion must formulate its hopes and plans in the light of the\nscientific spirit and method.\n\"The distinction between the sacred and secular can no longer be\nmaintained.\n\"Religious humanism considers the complete realization of human\npersonality to be the end of a man's life, and seeks its development and\nfulfilment in the here and now.\n\"In place of the old attitudes involved in worship and prayer, the\nhumanist finds his religious emotions exprest in a heightened sense of\npersonal life and in a cooperative effort to promote social well-being.\n\"There will be no uniquely religious emotions and attitudes of the kind\nhitherto associated with belief in the supernatural. Man will learn to\nface the crises of life in terms of his knowledge of their naturalness\nand probability. Reasonable and manly attitudes will be fostered by\neducation and supported custom.\n\"We assume that humanism will take the path of social and mental\nhygiene, and discourage sentimental and unreal hopes and wishful\nthinking.\n\"The goal of humanism is a free and universal society in which the\npeople voluntarily and intelligently cooperate for the common good.\n\"The time has come for widespread recognition of the radical changes in\nreligious thoughts throughout the modern world. Science and economic\nchange have disrupted the old beliefs.\n\"Religions the world over are under the necessity of coming to terms\nwith new conditions created by a vastly increased knowledge and\nexperience.\"\nProfessors John Dewey, E. A. Burtt, and Roy Wood Sellars are among the\nsigners of this statement. It is an excellent and comprehensive\nstatement, but one is left wondering why the name \"religious humanism\"?\nIt is difficult to become enthusiastic when one realizes that these men\ntake to themselves the thunder of the atheists of the past, and under\nthe misnomer, \"religious,\" place before the public what all atheists of\nthe past ages have been preaching.\nIt is most gratifying to perceive that such distinguished men as signed\nthis statement are frank enough to admit the extent of the religious\nrevolution, and determined enough to take a hand in the clearing away of\nthe d\u00e9bris that clutters the crumbling of all religious creeds. Yet it\nis only fair to point out that this statement contains nothing that\nwould not be recognized by those intrepid atheists of the past, and\nlittle more than they urged in their time. I refer to those brilliant\nFrench atheists La Mettrie, Helvetius, d'Holbach, d'Alembert, and\nDiderot.\nCHAPTER XIX\nTHE DOOM OF RELIGION; THE NECESSITY OF ATHEISM\n     _One should recall the charge of atheism directed against the\n     keenest thinkers of antiquity and the greatest of its moral\n     reformers. But what was personal and incidental in the past,\n     depending largely upon the genius and inspiration of seers and\n     leaders, has now become a social movement, as wide as science_.\n     JAMES T. SHOTWELL.\n     _The drift from God is a movement of events, a propulsion of vital\n     experience, not a parade of words to be diverted by other words_.\n     MAX CARL OTTO.\nIn the Babylonian and Assyrian mythologies we have the chief deities as\nIshtar, Tammuz, Baal, and Astarte. In the Phrygian religion we have the\nGoddess Cybele and her husband Attis. Among the Greeks we have the\nGoddess Aphrodite and the God Adonis. The Persians had their Mithra.\nAdonis and Attis flourished in Syria. In the Egyptian religion was found\nthe Goddess Isis and the God Osiris. The Semites have their Jehovah, the\nMohammedans their Allah, and the Christians the Goddess Mary, the God\nthe Father, and a son Jesus.\nChristianity has divided itself into Catholicism and Protestantism; and\nwhen Protestantism gave the right of interpretation of the Bible to each\nindividual, there were evolved such forms of Protestantism as Christian\nScience, Holy Rollerism, Seventh Day Adventism, Swedenborgianism, and\nthe cults of the Doukhobors, the Shakers, the Mennonites, the Dunkards\nand the Salvation Army.\nIn the early days of the Church were seen the wrangling of sects, the\nincomprehensible jargon of Arians, Nestorians, Eutychians, Monotheists,\nMonophysites, Mariolatrists, etc. Today we behold the incomprehensible\njargon of the first-mentioned sects.\nChrist, born of an immaculate virgin, died for mankind, arose from the\ndead, and ascended into Heaven.\nBuddha, who lived over 500 years before Jesus, was born of the Virgin\nMaya, which is the same as Mary. Maya conceived by the Holy Ghost, and\nthus Buddha was of the nature of God and man combined. Buddha was born\non December 25, his birth was announced in the heavens by a star, and\nangels sang. He stood upon his feet and spoke at the moment of his\nbirth; at five months of age he sat unsupported in the air; and at the\nmoment of his conversion he was attacked by a legion of demons. He was\nvisited by wise men, he was baptized, transfigured, performed miracles,\nrose from the dead, and on his ascension through the air to heaven, he\nleft his footprint on a mountain in Ceylon.\nThe Hindu Savior, Krishna, was born of a virgin 600 years before Christ.\nA star shone at his birth which took place in a cave. He was adored by\ncowherds who recognized his greatness, he performed miracles, was\ncrucified, and is to come to judge the earth.\nChrist died for mankind,--so did Buddha and Krishna. Adonis, Osiris,\nHorus, and Tammuz, all virgin-born gods, were saviors and suffered\ndeath. Christ rose from the dead, so have Krishna and Buddha arisen from\nthe dead and ascended into Heaven. So did Lao Kium, Zoroaster, and\nMithra.\nA star shone in the sky at the births of Krishna, Rama Yu, Lao Tsze,\nMoses, Quetzalcoatl, Ormuzd, Rama, Buddha, and others. Christ was born\nof a virgin, so was Krishna and Buddha. Lao Tsze was also born of a\nvirgin. Horus in Egypt was born of the Virgin Isis. Isis, with the child\nHorus on her knee, was worshiped centuries before the Christian era, and\nwas appealed to under the names of \"Our Lady,\" \"Queen of Heaven,\" \"Star\nof Heaven,\" \"Star of the Sea,\" \"Mother of God,\" and so forth. Hercules,\nBacchus, and Perseus were gods born by mortal mothers. Zeus, father of\nthe gods, visited Semele in the form of a thunderstorm and she gave\nbirth, on the 25th of December, to the great savior and deliverer,\nDionysis.\nMithra was born of a virgin, in a cave, on the 25th of December. He was\nburied in a tomb from which he rose again. He was called savior and\nmediator and sometimes figured as a lamb. Osiris was also said to be\nborn about the 25th of December; he suffered, died, and was resurrected.\nHercules was miraculously conceived from a divine father and was\neverywhere invoked as savior. Minerva had a more remarkable birth than\nEve; she sprang full-armed from the brow of Jupiter. He did this\nremarkable feat without even losing a rib.\nThe Chinese Tien, the holy one, died to save the world. In Mexico,\nQuetzalcoatl, the savior, was the son of Chimalman, the Virgin Queen of\nHeaven. He was tempted, fasted forty days, was done to death, and his\nsecond coming was eagerly looked for by the natives. The Teutonic\nGoddess Hertha, was a virgin, and the sacred groves of Germany contained\nher image with a child in her arms. The Scandinavian Goddess Frigga was\na virgin who bore a son, Balder, healer and savior of mankind.\nWhen one considers the similarity of these ancient pagan legends and\nbeliefs with Christian traditions if one believes with Justin Martyr,\nthen indeed the Devil must have been a very busy person to have caused\nthese pagans to imitate for such long ages and in such widespread\nlocalities the Christian mysteries. Indeed, Edward Carpenter comments,\n\"One has only, instead of the word 'Jesus' to read Dionysis or Krishna\nor Hercules or Osiris or Attis, and instead of 'Mary' to insert Semele\nor Devaki or Alcmene or Neith or Nona, and for Pontius Pilate to use the\nname of any terrestrial tyrant who comes into the corresponding story,\nand lo! the creed fits in all particulars into the rites and worship of\na pagan God.\"\nA legend stated that Plato, born of Perictione, a pure virgin, suffered\nan immaculate conception through the influences of Apollo (B.C. 426).\nThe God declared to Ariston, to whom she was about to be married, the\nparentage of the child.\nSt. Dominic, born A.D. 1170, was said to be the offspring of an\nimmaculate conception. He was free from original sin and was regarded as\nthe adopted son of the Virgin Mary.\nSt. Francis, the compeer of St. Dominic, was born A.D. 1182. A\nprophetess foretold his birth; he was born in a stable; angels sang\nforth peace and good will into the air, and one, in the guise of Simeon,\nbore him to baptism.\nThe Egyptian trinities are well known: thus, from Amun by Maut proceeds\nKhonso; from Osiris by Isis proceeds Horus; from Neph by Sat\u00e9 proceeds\nAnouk\u00e9. The Egyptians had propounded the dogma that there had been\ndivine incarnations, the fall of man, and redemption.\nIn India, centuries before Christianity, we find the Hindu trinity;\nBrahma, Vishnu, and Siva. In the Institutes of Manu, a code of civil law\nas well as religious law, written about the ninth century before\nChrist, is found a description of creation, the nature of God, and rules\nfor the duty of man in every station of life from the moment of birth to\ndeath.\nProfessor James T. Shotwell when speaking of paganism reminds us, \"Who\nof us can appreciate antique paganism? The Gods of Greece or Rome are\nfor us hardly more than the mutilated statues of them in our own\nmuseums; pitiable, helpless objects before the scrutiny and comments of\na passing crowd. Venus is an armless figure from the Louvre; Dionysos\ndoes not mean to us divine possession, the gift of tongues, or\nimmortality; Attis brings no salvation. But to antiquity the 'pagan'\ncults were no mockery. They were as real as Polynesian heathenism or\nChristianity to-day.\" (_James T. Shotwell_: \"_The Religious Revolution\nof To-day._\")\nIt is seen, therefore, that from time immemorial, man does not discover\nhis gods, _but invents them_. He invents them in the light of his\nexperience and endows them with capacities that indicate the stage of\nman's mental development.\nReligion is not the product of civilized man. Man inherits his god just\nas he inherits his physical qualities. The idea of a supernatural being\ncreating and governing this earth is a phantom born in the mind of the\nsavage. If it had not been born in the early stages of man's mental\ndevelopment, it surely would not come into existence now. History proves\nthat as the mind of man expands, it does not discover new gods, but that\nit discards them. It is not strange, therefore, that there has not been\nadvanced a new major religious belief in the last 1300 years. All modern\nreligious conceptions, no matter how disguised, find their origin in the\nfear-stricken ignorance of the primitive savage.\nA Christian will admit that the gods of others are man-made, and that\ntheir creed is similar to the worship of the savage. He looks at their\ngods with the vision of a civilized being; but when he looks at his own\ngod, he forgets his civilization, he relapses centuries of time, and\n_his_ mental viewpoint is that of the savage.\nChristianity, with its primitive concepts, can make its adherents firm\nin the belief of great monstrosities. When its adherents believed that\nthe Bible sanctioned the destruction of heretics and witches, they were\ncertainly doing things from a Christian standpoint. It was this\nstandpoint that justified an embittered denunciation of evolution at one\ntime and then recanting, adopted it as a part of the Bible teaching.\nWhen the Spaniards blotted out an entire civilization in South America,\nwhen Catholics butchered Protestants, or Protestants butchered\nCatholics, they were all justified from the Christian standpoint.\nMan has been living on this planet some 500,000 years. Jesus appeared\nless than 2000 years ago to save mankind. What of those countless\nmillions of men that died before Christ came to save the world from\ndamnation? If the Christian creed, that except a man believes in the\nLord Jesus Christ he cannot be saved, is maintained, then it must be\nthat those millions of human beings who lived before Christ and had no\nchance to believe, are in hell-fire.\nIt is probable that one of the factors that turned primitive man's\nattention away from his cruel and short, earthly existence to the\nthought of a more lengthy and less cruel existence in a hereafter, was\nthe extreme uncertainty and short duration of his own life. And this\nprimitive trend of thought that turns man's mind from the here and now\nto a contemplation of a mythical hereafter persists to this day,\nproduces the same slavish resignation. This false release from the\nactualities constitute a mental aberration which we see in the\nhysterical and weak-minded. When such an individual is confronted by\nproblems that tax his mental strength, if that individual has not\nstrength of mind to reason and to persevere so that he overcomes his\nenvironmental difficulties, he will seek an avenue of escape in a\nfanciful existence which the physician recognizes in hysteria and\ncertain forms of mental disease. So, throughout the ages, man has sought\nrelease from the realities of his existence into a fanciful and\npleasantly delusional flight into a hereafter. \"There is no salvation in\nthat sickly obscurantism which attempts to evade realities by confusing\nitself about them. Safety lies only in clarity and the struggle for the\nlight. No subliminal nor fringe of consciousness can rank in the\nintellectual life beside the burning focal center where the rays of\nknowledge converge. The hope must be in following reason, not in\nthwarting it. To turn back from it is not mysticism, it is superstition.\nNo; we must be prepared to see the higher criticism destroy the\nhistoricity of the most sacred texts of the Bible, psychology analyze\nthe phenomena of conversion on the basis of adolescent passion,\nanthropology explain the genesis of the very idea of God. An where _we_\ncan understand, it is a moral crime to cherish the un-understood.\n(_James T. Shotwell_: \"_The Religious Revolution of Today._\") Religious\nbeliefs are clearly mental aberrations from which it is high time that\nthe progress of knowledge should lead to a logical cure. Man is steadily\novercoming and conquering his environment; the uncertainty of life and\ncruelty are much diminished as compared with the past ages, but man has\nnot as yet fully utilized the means of an emancipating measure from his\nmental enslavement and fear of his environment.\"\nChapman Cohen, in his \"Theism or Atheism,\" clearly states: \"We know\nthat man does not discover God, he invents him, and an invention is\nproperly discarded when a better instrument is forthcoming. To-day, the\nhypothesis of God stands in just the same relation to the better life of\nto-day as the fire drill of the savage does to the modern method of\nobtaining a light. The belief in God may continue awhile in virtue of\nthe lack of intelligence of some, of the carelessness of others, and of\nthe conservative character of the mass. But no amount of apologizing can\nmake up for the absence of genuine knowledge, nor can the flow of the\nfinest eloquence do aught but clothe in regal raiment the body of a\ncorpse.\"\nReligion arose as a means of explanation of natural phenomena at a time\nwhen no other explanation of the origin of natural phenomena had been\nascertained. God is always what Spinoza called it, \"the asylum of\nignorance.\" When causes are unknown, God is brought forward; when causes\nare known, God retires into the background. In an age of ignorance, God\nis active; in an age of science, he is impotent. History attests this\nfact.\n\"The single and outstanding characteristic of the conception of God at\nall times, and under all conditions is that it is the equivalent of\nignorance. In primitive times it is ignorance of the character of the\nnatural forces that leads to the assumption of the existence of Gods,\nand in this respect the God idea has remained true to itself throughout.\nEven to-day, whenever the principle of God is invoked, a very slight\nexamination is enough to show that the only reason for this being done\nis our ignorance of the subject before us.\" (_Chapman Cohen._)\nThe belief in God is least questioned where civilization is lowest; it\nis called into the most serious question where civilization is most\nadvanced. It is clear that had primitive man known what we know today\nabout nature, the gods would never have been born.\n\"The suspicious feature must be pointed out that the belief in God owes\nits existence, not to the trained and educated observation of civilized\ntimes, but to the uncritical reflection of the primitive mind. It has\nits origin there, and it would indeed be remarkable, if, while in almost\nevery other direction the primitive mind showed itself to be hopelessly\nwrong, in its interpretation of the world in this particular respect, it\nhas proved itself to be altogether right.\" (_Chapman Cohen._)\nAll intelligent men admit that human welfare depends upon our knowledge\nand our ability to harness the forces of nature. \"I myself,\" writes\nLlewelyn Powys, \"do not doubt that the good fortune of the human race\ndepends more on science than on religion. In all directions the bigotry\nof the churches obstructs amelioration ... as long as the majority of\nmen rely upon supernatural interference, supernatural guidance, from a\nhuman point of view all is likely to be confusion.... Trusting in God\nrather than in man it is in the nature of these blind worshippers to\noppose every advance of human knowledge. It was they who condemned\nGalileo, who resisted Darwin and who to-day deride the doctrines of\nFreud.\" Science has given us an account of the operation of the universe\n_sans_ God, and investigation has also given us a clear conception of\nthe evolution of all religious beliefs from the crude conceptions of the\nsavage to the but little altered form of the modern conception.\n\"If we are to regard the God idea as an evolution which began in the\nignorance of primitive man, it would seem clear that no matter how\nrefined or developed the idea may become, it can rest on no other or\nsounder basis than which is presented to us in the psychology of\nprimitive man. Each stage of theistic belief grows out of the proceeding\nstage, and if it can be shown that the beginning of this evolution arose\nin a huge blunder, I quite fail to see how any subsequent development\ncan convert this unmistakable blunder into a demonstrable truth.\"\n(_Chapman Cohen._)\nMen of today are trying to force themselves to believe that there must\nbe something true in that which had been believed by so many great and\npious men of old. But it is in vain; intellect has outgrown faith. They\nare aware of the fallacy of their opinions, yet angry that another\nshould remind them of it. And these men who today are secretly sceptics,\nare loudest in their public denunciation of others who publicly announce\ntheir scepticism. In ancient Greece, when the philosophers came into\nprominence, Zeus was superseded by the air, and Poseidon by the water;\nin modern times, all hitherto supernatural events are being explained by\nphysical laws. Plato regarded it as a patriotic duty to accept the\npublic faith although he full well knew the absurdities of that faith.\nToday, there are many Platos that hold to the same conviction. The\nfreethinkers hold to the view of Xenophanes who denounced the public\nfaith as an ancient blunder which had been converted by time into a\nnational imposture. All religion is a delusion which transfers the\nmotives and thoughts of men to those who are not men. No ecclesiastic\nhas as yet offered a satisfactory answer as to why there has been a\nmarvelous disappearance of the working of miracles, and why human\nactions alone are now to be seen in this world of ours.\nWe are witnessing today what happened in the Roman empire during the\ndecline of polytheism. Draper states: \"Between that period during which\na nation has been governed by its imagination, and that in which it\nsubmits to reason, there is a melancholy interval. The constitution of\nman is such that, for a long time after he has discovered the\nincorrectness of the ideas prevailing around him, he shrinks from\nopenly emancipating himself from their dominion, and, constrained by the\nforce of circumstances, he becomes a hypocrite, publicly applauding what\nhis private judgment condemns. Where a nation is making this passage, so\nuniversal do these practices become that it may be truly said hypocrisy\nis organized. It is possible that whole communities might be found\nliving in this deplorable state.\"\nAnd, indeed, in our own country we are witnessing an example of this\nvery thing. Religion has led to widespread hypocrisy. Our religious\ninfluences have created a race of men mentally docile and obedient to\nthe dictates of tyrannical ecclesiasticism. It has created a fear of\ntruth, and our minds are still brutish and puerile in our methods of\nreasoning. Credulity has led to stultification, and stultification of\nthe mind is the bitter fruit which we have been reaping for thousands of\nyears.\nThere are probably hundreds of thousands of men and women in these\nUnited States that give lip-service to their creed, but deep in the\nrecesses of their minds a small voice cries to them and shames them, for\nas soon as they reason, they become sceptics. How can we know the actual\nnumber of earthlings that are sceptics? It is impossible in our present\nstate of development. Religious persecution today is just as active as\nit was during the Middle Ages. Surely, a man is not burned at the stake\nfor his scepticism in this age; but is he not done to death? If the\ngrocer, the butcher, the doctor, the lawyer, the scholar, the business\nman, were to boldly announce his scepticism, what would happen to him?\nThe answer is well known to all. Immediately, each of his religious\ncustomers would take it upon himself to act as a personal inquisition.\nThe sceptic would be shunned socially, he would be ignored, his wares\nwould be sought after elsewhere, and he would suffer. His wife, his\nfamily, his children, would suffer with him, for our economic scheme\nmakes the would-be sceptic dependent upon the whims of the majority\nbelievers. He is forced to hold his tongue, or else is tortured. Are not\nthe wants of his family, the hunger, and ostracism torture? Thus\nthousands are forced into hypocrisy. Many others, although they have\noutgrown all fear of the god of orthodoxy, the fear of the god of social\npressure remains.\nThere are embodied in all creeds three human impulses: fear, conceit,\nand hatred; and religion has given an air of respectability to these\npassions. Religion is a malignant disease born of fear, a cancer which\nhas been eating into the vitals of everything that is worth while in our\ncivilization; and by its growth obstructing those advances which make\nfor a more healthful life.\nMorally and intellectually, socially and historically, religion has been\nshown to be a pernicious influence. Some of these influences falling\ninto these classifications have been considered in previous chapters.\nThe modern Christian, in his amusing ignorance, asserts that\nChristianity is now mild and rationalistic, ignoring the fact that all\nits so-called mildness and rationalism is due to the teaching of men who\nin their own day were persecuted by all orthodox Christians.\n\"Historically, churches have stood on the side of the powers that be.\nThey have defended slavery or have held their tongues about it. They\nhave maintained serfdom and kept serfs. They have opposed every movement\nundertaken for the liberation of the masses of men; the ideals of\nliberty, equality and fraternity are the creations of the camps of their\nenemies, of the rationalists of the eighteenth century, and the liberals\nand socialists of the nineteenth century. They have defended and\ncondoned the industrial exploitation of children. They have fought\nbitterly the enfranchisement of women. They have justified unjust war.\nThey have fought with book and bill and candle and fagot every new great\nstep in the advancement of science from gravitation to evolution.\nWardens, ever since Constantine gave the schools of antiquity into the\nkeeping of the Christian bishops, of the education of the people, they\nhave fought with all their power the establishment of free public\nschools and the spread of literacy and knowledge among the people.\"\n(_Horace M. Kallen: \"Why Religion.\"_)\nIf Christianity has made any progress in the assimilation of doctrines\nthat are less barbarous than heretofore, they have been effected in\nspite of the most vigorous resistance, and solely as a result of the\nonslaught of freethinkers.\nThroughout the ages, when a thinking man had questioned the how and why\nof any secular problem, so long as that problem had no direct or\nindirect bearing upon religion, or upon any branch of knowledge that was\nassumed to be infallibly foretold in the Bible, that man was unmolested.\nThe problems falling into the above classification were extremely small\ndue to the strongly defended theological lunacy that asserted itself in\nthe declaration that all knowledge both spiritual and material was\ncontained in the Bible as interpreted by the Church.\nMan, however, when he broached his religious doubts, was regarded as the\nmost sinful of beings, and it was forbidden him to question and yield to\nthe conclusions that his mind evolved.\nThink of the irony and tragedy of this self-enslavement of the human\nmind! There is one characteristic that man prides himself as having\napart from all lower animals, his ability to reason and to think. Is it\nhis superior musculature and brute strength that has placed man upon\nhis present pinnacle of advanced civilization, or is it his mental\ndevelopment, his mind, that has taught him to harness the forces of\nnature? Has not his mind so co-*ordinated his movements that he has\nenslaved those forces of nature to be his aid? And yet, if mind is one\nthing that has enabled man to pull himself out of the morass of brute\nlife, why has it been that man himself has been so persistently decrying\nand degrading the efforts of that mind?\nThe answer is, that religion has provided the shackles and securely and\njealously enslaved the mind. With the aid of his religious beliefs man\nhas been ensnared into a mental prison in which he has been an all too\nwilling captive. Surely it is easier to believe than to think.\nNapoleon, himself a sceptic, was cognizant of this slave philosophy.\n\"What is it,\" he is reported to have asked, \"that makes the poor man\nthink it is quite natural that there are fires in my castle when he is\ndying of cold? That I have ten coats in my wardrobe while he goes naked?\nThat at each of my meals enough is served to feed his family for a week?\nIt is simply religion, which tells him that in another life I shall be\nonly his equal, and that he actually has more chance of being happy than\nI. Yes, we must see to it that the doors of the churches are open to\nall, and that it does not cost the poor man much to have prayers said on\nhis tomb.\"\nHow well the ecclesiastical psychologists have grasped this fact, and\nhow well they have fashioned a strong chain for the mind out of this\nweakness of human minds!\nChurch and government have been well aware of this psychology, and have\nfought constantly the spread of Freethought literature to the masses.\nProfessor Bury, in his \"History of Freedom of Thought,\" speaking of\nEngland, tells us, \"If we take the cases in which the civil authorities\nhave intervened to repress the publication of unorthodox opinions during\nthe last two centuries, we find that the object has always been to\nprevent the spread of free thought among the masses.\"\nThink but a moment how well the above is borne out by the attitude of\nthe Church in the stand that it took during the Middle Ages, when she\nprohibited the reading of the Bible by any person except her clergy.\nWhen she prohibited the printing of all books except those that she\napproved of; books that minutely agreed in all details with the\nphantastic fables of her Bible were the only ones allowed to be printed.\nThe Church also strenuously objected to the printing of Bibles in the\nlanguages of the masses. That most efficient shackle to the mind, that\nprecept that there was no knowledge, whether material or spiritual, that\nwas not contained in the Bible, how strenuously the Church upheld that\ndoctrine!\nAnd in our own day, the ridiculous assumption that \"mysteries\" (a\nspecial form of ignorance) are the special province of the Church.\nConsidering these few examples as well as all ecclesiastical endeavor,\nno rational mind can escape the fact that that primeval curse, religion,\nhas had for its object, down through the centuries, the sadistic desire\nto enslave and trample on the mind of man. It has been a defensive\nmeasure on the part of the Church, for she well recognizes that once the\nmind is free, it will free itself of the shackles of religion also.\nNor is this all. I execrate the enslavement of the mind of our young\nchildren by the ecclesiastics. Is anything so pitiful to behold as the\nfirm grasp that the Church places on the mind of the youngest of\nchildren? Children at play, children of four and five years of age, will\nbe heard to mention with fearful tones various religious rites, such as\nbaptism and confirmation, and to perform in their manner these rites\nwith their dolls. Fear! Fear! instilled into the minds of the\nimpressionable children! Think of the degradation that the ecclesiastics\npractice when they insist that from the time a child is out of its\ninfancy its instruction shall be placed in their hands. They take the\nmost precious possession of man, his mind, and mould it to their desire.\nThe mind of a child is plastic, it is like a moist piece of clay and\nthey mould it and form it to their desire. Warped and poured into the\necclesiastic mould of fear, the mind of the child becomes set and fixed\nwith the years. Then it is too late for rational thinking, as far as\nreligious matters go, the mind of the adult is firmly set in the form\nthat the ecclesiastic has fashioned for him in his youth. It is\nimpossible for the adult so taught to reason clearly and rationally\nconcerning his religion; the mould is too strong, the clay has set,\nreason cannot penetrate into that hardened form. That is why it is\nalmost impossible for the adult who has been exposed to this mental\nmoulding from his infancy to break away from the fears and superstitions\nlearned on his mother's knee.\nIf Christianity, Hebrewism, Mohammedanism, or any other creed is true,\nits truth must be more apparent at the age of twenty-five than it is at\nthe age of five. Why does the ecclesiastic not leave off his advances\nuntil the child reaches a mature age, an age when he can reason? Then,\nif theism is true, he can accept it with a reasoning mind, not a blindly\nfaithful mind. The theist realizes, however, that belief is at one pole,\nreason at the other. Belief, creed, religion, are ideations of the\nprimitive mind and the mind of the child; reason is the product of\nmature thought. Schopenhauer remarked that, \"The power of religious\ndogma when inculcated early is such as to stifle conscience, compassion,\nand finally every feeling of humanity.\"\nIt is an undeniable fact that if the clergy would but leave their\ntainted hands off the minds of our children until they would have\nreached a mature age, there would be no religious instinct. Religious\ninstinct is a myth. Give me but two generations of men who have not been\nsubjected to this religious influence in childhood, and there will be a\nrace of atheists.\nThe ecclesiastic has from earliest times taken the standpoint that the\nmasses of people are of crude susceptibility and clumsy intelligence,\n\"sordid in their pursuits and sunk in drudgery; and religion provides\nthe only means of proclaiming and making them feel the high import of\nlife.\" (_Schopenhauer._) Thus the theist is led to the conclusion that\nthe end justifies the means.\nTheism is a hypothesis which, among other things, attempts an\nexplanation of the universe. The theist recognizes a creator who created\nthe universe and is responsible for its operation. The atheist clearly\nperceives that the assumption of a creator does not advance him in the\nslightest degree towards the solution of the mysterious problem of the\nuniverse. The oft-repeated question still admits of no answer, \"Who\ncreated the creator\"?\nIt is an absurd answer to reply that the creator created himself, yet,\neven if this is granted, may not the universe have created itself? If\nthe theist puts forward the statement that God has always existed, the\natheist may well reply that if God has always existed, why can he not\nsay that the universe has always existed? The atheist is not concerned\nwith the creation of the universe; to him it presents a problem which is\nbeyond the comprehension of his present mental capacities. He\ncomprehends the fact of its being, and that is as far as he or any\nrational mind can go. Atheism confines itself to a refutation of theism,\nand avoids the theistic fallacy of assuming without any proofs or\nreasonable arguments to substantiate the assumption of an intelligent,\nomnipotent, omniscient, anthropomorphic, and anthropocentric creator.\nThe theistic assumption has but retarded the advance of practical\nknowledge, and prepared the soil for superstition and the countless\nterrors of religious beliefs.\nAtheism, as far as a rational explanation of the universe is covered,\nalthough it does not offer an explanation of the \"ultimate,\" or \"the\nriddle of the universe,\" does insist that any view held be one that\nshall be based on truth and conformity to reality. It further maintains\nthat if a view be propagated it should be held in the same position that\nany scientific proposition is held. It must be open to verification; if\nit be verified as any scientific theory is verified, it will be accepted\nin part, or in toto, and be proven to be true or displaced by a closer\napproximation to the truth. To certain types of men there may be a\nnegative attitude expressed in this credo, which leaves the mind\nunsatisfied. This is but an emotional bias and has nothing to do\nwhatsoever with the attainment of truth. A delusion may be more\ncomforting than the truth, but that does not necessitate the conclusion\nthat a delusion may be of more ultimate benefit than a constant striving\nfor the truth. It has often been said that atheism, in that negative\naspect, places a question mark upon our problems. However, while a\nquestion mark may indicate a negative value, it may also prove to be a\nmental provocative. A period placed at the end of a problem denotes that\nit has been definitely solved. In connection with the origin of the\nuniverse, no period can be placed at the end of that problem, and since\nwe are awaiting the solution, it is much more to the interest of further\nadvances to place the question mark there, than to consider the matter\nsolved. Surely, sufficient instances have been enumerated in this\ndiscussion to show the stultification and retardation that ensues when\nan institution maintains an insistence that a problem be held to\nconform in any of its explanatory aspects to a preconceived infallible\nstatement, or considers a problem not to exist, or closes its eyes to\nthe inconsistencies in an explanation which is being maintained by\nmental persuasion and force. When the Bible was considered as containing\nthe answer to all our problems we have seen what the result was. If\natheism places a question mark upon the problem of the universe, it does\nso in a constructive manner; for that mark points to the direction in\nwhich a logical solution may be possible. Such is the mental attitude of\nthe scientist. He places an interrogation point upon his problems and\nthat mark is the impetus, the mental stimulus, that leads him on to take\ninfinite pains in his labors and, as time passes, each question mark is\nreplaced by knowledge; it is knowledge and knowledge alone, reason not\nfaith, that furnishes the period.\nIt was Haeckel who asserted that, \"The most dangerous of the three great\nenemies of reason and knowledge is not malice, but ignorance, or\nperhaps, indolence.\" The question mark as applied to a problem that is\nrecognizably not solved is a signpost to the knowledge that time must\nbring. The spurious period placed at the end of a problem is the death\nwarrant for that problem and there it must lie devitalized by ignorance\nand indolence.\nIt has often been affirmed that what we see in this universe is\nphenomena, and all explanations but interpret the manifestations of\nthese phenomena. What is in back of and beyond these phenomena may never\nbe known, and if it be known, would be of no further use to us. It is\nequally as true that if we but see phenomena and our mental capacities\ndeny us a conception of the reality beyond phenomena, yet, we have a\ngrowing knowledge of the laws that govern these phenomena. And it is a\ncomprehensive knowledge of these invariable laws that govern the\nuniverse that are of universal value. These laws have been ascertained\nby the questioning mental attitude, and not by a futile reliance on\nfaith.\nHuman knowledge has expanded immensely in the last fifty years, and this\nby the purely scientific method, the materialistic method, and the\nquestioning attitude. The value of these findings when they can be\nconverted into practical applications in industry are well known to all.\nWe have added nothing to our store of knowledge except by the exercise\nof our mentality and reason. The application of the scientific method to\nthe workings of the mind has made more progress in explaining the mind\nin the brief period of fifty years than philosophical deductions had\nmade in the past two thousand years. Every new fact that has been\ndiscovered has fitted into the mechanistic scheme of the universe, and\nnot one new fact has been disclosed that suggested anything beyond\nnature. The theistic interpretation of the universe has been completely\ndiscredited by the scientific investigations. Science has brought to the\nconfines of invariable laws multitudes of problems that had hitherto\nbeen supposed to point to \"spiritual\" interference. Theology has been\ndriven out of the open spaces of reason and still persists in clinging\nto the twilight zone of the present unknown, only to be driven from its\nprecarious position constantly by our increasing knowledge and with\nincreasing rapidity from shadow to shadow.\nThere has been an increasing tendency shown by physicists to consider\nthat matter and energy are interchangeable, and that the one ultimate\nreality is energy. If this be so, we are still dealing with an ultimate\nthat is a material reality. The Nobel prize in medicine for the year\n1932 was awarded to two British investigators, Sir Charles Scott\nSherrington, professor of physiology at Oxford University, and Dr. Edgar\nDouglas Adrian, professor of physiology at Cambridge University. Their\nresearches seem to have settled definitely a problem that has long been\na bone for contention. Nerve energy has been shown conclusively to be of\nan electric type of energy. The old question of whether mind was part of\nthe material world has been shown by these experiments to be answered in\nthe affirmative. There is no duality, mind and matter are one, and mind\nis but a special property of highly specialized matter.\nIt is with a great deal of regret that the freethinker contemplates the\nattitude of such scientists as Jeans, Eddington, Millikan, and the\nphilosopher Professor Whitehead. Their hesitation to divorce themselves\ncompletely from all conceptions of a supernatural force leads to a great\ndeal of confusion. An acquaintance with the writings of Einstein brings\none the certainty that he is as much in accordance with the attitude of\nfreethought as is the most militant atheist. The \"cosmic sense\" and\n\"totality of existence\" of Einstein is as far removed from the\nconception of a Yahveh as is the mentality of an Australian black man\nfrom that of Einstein's mental grasp. Similarly with the cosmic\nconsciousness expressed in the writings of Jeans, Eddington, and\nWhitehead. With characteristic disregard for the truth certain modern\ntheologians have grasped this cringing attitude of the above-mentioned\nmen and have stressed their viewpoints by a dishonest interpretation\nthat these men actually give a scientific certitude to their own\ntheologic creeds and dogmas. Nothing can be further from the truth. The\nfreethinker would have each theologian who tells his adherents that\nthese men lend credence to their beliefs to consider the following: if\nthe above-named men would be asked if they believed in a deity who\nactively interposed his will and influence in the lives of men, as is\ncommonly expressed in the term \"Providence,\" if they ascribed to the\nbelief in personal immorality, if they themselves believed in the\nexistence of a \"soul,\" if they ascribed to the statement that \"prayer\"\ninfluenced the opinion of an all-powerful being to intercede for them in\ntheir problems and grief, if they believed that the Bible was a book\ndictated by God, or that a god caused to be written for him his\n\"revelations\"; that heaven and hell exist in the meaning that\ntheologians assure their adherents that they do; that sin and morality\nis what theologians still hold it to be; that there has been a \"fall\"\nand therefore the necessity for a \"redemption\" of man; and that creed\nand dogma are necessary factors in the worship of a deity,--what would\ntheir answers be? Eddington, Jeans, Einstein, and Whitehead would answer\nthese questions exactly as would the most militant atheists.\nThe mental attitude of these men can best be explained when one\nconsiders certain similarities between theological asceticism and\nscientific asceticism. And it is the duty of the freethinker clearly to\npoint out why this confusion has arisen. During the ages of faith, the\nworld beheld a swarm of men and women who retired from the grim\nrealities of a world which at that time was made abhorrent to all\nsensitive men by the most exacting insistence of theologians that\n\"faith\" was the all necessary ingredient of life, and that closed its\neyes completely to the degrading actualities of life that this\ninsistence led to. Multitudes of men retired to the desert and to the\nprotective walls of monasteries. There, by constant privations,\nfastings, continual prayer, flagellation, and introspection, they spent\ntheir lives. These ascetic individuals by these means were enabled to\nenter what may be called a \"theologic trance\" and their subsequent\nhallucinations, illusions, and delusions gave to them what they deemed\nto be a transcendental insight into the construction of the universe\nand what was expected between \"fallen\" and debased man and his\nomnipotent creator. These men keenly apprehended what some today, in a\ngentler age, have called \"cosmic consciousness.\"\nI do not mean to imply that these before-mentioned scientists have\napplied such a rigor to their lives. What is meant to be stated is that\nthese men by their research and comprehension of the vastness of the\nuniverse stand in awe and fear before this brain-benumbing aspect.\nModern astrophysics, to one who attempts to comprehend its vastness,\nimposes on the mind but a faint comprehension of the vastness of the\nuniverse in space, time, and size; but imposes a deep conviction of the\ninfinitesimal meaning of our planet Earth, both as to size and its\nrelation to the millions of related heavenly bodies. The evolution of\nman on our planet in this broad conception of space and time is most\ninfinitesimal. It has been just a few hours ago in this widened\nconception of time that Halley's comet was excommunicated from the skies\nby Pope Calixitus III, who looked upon this comet as one of unheard-of\nmagnitude and from the tail of which was flung down upon the earth,\ndisease, pestilence, and war.\nMost certainly the minds of Jeans and Eddington carry in their recesses\na vast amount of knowledge that was not common to men living in 1456,\nthe year in which the above-mentioned comet caused such consternation.\nMuch as one admires the superiority of the minds of these present-day\nphysicists, yet one cannot help but think that if our present rate of\nprogress meets no serious obstacle, then in another five hundred years,\nthe attitude of awe of Jeans and Eddington towards the vastness of our\nuniverse will be held in some similar position to which Jeans and\nEddington now hold the misguided conception of Halley's comet in the\nyear 1456. The mind of man is just beginning to emerge from its\nswaddling clothes and we cannot assume to judge what its broadest\ncapabilities may be. Certain great modern minds, therefore, when they\ncontemplate this vastness of astrophysics are apt to dwell a bit too\nliterally on the \"music of the heavenly spheres,\" and under the\ninfluence of these celestial harmonies fall into the trance of\nscientific asceticism. Men who can no longer seriously hold to a belief\nin an anthropomorphic god, the soul and immortality are apt to allow\nthemselves when in this mood to emotionalize their knowledge; and these\nsame men are the ones who would in their scientific endeavors be the\nfirst to eliminate all emotions from their reasoning efforts in their\nlaboratories. One seems justified, therefore, in stating that this\nconception of \"cosmic consciousness\" is but another instance of the mere\nillusions of a craving heart.\nDiscussing the question as to whether science and religion conflict, the\nphysicist Professor Bazzoni, of the University of Pennsylvania, in a\nrecent work \"Energy and Matter,\" makes the following pointed comment:\n\"Some scientists resort to metaphysics and make contact with a kind of\nmysticism which may be taken for a religious belief at precisely that\npoint where ignorance prevents further progress along sound scientific\nlines. The primitive medicine man appealed to the gods to explain the\nprecipitation of rain and the phase changes of the moon, and some modern\nscientists appeal to metaphysics and mysticism to explain the limits of\nthe infinite and the nature of electricity.\"\nHe further cautions theologians against placing undue emphasis on the\nopinions of scientists when they express their minds on religious\ntopics, and he remarks: \"They (the laity) should realize that in the\nspiritual field the opinion of an eminent scientist has exactly the\nsame weight as the opinion of any other cultivated and thoughtful\nindividual.\"\nWhen the scientist examines with the impartial mind of the laboratory\nthe science of the origin of religious beliefs and delves into the\ncomplicated intricacies of religious history, he becomes as convinced as\nany other thoughtful individual that the facts of science and history\nare deadly to religion. Moreover, as man contemplates the construction\nand forces at work in the universe he still must exclaim, \"end,\nbeginning, or purpose, it knows not of.\"\nThe theologians are devoting a great deal of their time to the writings\nof physicists who venture into the field of theology. It may be that in\nthis manner they can divert attention from the drastic findings\nconcerning all religious beliefs that the anthropologists and\npsychologists are patiently accumulating. \"Many physicists and\nbiologists like Pupin, Millikan, Oliver Lodge, J. Arthur Thomson, and\nHenry Fairfield Osborn, have recently blossomed forth as liberal\ntheologians. They are still emotionally attached to the older religious\nfaith. They are aware that modern physics and biology have abandoned\ndoctrines that once were hostile to religious claims. They, therefore,\nproclaim that there is no further conflict between religion and science.\nIn so doing, however, they show themselves abysmally ignorant of all\nthat anthropology and psychology have done to study religion and\nreligious man scientifically. They show their ignorance of the\nphilosophy that has built upon such data. They do not realize that the\npresent-day conflict between religious faith and science is no longer\nwith a scientific explanation of the world, but with a scientific\nexplanation of religion.\" (_J. H. Randall and J. H. Randall, Jr.:\n\"Religion and the Modern World.\"_)\nThe cultured Greeks and Romans had their omnipotent gods and these have\nlong ago died a death of ridicule. At a time when beauty and sculpture\nwere at their height the religion of these ancient artists was absurd.\nSimilarly, with some of our modern scientists, their religion has not\nkept pace with their intellect. Their emotions have overbalanced their\nreason in this field. Professor H. Levy, of the University of London,\ntersely remarks: \"The assertion of contemporary scientists, who state\nthat the universe is a fickle collection of indeterminate happenings,\nand a great thought in the Mind of its Architect, a Pure Mathematician,\nserves merely to divert the activity of the scientific brain from its\nconcentration on the contradictions and confusions of the all too real\noutward world to a state of passive and unreal contemplation.\"\n(_Professor H. Levy: \"The Universe of Science.\"_)\nAmong the theologians, some at least have learned the futility of waxing\nindignant at each new scientific hypothesis that encroached, as they\nthought, within their domain. A great many liberal theologians have as\nyet not learned the extreme danger to their theology in grasping at some\nconcept of science that for the present moment does not appear to be\ndetrimental to their theology, or, as they think, seems to bolster up\ntheir particular creed. \"The enthusiasm aroused in certain theological\ncircles by recent developments in mathematical physics,\" states Dr. M.\nC. Otto, \"seems to me to indicate just one thing, that these theologians\nfelt themselves to be in so desperate a state that a floating straw\nassumed the appearance of a verdure-clad island. I am of the opinion\nthat all persons who would work for a more decent and happy existence\nfor themselves and for their fellows must turn their backs upon religion\njust to the extent that religious leadership seeks spiritual renewal in\nthese hallucinations of despair.\" (_Drs. Wieman, Macintosh, and Otto:\n\"Is There a God?\"_)\nIt is only proper to point out that what certain emancipated minds are\ntrying to reconstruct as a basis of religious belief is not what is held\nby the masses as their conception of religion. In a recent clear and\nfrank statement of the religious revolution, John Herman Randall and\nJohn Herman Randall, Jr., state: \"Such beliefs, even so fundamental a\none as belief in God, must stand their chances with the philosophic\ninterpretation men give their experience.... The really revolutionary\neffect of the scientific faith, so far as religion is concerned, has\nbeen not its new view of the world, but its new view of religion.\nReinterpretations of religious belief have been unimportant compared\nwith reinterpretations of religion itself. For those who have come to\nshare the scientific world-view, even more for those who have absorbed\nthe spirit of scientific inquiry, it has been impossible to view\nreligion as a divine revelation entrusted to man. It has even been\nimpossible to see it as a relation between man and a cosmic deity.\nReligion has rather appeared a human enterprise, an organization of\nhuman life, an experience, a social bond, and an inspiration.\" (_J. H.\nRandall and J. H. Randall, Jr.: \"Religion and the Modern World.\"_) To\nthe man who literally entreats his deity, \"Our Father, who art in\nHeaven, grant us our daily bread,\" the above reinterpretation of what is\nmeant by religion can have no meaning. To the cultivated mind that\ncomprehends what is meant, the above interpretation is what he conceives\nof as his social secular activities for the betterment of his fellowmen.\nA living philosophy of life is a much better name for this attitude than\nis the misnomer \"religion,\" and avoids a great deal of confusion.\nSome of our \"scientists on a holiday,\" as they have been facetiously\ncalled when they stepped into a field in which they had not become well\nacquainted with the ground, have proceeded to lend assurance that God\n_is_ by subtracting so drastically from what is generally attributed to\nthe conception of God, that there is nothing much left to what they\nconceive as what God _means_. They have stripped the conception of what\nhas been heretofore regarded as fundamental, namely, the conception that\nGod is a superhuman personality or mind.\nIn Mr. Whitehead's philosophy, God is spoken of as, \"God is not\nconcrete, but He is the ground for concrete actuality.\" I believe such\nconfusion of language may have been in the mind of Dr. M. C. Otto when\nhe remarked: \"Some persons endeavor more than ever to make necessary\ndistinctions to keep meanings as clear as possible; and to have an eye\non the tendency of language to become its own object. Other persons\nrepudiate these obligations. They act as if it were a virtue to love\ndarkness rather than light if your intentions are good. Under their\nmanipulations conceptions are dimmed or replaced by vague intimations.\nOne boundary line after another is obliterated until the whole substance\nof things swims in mists.\"\nHistory has illustrated that the greatest source of evil on this planet\nhas arisen from the fact that physical phenomena for which our limited\nmental capacities were not able to formulate a logical solution, were\nascribed to preternatural causes.\nFrom this original stem arose religion and the Church, the two greatest\nobstacles which have been a burden to mankind for 2000 years and a\nbarrier to all progress which has made life endurable and desirable.\nThe lower man is in the scale of civilization, the more does he call in\nthe supernatural to explain all the happenings and experiences of his\nlife. When he had been beset by an intellectual failure he had been\nthrown back to religion. Lacking the courage and mental capacity to\nproceed further against obstacles he succumbed to the drug of religious\nexplanations. The need was not for a narcotic, but for a stimulant.\nThe mental stimulant was provided for man in the form of science.\nScience is but organized knowledge, and it is this knowledge that has\nelevated man to the position where he is now, his own god. When\ndifficulties confront him in this age, he blames them upon his own\nignorance and incompetence. And, when he sets about to overcome these\ndifficulties, he does not rely on divine revelation or supernatural aid\nor on miracles; he relies on his reason. He knows that when a problem\neludes his mental capacity, it is not the supernatural which eludes him\nbut some natural force, some law which he has not been able to grasp as\nyet. There is no resignation in this attitude; only resolute, peaceful\npatience. The problem that he cannot solve at present will yield to his\nreason eventually. The ecclesiastic is well aware that science is his\nnatural and implacable enemy. He knows that every time the bounds of\nexact knowledge are widened, the domain of religion is narrowed.\nMan's knowledge of the universe is still incomplete, but it is certainly\nmore complete than it was fifty years ago; and when we consider what\nthat knowledge was a few thousand years ago, it is no breach of logic to\nstate that all natural processes, in the course of time, will be brought\ninto the confines of invariable laws.\nSir Arthur Keith clearly states: \"The ancient seeker, to explain the\nkingdom of life, with man as its Regent, had to call in the miracle of\ncreation. The modern seeker finds that although life has the appearance\nof the miraculous, yet all its manifestations can be studied and\nmeasured, and that there is a machinery at work in every living thing\nwhich shapes, evolves, and creates. His inquiries have led him to\nreplace the miracle of creation by the laws of evolution.\n\"Whichever department of the realm of Nature the man of science has\nchosen for investigation, the result has always been the same; the\nsupernatural has given place to the natural, superstition is succeeded\nby reason. The world has never had such armies of truth seekers as it\nnow has. Those equipped with ladders of science have so often scaled the\nwalls which surround cities of ignorance that they march forward in the\nsure faith that none of Nature's battlements are impregnable.\"\nIn the last analysis, if we reach a point in thinking where we cannot\nproceed further, a fathomless landmark, must we revert to the\ntheological error of \"thinking,\" and assume it must be of supernatural\ncharacter? Because the unknown in the past has been assigned to the\nsupernatural is no indication for us also, in the present age, to\nrelegate the unknown to divine cause. It is unseemly that minds that\nhave emancipated themselves should go just so far--as far as _their own\nreason_ can explain the unknown--and when their limited reason can go no\nfurther to revert back to the primitive stage where solution is\nconsidered impossible to man save it be \"revealed to him by God.\" If\nman's mind is free, if no coercion of any kind is placed on its\nexercise, it will expand and unravel what at present is still\nfathomless. Give man endless centuries and ample opportunities and he\nwill unravel the miracles of development and growth just as he has done\nother miracles which at first seemed impossible of rational solution.\nFor how much longer will man be a slave to his inferiority complex with\nregard to his own rational capacities? If faith is vital to man, why not\nrelate it to that which at least holds a promise of solution? Man's mind\nhas not as yet arrived at the point which might give even the slightest\nindication of its ultimate exhaustion. We cannot assume the knowledge of\nwhat man's fullest capacities are. All things must unravel themselves\nwith the progress of his mind, those things that he cannot explain now,\nhe must not assign to a superhuman force; man must use his reasoning\nfaculties to investigate and search for the truth so that these unknown\nmay become part of the known.\nAgain to quote Sir Arthur Keith: \"Only eighty years have come and gone\nsince the anatomist obtained his first glimpse of the structural\ncomplexity of the human brain; it will take him eight thousand years and\nmore to find out the exact part played by every departmental unit of\nthis colossal system of government which carries on the mental life of a\nhuman being. _We have no reason to think there is anything supernatural\nin its manifestation._ As our knowledge of the brain accumulates, the\nnames and terms we now use will give place to others which have a more\nprecise meaning. In our present state of ignorance we have to use\nfamiliar and loose terms to explain the workings of the brain--such\nwords as \"soul,\" \"spirit,\" \"heart,\" \"superstition,\" and \"prejudice.\"\nThese manifestations of the mind will be dissected and made\nunderstandable.\"\nScience has as yet not fully explained the origin of life on earth, but\nthere is reason to believe that it will do so in the future. The laws\ngoverning the production of life itself are under investigation in the\nlaboratories and it is highly probable that this law will be unraveled\nat some future date. It will be interesting for our posterity to witness\nthe confusion of the ecclesiastics and their attempted confirmation of\nthis fact in the Bible; their finding of some obscure phrase that will\nbe interpreted by them as a prediction of the fact in the Bible.\nThe theists have maintained, as we have seen, many false beliefs that\nhave cost the lives of innumerable men and suffering incalculable;\nbeliefs which they themselves have subsequently recognized as false but\nrelinquished only by the onslaught of rising secular knowledge. It was\nthe ecclesiastic who pointed to the God-dictated phrase, \"Thou shalt not\nsuffer a witch to live,\" and the various precepts that have been\nenumerated in the preceding chapters. Surely sufficient evidence has\nbeen noted to convince a thinking being that reason is a better guide\nthan theism. Belief is the antithesis of reason; reason is rationality;\nreligious belief is clearly mental abnormality.\nIf a religionist is asked what he thinks of a secular institution which\nvigorously condemns and persecutes inquiry, experiment, and truth, he\nwill reply with the logical answer. When it is pointed out to him that\nreligion has done and still is doing this, he will hem and haw until he\nmanufactures some illogical answer. It has been stated that the more we\nthink, the less we believe; and that the less we think, the more we\nbelieve. The Christian will analyze the creed of the Mohammedan and find\nit ridiculous; the Mohammedan analyzes the creed of the Christian and in\nturn finds it ridiculous. That is thinking. But does the Mohammedan or\nthe Christian analyze as critically each his own belief? Will he\nendeavor to analyze it at all? That is believing. The ecclesiastic\nconcerns himself not with truth or knowledge; it is creed which is his\nshrine. He definitely is at war with knowledge and he wants to learn\nonly such things as fit in with his preconceived notions and prejudices.\nWhen the minds of men are from infancy perverted with these ideals, how\ncan mankind build a virile race?\nIt is often asserted that the alleged universality of the belief in God\nis an argument for its truth. But what of the fact that men had\neverywhere come to the conclusion that the earth was flat, and yet a\nwider and truer knowledge proved that universal belief to be false! In\nthe discussion of witchcraft, it has been shown that a delusion may be\nas widespread as a truth. During the tenth and eleventh centuries, the\nSpanish Moors had recognized the sphericity of the earth and were\nteaching geography from globes in their common schools. Rome, during the\nsame ages, was asserting in all its absurdity the flatness of the earth.\nIt was not until almost five hundred years later that Rome was forced to\nsee its absurdity and then only when the enlightened world mocked at its\nerror.\nIn this twentieth century, certain enlightened men are teaching the\nabsurdity and harmfulness of a belief in a deity. Must it take five\nhundred years for all mankind to come to a similar conclusion? May it\nnot well be that in a few centuries our posterity will view belief in a\ndeity in the same light that we in this age view the Church's insistence\nthat the earth was flat?\nThe God idea has been one of the most divisive and anti-social notions\ncherished by mankind. In fact it has been asserted that the idea of God\nhas been the enemy of man. It has driven multitudes of men and women\ninto the unnatural asceticisms and wasted lives of the convent and\nabbey. It has taxed the economic resources of every nation. Every\nchurch, no matter of what creed, is a pathetic monument of God-ridden\nhumanity which has been built by the pennies sweated by the poor, and\nwrested from them by fraudulent promises of reward, appeals to fear, and\nthe pathetic human tendency to sacrifice.\nThe theologians have in their arguments resorted to philosophy. The\nconsequence of this transference of the idea of God to the sphere of\nphilosophy is the curious position that the god in which people believe\nis not the god whose existence is made the product of an experimental\nargument, and the god of the argument is not the god of belief.\n\"It is a nice question,\" remarks Walter Lippmann, \"whether the use of\nGod's name is not misleading when it is applied by modernists to ideas\nso remote from the God men have worshipped. Plainly the modernist\nchurchman does not believe in the God of Genesis who walked in the\ngarden in the cool of the evening and called for Adam and his wife who\nhad hidden themselves behind a tree; nor in the God of Exodus who\nappeared to Moses and Aaron and seventy of the Elders of Israel,\nstanding with his feet upon a paved walk as if it were a sapphire stone;\nnor even in the God of the fifty-third chapter of Isaiah who in his\ncompassion for the sheep who had gone astray, having turned everyone to\nhis own way, laid on the Man of Sorrows the iniquity of us all.\"\n(_Walter Lippmann: \"A Preface to Morals.\"_)\nIt is one kind of god that is being set up in argument, and it is really\nanother god that is being depended upon and believed. The philosophical\nconception of a deity that may be in control of phenomena is an\nimpersonal physical law, and has nothing to do with the conception of a\npersonal deity to whom people pray for active intervention in their\ntroubles. Religious belief is a monstrous apparition; the philosophy of\natheism is a solid structure laboriously founded on solid rock.\nThe philosophy of atheism had temporarily failed in previous ages, since\nthe knowledge of those ages did not furnish facts enough upon which to\nbuild. At the present, although our knowledge is far from complete and\nthe surface has only been scratched, yet sufficient facts have been\nunearthed to reveal that there is no supernatural and the greatest hope\nof advancement lies in the philosophy of atheism. A philosophy that\nbuilds upon a foundation of purely secular thought, that leaves the\nidea of God completely discarded as a useless and false relic of bygone\ndays, is the essence of atheism. \"Atheism is more than the speculative\nphilosophy of a few, that it is in sober truth the logical outcome of\nmental growth. So far as any phase of human life can be called\ninevitable, atheism may lay claim to being inescapable. All mental\ngrowth can be seen leading to it, just as we can see one stage of social\ndevelopment giving a logical starting point for another stage, and which\ncould have been foretold had our knowledge of all the forces in\noperation been precise enough. Atheism is, so to speak, implicit in the\ngrowth of knowledge, its complete expression is the consummation of a\nprocess that began with the first questionings of religion. And the\ncompletion of the process means the death of supernaturalisms in all\nforms. Circumstances may obstruct its universal acceptance as a reasoned\nmental attitude, but that merely delays, it does not destroy the\ncertainty of its final triumph.\" (_C. Cohen._)\nThe philosophy of atheism leads man to a critical, analytical, and\nlogical examination of his environment, and it is this that has lead to\nall of our advances. Religion creates a stunted standard of reasoning.\nThe pathetic cry of St. Augustine, \"But if I was shapen in iniquity, and\nin sin did my mother conceive me, where I pray thee, O my God, where,\nLord, or when was I, thy servant innocent?\" typifies the major concern\nof the narrow, egotistical mystic. From the time that the ideas of the\nlater Greek philosophers had been forgotten until the present time, man\nhas floundered in a sea of supernaturalism. It is high time that man\nfaced his realities with fortitude in his own mentality, and when he\ndoes this, there will be produced a race of men who will seek for truth,\nfor truth's sake, a race of supermen who will lead the world\nintellectually.\nIt is to Russia that all eyes will turn in the next few generations. At\nthe present, she is going through the throes of childbirth. She is\nimmature, and as a child she staggers. The abuse and ridicule heaped\nupon her now is but the repetition of that given by all frightened\nsocieties of past ages, when they contemplated new ideas which their\nimmature minds could not fathom. But Russia will emerge in the not too\ndistant future, and the infant will shortly reach maturity; and that\nmaturity may set a standard for those timid and frightened societies\nthat at present look with dilated eyes upon her daring.\nThe age is approaching when the god idea in its entirety will be classed\nwith the gods of the Egyptians and Babylonians, when surplices and\nsacramental plate will be exhibited in museums; when nurses will relate\nto children the legends of the Christian mythology, as they now tell\nthem fairy tales. The gods of monotheism will join the gods of\npolytheism and Yahveh and his associates will occupy in the minds of men\nthe position now held by the gods of Olympus. To our ancestors Jupiter\nand Yahveh will have the same significance. \"In a little time the\ncathedrals and churches will have taken upon themselves the proud,\npoetical glamour of abandoned temples. Men and women will enter them\nwith reverent indulgence as they now in meditative mood visit the few\nremaining pantheons of the pagan worship.\" (_Llewelyn Powys_: \"_An Hour\nOn Christianity._\")\nThe age is approaching when the current idea of the hereafter will be\naccounted a strange and selfish idea, just as we smile at the savage\nchief who believes that his station will be continued in the world\nbeneath the ground, and that he will there be attended by his concubines\nand slaves. The age is fast approaching when love, not fear, will unite\nthe human race. In that age, the _ideal_, not the _idol_, will be truth,\nand the one faith, not religion, but a sincere and lofty conception of\nthe dignity and resourcefulness of the human mind; and an overwhelming\ndesire to aid in the progress of all mankind, the extinction of disease,\nthe perfection of genius, the perfection of love, and, therefore, the\nabolition of war, the exploration of the infinite, and the conquest of\ncreation.\nSuch an age can never come to be during the maljurisdiction of a\ntheistic philosophy. It can only come into being when the vast majority\nof men are by the force of advancing knowledge made aware of the truth\nof the atheistic philosophy.\nAn English observer, C. E. M. Joad, remarks: \"The churches, no doubt,\nwill continue to function for a time, but they will be attended\nincreasingly, and in the end exclusively, by ignorant men, women, and\nchildren. Already, a stranger attending an average church of England\nservice would almost be justified in assuming that the churches, like\ntheatre matin\u00e9es, were kept up for the benefit of women and children. So\nfar as present indications go, it seems not unlikely that science will\ndeliver the coup de grace to organized Christianity within the next\nhundred years.\"\nWe have caught a glimpse of what theism has done, and what the\nphilosophy of atheism might have done, and will yet achieve. Has man\nprofited by having remained in his mental infancy so long? Atheism is an\nemancipating system of thought that frees the mind from myths, fables,\nand childish fancies. There can be no inquisition, no witchcraft\ndelusion, no religious wars, no persecutions of one sect by another, no\nimpediment to science and progress, no stultification of the mind, as a\nresult of its teachings.\nThe philosophy of atheism teaches man to stand on his own feet, instills\nconfidence in his reasoning powers, and forces him to conquer his\nenvironment. It teaches him not to subject himself and debase himself\nbefore mythical superhuman powers, for his reason is his power. The\nmarch from faith to reason is the march on which dwells the future hope\nof a really civilized mankind.\nAtheism teaches man to endeavor constantly to better his own condition\nand that of all of his fellowmen, to make his children wiser and\nhappier; it supplies the powerful urge to add something new to the\nknowledge of mankind. And all this, not in the vain hope of being\nrewarded in another world, but from a pure sense of duty as a citizen of\nnature, as a patriot of the planet on which he dwells. This is no cold\nand cheerless philosophy; it is an elevating and ennobling ideal which\nmay console him in his afflictions and teach him how to live and how to\ndie. It is a self-reliant philosophy that makes a man intellectually\nfree, and this mental emancipation allows him to face the world without\nfear of ghosts and gods. It relates solely to facts, while theism\nresorts to opinions that are grounded only upon emotionalism. Joseph\nLewis has well noted that, \"Atheism does not believe that man's mission\non earth is to love and glorify God, but it does believe in living this\nlife so that when you pass on, the world will be better for your having\nlived.\"\nThe history of the past ages informs us what the world was like with\nGod. The progress of secular knowledge and science have given us\nmeasures by which we could produce a better society than has ever\nexisted under the obstructionism of the Gods.\n\"The knowledge exists by which universal happiness can be secured, the\nchief obstacle to its utilization for that purpose is the teaching of\nreligion. Religion prevents our children from having a rational\neducation; religion prevents us from removing the fundamental causes of\nwar; religion prevents us from teaching the ethics of scientific\ncooperation in place of the old fierce doctrines of sin and punishment.\nIt is possible that mankind is on the threshold of a golden age, but if\nso, it will be necessary to slay the dragon that guards the door, and\nthis dragon is religion.\" (_Bertrand Russell._)\nIt is interesting to contemplate the changes that may occur in our\ncivilization in the next few centuries. On the one hand we have that\nlong period of sterile time, 15,000 years, for the stage of neolithic\nman, and on the other the vast material progress of the past three\nhundred years. We may not be able to discern with clarity in what\ndirection changes will occur, but in one aspect we can discern a\nwell-marked tendency. That is the inevitable conquest of the philosophy\nof atheism. And with this conquest can be clearly seen that it would\ngive to this earth a much sounder foundation upon which to build our\nprogress, and that long-delayed freedom, the emancipation of the mind\nfrom all myths and fables. The inevitableness of atheism has been well\nsummed up by Chapman Cohen:\n\"Looking at the whole course of Human History, and noting how the vilest\nand most ruinous practices have been ever associated with religion, and\nhave ever relied upon religion for support, the cause for speculation\nis, not what will happen to the world when religion dies out, but how\nhuman society has managed to flourish while the belief in the Gods\nruled....\n\"Substantially, we have by searching found out God. We know the origin\nand history of one of the greatest delusions that ever possessed the\nhuman mind. God has been found out; analytically and synthetically we\nunderstand the God-idea as previous generations could not understand it.\nIt has been explained, and the logical consequence of the explanation is\nAtheism.\"\nMan is fast attaining a mastery of his environment, and his religious\ncreeds are becoming as irrational to him as the witchcraft delusion.\nReligion with its burden of fear ties him to the dead ages. But\nknowledge not only supplies him with power, but also furnishes him with\ncourage, and that courage will aid him in freeing himself from that\nfear--religion. Religion is doomed to occupy the same place in history\nas the institution of slavery. Lies and imposture, no matter how\npowerfully sustained, can be dispelled by knowledge. The Church will\ndestroy itself with its own poison. Knowledge and courage spell the doom\nof religion.\nCHAPTER XX\nCONTEMPORARY OPINION\n     _The Vanguard_\n     _Let us make no mistake--great minds are skeptical.... The strength\n     and the freedom which arise from exceptional power of thought\n     express themselves in skepticism.... A mind which aspires to great\n     things and is determined to achieve them is of necessity\n     skeptical_.\n     NIETZSCHE.\nBERTRAND RUSSELL\nMy own view on religion is that of Lucretius. I regard it as a disease\nborn of fear and as a source of untold misery to the human race. I\ncannot, however, deny that it has made _some_ contributions to\ncivilization. It helped in early days to fix the calendar, and it caused\nEgyptian priests to chronicle eclipses with such care that in time they\nbecame able to predict them. These two services I am prepared to\nacknowledge, but I do not know of any others.\nMAX CARL OTTO\nIt is my conviction that the happiest and noblest life attainable by men\nand women is jeopardized by reliance upon a superhuman, cosmic being for\nguidance and help. I know, of course, that God has been defined in\nvarious terms. I do not choose among them. For it seems to me\nindisputable that those who turn to God, however God be defined, do so\nbecause, consciously or unconsciously, they seek there the satisfaction\nof wants, the worth of living, and security for what they passionately\nprize, which they have not found and despair of finding in the human\nventure as they know it. Reliance upon God for what life does not\nafford, has, in my opinion, harmful consequences. It diverts attention\nfrom the specific conditions upon which a better or a worse life\ndepends; it leads men to regard themselves as spectators of a course of\nevents which they in reality help to determine; it makes the highest\nhuman excellence consist in acquiescence in the supposed will of a being\nthat is defined as not human, a being that is above the driving force of\nimpulse, that does not experience vacillating moods or conflicting\ndesires, that is never harassed by doubts or misled by ignorance....\nTheism is in essence repressive, prohibitory, ascetic. The outcome of\nits influence is that expertness in practical living and expertness in\nevaluating life, instead of uniting to take advantage of a common\nopportunity, are set against each other. This is the profound dualism\nwhich remains to be mastered. It can be mastered by the concentration\nupon human needs and powers.\nJOHN DEWEY\nThe method we term \"scientific\" forms for the modern man (and a man is\nnot modern merely because he lives in 1931) the sole, dependable means\nof disclosing the realities of existence. It is the sole authentic mode\nof revelation. This possession of a new method, to the use of which no\nlimits can be put, signifies a new idea of the nature and possibilities\nof experience. It imports a new morale of confidence, control, and\nsecurity.\nC. E. M. JOAD\nAll through the century (nineteenth), whenever and wherever there is a\nmovement for change and betterment, the clergy are found opposing it. In\nthis they are merely carrying on the tradition of their order. When one\nlooks back over history, one realizes that there is scarcely any\ndiscovery which science has made for human advancement and happiness\nwhich churchmen and theologians have not violently opposed. Not content\nwith burning each other, they burnt the men who discovered the earth's\nmotion, burnt the men who made the first tentative beginnings of physics\nand chemistry, burnt the men who laid the foundations of our medical\nknowledge.... Bad as has been the church's record in the past, it is not\ngreatly improved in the present.... For two thousand years teachers and\npreachers have striven, by inculcating the principles and precepts of\nChristianity, to mould men's character and to improve their conduct; yet\nwe still have our prisons, our judges, and our wars, and it remains\ntoday, as it has done for two thousand years past, an arguable question\nwhether men are better or worse than they were before Christianity was\nintroduced.\nWILLIAM PEPPERELL MONTAGUE\nIf we will for a moment imagine the Bible to have come suddenly to our\nattention today, unencumbered by a tradition of divine authority, and\nwith no more sacredness than a newly discovered writing of ancient China\nor Egypt, we can see quite readily that it would occur to nobody who\ntook the work merely on its merits either to accept it as scientifically\nand historically true, or to twist its statements into a far-fetched\nallegory of the truth.\nReligion will be _outmoded_; and its tidings of escape to another and\nbetter world will ring cold in the ears of those who love this. The new\nworldliness that religion must face is based on the faith that there is\nnot only no _place_ for heaven, but no _need_ for it. Humanity,\nadolescent at last, has tasted the first fruits of the victory of\nsecular intelligence over nature, and dreams grandly of far greater\nvictories to come.\nIRWIN EDMAN\nThe hope of the world certainly lies in intelligence. Certainly, there\nis no hope anywhere else. I cannot look to anything so remotely\ndefinable as God for aid, nor do I ever regret not being able to do so.\nWALTER LIPPMANN\nMany reasons have been adduced to explain why people do not go to church\nas much as they once did. Surely the most important reason is that they\nare not so certain that they are going to meet God when they go to\nchurch. If they had that certainty they would go. If they really\nbelieved that they were being watched by a Supreme Being who is more\npowerful than all the kings of the earth put together, if they really\nbelieved that not only their actions but their secret thoughts were\nknown and would be remembered by the creator, and ultimate judge of the\nuniverse, there would be no complaint whatever about church attendance.\nThe most worldly would be in the front pews, and preachers would not\nhave to resort so often to their rather desperate expedients to attract\nan audience. If the conviction were there that the creed professed was\ninvincibly true, the modern congregation would not come to church, as\nthey usually do today, to hear the preacher and to listen to the music.\nThey would come to worship God.\nH. L. MENCKEN\nAlone among the great nations of history we have got rid of religion as\na serious scourge, and by the simple process of reducing it to a petty\nnuisance. For men become civilized, not in proportion to their\nwillingness to believe, but in proportion to their readiness to doubt.\nThe more stupid the man, the larger his stock of adamantine assurances,\nthe heavier his load of faith. When Copernicus proved that the earth\nrevolved around the sun, he did not simply prove that the earth revolved\naround the sun, he also proved that the so-called revelation of God, as\ncontained in the Old Testament, was rubbish. The first fact was\nrelatively trivial: it made no difference to the average man then, as it\nmakes no difference to him today. But, the second fact was of stupendous\nimportance, for it disposed at one stroke of a mass of bogus facts that\nhad been choking the intelligence and retarding the progress of humanity\nfor a millennium and a half....\nI believe that religion, generally speaking, has been a curse to\nmankind; that its modest and greatly overestimated services on the\nethical side have been more than overborne by the damage it has done to\nclear and honest thinking.\nHORACE M. KALLEN\nIt is a significant trait of history that the times and nations most\ndistinguished for piety are also most distinguished for backwardness.\nCzarist Russia, and contemporary Spain are near examples, but\nillustrations may be drawn from any part of the world; the Southern\nStates of the United States of America, for instance. Everywhere the\nscope and intensity of belief in the supernatural seem to be directly\nproportional to the misery and weakness of the believer (one compensates\nfor the other). Freedom of speech and of press and discussion which\nmeans generally restraint of all interference in the amicable threshing\nout of conflicting opinions, means, with respect to religious beliefs,\nrefraining from talking, writing or discussing candidly at all. In every\nsociety belief in the supernatural is privileged belief, and there\naccrue to it all the advantages and disadvantages of privilege.... But\nmystics and religionists are not silent. On the contrary, they become,\nhaving passed through a religious experience, voluble.\nALBERT EINSTEIN\nI do not believe we can have any freedom at all in the philosophical\nsense, for we act not only under external compulsion, but also by inner\nnecessity.... I cannot imagine a God who rewards and punishes the\nobjects of his creation, whose purposes are modelled after our own, a\nGod, in short, who is but a reflection of human frailty. Neither can I\nbelieve that the individual survives the death of his body, although\nfeeble souls harbor such thoughts through fear or ridiculous egotism. It\nis enough for me to contemplate the mystery of conscious life\nperpetuating itself through all eternity, to reflect upon the marvelous\nstructure of the universe which we can dimly perceive, and to try humbly\nto comprehend even an infinitesimal part of the intelligence manifested\nin nature.\nLUTHER BURBANK\nOur lives as we live them are passed on to others, whether in physical\nor mental forms tinging all future lives forever. This should be enough\nfor one who lives for truth and service to his fellow passengers on the\nway. No avenging Jewish God, no satanic devil, no fiery hell is of any\ninterest to him. The scientist is a lover of truth for the very love of\ntruth itself, wherever it may lead. Every normal human being has ideals,\none or many, to look up to, to reach up to, to grow up to. Religion\nrefers to the sentiments and feelings; science refers to the\ndemonstrated everyday laws of nature. Feelings are all right, if one\ndoes not get drunk on them. Prayer may be elevating if combined with\nworks, and they who labor with head, hands, or feet have faith and are\ngenerally quite sure of an immediate and favorable reply.\nThose who take refuge behind theological barbed wire fences, quite often\nwish they could have more freedom of thought, but fear the change to the\ngreat ocean of scientific truth as they would a cold bath plunge.\nSIR ARTHUR KEITH\nCertainly the creative power which is at work bears no resemblance to\nthe personal God postulated by the Hebrews, and the modern man of\nscience cannot fit Him into the scheme of the world as he knows it. He\nhas to try to reconceive God, and when he has done so, nothing but an\nunsatisfying abstraction is left. It is unsatisfying because even the\ngreatest men of science, although they possess the intellects of giants,\nhave still the hearts of children. And children cling to that which is\nendowed with a human shape and has been given the warmth of living\nflesh.\nH. LEVY\nA structure of absolute moral and religious beliefs erected initially as\nbeyond criticism, imposed upon a changing society from above rather\nthan emerging from below, has no affinity with science, whatever\npersonal solace and comfort it may provide, for it assumes that the\nfacts of life, including the material facts of the world, can be\ncompassed within a rigidly prescribed framework. It has taken several\ncenturies of history for the scientific movement to be emancipated from\njust these cramping human assumptions. The writings of many scientists\nshow, alas, that the emancipation has not yet been completed.\nJ. B. S. HALDANE\nWe know very little about what may be called the geography of the\ninvisible world. The religions, if I may continue the metaphor, have\ncovered the vacant spaces of its map with imaginary monsters; the\nphilosophies have ruled them with equally imaginary parallels of\nlatitude. But both have affirmed, in opposition to the so-called\npractical man, that the meaning of the visible world is to be found in\nthe invisible. That has been the secret of their success. They have\nfailed when they tried either to describe the details of the visible\nworld or to dictate the details of conduct in it. The churches are half\nempty today because their creeds are full of obsolete science, and their\nethical codes are suited to a social organization far simpler than that\nof today.\nHOWARD W. HAGGARD, M. D.\nWhen in the fifth century the Roman Empire fell at the hands of the\nbarbarians, rational medicine ceased altogether in Europe. Although the\nChristian religion survived, the Christian theology of that time denied\nliberty of conscience and taught superstitions and dogma. It was\nbitterly hostile to the scientific spirit. All knowledge necessary to\nman's salvation, physical as well as spiritual, was to be found in the\nBible as the Church interpreted the Bible. Since the teachings of the\nChurch were supposed to be sufficient for all needs, there was no excuse\nfor observations and experimental investigations. The inquisitive spirit\nwas wholly suppressed, the rigorous methods of Greek logic were for many\ncenturies lost from European civilization, and intelligent thought was\nreplaced by revelation, speculation, tradition, and subservience to the\nwritten word of the Bible, to the writings of saints, and later, in\nmedical matters, to the work of Galen. The theological beliefs of the\ntime became the controlling influence in Western civilization.\nHARRY ELMER BARNES\nThere has never been any religious crisis of this kind before, and any\nattempt at exact comparisons with the past are here bound to be\nmisleading and distorting. Even the extreme assailant of pagan\nreligions, like Lucretius, had no basis for the critical attitude as the\ncontemporary sceptic. The bitter attack of Lucretius upon supernatural\nreligion was based mainly upon assumptions and intuitions, as incapable\nof proof at the time as were the most extreme pietistic views of his\nage. Today the situation has been profoundly altered. Contemporary\nscience, especially astrophysics, renders the whole set of assumptions\nunderlying the anthropomorphic and geocentric supernaturalism of the\npast absolutely archaic and preposterous. Our scientific knowledge has\nundermined the most precious tales in the holy books of all peoples. The\ndevelopment of biblical criticism has discredited the dogma of direct\nrevelation and unique nature of the Hebrew Bible. Textual scholarship\nhas been equally devastating to the sacred scriptures which form the\nliterary basis of the other world religions. It avails one nothing to\ndeny these things, for they are actually undeniable. We must face the\nimplied intellectual revolution honestly and see what is to be done\nabout it.\nGEORGE JEAN NATHAN\nTo be thoroughly religious, one must, I believe, be sorely disappointed.\nOne's faith in God increases as one's faith in the world decreases. The\nhappier the man, the farther he is from God.\nRUPERT HUGHES\nIt is important that the truth be known. Is religion, is church\nmembership a help to virtue? The careless will answer without\nhesitation, \"Yes!\" Of course. The statistics, when they are not\nsmothered, cry, \"No!\"\nHU SHIH\nOn the basis of biological, sociological, and historical knowledge, we\nshould recognize that the individual self is subject to death and decay,\nbut the sum total of individual achievement, for better or for worse,\nlives on in the immortality of the Larger Self; that to live for the\nsake of the species and posterity is religion of the highest kind; and\nthat those religions which seek a future life either in Heaven or in the\nPure Land, are selfish religions.\nDR. FRANKWOOD E. WILLIAMS\nIn these difficult times we are told that we should go to the temple,\nthat we should get in touch with God. We do not need the temple. We do\nnot need to get in touch with \"God.\" We need to get in touch with each\nother.\nWILLIAM FLOYD\nThis Bible bears every evidence of being a book like every other book,\nconceived by man, written by man, altered by man, translated by man,\nprinted by man, but--and this is where it differs from every other\nbook--the Bible is swallowed by man. And it has disagreed with him; man\nhas not digested it properly through lack of sufficient dissection of\nits parts. It has been taken with a spiritual sauce that has disguised\nits real flavor. Anything in the Bible, no matter how raw, is taken as\nGod's food. It is used to demonstrate problems of diet which do not\nprovide a balanced ration; it is accepted by the gullible though\ncontradicted by the revelations of Geology, Astronomy, Anthropology,\nZoology, and Biology. Taken as prescribed by the doctors of divinity,\nthe Bible is a poisonous book.\nLLEWELYN POWYS\nThe idea of an incarnation of God is absurd: why should the human race\nthink itself so superior to bees, ants, and elephants as to be put in\nthis unique relation to its maker? Christians are like a council of\nfrogs in a marsh or a synod of worms on a dung hill croaking and\nsqueaking, \"For our sakes was the world created.\"\nTHEODORE DREISER\nAnd why again, composed though we may be of this, that, and the other\nproton, electron, etc., etc., why should we not in some way be able to\nsense why we are as we are--assembled as we are of the same ultimate\natoms and doing as we do? Why? Good God--surely in the face of all this\nsense of aliveness and motion, and this and that, there should be some\nintimation of WHY? But no--none.\nUPTON SINCLAIR\nIt is a fact, the significance of which cannot be exaggerated, that the\nmeasure of the civilization which any nation has attained is the extent\nto which it has curtailed the power of institutionalized religion. There\nare a score of great religions in the world, each with scores or\nhundreds of sects, each with its priestly orders, its complicated creed\nand ritual, its heavens and hells. Each has its thousands or millions or\nhundreds of millions of \"true believers\"; each damns all the others,\nwith more or less heartiness, and each is a mighty fortress of Graft.\n     _The Middle Guard_\n     _It is terrible to die of thirst at sea. Is it necessary that you\n     should salt your truth that it will no longer quench thirst_?\n     NIETZSCHE.\nALFRED NORTH WHITEHEAD\nIndeed, history, down to the present day, is a melancholy record of the\nhorrors which can attend religion: human sacrifice, and, in particular,\nthe slaughter of children, cannibalism, sensual orgies, abject\nsuperstition, hatred as between races, the maintenance of degrading\ncustoms, hysteria, bigotry, can all be laid at it's charge. Religion is\nthe last refuge of human savagery.\nROBERT ANDREWS MILLIKAN\nThe anthropomorphic God of the ancient world--the God of human passions,\nfrailties, caprices, and whims is gone, and with him the old duty to\npropitiate him, so that he might be induced to treat you better than\nyour neighbor. Can anyone question the advance that has been made in\ndiminishing the prevalence of these medieval, essentially childish, and\nessentially selfish ideas? The new God is the God of law and order; the\nnew duty, to know that order and to get into harmony with it, to learn\nhow to make the world a better place for mankind to live in, not merely\nhow to save your individual soul. However, once destroy our confidence\nin the principle of uniformity, our belief in the rule of law, and our\neffectiveness immediately disappears, our method ceases to be\ndependable, and our laboratories become deserted.\nALBERT C. DIEFFENBACH\nThe plain truth is, thousands upon thousands of men and women have gone\nout of the Church. They take no stock in its obsolete teachings to which\nthey once subscribed in order to become members. After great\ntribulation, they have made their declaration of religious independence.\nThey have taken the right turn for their own salvation. The churches as\na whole do not know that today there is a violent intellectual\nrevolution among all people who think. The so-called theism that is\nembalmed in the old theology and is still preached is utterly defunct\nfor many persons of this generation. Like it or not, that is a fact.\nDR. CHARLES W. ELIOT\nThe creeds of the churches contain conceptions of God's nature and of\nhis action toward the human race which are intolerable to the ethical\nmind of the twentieth century. The conception of one being, human or\ndivine, suffering, though innocent, for the sins of others, is revolting\nto the universal sense of justice and fair dealing. No school, no\nfamily, no court, would punish the innocent when the guilty were known.\nThis conception of God is hideous, cruel, insane, and no Christian\nchurch which tolerates it can be efficient in the promotion of human\nwelfare and happiness.\nEnd of Project Gutenberg's The Necessity of Atheism, by Dr. D.M. Brooks", "source_dataset": "gutenberg", "source_dataset_detailed": "gutenberg -  The Necessity of Atheism\n"},
{"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1932, "culture": " English\n", "content": "Produced by Juliet Sutherland and the Online Distributed\nProofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net\n[Illustration: \u00a9 Brown Bros.\nON HER WEDDING DAY\nThe greatest charm of the bride's costume lies in its simplicity]\nBOOK OF ETIQUETTE\nBY\nLILLIAN EICHLER\nVOLUME I\nILLUSTRATED\nNELSON DOUBLEDAY, INC.\nGARDEN CITY    NEW YORK\nCOPYRIGHT, 1921, BY\nNELSON DOUBLEDAY, INC.\nALL RIGHTS RESERVED\nPRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES\nPREFACE\nSuccess without culture is like old-fashioned strawberry short cake\nwithout the whipped cream. It has no flavor.\nThere are certain little courteous observances, certain social\nformalities that bespeak the true lady, the true gentlemen. Some of us\ncall it good form. Some of us call it culture. Some of us call it\netiquette. But we all admit that it makes the world a better place to\nlive in.\nIn Italy, young men and women are considered _ben educato_, not when\nthey can read and write, but when they know the established forms of\nconvention--when they can show by a correct dignity and ease of manner\nthat they are perfect in their knowledge of the rules of good society.\nAnd, after all, don't you yourself judge people by what they do, and\nsay, and wear? Don't you read in their manner and appearance the secret\nof their inner worth? Isn't character and disposition revealed in the\nouter personality?\nPerhaps you have heard the story of the \"gentleman\" who prided himself\non being perfect in the art of etiquette. On one occasion, he passed a\nlake and heard a drowning man call for help. Quickly he threw off his\ncoat and was about to plunge into the water, when he suddenly\nremembered that he had never been introduced to the struggling victim.\nPutting on his coat again, he proceeded on his way quite\nself-satisfied.\nThis is an instance where common-sense would have been the better part\nof etiquette. Too rigid an observance of the laws of good society makes\nthem nothing short of an absurdity. The purpose of correct manners is\nnot to enable us to strut about in society and command the admiring\nglances of the people around us--as the peacock, in its vanity, parades\nbefore onlookers in a proud dignity that is quite obviously assumed.\nThe true service of etiquette is so to strengthen and simplify the\nsocial life that we are able to do what is absolutely correct and right\nwithout even stopping to think about it.\nThat, then, is the purpose of THE BOOK OF ETIQUETTE--to give to the\nreader so clear and definite an understanding of the social life that\nhe will be able to have at all times, under all conditions, that\nunaffected grace and charm of manner that the French like to call\n_savoir faire_. It has been written, not for the exceedingly\nill-bred or for the highly polished, but for those who find a certain\nsense of satisfaction in doing what is correct--sincere men and women\nwho, in the performance of their business and social duties, find that\nthere is a constant need for cordial and gracious relationship with\nthose around them.\nIf the following chapters awaken in the reader the desire for closer\ncompanionship with the vast world of human nature, of which we are all\na part; if it takes from his nature all that is coarse, awkward and\nunrefined, substituting instead a gallantry of spirit and a gentleness\nof breeding; if it makes him a more loving and a more lovable\nperson--then THE BOOK OF ETIQUETTE will have served its purpose.\nIncidentally, the author is indebted to Mr. L. E. Smith, without whose\nco\u00f6peration this book would never have been written.\n_Lillian Eichler._\nCONTENTS\nPART I\nWhat is Etiquette?--Laws of Society--Control of the Impulses--Regard\nfor the Rights of Others--The Danger of Intolerance--Why it Pays to\nBe Agreeable--The Simplest Culture.\nThe Origin of Manners--The Manners of To-day--Good Society in\nAmerica--The True Lady and Gentleman--The Secret of Social\nSuccess--What Manners Will Do for You--Etiquette's Reward.\nOf Special Importance--The Proposal--The Engagement Ring--Announcing\nthe Engagement--The Most Usual Method--Announcing an Engagement in\nthe Newspapers--Engagement Gifts--Bridal Showers--Length of the\nEngagement--Responsibility for the Wedding--Families and Friends.\n  IV. WEDDING INVITATIONS AND ANNOUNCEMENTS                        31\nThe Wedding Invitation--Size and Material--Kinds of Envelopes--\nAddressing the Envelopes--Invitations to Church Wedding--Invitation\nto Home Wedding--Wedding in a Friend's Home--When Cards are Enclosed\n--Invitations to Second Marriages--Invitation to Wedding Anniversary\n--Informal Wedding Invitation--Acknowledging the Formal Wedding\nInvitations--Whom to Invite--Sending the Invitations--Recalling\nthe Wedding Invitation--Breaking an Engagement--Returning Gifts--\nWhen Death Intervenes.\nThe Church Wedding--Attendants--The Bridesmaids--Rehearsals--\nRegarding the Ushers--The Wedding Day--Arriving at the Church--\nWedding Music--The Wedding Procession--The Ceremony--Leaving the\nAltar--Rice, etc.--The Wedding Reception--The Wedding Breakfast--\nThe Wedding Present--Acknowledging Wedding Presents--The Home Wedding\n--The Second Wedding--Some Important Conventions--Seeking Advice--\nWedding Anniversaries--The Silver Wedding--The Reception--Tin and\nWooden Weddings--The Golden Wedding--The Golden Wedding a Glorious\nAchievement.\nOrigin of the Trousseau--The Trousseau of To-day--About the Linens\n--For the Bride--The Wedding Dress--The Bride's Veil--Wedding\nFlowers--Dress of the Maid of Honor--Marrying in Traveling Dress.\nFuneral Customs--The Funeral of To-day--When Death Enters the\nFamily--Taking Charge--Announcing the Death--Some Necessary\nPreparations--The Ladies of the Family--The Pall-Bearers--Duties\nof Pall-Bearers--The Church Funeral--Order of Precedence--The\nHouse Funeral--A Point of Importance--Removing Signs of Grief\n--Seclusion During Mourning--Dress at Funerals--Interment and\nCremation--Mourning Dress--Mourning Dress for Men--Mourning\nStationery.\nAnnouncing the Birth of the Child--Responding to the Announcement--\nGodparents--Invitations to a Christening--A Church Christening--The\nHouse Christening--After the Baptism--Gifts.\nPART II\nPurpose of the Introduction--Creating Conversation--When to\nIntroduce--Importance of Care--Special Introductions--When the\nName Isn't Heard--The Correct Introduction--Group Introductions--\nThe Chance Introduction--Incomplete Introductions--Indirect\nIntroductions--The Acknowledgment--Forms of Acknowledgment--\nFuture Recognition of Introduction--Introducing at Dinner--\nIntroducing at the Dance--Introducing at Receptions--Speaking\nwithout Introduction--Introducing Children--Cordiality in\nIntroductions.\nThe Letter of Introduction--Presenting the Letter--Acknowledging\na Letter of Introduction--Model Letters of Introduction--The\nCard of Introduction--Business Introductions.\nThe Beginning of Social Calls--When Calls are Made--The Proper\nLength of a Call--The Day at Home--Dress for Calls--Paying the\nFirst Call--Calls of Obligation--About Returning Calls--The\nCall of Condolence--The Call of Congratulations and Inquiry--\nThe Social Calls of Men--The Invalid's Call--Asking a New\nAcquaintance to Call--The Woman's Business Call--Receiving\nCalls--Duties of the Hostess--Receiving the Chance Caller--\nWhen the Host is at Home--Taking Leave of the Hostess--The\nEvening Call--When Gentlemen Receive Callers--Making a Chance\nCall--Informal Calls.\nYour Card a Representative of You--General Rules Regarding Cards\n--Size of Cards for Women--Size and Material of Cards for Men--\nTitles on Cards for Women--Cards for Widows--The Young Lady's\nCard--Indicating the Day at Home--The Married Couple's Card--\nUsing Jr. and Sr.--Titles on Cards for Men--Professional Cards\nfor Men--Cards for Mourning--When the Woman Goes a-Calling--When\nMore than One Card is Left--Some More Points About Calls and\nCards--The Chance Call--Simple Card-Leaving--Should a Stranger\nLeave Cards?--Cards and Business Calls--When a Man Leaves Cards\n--The Man's Chance Call--About Leaving and Posting Cards--Leaving\nCards of Inquiry--Acknowledging Cards of Inquiry and Condolence\n--Announcement Cards--When Traveling--P.P.C. Cards.\nSome General Rules--Invitation to a Formal Dance--Accepting the\nInvitation--For the Informal Dance--The Dinner Dance--The D\u00e9but\nDance--Invitations for the Subscription Dance--Acknowledging\nSubscription Dance Invitations--Invitation to Public Ball--\nRequesting an Invitation--The Dinner Invitation--In Honor of\nCelebrated Guests--The Acknowledgments--For the Informal Dinner\n--When the Dinner is Not at Home--The Daughter as Hostess--\nInviting a Stop-Gap--To Break a Dinner Engagement--Invitations\nfor Luncheons--Acknowledging the Luncheon Invitation--The\nInformal Invitation--Reception Invitations--Reception in\nHonor of a Special Guest--Invitations to Garden Parties--\nAcknowledging the Garden Party Invitation--House or Week-End\nParties--The \"Bread-and-Butter\" Letter--Invitations to the\nTheater and Opera--Invitations to Musicales and Private\nTheatricals--Children's Party Invitations--Invitations to a\nChristening--A Word of Special Caution.\nTo-day and Yesterday--The Letter You Write--The Business Letter\n--Function of the Social Letter--The Etiquette of Stationery--\nLetter and Note Paper--Crests and Monograms--Use of the Typewriter\n--Regarding the Salutation--Closing the Letter--Addressing the\nEnvelope--Letter of Condolence--Acknowledging a Letter of\nCondolence--Etiquette of the Friendly Letter--The Child's\nLetter--Letters to Persons of Title.\nThe Home--Appearance of the House--Dress--Dress for Children--\nChildren and Development--Know Your Children!--Imitation--The\nChild's Speech--At the Table--Playmates--Children's Parties--\nPlanning Surprises--Receiving the Young Guests--About the\nBirthday Party--When the Young Guests Leave--Children's\nEntertainments Away from Home--Children and Dancing--A Word\nto Parents--Amusements--Let the Child be Natural--The Young\nGirl--The Girl's Manner--The Chaperon--The Young Country Miss\n--The Girl and Her Mother--For the Shy and Self-Conscious--\nForget About Yourself--Why the Shy are Awkward--Self-Confidence\nVersus Conceit--Country Hospitality--Importance of Simplicity--\nThe Hostess--The Guest--For Country Folks--The Endless Round of\nHospitality--When to Invite--The Guests and Their Duties--\nAddressing Titled People.\nLIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS\nCHURCH DECORATED FOR A FORMAL WEDDING                              62\nDECORATIONS FOR A WEDDING IN A SMALL CHURCH                       190\nPART I\n\"_The power of manners is incessant--an element as unconcealable as\nfire. The nobility cannot in any country be disguised, and no more in a\nrepublic or a democracy than in a kingdom. There are certain manners\nwhich are learned in good society, of that force that, if a person have\nthem, he or she must be considered, and is everywhere welcome, though\nwithout beauty, or wealth, or genius._\"\n--_From Emerson's Essays_.\nBOOK OF ETIQUETTE\nCHAPTER I\nINTRODUCTION TO ETIQUETTE\nWHAT IS ETIQUETTE?\nAt a meeting of army officers during the Civil War, one of them began\nto relate a questionable story, remarking, as if to excuse his lack of\ngood taste, that \"there were no ladies present.\" General Grant, who was\nacting as chairman of the meeting, remarked, \"No, but there are\ngentlemen\"--and he refused to allow the officer to continue the story.\nWhat is a gentleman? The question is an old one. It cannot be ancestry,\nfor often the son of most noble and honored parentage is merely a\ncoarse compound of clay and money, offered to society as a gentleman,\nIt cannot be dress--for surely Beau Brummell was not what the world\nloves to call a gentleman, despite his stiffly starched cravats and\nbrightly polished boots. It cannot be money, for then many a common\nthief, made wealthy by his ill-gotten gains, would be entitled to the\nname of gentleman.\nNo, it is something that goes deeper than ancestry or dress or\nwealth--something that is nobler and finer than any, or all, of these.\nPerhaps it can be best expressed by this beautiful example of what true\netiquette can mean:\nHenry Ward Beecher, on a very cold day, stopped to buy a newspaper from\na ragged youngster who stood shivering on a corner. \"Poor little\nfellow,\" he said, \"aren't you cold standing here?\" The boy looked up\nwith a smile and said, \"I was, sir--before you passed.\"\nThe word _etiquette_ itself does not mean very much. It comes from\nthe same origin as the word \"ticket\" and originally meant the rules of\ncourt ceremony printed on tickets that were given to each person\npresented at court. But through generations the ideal of perfected\nculture surged, until to-day we have a code of manners that is the\npride and inspiration of refined living.\nLAWS OF SOCIETY\nEtiquette, after all, is not the finished work, but merely a tool that\nopens the portals to a broader life, to a greater social happiness.\nThrough its influence we are brought into close companionship with the\nreally worth-while minds of our day. By faithful constancy to its rules\nwe gradually mold our characters until, in our outward dignity and\ncharm, the world reads and understands our ideals.\nThere is in every human nature the desire for social happiness--which\nis, frankly, in other words, the desire so to impress by one's manner\nthat one will be welcome and respected wherever one chances to be. And\nit is only by adhering to the fundamental laws of good society that\nthis social happiness can ever be attained.\nIn observing the established etiquette of modern society it is\nnecessary to pay particular attention to one's appearance, manner, and\nspeech. It must be remembered that the world is a harsh judge and is\nperfectly willing to condemn us by outward appearances. In the\nstreet-car, in the ball-room, at the theater--every day people are\nreading the story of our characters and ideals.\nSociety has its own definite code of manners that must be observed\nbefore one can enter its portals. There are certain rules that must be\nfollowed before one can enter its envied circle. There are\nconventionalities that must be observed in requesting a lady to dance,\nin acknowledging an introduction, in using the knife and fork at the\ndinner table. There are certain prevailing modes in dressing for the\ntheater and reception. To know and adhere to these laws is to be\nadmitted to the highest society and enjoy the company of the most\nbrilliant minds.\nEtiquette is an art--the art of doing and saying the correct thing at\nthe correct time--the art of being able to hold oneself always in hand,\nno matter how exacting the circumstance. And like music or painting or\nwriting, the more you study it, the more you apply yourself to its\nprinciples, the more perfectly your own character is molded.\nCONTROL OF THE IMPULSES\nThe cultured man is never angry, never impatient, never demonstrative.\nHis actions and speech are tempered with a dispassionate calmness and\ntranquillity that the French admiringly call _sang froid_. He knows how\nto control his emotions so effectively that no one can read, in his\nself-possessed expression, whether he is angry or pleased, discouraged\nor eager.\nPerhaps the most striking and admirable thing about a man of breeding\nis his carefully disciplined impulses. He may at times lose control of\nhimself, but he is never petulant, never incoherent. He may be greatly\nenthusiastic about some unexpected happening, but he never becomes\nexcited, never loses control of his reasoning faculties. He never gives\nthe appearance of being in a hurry, no matter how swift his actions may\nbe--there is always about him the suggestion of leisure and poise.\nSwearing is essentially vulgar. It was Dr. Crane, the famous essayist\nand philosopher, who said in one of his delightful talks, \"The superior\nman is gentle. It is only the man with a defective vocabulary that\nswears. All noise is waste. The silent sun is mightier than the\nwhirlwind. The genuine lady speaks low. The most striking\ncharacteristic of the superior ones is their quiet, their poise. They\nhave about them a sense of the stars.\" Strong feeling, anger, have no\nplace in the social life.\nWe are all uneasy at times. We all have our embarrassing moments. But\nthe well-bred person knows how to conceal his emotions, and impulses,\nso well that no one but himself knows that he is uneasy or embarrassed.\nIt is not only exceedingly unpleasant, but it is also very poor form to\nshow by our gestures and frowns and speech that we are annoyed by some\ncircumstance that is entirely beyond our control.\nImpulsiveness is often the cause of serious breaches of\netiquette--breaches that are, socially speaking, the ruin of many a\nrising young man, of many an otherwise charming young woman. The\ngentleman never shows by hasty word or angry glance that he is\ndispleased with some service. The lady never shows, either in her\nspeech or manner, that she is excited with some unexpected happening,\nor disappointed because something did not happen the way she planned\nit. It is only by studying the rules of etiquette and knowing\nabsolutely what is right to do and say under all conditions that one\nacquires this splendid self-possession and composure of manner.\nREGARD FOR THE RIGHTS OF OTHERS\nWilliam De Witt Hyde, in his book, \"Practical Ethics,\" says,\n\"Politeness is proper respect for human personality. Rudeness results\nfrom thinking exclusively about ourselves and caring nothing for the\nfeelings of anybody else. The sincere desire to bring the greatest\npleasure and least pain to everyone we meet will go a long way towards\nmaking our manners more polite and courteous.\"\nThe man or woman who is truly cultured, truly well-bred, tries to make\neveryone happy and at ease. It is only the exceedingly vulgar person\nwho finds pleasure in hurting the feelings of the people with whom he\ncomes into contact. It makes no difference how wealthy or how poor a\nperson is, how ignorant or educated he happens to be--as a fellow-being\nhe is entitled to a hearty sympathy and respect. Both servility and\narrogance are ungentlemanly. Gentleness, simplicity and a sincere\nregard for the rights of one's companions are the distinguishing marks\nof a fine character.\nTHE DANGER OF INTOLERANCE\nThere is no room for intolerance in the social world. To be honored,\nrespected, one must have a certain friendliness of spirit. The\n_gentleman_, the _lady_ treats everyone, from the lowliest beggar to\nthe most distinguished personage with consideration. It is only the\nman who is unpretentious, who is always eager to please, who is as\ncourteous and considerate in manner to his inferiors as to his equals,\nthat fully deserves the name of gentleman.\nThe author recently chanced to witness an amusing incident which might\nbe of value to repeat here. It shows forcibly how important the little\nthings are, and how they reveal to the gaze of the world the true story\nof our actual worth:\nAn elderly man, who showed quite obviously by his lordly and\nself-satisfied manner that he was accustomed to travel about in his own\ncar, was on one occasion forced to ride home in the subway. It was rush\nhour, and thousands of tired men and women were in a hurry to get home.\nThe man impatiently waited his turn on a long line at the ticket\noffice, constantly grumbling and making it disagreeable for those about\nhim. When he finally did reach the window, he offered a ten dollar bill\nin payment for one five-cent ticket and deliberately remained at the\nwindow counting and recounting his change while the people behind him\nanxiously awaited their turn. When at last he did move away, he had a\nhalf smile, half frown of smug and malicious satisfaction on his face\nwhich, interpreted to the people he had kept waiting, said that he now\nfelt repaid for having had to travel in the same train with them.\nThis man, in spite of his self-satisfied manner and well-tailored suit,\nwas very far from being a gentleman. The shabby young man behind him,\nwho also offered a bill in payment for his ticket, but stepped quickly\nto one side to count his change, and smiled cheerfully at the man\nbehind him, was infinitely more of a gentleman than the one who\nmaliciously, and with evident keen enjoyment, kept the long line\nwaiting.\nThe true worth of a gentleman is revealed, not in his fashionable\nclothes or haughty demeanor, but in his regard for the rights of\nothers. It is the little kindnesses that count--and the instinctive\nrecognition of the rights of others. As England's inimitable J. M.\nBarrie has so aptly remarked, \"Those who bring sunshine to the lives of\nothers cannot keep it from themselves.\"\nWHY IT PAYS TO BE AGREEABLE\nWhy should we know the laws of etiquette? Why should we know the way to\ndo and say things? Why should we be agreeable? These are questions that\nwill undoubtedly arise in the mind of the young man or woman who is\neager to cultivate and refine his or her manner and speech.\nThe answer is: to make one's own life happier--to bring into it a new\nsunshine, a new joy of living that was not even dreamed of when the\nmind and spirit were shrouded in the gloom of discourtesy, coarseness\nand vulgarity.\nFor how can the boor be happy? With his gloomy face, sour disposition,\ncomplaining habits and inherent lack of good taste and culture, he sees\nonly the shadows of life. People are repulsed by him, never attracted.\nBrilliant men and women, people of refinement and taste, will have\nnothing to do with him. He lives his own life--his ill-bred,\ncomplaining, gloomy, companionless life--an outcast from that better\nsociety of which we all long to be a part.\nCulture and cheer go hand-in-hand. The cultured man or woman is always\ncheerful, always finding something good and beautiful in all mankind\nand nature. Cheerfulness itself means poise--a wholesome, happy,\nundaunted poise that makes life well-balanced and worth the living. The\nperson of low, vulgar tastes and desires is seldom contented, seldom\nhappy. He finds everywhere evil, ugliness, selfishness, and a tendency\nfor the world generally to degrade itself to the lower levels of\ncoarseness. He finds it because he looks for it. And he looks for it\nbecause it already exists in his mind.\nAnd yet, he may be educated; he may be a recognized power in the\nfinancial world; he may even possess enviable talents. But if he lacks\nthat glorious open-hearted generosity, that sincere sympathy and simple\nunderstanding with all mankind, that helpful, healthful, ever-inspiring\nagreeableness of mind and spirit--the world will have none of him.\nThe man who feels constantly grieved and injured at some injustice,\nreal or imaginary, is sacrificing some of the best things life has to\noffer. He does not know what it means to be greeted with a smile of\npleasure and a warm handclasp. He does not know what it means to be\ntaken whole-heartedly into one's confidence, to be relied upon, to be\nappealed to. He does not know what it means, in his hours of darkest\nadversity, to receive the genuine sympathy and encouragement of a\nfriend.\nBut with culture, with development of mind and spirit, with the desire\nto adhere truly to society's laws and regard as inviolable the rights\nof others, there comes a new understanding of human relationship. Where\nonce everything seemed narrow and selfish, one now sees love and beauty\nand helpfulness. Instead of harsh words and unkind glances, there are\nwords of cheer and encouragement, smiles of friendliness and\nunderstanding. The world that once seemed coarse, shallow and\nunpolished, seems now strangely cordial and polite.\nTHE SIMPLEST CULTURE\nYes, it pays to be agreeable. We are all like huge magnets, and we tend\nto attract those things which we ourselves send out. If we are coarse\nand unrefined, we attract to our company those people who are also\ncoarse and unrefined. If we are disagreeable and unmindful of the\nrights of others, they in turn will be disagreeable to us, and\nunmindful of our rights. And similarly, if we are kind and agreeable,\nwe are bound to meet and attract people of the same kind.\nThere is a pretty little story of a woman and a child, in which the\nsimple friendliness of a little girl opened the door for a woman whose\nlife had been embittered by much hardship and disappointment. She was\nstrolling one day through a mountain farm-house. She did not know where\nshe was going, and she did not care. She just wanted to forget, forget.\nShe stopped near a well and gazed angrily about her, wondering how\nthere could be so much peace and quiet in a world that held nothing but\nturmoil and heartache for her. She was an attractive woman, and her\nsmart clothes and haughty bearing were a disappointing contrast to her\nscowling face and angry eyes.\nSuddenly she glanced down. A tiny girl was watching her intently--a\nlittle girl who had lived all her seven short years in the untutored\nexpanse of the mountains. The woman was annoyed, and she did not\nhesitate to show it.\n\"What are you looking at; what do you want?\" she demanded irritably.\nInstead of returning the frown, the child smiled and stepped a little\ncloser. \"I was just thinking how pretty your face would be if it smiled\ninstead of frowned,\" she answered.\nThe woman's face relaxed. The bitter look in the eyes vanished and was\nreplaced by a bright new light. The scowl became a grateful smile, and\nwith an impulsive sob of pure joy, she knelt down and hugged the little\ngirl who had been the first in a long time to speak gently to her, the\nfirst in a long time to return her frowns with sincere smiles of\nfriendliness. And when she finally left the little child, and returned\nto the exacting conventionalities of the town, she was a nobler, better\nand finer woman.\nThe simple heart of a child who knew no other creed or law than the\nsincere love of all mankind triumphed over the bitterness of a woman\nwho had known years of education and worldliness.\nCulture is of the heart and spirit rather than of the outward\nappearance. But it is by what we do and say that we prove that it truly\nexists within us.\nCHAPTER II\nETIQUETTE'S REWARD\nTHE ORIGIN OF MANNERS\nWhy do we observe certain set rules of convention? Why do we greet\npeople in a certain ordained way--by nodding or by lifting the hat? Why\ndo we make introductions and send invitations and cultivate our manners\nand speech? To find the answer we must trace civilization back to its\nvery source.\nOne of the first necessities of the savage was to devise some means of\nshowing savages of other tribes that he did not mean to fight--that he\nwanted to live with them peaceably. At first it was difficult to do\nthis; primeval man was always suspicious, always watchful. He had to\nbe, for his life depended upon it. But slowly certain peaceful\nobservances and signs were established, and the savages began to\nunderstand them as greetings of peace and good-will. The salutation and\ngreeting of to-day is a direct result of this early necessity.\nThis peace-greeting, as we shall call it, was the first semblance of\norder, the first token of good fellowship that appeared out of the\nprimeval chaos of warfare and destruction. A certain greeting, and\nthings were on a peaceful basis. But let that greeting be forgotten,\nand the savage's life was the forfeit.\nMan developed, and with him developed civilization. From that first\n\"peace greeting\" there came certain set salutations, certain forms of\nhomage that bound men together in mutual protection and friendliness.\nThen slowly, out of this first beam of manners, this first bit of\nrestraint from the savagery of primeval man, there were created certain\nceremonies. Some were weird dances to the spirit of the Sun; others\nwere animal or human sacrifices to some God of Fear; still others were\nstrange ceremonies for the departed spirit of the dead. But they were\nceremonies--and as such they presaged the ceremonies upon which all\netiquette, all good manners, are based to-day.\nWe find that the history of manners keeps pace with the history and\nevolution of man. And we find that manners, or ceremonies, or respect\nfor fellowmen--or whatever you want to call it--was the first tie that\nbound men together. It is the foundation upon which all civilization is\nbuilt.\nTHE MANNERS OF TO-DAY\nCertain sensible rules of etiquette have come down to us from one\ngeneration to another. To-day only those that have stood the test of\ntime are respected and observed. They have been silently adopted by the\ncommon consent of the best circles in America and Europe; and only\nthose who follow them faithfully can hope to be successful in business\nand in social life.\nThere are some people who say that etiquette, that manners, are petty\nshams that polish the surface with the gilt edge of hypocrisy. We all\nknow that a few people believe this. Who of us has not heard the\nuncultured boor boast that he is not restricted by any \"sissy manners\"?\nWho of us has not heard the successful business man decline an\ninvitation to a reception because he \"had no time for such nonsense\"?\nTo a great many people manners mean nothing but nonsense; but you will\nfind that they are almost invariably people who never win social or\nbusiness distinction.\nThe rules of etiquette as we observe them nowadays are not, as some\npeople suppose, the dictates of fashions. They are certain forms of\naddress, certain conduct of speech and manner, that have been brought\ndown to us through centuries of developing culture. And we observe them\nto-day because they make contact in social life easier and more\nagreeable; they make life more beautiful and impressive.\nYou do not have to observe the laws of good conduct if you do not wish\nto. Certainly not. You may do just as you please, say just what you\nplease, and wear just what you please. But of course you must not\ncomplain when you find the doors of good society closed against you,\nwhen you find that people of good manners and correct social conduct\navoid you and bar you from their activities. Good manners is the only\nkey that will open the door to social success--and men and women often\nfind that it fits the door to business success as well.\nGOOD SOCIETY IN AMERICA\nEveryone loves to mingle with cultured, well-bred people; with\nbrilliant and celebrated individuals. Everyone loves to attend\nelaborate social functions where the gay gowns of beautiful women are\nonly less charming and impressive than their faultless manners. But it\nis not everyone who can be admitted to these inner portals of good\nsociety.\nIt is a well-known truth that manners rather than wealth decide social\nrank. A man may be fabulously wealthy, but if he does not know how to\nact, how to dress and speak, he will not be respected. American society\nhas rules of its own, and those who are not willing to learn these laws\nare shunned, banished. Etiquette is the wall which divides the cultured\nfrom the uncultured, which keeps the ill-bred out of the circles where\nthey would be awkward and uncomfortable, and where they would\nundoubtedly cause mortification to others.\nOn the other hand, to know these rules of good conduct is to be\nadmitted to the highest circles of society. To know that one is correct\nbanishes at once all uncertainty, all embarrassment. And one mingles\nwith perfectly-mannered people, calm in the assurance that one knows\njust what is correct, and that no matter what happens one can do or say\nnothing to reflect on one's breeding.\nTHE TRUE LADY AND GENTLEMAN\nIt is not enough to be wealthy. It is not enough to be widely famed.\nBut if one is well-mannered, if one knows how to conduct oneself with\npoise, grace and self-confidence, one will win respect and honor no\nmatter where one chances to be.\nThere are very few men indeed who do not value good manners. They may\nridicule them, they may despise them--but deep down in their hearts\nthey know that good manners have a certain charm, a certain power, that\nwealth and fame together do not possess. They know that right in their\nown business spheres there are men who owe their success and position\nto the appearance that they make, to the manner in which they conduct\nthemselves. And they know that there are beautiful women who are coldly\nrepellent; while some plain women win the hearts of everyone with whom\nthey come in contact, merely by the charm of their manners.\nThe perfect gentleman is not the dude, the over-dressed \"dandy\" who\ndisdains the workingman in his patched clothes and who sniffs\ncontemptuously at the word \"work.\" The true gentleman is kindly,\ncourageous, civil. He is kind to everyone--to the tottering old man he\nhelps across the street, and to the mischievous young rascal who throws\na ball through his window. He does not know what it is to become angry,\nto lose control of his temper, to speak discourteously. He never shows\nthat he is embarrassed or ill at ease. He is as calm and unconcerned in\nthe presence of a world-wide celebrity as he is when he is with his\nmost intimate friend. Nor is he ever bitter, haughty or arrogant. And\nhe is as far from being effeminate as he is from being coarse and\nbrutal. In short, he knows the manners of good society and he does not\nhesitate to use them.\nThe perfect lady is not the ornamental butterfly of society, as so many\nwould have us believe. She is gentle, and well-dressed and\ngraceful--not merely ornamental. She does some useful work, no matter\nwhat it is. She is patient always, and generous. She never speaks\nharshly to tradespeople or to servants; gentleness and reserve are the\nvery keynotes of her manner. She is never haughty, never superior. She\nis kind and courteous to everyone, and she conducts herself with the\ncalm, unassuming grace that instinctively wins a responsive respect. In\nher manner towards men she is reserved, modest. But she is self-reliant\nand not afraid to assert herself. Her speech and manner are\ncharacterized always by dignity, repose and self-confidence.\nIt is only by knowing the laws of good conduct, and by following them\nfaithfully, that one can hope ever to become a true gentleman or true\nlady.\nTHE SECRET OF SOCIAL SUCCESS\nEvery man who so wishes may become a gentleman, and every woman may\nbecome a lady in every sense of the word. It requires only the\ncultivation of those qualities outlined above. And it is here that the\nuse of etiquette lies, that the importance of good manners is most\nstrikingly portrayed.\nEtiquette teaches you how to be gentle, calm, patient. It tells you how\nto be at ease among strangers. It tells you how to cultivate grace,\npoise, self-confidence. Not only does it tell you how, but it\n_gives_ you poise and self-confidence. By teaching you the right\nthing to do at the right time, it eliminates all possibility of\nmistakes--and hence all embarrassment and awkwardness vanish.\nThe existence of these fixed social laws, these little rules of\netiquette, makes it easy for the man and woman who have not been bred\nin the best society, to master the knowledge which will enable them to\nenter that society and mingle with the most highly cultivated people\nwithout feeling embarrassed or uncomfortable. It tears down the\nbarriers between the wealthy and the poor, between the educated and the\nignorant. By knowing what to do and say and write and wear on all\noccasions, under all conditions, any man or woman can enter any society\nand mingle with any people. The old proverb might well be changed to\nread, \"Culture makes the whole world kin!\" Of course if a man suddenly\nbecame wealthy and he wished to enter the highest society, his wealth\nmight serve as an opening. But he would soon find that money was not\nenough--that he needed manners. He might mingle with society for years,\nslowly acquiring the correct table manners, the correct mode of\naddress, the correct manner of making introductions, the correct way to\nconduct himself at all times, in all places. But it would take many\nyears before the rough edges of his previous uncultivated manners were\nrubbed away. Instead of waiting for years of contact with cultured\npeople to bring him the correct manners befitting a man of wealth, he\nneed only learn at once from a dependable authority the etiquette of\nsociety, the good form that has been crystallized into rules after\nyears of social intercourse. It is the easiest road to social success.\nWHAT MANNERS WILL DO FOR YOU\nEvery day you come into contact with people, with strangers, who judge\nyou by what you do and say. They go away carrying an impression of\nyou--and it depends upon your manners whether it is a good impression\nor a bad impression.\nIt is a mistake to think that good manners are meant for the elaborate\nball room or for the formal dinner. Society is not necessarily too\nformal or too \"showy.\" Society implies also that society of fellow-men\nyou meet every day of the year--people you come into contact with in\nthe social and business worlds. And in order to make contact with these\npeople agreeable and pleasant, in order to win the admiration and\nrespect of strangers, in order to avoid embarrassment and humiliation\nbecause of bad blunders at most conspicuous moments, it is essential to\nknow what is right and what is wrong.\nGood manners will enable you to be easy and graceful at all times. You\nwill be able to mingle with the most cultured people and be perfectly\nat ease. You will lose all self-consciousness, all timidity. And\ninstead you will become dignified, well-poised, calm. Instinctively\npeople will respect you; in business and in society you will find\nyourself welcomed and admired.\nETIQUETTE'S REWARD\nEtiquette is like the binding of a book--just as the binding reveals\nthe name of the book, and protects the valuable pages that are inside,\nso does etiquette reveal the breeding and culture of an individual, and\nprotects him from the disrespect, ridicule and snubs of the world.\nEtiquette will make you dignified. It will make your actions and speech\nrefined, polished, impressive. It will make you a leader instead of a\nfollower, a participant instead of a looker-on. It will open the doors\nof the highest society to you, make you immune to all embarrassment,\nenable you to conduct yourself with ease and confidence at all times,\nunder all circumstances.\nThe rewards of etiquette are too numerous to recount. If you follow the\nlaws of good conduct, if you do only what is right and in good form,\nyou will find yourself an acknowledged leader, an acknowledged success,\nno matter in what station of life you may be. The world is quick to\nperceive good manners, just as it is quick to perceive the blunders in\netiquette. If you study the rules of good conduct, and follow good form\nin everything you do and say, you will become courteous and kind and\nwell-mannered. Etiquette will attract people to you, make you and your\nhome a center of social activity. But most of all, it will make you\nrespect yourself. And that is more important than riches or fame--for\nself-respect is the only thing that brings true happiness.\nRemember the words of the prophet, \"He who respects himself will earn\nthe respect of all the world.\"\nCHAPTER III\nENGAGEMENTS\nOF SPECIAL IMPORTANCE\nThere is perhaps no time when the rules of etiquette need to be so\nstrictly observed as during the period of courtship. All the world\nloves a lover--but this does not keep the world from watching closely\nand criticizing severely any breach of good manners, especially on the\npart of the young lady.\nAny public display of affection anywhere at any time is grossly\nunrefined. Love is sacred, and it should not be thrown open to the rude\ncomments of strangers. The young couple should conduct themselves with\nquiet dignity and reserve, neither indulging in terms of endearment or\ncaresses, nor purposely ignoring each other so as to create the\nimpression that they are not, after all, so very much in love. There is\nno reason why their conduct in public after they are engaged should be\nany more demonstrative than it was before.\nAt parties, dinners, and other entertainments it is their privilege to\nbe with each other more than they are with anyone else, but this does\nnot mean that they should neglect the other guests. If the occasion has\nbeen planned especially for them they are in part responsible for each\none present finding it an enjoyable one. And each one should be very\ncordial to the friends of the other.\nMany an engagement that held promise of golden happiness to come was\nabruptly broken because one or the other was not sufficiently\ncircumspect in conduct. A young lady must remember that while she is\nnot exactly expected to give up indiscriminately all her friends of the\nopposite sex, she must not receive them as guests, or go to the theater\nor ball with them, without the knowledge and consent of her fianc\u00e9. He\nis, of course, expected to be equally considerate of her with regard to\nhis own relations with other women.\nThe engaged couple of to-day enjoys much greater freedom than the\nengaged couple of our grandmothers' time. The chaperon has been almost\nentirely dispensed with, except in a few individual cases. Although it\nis still considered rather poor form to attend the theater or opera\ntogether, without other friends in the party, it is often done without\nany very serious consequence to the young people. Perhaps it is because\nthe young men and women of this country have that instinctive grace and\ndignity of manner that the severe laws of conduct practiced abroad have\nbeen deemed unnecessary.\nTHE PROPOSAL\nAt one time, not so very long ago, it was considered an irrevocable law\nof etiquette that a young man obtain the formal consent of a young\nlady's parents before asking her hand in marriage. Prevalent customs\nhave almost eliminated this formality, and modern mothers and fathers,\nby the welcome which they accord him in their home, show a young man\nwhether or not they think him eligible for their daughter's hand. And\nit is really a much wiser plan to object to a friendship when it first\nbegins instead of waiting until it has developed into something more\nserious. If the young man wishes to proceed upon the old-fashioned\nformula he may do so, first assuring himself insofar as he is able that\nhis attentions are welcome to the young lady.\nThe time for the proposal depends upon attending circumstances. Someone\nhas said that there would be fewer divorces if more proposals were made\nin the middle of the day under ordinary conditions, but the timid or\nromantic youth usually prefers the witchery of moonlight and the magic\nof solitude. The proposal itself should be sincere and earnest. Glowing\nterms and impassioned emotion are, indeed, very bad taste; and often\nthe more simple a proposal is the more forcibly it expresses the\nsuitor's ardor.\nIf he is accepted the well-bred young man will immediately seek the\nyoung lady's parents and impart the happy news to them. At this point,\nif it has not already been disclosed it is customary for him to reveal\nhis true status, financially and socially, and answer politely any\nquestions that her parents may ask him. If there are dissensions he\nmust explain calmly and carefully, making sure all the time to keep\ncomplete control of his feelings and not to allow himself to become\neither angry or impatient.\nTHE ENGAGEMENT RING\nIt is the custom to seal the engagement pact with a ring. As soon as\nthe prospective bridegroom has won the consent of the young lady whom\nhe wishes to be his wife, he places the engagement ring on the third\nfinger of her left hand. The convention is that the ring be a diamond\nsolitaire set in gold or platinum, or, if it is preferred, a diamond\nset with other stones. It is always wise to consult the individual\npreference of the young lady in determining the choice of the ring, and\nit is her privilege to choose whatever kind she wants regardless of\ntradition or convention.\nANNOUNCING THE ENGAGEMENT\nAfter the proposal has been accepted announcement of the fact is made,\nand it is here that the young lady takes the leading part.\nThere are several established conventions in announcing the engagement.\nEach one is good form, and the choice is merely a matter of taste and\nconvenience. But always the initiative must come from the family of the\nfuture bride. The young man must not even announce the engagement to\nhis best friends until he is quite sure that his fianc\u00e9 has already\nmade it known to her friends.\nIt has always been a popular custom in better society to give the\nannouncement of an engagement as nearly an appearance of \"leaking out\"\nas possible. Perhaps it is because it adds to the interest of the\noccasion. To obtain this effect, a number of intimate friends and\nrelatives are invited to a dinner party--really the engagement\ndinner--where, in the course of the conversation, the news of the\nengagement is casually imparted to the guests for the first time. It is\nusually announced by the father of the young lady; sometimes by her\nolder brother, and in some cases by her mother.\nThe guests, of course, will offer warm and sincere congratulations. The\nhappy couple mingle among their guests and receive their good wishes\nwith modesty and smiles of thanks.\nSometimes the young lady gives a luncheon for her friends, at which the\nannouncement is made. It is always very pretty to make the announcement\nin some novel way, and if the hostess does not find her own ingenuity\nequal to it she will find her stationer her best guide. He has various\nnovelty cards, etc., specially designed for such occasions.\nOften, instead of formally announcing the engagement, the young lady\ngives the news to several of her closest friends, depending on them to\nspread it among their friends and acquaintances. This manner of\nannouncement is usually followed with a little informal reception, to\nwhich are invited the members of the prospective bridegroom's family\nand the relatives of both families.\nTHE MOST USUAL METHOD\nPerhaps the best way to announce an engagement is for the young lady\nand her mother to send small engraved cards to their circle of friends\nand relatives, making the announcement in a simple statement, and\nmentioning an afternoon when they will be \"at home\" to visitors. The\nyoung man may also send notes or cards to his friends, having first\nmade sure that his fianc\u00e9 has already announced it to her friends. The\n\"at home\" offers a splendid opportunity for each one to meet the\nfriends of the other, and for the families of the two young people to\nbecome better acquainted. Care must be taken that there is no\nconstraint, no drifting into \"circles.\" The young lady must welcome her\nfuture husband's friends with sincere cordiality, and see that they are\nproperly introduced to her own friends. He must mingle with her friends\nand make himself companionable and agreeable. To be constantly\ntogether, selfishly enjoying each other's company while the neglected\nguests are left to their own devices is a breach of etiquette and must\nbe conscientiously avoided if the \"at home\" is to be hailed a success.\nIf this last method of announcing the engagement is decided upon, the\nhome should boast no decorations except flowers simply arranged. The\nyoung lady and her mother, in conservative afternoon frocks, receive\ntogether. The young man is usually presented to the guests by his\nfuture father-in-law. Entertainment, such as music and dancing, may be\nprovided for the occasion if it is convenient. Simple refreshments may\nbe served--dainty sandwiches, cake, tea and sweets are appropriate when\nserved in an attractive manner.\nIt is also customary to place an announcement in the society columns of\nthe newspapers simultaneously with the giving of the dinner party. It\nshould always be written by the parents about their daughter, or by the\nguardian if she has no parents--never by the engaged girl herself.\nANNOUNCING AN ENGAGEMENT IN THE NEWSPAPERS\nThe vogue to-day seems to favor announcing engagements in the newspaper\nrather than through the issuing of announcement cards. Such items of\nannouncement should be sent to the society editor of the paper\nselected, and should be signed with the full name and address of the\nsender. Brief items are always better than long ones.\nHere are two typical newspaper announcements of recent engagements:\n    _\"Mr. and Mrs. Henry M. Bower announce the engagement of their\n    daughter Rose to Mr. Walter Barrie of Boston. The date of the\n    wedding will be announced in this paper later.\"_\n    _\"The engagement of Miss Lillian Hall to Mr. Robert G. Manning is\n    announced by Mr. and Mrs. John B. Hall. The wedding is to take\n    place in St. Thomas's Church on the 15th of June.\"_\nENGAGEMENT GIFTS\nIt is not customary for elaborate engagement gifts to be presented,\neven by near relatives. In fact, the mode of the engagement gift has\nbeen gradually disappearing until to-day congratulations are considered\nsufficient. However, the close friends of the young lady may send her,\nwith their congratulations, pleasing bits of chinaware, glassware, and\nsometimes even silver. Odd pieces of bric-\u00e0-brac and quaint, unusual\ngifts, and antiques are always acceptable. Markings on gifts are\nusually in the maiden name of the bride--but if any doubt is felt as to\nwhich she herself would prefer, it is best to ask her.\nThere is an old tradition regarding the giving of tea-cups as an\nengagement present. A lover, who was obliged to go away on an extended\nsea journey, gave to his betrothed a delicate china cup, asking her to\ndrink tea from it every afternoon. He said, \"If I am unfaithful, the\ncup will fill to overbrimming and the tea pouring over the sides will\ncrack the thin china. Then you will know I have broken faith.\" The\ncustom has been brought down to us, and now we find that the giving of\na tea-cup or a tea-set as an engagement present signifies\nfaithfulness--and it may mean faithfulness to friendship or love as the\ncase may be. We usually find that a young lady's spinster friends are\npartial to the custom; they seem to find particular enjoyment in\npresenting her with dainty tea-cups, either separately or in sets.\nExpensive gifts should never be exchanged during an engagement, barring\nof course the engagement ring. The young man may present his\nprospective bride with books, flowers or candy, but articles of wearing\napparel are considered bad taste.\nTo be modest, gracious, dignified during the engagement, to continue\none's social duties faithfully, neither neglecting one's friends nor\nbecoming self-consciously enthusiastic, to be self-possessed and\nunaffected even while one is the center of much lively interest and\nanimated discussion--this is the end to be desired, and the young man\nand woman who have accomplished it are indeed fortunate.\nBRIDAL SHOWERS\nA good many years ago a friend of a young woman who was about to be\nmarried decided that the only gift she could afford was too slight an\noffering to express the love and good wishes that she felt. Knowing\nthat there were other friends who felt the same way she called them\ntogether and suggested that they present their gifts at the same time.\nThen and there the idea of the \"shower\" was born.\nThe custom has prevailed and in most instances to-day the shower has a\nspecial purpose, such as the linen shower or the kitchen shower or the\nbook shower. It is a very charming way of presenting gifts that would\nseem too trifling if they were presented alone.\nIntimate friends of the bride are the guests at a shower. It is usually\na very informal affair and nearly always a surprise to the bride. The\ngifts may be hidden in a Jack Horner pie, they may be wrapped in all\nsorts of odd packages, or they may be presented in any of a hundred and\none attractive ways. Originality in this, as in all entertainments, is\ngreatly to be desired.\nThe young lady who is honored with a shower thanks the guests verbally,\nand afterwards she may write each of them a little note expressing her\ngratitude. It is necessary to do so if the affair was an elaborate one\nand the gifts were expensive.\nLENGTH OF THE ENGAGEMENT\nThe question of how long an engagement should last is usually governed\nby attendant conditions. There is, however, a marked tendency for\nengagements to be short; in fact, fashion now demands that the\nwedding-day be at least tentatively fixed before the engagement is\nannounced.\nMany times there are excellent reasons why it should be of several\nyears' duration. It is best not to announce the fact formally, though\nit may be understood among one's friends. Matters of this kind are to\nbe determined by the two people who are most concerned, and if a young\nman and his fianc\u00e9 have decided that they would like to have a long\nengagement the rules of etiquette have nothing to say against it.\nRESPONSIBILITY FOR THE WEDDING\nThe father and mother of the young lady who is about to be married\nassume all responsibility for the preparation for and the celebration\nof the wedding. The groom is not expected to pay for anything except\nthe ring and flowers for the bride and, if he wishes, the flowers for\nthe bridesmaids and trifling gifts for the ushers and other attendants.\nThe clergyman's fee also devolves upon him, but all other expenses are\npaid by the bride's parents or guardians. Indeed, it would indicate a\ngreat lack of tact or delicacy on the part of the groom to offer to\nprovide a part of the trousseau or to pay for any of the other expenses\nincidental to the occasion.\nAnnouncement cards, invitations, music, flowers and other decorations\nfor the church, the preparations for the breakfast or reception to\nfollow the ceremony--all of these are paid for by her parents. The\nwedding should never be more elaborate than the parents of the bride\ncan afford.\nFAMILIES AND FRIENDS\nIt is always very delightful when the families of an engaged couple\nfind themselves congenial, and every effort should be made by the young\npeople to bring about, if it does not already exist, a harmonious\nrelationship between their immediate families. It is almost equally\ndesirable that each shall like the friends of the other and heroic\nefforts must be made to do so. A pleasing way to bring friends together\nis by means of an informal reception. The invitations should be cordial\nnotes written by hand. The following indicates the usual form:\n    _Bayside, April 4, 19--_\n    _Dear May:_\n    _No doubt you already know that I am engaged to be married to\n    Ralph Curran. Thursday afternoon from three to five mother is\n    giving a little reception for his friends and mine, and we both\n    hope that you will be able to attend._\n    _Cordially yours,_\n    _Helen Hall._\nFor the members of the immediate families or for very close friends a\ndinner is suggested but the most important point for the family which\nis doing the entertaining to keep in mind is the style of living to\nwhich the other has been accustomed, and nothing should be done which\nmight embarrass them. If the family has been accustomed to great\nelegance the one that is acting as host need have no fear for people\nwho are worth knowing appreciate simplicity wherever they find it; but\nif they are in very moderate circumstances it is the cruellest kind of\ndiscourtesy to attempt to overawe them with ceremonious hospitality.\nIt is ordinarily the family of the groom that is first to approach the\nother with an invitation of some kind, but extenuating circumstances\nmake the convention vary. Often a young girl is invited to visit in the\nhome of her fianc\u00e9 before her marriage. It is an invitation which she\nmay accept with perfect propriety.\nCHAPTER IV\nWEDDING INVITATIONS AND ANNOUNCEMENTS\nTHE WEDDING INVITATION\nNot later than fifteen days, and not earlier than four weeks before the\ndate set for the marriage, wedding invitations are sent to those\nfriends, relatives and acquaintances who are to be present at the\nceremony. When the wedding is to be a large church affair, invitations\nare sent to all those whose names appear on the visiting lists of the\ntwo families. They are also issued to relatives and friends of the\nbride and groom who may be traveling abroad, to the important business\nassociates of the groom, and those of the bride's father. Intimate\nfriends and relatives in mourning are also invited, whether they are\nexpected to attend or not.\nFor a home wedding, more discrimination is shown in the issuing of\ninvitations. Intimate friends and relatives of both families are\ninvited, but no casual acquaintances. In sending out the invitations,\nthe bride-to-be and her mother should take into consideration the\nnumber of people who will fit comfortably into the reception or drawing\nroom.\nSIZE AND MATERIAL\nFormal wedding invitations should always be engraved. They are issued\nin the name of the bride's parents, or, if she is an orphan, in the\nnames of a married brother and his wife, of her guardian or her nearest\nmale relative.\nPure white or cream-tinted paper, unglazed but smooth in surface,\nshould be used for wedding invitations. A conventional size, although\neach year sees another size in wedding invitations, is seven inches in\nlength by six inches in width. These dimensions vary, but never more\nthan an inch or so. They fold once into the envelope. Plain script is\nfavored for the engraving of the wedding cards; old English script,\nRoman capitals and block lettering are all effective. A good stationer\nwill show you the types of lettering most suited to wedding invitations\nat the present time. It is his business to be able to advise you.\nIf there is a family crest (the bride's family) it may be embossed in\nwhite in the center at the top of the engraved sheet, but not on the\nflap of the envelope. A recent fashion is to have the bride's initials\nembossed in white where the crest would appear. Both are effective; but\nsuch decorations as gilt-edges, entwined letters of coats-of-arms in\ncolors are in bad taste.\nVery fine paper should be selected for the wedding invitation. No tint\nexcept cream may be used; pure-white is considered the very best form.\nThe paper should be of medium weight, unglazed, and smooth.\nLight-weight paper through which lettering can be easily seen should\nnot be used. Nor should the paper be so thick and heavy that it breaks\nwhen folded.\nKINDS OF ENVELOPES\nThe wedding invitation demands two envelopes. The first, matching in\ntexture and quality the paper of the invitation, is used as a\nprotection for the card. It remains unsealed. The second envelope is a\ntrifle larger, though it must also be of a similar texture. Into this\nenvelope the card and the inner envelope are slipped for mailing.\nThe large envelope is sealed and stamped. It bears the complete name\nand address of the person for whom it is intended, while the inner\nenvelope bears only the name. The church cards are enclosed with the\nwedding invitation if there is necessity for them. And if there is to\nbe a wedding reception to which this particular guest is invited, a\nspecial card is also enclosed. The \"at home\" cards of the bridal couple\nare sent separately after the wedding.\nADDRESSING THE ENVELOPES\nThe wedding invitation is addressed to Mr. and Mrs. Blank. The\nexpression \"and family\" following the name of a husband and wife is not\nused in polite society. If there are unmarried daughters to be invited,\na separate invitation is addressed to \"The Misses Blank.\" Sons may be\ninvited either by sending a separate invitation to each one, or\naddressing one invitation to \"The Messrs. Blank.\" All these\ninvitations, in their proper envelopes, addressed appropriately, are\nplaced in the large envelope for mailing. This single envelope is\naddressed in full to the matron of the family, \"Mrs. Henry Mason\nBlank.\"\nINVITATION TO CHURCH WEDDING\nThe invitation to a church wedding is worded with a bit more formality\nthan the invitation to the home ceremony. It is sent out two or three\nweeks before the day set for the wedding. The church wedding invitation\nrequires no written acknowledgment, except in those rare cases when\nthere is a request for it. Instead of the initials, R.S.V.P., it is\nbetter form to say simply, \"Please reply.\" Invitations for the home\nwedding, of course, require prompt acknowledgment.\nFollowing are two forms of church wedding invitations which may be\nused:\n    _Mr. and Mrs. John Grey Taylor\n    request the honor of\n    presence at the marriage of their daughter\n    Helen Marie\n    with\n    Mr. Raymond Mitchell\n    on Thursday, the ninth of May\n    at four o'clock\n    St. Thomas's Church\n    New York_\n    _Mr. and Mrs. John Grey Taylor\n    request the honor of your presence\n    at the marriage of their daughter\n    Helen Marie\n    and\n    Mr. Raymond Mitchell\n    on Friday, the fourth of June\n    at six o'clock\n    at the Presbyterian Church\n    Boston_\nIn the first invitation, the name of the guest is written by hand in\nthe space left for that purpose. The use of \"marriage and\" and\n\"marriage with\" is now customary in preference to \"marriage to.\" All\nthree words are in good form, however, and any one of them may be used.\nBelow is a model engraved admission card, used when the church wedding\nis to be a large one and tickets of admission are necessary. The\ncorrect size is denoted:\n    _PLEASE PRESENT THIS CARD\n    at St. Michael's Church\n    on Monday, the fifth of May_\nINVITATIONS TO HOME WEDDING\nFor the home wedding, invitations are engraved as for the church\nwedding, but for the phrase \"request the honor of your presence\" the\nphrase \"request the pleasure of your company\" is substituted, though\n\"honor\" may be used in place of \"pleasure\" if one prefers.\nAs in the case of the church wedding, a space may be left for the name\nof the guest to be filled in, or the form that follows may be used:\n    _Mr. and Mrs. Robert Guy Brown\n    request the pleasure of your company\n    at the marriage of their daughter\n    Helen Rose\n    and\n    Mr. Henry Van Buren\n    on Tuesday afternoon, June the first\n    at four o'clock\n    Twenty-two West End Avenue_\nWhen the wedding takes place in the country, or a guest at a great\ndistance is invited, a small card like the one following is generally\nincluded:\n    _Train leaves Grand Central Station\n    for Glenville at 11:42 A.M._\n    _Returning train leaves Glenville\n    for New York at 6:10 P.M._\nWealthy people often place a special train at the disposal of special\ncity friends whose presence is eagerly desired at the wedding. A card,\nlike the one following, is enclosed with the invitation, and it serves\nas a pass, entitling the bearer to a seat in the reserved train. Here\nis the form most generally used:\n    _The special train leaves\n    Grand Central Station for Glenville\n    Leaves Glenville for Grand Central Station\n    Please present this card at station door_\nWEDDING IN A FRIEND'S HOME\nSometimes, either because of convenience or personal preference,\narrangements are made to have a wedding take place at the home of a\nfriend or relative. The following wording is suggested as the correct\nform for the invitation:\n    _The pleasure of your company is requested\n    at the marriage of\n    Miss Marian Benson Joyce\n    Mr. John H. Brown\n    on Monday, the fifth of June\n    at twelve o'clock\n    at the residence of\n    Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Smith Hopkins\n    Eighteen Johns Street_\nWHEN CARDS ARE ENCLOSED\nWhen a church wedding is followed by a reception or breakfast, special\nengraved cards are enclosed with the invitations to those guests whose\npresence is desired. It may be a very small card, inscribed merely with\nthese words:\n    _Reception\n    from four o'clock\n    Forty-six Lafayette Street_\nFor the wedding breakfast a card of this kind is usually enclosed:\n    _Mr. and Mrs. John Hay\n    request the pleasure of\n    company, at breakfast\n    on Thursday, the fifth of May\n    at twelve o'clock_\nINVITATIONS TO SECOND MARRIAGES\nThe second wedding invitation of a widow should be issued in the name\nof her parents or nearest living relatives. She uses her own first name\nwith the surname of the deceased husband. Here is the correct form:\n    _Mr. and Mrs. Robbert Manning\n    request the honor of your presence\n    at their marriage of their daughter\n    Mrs. May Ellis Bruce\n    Mr. Stanley Kenworth\n    on Monday, September the fifth\n    at six o'clock\n    St. Paul Chapel_\nIt may be that the woman who is to be married for the second time has\nno near relatives to serve as hosts for her. Her invitations may be\nlike this:\n    _The honor of your presence is requested\n    at the marriage of\n    Mrs. Helen Roy Chadwick\n    and\n    Mr. Bruce Kenneth\n    on Wednesday, August the tenth\n    at four o'clock\n    Church of the Redeemer_\nAnnouncement cards are sent after a wedding if there were no\ninvitations issued. They are often sent instead of invitations to\nfriends who live at too great a distance to be present at the ceremony.\nThey require no acknowledgment though it is customary to send either a\nnote expressing good wishes or a gift of some kind. If one lives in the\nsame community one should call on the bride's mother, and if the\nbride's card in inclosed, on the bride herself shortly after she\nreturns from the honeymoon. This is the usual form for the announcement\ncard:\n    _Mr. and Mrs. Roger Smith\n    announce the marriage of their daughter\n    Rose Madeline\n    Mr. Frank Breckenridge\n    on Thursday, April the first\n    one thousand nine hundred and twenty-one_\nIn case of a second marriage of the bride, the announcement card reads\nin this manner:\n    _Mr. Robert G. Gainsworth\n    and\n    Mrs. Herbert Gaylord Smith\n    announce their marriage\n    on Thursday, August the Eleventh\n    one thousand nine hundred and twenty-one_\nThe bride uses the announcement above only when she is a widow. A\ndivorc\u00e9e uses her own first and second names, with the surname of the\ndivorced husband.\nThe announcement card is engraved on sheets of white paper similar in\nsize and texture to those used for the invitation. It is posted on the\nday of the wedding. The forms given above may be modified by adding the\nname of the Church in which the ceremony was held, or the home address\nof the bride if it was a home wedding.\nWith the wedding invitation or the announcement card the \"at home\" card\nof the bride may be included, giving the date of her return from the\nhoneymoon and her future address. Thus:\n    _Mr. and Mrs. K. N. Littleton\n    At Home in Forest Hills\n    After the eighteenth of August_\nINVITATION TO WEDDING ANNIVERSARY\nUnlike the wedding invitation, that of the anniversary may display some\ndelicate, unostentatious design significant of the occasion. It is\nengraved on sheets or cards which may display the entwined initials of\nhusband and wife, and the year of the marriage and wedding anniversary.\nFor a silver wedding, the engraving may be done in silver, and gold\nlettering is permissible for the fifty-year anniversary. The two most\napproved forms for the anniversary invitations are given below:\n    Mr. and Mrs. Henry Guy Ascher\n    At Home\n    Wednesday evening, May third\n    after eight o'clock\n    Thirty-two Pine Street_\n    Mr. and Mrs. Henry Guy Ascher\n    request the pleasure of your company\n    on the Fiftieth Anniversary\n    of their marriage\n    on Thursday, June the third\n    at eight o'clock\n    Thirty-two Pine Street_\nINFORMAL WEDDING INVITATION\nWhen a recent death in the family, or when personal preference results\nin a so-called \"quiet\" wedding, when only the immediate family and very\nclose friends are invited, a short note written either by the\nbride-to-be or her mother, is the only invitation. Following is a note\nof this kind from the bride-elect to her friend--and immediately below\nit the correct form of acknowledgment:\n    _Dear Janet:_\n    _Two weeks from Monday, on the ninth of September, Mr. Brill and\n    I are to be married. We are asking only a few of our most intimate\n    friends to be present, and would be very glad to have you among\n    them. The ceremony will take place at four o'clock._\n    _With kindest regards, I am_\n    _Sincerely yours,_\n    _Harriet B. Howe._\n    _Dear Harriet:_\n    _I shall be delighted to attend your wedding on September ninth,\n    at four o'clock._\n    _With cordial good wishes to you and Mr. Brill, I am_\n    _Sincerely yours,_\n    _Janet B. Robbins._\nACKNOWLEDGING THE FORMAL WEDDING INVITATION\nWhen a breakfast or reception card is included, a response must be made\npromptly. The form of the invitation should be followed as nearly as\npossible. It is written on the first page of a sheet of social note\npaper, and addressed to the parents or guardians of the bride. Here is\nthe form used for acceptance:\n    _Mr. and Mrs. John Mortimer\n    accept with pleasure\n    Mr. and Mrs. Henry B. Fletcher's\n    kind invitation to be present at the\n    marriage of their daughter\n    Helen Marie\n    Mr. Thomas Wolcott\n    on Tuesday, the seventh of May\n    at twelve o'clock\n    and afterward at the wedding breakfast_\nRegrets are usually worded in this manner, following closely the\ninvitation. The reason for non-attendance may or may not be given:\n    _Mr. and Mrs. John Mortimer\n    exceedingly regret that they\n    are unable to accept\n    Mr. and Mrs. Fletcher's\n    kind invitation to be present at the\n    marriage of their daughter\n    Helen Marie\n    Mr. Thomas Wolcott\n    on Tuesday, the seventh of May\n    at twelve o'clock\n    and afterward at the wedding breakfast_\nIn the fourth line of the first acknowledgment above the two last words\n\"at the\" may be prefixed to the fifth line; the same holds true of the\nfifth line of the second acknowledgment. A good stationer will be able\nto give you the exact prevalent vogue in this matter.\nWHOM TO INVITE\nIt is necessary for the young man and woman who are about to be married\nto make out their list of those to whom invitations are to be sent\ntogether. If the wedding is to be a large affair, not only their\nfriends but the friends of their parents as well, and business\nacquaintances of both families should be invited. Relatives and friends\nin mourning should be invited but no resentment should be felt if they\ndo not attend. If the wedding is a small one great care should be taken\nlest the guests are so numerous as to overcrowd the church or home.\nEspecially is this true of the home where the space is usually more\ncircumscribed.\nSENDING THE INVITATIONS\nAll invitations should come from the home of the bride, even those that\nare for the personal friends of her husband even if they are unknown to\nthe bride. They should be mailed from one month to two weeks or ten\ndays before the day set for the wedding. If the bride is an orphan they\nare sent in the name of her nearest relative. If there is an older\nbrother they may be issued in his name, but never in the name of a\nsister unless she is a great deal older than the bride or is herself a\nmarried woman. If the bride has lost one parent and the other has\nremarried she may use her own judgment as to whether to send the\ninvitation in the name of her parent or in the names of them both. The\nlatter is usually preferred, as a matter of consideration toward the\nstep-parent.\nRECALLING THE WEDDING INVITATION\nA sudden death in the family, illness, accident, or other serious\nhappening, warrants the recall of wedding invitations. The parents of\nthe bride should immediately notify guests of the postponement of the\nwedding, by issuing printed cards. A good size for these cards is three\nand a quarter inches in length by one and one-quarter inches in width.\nThe text is usually worded in this manner:\n    _Owing to the sudden death of Mr. Henry\n    Robert's father, Mr. and Mrs. James Curtis\n    are compelled to recall the invitations for\n    their daughter's wedding on Thursday, February\n    the fourth._\nor\n    _Mr. and Mrs. James Curtis beg to recall\n    the invitations issued for the marriage of\n    their daughter, Grace Helen, and Mr. Henry\n    Roberts, on Thursday, February the fourth._\nBREAKING AN ENGAGEMENT\nA broken engagement is always embarrassing for both the young man and\nthe young lady. Friends, if they are truly well-bred, will not ask\nquestions, and relatives will not demand explanations. The obligations\nwhich such a situation entails are unpleasant, but it is infinitely\nbetter to go through the ordeal than to face a marriage which is\ncertain to end in disaster.\nAt such a time it is important for the young lady to have the utmost\ndignity and self-possession. She is not expected to make any\nannouncement or offer any explanations. If a reception has been\nscheduled, her mother sends brief notes or engraved cards to those who\nhave been invited, informing them that the engagement has been broken.\nThe young lady, if she wishes, may confide in her intimate friends; but\nto be bitter, to condemn her former suitor in any way, to suggest that\nperhaps he was not all that she thought he was at first, not only\nreflects on her own good judgment, but is very poor form and shows lack\nof delicacy.\nIf the announcement of the engagement has been made in the papers such\na notice as this might be inserted in the name of the person or persons\nwho first made the announcement:\n    _Mr. and Mrs. C. D. Simmons announce\n    that by mutual consent the engagement\n    between their daughter Agnes and George\n    Francis Richards is at an end._\nIf invitations have been sent out a similar announcement may be\ndispatched to each intended guest. These should be engraved on white\ncards of the size recommended by the stationer.\nIf the engagement was announced only to intimate friends the bride\nshould send each of them a note stating that the engagement is at\nan end. It is much better _never_ to give an explanation. Such\noccasions as this must have given rise to the proverb, \"Least said,\nsoonest mended.\" Even to the bride's dearest friend the following note\nis sufficient:\n    _Bellevue, June 1, 19--_\n    _Dear Ruth:_\n    _Since I wrote you last week something has happened which has\n    made George and me reconsider our engagement. You will therefore\n    please disregard the invitation for Thursday afternoon._\n    _Ever sincerely yours,_\n    _Margaret Franklin._\nRETURNING GIFTS\nWhen an engagement is broken off the young people return all expensive\ngifts and all letters that have passed between them. The young lady\nalways, of course, returns the engagement ring.\nIf wedding presents have been received from friends these also must be\nreturned with a brief note explaining that the wedding is not to take\nplace. It is necessary to thank the donor as warmly as if nothing had\nhappened.\nIt takes a great deal of courage to face the situation bravely and to\ngo through it without a sacrifice of dignity. One thing must be\nremembered: _Don't be afraid of what people will say._ It is not\ntheir happiness which is at stake.\nWHEN DEATH INTERVENES\nOften a death in the family occurs when preparations are under way for\na wedding. If the death is that of a parent or very dear relative the\nwedding should be postponed, if circumstances permit, as a mark of\nrespect and sincere sorrow for the deceased. But if the wedding must\ntake place as scheduled, or even two or three months after the death,\ngood taste and delicacy demand that it shall be quiet and simple, with\nonly a few near relatives and friends present.\nIf the ceremony is performed in church there should be no garlands of\ngay flowers to strike a festive note. A bit of fern or other green\nfoliage here and there is sufficient decoration. The bride may have one\nbridesmaid and a maid of honor--but an elaborate bridal train is\nconsidered poor taste within six months of a dearly beloved one's\ndeath. The ceremony itself is dispatched with expedience and rapidity,\nyet without any semblance whatever of haste.\nWhether it is held in church or at home, the wedding during the period\nof mourning is characterized by a solemn simplicity that has none of\nthe triumphant joyousness of the elaborate wedding. And still the\noccasion sacrifices none of its happiness, for sorrow brings to human\nnature the same mellow sweetness that the flight of time brings to\nuntasted wine.\nTo pay fitting reverence to the dead, weddings and receptions of all\nkinds should be postponed. But if circumstances decree that they shall\ntake place, then the occasion may be marked by so quiet and\nunpretentious a ceremony that the respect due the deceased is in no way\nviolated.\nCHAPTER V\nWEDDINGS\nTHE CHURCH WEDDING\nThe bride and groom decide between them the church where they wish the\nwedding to take place and the clergyman whom they wish to officiate.\nWhen there is no religious difference between the couple the matter is\na very simple one and the church which the bride's family regularly\nattends is the one chosen, but when he is of one faith and she of\nanother it may assume serious proportions. If neither is inclined to\nyield gracefully the laws of etiquette decree that the groom should\ngive in, not only because chivalry demands it but also because the\nwedding day by right and tradition belongs primarily to the bride.\nThe church should be decorated for the occasion but not with great\nelaboration. Palms, ferns, and smilax, roses, lilies and other flowers\nare appropriate. Ribbon also may be used effectively. White streamers\nare sometimes used to mark off the seats which are to be occupied by\nthe relatives and intimate friends of the bride and groom, but there\nare many people who do not like to indicate so definitely the lines of\ndemarcation among their guests.\nExtravagance in any of the appointments of the wedding are in extremely\nbad taste. It is sometimes well to remember the delightful logic of the\nold lady who said that she did not dress better than she could afford\nto at home because everybody knew her and there was no use trying to\nimpress them; and she did not dress better than she could afford when\nshe went to the city because nobody knew her and it did not make any\ndifference whether she impressed them or not. No set form of decoration\ncan be given, but magnificent ornamentation is out of place in a simple\nchapel or church, and in every place profusion beyond one's means is\nnot only ill-bred but foolish.\nATTENDANTS\nAmong the Anglo-Saxons the custom of an impressive escort for the bride\nhad its origin. To-day it is a matter of choice, and the bride may have\nas many or as few as she pleases. Her maid of honor is usually her\nsister or her best friend and her bridesmaids are chosen from among\nthose who are dearest to her. The groom chooses the best man and the\nbride and groom together select the ushers.\nTHE BRIDESMAIDS\nAlthough the number of bridesmaids is entirely a matter of choice, it\nis the fashion at an elaborate church wedding to have not less than\nfive nor more than ten. A maid or matron of honor, two little pages or\nflower girls, and, if it is desired, a third child to bear the cushion\nto the altar, completes the bridal train.\nThe bevy of bridesmaids consists of the bride's dearest friends. If she\nhas sisters, one of them, as well as one of the bridegroom's sisters,\nmust be included in her escort. For maid or matron of honor, the bride\nselects a sister or intimate friend.\nIt is sometimes customary for the bride to provide the dresses of her\nbridesmaids. This, however, is dependent upon circumstances and\nconditions, and is not really essential. It is important, though, that\nthe bride visit each bridesmaid personally and request her services at\nthe wedding, unless she lives at some distance.\nThe bride, if the wedding is to be an elaborate one, may suggest to the\nbridesmaids the kind of gowns she would like them to wear. The young\nladies may be trusted to follow her wishes implicitly. No one would\nwillingly mar a friend's wedding by appearing in a gown that does not\nagree with the general plan. The gowns need not be identical; but the\ncolors must be the same, or at least harmonize. Light shades are always\nthe fashion for bridesmaids. White, of course, for the bride.\nThe bridesmaids should be invited many weeks before the wedding so that\nthey will have ample time for preparation. Nearly always the dress has\nto be made, and this takes time.\nIt is customary for the bridesmaids to be dressed alike or very nearly\nalike. The custom had its origin in primitive times when evil spirits\nwere supposed to attend wedding ceremonies and the bride and groom were\nsurrounded by friends of their own age and sex dressed similarly so\nthat the spirits could not single out the happy couple for their evil\ndesigns. It is a far cry from that time to this, and the only reason\nwhy the bridesmaids are dressed similarly now is because the effect is\nso much prettier than could be attained by a miscellaneous array of\ngowns, however beautiful each one in itself might be.\nThey carry flowers, either cut flowers or bouquets, but their bouquets\nare never so elaborate as that carried by the bride. Usually they wear\na bit of jewelry which was presented by the groom. This, too, is a\ncurious survival of primitive marriage customs when the groom had to\ncapture the bride, and because she was fleet-footed and wild (or\nperhaps because he was lazy), bribed her friends to lure her to the\nplace where he was waiting.\nREHEARSALS\nElaborate weddings should always be rehearsed at least once beforehand.\nIn arranging these rehearsals the bride must have in mind the\nconvenience of her attendants, and by consulting them, should settle\nupon a time that will be agreeable for the majority. The requests for\none's presence at a rehearsal may be made verbally or by notes.\nRefreshments are usually served afterward at the home of the bride.\nShe must arrange for the opening of the church, and she should provide\na way for the young ladies who are at some distance to get there. The\ndetails of the ceremony should be practiced until the whole thing can\nbe accomplished with ease and grace. Every possible effort must be made\nto eliminate a stilted and wooden effect on the actual day of the\nwedding.\nREGARDING THE USHERS\nAt the rehearsal they should receive careful instructions (usually from\nthe clergyman), as a large part of the smoothness and charm of the\nwedding ceremony depends upon their knowledge of the right thing to do\nat the right time.\nOn the day of the wedding, they must be at the church at least an hour\nbefore the scheduled time for the ceremony. It is part of their duty to\nwelcome the guests and escort them to their seats. An old custom was\nfor the usher to offer his right arm to a lady, and although it still\nprevails, a more accepted form is for him to welcome each guest with a\nsmile, precede her down the aisle, and with a graceful indication,\ndirect her to her place.\nFront seats should always be reserved for the relatives and most\nintimate friends of both families. At most fashionable weddings, the\nnames of the people to receive these front seats are tabulated on cards\nand given to the ushers. Another custom that is permissible is to mark\noff the number of seats in front that are to be reserved with a white\nribbon, extending from aisle to aisle and terminating at the end seats\nwith pretty bows or festoons. This manner of reserving seats for the\n\"guests of honor\" is not only effective, but is also decorative.\nTHE WEDDING DAY\nJune and October, because the weather is usually beautiful and flowers\nare more abundant than at other times, are the favorite months for\nbrides, though there is not a single month out of the twelve that does\nnot see its full quota of elaborate weddings. During Lent there are\nfewer than at any other time.\nThere is an old superstition which says that Friday is an unlucky day\nfor a wedding, but the prejudice that rose from it has so largely been\ndone away with that the only choice among the days of the week is that\nwhich rises from the bride's personal convenience and desire.\nA wedding may take place at any hour of the day. Morning weddings are\nusually very simple. Elaborate ceremonies are usually performed at high\nnoon or in the evening while the wedding that is neither very simple\nnor very elaborate (and this means most weddings) takes place in the\nafternoon. In a great many instances the hour has to be arranged with\nreference to the time the train on which the bride and groom expect to\nleave departs.\nARRIVING AT THE CHURCH\nThe wedding party should arrive promptly at the church a few minutes\nbefore the time mentioned for the ceremony. Few moments are more\ntensely anxious than those in which a belated member of the wedding\nparty is awaited by the others. For this reason, it is always better to\nassemble at the home of the bride rather than in the vestibule of the\nchurch or elsewhere. Except the groom and best man, who await the\nothers in the vestry and the ushers who have gone on ahead an hour or\nso earlier.\nThe bride's mother, the maid of honor and guests leave the home of the\nbride first. They are followed by the bridesmaids. The last to leave\nare the bride and her father.\nThe bride's mother is escorted to her place (the aisle seat of the\nfront pew on the left side) by the head usher. Those of her children\nwho have no part in the procession accompany her. The family of the\nbridegroom are similarly conducted to their reserved place, the front\npew on the right side. As soon as the bridesmaids and the bridal party\narrive at the door of the church, the bridegroom is informed, and the\nentire cort\u00e9ge assembles in the vestibule. The organist has previously\nbeen informed as to what musical selections are to be played, and as\nsoon as he gets his cue, he strikes a chord--and while the mellow notes\nof the organ peal forth (usually the beautiful tones of the\nwedding-march from \"Lohengrin\") the doors at the foot of the aisle\nslowly swing open.\nWEDDING MUSIC\nThe bride usually enters on Lohengrin and goes out on Mendelssohn.\nThroughout the ceremony, except when prayers are being said, there\nshould be soft music and the organ should continue to play until all\nthe guests have left the church, unless chimes are rung. In the event\nthat there are chimes they should begin to ring as soon as the bridal\nparty has left the church. The music for a church service may be very\nstately and impressive. Besides the organ stringed instruments may be\nemployed and soloists or a choir may be asked to sing. Music is\nespecially pleasing during the time when the guests are waiting for the\nwedding party to assemble.\nThe musical program in the home is not very different. A piano and one\nor two stringed instruments furnish the instrumental music while\nfriends of the bride and groom may be requested to sing. These should\nbe rewarded by a gift from the groom. There is a wider choice in the\nkind of music which may be used at the home wedding, for the beautiful\nsecular love songs which are out of place at the church are most\nappropriate here.\nTHE WEDDING PROCESSION\nThe order of the wedding procession depends largely upon the number of\nattendants. The following arrangement is frequently observed: The\nushers enter first, walking slowly down the aisle two by two. The\nbridesmaids follow in the same manner, the maid of honor, who is\nunattended, comes next, followed by the bride, who leans on the arm of\nher father. Flower girls may precede the procession or they may walk\njust in front of the bride and a page or pages may be added to the\ngroup to bear the train of the bride's gown. The bride is always the\nlast to enter and she comes alone or with whoever is to give her away\nat the altar.\nAs they reach the altar the ushers separate, one half moving to the\nright, the other to the left. The bridesmaids do likewise, and the maid\nof honor steps to the left of the bride while she and her father\nadvance toward the space left at the foot of the altar for them. At\nthis point the groom and best man come forward and the bride slips her\nhand from her father's arm and places it in the hand of the groom, who\nleads her to the clergyman. Her father stands at her right.\nTHE CEREMONY\nThe ceremony is performed in accordance with the rites prescribed by\nthe religious belief of the young people who are about to be married.\nThe clergyman is the person to consult about any embarrassing\nsituations that might arise.\nAs the wedding ring is worn on the same finger that has previously worn\nthe engagement ring the bride usually removes the latter and places it\non the corresponding finger of the right hand. She may allow it to\nremain there after the ceremony or she may place it on the same finger\nwith the wedding ring. It is allowable to leave the engagement ring in\nplace and slip the wedding ring on over it.\nA word about the ring itself. Like many another of our practices to-day\nits use is a survival from primitive times when women were chattels and\na man's wife was his property, his slave to do with as he pleased, and\nthe ring was of heavy iron, a sign of bondage. Not more than a decade\nback the ring was too heavy to be comfortable on the finger, but now it\nis a slender band of gold or platinum with or without scroll-work or\nother ornamentation, as the wearer may desire. Its symbolism is very\nbeautiful. The precious metal is an emblem of the purity of the love\nbetween a man and his wife and the circle itself is a symbol of\neternity.\nBefore entering the church the bride removes the glove from her left\nhand and she may give it with her bouquet to the maid of honor to hold\nduring the ceremony. The practice of ripping one finger of the glove so\nas to leave it bare for the ring is a very foolish one and has never\nfound favor among people of good breeding.\nIt is the part of the best man to look after the groom. His services\nmay be required in connection with many of the preliminary details of\nthe wedding even in the procuring of the license. At the wedding itself\nhe takes charge of the ring and the clergyman's fee, giving the former\nto the groom just before the ceremony requires him to place it on the\nbride's finger.\nThe bride's father remains directly behind her until the clergyman\nasks, \"Who giveth this woman to this man?\" when he comes forward, takes\nhis daughter's hand, lays it in that of the groom, and says, \"I do.\" He\nthen turns away and retires to the pew, where his wife is sitting.\nLEAVING THE ALTAR\nWhen the final blessing has been pronounced the bridal group may stand\nat the altar for a while receiving their friends and then break up\ninformally, or the procession may leave the church in reverse order\nfrom that in which they entered, the bride and groom walking first\ntogether, followed by the best man and the maid of honor and the\nbridesmaids and the ushers walking in pairs. The automobile of the\nbride and groom should be waiting at the door to whisk them away to the\nhome of the bride, where preparations are made for the wedding journey.\nTHROWING THE BOUQUET\nIt is a pretty custom for the bride to throw her bouquet among the\nbridesmaids (especially lovely when the wedding takes place at home and\nthe bride turns to throw the flowers as she mounts the stairs). It is a\nhappy omen for the young lady who catches the bouquet. She may divide\nit among the others or she may keep it for herself. It is not\ncompulsory for the bride to part with the bouquet if she prefers to\nkeep it herself. She may press the flowers or she may have rose beads\nmade from the petals or she may dispose of it in any way she desires.\nA well-known young society woman who was married recently in one of New\nYork's most exclusive churches, ordered all the flowers used in\ndecorations to be sent to a certain hospital to gladden the slowly\ndragging hours of the sufferers. She has created a precedent that every\nbride should be proud and happy to follow.\nAfter all, the greatest happiness is in making others happy. The joy of\nthe wedding day will gain a new sweetness when a kind deed adds to its\npleasure. Rather let the sufferers in a hospital enjoy the colorful\nfragrance of the flowers than permit them to wilt, forgotten, in the\nchurch.\nRICE, ETC.\nFrequently a shower of rice follows the departing couple, and satin\nslippers are thrown after the car. Care must be taken not to overdo\nthis ancient custom, for although it is considered good luck for one of\nthe satin slippers to alight on the top of the car, it is certainly bad\nform to give the occasion any appearance whatsoever of vulgarity.\nIt is interesting to trace this custom back to its origin. Among the\nancient Egyptians and Hebrews a slipper or sandal was a symbol that\ndenoted an exchange of property. Women at that time were regarded as\nproperty, and they were given in exchange for other property. Later we\nfind, in Anglo-Saxon marriages, that the bride's father delivers her\nshoe to the bridegroom, who touches her on the head with it in token of\nhis ownership and authority. The custom prevailed, and still later we\nfind that the idea of good luck is associated with the throwing of\nslippers at weddings. Rice and grain were combined with the ceremony of\nthrowing shoes, obviously indicating a plea to the deity of\nProductiveness to bless the marriage with an abundant supply of\nnature's bounties.\nTo-day the custom is still in vogue. Old satin slippers and handfuls of\nrice are thrown after the departing couple. It would not be an\nobjectionable custom if some over-enthusiastic individuals did not\noverdo it to the extent that it becomes almost riotous. After a solemn,\ndignified, well-ordered wedding ceremony, and a charming reception, it\nis nothing short of ridiculous to spoil it all by boisterously\noverdoing an old tradition. The cultured person is always well-poised,\nalways calm--whether it be during the tense moments of the wedding-vow\nutterances, or the half-glad, half-sad moments of seeing the happy pair\noff.\nTHE WEDDING RECEPTION\nFashionable weddings, if not celebrated with a wedding breakfast, are\nfollowed by a reception either in the afternoon or evening. All the\nbridal attendants are present, and those relatives and friends who have\npreviously received invitations.\nThe reception takes place in the drawing room of the bride's home. The\nroom is decorated with flowers, and in the hall is a refreshment table\non which is punch, cakes and boxes containing favors for each of the\nguests.\nThe bride and groom stand together under a floral bell and accept the\ncongratulations and good wishes of the guests. The bride's mother and\nfather are at the door of the drawing room to welcome them, and the\nparents of the groom are also ready to receive and welcome the guests\nas they arrive.\nIt is an important duty of the ushers, at the wedding reception, to\nintroduce to the bride all those guests whom she does not know. She\naccepts their congratulations with a smile and a cordial word or two in\nacknowledgment of the introduction.\nTHE WEDDING BREAKFAST\nWedding breakfasts, though an old English custom, are often held after\nthe church wedding. If it is decided upon, the guests to be invited\nshould be informed at least two weeks in advance. The occasion has all\nthe dignity and formality of a dinner party.\nThe bride and groom enter the dining room first. They are followed by\nthe bride's mother and the groom's father, and the groom's mother and\nthe bride's father. The bridesmaids and ushers are always invited to\nthe wedding breakfast, and they follow immediately after the parents of\nthe happy couple. The precedence of the other invited guests is\narranged by the mother of the bride.\nThe menu at a wedding breakfast is never elaborate. Consomm\u00e9e or\nbouillon, salads, birds, ices, jellies and bonbons are the usual order.\nCoffee and dainty cakes are served last. The wedding cake, if one is\nserved at all, is set before the bride.\nThe bride gives one-and-one-half to two hours to her guests at the\nwedding breakfast. Then she retires to her room, accompanied by the\nmaid of honor and her most intimate friends among the bridesmaids; and\nwhen she appears again she is in traveling costume. The groom has also\nretired to change his clothes, and he meets the bride at the foot of\nthe stairs. The motor is at the door in readiness, and after the last\nwhispered good-bys, warm handclasps and hasty kisses--the bride and\ngroom are off!\nTHE WEDDING PRESENT\nThe custom of giving wedding presents dates from away back in Dutch\nhistory when the relatives and friends of the bride and groom took upon\nthemselves the responsibility of furnishing the new household.\nGreat taste and discrimination should be exercised in the selecting of\ngifts and they should be sent early. Two months before the wedding is\nnot too soon. It is wise for the friends whenever possible to consult\neach other so that they will not duplicate gifts. If most of the\nsilver, etc., is gotten from the same jeweler he is a great help in\nselecting something that is not only appropriate in itself but in\nharmony with the other gifts.\nAnyone who receives an invitation may send the bride a gift, though it\nis not absolutely necessary to respond to the invitation in this way.\nTo the question: \"What shall the gift be?\" the answer is the prettiest\nand most useful article within one's means. China and silver are always\nappropriate, and cut glass, linen, books, and even checks or gold\npieces are most acceptable.\nThere is a slight prejudice against giving money as a present at a\nwedding or at any other time, but one has only to see the joy that the\nbride and groom get out of spending the money over and over again\nbefore they finally do spend it to have this prejudice dispelled.\nSilver and linen are usually marked with the initials of the bride,\nmore often than not with the initials of her maiden name. If there is\nany doubt as to which she prefers and one is not able to find out\nindirectly, it is permissible to ask her.\nGifts should always be accompanied by the cards of the donors, but\nthese should be removed when they are placed on display.\nACKNOWLEDGING WEDDING PRESENTS\nIt is not sufficient merely to keep the cards which accompany the\nwedding gifts but there must be some system by which the bride can\nremember which gift each one accompanied. She may indicate this on the\ncard itself or she may keep a list of the names of the donors with the\nnames of the gifts opposite, but she _must_ be absolutely sure that she\nis thanking the right person.\n[Illustration: \u00a9 Brown Bros.\nCHURCH DECORATED FOR A FORMAL WEDDING]\nIf the honeymoon is to be only two weeks or thereabouts the bride may\nwait until her return to thank her friends, but if it is to be of long\nduration she should write the notes of acknowledgment as soon as she\nfinds it convenient to do so. These personal notes--and a personal note\nis the only proper way to thank one for a wedding present--are usually\nwritten by the bride, but she should always be careful to introduce her\nhusband's name unless the gift was a very intimate one for her alone.\nThe following note is a graceful way for both husband and wife to\nexpress their gratitude:\n    _Dear Rosalind:_\n    _George and I both wish to thank you for the lovely picture. When\n    we return from Atlantic City we shall hang it in our living room\n    where all of our friends can enjoy it with us. We hope that you\n    will be among the first to visit us in our new home._\n    _Very sincerely yours,_\n    _Annie Beard Hill._\nSometimes the groom receives personal gifts from friends of his. To\nthese he writes notes of thanks in his own name.\nTHE HOME WEDDING\nHome weddings can often be made as impressive as church weddings. With\ncorrect decorations the most spacious rooms in the bride's house can be\ntransformed into an interior as lovely as the interior of a beautifully\ndecorated church.\nFor instance, at a fashionable home wedding, held recently, the drawing\nroom was decorated with massive floral wreaths and clusters of palms. A\nhuge bell of flowers hung in the center of the room, and a canopy of\nflowers, occupying one corner, simulated a chapel. The effect was\naltogether delightful.\nOnly close relatives and friends should be invited to the home wedding.\nThe bridegroom does not enter the home of the bride until a half hour\nbefore the ceremony begins, and when he does arrive, he and his best\nman do not mingle with the other guests but retire to an adjoining room\nprovided for them. The clergyman also retires to this room when he\narrives, and it is here that he dons his official robe. The three\nremain until it is announced that the bride is ready to enter the\ndrawing room.\nThe bride's mother, assisted by her husband, receives the guests. It is\nnot considered good form to begin the ceremony until they have all\narrived. Then, when everything is in readiness, the bride is met at the\nhead of the stairs by her father, and is conducted by him to the\nentrance of the room. Usually there is no elaborate wedding procession,\nand even in the most fashionable home wedding there is often only a\nmaid or matron of honor to precede the bride. There are rarely more\nthan half a dozen bridesmaids at most. The order of precedence is\nsimilar to that of the church wedding; the clergyman performs the\nceremony under a floral canopy, and when it is completed, he steps\naside and the newly married couple take his place to receive the\ncongratulations and good wishes of the guests.\nThe wedding breakfast or reception proceeds immediately upon the\nconclusion of the ceremony. Everyone present is a guest; and everyone\npresent attends the reception.\nTHE SECOND WEDDING\nWhen a woman marries for the second time, her wedding should be very\nconservative. Elaborate ceremonies would, indeed, be out of place.\nHowever, the more important conditions of the ceremony are followed\nvery much along the same lines.\nWhite is for the girl-bride only. The woman who marries for the second\ntime indulges in none of the age-old customs that the first bride does.\nShe does not wear a white veil; she does not carry orange blossoms; she\ndoes not have flower girls or pages or bridesmaids. The more\ninconspicuous the second wedding is, the more it is in accordance with\nthe rules of etiquette.\nThe bride-for-the-second-time may have a maid of honor only on one\noccasion. If she has a church wedding and invites numerous guests, she\nmay have a maid of honor to precede her to the altar. As in the first\nwedding, her father gives her away. Her family assumes all\nresponsibility for the expenses involved unless she prefers to do so\nherself. If a reception is given after the ceremony, the same order of\nprecedence is followed as after the first wedding; the reception may be\nheld either in the home of the bride's parents, or in her own home.\nIf married in church, there are none of the elaborate decorations that\ncharacterize the first bridal, although flowers are always acceptable.\nEspecially if the second ceremony takes place only a short time after\nthe mourning period for the first husband, any conspicuous display is\nin very bad taste.\nSOME IMPORTANT CONVENTIONS\nIt is customary for a widow to remove the engagement ring and wedding\nring of her first husband before the day of her second wedding. The\nsight of them cannot be in any way pleasant to her new husband, and\nthey may be a source of sorrowful memory to her. It is best to discard\nthem as soon as the second marriage is decided upon.\nThere has always been some doubt as to whether or not the family of the\nsecond-bride's first husband should be invited to her wedding.\nAbsolutely. There is no reason why they should be ignored, any more\nthan any of the other friends and acquaintances of the bride. In fact,\nshe owes them a special courtesy, and if they accept the invitation,\nthey must be treated with the kindest attention and courtesy. They must\nalways occupy seats below the white ribbon, if the wedding is held at\nchurch. If there is for any reason dissension or disagreement between\nher and her first husband's family, she will not of course invite them.\nBut that may only be an individual case; the general rule is to invite\nthem and treat them with the utmost consideration.\nGifts at the second wedding will not be as elaborate as those at the\nfirst wedding. However, each gift must be acknowledged with a cordial\nnote of thanks. In fact, all the etiquette of the first wedding is\nobserved, except that it is on a much simpler scale.\nAs for the man who marries for the second time, he, too, follows the\noriginal dictates of wedding etiquette, and eliminates only the\nfarewell bachelor dinner. Here also the ceremony and reception is on a\nconsiderably less extravagant style.\nSEEKING ADVICE\nThe girl or woman who is about to be married can always get helpful\nsuggestions from her friends who have been married or have witnessed\nfashionable weddings. The minister in charge is especially qualified to\ngive you a great deal of important advice, and one should never\nhesitate to consult him. In his official capacity he has doubtless\nserved at many weddings, many of them well-nigh perfect, some of them\nmarred by the very blunders that he can teach you to avoid.\nWEDDING ANNIVERSARIES\nThere is something strangely beautiful and poetic in the celebration of\na wedding anniversary. It arouses slumbering sentiments and mellows old\nmemories into a throbbing happiness. Here are the wedding anniversaries\nthat are usually celebrated in our better society:\n    The Paper Wedding--first year.\n    The Wooden Wedding--fifth year.\n    The Tin Wedding--tenth year.\n    The Leather Wedding--twelfth year.\n    The Crystal Wedding--fifteenth year.\n    The China Wedding--twentieth year.\n    The Silver Wedding--twenty-fifth year.\n    The Ivory Wedding--thirtieth year.\n    The Woolen Wedding--fortieth year.\n    The Silk Wedding--forty-fifth year.\n    The Golden Wedding--fiftieth year.\n    The Diamond Wedding--seventy-fifth year.\nAlthough many families celebrate all of these anniversaries, it is more\ngenerally the fashion to disregard all those that come before the\nquarter-century mark. The first anniversary to be celebrated is usually\nthe silver wedding. The most favored way of doing this is to have a\ndinner party or a reception. Sometimes, especially when there are young\nunmarried daughters, a dance is given and a dinner follows later.\nTHE SILVER WEDDING\nCards for the silver wedding reception should be printed on white or\nsilver-gray paper. They may be printed in silver or black. They may be\nworded in the usual \"at home\" form, or may be in this form:\n    _Mr. and Mrs. S. Brown\n    request the pleasure of ............'s presence\n    at the dinner reception of their\n    Silver Wedding\n    on Tuesday, June the fourteenth\n    at seven o'clock\nIf an invitation like the one above is issued, the guests will\nundoubtedly send beautiful gifts of silver--unless, as is often the\ncase, it is requested in the invitation that no gifts be presented.\nSometimes, in fact, the bride and groom of twenty-five years\ncommemorate their silver wedding by themselves, sending handsome gifts\nof silver to those who started out in married life at about the same\ntime that they did, but who have not been materially so fortunate.\nTHE RECEPTION\nIf a reception celebrates the silver wedding, the husband assists his\nwife in receiving. Often the occasion begins at the precise hour at\nwhich the marriage took place; but usually the preferred time is in the\nlate afternoon or evening. The \"bridal couple\" should make an effort to\nhave as many as the original party of bridal attendants present as\npossible. It will be interesting for the best man and the maid of honor\nto have a little chat together after twenty-five years.\nThe husband leads the way to the dining room with his wife on his arm,\nand she sits at the right of him at the table. If the historic wedding\ncake is included in the collation, it is placed before the bride, just\nas it was twenty-five years ago. The table decorations should be white\nand silver, with a touch of green.\nThe menu will be the regular formal dinner menu, served and garnished\nwith a regard for decorative effect. Speeches are in order, and a toast\nis usually proposed for the couple. The husband responds with a little\nspeech in which he honors his wife, and she acknowledges with a smile\nthat is in itself sufficient eloquence for the occasion. Tiny silver\nfavors, packed neatly in small white boxes and tied with silver ribbon\nare effective novelties at the silver wedding.\nTIN AND WOODEN WEDDINGS\nA general frolic is in order at the tin wedding. It is rarely\ncelebrated, in fact, unless the ten-year-married husband and wife wish\nto gather together all their old friends and have a jolly good time.\nGifts are usually in the form of tin kitchen utensils, tin\ncandle-sticks, tin fans, tin ornaments--even tin tables and chairs are\noffered as gifts to celebrate the tenth anniversary. A dinner, very\nmuch like the ordinary informal dinner except for the additional \"tin\"\ncelebrations, follows the reception.\nWooden weddings are not very often held, although some very fashionable\nones are recorded in the annals of social history. Rolling-pins,\nstep-ladders, and wooden kitchen utensils cause much merriment when\npresented as gifts, and the occasion is generally one of much pleasant\nraillery. Wooden ornaments make very appropriate gifts for this\nwedding, and a bit of wood artistically carved is always welcome to the\nfive-year bride who loves pretty things for the home.\nTHE GOLDEN WEDDING\nTo have lived fifty years together, to have shared for fifty years each\nother's sorrows, joys and hopes, is to have enjoyed one of the greatest\ngifts life has to offer. It is an occasion well worthy of the most\nelaborate celebration.\nA golden wedding has a touch of the romantic, a touch of the\nsentimental about it. Poets like to write about it; people like to\ndream about it. When it becomes a reality, all the world likes to\nwatch--and wonder. It is a solemn and dignified event and should be\ntreated as an occasion of the utmost importance.\nThe couple should issue pure white cards engraved in gold, announcing\nthe celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of their wedding day. It is\ntouching to have the maid of honor and the best man present, if they\nare both still living. As many of the original bridal attendants as are\navailable should be invited, and all the old friends and acquaintances\nof the family. There must be no levity, the couple must be treated with\nreverence and honor, and the occasion must be given every appearance of\ndignified importance.\nUnlike the silver wedding, gifts are always presented to the aged\ncouple at the golden wedding. Delicate pieces of gold jewelry are\nalways pleasing to the \"bride.\" The \"groom\" may be presented with gold\nshirt-studs, cuff-links or rings. Gold services, gold chased cups,\ngolden goblets and golden candle sticks are most appropriate.\nThe dinner should be elaborate. A huge wedding cake, inscribed with a\nfrosting of the surnames and wedding date of the couple is worthy of\nholding the place of honor in the center of the table. Once again the\n\"bride\" enjoys the privilege of being the first to cut the cake--and in\nor with each slice that is given to the guests there should be some\nlittle golden token, a ring or thimble or tiny jewel box. If this is\ntoo costly, a golden flower such as a daffodil may be placed on each\nplate.\nA beautiful and touching sentiment to be observed on the golden wedding\nis for the bride to wear something from her wedding day. Perhaps it is\na treasured bit of the bridal veil. Perhaps it is a fan, or a pair of\ngloves, or even the wedding dress itself. She also carries a bouquet of\nwhite flowers--as she did fifty years ago on her first wedding day.\nTHE GOLDEN WEDDING A GLORIOUS ACHIEVEMENT\nBeautiful indeed is the celebration of the golden wedding. With her\nchildren and grandchildren and friends grouped around her, with her\nhusband at her side, doing her every honor he might pay a newly-won\nbride, the bride of fifty years can be naught but inexpressibly\nhappy--though memories of lost youth rise constantly to haunt her. It\nis glorious--this reaching fifty years of married life--and any couple\nmay well be proud to commemorate its occasion.\nAnd, after all, isn't it happiness that makes life worth while? Of what\nuse is wealth and power and position if we cannot have the ones we\nlove, the ones who love us? The man and woman who have lived together\nin happy companionship for fifty years have more in their love of each\nother than the man who has lived alone for fifty years and amassed\ntremendous riches.\nCHAPTER VI\nTHE BRIDE'S OUTFIT\nORIGIN OF THE TROUSSEAU\nOne must study the marriage customs of many countries before the\ndevelopment of the trousseau idea can be fully traced. But it is\ninteresting--especially to the bride--to discover that at her\nimpressive marriage ceremony to-day she is merely repeating the ancient\ncustoms of her ancestors, so very far back that Europe itself was not\nyet known.\nWe find the first trace of it in the book of Genesis (Gen. xxiv. 53).\nPerhaps you remember the story. Abraham's servant Eliezer brought\nhandsome jewels to Rebecca as a seal to the marriage compact. It is one\nof the earliest evidences of outfitting for the wedding. And then we\nfind a trace of it among the early Eskimos, where the bridegroom must\nsupply his bride with all the clothes necessary for the \"honeymoon.\"\nLater, in Roumania, we find the clothes and shoes are a very important\npart of the gifts to the bride. Largely from the customs practiced in\nthis latter country, but also from Italy, Sweden, and Greece, the idea\nof the marriage trousseau sprang.\nThe development is most marked in Roumania. Here we find the tiniest\ngirls, some of them as young as five years, working on bridal\nfinery--each one striving to outdo the other in beauty and elaboration\nof work. Each finished article is laid carefully away in a huge chest,\nuntil such time as a suitor appears. In days gone by, the bridegroom\nhad the privilege of examining the trousseau and deciding whether or\nnot it was complete, and often his choice rested upon the worth of the\nbride's outfit.\nPerhaps it was because a complete outfit was so very necessary to the\nyoung girl starting out upon her new duties as a wife that the\ndevelopment of the trousseau has been so rapid. In the year 1308, at\nthe wedding of Edward II to Isabella of France, the trousseau played an\nimportant part indeed. Here is a description of the bride's outfit, as\ntaken from E. L. Urlin's book, \"A Short History of Marriage:\"\n    \"She (Isabella) brought two gold crowns ornamented with gems, gold\n    and silver drinking vessels, golden spoons and fifty silver plates.\n    Her dresses were made of gold and silver stuff, velvet and\n    taffetas. She had six dresses of green cloth, six of rose scarlet\n    and many costly furs. For linen she had 419 yards, and the\n    tapestries for her chamber were elaborate with the arms of England\n    and France woven in gold.\"\nElaborate, yes, and certainly \"fit for a queen.\" But perhaps we find\nthe trousseaux of our misses of the twentieth century more interesting!\nTHE TROUSSEAU OF TO-DAY\nIt would be ridiculous to attempt to list the articles that must be\nincluded in the trousseau of the bride of to-day. This matter must be\nentirely dependent upon circumstances, means and convenience. There can\nbe no definite set of rules to govern the contents of one's wedding\noutfit. But there are certain conventionalities we can discuss that may\nbe of value to the bride in preparing for her wedding.\nThere is, of course, something very beautiful in the thought of making\none's trousseau entirely by hand. And there is an old tradition about\n\"sewing happiness into the wedding outfit\" that brides like to believe.\nBut when we glance at the shop windows with their lavish displays of\nthe daintiest creations, and when we think of the professional modiste\nwith her developed sense of the artistic, we must admit that it is not\na practical custom.\nIt used to be the practice for each young girl to have a \"hope chest\"\ninto which she put linens, etc., against the wedding day. This was\nduring the time when most of the trousseaux were made by hand.\nIt seems rather a foolish waste of time for the girl of moderate means\nto sit for endless hours sewing on rows and rows of lace when machine\nmade garments may be had at reasonable figures. If she chooses her\nthings carefully they will bear the stamp of her personality almost as\nmuch as if she had fashioned them herself; and, of course, there are\nmany finishing touches that she can add which make the things\npeculiarly her own, such as initials and monograms, crocheted edges,\netc.\nIt is gratifying to note that the trousseau of to-day does not contain\nsuch frilly, useless things as did the trousseaux of our grandmothers'\ntime. Linens boast deep folds of the material and neat hemstitching\ninstead of huge borders and inserts of lace. Under-things are made and\nbought with a regard for wear and utility, rather than merely to be\npretty to look at. The entire outfit shows a tendency to be more useful\nand less ornamental. Which is, of course, as it should be.\nAnd now let us consider some of the more important items to be\nincluded.\nABOUT THE LINENS\nIn selecting her linens the bride should pay particular attention to\nquality; the amount she buys depends upon the size of the new home, and\nupon the means at her command. There must be sheets and pillow-cases;\nbath towels and kitchen towels, napkins and table-covers. If she is\nfond of handwork, there may be hand-embroidered linens for the\nbed-spreads, hand-embroidered linen scarfs and hand-embroidered\ncenterpieces of linen. One bride we know included a twenty-yard bolster\nof uncut linen in her trousseau in addition to the items mentioned\nabove. If one can afford it, it is best to start out with a generous\nsupply of linens, as somehow the older they grow, the longer we have\nthem, the more precious they become.\nLinens are usually initialed. When household and personal linens are\nmarked, they bear the initials of the bride's maiden name. Towels for\nthe bath are marked with a single initial in white or colored thread,\nto match the border. Table-covers, if initialed at all, have the\nletters placed in the center, half-way between the middle and edge of\nthe table; napkins are initialed in the corner. White linens are\ninvariably initialed in white.\nFOR THE BRIDE\n\"Girl, do not exult in thy wedding dress; see how much trouble lurks\nbehind it,\" says an old Syrian proverb. But where is the little\nAmerican bride who does not exult in her dainty wedding things--who\ndoes not glory in the silks and cottons and laces and ribbons of her\ntrousseau? Always a lover of the beautiful--especially in clothes--she\nfinds a new charm in these pretty things that portend so much happiness\nto come.\nThere are her underthings--soft, frivolous, much-beribboned chemises,\ncamisoles and petticoats. Some are of practical muslin or soft, crinkly\ncr\u00eape. Others are of rich _cr\u00eape-de-chine_, and lately, knitted\nundergarments of silk are favored. Then, there are the dresses, her\nchief delight. There is one smart street dress of serge or poiret\ntwill; an afternoon frock or two of taffeta, georgette or satin as she\nprefers; one elaborate evening gown for important occasions, and one\nvery much less elaborate for semi-evening affairs. And if she is a wise\nbride, she will include a smart dark-colored suit, with several fluffy\nlittle blouses. Then, of course, there are the crisp, neat, becoming\nlittle frocks for the morning-at-home. But she should not make the\nmistake, which is all too common to brides, of getting several times as\nmuch as she needs.\nOther details, such as hose, shoes and hats are best decided by the\nbride herself. In fact, the entire trousseau must be determined by the\nbride in proportion to such important considerations as her means, the\nlength of the honeymoon, and the distance of the trip she expects to\nmake. The items above were offered as a suggestion, and one may add or\ndetract according to the dictates of common sense. It is suggested,\nhowever, that the trousseau be small and carefully selected, rather\nthan large and expensive, for the fashions are constantly changing and\nnot even so momentous an occasion as one's wedding warrants heedless\nextravagance.\nTHE WEDDING DRESS\nThe origin of the white gown for the bride is not very difficult to\ntrace. White, since time immemorial, has been the color used to denote\npurity. White animals, in certain countries, are held sacred, just as\nthe white flowers are sacred elsewhere. The exclusive use of white for\nthe bride is supposed to have grown out of an old custom of the\nPatagonians, who cover the body with white paint on the eve of the\nwedding ceremony.\nTo-day the keynote of the wedding gown is simplicity. The days of\nelaborate gowns with trains so heavy with the weight of precious jewels\nthat eight girls had to carry them, is over. The sensible American\nbride knows that simplicity is more becoming to the solemn dignity of\nthe occasion than extremely elaborate dress.\nWith styles constantly changing as they do, it would be of no value to\noffer any description here. However, this little item, taken from the\nannouncement of a fashionable wedding recently held, may offer some\nhelpful suggestions: \"The gown in which Miss ---- became the Countess\n---- was of heavy white satin cut with an almost austere simplicity.\nThe drapery of the skirt was marked with a garland of lilies and\norange-blossoms. The tulle veil was bordered with old English point\nlace, an heirloom of the ---- family.\"\nFrom a study of the descriptions of other bridal gowns at recent\nimportant weddings, we find that satin is without doubt the favorite\nmaterial. _Cr\u00eape-de-chine_ and heavy white brocade are also used;\nand the bride may select whichever material she likes best, something\nsoft and clinging unless she is inclined to be too slender, when\ntaffeta is more suitable. Undoubtedly, no matter what the style of the\ngown happens to be, it should boast a train; and a draped skirt is\nalways a popular wedding mode. The length of the sleeves and skirt is\nentirely governed by the fashion of the moment.\nWhite satin slippers and white gloves enhance the simple beauty of the\nwedding gown. Jewels are rarely worn, except, perhaps, one large gem--a\ngift of the groom.\nTHE BRIDE'S VEIL\nAccording to the marriage rites of the ancient Hebrews, ordained in\ndays when marriage itself was unknown in many countries, a canopy must\nbe held over the bride and groom by four intimate friends of the\nfamily. Later, we find that this custom among the early Hebrews,\npresaged an Anglo-Saxon custom of erecting a \"care cloth\" (a square\nvestment) above the bride and groom. Out of this developed that of\ncovering the bride alone; to-day the beautiful bridal veil is the\nresult of those ancient customs.\nNot so long ago, the veil was of tulle, and from the top of the bride's\nhead it fell over her shoulders, completely enveloping her to the very\ntips of her shoes. This all-enveloping veil is no longer considered\ngood form. In its place, is the very charming veil that is gathered\ninto a becoming, flower-trimmed crown at the back of her head, falling\ngracefully to the train of the dress, leaving the face entirely\nuncovered.\nThe veil is always of filmy material. Tulle is favored; and lace is\nparticularly beautiful, especially if it is old lace that has been a\nlong time in the bride's family. However, tulle is preferable to\nimitation lace. Orange blossoms or tiny lilies-of-the-valley may be\nentwined around the crown of the head, a spray or two nestling in the\nfolds of the veil.\nWEDDING FLOWERS\nImportant, indeed, is the bride's bouquet. Many a delicate flower\npressed between the leaves of a book and cherished in mind and heart\nalike is silent and eloquent proof of this fact.\nThe most conventional form is the shower bouquet. This is a veritable\ncascade of flowers and ribbon; white roses, orange-blossoms or\nlilies-of-the-valley--or a combination of all three--are massed\ntogether in the center, entwined with narrow satin ribbon. From this\n\"heart of flowers\" lengths of ribbon wound around individual flowers\ntrail almost to the hem of the bride's gown. It produces a most\ncharming effect.\nOften an ordinary bouquet of flowers is carried, which is just as\npretty if not as elaborate as the shower bouquet. Green foliage is, of\ncourse, permissible; but there is a tendency against flowers of bright\nhues. Appearing entirely in white, is one of the customs which,\nordinarily, the bride should observe, not only for the traditions woven\naround it, but the suggestions of sweet dignity, purity and girlishness\nthat are associated with it. Lilies are appealing bridal flowers for\nthis same reason.\nAn exception is the civil wedding, or the hurried, simple wedding when\nthe bride is attired in traveling costume. But this will be taken up in\ndetail in a later paragraph.\nDRESS OF THE MAID OF HONOR\nSatin is the most favored material for the dress of the maid of honor.\nIt may be white, trimmed with pale colors, or it may be entirely pale\npink or pale blue or some other becoming color. On no occasion may the\nmaid of honor be dressed in pure white.\nHer dress is always different from those worn by the bridesmaids. The\nstyle is a matter of taste and prevalent fashion. If the wedding takes\nplace at noon in a church, the gown is either sleeveless or with very\nshort sleeves, and it may or may not have a train, according to the\ntaste of the wearer. Like the bride, she wears white gloves and carries\nflowers.\nIf the wedding is held in the afternoon or evening, at home, the maid\nof honor's gown is less formal. It may be a dainty afternoon frock of\ntaffeta or satin, sometimes embroidered georgette dresses are\nworn--that is, for the afternoon alone. When it is in the evening, a\nsilk gown may be worn.\nMARRYING IN TRAVELING DRESS\nVery often, when a wedding takes place before twelve o'clock, or when\nbecause of a difference of religious opinion the ceremony is performed\nby a Justice of the Peace, or when the wedding is to be a very simple\none, or when for a number of other possible reasons the bride wishes it\nshe wears a smart traveling suit instead of the white wedding gown.\nThe suit should be conservative in style and color. Flowers should be\nin the form of a corsage. Neither bouquets nor cut flowers are carried\nwhen one is in traveling costume. Instead of a suit a dress may be worn\nbut it must be an attractive afternoon frock or street dress, not an\nevening dress of any sort.\nWhen the bride is a widow marrying for the second time her dress is\ncharacterized by extreme simplicity whether the wedding takes place in\nthe afternoon or evening.\nCHAPTER VII\nFUNERALS\nFUNERAL CUSTOMS\nThere is no more eloquent commentary on the vanity of human wishes than\nthe pomp and ceremony which, since the first syllable of recorded time\nhave attended funeral services. Kings and emperors have erected\nsplendid mausoleums in which they and their families might be buried,\nPharaohs have kept slaves at work for twenty years on a pyramid beneath\nwhose stones their bones might rest, savages in lonely forests have\nbuilded great mounds under which their chiefs may wait for the time to\ngo to the Happy Hunting grounds. Slave and emperor, prince and\npauper--it is all the same. Last week in New York a woman died in the\nward where they treat patients free of charge, yet for more than\nfifteen years she had been paying premiums on an insurance policy which\nwould permit her to have a funeral \"as good as anybody's funeral.\"\nThree weeks ago a boy in a small town in Iowa spent nearly all he had\nin defraying the expenses of the funeral of his mother. In this case,\nand indeed in many another, a simple ceremony would have been far more\nappropriate, for even in paying the last tributes of respect to the\ndead there must be the saving grace of common sense. It is like\nsalt--everything is the better for a pinch of it.\nRecently a candidate for the Doctor's degree at one of the largest\nuniversities in the country chose for the subject of his thesis\n\"Funeral Customs throughout the Ages.\" It is too large a subject for us\nto enter into here, and it would profit us little, for the day of hired\nmourners and splendid pageantry together with obtrusive music and\ngorgeous flowers is past. Simplicity characterizes the entire service\namong well-bred people everywhere. The music is soft and the flowers in\nmany cases are sent to the hospitals where they may gladden the\nsufferers there instead of being allowed to wilt neglected on the\ngrave. More often than not, nowadays, there is added to the notice of\nthe funeral which is inserted in the newspapers the sentence, \"Please\nomit flowers.\"\nEven in the most primitive times it was felt that the dead were going\nforth on a long, long journey from which they would never return, and\ntheir friends wanted to do whatever they could to speed them along the\nway. It was in this manner that the custom of offering gifts to the\ndead came about. These gifts range all the way from food and household\nutensils to clothing, weapons and money. The money was sometimes gold,\nsometimes silver and sometimes paper, but in most instances it was to\nserve as a tip to the ferryman who was to row them across the river\nthat separates this life from the next.\nTHE FUNERAL OF TO-DAY\nNot long ago a New York newspaper devoted a full page in its magazine\nsection to an article called \"A King's Mother Buried.\" The purpose of\nthe article was to reveal forcibly the mockery of some of our elaborate\nfunerals of to-day, and show how they are proportionately no more\ncivilized than those barbarous rituals of the early days. The story is\nworthy of repetition here.\nA certain savage queen was murdered by her son. To convince the people\nthat she had died a natural death, the son made her burial especially\nelaborate and impressive. First a huge hole was dug in the ground, in\nwhich the dead queen was placed in an upright position. Beside her was\nplaced a large jug of water. And into this great hole were placed also\nten young girls, who were to be buried alive to accompany the dead\nqueen upon her journey. The hole was then covered with earth, and above\nit thousands of men were set to fighting each other until the ground\nwas soaked with blood. This was not only to honor the dead queen, but\nto keep ill-luck away from the king.\nYou are horrified when you read about this savage burial. You wonder at\nthe superstitious ignorance that allows ten girls to be buried alive,\nand thousands of young men to be slaughtered, merely in honor of a\nmurdered queen and her brutal son. But considering the knowledge of\nthose savages and our knowledge to-day, their education and our\neducation, we find that we are entitled to no excessive praise. The\nfunerals to-day are often comparatively as ridiculous and uncivilized,\nthough the tendency is certainly toward better things.\nTo give one specific instance, there is the widow who spends every\ndollar left her by a departed husband to pay for an elaborate funeral\nfor him. In the eyes of the world, he must be buried \"right\"; and\nthough it leaves her in debt, she makes an impressive funeral service.\nWould it not have been more sensible to bury him simply and\nunostentatiously, preserving a little of the money left her for the\nnecessities of life? It is one of the ironies of life that often more\nattention and honor are paid to the dead than they ever receive in\nlife.\nIf we study present-day funerals carefully we will find that they have\nmuch in common with those savage burials of other days. It is because\nwe do things merely because others did the same things before us. We\nhave certain beliefs because tradition says they are true, and\ntherefore, no matter how absurd they are, they are _right_, and we\nmust hold to them with the same fervor of conviction that makes the\nsavage cling to his.\nWHEN DEATH ENTERS THE FAMILY\nAside from its psychological aspects--those entailing fear,\nsuperstition and the belief in religious and traditional customs--death\nbrings with it heartache and sorrow. To lose a beloved one in death is\nto be conscious of the intangible something that binds the world\ntogether, and upon which all civilization is based. We call it love;\nand we know that it is the deepest tie of affection--indeed, the\ndeepest emotion--of which human nature is capable.\nAnd so, death brings with it sorrow and misery. Those of us who are\nmost directly concerned can think of no rules of etiquette, no customs\nof good society, when we are suffering a deep bereavement. We think\nonly of our great loss, and of our great sorrow. That is why it is\nnecessary for us all to know the rules of correct conduct, so that when\ndeath does enter our household we will instinctively do what is\ncorrect. It is a test like this that shows innate good breeding.\nOne great rule to remember, for those who come in contact with people\nwho have lost a beloved member of the family, is that sorrow is sacred,\nand that it is one of the most unforgivable breaches of good behavior\nto intrude upon it. A note of condolence, or a brief visit is a\nnecessary social duty; but constant intrusion upon grief is as unkind\nand inconsiderate as it is ill-bred.\nTAKING CHARGE\nThe world over, funeral customs have one factor in common: the belief\nthat the dead man has not ceased to live. This belief finds expression\nin rites and ceremonies. It is for this reason that funeral and\nmourning practices are highly conventional. Another reason, perhaps, is\nbecause death is a shock, and a round of conventional ceremonies\nalleviates that strained feeling during the period of readjustment.\nThus, the members of the bereaved family should be left as nearly alone\nto their grief as possible. Nothing in the nature of business should be\nthrust upon them. A male member of the family should take complete\ncharge; or the immediate duties may be left in the hands of the nearest\noutside relatives. But whoever does take charge should see that the\nfamily is not troubled with the minor details, and that the funeral\nceremony is carried out according to the family's preconfided wishes.\nThe duties of the person, or persons, who take charge are many and\nvaried. The first duty is to see that all the blinds are drawn and that\nthe door-bell is muffled. Proper announcements must be made in the\nnewspapers, pall-bearers must be selected, and the arrangements must be\nmade with the sexton for the funeral itself. The clergyman who is to\nofficiate must be interviewed and all the details concerning services,\nmusic and decorations of the church must be determined. Upon the person\nin charge also rests the duty of seeing that the undertaker does not\ntake advantage of his authority to the extent of making the funeral\nunduly lavish.\nIt is within the power of the person who takes charge at a funeral to\nmitigate considerably the grief of the family. And it is a service that\nthe family will not soon forget.\nANNOUNCING THE DEATH\nModern funeral customs demand a few lines in the newspapers making\npublic announcement of a death. Attendant ceremonies are also included\nfor the benefit of friends and acquaintances of the family. Following\nis a typical announcement of a death, copied with only a change in\nnames from the newspaper:\n    Radcliff--At her residence, 410 West Fiftieth Street, Rose Speyer\n    Radcliff, daughter of James and Helen Wilson Speyer, and beloved\n    wife of Robert L. Radcliff. Funeral services in the Chapel of St.\n    Bartholomew's Church, Park Avenue and Fiftieth Street, New York\n    City, on Saturday morning, 11 o'clock. Interment at Waterbury,\n    Conn.\nWhen an announcement of this kind appears in the newspapers all friends\nand relatives of the family are expected to appear at St. Bartholomew's\nChurch on Saturday morning at 11 o'clock to attend the services. If the\nwords \"Funeral private\" or \"Interment private\" are added to the\nannouncement, it is the height of ill-breeding for any except very\nintimate friends and relatives to be present. Very often the request\n\"Kindly omit flowers,\" or \"Please omit flowers\" is added to the\nannouncement of a death. In this event it is still the privilege of a\nfriend to send flowers to some member of the family or to the family as\na whole after the funeral ceremony has taken place.\nSOME NECESSARY PREPARATIONS\nWhere there are servants, one should be stationed at the door to\nreceive cards and messages. Otherwise this duty devolves upon the\nperson who is taking charge. The servant should wear a black gown,\nwhite collar and cuffs and a white apron and white cap with black\nribbons. If a man-servant is stationed at the door he wears a complete\nblack livery.\nWith the growing taste for privacy and simplicity, many of the foolish\ndemonstrations of grief, expressed in outward display, have been\neliminated. It is now a very rare occurrence for the room in which the\ndead body lies to be filled with wreaths and masses of flowers, for\npeople are beginning to realize that this is a relic of ancient and\nsavage burial customs, and that it is not so much a manifestation of\ngrief as a display of vanity. Of course it is a pretty way of\nexpressing sentiment to send a floral offering to some one who has\ndied; but modern principles of good conduct acclaim it better taste,\nand certainly more dignified, to express these sentiments of regard in\nsome other way. A short expression of sorrow appearing as a semi-public\nannouncement in the newspaper after the announcement of the death may\nbe offered by a group of friends or business associates but it is not\ngood form for a member of the family of the deceased to insert such an\nannouncement in the papers. Family grief is private; and publicity\ncheapens it.\nThe somber cr\u00eape announcing to the world that a death has occurred in\nthe family is also fast becoming a thing of the past. One can easily\nsee in this custom of cr\u00eape-hanging a relic of that custom of ancient\nPatagonia that required all belongings of the deceased to be painted\nblack. Even the body of the person who died was covered with black\npaint. The black cr\u00eape of to-day is merely another form of that same\ncustom. Now, instead of the broad black ribbon, a wreath or long sprays\nof white or lilac flowers are entwined around the flowing ends of white\nribbon. This is especially appropriate when the deceased is a young\nperson--man or woman. For a girl of tender years, or for a very young\nchild, a sheaf of white roses or white carnations with white ribbons\nshould be used; roses and violets with a white ribbon, or roses with a\nblack ribbon denote the death of an older unmarried man or woman. The\nplain cr\u00eape streamers are usually used for married people. Custom still\ndemands this flower-and-ribbon tribute to the dead on the door of his\nor her residence, but gradually this custom, too, will be relegated to\nthe forgotten things of the past.\nTHE LADIES OF THE FAMILY\nA close friend or relative of the bereaved family should make the\nnecessary purchases for the women members of that family. It is\nconsidered bad form for them to be seen abroad before the funeral. A\ndressmaker should be summoned to the house if orders are to be given\nfor mourning dress.\nThe duty of writing necessary notes and seeing callers also devolves\nupon some intimate relative or friend. Notes or letters written in the\nname of the family are on either black-edged or plain white paper, and\nsigned with the names of the people for whom they are written. Thus, if\nMrs. Carr's husband has died, and her cousin is attending to the\nincident preparations and duties, the notes and letters written for\nMrs. Carr would be signed with her name and not the name of the cousin,\nbut with the initials of the cousin beneath the signature.\nThe ladies of a bereaved family should not see callers, even the most\nintimate friends, unless they are able to control their grief. It is a\nsource of discomfort to the visitor, as well as to the mourner, to\nenact a scene of semi-hysteria in the drawing-room. Yet, at a time like\nthis, one can hardly be expected to be in full control of one's\nemotions. Therefore it is always wise for the women to keep to their\nrooms until after the funeral.\nTHE PALL-BEARERS\nIf a guard of honor is to be appointed, the person in charge should\nconsult the wishes of the immediate family. Those who are asked to\nserve receive an invitation by note or by messenger, sent either by the\nhead of the family of the deceased or by the person in charge.\nRelatives are seldom appointed as pall-bearers. A request to serve as\npall-bearer should be refused only for the most imperative reasons.\nThe number and age of the pall-bearers is a matter of taste and not of\nobligation. But it is considered good form to have six young girls,\ndressed in white, as the guard of honor for a young girl or woman. They\nshould be selected from among intimate friends. Similarly, six young\nmen are appropriate for a young man who has died; while for an elderly\nmarried man, eight gentlemen from among his closest friends and\nbusiness associates form the usual guard of honor.\nThe pall-bearers, in the invitation, are told just when they are\nexpected to assemble at the house of the deceased, and they should make\nit a particular point to be on time. There can be no greater breach of\ngood manners, and in fact no greater unkindness, than to keep a funeral\nparty waiting. If the pall-bearers are to be women, the carriages or\ncars may be sent for them individually; but as a general rule,\npall-bearers are shown to their carriage or car before the door, when\nthe funeral procession begins.\nIt is customary for all who attend a church funeral to assemble at the\nchurch, but this rule does not pertain to the pall-bearers. They are\nthe only ones who accompany the immediate family and relatives from the\nhouse. Unless a special request to the contrary has been made,\npall-bearers may send flowers if they wish.\nDUTIES OF PALL-BEARERS\nA prompt answer is necessary upon receipt of an invitation to serve as\npall-bearer. Illness or absence from town at the time of the funeral\nare the only excuses for refusing to accept the invitation. The written\nanswer must be followed by a personal call at the home of the deceased,\nand cards must be left.\nFormerly the duty of the pall-bearer was to carry the cloth or velvet\npall that covered the coffin--hence the name. Later the custom\ndeveloped into a more important duty--the pall-bearers actually carried\nthe casket into and out of the church. This is still done, although now\nthe accepted form is for the pall-bearers to appear solely as a guard\nof honor for the dead.\nIn this latter case, they walk before the casket which is carried by\nthe undertaker's or sexton's assistants. They halt before the hearse\nand stand in silent reverence with heads uncovered, while the casket is\nbeing placed into it, and again when it is taken out to be conveyed\ninto the church. They do not enter their cars until the hearse has\npassed on ahead.\nEach pall-bearer should speak a few words of condolence to the members\nof the bereaved family. However, he must not make obvious efforts to\nobserve this duty, nor must he intrude upon grief. He offers his words\nof comfort only when it is convenient and when he is brought, by his\nduties, into the presence of his sorrowing friends. He should be kind,\nand most of all, tactful. He should not say anything that will cause a\nfresh outburst of grief.\nA few days after the funeral, it is expected that the pall-bearer call\nand leave his card for the mourners. It is necessary only for him to\ninquire at the door after the ladies and to leave his card. It is more\nconsiderate not to ask to see the members of the family.\nTHE CHURCH FUNERAL\nBecause it is closely allied with religion, the funeral ceremony is\nnearly always conducted at church. Of course this is something entirely\ndependent upon conditions and personal preferences, but the church\nfuneral is always more dignified and impressive.\nThe pall-bearers and nearest relatives of the deceased assemble at the\nhouse. Otherwise, all who are to attend the funeral assemble at the\nchurch. The casket is borne from the house by the undertaker's\nassistants, the pall-bearers preceding it two-by-two. As soon as the\nhearse drives off, the pall-bearers enter the carriages or cars\nimmediately behind it, and the relatives follow in the next cars in the\norder of their relationship.\nWhen the procession is ready to move, the music begins and the casket\nis borne down the aisle to the altar by the sexton's assistants.\nSometimes the pall-bearers carry the casket to the altar.\nORDER OF PRECEDENCE\nWhen attending the body of their child, parents walk arm in arm, their\nother children following immediately behind them in the order of\nseniority. Pall-bearers invariably precede the casket. A widow attends\nthe body of her husband on the arm of her eldest son or daughter, with\nher other children just behind. After them come the deceased man's\nparents, followed by his brothers and sisters. Similarly, a widower\nfollows the body of his wife attended by his eldest son or daughter.\nChildren following the body of their only parent take precedence\naccording to their ages, the elder always leading. A widow who has no\nchildren follows her husband on the arm of a brother or other near\nmasculine relative.\nDuring the services at the church, the relatives occupy the front pews\non the right of the center aisle. The pall-bearers sit in the opposite\npews on the left-hand side. After the services the procession leaves\nthe church in the same order observed upon entering. If prayers are to\nbe offered at the grave, the car of the clergyman follows immediately\nafter the hearse.\nDifferent religions have different burial services, but these are\nmatters of faith rather than of etiquette.\nTHE HOUSE FUNERAL\nA house funeral should always be very simple. Few flowers are used by\npeople of good taste.\nAt a house funeral, a number of folding-chairs may be provided by the\nundertaker. The casket is placed on a draped stand at one end of the\ndrawing-room, such flowers as are used being placed on and around it.\nThe room may or may not be darkened according to the wishes of the\nfamily. Each guest should be greeted at the door by some representative\nof the family and shown to a seat in the drawing-room. A row of seats\nshould be reserved near the casket for the immediate family, one being\nset aside for the clergyman who is to officiate. Though it is not\nobligatory it is very courteous to send a carriage or an automobile for\nhim. A Protestant clergyman does not expect a fee but if he has come\nsome distance or if the family wishes to express their thanks in that\nmanner they may offer one which he is privileged to accept with perfect\npropriety.\nIt is not necessary to appoint pall-bearers for a home funeral. A quiet\nreserve and dignity should characterize the occasion, and it should be\ncarried out with the greatest amount of expediency possible. If music\nis desired, the musicians or choristers should be in an adjacent room\nand the notes should be very low and soft.\nWomen do not remove their wraps during the ceremony, and men carry\ntheir hats in their hands. The women members of the bereaved family\nenter on the arms of masculine relatives, and if they intend going to\nthe cemetery, they wear their hats and veils. The members of the\nfamily, however, do not enter the drawing-room until the clergyman\narrives.\nAfter the ceremony the guests quietly disperse, only those remaining\nwho intend going to the cemetery. It is not expected that expressions\nof sympathy be offered on this occasion; cards are left for the family\nimmediately after the announcement of the death, and a call of\ncondolence is made, according to society's rules, within a week after\nthe funeral. Thus it is superfluous to offer sympathy at the services,\nunless one is a very dear friend and wishes particularly to do so.\nA POINT OF IMPORTANCE\nVery often the women of the family, or perhaps just one woman, finds\nher grief uncontrollable. Even though the funeral is private, and only\nrelatives and close friends are present it is the privilege of the\nbereaved to keep to her room and find solace in solitude. The world\nwill not censure her for being absent; it is a time when petty\nconventions may safely be overlooked. When one is grieving, suffering,\nmiserable; and prefers to find peace alone, without the sympathies of\nothers, she has every right in the world to do so. And she is breaking\nno rules of good conduct, either, for people of good breeding will\nrecognize the depth of her overpowering grief.\nSurely it is better to remain away from the services than to go in a\nstate of hysteria. When sorrow is so poignant, private home services\nare usually held, in which case the immediate members of the family may\ngather in a room adjoining that in which the guests are assembled. Even\nin the deepest grief it is possible to remember and observe the great\nlaw--\"be calm, be silent and serene,\" and tears do not always mean\nsorrow, nor loud wailing, grief.\nREMOVING SIGNS OF GRIEF\nUpon their return from the funeral, the family should find the windows\nopen with the warm sunlight streaming through them and all outward\nsigns of sorrow removed. The ribbon and flowers on the door are\ngenerally taken down as soon as the procession leaves.\nIn the house, all signs of the bereavement should be effaced. The\nfurniture should be placed in its usual order. Everything connected\nwith the funeral must be out of sight. The members of the family should\nbe greeted with nothing, upon their return, that would possibly give\ncause for fresh sorrow. A considerate friend or relative should stay\nbehind to attend to these details. It is not enough to leave everything\nin the hands of the undertaker and his assistants.\nBut even relatives should remember that the bereaved ones will want to\nbe by themselves, and that solitude is often the greatest solace for\ngrief.\nSECLUSION DURING MOURNING\nFor three weeks after a bereavement, women seclude themselves and\nreceive no visitors except their most intimate friends. After this they\nare expected to be sufficiently resigned to receive the calls of\ncondolence of their friends and acquaintances. They themselves make no\nvisits until six months after the death.\nWhile wearing cr\u00eape veil and cr\u00eape-trimmed gowns, a woman should\nrefrain from taking part in all social gaieties. After the cr\u00eape has\nbeen discarded, she may attend concerts, dinners and luncheons, and the\ntheater; but she attends no large social functions or fashionable\ndinners until at least a year after the date of death. The usual round\nof social duties, including balls and the opera, are not resumed until\ncolors are once again adopted.\nA man does not observe the etiquette of mourning as rigidly as his wife\nor daughter; but it is necessary to mention here that it is exceedingly\nbad form for him to resume his active social duties, such as club\ndinners and entertainments, the theater, calls, small dinners with\nfriends, until at least two months have elapsed. If business permits,\nhe may observe ten days or two weeks of absolute seclusion.\nDRESS AT FUNERALS\nThose who attend the funeral should not appear in gay or\nbrightly-colored clothes, in deference for the feelings of the\nsorrowing relatives. Women who wear simple, unrelieved black display an\nexcellent taste although any subdued color is equally good. Gentlemen\nshould wear either complete suits of black, or those of material dark\nenough to be suited to the solemnity of the occasion. Gray trousers\nwith a black cutaway are permissible. A quiet hat, gloves and necktie\nare worn. Vivid colors, either on a man or woman, show a disregard for\nthe feeling of the mourners, a lack of respect for oneself, and a\ndistinct ignorance of the laws of good conduct. It is not a gala\noccasion and levity of any sort is atrociously bad form.\nINTERMENT AND CREMATION\nEtiquette has nothing to say with regard to the disposal of the body of\nthe deceased. Whether it is to be interred or cremated, whether the\ncasket shall rest in a grave or a vault or a mausoleum or whether the\nashes shall be preserved in an urn or scattered upon a well-loved river\nor hill or upon some other chosen spot is entirely a matter of personal\npreference.\nBut etiquette unites with the laws of beauty and refined sentiment in\nprotesting against the erecting of hideous monuments with absurd\ninscriptions. The purpose of the tombstone is to mark the resting place\nand to bear the name and the date of the birth and death of the person\nwho lies beneath it. If the life itself has not left a record that will\nlast a marble slab will not do much to perpetuate it. Sometimes there\nis a special achievement or a mark of distinction which may with\npropriety be cut into the stone or the family of the deceased may\ninscribe thereupon an expression of their grief or love; but flowery\ninscriptions belong to the past and since there are no words that can\nadequately express the grief of a sorrowing family for one who has died\nit is perhaps best not to attempt it.\nThe hour at which the interment is to take place is appointed to suit\nthe convenience of the family. In cities where a multiplicity of duties\nmakes attendance in the daytime difficult it is customary to have\nevening services, but under all other circumstances the funeral is\nscheduled to take place during the day.\nMOURNING DRESS\nGrief turns instinctively to the somber garments of mourning for the\nslight measure of comfort which they give, but modern ideas of\nenlightened civilization look with disfavor on long cr\u00eape veils and any\nother form of mourning that is so pronounced as to be ostentatious.\nBlack is very depressing, especially to young children, and a mother,\nhowever deep her sorrow because of the death of one of her children\nshould keep this in mind and should, at any rate, not wear black every\nday. If she likes she may wear mourning when she leaves the house. It\nis a sort of protection, for strangers and thoughtless friends will not\nbe so likely to make remarks that will wound, if they have the black\ndress to remind them of the bereavement which the mother has suffered.\nUnder any other circumstances the wearing of colors at home and black\nabroad is a form of hypocrisy, and is, of course, to be deplored.\nBlack fabrics for mourning should not have a shiny finish nor should\nthey be trimmed except in the simplest way possible. Serge, cloth,\nduvetyn, Canton cr\u00eape, pongee, chiffon, and georgette are appropriate\nbut one should avoid velvets and most fur trimmings. The most suitable\nfurs are plain black seal, fox, lynx, etc., though others may be worn.\nBright linings are not permissible.\nA woman in mourning does not wear jewelry aside from the wedding and\nengagement rings. Dull bar pins may be used whenever needed and a\nbrooch, plain or set with pearl, may be worn. Dress accessories should\nbe of dull black, purse, gloves, etc. Handkerchiefs may have a black\nborder or they may be pure white.\nThe length of the mourning period depends upon the tie which existed\nbetween the deceased and the bereaved. Except for an elderly woman\nwhose husband has died and who never intends taking off black the\nlongest period is usually two years, the first in deep mourning, the\nnext in \"second mourning\" during which time gray, lavender, purple and\nblack-and-white may be worn. This may be shortened at discretion to six\nmonths of deep mourning followed by six months of semi-mourning or\nthree months of deep mourning and six of half mourning. The change from\nblack to colors should never be so abrupt as to be startling.\nA girl does not wear mourning for her fianc\u00e9 except under extenuating\ncircumstances. If he died on the eve of the wedding it is permissible\nbut if the date for the wedding had not been set or if the engagement\nhad not been announced it is questionable form for her to go into\nmourning for him. It is a very delicate matter and the final court of\nappeals is the young lady herself. But she should remember that the\ngarments of mourning are after all only a symbol of grief and she\nshould hesitate a long time before assuming them. Her mourning outfit\nis like that of a widow and she wears it for the same length of time.\nChildren should never wear black. Upon the death of a parent they may\nwear white perhaps relieved by lavender for six months or so. They do\nnot use mourning stationery and they do not carry black bordered\nhandkerchiefs. A girl fifteen or sixteen may wear delicate grays,\nlavenders, and mixed goods as well as white, but she should not wear\nblack.\nThere is no iron-clad rule concerning mourning, and one may or may not\nwear it. Even a widow, a daughter, or a mother is under no compulsion\nto do so, though to appear in bright colors shortly after the death of\na beloved one is certainly an evidence of bad taste.\nMOURNING DRESS FOR MEN\nThe mourning outfit for men is not so pronounced as that for women. A\nblack suit with dull black shoes, black gloves and white linen\nconstitutes first mourning. Many men use only the black band around the\ncoat sleeve. The custom grew out of the English practice of having the\nservants wear the black band in households that could not afford a\ncomplete mourning outfit, and for this reason has met with disfavor\namong the fastidious in this country. It has this much in its favor: it\naccomplishes the purpose of full mourning with the added virtue of\neconomy, and when one's life has to be conducted on a frugal scale it\nis better to wear the simple black band than to spend one's substance\nfoolishly for mourning.\nA widower wears mourning for a year or a year and a half while a man\ngrieving for some other relative than his wife may wear mourning a year\nor six months as he prefers. First mourning consists of a suit of black\nwith white linen, and dull accessories such as shoes, gloves, cuff\nlinks, etc. The hat may have a cr\u00eape border but it should not be a very\nwide one. For second mourning his suit is of gray or black, with gray\ngloves, white linen, etc. Men should never carry black bordered\nhandkerchiefs. A man wears mourning for a wife, a child, a parent, or a\nbrother or sister the length of time depending upon the strength of the\nbond which held them together.\nMOURNING STATIONERY\nWhite stationery of a good quality is correct for _all_ occasions\nand mourning is no exception. That which has a narrow black border is\ngood but a border nearly an inch wide is in bad taste. After three\nmonths have passed gray stationery is permissible.\nSince there are no formal invitations issued during the period of\nmourning there are no special forms for them. There are, however, in\naddition to the regular mourning stationery cards acknowledging\nexpressions of sympathy. These may be had from any up-to-date\nstationer's. They may or may not have the black border. The following\nis an example of such a card:\n    _Mr. and Mrs. N. C. Graham\n    thank you for your kind expression of sympathy\n    during their recent bereavement._\nThe visiting card may have an unobtrusive border of black. The border\non this and on the stationery may be lessened from time to time during\nthe period of mourning or it may remain the same until it is discarded\naltogether.\nCHAPTER VIII\nCHRISTENINGS\nANNOUNCING THE BIRTH OF THE CHILD\nWhen a child is born the mother and father announce the fact to their\nfriends by means of cards. These may be obtained in the prevailing\nstyle from any good stationer. Sometimes only one card is sent bearing\nthe names of the parents and that of the child or the word, \"Son\" or\n\"Daughter\" if the name has not been decided upon. Another fashion which\nhas become standard is the use of two cards, one somewhat larger than\nthe ordinary visiting card and attached to it by a tiny white ribbon\none very much smaller bearing the name of the infant. There are also\ndainty and attractive cards specially designed for the occasion. While\nthese are not so formal as the plain white cards they are, when chosen\nwith discrimination, very delightful and almost as personal as a note.\nNotes are usually sent only to one's most intimate friends.\nRESPONDING TO THE ANNOUNCEMENT\nFriends of the parents will, of course, hasten to congratulate them\nupon their good fortune. They may send flowers, magazines, jellies,\netc., to the mother and to the youngster some little article pleasing\nbecause of its beauty or its utility. Gifts are not necessary, however,\nand a warm and sincere note expressing one's happiness at the good\nfortune of the parents is quite sufficient. The note _must not be\nperfunctory_. You must remember that the child of your friend is the\nmost wonderful infant that ever came to earth to live (and if your\nprivate opinion is to the contrary it is best to keep it private), and\nthat conventional phrases are entirely inadequate. On the other hand it\nwill not do to gush. Simplicity and sincerity are the best means to\nattain the end desired.\nGODPARENTS\nIn the old world the selection of godparents is a very important duty\nand the office of the godfather and the godmother is actual rather than\ntheoretical; but in this country it has a tendency to become a mere\nform. This should not be the case, for it is a high tribute to a friend\nto ask him to be the godfather of one's child and it is often an\nexcellent thing for the child. It assures him at least one friend older\nthan himself who has a very special interest in his welfare.\nThere may be four sponsors, or two, as one chooses, but in America\nthere are usually only two, a godfather and a godmother. Whenever\npossible they should be asked in person and they should never be asked\nthrough a formally engraved card. For the sponsors are always intimate\nfriends of the mother and father or relatives for whom they feel the\nhighest regard. It is the interest of the child that is at stake and\nthis should be taken into consideration by the parents before they make\ntheir final selection.\nThe duties of the godparents are not onerous. They promise always to\nbefriend the child and at the time of the christening they present it\nwith a gift of some sort--jewelry, garments, carriage or toilette\naccessories. They are present at the baptism, if possible, and\naccompany the mother and father to the altar. The father and godfather\nhave little to do beyond lending the grace of their presence to the\noccasion. The godmother carries the infant to the altar, resplendent in\nhis christening robe, and at the proper time hands it to the clergyman.\nIf there are no sponsors the office of the godmother at the church may\nbe filled by the baby's nurse or by the mother herself.\nINVITATIONS TO A CHRISTENING\nThe christening is rarely an elaborate affair and the only guests are\nrelatives and close friends. If it is not too much of a tax on the\nmother it is very lovely for her to write personal notes to each guest\nasking him or her to be present at the ceremony. If there is to be a\nconsiderable number present engraved cards may be dispatched. Examples\nof both the formal and the informal invitation are given below:\n    _My dear Grace_,\n    _The baby is to be christened next Sunday at four o'clock at the\n    Brick Church and both Harry and I are anxious to have you present.\n    I think Harry Jr. would be also if he were old enough to know what\n    it is all about._\n    _Cordially yours,_\n    _Alice F. Duncan._\n    _Mr. and Mrs. Harry T. Duncan\n    request the pleasure of your company\n    at the christening of their son\n    on Sunday afternoon, June 6\n    at four o'clock\n    at the Brick Church_\nA CHURCH CHRISTENING\nIf the christening is to be an occasion of great formality and\nelaboration the church should be decorated, not elaborately as for a\nwedding but simply and prettily with smilax and ferns and delicate\nwhite flowers or in some other way that will indicate that the event\nis for a child and not for an older person.\nThe child's christening robe should be simple but exquisite. He may\nbe brought in more gracefully if he is carried on a pillow or a\n_porte-b\u00e9b\u00e9_.\nThe mother usually wears a reception gown, hat, and gloves. The women\nsponsors are similarly dressed while the masculine guests wear the\nprescribed outfit for afternoon receptions, the cutaway coat, etc.,\nunless the christening takes place in the summer when light flannels\nmay be substituted.\nTHE HOUSE CHRISTENING\nThere is very little difference between a christening that takes place\nat home and one at church. The house should be decorated and a font may\nbe placed in the drawing-room. The mother's gown is less formal than\nthe one she would wear to the church but the other details are\npractically the same.\nAFTER THE BAPTISM\nAfter the ceremony is over and the youngster has been duly admired and\nsent back to the nursery, there may be a reception or tea or even a\ndinner or breakfast, according to the time of the christening, for the\nguests. If the baptism took place at church the guests may drive\nimmediately from there to the home, allowing the automobile containing\nthe mother and father to precede them by a few minutes. If it took\nplace at home matters are simplified, for the guests may pass into\nanother room or the font may be placed to one side.\nIf there is a breakfast or luncheon served the clergyman who performed\nthe ceremony is invited to be present, and whether or not it is\ncustomary to ask a blessing he is requested to pronounce one. He enters\nthe dining-room with the child's grandmother, or if both grandmothers\nare present, with the elder.\nGIFTS\nEach person who is invited to the christening is expected to remember\nthe infant with a gift of some sort. In view of the fact that there is\nusually nothing that he needs and that he is too young to appreciate\nanything, many people give for the future rather than for the present.\nSometimes a friend of the mother will give the infant daughter a silver\nspoon, adding duplicates each year after on its birthday or at\nChristmas until they form a complete set. Books which he will\nappreciate later may be given. Money in the form of gold pieces or\nchecks is most appropriate and is one of the most popular of gifts.\nCarriage and toilette accessories, jewelry, etc., are, of course,\nsuitable but one should make sure that there is an actual need for\nthem. Most people nowadays live in a limited amount of space with\nneither a garret nor a cellar to store things in.\nPART II\n\"_Politeness itself is always the same. The rules of etiquette which\nare merely the forms in which it finds expression, vary with time and\nplace. A sincere regard for the rights of others, in the smallest\nmatters as well as the largest; genuine kindness of heart; good taste\nand self command, which are the foundations of good manners, are never\nout of fashion._\"\n--_Samuel R. Wells._\nCHAPTER I\nINTRODUCTIONS\nPURPOSE OF THE INTRODUCTION\nThe days of gallant cavaliers and courteous knights who bowed profusely\nand doffed their feathered hats to the very ground when introduced to\nladies of the court are over. To-day, simplicity is the keynote in\nintroductions--as in everything else. But the significance of those\ncharming introductions of yore remains. We find that the introduction\nof to-day is still made and acknowledged with a certain measured grace\nand courtesy of manner. What it lacks in old-time picturesque gallantry\nit gains in a new friendliness that is in accord with whole-hearted\nwarmth for which the Americans are famous.\nEvery day, in the social and business worlds alike, there is the\nconstant need of introducing people correctly. But the correct\nintroduction does not consist merely of making two strangers known to\neach other--perhaps just temporarily. To create an immediate\nfriendliness between two people who have met for the first time, to do\naway with all hesitancy and embarrassment, to create smooth and\npleasant conversation, to make the strangers want to continue their\nacquaintance--that is the purpose of the correct introduction. And its\nachievement rests entirely with the man or woman who is the medium of\nintroduction.\nA great many people have the mistaken impression that an introduction\nis meant solely to make two people known to each other for the short\ntime that they are in company together. The correct introduction helps\nto create friendship--the kind of friendship that lasts. It is not\nenough to exchange names. It is not enough to present one person to\nanother, and then forget about it completely. The adroit introducer\ndraws the strangers into conversation at once, and leads casually into\nchannels that he, or she, knows are of interest to both.\nTo introduce people correctly is an art in itself, and like any other\nart, it requires constant study and practice before one becomes adept.\nCREATING CONVERSATION\nWe have mentioned conversation as being an ideal means of establishing\nimmediate understanding between two strangers--or between a stranger\nand a group of guests. Let us consider first the best means to employ\nin creating conversation between two persons who have just been\nintroduced.\nElaborate manner should be avoided. Simple words and phraseology are\nalways most effective, especially when one's manner and tone are\nsincere. Brevity is also a virtue to be developed in introducing\npeople. If a scientist and a student meet in your home for the first\ntime, the student is presented to the older man. The host or hostess\nmight introduce them in this manner: \"Mr. Rogers, let me present Mr.\nBrown, who is making a study of social science at Pennsylvania\nUniversity.\" Naturally, an introduction of this kind would lead\ndirectly into a discussion on science--and both men would feel entirely\nat ease in each other's company.\nIn introducing a gentleman to a lady, the same rule of mutual interest\nfor creating conversation holds true. The hostess might say, \"Miss\nMurray, allow me to present Mr. Smith, who stopped at the Palms last\nsummer just before you arrived.\" Of course, the young people would\nimmediately have something to talk about, and there would be no\nstrained feeling of the sort that usually follows in the wake of a poor\nintroduction. Or, if Mr. Smith is an author, and Miss Murray is very\nfond of reading, the hostess would say, \"Miss Murray, I'm sure you will\nbe pleased to meet Mr. Smith, who writes such charming fiction. You\nremember how much we enjoyed 'The Rose Garden.'\"\nA great deal depends upon the strangers themselves, whether or not\nconversation will move forward, but the hostess who has introduced them\nskilfully has certainly given them a pleasant opening.\nWHEN TO INTRODUCE\n\"To introduce or not to introduce?\" has often puzzled men and women of\nbetter society. It requires infinite tact, and also a certain keen\nknowledge of the world, to determine just whom one should and one\nshould not introduce to one's friends.\nThis does not refer to home or private entertainments where everyone is\nan invited guest. In this case, the host and hostess make whatever\nintroductions they deem necessary, being sure that a stranger is\ncarefully presented to each guest. When the reception is a large one--a\nball, for instance--the roof may serve as an introduction; that is, the\nguests may take it for granted that everyone present, being an invited\nguest, has already the endorsement of the hostess. Thus they may\naddress and converse with anyone they choose, without trespassing any\nlaws of good conduct.\nIf a lady passes two gentlemen, one of whom she knows, both raise their\nhats and greet her, but no introductions are made. If he stops for a\nmoment--and it must be only for a very brief moment--he does not\npresent his companion. Street introductions are bad form unless the\nlittle group joins forces and walks on together.\nIn the business world, introductions are made whenever a mutual\nacquaintance or friend is present. Business introductions are governed\nvery largely by diplomacy, although the gentleman will make sure that\nhis business introduction is just as courteous and graceful as his\nsocial introduction.\nGranting that all your friends and acquaintances are of the very best\nsociety, it is quite safe to say that you may introduce two people to\neach other, or a group of people to one another, whenever you chance to\nbe a mutual friend. Whether or not the acquaintanceship continues\ndepends entirely upon the people who have been introduced. It is\ncertainly better form to introduce two people, even though you are in\ndoubt as to their similarity of character and personality, than to have\none of your friends--or several of them--feel slighted. There are few\nthings more unkind and discourteous than to neglect introducing\nstrangers to each other.\nIMPORTANCE OF CARE\nAn awkward or haphazard introduction can not be effective. A common\nfault seems to be to mumble hurriedly over names--a very bad fault,\nindeed, as it leaves the strangers in ignorance as to each other's\nidentity. Names should be pronounced carefully and distinctly, leaving\nno doubt whatever in the minds of those who are being presented to each\nother. To slur over names in haste or embarrassment, is to create a\nstrained and uncomfortable atmosphere.\nAs in everything else in good society, ostentation is extremely vulgar.\nDeep bows, flourishes, and forced phrases have no place in the right\nsort of presentations. Brief, simple introductions, with a note of\nsincere cordiality, are certainly more impressive than much elaborate\nwaving of hands and bowing.\nSPECIAL INTRODUCTIONS\nIt is, of course, an established rule that a man should always be\npresented to a lady. But the rule does not hold true when a lady is\npresented to some gentleman of exceptionally high and distinguished\nposition. Thus, if a lady is presented to the President of the United\nStates, or to an ex-President, or prince, duke, or archduke, the\ngentleman's name is mentioned first. Another exception to the rule is\nwhen unmarried ladies are presented to important members of the clergy,\nsuch as the bishop or archbishop; here also the gentleman's name is\nmentioned first.\nThere is only one great exception to the rule that all unmarried women\nare presented to matrons: all women, no matter whether they are young\nunmarried women or elderly matrons, are introduced _to_ the wife of the\nPresident of the United States.\nThere are several exceptions to the rule that all young and unmarried\nmen be presented to older men. First, there is the President of the\nUnited States, to whom all men, young and old, are presented.\nSimilarly, a host in his own home is always mentioned first. A member\nof a royal and reigning family is never presented to anyone unless it\nis someone of higher royalty; all introductions are made to him. A\nguest of honor at an entertainment is also given the distinction of\nhaving all guests presented to him.\nWHEN THE NAME ISN'T HEARD\nIt very often happens, in making introductions, that one does not quite\nunderstand the name murmured by the one who is making the introduction.\nThere is absolutely no reason to become flustered and embarrassed.\nSimply smile or nod in acknowledgment, and say, \"I beg your pardon, I\ndid not catch your name.\" Or one might say, \"I am sorry, but I did not\ncatch the name.\" Profuse apologies are not good form; in fact, they are\nentirely out of place, for the fault lies completely with the man or\nwoman who has made the introduction. Address yourself to the stranger,\nwhen you wish the name to be repeated, and make your request simply,\ndirectly and with calm dignity. Do not show either by haste or\nembarrassment that you are ill at ease because the name escaped you.\nMany times it is the fault of the people who are being introduced that\nthey do not understand the names. They do not listen for them. It is\none of the secrets of social success, if there can be anything secret\nabout a thing so obvious, to be able to remember names correctly.\nPeople in business realize this and salesmen devote special time to\ntraining themselves to remember the names of their customers.\nA very bad fault is to attempt to guess at a name when it is not heard\ndistinctly. It is perfectly correct to ask: \"Did Mrs. Roberts call you\nMiss Gray?\" But never address the young lady as Miss Gray if you have\nthe least doubt as to whether or not that was the name given. Her name\nmay be Graham, or Grayerson! It is much wiser to ask and be correct,\nthan to guess and be corrected.\nTHE CORRECT INTRODUCTION\nLet us now consider the correct forms for the general introduction. For\nall ordinary occasions the simple form, \"Mrs. Johns, let me present Mr.\nBrown,\" is the best. Because it is brief, direct and simple it may be\nused effectively on almost any occasion. In introducing men to women,\nthe woman's name is invariably spoken first, and the gentleman is\npresented to her. Several phrases that are quite generally used in\nsocial circles are: \"Mrs. A, allow me to introduce Mr. B,\" or \"Mrs. A,\nMr. B wishes to be presented to you,\" or \"Mrs. A, may I present Mr. B?\"\nSuch phrases as \"Let me make you acquainted with\" and \"I want you to\nshake hands with\" are awkward and altogether too casual. They should\nnever be used.\nWhen there is a great difference in the ages of two women, the younger\nis presented to the elder. Thus, if Mrs. Brown is an elderly matron,\nand Mrs. Smith is a recent bride, one would say: \"Mrs. Brown, let me\npresent Mrs. Smith.\" An unmarried woman is always presented to a matron\nin this manner: \"Mrs. Brown, may I present Miss Jones?\" or \"Mrs. Brown,\nthis is Miss Jones.\" When it is hard to decide which of two married\nwomen is older, one may give due reference to both by introducing in\nthis most satisfactory manner: \"Mrs. Brown, let me present Mrs. Smith;\nMrs. Smith, Mrs. Brown.\"\nSimilar distinctions are made in the introducing of two gentlemen.\nWhere there is no difference in age, title or dignity, the introduction\nmay be merely: \"Mr. White, Mr. Jones.\" A young man is presented to an\nolder man, a bachelor to a married man. However, if the bachelor is a\nvenerable old gentleman, a married man is presented to him, in\ndeference to his age. Citizens without official distinction are\ninvariably presented to senators, judges, governors, etc.\nWhen introducing a friend to one's parents it is correct to say,\n\"Mother, may I present Miss Smith?\" or \"Mother, this is Mr. Jones.\" The\nfriend is always introduced to the mother first, then to the father.\nOther relatives are introduced in the order of their age and position\nin the family.\nIn presenting a relative whose name is the same as your own it is\nunnecessary to repeat the name. For instance, \"Miss Daniels, do you\nknow my sister, Mildred?\" or \"Miss Daniels, may I present my brother,\nHarry?\" If the name is different particular pains should be taken to\npronounce it. \"Miss Daniels, this is my sister, Mrs. Graham.\" Or, \"Miss\nDaniels, may I present my brother, Mr. Franklin?\"\nGROUP INTRODUCTIONS\nIt is considered bad form to interrupt a conversation to introduce a\nnewcomer. Always wait until the conversation has subsided before you\nventure to present a stranger to a group of people.\nThe best way to introduce a gentleman to a group of guests is to\nmention the names only, in this manner: \"Mr. Jones--Miss Smith, Miss\nRoberts, Mr. Frank and Mr. Brown.\" Or one might say, \"Mr. Jones, let me\nintroduce you to----\" and then give the names of the guests in the\ngroup, being sure to mention the ladies first.\nA lady is introduced to a group of people in the same manner. It is\nindicative of bad taste to conduct a young lady around a large room and\nintroduce her individually to each stranger. Gentlemen should always be\ntaken to her to be presented to her. It is only when the young lady is\na _d\u00e9butante_ or a youthful member of society that she is conducted\nacross a room to be presented to some elderly dowager or to the guest\nof honor. It is inconsiderate to present any one person to a great\nnumber of others all at once. It is not only embarrassing but the task\nof remembering anyone of the people introduced is hopeless.\nTHE CHANCE INTRODUCTION\nBefore we go any further in the correct forms for introductions, we\nwill offer a word of caution that should be carefully heeded. Never\nintroduce people to each other unless you are quite certain that it\nwill be agreeable to both. For instance, if two young women of your\nacquaintance have been attending the same church for several years and\nyet do not greet or recognize each other, it may be assumed that they\nhave a reason for remaining strangers. In such a case, an introduction\ncould only be painful to both.\nAn introduction is not merely a trivial convention--a duty that must be\nattended to. It is an important ceremony, the very corner-stone of\nfriendship. To be formally introduced is to have a certain demand on\none's future good graces and friendliness. Thus, it is bad taste to\nintroduce rashly and indiscriminately.\nAssuming that you have no reason to believe that they do not wish to\nknow each other, this is the best form to employ in introducing two\nyoung women, both of whom you meet at the same time: \"Miss Jones, Miss\nSmith.\" This form should invariably be used in making public\nintroductions, at church, the theater, the opera, etc. If the name of\none of the young women has been forgotten, one may say, \"I'm afraid I\nhave forgotten your name,\" or \"Forgive me, but I cannot recall your\nname just now.\" As soon as the required information is given, the\nintroduction may proceed as above.\nINCOMPLETE INTRODUCTIONS\nSome careless hostesses neglect to complete introductions. This causes\nembarrassment for both, or all, people concerned, and reflects\ndiscreditably on the hostess.\nWho has not heard the otherwise charming hostess greet a friend\ncordially in this manner: \"Oh, how-do-you-do, my dear! Let me introduce\nMrs. Allen, Mrs. Baker and Mr. Carter.\" The young person who has just\narrived can hardly avoid feeling a bit confused, and perhaps a bit\nslighted. And the people to whom this introduction was made will\ncertainly feel embarrassed when they meet the stranger again and must\nask his or her name.\nAnother type of incomplete introduction is to draw two strangers into\nconversation by saying casually: \"Mrs. Roberts, Mrs. Jones was at the\nopera last night and heard the same pianist you heard two weeks ago.\"\nThis is hardly sufficient. The remark should have been either preceded\nor followed by a _bona fide_ introduction, though the smile and\nbow of the hostess as she speaks may be so cordial as to remove\nwhatever feeling of constraint there might have been.\nThe incomplete introduction is careless and unkind. The hostess is\nunfair to her guests if she does not make each introduction definite\nand formal, if she does not pronounce clearly the names of both people\nto be presented to each other.\nINDIRECT INTRODUCTIONS\nThe indirect introduction is entirely different from the incomplete\nintroduction. The former is often necessary and purposely resorted to;\nthe latter is invariably a mistake or the result of carelessness.\nWhen it is desirable to draw another into conversation, then the\nhostess may make an indirect introduction to avoid stiffness and\nconstraint. Thus, while conversing with one guest, she may turn to\nanother and say: \"Mrs. Blank, Mrs. Smith was just telling us about the\nfamous picture that was brought recently to America. Have you seen it?\"\nThe purpose of the hostess will be achieved, for the guest addressed\nwill join the conversation, although there has been no formal\nintroduction.\nWhen two people are brought together in this manner, the question of\nwhether or not they continue their acquaintanceship depends entirely\nupon themselves. In taking leave of each other, women who have been\nonly semi-introduced may nod or shake hands as they please. It is not\nnecessary to seek out a woman to whom one has been indirectly\nintroduced in order to take leave of her. If the semi-introduction is\nbetween a man and woman, the woman must either nod first, or offer her\nhand first, in leave-taking. It is the sign of her willingness to be\nformally introduced.\nTHE ACKNOWLEDGMENT\nA courteous acknowledgment is essential to every introduction. It is\nnot enough to chant a stilted phrase each time the hostess presents you\nto a stranger. Parrot-like repetition will make you appear dull and\nordinary. But to make gracious, cordial acknowledgments is to gain the\nimmediate sympathy and friendliness of those to whom you have been\nintroduced.\nThe stiff formal bow is quickly losing all its prestige in the best\nsocial circles. In its place is the warm, cordial handclasp, or the\nfriendly smile and inclination of the head. The bow is only acceptable\nwhen a stranger is presented to a group of guests. And even then it\nshould consist merely of a nod and genial smile that includes the\nentire company.\nA hostess rises to receive all introductions, and offers her hand both\nto men and women. But a woman guest retains her place when introduced\nto a gentleman, or when she is one of a group to whom a woman guest is\npresented. However, if the stranger is introduced to her individually,\nshe rises in acknowledgment. Other occasions that require the woman of\nculture to rise are when she is being introduced to the hostess, to an\nelderly or distinguished gentleman, to a guest of honor, or to an\nelderly woman.\nA gentleman invariably stands when introduced. If the introduction\ntakes place out of doors, he is expected to lift his hat and bow\nslightly. When introduced to a lady, he must wait until she takes the\ninitiative in offering him her hand. If she does not offer her hand in\nacknowledgment of the introduction, he may merely nod, lift his hat,\nand offer a word or two of gracious pleasure at having been introduced\nto her.\nFORMS OF ACKNOWLEDGMENT\nThe hostess extends her hand and says cordially, \"I am delighted to\nknow you Mrs. Brown,\" or, \"Mrs. Brown, I am most pleased to meet you.\"\n\"How do you do, Mrs. Brown,\" is used a great deal.\nOn being presented to a lady, a gentleman might say, \"Delighted to know\nyou, Miss Jones,\" or \"Miss Jones, I am very glad indeed to meet you.\"\nThe correct form to use when one man is introduced to another is\nusually, \"How do you do?\" although a great many men like to use the\nexpression, \"I'm very glad to meet you.\" A young woman introduced to a\nmatron might say, \"This is a pleasure indeed, Mrs. Rogers.\" A gentleman\nmight acknowledge an introduction to a lady by saying, \"I am pleased to\nknow you, Mrs. Jones,\" or simply, \"How do you do, Mrs. Jones?\" It is\nnot so much a question of what is said as of how it is said.\nIt happens, sometimes, that a hostess unknowingly will introduce to\neach other two men, or two women, who have long been on unfriendly\nterms. To ignore each other completely under such circumstances would\nbe a breach of good conduct, and an embarrassment to everyone\nconcerned. It is certainly wiser, if not more agreeable, to nod as\nthough one were a stranger, and later tactfully avoid the man or woman\nwhose company you do not wish to share.\nThe acknowledgment to an introduction is important. It is the first\nimpression the stranger gains of you, and it is your duty to make it a\ngood--and lasting one.\nIt is always best to repeat the name--in fact, the repeating of the\nname is all that is necessary--since it gives an opportunity for\ncorrection if the person to whom the introduction was made\nmisunderstood it. For example, when the hostess says, \"Mrs. Davis, let\nme present Mrs. Raymond,\" the ladies may bow politely, each murmuring\nthe name of the other.\nFUTURE RECOGNITION OF INTRODUCTION\nWith introductions made as hurriedly and haphazardly as they are\nto-day, at large receptions and balls, it is often puzzling to\ndetermine whether or not one should greet a certain new acquaintance at\nthe next meeting. There are certain definite rules that may be followed\nwith confidence.\nIt is important to remember that the first intimation of recognition\nafter an introduction must always come from the lady. A gentleman does\nnot offer his hand, nor does he bow or nod to the lady he has met only\nonce before until she has made the first movement. The privilege of\ncontinuing or ending the acquaintanceship rests with her.\nAs a general rule, one bows to all those whom one has met at dinner,\nluncheon or breakfast. It is also usual to greet those with whom one\nmay have drunk tea at a reception, and with whom one may have played a\ngame of tennis or golf. Incomplete introductions require no future\nrecognition, unless the people introduced desire to cultivate a\nfriendship.\nIf two people are presented to each other for the second time, polite\nacknowledgment must be made. It is not necessary, though often it is\npleasant, to recall a former introduction, especially if one feels sure\nthat the other will have no difficulty in recollecting the occasion. It\nis the duty of the gentleman to recall a previous introduction. He may\nsay, \"I think I have had the pleasure of meeting Miss Stone last week,\"\nor, \"Miss Stone and I have already been introduced.\" If two ladies are\npresented to each other for the second time, the younger or unmarried\none incurs the duty of recalling the first introduction. \"I have\nalready met Mrs. Jessup,\" is a form that may be used on any occasion.\nINTRODUCING AT DINNER\nAt a formal or informal dinner, the host and hostess must make all\nguests known to one another before leading the company to the table. It\nis neither graceful nor good form to introduce after the guests are\nseated.\nThe secret of correct introduction at dinner is to avoid all obvious\nefforts to present certain guests to one another. For instance, it is\nnot the best form to interrupt a conversation and draw a young man to\nanother part of the room to present him to a young lady. Nor is it\nnecessary for the hostess to incommode herself by rising, during the\ncourse of the dinner, to greet a late-comer and make him known to the\nother guests. She may merely nod to him, accept his excuse for\ntardiness with a gracious smile or word of welcome, and retain all\nintroductions until later in the evening when the guests have assembled\nin the drawing-room.\nSometimes, at a very large formal dinner, it is not possible for the\nhost and hostess to introduce every guest. In this case it is necessary\nto introduce only the gentlemen and ladies who are to go in together to\ntable. Later, when the ladies gather in the drawing-room, the clever\nhostess will contrive to make all her guests known to each other; and\nwhen the gentlemen join them after their cigars, both host and hostess\nmay adroitly conclude the introductions. However, it is also good form\nfor the host to make his complete introductions while the gentlemen are\nhaving their after-dinner smoke and chat, and for the hostess to make\nher introductions in the drawing-room among the ladies. The gentlemen\nmay then be presented to the ladies during the course of the evening.\nIf there is a distinguished guest, or a guest of honor, for whom the\ndinner is given, all guests must be presented to him at some time\nduring the evening. If the introductions cannot be completely achieved\nbefore dinner, the host and hostess may continue them when the guests\nreassemble in the drawing-room.\nINTRODUCING AT THE DANCE\nWhen a ball or dance is given in honor of a _d\u00e9butante_ daughter, or\nin honor of a visiting guest, the hostess, on receiving her guests,\npresents them to the honored person who stands at her side. During the\ncourse of the dance itself, the host and hostess, as well as the\nmembers of their family, make all the introductions they can without\ninconveniencing either their guests or themselves.\nAt a private dance the host and hostess must constantly contrive to\npresent gentlemen to ladies, so that there will always be new partners\nfor each dance. If it is a very small dance, the strictly formal\nintroduction is rarely performed; the girls introduce their partners to\ntheir particular friends, and the young men present their friends to\ntheir partners without asking permission to do so.\nAt a very large, formal ball or dance, it is good form to ask\npermission of a lady before presenting a gentleman to her. It is\ncertainly the safest and most satisfactory way, and reflects good taste\nand courtesy both on the part of the gentleman who wishes to be\nintroduced and the gentleman who is the medium of introduction.\nThe gentleman who escorts a lady to a dance has a very distinct duty\nwith regard to introductions. He must present to her, at various\nintervals during the dance, as many of his masculine friends as he\nfeels she would welcome as partners. At a public ball, he invariably\nasks her permission to make these introductions, as he does also at a\nvery large formal ball. But if the young lady is a friend of long\nstanding, and his own comrades personal friends for whom he can vouch,\nit is not necessary to request formally the lady's permission before\nmaking the introductions.\nAt public balls, the reception committee presents each guest to the\nguest of honor. If there is no guest of honor, the committee merely\nwelcomes the guests, and leaves the duty of introduction to chaperons\nand escorts. Patronesses and reception committees are not obligated in\nany way to make introductions at subscriptions or public balls, though\nit often helps to make the affair more pleasant when they take part in\npresentations.\nINTRODUCING AT RECEPTIONS\nThe hostess of an afternoon or evening reception presents each guest\nwho arrives to the guest of honor or _d\u00e9butante_ daughter, who\nstands at her side and receives with her. She may not leave her post at\nthe door to make introductions, but she may present as many guests to\none another as is possible without leaving her place.\nThe wise hostess always has several feminine members of her family to\nassist her in making guests known to one another. These young women may\nintroduce any strangers in the company. The ladies in charge of the\nrefreshments in the dining room may also speak without introduction to\nguests of either sex, in order to offer tea, chocolate or bonbons. They\nare privileged to make introductions whenever it is in their power to\ndo so.\nA committee is usually appointed to receive the guests at a public\nreception. The committee, or part of it, stands by the door to receive\neach guest formally, and introductions are made merely by having a\nliveried servant announce the name in a loud, clear voice. The guest\nbows to the committee, and considers himself introduced. Then the\ncommittee may be addressed by the stranger who desires further\nintroductions to other guests. It is important, at these public\nreceptions that the committee in charge perform as nearly as possible\nthe duty of host and hostess.\nSPEAKING WITHOUT INTRODUCTION\nSome people who pride themselves upon being well-bred make themselves\nappear actually ludicrous by being highly indignant when addressed by\nsomeone to whom they have not been introduced. Surely in this world of\ngood-fellowship and open-hearted friendliness it is ridiculous to seal\none's mouth and be aloof, merely because one has not been formally\npresented!\nThere is, for instance, the gentleman one sits next to on the steamer\ndeck. A lady, of course, may not on any condition address a gentleman\nwhom she does not know, nor may a gentleman address a lady who is a\nstranger to him. But when two men are sitting side-by-side on a steamer\ndeck, both glorying in the solemn dignity of the sea, and the wide\nexpanse of sky, it would be petty indeed to refrain from conversation.\nIf a friendship is to be developed later, a formal introduction may be\nsought; but for the present, though they have never been presented to\neach other, the men may enjoy a conversation without feeling that they\nare trespassing beyond the boundaries of etiquette.\nSimilarly, the lady traveling across country may comment upon the\nsplendid open stretches of country, the hazy impressiveness of the\nmountains in the distance and the surprising beauty of the train's\nsmoke against the azure sky, to the lady sitting opposite her, even\nthough they have never been introduced. And they may carry on quite a\ndelightful conversation without being formally presented to each other.\nThere can be nothing quite as shallow as refusing to answer, or\nanswering coldly, the person who addresses you in a spirit of\nfriendliness, merely because there have been no formal introductions.\nOne must have vision enough to see that what is correct in the ballroom\nwould be strained and narrow in the shadow of the huge mountains where\nmen and women of every social standing gather to enjoy the same\nglorious bigness of things.\nINTRODUCING CHILDREN\nIt is important for children to be taught early the significance and\nvalue of formal introductions. But parents must carefully avoid all\nsuggestion of snobbishness in their young sons and daughters. There is\nan amusing story related of a certain little English lad who was\nvisiting in America with his father, who happened to be a member of the\nHouse of Lords. The youngster had a well developed case of\nsnobbishness.\nAt an afternoon reception given in honor of his father, the boy was\nintroduced to several young Americans, invited especially for his\nbenefit. During the course of the afternoon, the hostess noticed that\nhe was sitting off to one side, avoiding the other young guests. When\nshe spoke to him about it, and asked him why he didn't join the other\nyoung people, he remarked stiffly: \"In England, the son of a member of\nthe House of Lords does not associate with commoners!\" While the father\ncrimsoned, the little American guests laughed in amusement. And a\nnewspaper correspondent who was present enjoyed the humor of the\nsituation so keenly that he devoted a whole column to it.\nA well-bred child introduces his or her small friend to older persons\nby saying, \"Mrs. Thompson, this is my sister Ray,\" or, \"Mother, may I\npresent my schoolmate, Bob, to you?\" Children should be taught not to\nuse stilted, unnatural phrases. Their introductions should be easy and\nnatural. A child introducing his young cousin to a friend would say,\n\"Bob, this is my cousin, Ralph.\" When introduced to an adult, the\nproperly trained child waits for the elder to speak first. If some\nexpression of pleasure at the meeting is made, the child may say,\n\"Thank you, Mrs. Anderson.\"\nA parent would introduce her daughter in this manner: \"Mrs. Brown, this\nis my little daughter Anne,\" or, \"Mrs. Brown, my boy John wishes to be\npresented to you.\" Children should be introduced to each other in a\ncasual way for strained introductions cause them to feel ill at ease in\none another's company. \"Harry, this is John Brown. I am sure you will\nenjoy hearing all about his new pony,\" or, \"Mary, Bob wants to tell you\nabout something funny that happened at school the other day.\" The\nsimple expression, \"How do you do,\" is always best for children who are\nacknowledging introductions.\nCORDIALITY IN INTRODUCTIONS\nWith the passing of the ridiculous half-finger handshake, with the arm\nextended upward and the wrist bent awkwardly, introductions have become\nmore cordial and sincere. Which is entirely as it should be. Too many\npeople go through the ceremony of an introduction merely as a matter of\nduty, without realizing its portent in the matter of friendship and\nfuture acquaintance.\nWe have all met the man or woman who nods stiffly in acknowledgment of\nan introduction, and offers some stereotyped expression of welcome. And\nwe have all met the man or woman who smiles warmly, offers a sincere\nhandclasp, and acknowledges the introduction so cordially that one\nfeels entirely at ease. In the latter case, a brief acquaintance\nusually ripens into friendship, while in the former instance, one is\ninclined to forget promptly the one to whom the introduction has been\nmade.\nThe next time you are introduced to a stranger, smile sincerely, make\nyour handclasp warm and firm, put cordiality into your welcome and see\nhow your new acquaintance responds! The correct introduction alone is\nnot the corner-stone of friendship; but the correct introduction that\nis also cordial opens the door to friendships that perhaps are sealed\nto every other effort.\nWhether you are making an introduction or acknowledging one, be sure\nthat it is both correct and cordial.\nCHAPTER II\nLETTERS OF INTRODUCTION\nTHE LETTER OF INTRODUCTION\nLetters of introduction should be drawn only on relatives, or on very\nclose friends. It is not considered entirely ethical to introduce by a\nletter an individual of whom the writer knows very little, or toward\nwhom the writer is not especially friendly. It is also scarcely good\nform to ask for a letter of introduction; the truly cultured person\nwill depend upon the kind impulses of a friend or relative to recognize\nthe need for such presentation.\nCare should be exerted in the issuing of these letters. Some people,\nbecause they have not sufficient willpower to refuse a direct request,\nwill issue such a letter to a person whom they hardly know, and for\nwhose character they cannot vouch. Thus they are forced to send a\nprivate letter to the person to whom the letter of introduction is\naddressed, explaining that the stranger is really not very well known\nto them, and that perhaps the hostess had better find out more about\nhim, or her. This always causes an embarrassing and uncomfortable\nsituation; it is always better to refuse frankly, unless one knows the\nman or woman and is willing to endorse him heartily and sincerely.\nA letter of introduction should be brief, concise and free from matters\nof personal or private interest. If the bearer of the letter is in\nmourning, or has suffered some recent grief or loss, or if he is the\nvictim of unhappy circumstances or peculiar prejudices, a private\nletter should be sent to the person to whom the letter is addressed,\nexplaining the situation. This does not hold true when the stranger has\nsome special mission to perform; in this case, the explanation is\nwritten directly in the original letter of introduction.\nA note of introduction rarely covers more than a page or a page and a\nhalf of medium-size note paper, and it should be confined strictly to\nthe presentation of the person in whose behalf it is written. Nothing\nirrelevant, such as inquiry regarding the health of certain people of\nmutual acquaintance, or of domestic interest, should be included. The\nletter is placed in an unsealed envelope.\nPRESENTING THE LETTER\nUsually letters of introduction are not presented in person, but sent\nwith the card of the man or woman to be introduced. This relieves the\nceremony of that awkwardness which usually follows when someone\npresents a letter of introduction and waits while it is being read. If\none does not wish to send it through the mails, the letter may be left\nwith one's card at the door of the one to whom it is addressed.\nWhen the letter of introduction is from a gentleman to a lady, or\nrather when the letter introduces a gentleman to a lady, he invariably\ncalls in the afternoon and sends up the letter with his card. If the\nlady is not at home, he may slip the card into the same envelope as the\nletter, and leave it with the servant to be delivered. A gentleman also\ncalls to present a letter of introduction to a member of his own sex.\nA woman who wishes to present a letter of introduction to another\nwoman, calls personally and leaves the letter with her own card, or\nslips her card into the envelope, seals it, and sends it through the\nmails. Either method of presentation is correct. However, when the\nletter is addressed to a gentleman, she does not call, unless it is\nsome very special and unusual occasion, but trusts the letter to the\nmails for safe delivery.\nACKNOWLEDGING A LETTER OF INTRODUCTION\nA letter of introduction requires immediate recognition in some form.\nEither a call or an invitation should be made within three or four\ndays. If it is impossible to honor a letter of introduction by the\nusual form of visiting or entertaining then it is absolutely essential\nthat a prompt and adequate explanation should be written to the author\nand bearer of the letter.\nOrdinarily, when the bearer of a letter of introduction is a woman, a\ncall is made within three days. This call is followed by the offer of\nsome hospitality, usually a luncheon or tea. A gentleman calls upon a\nlady or upon another gentleman as soon as he receives a letter of\nintroduction. But a lady, instead of making a call, sends an invitation\nto the gentleman who is introduced to her by means of a letter.\nAny delay in acknowledging a letter of introduction is uncivil, both to\nthe person who wrote the letter and the one being introduced. If one is\ninvalided, a short note should be written explaining why a call cannot\nbe made, and arranging for a meeting as early as circumstances permit.\nBut to wait a week or two before acknowledging a letter of\nintroduction, and then writing to explain, is to show lack of good\nbreeding and ignorance of the laws of good conduct.\nIt is a mark of courtesy to write to the person who brought about the\nacquaintance with a new friend by means of a letter of introduction,\nthanking him or her for the note that inspired the friendship.\nMODEL LETTERS OF INTRODUCTION\nA letter of introduction should be simple and to the point. It should\nalso be friendly, cordial and explanatory. It is placed in a single\nenvelope, unsealed, with the full name and address of the person to\nwhom the bearer is introduced. Here are some letters that are offered\nmerely as suggestions. Of course they may be changed and added to, to\nmeet certain conditions:\n_New Haven, Conn.,\n    _My dear Mrs. Brown:_\n    _This will introduce to you Miss Rose Johnson of Camden, New\n    Jersey, who intends staying in your charming city during December\n    and January._\n    _I have known Miss Johnson for three years, and feel sure that\n    you will find pleasure in her company._\n    _With warmest personal regards, I am_\n    _Sincerely yours,_\n    _Margaret F. Dowe._\n    _New York, N.Y.,\n    _Dear Travers:_\n    _The bearer of this note, Mr. Robert Duncan, of Chicago, plans to\n    be in your town for two months. Besides being a personal friend of\n    mine, he is the advertising manager of the Goodfield Company in Los\n    Angeles, and knowing as I do how interested you are in advertising,\n    I feel that you would like to know him._\n    _You will find him good company everywhere, I think, for he not\n    only talks entertainingly but he plays tennis and golf and bridge\n    and plays them well. I hope that you will be able to help him enjoy\n    his stay in Madison._\n    _With kindest regards to Mrs. Travers, I am_\n    _Cordially yours,_\n    _Bob Westely._\n    _Baltimore, Md.,\n    _My dear Mrs. Rowell:_\n    _It gives me great pleasure to present to you Mr. Raymond Gordon,\n    the bearer of this note, with whom I have been associated in\n    business and socially for many years. Business takes him to\n    Baltimore, where he is an entire stranger. I will personally\n    appreciate any kindness you may show him during his stay there._\n    _Yours most sincerely,_\n    _Robert S. Balfour._\nTHE CARD OF INTRODUCTION\nVery often a card of introduction, instead of a letter, is issued. The\nletter is preferred in the case of special friends, as it conveys a\ncertain courtesy that the strictly formal card lacks. Yet the card is\nno less powerful an agent in soliciting and securing civilities for a\nman or woman in a strange town. Its place is in the business rather\nthan the social world, where often it is the means of securing an\ninterview which it would be almost impossible to get without some kind\nof endorsement.\nThe card of introduction consists merely of a visiting card with the\nname of the person to be introduced written above that of the sender. A\ncard so prepared should be placed in a card envelope, left unsealed,\nand addressed to the person to whom the introduction is to be made. The\nwords which appear at the top of the card are written also at the\nextreme bottom of the envelope, either below the address or in the\nleft-hand corner.\nHere is a typical visiting card, inscribed correctly with the name and\naddress of the medium of introduction, and bearing the correct\nintroduction above the name:\n    _Introducing Miss Rose M. Roberts_\n    Mr. Charles Hanson Morton\n    28 West 18th St.\nBUSINESS INTRODUCTIONS\nThe man who values his good name among his business associates will not\ngive letters of introduction indiscriminately. There are no special\nrules governing such letters in the business world beyond those of the\nsocial world. It is very annoying to a busy man to have to interrupt\nhis work to make himself agreeable to all sorts and conditions of men\nwho may come bearing missives which give them entrance. People should\nremember this in giving letters of introduction and should absolutely\nrefuse unless they feel sure that something of mutual benefit may arise\nfrom the meeting. To give a letter of introduction for the same reason\nthat one sometimes buys goods of a persistent agent--to get rid of\nhim--is a very poor way out of the difficulty.\nIt is permissible to ask for a letter of introduction to a business man\nif the person from whom it is requested is a good friend and the person\nwho asks for it has an excellent reason for doing so. Of course it is\nmuch better when the letter comes as a free-will offering, for there is\nno possibility of having to meet with a refusal. A refusal to grant a\nletter should not anger the person who asked for it, and the person who\nfeels compelled to deny the request should give a courteous\nreason--there is usually such a reason--for doing so.\nCHAPTER III\nCALLS AND CALLING CUSTOMS\nTHE BEGINNING OF SOCIAL CALLS\nThe origin of the \"social\" call dates from the Stone Age, when the head\nof a family used to leave a roughly carved block of stone at the door\nof another, as an expression of good-will and friendship. The most\nmarked development in calls and visiting is traced among the Orientals,\nand especially the Chinese. In China, even to-day, the social call is\npractically a sacred ceremony, and it is only the very lowest coolie\nwho does not pay regular calls upon his friends and neighbors.\nIt is contrary to the American ideal to develop or encourage highly\ncomplicated social ceremonies, and even the most formal call in this\ncountry to-day is simply a meeting of good friends. With the rush of\nmodern life and the multitudinous opportunities which it offers for\ndiversion and instruction there is a tendency to neglect one's social\ncalls. It is a great pity, for nothing is quite so precious as one's\nfriends, and was it not Emerson who said, \"Go often to the house of thy\nfriend for weeds choke the unused path\"?\nWHEN CALLS ARE MADE\nIn the city, formal calls are made between four and six o'clock in the\nafternoon. Morning calls are considered informal in the city; they are\nmade only to transact business, or by special appointment. Only a very\nintimate friend is privileged to call in the morning merely for social\npurposes.\n[Illustration: \u00a9 Brown Bros.\nAN ALTAR FOR A HOME WEDDING\nA similar plan of decoration may be used effectively in a much less\npretentious home.]\nWomen rarely call in the evening, unless it is a friendly informal\nvisit. Men may make formal evening visits both in the city and country.\nIn the city they may call as early as eight o'clock or as late as\nhalf-past nine. It is not in good taste to call very late in the\nevening, especially in the country where the retiring hour is early. It\nis perfectly correct for a woman who is at business during the day to\npay her calls during the early part of the evening.\nMorning calls in the country may be made between half-past ten and one\no'clock. Both men and women should observe these hours. It is only in\nthe centers of formal and fashionable society, where luncheon is\nusually served at one o'clock that morning calls are reserved for\noccasions of business.\nWhen a call is paid for the purpose of condolence, or of inquiring\nafter a sick friend, no special hour need be observed, as the caller\nrarely advances beyond the threshold of the front door. Before calling\non a friend in a hospital one should ascertain the hours during which\nvisitors are allowed.\nTHE PROPER LENGTH OF A CALL\nNever prolong a call until it becomes a relief to depart--both for you\nand your hostess. This is not irrelevant, nor is it too severe. There\nare many people who do not know when to depart, and simply because they\nare afraid of leaving too early and offending the hostess, they prolong\nthe visit unduly and depend upon gossip and forced conversation to pass\nthe time. It is not good taste to make a call that lasts ten minutes;\nbut it is certainly no better to make one that lasts three hours.\nWhen a first and formal call is paid, fifteen or twenty minutes is the\nusual time for exchanging civilities, and for making a graceful exit.\nThe ordinary formal call may be extended from a quarter to\nthree-quarters of an hour. A friendly call may be continued an hour,\nand sometimes an hour and a half.\nCalls of inquiry, condolence and information should never be prolonged\nlonger than is required to obtain the information required. Calls of\ncondolence should be made especially short, as it is a mark of\ninconsideration to force oneself on a hostess who is suffering a recent\nbereavement.\nTHE DAY AT HOME\nCalls should always be paid on the hostess' day at home, if possible.\nIt is always more complimentary and considerate to observe a day at\nhome than to call on an afternoon when the hostess does not expect you.\nIn large cities and fashionable circles, it is customary for every\nhostess to issue at-home cards, giving the day and hour, or just the\nday, when she will be at home to visitors. These are issued to all her\nfriends and acquaintances and they are expected to make their social\ncalls, calls of congratulation, calls of appreciation--all calls except\nthose that have to do with business--on that afternoon.\nSunday calls are now considered informal. In small towns and country\nneighborhoods they may be made after church or in the evening, but in\nlarge cities formal visits are rarely made on Sunday. Here again men\n(and business women) enjoy a special privilege; they may make their\nformal calls any afternoon or evening of the week, Sunday not excepted.\nPerhaps this is only fair, as the American man, and many of the\nAmerican women, have their mornings and afternoons completely absorbed\nby the exactions of their business.\nDRESS FOR CALLS\nIn making business calls a woman should wear street dress of the most\nsimple and conservative type. For her social calls also she should wear\nstreet attire, but it need not be so severe as for business purposes.\nEspecially if she is to go by public conveyance she should be careful\nnot to make herself conspicuous by her dress. The hostess is always\nmore or less informally dressed unless her at home takes on the\nproportions of a reception, in which case she wears an elaborate\nreception gown.\nMen seldom pay calls, and when they do, for the most part, they wear\nordinary business suits unless the occasion is one of importance.\nFormal evening calls require formal evening dress.\nPAYING THE FIRST CALL\nIn the country, all newcomers wait until they are called upon before\ncalling or leaving cards. Formerly, calls were paid only upon those\nnewcomers who were in one's immediate neighborhood, but now motoring\nhas greatly increased the area of visiting. Thus, when a newcomer\nbuilds or rents a home within easy motoring distance, one must feel\nobligated to call and leave cards.\nBrides also wait to receive first calls. Neighbors and friends are\nexpected to call and leave cards immediately upon the return from the\nhoneymoon. It is the particular duty of all wedding guests to call\npromptly as soon as the bride announces her return.\nWhen a lady comes to visit a friend in another town, it is the duty of\nall friends of the hostess to make the first call. It is also the rule\nfor women who have been entertained in a friend's house in the country\nto be the first to call on that friend immediately upon her return to\ntown. Where there is no indebtedness of this kind and when two women\narrive home from their respective summer vacations at about the same\ntime, it is customary for the younger to make the first call upon the\nolder.\nThe matter of paying the first call is often a very delicate one.\nFrequently sensitive people are offended by some unconscious slight on\nthe part of a friend. The following rules will help those who are in\ndoubt, and who are anxious to follow the correct usage, and thus avoid\nblunders that may result in broken friendships.\nAn unmarried woman always pays the first call of the season upon a\nmatron. The elder of two women is entitled to the first visit. This\nsame rule holds true among men, when the question of the formal call\narises. In large cities, when the recognized winter period for\nexchanging formal calls opens, very little attention is paid to the\nmatter of the first calls of the season. It is usually dependent upon\nconvenience and inclination of individuals, and upon the settling of an\nat-home day. Sometimes women who are exceptionally punctilious make\ntheir first calls with reference to courtesies extended or received in\nthe foregoing season. Thus, they refer to their calling lists of the\npreceding winter, in deciding on whom to make the first calls. However,\nthis is entirely in the hands of the individual.\nCALLS OF OBLIGATION\nThere are certain obligatory calls that must be made, if one wishes to\nbe in accord with the laws of etiquette. These are sometimes referred\nto as \"duty calls.\" For instance, it is essential for all wedding\nguests, bridesmaids, ushers, and for the best man, maid of honor and\nmatron of honor to call on the bride's mother within three weeks after\nher daughter's wedding. They must also call upon the bride as soon as\nshe returns from her honeymoon. If the wedding was held at the home of\na sister or other relative, the call is made to the lady who acted in\nthe capacity of hostess. The guests at a home wedding, wedding\nreception or breakfast, are also obligated to call on the bride's\nmother, and on the bride herself, in due course.\nIt is distinctly important for all guests, both men and women, at a\nformal dinner to call upon the hostess within two or, at the most,\nthree weeks after the dinner. This holds true even if the invitation\nwas not accepted. The dinner call should be paid promptly; if a man or\nwoman who has not accepted an invitation to dinner does not call within\nthree weeks, the hostess has every reason to believe that he, or she,\ndoes not desire her friendship and hospitality. This same holds true of\nballs, suppers, parties and receptions. Not to accept an invitation,\nand not to call, is a gross incivility and reflects upon the good\nmanners of the person who has neglected to make the obligatory call.\nDuty calls are necessary after formal luncheons or breakfasts, and\nafter musicales, theater parties, opera parties, garden parties, and\nafter attending a christening. Such a call should be made within the\ntwo weeks following the event.\nOther obligatory calls are made both before and after a funeral. The\nfirst call is merely a matter of card-leaving, unless one is an\nintimate friend of the bereaved family. After the funeral a call of\ncondolence should be made.\nA hostess who follows the laws of good society to the letter,\ninvariably calls on a new acquaintance before offering her any\nhospitality, or before issuing any invitations to her. Other calls that\nare a matter of obligation are those of inquiry regarding a friend's\nhealth, of congratulation to parents on the birth of a child, and of\ncongratulation to the young lady who has announced her engagement. All\nthese calls are social necessities, and the man or woman who is\nwell-bred never neglects them.\nABOUT RETURNING CALLS\nIt is of the utmost importance that calls be promptly returned. But\nperhaps the most exacting of all is the first call. To neglect to\nreturn it within two weeks, or three at the most, or to explain by\nletter why it cannot be returned, is to indicate tacitly that the\ncaller's friendship is not desired. This, of course, is an extremely\nrude and inconsiderate method to choose, if one really does not desire\nto cultivate a certain friendship, for there are many gracious and less\nunkind means to employ.\nA bride, or a visitor in a neighborhood, or a newcomer to a town,\nshould not let more than ten days, or at the most two weeks, elapse\nbefore returning the civilities of their new neighbors. The first call\nof a new acquaintance should be just as promptly returned. After the\nfirst call is returned, it depends upon the individuals concerned\nwhether a friendship shall be developed, or whether a \"calling\nacquaintance\" shall be kept up. (The expression \"calling acquaintance\"\nis used to indicate the custom of ladies calling upon each other once\nor twice during the year as a social duty, rather than as a means of\ndeveloping friendship.)\nWhen calls are exchanged only once in twelve months it is an indication\nthat only a purely formal acquaintance exists between two people. But\nwhen two women are friends, they may exchange calls at intervals of\nthree weeks or a month, and sometimes very dear friends exchange calls\nevery week. However, in this latter case the calls are more or less\ninformal.\nCalls of condolence, sympathy, inquiry and congratulation are usually\nanswered by sending cards or brief notes to the callers. Later, on\nissuing from mourning, or on recovery of health, the calls of\ncondolence and inquiry may be returned, but it is not entirely\nnecessary, and depends largely upon the convenience and individual\ndesire of the person on whom the call was made.\nWhen a hostess is asked to invite the friends of her friends to a\nreception at her home, she is not obligated to return their \"calls of\nduty.\" Nor does a woman return any of the calls, formal or informal, of\nher gentlemen acquaintances. When one woman receives a call from\nanother woman who bears a letter of introduction, a return call must be\nmade promptly, or a letter of explanation written within two weeks\nafter the day of the first call. The same rule is observed between men.\nTHE CALL OF CONDOLENCE\nIt should be remembered that no hasty intrusions should ever be made\nupon grief. It shows lack of good taste and extreme inconsideration.\nOnly intimate friends of a bereaved family, or of one member of that\nfamily, call for any length of time. Others merely leave their cards\nwith cordial inquiries regarding the health and spirits of the members\nof the family.\nThey may forward a box of flowers, including their personal card in the\nbox, instead of calling to leave a card in person. But when the formal\ncall of condolence is made, ten days or two weeks after the funeral,\nthe intimate friends of the family should be careful to avoid all\nsubjects that would cause pain to the bereaved ones. They should not,\nunless gifted with rare tact, make any reference to the death but\nshould rather speak of cheerful things. However, it may be necessary to\ngive some word of sympathy either upon greeting or departure. A tactful\nway to greet a sorrowing person is to say simply, \"I have called to\nassure you of my sympathy.\" The subject should then be dropped and\nother matters discussed.\nOn departure a word of cheer and sympathy, and a hearty warm hand-clasp\ngo a long way towards helping matters.\nCalls of condolence should be brief. It is poor form to remain longer\nthan fifteen minutes, unless one is a particularly intimate friend and\nable to relieve the intensity of grief by his or her presence. If the\nperson called upon feels the loss so poignantly that he or she cannot\nbe composed, it is far better to leave a cordial note at the door\nasking to be excused from all callers, than to greet them and cause\nembarrassment by a display of emotion. Persons in affliction often\nprefer to be alone, and the intrusion of anyone except their very\ndearest friends causes fresh grief.\nTHE CALL OF CONGRATULATION AND INQUIRY\nCalls of congratulation are warranted only by intimacy or by friendship\nof long standing. After the birth of a child, feminine friends of the\nmother incur the duty of calling upon her and leaving inquiries about\nher own and her child's health, along with the customary\ncongratulations. Friends of the young lady who announces her engagement\nare expected to call and offer congratulations. This call is usually\nmade between ten days and two weeks after the announcement is received.\nMarried women who are friends of the young woman's mother also call to\nmake their congratulations.\nCalls of inquiry are made during the illness or convalescence of a\nfriend or acquaintance. Sometimes these calls are made after a fire or\naccident, or after some several financial loss or other disaster.\nExtreme tact is needed in paying such calls. The call itself assumes no\ngreater proportions than that merely of doorstep card-leaving, yet it\nis an expression of genuine sympathy and a desire to show that\nfriendship will be continued no matter what happens. The chapter\ndevoted to visiting cards contains several model cards of inquiry that\ncan be used on the various occasions mentioned.\nTHE SOCIAL CALLS OF MEN\nGentlemen of good society usually devote Sunday afternoons and evenings\nto their formal visits. Weekday evenings are also often given over to\nthe same purpose. The gentleman who calls upon a lady shows good taste\nand consideration by selecting her day at home.\nA man is expected to make calls of condolence, inquiry and\ncongratulation upon all his intimate friends, men and women. He is also\nexpected to pay a call promptly upon a hostess who has entertained him\neither at dinner or a dance. However, he may not call again unless he\nis invited to do so by the hostess. A bachelor residing in a new\nneighborhood is expected to return all first calls made upon him, but\nhe has the privilege of requesting a sister or woman relative living\nwith him to make the return call in his name.\nWhen introduced to a gentleman by means of a letter of introduction\nfrom a mutual friend, it is essential that the recipient return the\ncall within three days. This holds true also if it is a lady who\npresents the letter of introduction. Gentlemen who are invited to\nballs, dinners, theater parties, garden parties, etc., are expected to\nmake calls within ten days or two weeks, even though they do not accept\nthe invitation.\nTHE INVALID'S CALL\nAn invalid may return calls by sending a daughter or a close friend in\nher stead. A sister may also make calls for an invalided woman. When a\nmember of society is an invalid, with no daughters or sisters, and with\nno very intimate friends, she may issue cards or notes through the\nmails if she wishes to keep up her social activities.\nA daughter of an invalid calls upon all her mother's friends,\nintroduces herself, and explains why she is appearing in her mother's\nplace. Or she may just leave her mother's card, with her own name and a\nword of explanation written above it. The latter method is undoubtedly\nthe most satisfactory.\nA person who is invalided temporarily may send cards in answer to the\ncourtesies of friends or she may allow her daughter to assume her\nsocial responsibilities. Usually because of the heavy demands which\nsociety places upon one she goes back to her round of calls, teas,\nreceptions, etc., gradually rather than all at once. Friends are always\nconsiderate under such circumstances and etiquette never exacts more\nthan one can possibly do.\nASKING A NEW ACQUAINTANCE TO CALL\nYou cannot, except under special conditions, invite people to your home\nunless you have called on them in formal manner and they have returned\nthe visit. A young woman, and an unmarried woman, wait for an\ninvitation to call from an older woman and matron. It is not advisable\nfor a young woman to ask a gentleman to call until she has met him\nseveral times and is quite sure that she wishes to develop his\nfriendship. A woman never calls upon a gentleman except on a business\nmission, in which case she may not discuss social or domestic topics. A\nmarried woman does not leave a card for an unmarried man unless she has\nbeen to a reception at his house; then she leaves one of her own cards\nwith one of her husband's.\nIt is expected of a young matron or of a _d\u00e9butante_ that she request\nbeing permitted to call upon an elderly matron or old lady after the\ntwo have met at a watering-place or in the home of a mutual friend, and\nafter having exchanged cards. A gentleman who wishes to call upon a\nyoung girl he admires, first asks permission of the lady's mother,\nbeing quite certain, of course, that his visit would be agreeable to\nthe young lady herself. To ask permission of the mother is to convey a\nvery distinct compliment to both women, and reflects culture and\nbreeding upon the character of the young man himself.\nWhen asking a gentleman to call it is sufficient to say, \"Mother and I\nwill be at home Wednesday at three o'clock, Mr. Blank. I hope you will\ncome to see us,\" or, \"I should be very glad to have you visit me, Mr.\nBlank. Mother and I are usually at home in the evenings.\"\nIn some sections of the country it is customary for the gentleman to\nask permission to call upon a young lady, rather than for the young\nlady to request him to call. He may say, \"Miss Blank, I hope I may call\non you sometime before very long,\" or \"I would like to call upon you at\nyour home, Miss Blank. May I call some evening when you and your mother\nare at home?\"\nTHE WOMAN'S BUSINESS CALL\nA woman may call on a man only for business purposes. In this case the\nman is usually her clergyman, editor, lawyer, physician or merchant,\nand the call is made during office hours.\nThe woman who is making a business call does not usually send in a\nvisiting card, but merely gives her name to the attendant. She states\nher business briefly, remembering to avoid all personal, social or\ndomestic topics not essential to the furtherance of the matter in hand.\nIf it is necessary for a woman to call upon a man at his home, she must\nbe accompanied by a male relative, or by a woman older than herself.\nThis holds true only when she is entirely unacquainted with the members\nof the man's family, and is only acquainted with the man himself\nthrough business interests. She does not send up her cards, merely her\nname, and she makes her visit as short as possible. When a woman calls\nat a bachelor apartment or at a gentleman's studio it is an\nunimpeachable law of etiquette that she be correctly chaperoned.\nEtiquette also bars a woman from visiting a gentleman's club, even for\nthe purpose of seeing her husband.\nThe lady who has been entertained at the home of a gentleman may drive\nto his door and send up her card. But she never enters his home for a\nsocial visit.\nRECEIVING CALLS\nThe day at home is devoted exclusively to the receiving and\nentertaining of callers. This day at home is decided by the hostess at\nthe beginning of the season; one day each week, or one day in every two\nweeks, is set apart for receiving calls.\nThe hostess should be ready to receive her first call by a few minutes\nbefore three o'clock. She may, if she wishes, specify a certain hour\nfor calling on her at-home card, but if she prefers to leave the hour\nopen, she should be prepared to greet her guests from three o'clock in\nthe afternoon until a little before half-past five.\nThere are three methods that may be employed in announcing a caller.\nThe method you choose should be governed by what you can afford and by\nwhat is most convenient for you. The most formal and effective plan is\nto have a full-liveried butler at the door to lead each guest to the\ndrawing-room, and then announce his or her name to the hostess. Or a\nservant may be at the door to offer each visitor a small silver tray,\non which to place his or her card. The most simple method is to place a\nlarge tray in the hall, preferably on a small table that is\nconspicuously situated, and into this the cards of the callers may be\ncast as they pass into the drawing-room. It should be remembered that a\nmaid-servant never announces callers, but only offers them a card-tray\nand helps them with their wraps.\nThe caller at an apartment house should first have the hall boy\ntelephone up to the hostess--unless the caller is expected--to know if\nshe is at home. It is not permissible except among very intimate\nfriends to go up unannounced.\nThe hostess should always prepare some sort of refreshment for her\nguests on the day at home. In winter, tea or hot chocolate may be\nserved with wafers or cake. Sometimes light sandwiches and bonbons are\nserved on the day at home. In the warm summer months, if calls are\nmade, the visitors may be refreshed with iced tea, chocolate or punch.\nDUTIES OF THE HOSTESS\nOn her day at home, the hostess makes every effort to make her callers\nfeel that she is glad to have them. She rises as each new guest makes\nhis or her appearance, steps forward and offers her hand in greeting.\nThe expressions, \"How do you do, Mrs. Brown,\" and \"I am delighted to\nsee you, Mr. Gray,\" are effective phrases of greeting. It is her\nimportant duty to make general introductions, and to give some special\nattention to each caller as he or she arrives, drawing him into\nconversation with the others before leaving him to greet another\nnewcomer.\nIf the rooms are warm, the hostess may invite a feminine caller to\nremove her wraps, but she must not assume this privilege with the\ngentleman. She usually serves tea or chocolate herself, but if there\nare many guests, she may ask one or two friends to assist her. It is\npoor hospitality to insist upon replenishing a cup of tea after a guest\nhas declined with thanks.\nRECEIVING THE CHANCE CALLER\nIt is not always very convenient to entertain chance callers,\nespecially if one has some important business or appointment to attend\nto. But when the servant at the door has admitted that her mistress is\nat home, the hostess should exert every effort to make good the\nservant's assurance. She must not keep the caller waiting, nor must she\nask to be excused after the caller has been admitted. If important\nbusiness claims her time, she may come to the drawing-room and after\nwelcoming the visitor, explain the situation and ask to be excused. By\nno means may she send a written or verbal excuse by messenger. Having\nbeen admitted, the presence of the hostess is demanded if it is for no\nother reason than to offer an excuse.\nIf the hostess has no pressing business duties or appointments to which\nto attend, it is her duty to afford every hospitality to the chance\ncaller. If the call is made in the afternoon, and if the hostess\nordinarily serves tea at that hour, she may serve tea, chocolate or\npunch with cake or wafers.\nWhen the caller is a gentleman, and the hostess a young lady, it is\nproper to call one's mother or chaperon into the drawing-room to make\nthe correct introduction, or if the visitor is already known, to\nwelcome him. A young lady who is well-bred does not entertain gentlemen\nuntil they have been welcomed by her mother.\nWhen two chance callers arrive at the same time, the hostess is, of\ncourse, under obligation to make the necessary introductions.\nWHEN THE HOST IS AT HOME\nIt is not very often that the host is present at his wife's day at\nhome, for the very good reason that business claims all his time during\nthe day. But there is no reason why he should not be present if he\ndesires to and if it is convenient for him.\nThe duty of any masculine member of a family appearing in the\ndrawing-room on the day at home--whether it be husband, son or\nbrother--is to share in the honors and obligations of the occasion. He\nwill be introduced to those visitors with whom he is not already\nacquainted, by his wife or sister, as the case may be; and he is\nexpected to assist in entertaining, pass the cups, make introductions,\naccompany departing guests to the door and join in the conversations.\nWhen it can be arranged it is most delightful for the husband and wife\nto receive their friends together. For this reason even formal society\nis lenient with regard to time and Sundays may be utilized for \"at\nhomes,\" teas, or receptions.\nTAKING LEAVE OF THE HOSTESS\nThe hostess is not expected to accompany her departing guests to the\ndoor when there are others still in the room to claim her attention.\nHowever, it is only a matter of genuine friendliness and politeness to\naccompany each departing guest as far as the drawing-room door. This\nrule does not hold true when one of the guests is infirm, or when the\nhostess is entertaining a very distinguished visitor. But ordinarily,\nit is all-sufficient to rise when a guest moves to depart, offer one's\nhand in cordial farewell, and say, \"Good afternoon, Miss Cary. So good\nof you to come,\" or, \"Good-by, Mrs. Blank, I hope to hear some more\nabout that wonderful trip to East India.\"\nThe hostess continues to stand until the guest turns to pass out of the\nroom. If the guest is a woman, it is a mark of extreme politeness to\nremain standing until she has left the room entirely. When all the\nguests have departed, the hostess usually accompanies the last visitor\nto the hall door; and if it is a special friend, she is privileged to\naccompany her to the very street door. However, the hostess must be\ncareful not to extend any special courtesies to an intimate friend\nwhile other guests are present, nor may she draw a visitor aside to\nconverse in an undertone about some private or personal affair.\nOn rising to depart, a caller seeks out the hostess and bids her a\nformal adieu. Prolonged farewells are not the best taste, for they keep\nthe hostess standing and distracted when there are others who are\nentitled to her time and attention. As soon as one intimates that he or\nshe wishes to depart, a quick but cordial farewell should be taken and\nthe departure made as soon as possible. To bow oneself out of the\ndrawing-room is a foreign and wholly undemocratic custom which no\nwell-bred man or woman recognizes. A slight inclination of the head, a\ncordial good-afternoon to the guests, and a formal farewell to the\nhostess should be followed by immediate leaving of the room.\nIn apartment houses it is a pretty little attention for the hostess to\naccompany her guest to the elevator and ring the bell for her. This she\nshould, of course, not do in the event that there are others present to\nclaim her attention.\nA gentleman rises from his seat when a woman enters and when she rises\nto depart. When taking leave of the hostess he waits for her to offer\nher hand, otherwise he merely bows and offers some word of farewell.\nTHE EVENING CALL\nA gentleman is privileged to make his call in return for a hospitality\nextended him in the evening. It is considerate of him, when he cannot\ncall in the afternoon, to call on the evening of the hostess' day at\nhome.\nWhen a young man has been asked to call by a young lady, he does not\nask to see her alone but requests of the servant at the door that he\nbe announced to _the ladies_. This is especially important, for it\ninfers that he expects to be presented to the young lady's mother or\nher chaperon. After he has met her mother, it is entirely proper for\nhim, when calling, to request to see the particular lady for whom the\nvisit is intended.\nA gentleman is usually shown into the drawing-room by the servant. He\nretains his overcoat and gloves until the servant returns to let him\nknow that the young lady will receive him presently; then he divests\nhimself of these garments and either puts them himself in the hall, or\nentrusts them to the servant. When the lady enters, he rises, steps\nforward to meet her, and does not resume his seat until she has seated\nherself.\nWHEN GENTLEMEN RECEIVE CALLERS\nA lady does not call upon a gentleman unless it is for the purpose of\nbusiness. Under such conditions, the gentleman rises, finds her a seat\nand proceeds immediately with the matter of business. No social or\ndomestic topics are introduced. If the interview is to be a short one,\nor if the man is pressed for time, he may go out to meet the lady in\nthe corridor or outer office and stand while he hears her business.\nWhen a lady is admitted to his private office, a gentleman does not\nreceive her with his hat on, or with his coat off. He refrains from\nsmoking, and gives her his whole attention during the interview. If the\ntelephone rings, he must excuse himself before answering it. He rises\nwhen the lady is ready to leave, opens the door for her, and\naccompanies her to the door or elevator if he wishes to be extremely\npolite. However, this latter courtesy is necessary only when the\nvisitor is a relative or special friend. A gentleman merely bows when a\nlady takes her departure, unless she herself offers her hand.\nIt is quite permissible when certain pressing affairs claim one's\nattention to request to be excused or postpone the business call until\nsome later date. Or if he wishes her to be brief, the gentleman may\ncourteously request the lady to do so, and he will invariably find that\nshe will be only too willing to comply with his request. But there can\nbe no excuse for the man who insists upon being curt to women who call\nat his office on matters of business, any more than there is an excuse\nfor lack of gallantry and courtesy in the drawing-room.\nA gentleman receives his masculine callers at his home as cordially and\nwith as much hospitality as the lady receives her feminine friends. He\nmust observe all the rules outlined for the hostess. He greets each\ncaller formally, makes all necessary introductions, sees that\nconversation runs smoothly and pleasantly, and if he wishes, offers\nrefreshments. When he has a mother or sister to help him entertain, he\nmay invite women guests, and then it is his duty to accompany each lady\nas far as the door and see that her car is in readiness. When the last\nguest to depart is a gentleman, the host usually goes with him as far\nas the hall door, and assists him with his coat.\nMAKING A CHANCE CALL\nVery often a call is returned on some other day than that set apart by\nthe hostess for the day at home. It is not always convenient for\nfriends and acquaintances to observe a certain day at home, but when\nthey call on other days they always are faced with uncertainty. Of\ncourse there are some women who do not have a definite day at home, but\nthey may be found at home almost any afternoon.\nA woman calling on a friend or acquaintance on no definite day makes\nsome such inquiry as follows of the servant at the door: \"Is Mrs. Gray\nat home?\" or, \"Are the ladies in this afternoon?\" Having received a\nreply in the negative, the caller leaves her card and departs. There\nmust be no questions as to where the ladies may be, or what time they\nshall return, unless one is a particularly intimate friend of the\nentire family.\nWhen the servant announces at the door that her mistress is not at\nhome, it may mean either that she is out of the house entirely or that\nshe is so completely occupied with business that she is not able to\nentertain. In either case, however, the report of the servant must be\ntaken as final, and it may not be questioned.\nINFORMAL CALLS\nWe will call it that--these friendly little visits that neighbors make\nupon each other in smaller towns, or in less fashionable circles.\nInformal calls. But you may call them friendly calls, if you wish.\nIn small towns, and especially in the country, women may \"drop in\" for\na chat with their neighbors any time in the afternoon. Even morning\ncalls between ten and one o'clock are permissible. There is nothing\nformal about these calls. It is not necessary to have a liveried butler\nat the door to announce the name, nor a small silver tray on which to\nplace the caller's card. Butlers, cards and formalities are all\nomitted, and the call drops into a delightfully intimate visit.\nIt would be ridiculous to attempt to set down a definite time limit for\nthese calls. They may be as short as twenty minutes or as long as two\nhours, depending entirely upon the individuals and the circumstances.\nRefreshments may or may not be served as one pleases. Formal greetings\nand farewells are dispensed with, and in their place are cordial\n\"hellos\" and \"good-bys\" that are entirely conducive to good friendship.\nIf you feel that, because you are not fortunate enough to own a\npretentious dwelling and to hire impressive butlers and maid-servants\nto welcome your guests, you should not make calls and have them\nreturned, you are depriving yourself of a pleasure infinitely greater\nthan all elaborate display and ostentation. Simple, informal calls made\nfor the purpose of creating and developing friendships, and made with a\nfeeling of genuine cordiality and friendliness, are even more\ngratifying than the stiffly formal social calls.\nDo not feel that you are obeying etiquette's decrees when you neglect\nyour friendships merely because your home and facilities do not warrant\nextensive social intercourse. True etiquette is universal in its appeal\nand reaches the country-woman in her little cottage as directly as it\nreaches the stately dowager in her city mansion.\nCHAPTER IV\nVISITING CARDS--AND OTHERS\nYOUR CARD A REPRESENTATIVE OF YOU\nAn interesting anecdote we have in mind will illustrate better than\nanything we can say, the importance of the correct card, whether it be\nin business or social activities.\nA rather eccentric gentleman discovered an amazing new commodity for\nwhich there had been considerable demand for many years. He became\nimmediately famous. Reporters besieged his home and office in quest of\ninterviews, but the reports in the newspapers were of the vaguest and\nmost indefinite. He shunned publicity, and absolutely refused to see or\nspeak to anyone.\nThen a brilliant young chap who knew and understood the eccentricities\nof the inventor, conceived the idea of having a special card engraved\nto send in to him. The others laughed at his \"foolish idea\" as they\ncalled it, but he had absolute faith in his plan. He had a neat white\ncard engraved with his name and address, much the same form and size as\nthe ordinary social card. But in the lower left-hand corner, in tiny\nitalics, these words were printed: \"Wishes to tell the people the truth\nabout your discovery.\"\nThe card went in to the inventor. The reporter was admitted. And his\npaper boasted headlines and columns of startling facts the next day\nthat no other paper in town had. The very appearance of the card, its\nneatness and its obvious originality, commanded the attention of the\nman who hated publicity, and caused him to submit to an interview.\nOf course we cannot all have special cards printed for certain\noccasions. Nor can we be original to the extent that we do not follow\nthe rules of etiquette regarding correct forms for social cards. But we\ncan make our cards so distinctive, so representative of ourselves, that\nthe recipient will find as much pleasure in receiving them as we in\noffering them. And by distinctive we do not mean the fancy or\nembellished card, but the one that is strictly in accord with the rules\nof good usage as outlined in the following paragraphs.\nGENERAL RULES REGARDING CARDS\nSocial and professional cards should be engraved either on copper or\nsteel; plain, readable type should be used. Ornate scripts that are\nhardly legible should be avoided. Ordinary script type is permissible,\nbut it must not be fancy or comprised wholly of swinging flourishes. A\nplain letter is always preferable. The ordinary Roman type, or any new\nmodification of it, or Gothic lettering, is always in good taste.\nWhen a large quantity of cards is desired, the copper-plate should be\nrequested, as the greatest number of clear impressions can be taken\nfrom it. Requests may also be made of the stationer to use an embossed\nplate so that the letters stand out in relief. The color should be\nwhite or cream. Other colors are in bad taste, although sometimes buff\nand pale blue cards are used by professional men and women. The stock\nshould be thin; not as thin as paper, but much thinner than that used\nfor other kinds of cards.\nCards are engraved with the owner's name and address, or with the name\nalone. If it is a professional card, the word \"Artist\" or\n\"Attorney-at-law\" or whatever the profession happens to be may appear\nin the lower left-hand corner. Military men may also print their rank\nor position in this corner, as may also professors and others holding a\ntitle of distinction.\nThe engraving of names and addresses should never be in any color but\nblack. Black engraving on a pure white card is the best form for the\nsocial card. Gilt letterings are an indication of ignorance, and so are\nbrightly colored engraving or highly tinted paper.\nSIZE OF CARDS FOR WOMEN\nEach new visiting season brings with it new fashions in cards--fashions\nthat chiefly affect the size of the card. Thus it would hardly be\npractical to state definitely correct sizes. But we will give here the\napproximate size for the woman's visiting and social cards, and exact\ninformation can be acquired from one's personal stationer or from one\nof the current magazines which run special departments to take care of\nmatters of this kind.\nWhen a lady's card bears her name only, it should never measure more\nthan two and seven-eighths inches in length and two and one-eighth\ninches in width. No card should be smaller than two and one-half inches\nin length and one and seven-eighths inches in width. A double card, on\nwhich the names of both mother and daughter or both husband and wife\nappear, should be about three inches and a half in length, by two and\none-half in width. No decorations of any kind should be used on a card.\nPolite society at the present time favors pure white, unglazed bristol\nboard about two and two-thirds inches in length by two and one-eighth\ninches in width.\nSIZE AND MATERIAL OF CARDS FOR MEN\nIt is usual for a man's card to be narrower and the least bit shorter\nthan a woman's. The ordinary size is two and five-eighths inches by one\nand three-eighths inches, but like the woman's card is subject to\nchange. The stationer will be able to give definite information\nregarding the size of the man's card at the present time.\nA man's card is as severely simple and unadorned as the woman's. No\nornamentation, no flourish in the lettering. Just plain, readable type\nor script engraved in black upon white. The card itself should be of\npolished, but not glazed, bristol board, the kind that is flexible and\nthin. Some gentlemen have their cards made of especially thin stock to\navoid bulky card cases or waistcoat pockets.\nA bachelor may have his home address engraved in the lower right-hand\ncorner of his card, with the name of his favorite club opposite. If he\nresides entirely at his club, the name is engraved in the lower\nright-hand corner. It is bad form to have a business address engraved\non one's social visiting card. An at-home day is never given on a\ngentleman's card, but appears in the lower left-hand corner of his\nwife's card. A bachelor is not expected to devote a definite day to the\nentertaining of callers unless he is an artist with a studio.\nTITLES ON CARDS FOR WOMEN\nA woman's visiting card should be engraved solely with her name,\naddress and day at home. Any decorations such as gilded edges, crests\nor superfluous engravings are an indication of bad taste.\nIn America a lady never assumes any title other than Mrs. or Miss on\nher social card. There is only one exception to this rule: a\nprofessional woman may use her title of doctor of medicine, etc. In\nthis case, even though she is married, she drops her husband's\nChristian names and signs herself Marian M. Browning, M.D.\nA woman does not share, on her cards, the honorary titles of her\nhusband. For instance, the wife of our president has her cards engraved\n\"Mrs. Warren Gamaliel Harding.\" The wife of a secretary, judge, general\nor admiral does not use any title other than Mrs. Even the woman who is\na successful physician should not use her title on her social cards,\nunless, as explained above, she is elderly. It is wise for a woman\nphysician to have two sets of cards, one with her name and title, and\nwith her office hours in the corner, the other with her name alone, and\nher house address in the corner. A physician's social card should be\nengraved simply \"Miss Marian Mansfield Browning.\"\nIt is always better form to give in full the Christian name or names,\nas well as the surname. It is not tasteful to indicate by an initial\nonly the husband's first name, and engrave his middle name, thus: \"Mrs.\nJ. Henry Williams.\" Both names should be given in full. It is not\nconsidered dignified to use abbreviations of a husband's name, as Frank\nfor Francis, Alec for Alexander, Joe for Joseph. Nor should an\nunmarried woman use such abbreviations of her name as Polly, Sally,\nDolly, etc.\nThe wife who is the senior matron of the senior branch of a family may\ndrop both her husband's first and middle names from her cards, and have\nthem read simply: \"Mrs. Robinson.\" Her eldest unmarried daughter is\nentitled to use a card reading: \"Miss Robinson.\" When the name is a\nvery ordinary one like Brown or Smith, it is always wiser to use the\nChristian names to avoid confusion.\nA spinster, or as the modern woman likes to call herself, the \"bachelor\ngirl,\" may not use cards engraved merely Miss Gray, unless she is the\noldest daughter of a family. She has her cards engraved in either of\nthe three following forms: \"Miss Mary Hammond Gray\" or \"Miss Mary H.\nGray\" or just \"Miss Mary Gray.\" The first initial should never be used,\nexcept when the young lady is known by her middle name, unless\nprofessional purposes demand it.\n    _Mrs. John Jay Holmes\n    12 West Street_\n    _Miss Helen Holmes\n    12 West Street_\nCARDS FOR WIDOWS\nA widow is privileged to retain her husband's Christian name on her\ncard if she wishes, unless her eldest son is married and bears the full\nname of his deceased father. In this case, of course, there would be\nconfusion, and it is much wiser for her to have her cards engraved with\nher own Christian and middle names, in this manner: \"Mrs. Lucille May\nHopkins.\" If there is no reason for her to drop her husband's Christian\nand middle names after his death, she may sign herself: \"Mrs. Henry\nWaltam Hopkins.\"\nAt the present time, it is good form for the woman who has been\ndivorced to use her maiden surname with the surname of the divorced or\ndeceased husband, dropping all Christian names. Thus a woman whose\nmaiden name was Harris would have her cards engraved \"Mrs. Harris\nSmith\" if she is divorced from her husband. The name, even if she\nresumes her full maiden name, should be prefixed by \"Mrs.,\" never by\n\"Miss.\" A widow should avoid following the style prescribed for a\ndivorced woman, since it is likely to cause embarrassing ambiguity.\nIt is fully permissible for a widow to revive her maiden name after\nseveral years of widowhood. The divorced woman, however, may not use\nher maiden name on her cards until there has been a legal annulment of\nher marriage, in which case, as was stated above, she uses it with the\ntitle \"Mrs.,\" not \"Miss.\"\nTHE YOUNG LADY'S CARD\nWhen a young lady has been formally introduced to society by her\nmother, she uses for her first year of calls, cards that bear her name\nbelow that of her mother. She assumes a private card only when she is\nno longer a _d\u00e9butante_. The joint card, as it is called, should\nbe larger in size than the card her mother ordinarily uses, and the\nyoung lady's Christian and middle names should be used unless she is\nthe eldest daughter of the family. A model card appears below:\n    _Mrs. Robert Cole\n    Miss Jean Evelyn Cole\n    Tuesdays      South Street_\nWhen mother and daughter pay calls together, this one card serves for\nboth. But when the daughter makes calls alone, she runs a pencil line\nlightly through her mother's name--unless, of course, she is merely\nleaving cards and not making formal calls. The mother does not use the\ndouble card when calling alone, unless she is leaving cards for herself\nand her daughter. Very often the double card, with the name of mother\nand daughter, is used even after the daughter has emerged from her\n_d\u00e9butanteship_, when both are visiting together. In less formal\nsociety the daughter has her own card bearing only her name, with or\nwithout title, which she uses whenever the occasion demands it, and in\nmany instances, even when she makes her _d\u00e9but_ she has a card of\nher own which she uses instead of or in addition to the one which she\nshares with her mother.\nWhen daughters make their _d\u00e9but_ in society at the same time, the\nname of the mother appears nearest the top, as before, directly below\nit is \"Miss Cole\" for the eldest daughter, and below that \"Miss Edna\nCole\" for her younger sister. The form \"The Misses Cole\" may also be\nused when there are two or three daughters. The joint card is used to\nannounce the address and at-home day, at the beginning of the season;\nbut it is also used when the ladies of a family send a wedding gift\nwith their card, when they send flowers to an invalided friend or when\nthey make calls of condolence or congratulation together.\nThere are several other double, or joint, cards used besides those of\nthe mother and daughter. A motherless girl, living with her father, may\ncouple her name with his. Sisters who have no parents may use a double\ncard with the name of the older engraved above that of the younger, or\nwith the simple inscription, \"The Misses Gray.\" A sister who is\nunmarried often shares a joint card with a married sister, when they\nare living together. A chaperon and motherless girl, an aunt and\nunmarried niece are entitled to use joint cards if they wish.\nAfter her first season, a young lady, when calling alone, uses her own\ncard. However, if her mother is an active hostess who issues her cards\nevery season and receives with her daughters, she does not indicate a\nday at home on her personal cards. A supply of double cards should\nalways be available when there are daughters in the family, even though\nthey issue their own cards, for many instances arise when the double\ncard is more acceptable than any other.\nINDICATING THE DAY AT HOME\nThe lower left-hand corner of the visiting card is reserved for the day\nat home. If one day each week--or rather one afternoon from three until\nsix o'clock each week--is devoted to the entertaining of visitors, the\nword \"Fridays\" or \"Tuesdays\" is engraved in the corner. There need be\nno explanation, no further details, unless the hostess for some reason\nwishes to state the hours during which she will be receiving, in which\ncase it is quite permissible to add them to the names of the day or\ndays.\nSometimes particular limits are set on the days at home. For instance\nsome hostesses are at home only one afternoon in every second, or every\nthird, week. This requires special wording. For instance, \"First and\nFourth Wednesdays\" or \"First Fridays\" (meaning first Fridays in the\nmonth). One may also set a time limit by having one's cards engraved:\n\"Tuesdays until Lent\" or \"Mondays until April,\" or \"Wednesdays,\nDecember 9--16--23.\"\nTHE MARRIED COUPLE'S CARD\nThe married woman finds many occasions to use the card that is engraved\nwith her husband's and her name. It is never used to announce her day\nat home, unless he is to receive with her, though she may use it when\ncalling, if she wishes.\nThe double card for a married couple is larger than the individual\ncard, but just about the size of the double card used for mother and\ndaughter. A model is shown below.\n    _Mr. and Mrs. John Blake\n    200 West End Avenue_\nBrides use the joint card when returning calls made upon them after\ntheir return from the honeymoon. It is also customary for such a card\nto be inclosed with a wedding invitation or with an announcement of\nmarriage, to give the united names of the couple with their future\naddress and day at home. If this last plan is not followed, the bride\nposts, immediately upon her return home, a double card bearing her\naddress and day at home, to all her own and her husband's friends. The\ndouble card is then rarely used, except for such occasions as when\nhusband and wife send a gift together, or pay calls of inquiry,\ncondolence or congratulation together.\nUSING JR. AND SR.\n\"Jr.\" is a contraction of the word Junior; \"Sr.\" is a contraction of\nthe word \"Senior.\" These suffixes are not generally used on women's\ncards, but there are several occasions when they are necessary. There\nis, for instance, the lady whose husband bearing the same name as his\nfather lives in the same town. Her cards must bear the suffix \"Jr.\" if\nthey are not to be confused with the cards of her mother-in-law.\nIn this instance, if the mother-in-law were a widow using her husband's\nfull name, it would be necessary for her to add the word \"Senior,\" or\nits abbreviation, \"Sr.,\" after her name to avoid having it confused\nwith that of her daughter-in-law. The latter would, in this case, omit\nthe \"Jr.\" from her cards. If both women lost their husbands, and both\nwished to retain the husband's Christian names on their cards, the\ndiscriminating \"Jr.\" and \"Sr.\" should be used. These suffixes do not\nhave to be used if the younger widow only retains the Christian names\nof her husband, and the older woman revives the use of her own\nChristian and middle names. \"Jr.\" and \"Sr.\" may appear on the cards in\ntheir abbreviated forms. Indeed, it is preferable if the name is a long\none.\nTITLES ON CARDS FOR MEN\nA gentleman's card should always bear some distinguishing title. The\nonly time when \"Mr.\" may be omitted, is when \"Jr.\" or \"Sr.\" follows the\nname, or when some honorary title is conferred. A boy under sixteen may\nhave a card which bears only his name without title.\nUndignified abbreviations or contractions of names should never be used\non a gentleman's card. The inscription should read: \"Mr. Robert W.\nBlake\" or, preferably, \"Mr. Robert Walter Blake.\" Such contractions as\n\"Mr. Bob Blake\" or \"Mr. R. Walter Blake\" are discountenanced by good\nsociety. Only the gentleman who represents the head of the senior\nbranch of his family may use a card with his name engraved simply, \"Mr.\nBlake.\"\nVery often a bachelor has his home address engraved in the lower\nright-hand corner of his card, with the name of his favorite club in\nthe corner opposite. If he resides entirely at his club, its name\noccupies the place usually reserved on the card for home addresses. An\nat-home day is never given on a gentleman's card, unless he is an\nartist and has many friends who are fond of coming to his studio.\nIn the army, only those men whose ranks are above captain use their\nmilitary title on their visiting cards. Others use merely the prefix\n\"Mr.\" Men who are officers of volunteer regiments are not entitled to\nthe use of military titles on their cards, and they should be careful\nto use only \"Mr.\" before their names. A captain, major, or colonel in\nthe army signifies in the corner of the card whether his command is in\nthe artillery, the infantry, or the cavalry.\nA Justice of the Supreme Court has his cards engraved with the title\nMr. Justice preceding his name, thus: \"Mr. Justice John Emmonds Gary.\"\nLawyers and judges of the lower courts may use only the prefix \"Mr.\"\nPresidents of colleges, officers of the navy, physicians and clergymen\nall signify their office, rank or profession on their cards. A\nphysician may have his card engraved in either of these two approved\nmanners: \"Dr. Everett Johnson\" or \"Everett Johnson, M.D.\" A clergyman\nwho has received his degree does not use the title \"Dr.,\" but has his\ncards engraved, \"Elmer J. Burnham, D.D.\" Other men with honorary titles\nfollow a similar style.\nMembers of the cabinet, if they wish, may have their cards formally\nengraved \"The Secretary of State,\" \"The Secretary of War,\" \"The\nSecretary of the Interior,\" etc. A senator, however, may use only the\nprefix \"Mr.,\" having his cards engraved \"Mr. Johnson.\" Of course the\npresident and vice-president, and ambassadors indicate their office and\nrank on their card, as do also all professors and deans of colleges. A\nmember of the faculty of Yale would have his cards inscribed, \"Mr.\nWalter Beacon Clark, Yale University.\" Foreign consuls and\nrepresentatives use only the title \"Mr.\"\nBusiness addresses should never be used on a gentleman's social card. A\nphysician or clergyman need not follow this rule, provided that no\noffice hours are given.\n    _Mr. Robert Livingston\n    4 West Tenth Street_\nPROFESSIONAL CARDS FOR MEN\nProfessional cards and visiting cards should always be kept distinct\nfrom each other. The physician who uses his professional card, with\nbusiness hours engraved on it, for a social call, is committing an\nirretrievable blunder in etiquette.\nA physician has the privilege of choosing either of two forms for his\nprofessional card. He may prefix his name with \"Dr.\" or add the\ninitials \"M.D.\" to it. In the lower right-hand corner of the card, his\nhouse address is engraved; and in the opposite corner, his office\nhours. For his social cards, the physician omits the office hours and\nuses M.D. after his name rather than \"Dr.\" before it.\n\"Rev.\" or \"Reverend,\" is the approved title for a clergyman. Cards are\nengraved: \"Reverend Raymond Falke Fleming\" or \"Rev. Raymond F.\nFleming.\" A clergyman who is entitled to the degree of doctor may use\nall his titles on his professional cards, but has his social card\nengraved merely: \"Ralph Kendrick Williams, D.D.\"\nNot infrequently it happens that a man has occasion to write his name\non a card with his own hand. In this case he does not omit the\nconventional \"Mr.,\" or his honorary titles, but writes his name\nidentically as it would appear if engraved.\nNo card should be crowded with a great deal of information but a\nbusiness card may bear whatever is necessary really to represent the\nperson whose name appears upon it. The salesman or other representative\nof a large firm has the name of the firm on his business card and the\nman who is in a highly specialized kind of work such as advertising,\nmay have the word \"Advertising\" engraved on his card. An agent for a\nparticular kind of commodity may have this fact indicated on his\nbusiness card. Such details have, of course, absolutely no place on the\nsocial card.\nCARDS FOR MOURNING\nThe tradition of edging a card with black in deference to the dead can\nbe traced back to the ancient Patagonians who used black paint to\ndenote the passing of a spirit. They painted their bodies black, if\nthey were near relatives of the deceased, and painted all the\nbelongings of the dead man or woman black. This may not have been so\nmuch mourning as it was fear, for these people of long ago were afraid\nof death, and they used the death-color largely to please the spirit of\nthe one who died. Perhaps the black-bordered mourning cards we use\nto-day are used more in the spirit of ostentation and display rather\nthan that of mourning.\nUnless one is truly sorrowing over the death of some dear one, mourning\ncards should not be used. When they are used, the borders should be\nvery narrow--never more than one-fourth of an inch. They should not be\ncarried by people who are not in strict mourning garments.\nDuring the first year of widowhood, the mourning card should have a\nblack border one-fourth of an inch deep. The second year the border may\nbe diminished one-sixteenth of an inch; and every six months after\nthat, the same amount may be detracted from the border, until mourning\nis put off entirely. A widower's card has a border narrower than the\nwidow's in proportion to the size of their respective cards. It, too,\nis gradually decreased in width until the end of the mourning period.\nThis graduation, or rather gradual narrowing, of the border is not used\nin the mourning of a sister's, brother's or parent's death. For these\nrelatives, a border not less than a sixteenth or more than an eighth of\nan inch in width should be used. Mourning cards should not be assumed\nfor an uncle, aunt or cousin, unless genuine sorrow and heartfelt\nsympathy are felt. A border that is a sixteenth of an inch in width is\nsufficient for the complete period of mourning for these latter\nrelatives.\nThe mourning cards of parents and widows should bear the broadest black\nborders, but even they must not exceed the conventional width, which is\nnot more than one-fourth of an inch. Very wide, glaring borders denote\nbad taste on the part of the owner. (See footnote)[1]\n      [1] There seems to be a tendency for widows to use, the first\n      year of their mourning, cards that have borders measuring\n      one-third of an inch in width. Certainly if one is in deep\n      mourning, and genuinely sorrowing, a border of this width is\n      permissible. But the one-quarter inch border, varying down to\n      one-sixteenth of an inch, is always preferred, always in better\n      taste.\nWHEN THE WOMAN GOES A-CALLING\nA visiting card is always left on the hall table or on the card tray,\nif it is not given to the servant. The caller must on no occasion carry\nit in and present it to her hostess like a _billet d'admission_. A\nwoman _never_ presents it herself to her hostess.\nWhen the call is made on the hostess' day at home, cards are left on\nthe tray in the hall as each caller passes through to the drawing- or\nreception-room. If it is the first call of the season, to that\nparticular friend or acquaintance, she places one of her own cards and\none of her husband's in the tray. Subsequent calls of the season do not\nrequire one of her own cards left each time in the tray; but if the\ncall is made in return for some hospitality or entertainment accorded\nher and her husband, she leaves two of the latter's cards--provided,\nonly, that the hostess is a married woman.\nUntil about 1893, women, when paying calls and finding that the hostess\nwas not at home, turned down the left corner of the card towards the\ncenter, to indicate that all the women members of the family were\nincluded in the call. If the right corner was also turned down, it\nmeant that the visitor came to make a formal call, not for the simple\npurpose of card-leaving. This custom has been entirely eliminated in\nAmerica, at any rate, though it still prevails in certain foreign\ncountries. And rightly so, for it is both affected and untidy.\nWHEN MORE THAN ONE CARD IS LEFT\nA wife beginning her rounds of first calls, leaves two of her husband's\ncards with one of her own. She repeats this when she comes to\ncongratulate or condole, and when she pays her final calls of the\nseason. It is wise for a wife always to carry a number of her husband's\ncards in her card case, as she is often called upon to use them for\nsuch social occasions that the busy business man is loath to attend.\nIf a wife calls upon a friend who is entertaining for a friend or\nrelative and the invitation included her husband, she leaves three of\nhis cards with one of her own if the hostess is a married woman, two of\nhis and one of hers if she is single. She never leaves one of her\nhusband's cards for an unmarried daughter. She should not use the card\nbearing both her name and that of her husband but should use two\nseparate cards when it is in connection with social calls.\nEtiquette does not permit a woman to leave a card for a man. She may\ncall on a man only for the purpose of business, and then she uses her\nbusiness cards, if she has them, instead of her social ones. A married\nwoman calling upon a single woman who is the hostess and mistress of\nher own home, leaves one of her own cards and one of her husband's, or\nthe joint card which is engraved, \"Mr. and Mrs. William Allan\nBeckford.\" In many instances it may seem more courteous to leave more\nthan one card, but a woman calling alone should never leave more than\nthree. It has not been many years since she was almost compelled to\nleave half a dozen or more but common sense intervened and this custom\nlike most others has been simplified.\nSOME MORE POINTS ABOUT CALLS AND CARDS\nA young lady during her first year in society may leave her name on the\nsame card with her mother's. If there are two _d\u00e9butante_ daughters,\nthe joint card is made to suffice for all three. If a young lady using\nseparate cards calls on a friend's day at home, she may put two cards\ninto the tray on entering, if the hostess is receiving with a friend or\ndaughter, or she may leave only one card, if she prefers. This is done\nonly when the call is the first of the season, or when it is in return\nfor some entertainment. Otherwise, if the young lady is a frequent\nvisitor to the house, and calls on her friend's day at home, she need\nnot leave her card.\nNeither a matron nor a young lady may leave a card for a masculine\nmember of the household. A young lady paying a chance call on a mother\nand daughters, and being told that the ladies are out, leaves two of\nher cards. An unmarried woman calling on her married friend leaves but\none card. But if this friend has a friend or relative receiving with\nher, or if she has a daughter or daughters in society, then a card is\nleft for each of the ladies.\nAn unmarried woman, living with a father or brother, and acting as\nmistress of the household, has cards left for her as carefully as the\nmatron. A widow must also be given scrupulous attention in the matter\nof cards.\nA young lady who calls after a dance, dinner or theater party leaves a\ncard for the mother of the young friend upon whom she calls. If a\nmother gives a dance or dinner in honor of her son just returned from\ncollege, or just leaving for college, the ladies who attend call\nafterward only on the hostess and leave their cards for her.\nSometimes, one calls upon a friend or acquaintance at a hotel or inn.\nIf the ladies are out, the caller leaves cards marked for the persons\nthey are intended, in pencil. Otherwise they are likely to go astray,\nconsidering the indifference and carelessness of the average servants.\nIt is also customary for both men and women, when paying calls in\nstrange neighborhoods, to write on their cards their temporary address.\nThe corner that is opposite that used for the permanent address is\ndevoted to the filling-in of this temporary address.\nTHE CHANCE CALLS\nIf a married woman calls in return for some hospitality shown her and\nher husband, she leaves two of her own cards and two of his. But if it\nis just a social call, she leaves only her own card. In this latter\ncase, she asks at the door to see the ladies. If she is informed that\nthey are not at home, she gives the card to the maid and departs. On\nthe other hand, if the ladies are at home, the card is placed on the\ntray in the hall, and the caller goes into the drawing-room to be\nwelcomed by her friends.\nIf the maid does not know whether or not the ladies are at home, and\nsays she will see, the caller gives her own card and goes into the\ndrawing-room to wait further word from the maid. Should the ladies be\nout, she leaves two of her husband's cards on the card tray in the hall\nbefore leaving. If the ladies are at home, she does not deposit her\nhusband's cards in the tray until her departure.\nVery often a lady will call on a very good friend, more for a friendly\nlittle talk and for companionship than for social duty. In this case,\nshe is privileged to send up only one card; and leave it behind,\nwhether that lady is out or in, without any other cards.\nSIMPLE CARD-LEAVING\nFrequently, cards are left when there is no intention on the part of\nthe owner to make a call. To return calls made upon one, by persistent\ncard-leaving, is to indicate that one wishes to draw a friendship to a\nclose. It is accomplished merely by leaving a card, on no particular\nat-home day but simply by chance, and by making no inquiries of the\nservant. One says to a servant, \"Please forward these cards to Miss\nAdams\" or, \"These cards are for Mr. and Mrs. Blakelock.\"\nThere are several exceptions--several occasions when cards may be left\nwithout a formal call and still indicate no desire to terminate an\nacquaintanceship. It is only persistent card-leaving that is indicative\nof this latter. A lady in mourning, for instance, is privileged to\nleave her cards only in return for invitations she may have received.\nIt is proper for people in mourning to leave cards for all those\npersons who called after the burial to leave cards of condolence; these\nreturn cards are usually black-bordered, and they are left about one\nmonth after the funeral.\nAnother custom that remains unchanged through the constant evolution of\nsocial culture, is that of leaving cards for the bride's mother when\ninvitations to the church ceremony only are received, and when the\nbride's mother is a stranger to the person invited. Upon receiving the\nannouncement of a wedding, the proper thing to do is to leave cards for\nthe bride's mother, even though she is a total stranger.\nCards must be left by each guest for the lady who has entertained a\nclub, charity or literary organization, at her home. They serve the\nsame purpose as cards that are left after an entertainment or\nhospitality on the part of the hostess.\nThe custom of card-leaving without a call is also observed when a\nfriend or acquaintance goes to a home that has been visited by death.\nSHOULD A STRANGER LEAVE CARDS?\nThe question has often been asked, whether or not a man or woman being\nentertained by friends, is obligated to leave cards when they accompany\nthose friends on calls. There are certain varying conditions that\ngovern the answer to this question.\nThe stranger is invited to accompany the caller primarily as a matter\nof convenience. If the person visited is not at home, no question of\ncard-leaving is involved--only the friend leaves cards and not the\nstranger. But if the hostess is found at home, and if the stranger\nintends to spend at least two weeks in the neighborhood, it is\nnecessary for him, or her, to leave cards. It is not necessary for the\nstranger to leave cards when the visit in the neighborhood is to be a\nshort one, and the call is entirely a matter of convenience. If no card\nis left, the hostess will understand that no call is expected in\nreturn, and that the stranger expects no invitations to the coming\nsocial activities in the neighborhood.\nSometimes a man or woman accompanies a friend or relative to the home\nof a stranger, for the purpose, previously arranged, of being\nintroduced and paying a first call. Here the etiquette of card-leaving\nis clearly defined. If the call is made on the day at home, the caller\nleaves his or her cards on the hall table, just as for any other first\ncall. But if it happens to be a chance call, and the hostess is not at\nhome, the stranger leaves cards with those of a friend.\nWhen two women pay a chance call together, and one is a perfect\nstranger at the house visited, no question of card etiquette arises if\nthe hostess is not at home. But if she is at home, the stranger may\npencil his or her name on the card that the friend sends up. No card is\nleft by this stranger, unless he has been cordially entertained in the\nhostess' drawing-room, served with tea, and unless the hostess has\nexpressed a desire of meeting him, or her, again. In this case, a card\nis left when the stranger is departing, and a return call is expected.\nCARDS AND BUSINESS CALLS\nThe laws of social calling and card-leaving do not hold true when a\nbusiness call is made. A special set of rules takes care of all\nbusiness calls that the woman may make.\nThe usage which governs the woman who is calling upon a man on a matter\nof business has already been described. She does not send in her card.\nTo give her name to the attendant, stating her business, or to write\nboth on a slip of paper provided for the purpose, is sufficient.\nIf the business call is made on a woman who is a stranger to the other\nwoman who is making the call, it is necessary to send in one card,\ninscribed with the name of the caller and a few penciled words\nregarding the nature of the business. Or the card may be sent in with a\nbrief word to the servant regarding the purpose of the call.\nTwo women who are on charity committees, or other committees, together,\nwho are social equals but who do not exchange cards and calls, have a\nspecial card etiquette to follow when calling upon each other regarding\nmatters of mutual interest on the committee. The caller sends up one of\nher own personal cards with a word or two explaining the object of the\ncall. This card is left with the servant to give to the hostess if she\nis not at home.\nWHEN A MAN LEAVES CARDS\nAll the rules of card-leaving outlined for the woman who follows the\ndictates of social calling, may be applied to the well-bred young\nman--but with the following exceptions:\nA man never leaves the cards of any other man, nor does he assume any\nof the card-leaving duties incurred by the feminine members of his\nfamily. When calling on a lady's afternoon at home, the gentleman\nleaves one card for the hostess and one for the host on the card tray,\non entering the house. Whether the host is at home or not, if the\ncaller is acquainted with him, he must leave one of his cards for him,\nprovided that the call is being made in return for some hospitality\nenjoyed. If there is a young daughter in the family with whom the\ncaller is acquainted, a third card must be left.\nA young man, calling at the home of a young lady, asks to see the\nladies, meaning the mother or chaperon as well as the particular young\nlady herself. No well-mannered young man asks to see only one lady,\nwhen there are several others in the house. If the ladies are out, he\nmay leave a sufficient number of cards for all of them, including one\nfor the host or he may leave one card without explanation. If the\nladies are in, he still leaves a card for the host on the hall table\nwhen he is departing.\nWhen making his first or last call of the season, a man may leave one\ncard for each one of the ladies and each one of the men of the\nhousehold with whom he is acquainted. This holds true only when the\ncall is made on the day at home, or on a Sunday afternoon or evening.\nThe man who calls on a lady's day at home, and whose call has no\nreference to any social debts or obligations, leaves only one card--and\nif he is an intimate friend of the house where the call is made, he\nleaves no cards at all.\nMen's social calls are few. Business affairs require most of their\ntime, and the duty of card-leaving is generally given into the hands of\na feminine relative--either mother, sister or wife. Married men\ninvariably entrust their formal social duties to their wives, but\nsingle men must not take advantage of this privilege. It is all very\nwell for a mother or sister to leave the cards of a son or brother who\nis busy at his office on the hostesses whose hospitality they enjoyed\ntogether. But when a young man is entertained by a hostess who is not\non his mother's or sister's visiting list, it is very important for him\nto make his return calls in person. This is especially true in regard\nto dinner and ball hospitalities--they require immediate and cordial\nreciprocation in the matter of calls and card-leaving.\nTHE MAN'S CHANCE CALL\nUnless the ladies are in the drawing-room, ready to receive, a man,\nupon making a chance call, sends up his card or cards to the people he\nwishes to see. If the servant who opens the door does not know whether\nor not the ladies are at home, or if she says that they are at home but\nnot downstairs, the caller places his cards on the tray and waits in\nthe drawing-room for the return of the servant.\nIf the call is made after a ball, dinner or theater party, and the\nyoung man is calling on the young ladies of the household, he sends up\na card for each young lady, and also one for the mother or chaperon. If\nthe call is made for the express purpose of seeing one particular young\nlady, a card must be sent up for her and for her mother or chaperon.\nTwo cards are also required when a man calls upon a married couple, in\nwhose name he has received some hospitality. He sends up one card for\neach.\nAfter having called several times at a certain house, obviously for the\npurpose of seeing a young lady of the family and enjoying her society,\nit is no longer necessary to include the chaperon in the ceremony of\ncard-leaving.[2] (See footnote.) One may send a card up only to the\nlady one wishes to see.\n      [2] _Chaperon_ being to-day a practically obsolete term, we\n      use it here to signify the parent or guardian most directly\n      concerned with the social welfare of the young lady.\nABOUT LEAVING AND POSTING CARDS\nWhen an invalid, elderly lady or woman in deep mourning desires to\nrepay by some courtesy, calls made upon her or invitations received,\nshe may leave cards at a door instead of paying a personal call, or\nsending them by post or messenger. A very busy hostess may employ the\nsame means of returning a dinner call or first call that she owes a\nfriend or acquaintance, especially if she is desirous of extending an\ninvitation. Instead of leaving the card, she may even, for lack of time\nand opportunity, post it with an engraved or written invitation.\nA man or woman unable to accept an invitation, extended by a hostess to\nwhom he or she is a stranger, is obligated to leave cards within two\nweeks after the entertainment. Similarly, the guests, men and women,\ninvited to the ceremony of a church wedding, leave cards for the\nbride's mother within two weeks after the wedding. Even though one is a\nstranger to the mother, this card must be left as a matter of courtesy\nand social obligation. People who receive cards announcing a marriage\nare also expected to leave cards for the mother of the bride. A friend\nof the groom who is a stranger to the bride and her family, and who\nfinds that he is unable to attend the ceremony to which he has been\ninvited, need not pay a call, but must leave a card for the bride's\nmother a week or two after the wedding.\nOther occasions requiring card-leaving are those inquiries regarding\nthe health and condition of a friend; sympathy and good feeling in the\nevent of some misfortune; condolence; congratulation; and upon\nannouncing a prolonged absence from, or a re\u00ebntrance into, society. A\nchange of address is also usually made known by means of card-leaving.\n[Illustration: \u00a9 Brown Bros.\nDECORATIONS FOR A WEDDING IN A SMALL CHURCH\nIn a simple church such as the one pictured above the ribbon at the end\nof the pews may be omitted]\nIf one is invited to an afternoon or evening reception, and finds it\nimpossible to attend, cards should be sent either by mail or messenger,\nso that they reach the hostess on the day of her entertainment. If the\ncards are sent by hand or by post, they should be enclosed in a card\nenvelope, sealed, and addressed to the host and hostess--provided, of\ncourse, that both of their names appear on the invitation. If the\naffair is in honor of some special person a card is left for or sent to\nthat person in addition to the one for the hostess.\nIf posted cards of regret are sent by a single woman, she includes one\nfor the _d\u00e9butante_ or for the guest of honor, in addition to the one\nenclosed for the hostess. The married woman adds to these two, three\nmore of her husband's. A single man, under the same circumstances,\nsends three of his cards if the reception is given in honor of a\n_d\u00e9butante_ or a guest of honor (masculine or feminine), and if the\ninvitation was issued in the name of a host and hostess.\nOne may send cards of inquiry, congratulation and condolence by post or\nmessenger, only if one is indisposed, invalided, or inconveniently\nsituated at a great distance from the persons addressed. It is always\nbetter form to pay these calls in person, and leave the cards oneself.\nHowever, the cards of inquiry, congratulation and condolence may all be\nacknowledged by post or messenger, as one desires.\nLEAVING CARDS OF INQUIRY\nOn one's card, the words \"To inquire\" or \"May you recover rapidly\" may\nbe penciled when a call of inquiry regarding the health of a friend is\nmade. During a long illness, calls by friends and acquaintances who\nhave been in the habit of making social calls, should be made at least\nthree times a week. By these \"calls,\" you understand, we mean mere\ncalls of inquiry when the card is left by the door and the patient is\nnot seen personally.\nCard-leaving for inquiry, condolence and congratulation is invariably\nmade in person. Before a funeral, an engraved card with a word or two\nof regret penciled on the right side, may be entrusted to the servant.\nWhen husbands and wives call separately or together, they leave their\nown individual cards. In cases of this kind, they do not leave cards\nfor each other. But when a married couple calls to offer sympathy for\nthe loss of a daughter or son, two of the husband's and one of the\nwife's cards are left. Only one card each is left for a widow, as for a\nwidower also. Cards left for orphaned children are meant for the\noldest, who now represents the head of the family.\nAbout two weeks after a funeral, cards are left with the mourning\nfamily, unless a special call of condolence is made. In this case, the\ncards are left just as though it were a social call being made.\nBlack-bordered cards are never used except by people who are themselves\nin mourning. A matron may leave cards for her entire family, and a\nsister may fulfill the duty for a busy brother.\nIt is neither complimentary nor genuinely courteous to post a card to\ninquire after a friend or acquaintance who is ill. It should be left at\nthe door in person, after asking news of the invalid's condition. A\nword of cheer or inquiry may be penciled below the caller's name,\nengraved on the card.\nCalls of inquiry, condolence and the like are made without reference to\nsocial indebtedness, but in all other cases except among intimate\nfriends, the convention of alternating calls should be adhered to.\nACKNOWLEDGING CALLS OF INQUIRY AND CONDOLENCE\nA large, square card in plain white or with a black border, inscribed\nas follows, is ideal to send to those people who called to offer\nsympathy and condolence during a bereavement, posted two weeks after\nthe funeral:\n    _Mrs. Robert Guy Mannering and Family\n    gratefully acknowledge\n    your kind expression of sympathy\n    upon the death of their\n    beloved\n    husband and father\n    Robert Guy Mannering._\nAnother acceptable form frequently used to acknowledge calls of\ncondolence before and after a funeral, is:\n    _The family of the late John Ray\n    acknowledge with sincere appreciation\n    your kind sympathy._\nThe name \"John Ray\" may appear on the second line by itself, or it may\nbe part of the first line as shown above, entirely according to taste\nor the prevalent popular custom. The address of the bereaved family\nshould appear towards the bottom of the card, slightly to the left. It\nis always better form to have it printed in italics.\nInvalids, to express gratitude for the courtesies shown them by\nfriends, write or dictate notes of thanks immediately upon becoming\nwell again. Often a popular hostess will receive a vast number of\nsolicitous cards and notes of inquiry during an illness, and it will be\nnecessary for her in her still weakened state, to trust to the mails to\nthank the friends and acquaintances who inquired for her. She may send\nher ordinary visiting card, with the words, \"Thank you for your kind\ninquiries\" or others to that effect, written across it. \"Thanks\" should\nnever be used instead of \"Thank you.\" Its brevity carries a suggestion\nof discourtesy.\nANNOUNCEMENT CARDS\nAt the present time, the vogue of sending out cards announcing a death\nin the family, has been almost entirely discontinued in better society.\nInstead, an announcement is inserted in the newspapers, giving\nparticulars about the death and also the day of the funeral. It is by\nfar a more satisfactory method. A typical newspaper announcement\nfollows:\n    _Cole.--At Whitehouse, N.J., on February 23, 1921, Rose Emily,\n    beloved wife of Robert M. Cole, succumbed to pneumonia. Services at\n    Chapel, Albany Rural Cemetery, Saturday, February 26, at 3 P.M._\nWhen a betrothal takes place, announcement cards are sometimes sent\nout, but it is not necessary to have specially engraved cards. As a\nrule, the mother of the happy young bride writes notes to intimate\nfriends and acquaintances, or inscribes the news on her visiting cards\nand posts them to those of her friends with whom both she and her\ndaughter are most intimate.\nWeddings are usually announced by means of engraved cards. The correct\nform for these is given elsewhere. Engraved cards also announce the\nbirth of a child. For this, one may have a tiny white card engraved\nwith the baby's name, and attached to the mother's card with a narrow\nwhite satin ribbon. It is posted to all friends and acquaintances. In\nlieu of an address, which appears on mother's card, baby's card bears\nthe date of the birth in the lower right-hand corner. The joint card of\nthe father and mother may be used to announce the birth of a child, the\nfull name of the infant being engraved in small letters above the names\nof its parents.\nThe card announcing the birth of a child is sent by mail. Immediately\nupon its receipt, friends and acquaintances make calls to inquire after\nthe health of mother and child, and to leave cards for both. When one\nis prevented from calling--and there should always be sufficient reason\nfor _not_ calling--one may respond to the card of announcement by\nposting one's own card to the mother, with congratulations penciled\nabove the name. Acknowledgment of some kind must be made promptly.\nWHEN TRAVELING\nTo the man or woman who travels, those tiny bits of bristol board are\nimportant factors in keeping him or her in touch with the home social\nlife left behind. When one arrives at a strange place, perhaps\nthousands of miles from a friend, and one intends to remain there for\nseveral weeks--or months--one's visiting cards posted to all friends\nand acquaintances, and bearing one's temporary address, ties one to\nhome in a particularly pleasing way. Letters follow in their wake. News\nof social activities reach one. And one begins to feel that after all,\nthis strange land is not so distant!\nAnd so, if you travel, remember that as soon as you reach a place where\nyou intend to stop for a short while, send out visiting cards to all\nyour friends, relatives and acquaintances, and let them know your\ntemporary address. It may be written in pencil or ink above the home\naddress. When you change your address permanently, be sure that all\nyour friends and acquaintances know of the change. For this purpose,\nthe old visiting cards are the best to use; they may be sent with a\nline drawn through the old address, and the new written above it.\nA man stopping at a hotel for a week or two, and desirous of letting\nhis friends in the vicinity know of his whereabouts, posts his cards\nbearing the temporary address, to all his masculine friends, and calls\nand leaves his card upon the women he wishes to see. A woman stopping\nat a hotel or resort, posts her visiting cards, with the temporary\naddress above her home address, to all whose attention she wishes to\nclaim,--men and women.\nP.P.C. CARDS\n_Pour prendre cong\u00e9_, it means, a French expression translated to read,\n\"To take leave.\" And it is used in connection with those last-day\nvisits before one sails for Europe, or starts on a long trip to some\ndistant place.\nThe ordinary visiting card is used, with the letters P.P.C. written in\npencil or ink in one corner, indicating the departure and so\ndifferentiating it from other cards. Cards so inscribed are posted to,\nor left with, all friends and acquaintances, a day or two before\nsetting out on the voyage. No acknowledgment is necessary as they are\ncourtesy-cards with no relation whatever to one's social debts and\ndues.\nP.P.C. cards are always necessary before an extended departure, but\nthey are particularly so when one owes calls in return for hospitality,\nor calls in return for first calls. If there is very little time, and a\ngreat many calls to be attended to, it is entirely correct in this case\nto drive from house to house, leaving the cards with the servant who\nopens the door. The cards may even be posted a day before the\ndeparture, if time is very much limited.\nIt is not usual for P.P.C. cards to be distributed at the end of the\nseason, when members of society make their regular change of residence.\nAs explained under the head \"When Traveling,\" a visiting card may be\nsent to one's friends and acquaintances, bearing the temporary address\nabove the permanent home address. Thus the P.P.C. card would not be\nespecially necessary.\nCHAPTER V\nINVITATIONS\nSOME GENERAL RULES\nNo matter how informal, an invitation should always be acknowledged\nwithin a week of its receipt. It should be a definite\nacknowledgment--either an acceptance or refusal--and no doubt should be\nleft as to whether the writer intends to be present or not. An\ninvitation must always be answered in kind; that is, a formal\ninvitation requires a formal reply, following closely the wording of\nthe invitation. The informal invitation should be cordial enough to\nwarrant a cordial and friendly reply; both invitation and\nacknowledgment should be free of all stilted phrasing.\nFormal invitations for evening affairs should be addressed to husband\nand wife, omitting neither one nor the other. (The exception to this\nrule is the \"stag\" or its feminine equivalent.) If there is only one\ndaughter in the family, she may be included in the invitation, but when\nthere are two or more daughters to be invited, a separate invitation\naddressed to The Misses Brown is essential. Invitations sent to the\nmasculine members of a family, other than the husband, are sent\nindividually.\nInvitations sent to a husband and wife are acknowledged in the names of\nboth. If a daughter is included, her name is also added to the\nacknowledgment. The wife usually answers the invitation, and although\nit was sent in the name of Mr. and Mrs. Blank, she sends her\nacknowledgment to Mrs. Blank alone.\nAn invitation may never be acknowledged on any kind of a visiting card,\nalthough a visiting card may be used in an invitation. For very large,\nformal functions, invitations are always engraved. A young girl does\nnot issue invitations to men in her own name, but in that of her mother\nor guardian. She should say in her invitations that her mother, Mrs.\nBlank, desires her to extend the invitation to Mr. Brown, etc.\nIn replying to invitations, explicit details must be given. The day of\nweek, date and hour should be quoted, copying from the invitation, so\nthat any discrepancy made in the invitation will be noted and corrected\nby the hostess when she receives the acknowledgment. This does away\nwith any possibility of such embarrassing blunders as calling on the\nwrong day or at the wrong hour.\nOnly the most informal invitation should be given by telephone, by word\nof mouth or orally by a messenger, but every invitation should be\neither declined courteously or accepted with enthusiasm promptly.\nINVITATION TO A FORMAL DANCE\nThe word \"dancing\" is usually placed in the lower left-hand corner of\nthe invitation to denote the object of the evening's gathering; thus no\nspecific mention that the entertainment is to be a ball is necessary.\nFollowing are the most approved forms of invitations used for the very\nformal balls:\n    _Mr. and Mrs. James Kilgore\n    request the pleasure of your company\n    on Thursday evening, January the tenth\n    at nine o'clock\n    Dancing        Scarsdale_\nor\n    _Mr. and Mrs. James Kilgore\n    request the pleasure of\n    company, at a costume dance\n    to be given at their home\n    on Thursday, January the twenty-sixth\n    at eleven o' clock\n    Costume de Rigueur    14 Main Street_\nThe words, \"Please reply,\" may be added although they should be\nunnecessary since every person of good breeding will reply immediately\nto such an invitation whether he intends to accept or refuse.\nACCEPTING THE INVITATION\nWhen the invitation to a dance bears a request for a reply, a prompt\nanswer should be sent. If the invitation itself is in the third person,\nthe reply should follow the same form. For a formal ball, an acceptance\nor regret should be mailed within forty-eight hours after receipt of\nthe invitation. Here are the correct forms for the invitations above:\n    _Mr. and Mrs. John Harris\n    accept with pleasure\n    Mr. and Mrs. James Kilgore's\n    kind invitation to be present\n    for dancing\n    on Thursday evening, January the tenth\n    at nine o'clock\n    148 Grand Boulevard_\n    _Mr. and Mrs. John Harris\n    regret exceedingly that they\n    are unable to accept\n    Mr. and Mrs. James Kilgore's\n    kind invitation to a costume dance\n    to be given at their home.\n    Brookline._\nWhen the acknowledgment is a regret, it is not necessary to repeat the\ndate and hour for the obvious reason that as long as one is not going,\nit makes no difference whether or not the details of time are correct.\nFOR THE INFORMAL DANCE\nWhen the dance is a small and less formal affair, a short note is used,\nthough the more punctilious social usage frowns upon the employment of\nvisiting cards for such purposes. Following is the correct visiting\ncard for informal dance purposes:\n    _Mr. and Mrs. Harold Champ\n    At Home\n    Dancing at Ten    432 Maple Street\n    April the Fifth_\nThe acknowledgment should be hand-written on white note paper, and\ncouched in a cordial, informal manner.\nTHE DINNER DANCE\nThe dinner dance seems to be one of society's most favored functions.\nFor this affair it is necessary for the hostess to issue two sets of\ninvitations; one set to the people she wishes to entertain at dinner,\nand one to those whom she wishes to invite for the dancing only. The\ndinner invitation would be the regular engraved dinner card with the\nwords \"Dancing at ten\" written in the lower left-hand corner. The dance\ninvitations would be her regular at-home cards with the words \"Dancing\nat ten\" written in the lower left-hand corner.\nA very popular method of inviting people to informal dance parties--a\nmethod that has won favor among hostesses who are fond of inviting just\na few young men and women in to dance and enjoy simple refreshment--is\nthat of using the joint visiting card of herself and her husband and\nwriting in the lower left-hand corner:\n    _Dancing at eleven\n    April the fourth_\nThis may be written in in ink--and as an invitation the card may be\nused to take the place of the written invitation or the formal\nthird-person note.\nTHE DEBUT DANCE\nAn ordinary dance invitation with the calling card of the _d\u00e9butante_\nincluded may be used for the occasion of introducing the _d\u00e9but_\ndaughter to society. A more strictly formal form follows:\n    _Mr. and Mrs. Charles Wendover\n    request the pleasure\n    of introducing their daughter\n    Emily Justine\n    on Tuesday, May the third\n    at eight o'clock\n    10 Merril Parkway_\nINVITATIONS FOR THE SUBSCRIPTION DANCE\nFollowing is the correct invitation to use when the subscription dance\nis held in the drawing-room of a hotel. It should be engraved in script\nupon large white letter sheets:\n    _The pleasure of\n    company is requested at the\n    Third Reunion\n    at the Richelieu Hotel\n    on Friday evening, April the tenth\n    from nine until one o'clock.\n    Patronesses\n    Mrs. Johnson    Mrs. Meredith\n    Mrs. Mooers    Mrs. Thompson\n    Mrs. Clure_\nWith the invitation above, \"vouchers\" are invariably included. These\n\"vouchers\" are for the purpose of enabling subscribers and patronesses\nto extend hospitalities to their friends, but also to bar the\nadmittance of those people who were not invited. Here is the form\nusually used for the \"voucher\":\n    _Third Reunion\n    Gentlemen's Voucher\n    on Friday evening, April the tenth\nTo do away with the necessity of the \"voucher\" a card like the\nfollowing is used:\n    _Third Reunion\n    The pleasure of your company is requested\n    on Tuesday, the tenth of June\n    at eight o'clock\n    Community Club\n    18 Forest Avenue\n    Please present this card at the door._\nIf the invitations are issued and distributed by a committee or board\nof directors, instead of by private subscribers, the words:\n    _The Committee of the Third Reunion\n    Hilldale Club\n    234 Kingston Avenue_\nappear beneath the engraving, in the left-hand corner. The proper form\nis to use a letter sheet, engraving the invitation on the outer face,\nand listing on the second inner face, the names of the men who are\ngiving the ball. However, it is also correct to use a large bristol\nboard card, listing the hosts on the reverse side, or on another\nsimilar card.\nACKNOWLEDGING SUBSCRIPTION DANCE INVITATIONS\nAn invitation to a subscription ball, received in the name of the whole\nbody of subscribers, requires a prompt acknowledgment of acceptance or\ndenial to the address given on the card. But if a subscriber extends an\ninvitation to a friend, enclosing with the invitation his or her own\ncard, the answer is sent to this subscriber individually. It is usually\na short, informal note, something like the following, and it may be\naddressed to the entire Committee or merely to its Chairman:\n    _19 West Street,\n    _My dear Mrs. Blake:_\n    _It is with great pleasure that I accept your invitation to\n    attend the Third Reunion of the Hilldale Club, on Friday, the tenth\n    of April._\n    _Sincerely yours,_\n    _Helen R. Haddock._\nINVITATION TO PUBLIC BALL\nPublic balls that require purchased tickets have a very distinct kind\nof invitation. The following invitation should be printed or engraved\non very large letter sheets or cards, giving, either on the second\ninner sheet or on the reverse of the card, the names of the\npatronesses.\n    _The pleasure of your company is\n    requested at the\n    Annual Masquerade Ball\n    To be given at the Taft Hotel\n    Thursday Evening\n    January the fifth, at ten o'clock_\n    _Cards of admission, Three Dollars\n    On sale at the\n    Taft Hotel and homes of the Patronesses_\nREQUESTING AN INVITATION\nWhen one is invited to an entertainment and finds it impossible to\nattend without a visiting guest or relative, an invitation may be\nrequested. But a great deal of tact and good judgment must be exerted.\nA note of request follows, but in writing notes for your own particular\ninstances, you must remember that each note has to be adapted to the\noccasion in hand.\n    _27 Claremont Terrace,\n    _My dear Mrs. Jolson:_\n    _Elsie Millerton, whose brother you remember was at Hot Springs\n    last year when we were, is spending a few days with me. I wonder if\n    I may bring her to your dance next Thursday?_\n    _Sincerely yours,_\n    _Mary B. Hall._\nIt is rarely necessary to refuse such a request as this; but if the\nballroom is already too crowded and if the hostess has received a\nnumber of similar petitions she may with propriety send a brief note of\nrefusal with a courteous word or two of explanation.\nTHE DINNER INVITATION\nA dinner invitation is the highest form of courtesy. That is why it\nrequires prompt and very courteous acknowledgment.\nOrdinarily dinner invitations are issued ten days ahead, unless it is a\nvery large formal affair, when two full weeks are allowed. It is not\ngood form to send an invitation just about a day or two before the day\nset for the dinner-party, for then the guest will be perfectly correct\nin feeling that the invitation was issued to her (or him) only because\nsome other guest was unable to attend. If there are only three or four\nguests informal notes are usually sent, however elaborate the dinner\nitself is to be. Such an invitation should occupy only the first page\nof a sheet of note paper.\nDinner invitations may either be written on ordinary sheets of white\nstationery, or engraved on cards. If the latter is decided upon, it\nmust be large, pure white, and of rather heavy bristol board. The\nhostess who gives many large and elaborate dinners may have cards like\nthe following printed, leaving spaces for the insertion of the name of\nthe person invited, the day, hour and date:\n    _Mr. and Mrs. Jeremiah Knight\n    request the pleasure of\n    company at dinner\n    55 Court Street_\nThe words \"To meet Mr. and Mrs. John Staple\" may be written in ink at\nthe bottom of the engraved card, when the dinner is in honor of a\nspecial guest. Or small cards may be printed and enclosed with the\ninvitations.\nIN HONOR OF CELEBRATED GUESTS\nOften, to introduce someone of distinguished position to the hostess'\nacquaintances and friends, a large and elaborate dinner is given. The\ncards should be engraved in a fine script or block letter, in the\nfollowing wording:\n    _To meet\n    Mr. and Mrs. McAllister Van Doren\n    Mr. and Mrs. John King\n    request the pleasure of\n    company at dinner\n    on Thursday, January the sixth\n    at eight o'clock\n    455 North Avenue._\nTHE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS\nFor the formal invitation, written in the third person, a similar\nacknowledgment must be sent within twenty-four hours. Following are an\nacceptance and a regret that may serve as suggestions for the dinner\ninvitations that _you_ will accept and refuse in the future:\n    _Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Thorne\n    accept with pleasure\n    Mr. and Mrs. Jeremiah Knight's\n    kind invitation to dinner on\n    Friday, August the fifth\n    at eight o'clock\n    64 West Drive_\n    _Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Thorne\n    regret that a previous engagement\n    prevents their accepting\n    Mr. and Mrs. Jeremiah Knight's\n    kind invitation to dinner on\n    Friday, August the fifth\n    64 West Drive_\nIt is not necessary to give complete details regarding time and hour,\nin the second acknowledgment--which is a regret. Inasmuch as one does\nnot expect to attend, it is unnecessary to pay great attention to\ndetails that are important only for those who expect to be guests. In\nwriting regrets, it is always more courteous to give the reason for\nbeing unable to accept, but it is not important to do so unless one\nreally wishes to.\nFOR THE INFORMAL DINNER\nThe informal dinner invitation is invariably sent by the wife for her\nhusband and herself, to the wife, including the latter's husband. The\ninvitation takes the form of a short, friendly little social note, and\nis answered as such. For instance, here is an invitation to an informal\ndinner, and the acknowledgment:\n    _356 Cosgrove Avenue,\n    _My dear Mrs. Harris:_\n    _Will you and Mr. Harris give us the pleasure of having you with\n    us at a small dinner on Thursday, November the eighth, at seven\n    o'clock?_\n    _Hoping that you will be disengaged that evening, I am_\n    _Yours very sincerely,_\n    _Margaret B. Leanders._\nYou will notice that in signing herself, the wife uses her Christian\nand married name, and the initial of her maiden name. She may spell her\nmaiden name out, if she wishes, but the form given above is the most\nusual. Here is the correct acknowledgment to the invitation above:\n    _654 Milton Street,\n    _My dear Mrs. Leanders:_\n    _Mr. Harris and I will be delighted to dine with you and Mr.\n    Leanders on Thursday, November the eighth, at seven o'clock._\n    _With kindest regards, I am_\n    _Sincerely yours,_\n    _Mildred Travers Harris._\nWHEN THE DINNER IS NOT AT HOME\nIt happens quite frequently that a hostess gives a dinner for her\nfriends outside of her own home. In this case, the fact must be fully\nnoted on the invitation. For instance:\n    _Mr. and Mrs. Walter Bruhn\n    request the pleasure of\n    Mr. and Mrs. John Perry Blascon's\n    company at dinner\n    at Shanley's\n    on Wednesday, March the sixth\n    at eight o'clock\n    41 Tompkins Place_\nThe acceptance and regret would be exactly the same as the forms given\npreviously, except that the words \"At Shanley's\" would necessarily have\nto appear.\nTHE DAUGHTER AS HOSTESS\nIt is necessary for the daughter, who is hostess in her father's house,\nto include his name in every dinner invitation she issues. Following is\na model informal invitation to dinner, issued by a young\ndaughter-hostess:\n    _My dear Mrs. Curtis:_\n    _Father has asked me to extend an invitation to you and Mr.\n    Curtis to dine with us on Tuesday, April the fifth, at half-past\n    seven o'clock. We are looking forward to your coming with a great\n    deal of pleasure._\n    _Cordially yours,_\n    _Rose Meredith._\nIn acknowledging this invitation, whether it be acceptance or regret,\nthe answer must go to the daughter, not the father. It is discourteous\nand rude to receive a letter or an invitation from one person, and\nacknowledge it to another.\nPOSTPONING OR CANCELING A DINNER\nWhen it happens (and it often does!) that something unforeseen and\nunexpected happens to prevent one from giving the dinner for which\nengraved cards have been issued, the hostess must immediately dispatch,\neither through messenger or special delivery, short written notes\ncanceling the engagement. The third-person formula may be used, but\nthere must be a certain warmth in the note to avoid any semblance of\nindifference. And it is a mark of fine courtesy to offer the reason why\nthe dinner has to be postponed. Here are two forms that may be used:\n    _Because of the severe illness of their son Mr. and Mrs. John\n    Smith beg to cancel their dinner, arranged for Tuesday, May the\n    fifth_\nor\n    _Mr. and Mrs. John Smith regret that the damages done to their\n    home by a recent fire make it necessary for them to postpone the\n    dinner arranged for May the fifth until May the thirtieth._\nINVITING A STOP-GAP\nWhen a vacancy occurs in a dinner party at the last moment, one may\ncall upon a friend to fill the place as a special courtesy. This is an\ninstance when tact and discretion are important, for not everyone is\nbroad-minded and sensible, and some people may take offense at being\nasked to take the place that someone else relinquished. A short cordial\nnote should be written, explaining the situation, and frankly asking\nthe friend to come in the place of the invited guest who cannot be\npresent. Here, for instance, is a typical note for just such a purpose:\n    _41 Hemingway Place,\n    _My dear Mr. Cook:_\n    _I am going to ask a very special favor of you, and I know that\n    you will be good enough to comply--if no other engagement stands in\n    the way._\n    _Ralph Townshend, who was to have been present at a little dinner\n    party that I am giving to-morrow evening, has just written that he\n    has been called out of town on business. Won't you be good enough\n    to take his place and give me more reason than ever for subscribing\n    myself_\n    _Gratefully yours,_\n    _Janet B. Raines._\nIn answering this letter, Mr. Cook must either accept or decline\ndefinitely. To be courteous, he must give a reason for declining. To\nwrite merely and say that one cannot serve as a stop-gap is both\nimpolite and inconsiderate. Either a good reason or an acceptance must\nbe given. Here is the way the acceptance may be worded:\n    _1465 Emmet Road,\n    _My dear Mrs. Raines:_\n    _I'm rather glad that Ralph was called out of town, since it\n    gives me an opportunity to be present at another of your delightful\n    dinners. Thank you very much for the invitation._\n    _Yours very sincerely,_\n    _Ralph B. Cook._\nTO BREAK A DINNER ENGAGEMENT\nThere is no reason to feel embarrassed and unhappy because some\nunexpected happening prevents you from keeping a dinner engagement. A\ncordial note, containing a genuine and worth-while excuse for the\ncancellation of the engagement may be sent by messenger, or if there is\ntime, by special delivery post, to the hostess. Here is an example of\nthe kind of note that may be written to break a dinner engagement:\n    _156 South Bend,\n    _My dear Mrs. Christy:_\n    _Mr. Cross has been called to Chicago on account of the illness\n    of his mother. We are very anxious about her, and I am sure you\n    will understand why it is impossible for either of us to attend\n    your dinner party next Friday. With many regrets, I am_\n    _Sincerely yours,_\n    _Florence Bartlett Pitkin._\nINVITATIONS FOR LUNCHEONS\nAlthough considerably less formal than dinner invitations, those of the\nluncheon follow them in wording. They are issued about ten days before\nthe day set for the luncheon, if it is to be an elaborate, formal\naffair, and only in the name of the hostess, unless men are invited and\nthe hostess' husband intends to be present. They are engraved on large\nsquare white cards, with the name of the person invited, the day and\nhour, written in by the hostess' own hand. The correct form follows,\nbut it must be remembered that this form can be used only when the\nluncheon is an elaborate, formal occasion:\n    _Mrs. John Roy-Thorndyke Blake\n    requests the pleasure of\n    company at luncheon\n    11 Park Row_\nVery often a hostess invites friends and acquaintances to a luncheon\nfor the purpose of presenting to them a certain visiting guest, and\nperhaps to attend, after the luncheon, a matin\u00e9e planned for the\npurpose of enabling the newcomer to become better acquainted with the\nhostess' friends. In this case, an invitation like the one following\nshould be used:\n    _To meet Miss Helen Rhodes\n    Mrs. Robert Blake\n    requests the pleasure of\n    Miss Joyce's\n    company at luncheon\n    on Tuesday, April the eleventh\n    at one o'clock\n    and afterward to the matin\u00e9e\n    167 Grand Concourse_\nThe name of the play and the theater may be included in the wording of\nthe invitation.\nBreakfast invitations are rarely issued, for the very good reason that\nformal breakfasts are very rarely given. But when they are, the wording\nof the invitation is identical with the wording given above for the\nluncheon invitations, substituting in each case the word \"breakfast\"\nfor \"luncheon.\" Acknowledgments are also the same as those used for the\nluncheon.\nACKNOWLEDGING THE LUNCHEON INVITATION\nA prompt acceptance or regret must be sent upon receipt of an\ninvitation to luncheon. The following two forms are correct for use\nwith the two invitations given above.\n    _Mrs. Frank Parsons\n    accepts with pleasure\n    Mrs. John Clancy Blake's\n    kind invitation to luncheon\n    on Friday, October the fourteenth\n    at one o'clock\n    146 Park Place_\n    _Miss Jean Joyce\n    accepts with pleasure\n    Mrs. Blake's\n    kind invitation for luncheon\n    on Tuesday, April the eleventh\n    at one o'clock\n    to meet Miss Rhodes and to go\n    afterward to the matin\u00e9e\n    48 Fremont Avenue_\nTHE INFORMAL INVITATION\nFor the informal luncheon, a brief note of invitation is sent from five\nto seven days ahead. In making the note brief, one must be careful not\nto sacrifice cordiality. We give here two notes of invitation, one for\nluncheon and one for breakfast; and also their respective\nacknowledgments:\n    _86 Washington Terrace,\n    _My dear Mrs. Blank:_\n    _Will you come to luncheon on Wednesday April the twentieth, at\n    half-past one o'clock? Mrs. Frank Richards will be here, and I know\n    you will be glad to meet her._\n    _Cordially yours,_\n    _Helen R. Roberts._\n    _64 Main Street,\n    _My dear Mrs. Roberts:_\n    _I will be very glad to come to luncheon on Wednesday, April the\n    twentieth, at half-past_ _one o'clock. It was very kind of you\n    to remember that I have been wanting to meet Mrs. Richards for a\n    long time._\n    _Yours very sincerely,_\n    _Justine Blank._\n    _437 Fairview Terrace,\n    _Dear Mrs. Miller:_\n    _I expect a few friends to join me at an informal breakfast at\n    half-past eleven o'clock on Tuesday, the tenth. Won't you be one of\n    them?_\n    _Sincerely yours,_\n    _Maybelle Curtis._\n    _822 Jennings Street,\n    _Dear Mrs. Curtis:_\n    _Thank you very much for asking me, but I regret that I will not\n    be able to join you at breakfast on Tuesday. I have two young\n    nieces stopping with me, and I promised to devote that morning to\n    showing them the places of interest in town. They are planning so\n    eagerly for the trip, and they are leaving here in such a short\n    time, that I feel that I must not disappoint them._\n    _With most sincere regrets, I am_\n    _Cordially yours,_\n    _Mary K. Miller._\nThere is still another approved form for inviting guests to luncheon or\nbreakfast. When the occasion is neither too strictly formal nor too\ninformal, the hostess may merely write, beneath the engraved name on\nher ordinary calling card, the words, \"Luncheon at one-thirty o'clock\nMarch fourth.\" This is sent about five days before the chosen day. The\nacknowledgment must be by informal note, never by a calling card. And\nthis holds true of all other invitations; when the personally inscribed\ncalling card is used, a first-person note of acceptance or regret must\nbe promptly written. The use of cards in this way is looked upon with\ndisfavor among people who are most careful of the amenities of polite\nsociety.\nRECEPTION INVITATION\nThe word \"reception\" may mean several social functions which may or may\nnot be extremely ceremonious. There is the afternoon tea, for instance,\nan informal little affair to which one invites one's best friends and\nmost interesting acquaintances. The invitation may be either written by\nthe hostess or engraved. The at-home day is also called a reception, as\nis the more elaborate occasion when a special guest is introduced to\nthe hostess' friends.\nThere was a time when it was considered extremely bad form for a host's\nname to appear on the invitation, but to-day the reception invitation\noften takes the form of the following:\n    _Mr. and Mrs. Harold Blaine\n    At Home\n    Tuesday afternoon, May fifth\n    from four until half-past seven o'clock\n    Twelve, Park Terrace_\nThe above invitation should be engraved in fine script on a large white\ncard of bristol board, and it should be mailed at least ten days in\nadvance of the day set for the entertainment. An acknowledgment is not\nexpected; if the invitation is accepted, the presence of the guest on\nthe day of the reception is sufficient. If one is unable to be present,\none's visiting card is sent to arrive on the exact day of the\nreception--unless an answer is explicitly required on the invitation.\nNot to be present at the reception, and not to send one's visiting\ncard, is to indicate either that one is ignorant of the correct social\nlaws, or that one desires to discontinue friendship with the hostess.\nWhen a mother and her daughter are to receive the guests at a reception\ntogether, the card is in this form:\n    _Mrs. William B. Harris\n    The Misses Harris\n    At Home\n    Friday Afternoon, October fifth\n    from four until seven o'clock\n    Thirty-two Amsterdam Avenue_\nIf the reception is for the purpose of introducing a young _d\u00e9butante_\ndaughter, the hostess would issue cards similar to the one above,\nexcept that the _d\u00e9butante's_ name would appear immediately below\nher own. It would be merely \"Miss Harris\" with no Christian name or\ninitial. If a second daughter is introduced to her mother's friends by\nmeans of an afternoon tea, the cards are also like the one above,\nexcept that the name of the second daughter is inscribed _in full_\nbeneath that of the hostess. Thus invited guests would know that \"Miss\nHarris\" is the elder and introduced to society first, and \"Miss Merian\nHarris\" is the second daughter to be introduced to society.\nRECEPTION IN HONOR OF A SPECIAL GUEST\nWhen the purpose of the reception is to honor a special guest the fact\nshould be indicated on the invitations. If the invitation is written on\na card, the words, \"To meet Governor and Mrs. Frank Curtis\" should\nappear. The proper form for the engraved invitation follows:\n    _To meet\n    Governor and Mrs. Frank Curtis\n    Mr. and Mrs. James Melvin\n    request the pleasure of your\n    company\n    on Thursday afternoon, June fifth\n    from four until seven o'clock\n    Eighteen, Washington Garden Heights_\nNo acknowledgment other than one's presence on the day of the reception\nis necessary to this invitation. However, if one is unable to attend,\nthe visiting card should be mailed so that it arrives on the precise\nday of the entertainment, or if an unexpected happening prevents one\nfrom attending, a messenger may be dispatched with a card in an\nenvelope, forwarding it to the hostess while the reception is in\nprogress.\nINVITATIONS TO GARDEN PARTIES\nWhen the garden party is very formal, the invitations are engraved in\nblack script or block lettering, on white note sheets or large white\ncards. The invitation is usually issued in the name of the hostess\nalone, and the most fashionable stationers are to-day printing cards\nthat leave a blank space for the name of the person to be invited to be\nwritten in by the hostess. For instance:\n    _Mrs. Maurice Bronson\n    requests the pleasure of\n    company on Friday afternoon\n    May tenth\n    from four until seven o'clock\n    Garden Party    Holyoke, West Lake_\nIn society, the formal garden party holds the place of an at-home held\nout of doors. Thus the following invitation is considered the best\nform, better even than the form shown above, although either may be\nused in good taste:\n    _Mrs. Maurice Bronson\n    At Home\n    Friday afternoon, May tenth\n    from four until seven o'clock\n    Garden Party    Holyoke, West Lake_\nWhen the garden party is a small informal affair, the at-home card may\nbe used with the words, \"Garden Party, Friday, May the tenth, from four\nto seven o'clock,\" written by the hostess in the lower left-hand\ncorner. This method is usually for personal friends only, and it is\nconsidered bad form when the garden party is elaborate and formal.\nIf the guest invited lives in another town, or must come from the city\nto the country, a small card bearing the necessary train and schedule\ninformation should be enclosed with the invitation, similar to the card\nexplained in the chapter on wedding invitations. Or the information may\nbe lettered neatly at the bottom of the invitation itself. The form is\nusually:\n    _Train leaves Pennsylvania Station at 3 o'clock\n    Train leaves Holyoke Station at 6.20 and 7.10 o'clock_\nStill another course is open to the hostess who wishes\nto give a small garden party, yet not undergo the expense\nand trouble of specially engraved invitations.\nShe may write brief, friendly notes, in the first person,\nsomewhat in the following form, and send them by post\nto her friends and acquaintances:\n    _Holyoke,\n    _My dear Mrs. Keene:_\n    _I have asked a few of my friends to have tea with me,\n    informally, on the lawn, Friday afternoon, May the tenth, at four\n    o'clock. May I expect you also? Perhaps there will be a few sets of\n    tennis. There is a racquet waiting for you._\n    _Cordially yours,_\n    _Rose M. Roberts._\nACKNOWLEDGING THE GARDEN PARTY INVITATION\nWhether the garden party invitation bears a request for a reply or not,\nthe courteous thing to do is send an acceptance or regret at once. This\nis especially true when the invitation is engraved, for then one may\nassume that the affair is to be a large and elaborate one. The reply to\nan engraved invitation follows:\n    _Mr. and Mrs. Raymond Bruce\n    accept with pleasure\n    Mrs. Bronson's\n    kind invitation\n    for May tenth\n    Haywood Park,\n    May second, 19--_\nor\n    _Mr. and Mrs. Raymond Bruce\n    regret that a previous engagement\n    prevents their acceptance\n    of Mrs. Bronson's kind invitation\n    for May tenth\n    Haywood Park,\n    May second, 19--_\nIn reply to a visiting card inscribed with the day and date of the\ngarden party, a brief, polite note of acceptance or regret should be\nwritten. A similar note should be promptly written upon receipt of the\ninformal written note of invitation.\n    _Glendale,\n    _My dear Mrs. Bronson:_\n    _Mr. Harris and I are looking forward with great pleasure in\n    joining you on May tenth. We hope the weather will continue to be\n    as delightful as it is now._\n    _Cordially yours,_\n    _Janet B. Winslow._\nHOUSE OR WEEK-END PARTIES\nThe invitation for a house or week-end party differs from any other\ninvitation. By the week-end party we mean a visit from Friday or\nSaturday until Monday. Thus the invited guest knows that he is expected\nto arrive Friday afternoon (or Saturday morning) and leave Monday\nmorning. On the other hand, the house party may mean a visit of ten\ndays or two weeks' duration, or even longer. It is necessary,\ntherefore, for the hostess to mention specifically the date deciding\nthe length of the visit. It is also courteous for her to mention the\nsports that will be indulged in and any special events planned, etc.,\nand to send the necessary time-tables, indicating the best and most\nconvenient trains.\nWhether for house party or week-end party, the invitation is always a\nwell-worded, cordial note offering the hospitalities of one's roof for\nthe length of time indicated. We will give here one letter of\ninvitation and its acknowledgment, which can be, perhaps, adapted to\nyour own purposes.\n    _Pine Rock,\n    _Dear Miss Janis:_\n    _We have planned a house party as a sort of farewell before our\n    trip to Europe, and we are particularly anxious to have you join\n    us. I hope there is nothing to prevent you from coming out to Pine\n    Rock on June twenty-third and remaining here with us until the\n    eighth of July._\n    _I hope to have many of your own friends with us, including Jean\n    and Marie Cordine, who are also planning to sail towards the end of\n    July. Mr. Frank Parsons and Mr. and Mrs. Robert Kingsley may be\n    here, too, along with several others whom you do not know, but whom\n    I am most anxious to have you meet._\n    _I am enclosing a time-table for your convenience, and I have\n    checked the two trains that I believe are most convenient for you.\n    If you take the 3.58 on Tuesday you will arrive here at 7.10, and\n    you will be able to meet the guests at dinner at eight-thirty.\n    There is an earlier train in the morning if you prefer it. If you\n    let me know which train you expect to take, I will see that there\n    is a car at the station to meet you._\n    _Very cordially yours,_\n    _Alice M. Bevans._\n    _Westville,\n    _Dear Mrs. Bevans:_\n    _It was very good of you and Mr. Bevans to ask me to your house\n    party and I shall be delighted to come. I shall arrive on the 3.58\n    train, as you suggest. It was so thoughtful of you to inclose the\n    time-table._\n    _Very sincerely yours,_\n    _Helen R. Janis._\nIf the letter were one of regret, it would be necessary for Miss Janis\nto write definitely just what was making it impossible for her to\naccept the invitation. It would not be correct form to write vaguely,\nsaying that \"you hope you will be able to come,\" or that \"if you are in\ntown you will come.\" No doubt must be left in the hostess' mind as to\nwhether or not you will be present.\nTHE \"BREAD-AND-BUTTER\" LETTER\nFrom constant usage, the term \"bread-and-butter\" letter has become\ncustom. Now, upon return from a week-end or house party, it is\nconsidered necessary and, indeed, it would be a gross neglect to fail\nin so obvious a duty, to write a cordial note to the hostess,\nexpressing appreciation of the hospitality received, and informing her\nof your safe arrival.\nThe letter may be as long and chatty as one pleases, or it may be only\na brief note such as the following:\n    _Terrace Revain,\n    _Dear Mrs. Bevans:_\n    _This is to tell you again how very much I enjoyed the week-end\n    at Pine Rock. We got into the city at five and Morgan brought me\n    out home in a taxi. Mother is giving a small bridge this afternoon\n    and so I found everyone busy, for while there is not a great deal\n    to do it is impossible to get anyone to help do it._\n    _Tell Mr. Bevans that I am arranging for three or four tennis\n    games next week, so that when I come again, if I don't win, I shall\n    at least not be beaten quite so shamefully._\n    _Let me know when you come to town on your next shopping trip.\n    Perhaps we can arrange for lunch together somewhere._\n    _Very sincerely yours,_\n    _Helen R. Janis._\nINVITATIONS TO THE THEATER AND OPERA\nThe host or hostess planning a theater or opera party should strive to\nhave an equal number of men and women guests. For this reason, the\nperson who receives an invitation should make prompt reply, so that if\nhe or she is unable to attend, someone else can be asked to take the\nplace. It is not necessary to have invitations engraved for these\noccasions; in fact, a brief note, written with just the correct degree\nof formality, yet with no sacrifice of cordiality, is much to be\npreferred. The following form is correct for theater or opera, changed\nto accord with the names, dates, and circumstances of the particular\nparty:\n    _22 South Street,\n    _My dear Miss Johnson:_\n    _Mr. Roberts and I have planned to have a small group of friends\n    hear \"Faust\" at the Central Opera House, and we are hoping that you\n    will be one of us. The time is Friday evening, the seventeenth of\n    October. I have been fortunate enough to obtain a box in the\n    parquet, where the eight of us who will comprise the party will be\n    comfortably seated._\n    _If you are free to join us on that evening, Mr. Roberts and I\n    will stop for you in the car at half past seven._\n    _Cordially yours,_\n    _Evelyn T. Roberts._\nThe acknowledgment must be made promptly. The host and hostess must not\nbe kept waiting for a definite reply.\nINVITATIONS TO MUSICALES AND PRIVATE THEATRICALS\nA ceremonious drawing-room concert requires engraved invitations,\nissued at least two weeks in advance of the date decided upon. The two\napproved forms follow:\n    _Mrs. John M. Cook\n    At Home\n    Tuesday evening, October first\n    at nine o'clock\n    Ten, Farnhut Terrace\n    Music_\nor\n    Mr. and Mrs. John M. Cook\n    request the pleasure of\n    company at a musicale\n    on Tuesday evening the first of October\n    at nine o'clock\n    Ten, Farnhut Terrace\nIt is also permissible for the hostess to write in the lower left-hand\ncorner of her visiting-card the following words, when she wishes to\ninvite friends to hear a famous soloist or orchestra: \"Tuesday, October\nfirst, half past three o'clock, to hear Mischa Elman.\" These cards are\nthen posted to friends and acquaintances, and the recipient either\naccepts by attending, or sends his or her cards to the hostess' house\nwhile the entertainment is in progress, or shortly beforehand.\nFor private theatricals, invitations follow very much the same form as\nthose used for musicales. The hostess may either add the phrase,\n\"Theatricals at nine o'clock,\" to her invitation, or she may issue\nengraved cards requesting the pleasure of a friend's company at Private\nTheatricals. The word \"dancing\" may be engraved in the left-hand corner\nof the card, if dancing is to follow the theatricals. It is courteous\nto send a reply to these invitations.\nCHILDREN'S PARTY INVITATIONS\nThe invitation to the child's party is the one exception to the rule of\nsimplicity. Children love color and decoration, and so etiquette very\ngraciously permits them to have cards and invitations that boast\ncolorful designs. For instance, in a well-known stationer's shop in New\nYork, there are little sheets of pink note paper, in the upper corner\nof which is a little girl courtesying and smiling. Beneath the picture\nthe words \"Won't you please come to my party?\" are printed in fine\nitalics. It makes most attractive stationery for the youngsters.\nOn stationery like that described above, mother might write in the\nfollowing strain, providing the little host (or hostess) is not old\nenough to do the writing himself:\n    _16 Blake Hall,\n    _My dear Mrs. Blank:_\n    _Harold will be seven years old on Thursday, the eighteenth of\n    June. We are planning to give a little party for his friends on the\n    Sunday following, June the twenty-first. I know he will not be\n    happy unless little Marian is present. I do hope you will let her\n    come._\n    _If the nurse brings Marian here at three o'clock, she will be in\n    time for the opening game, and I will see that she arrives home\n    safely at about half past six._\n    _Cordially yours,_\n    _Helen M. Roberts._\nA friendly note of acceptance or regret should be written promptly upon\nreceipt of the above, and if the child is unable to attend, the reason\nshould be given.\nVery often, a young host or hostess has a very large and formal party,\nin which case the invitations must be quite as dignified and formally\ncorrect as mother's. For instance, the youngsters who entertain their\nfriends at a small afternoon dance word their invitations in the\nfollowing manner:\n    _Miss Jean and Master Walter Curran\n    would like to have the pleasure\n    Miss Helen Thompson's company\n    at a dance at 3 o'clock\n    Thursday afternoon, November third\n    Clover Hall_\nA young boy or girl just old enough to write his or her own\ninvitations, may find some useful suggestions in the following model\nfor a birthday party:\n    _Hanover Court,\n    _Dear Elizabeth:_\n    _I am going to have a birthday party on Saturday afternoon, the\n    thirteenth of October, at 3 o'clock. All of our friends from\n    dancing school and a good many of Jack's friends from his school\n    will be here. We are planning a donkey game, and I am sure we will\n    all have a great deal of fun. Won't you come, too? I shall be very\n    disappointed if you cannot._\n    _Sincerely yours,_\n    _Helen Camden._\nIt is always wise, however, for the children to make some sort of\nacknowledgment of the formal engraved invitation, for it impresses upon\nthem the importance of their social duties.\nINVITATIONS TO A CHRISTENING\nIt is not usual for many guests to be invited to the christening of a\nchild. But when it is made an occasion of formal entertainment, it is\nnecessary to have engraved cards prepared and issued to friends and\nrelatives. Here is the correct form:\n    _Mr. and Mrs. John B. Meredith\n    request the pleasure of your company\n    at the christening of their son\n    on Tuesday, April second\n    at three-thirty o'clock\n    Ten, Jerome Avenue_\nThe letter requesting a relative or friend to serve as godfather or\ngodmother must be tactful and well-worded. It is usually very intimate,\nfor no one with fine sensibility will ask any except a dear friend to\nact as godmother or godfather. Such a request is much better given in\nperson than by letter, whenever it is possible. And it requires an\nanswer in kind. We give here one brief letter of request, and another\nof acknowledgment, to serve as suggestions:\n    _34 Kinston Road,\n    _Dear Mr. Burke:_\n    _Jack and I have both agreed that we would rather have you serve\n    as godfather for John Paxton, Jr., than anyone else. We hope that\n    you will not refuse._\n    _The baptism has already been arranged for four o'clock, next\n    Sunday, at St. Peter's Church. We hope you will be present at the\n    church, and later at a small reception here in our\n    drawing-room._\n    _With kindest regards from us both, I am_\n    _Cordially yours,_\n    _Amelia B. Johnson._\n    _18 Woodlawn Hills,\n    _Dear Mrs. Johnson:_\n    _It will give me great pleasure to be godfather for your son.\n    Truly, I count it no small honor, and no slight responsibility. I\n    am very eager to see young John Paxton, and shall be present both\n    at the christening and at the reception._\n    _With every good wish for him and for his father and mother, I\n    _Sincerely yours,_\n    _William A. Burke._\nA WORD OF SPECIAL CAUTION\nIn answering an invitation never say \"will accept.\" The act of writing\nthe answer involves either the acceptance or the regret, as the case\nmay be, and the present tense should be used.\nCHAPTER VI\nCORRESPONDENCE\nTO-DAY AND YESTERDAY\nIt is customary nowadays to deplore the fact that the art of\nletter-writing has fallen into decay, and when we read that the entire\ncorrespondence of an engaged couple recently was carried on for two\nyears by telephone and telegraph we are inclined to believe it. Yet\nsuch is not the case. It is true that we no longer have--and for this\nwe should be truly grateful--flowery expressions of rhetorical feeling\ninterlarded with poetic sentiments selected from a \"Home Book of\nVerse,\" or some similar compilation, but we do have letters which are\ngenuine and wholesome expressions of friendship.\nIt is a gift to be able to write lovely notes of congratulation,\nsympathy and appreciation, and one that has to be cultivated. Writing\nof all kinds grows perfect with practice and the large majority of\npeople have to serve a long apprenticeship before they have mastered\nthe gentle art of expressing themselves on paper. It is an art worth\nmastering even if one never has to write anything but polite social\nnotes and letters.\nTHE LETTER YOU WRITE\nFrom Buckingham we have the following little rhyme that does full\njustice to the important art of letter-writing:\n    Of all those arts in which the wise excel,\n    Nature's chief masterpiece is writing well.\nA letter, business or social, is simply talk upon paper. And as a wise\nphilosopher once said, \"Never put on paper what you would not care to\nsee printed in the newspaper for all to read.\" As in everything else\nconnected with the social world, ease is absolutely essential to the\ncorrect letter. The style must not be cramped, stilted, forced. A free\nand easy flow of language, simple and understandable, and with just\nthat acceptable degree of cordiality and heartiness that makes one\nenjoy reading, is essential in all correspondence.\nAnd yet, letters should be written _personally_--that is, they should\nrepresent the sender. Be sure, first, that you know exactly what you\nwant to say, and how you want to say it. Then put it down on paper as\nthough you were speaking; make no pretense at being so very highly\neducated that you must use flowery language and poetical phrases.\nSimplicity in form and wording is the most effective and graceful\nmethod. It is a greater mark of learning and intelligence to write a\nsimple, ably expressed, cordial letter, than to write one that shows an\nobvious effort to cover, by extravagant expressions and highly\nfigurative language, the reserve and dignity that are the foundation of\nall good-breeding.\nIn the following pages it is possible for us only to give the\nprescribed principles of correct form, suggesting the forms and\nexpressions to be avoided. But the true art of letter-writing rests\nwith you--and your own personality. We would suggest that you read\ncarefully each letter you receive, noting and remembering those\nexpressions that most appeal to you. A good appeal is generally\nuniversal; what appeals to you in a letter you receive will appeal to\nothers. Thus you will find that personal experience in this matter will\nhelp you much more than any book that gives you only the foundation of\nform and style.\nTHE BUSINESS LETTER\nIt is interesting to find in the midst of the lament that in the\ntwentieth century people have ceased to find time to write letters or\nto be courteous that the Postmaster General has rescinded previous\norders which directed that departmental correspondence should not begin\nwith the ceremonial form of \"My dear Sir,\" and that the complimentary\nclose, \"Yours sincerely,\" etc., should not be used. His order is worth\nquoting:\n    \"In no part of our work does the demand for the human quality apply\n    more than in the matter of writing letters. By far the largest\n    contact of this department with the public is by means of the\n    letters which are written. Letters can be cold, stereotyped,\n    following the same routine day by day, appearing more or less\n    machine made, and the impression which the recipient has upon\n    reading the letter is that the suggestion, complaint, petition or\n    application made has been given scant consideration.\n    \"I want every letter that goes out from this department or any of\n    the Post Offices or other field offices to convince the reader of\n    the fact, for it must be a fact, that whatever he has written has\n    been received sympathetically and that an effort has been made to\n    give the writer the benefit of every possible service which the\n    department affords.\n    \"To this end I think the writers should endeavor to make their\n    letters more informal than is now the case generally; that they\n    should, wherever the exigencies of the case do not require\n    otherwise, be as explicit as possible, and that reasons for the\n    position taken by the department should be given. Above all, I do\n    not want the letters to be stereotyped.\"\nA business letter is written with a purpose. It is a good letter when\nit accomplishes that purpose briefly, thoroughly, and courteously.\nWomen especially should be careful not to be discursive. Business men\nhave not time to puzzle over bad handwriting or ambiguous sentences.\nWhenever it can be done conveniently the business letter should be\nwritten on the typewriter. Tinted stationery is never appropriate, and\nruled stationery should never be used either for business or social\ncorrespondence.\nThe correct form for the salutation of a business letter includes the\nname and address of the person or firm to whom the letter is written as\nwell as the ceremonial form of salutation. Thus:\n    Bradford and Munro,\n    534 Fifth Avenue,\n    New York City, N.Y.\n    Gentlemen: (or Dear Sirs or My dear Sirs)\n    Mrs. H. K. Weatherly,\n    Secretary of the Citizens' League,\n    Smithville, Arkansas.\n    Dear Mrs. Weatherly: (or Dear Madam or My dear Madam)\nExcept when it is the first word of the salutation, _dear_ should\nnot begin with a capital letter. The address in the salutation should\nbe repeated exactly on the envelope and particular care should be taken\nto make it legible. The stamp should always be placed in the upper\nright-hand corner. It is bad form to put it on obliquely or upside down\nor to place it in the left-hand corner or on the back flap of the\nenvelope. It is a silly practice to do so and causes the postal clerks\na great deal of trouble.\nFUNCTION OF THE SOCIAL LETTER\nThere are, necessarily, several kinds of letters, the three most\nimportant divisions of which are the friendly letter, the business\nletter, and the social letter. In its strictest sense, the social\nletter is written for a distinct social purpose--usually about, or in\nresponse to, some purely social circumstance. The difference between a\nfriendly letter and a social letter is relatively the same as the\ndifference between a strictly formal and a friendly informal visit.\nTo write a friendly letter, one simply writes what one feels, heeding\nno very stringent rules regarding letter-writing. But the social\nletter-writer finds that there are certain forms that must be carefully\nobserved, if his or her letters are to be considered entirely correct.\nThere are two distinct forms of the social letters--the formal and the\ninformal. The formal social note is used only for invitations,\nannouncements and their respective acknowledgments. It is always\nwritten in the third person, and always requires an answer. Even though\nit is sent to the most intimate friend, the formal note remains formal;\nalthough later a friendly letter may be sent to remove any possible\nconstraint or \"chill.\" The informal note has no definite formula,\nexcept that it can be generally compared to all the informal trend of\ncorrect social usage. The first person is used in the writing of\ninformal notes.\nWhether formal or informal, the social note always bears the name of\nthe person to whom it is addressed. To illustrate, when writing\nsocially to Mrs. Joselyn, one does not use the expression, \"Dear\nMadam,\" but \"Dear Mrs. Joslyn.\" In America the form \"my dear\" is\nconsidered a trifle more formal than just \"dear,\" although in England\nthe reverse is true. \"Dear Madam\" and \"Dear Sir\" are forms reserved\nexclusively for use with business letters.\nTHE ETIQUETTE OF STATIONERY\nThe well-known proverb may well be changed to read, \"A man is known by\nthe stationery he uses.\" There is no greater opportunity to show good\ntaste--or bad--than in the tone, design and type of note paper we use.\nIt is as effective an index to one's individuality as are the clothes\nwe wear.\nJust as in everything else, there are new fashions in the sizes, forms\nand general appearance of social correspondence each season.\nInvariably, the new form is an improvement on the older and more\nstilted form. However, there are slight changes, and the general rules\nof correct correspondence remain unchanged from year to year. A good\nstationer is the best authority in regard to the minor modifications\nthat come each new season.\nThe _outr\u00e9_ in everything pertaining to good social usage is offensive\nto good taste. Thus, those who are refined and well-bred avoid such\nstartling color combinations as deep purple paper inscribed with white\nink. Of course, by its very daring, such a letter would gain immediate\nattention. But the impression made would be one of poor taste and\neccentricity, rather than the striking personality the writer doubtless\ntried to convey. Let us, then, avoid all fads in size and color of\nsocial stationery\nLETTER AND NOTE PAPER\nPlain, unruled sheets, either white or light gray in color, and folding\nonce into their envelopes are the approved materials for all social\ncorrespondence. Black ink should always be used--violet, blue or purple\nexpresses extremely bad taste. There are, of course, many varying\nqualities of note paper, depending entirely upon the means and\npreferences of the individual. Some manufacturers are to-day issuing\ndelightful stationery in delicate tones of gray, blue and buff, and it\nis necessary to mention here that there can be no objection to note\npaper of this kind. It is only bad taste to use paper of vivid red,\nyellow or green--so glaring in color that it is conspicuous. Colored\nborders on stationery are in poor taste, as are also heavy gilt edges.\nPaneled stationery and that with the deckle edge are both very lovely\nand in excellent taste, if the color is subdued or pure white. And to\nbe conspicuous is to be ill-bred.\nThe complete text of a formal note must appear on the first page only.\nThus, a good size for a woman's social correspondence stationary is\nfour and a half inches by six inches, although it may be slightly\nlarger than that for general correspondence. Then there are the very\nsmall sheets used merely for a few words of condolence or\ncongratulation. The size of stationery for men's social correspondence\nvaries, but it is usually a trifle larger than a woman's note paper. A\nman never uses small sheets of paper, nor may he conduct social\ncorrespondence upon business or office paper. It is only when private\nstationery is not easily available, and a letter must be immediately\nmailed, that club or hotel paper may be used for social correspondence.\nLetter paper and envelopes should be of the same color and of about the\nsame material. We say \"about\" for, when the note paper is very thin, a\nslightly thicker paper should be used for the envelope. Incidentally,\nvery thin paper is objectionable for social correspondence when both\nsides of the sheet are written upon.\nSome women like to use perfumed paper for their social correspondence.\nWhile it is not exactly bad form to use perfumed stationery, a very\nstrong fragrance is most objectionable. Thus only the most delicate of\nperfumes may be used. The use of perfumes for men's stationery is\nentirely discountenanced.\nCRESTS AND MONOGRAMS\nJust as the gaudy frills and furbelows of the dress of Queen\nElizabeth's era have disappeared, so have the elaborate crests, seals\nand monograms of earlier social stationery gradually given way to a\nmore graceful and dignified simplicity. Originality may be the\npossession of those who can attain it, but it must always be\naccompanied by simplicity of style.\nGorgeous monograms are not desirable. If used at all--and very few even\nof our proud and aristocratic families _do_ use them--they should\nbe decorative without being elaborate. A good stationer should be\nconsulted before one determines upon a monogram. His taste and\nknowledge should direct the ultimate choice.\nMonograms and crests should not appear on the envelope, only on the\nletter paper. Seals may be stamped wherever one wishes on the back of\nthe envelope, although the most fashionable place is in the direct\ncenter of the flap. On mourning stationery, black wax is permissible\nfor the seal; red, blue or any dark color may be used on white or light\ngray paper. Care should be taken in dropping the hot wax and pressing\nthe seal, for nothing is so indicative of poor taste as an untidy seal\non the envelope of a social letter. A seal should not be used unless it\nis actually needed. It is bad form to use it in addition to the\nmucilage on the flap of the envelope unless the mucilage is of a very\npoor quality.\nA monogram or crest is placed in the center at the top of the page when\nno address is given. It should be omitted entirely when the address\nappears at the top of the page. The space occupied by a crest or\nmonogram should not cover more than the approximate circumference of a\nsilver dime. A crest is usually stamped in gilt, silver, black, white\nor dark green. Vivid colors must be avoided.\nWhen an address is engraved on a sheet of paper the chest or monogram\nshould be omitted. The stationery of a country house frequently has the\nname of the place in the upper right hand corner with the name of the\npost office or railroad station opposite. Authors sometimes have their\nnames reproduced from their own handwriting and engraved across the top\nof the paper they use for their business correspondence.\nThe most fashionable stationery to-day does not bear crests or\nmonograms or seals, but the address engraved in Gothic or Roman\nlettering in the upper center of note and letter sheets, also on the\nreverse side of the envelope. Black ink, of course, is used.\nUSE OF THE TYPEWRITER\nHaving invaded and conquered the business world, the typewriter has now\nbecome a social necessity. Personal typewriters, made in portable\nsizes, are now being used for social correspondence, although many\nconservative people prefer to remain loyal to the use of the old pen\nand ink method. Yet, when the best handwriting is often illegible and\nhard to read, a modern invention so necessary as the typewriter should\nbe hailed with delight and used with enthusiasm.\nThere still may be a few \"extremists\" and etiquette fanatics who insist\nthat typewritten letters are for business purposes only, and that they\nare an insult when used socially. Prevalent custom to-day permits\ntypewritten correspondence for nearly every occasion, and the\nwell-typed social letter reflects better taste upon the sender than a\nhand-written letter that is difficult to read--and yet took a much\ngreater length of time to write.\nSocial letters, whether hand or typewritten should not be on ordinary\ncommercial paper. The letter written on the machine should have a wide\nmargin at the top, bottom and sides. Signatures to a typewritten\nletter, social or business, should be made personally, in ink.\nREGARDING THE SALUTATION\nIt is only in cases of extreme formality that the expression \"Dear\nMadam\" or \"Dear Sir\" is used. For ordinary social correspondence, the\nsalutation is either \"Dear Mr. (Mrs.) Roberts\" or \"My dear Mr. (Mrs.)\nRoberts.\" The use of \"My dear\" is considered more formal than merely\n\"Dear,\" except in England where the first form is considered the more\nintimate.\nThe form \"Dear Miss\" or \"Dear Friend\" may be used on no condition\nwhatever. It is either \"Dear Miss Wimberly\" or \"Dear Madam.\" It is\nconsidered presumptuous, in good society, for a man to address a lady\nas \"Dear Mrs. Brown\" until she has first dropped the formal \"my\" in her\ncorrespondence with him.\nThe strictly formal method for addressing a letter to a man by a woman\nwho is a total stranger to him, is:\n    \"Mr. John D. Brown,\n    \"Dear Sir.\"\nIf he is a distant relative, addressed for the first time, or the\nfriend of a very intimate friend, the salutation may read, \"My dear Mr.\nBrown.\"\nCLOSING THE LETTER\nThe endings \"Very truly yours\" or \"Yours truly\" express a certain\nformality. Friendly letters are closed with such expressions as, \"Yours\nmost sincerely,\" \"Cordially yours,\" \"Very affectionately yours,\"\n\"Lovingly yours.\" The latter two expressions are confined largely to\nintimate friends and relatives, while the others are used when letters\nare written to new acquaintances or casual friends. The pronoun _yours_\nshould never be omitted, as it leaves the phrase unfinished and is not\ncomplimentary to the person addressed. Thus, closings, such as \"Very\ntruly\" or \"Sincerely\" are in bad form.\nAlways remember in social letter-writing, to make a \"graceful exit.\" An\nawkward sentence in closing often mars what would otherwise be a\nperfect letter. Forget certain strained expressions that remain in the\nmind and demand to be used as closings, merely because they have been\nused by so many people, over and over again. Make the farewell in your\nsocial letters as cordial and graceful as your farewell would be if you\nwere talking to the person, instead of writing. Such kind expressions\nas \"With kindest personal regards\" or \"Hoping to have the pleasure of\nseeing you soon\" or \"With best wishes to your dear mother and sisters\"\nalways add a note of warmth and cordiality to the social letter. These\nshould be followed by \"I am.\" It is not considered good form to end a\nletter,\n    _Hoping to hear from you soon,\n    Yours sincerely,_\nbut it should be\n    _Hoping to hear from you soon, I am\n    Yours sincerely,_\nNo comma is used after \"am.\"\nIt is not good taste to use only the initials, the surnames or given\nnames alone, or diminutives, when signing notes or letters except when\nthey are addressed to one's most intimate friends. A married woman\nsigns her self Ellen Scott, not Mrs. Guy Scott, in social\ncorrespondence. Often, in business letters, when the recipient would be\nin doubt as to whether or not the lady were to be addressed as Mrs. or\nMiss, the conclusion to the letter should be in this form:\n    _Yours truly,\n    Ellen Scott\n    (Mrs. Guy Scott)_\nAn unmarried woman signs her letters \"Margaret Scott,\" unless it is a\nbusiness communication and she is liable to be mistaken for a widow. In\nthis case, she precedes her name by the word Miss in parentheses.\nThe first and last names of the man writing the letter must be given in\nfull, and if there is a middle name, either the initial or full\nspelling may be given. But such a signature as J. Ferrin Robins is bad\nform.\nIt is both undignified and confusing to sign a letter with one's\nChristian name only, unless one is a relative or very intimate friend.\nA woman never signs her Christian name alone in a letter to a man\nunless he is a relative or her _fianc\u00e9_ or a very old friend of the\nfamily.\nADDRESSING THE ENVELOPE\nAlthough there is a distinction in England regarding the use of \"Mr.\"\nand \"Esq.,\" both forms are optional here in America. Either one may be\nused in good form. But to omit both, and address a man just as \"Walter\nJ. Smith\" is exceedingly rude and bad taste. Neither should \"Esq.\" and\n\"Jr.\" be used together in this manner, \"Walter J. Smith, Esq., Jr.\" The\ncorrect form would be \"Walter J. Smith, Jr.\" A servant would be\naddressed merely as Walter J. Smith, without any title.\n\"Mrs.\" or \"Miss\" must invariably precede the name of a woman on an\nenvelope unless she is a professional woman with some such title as\n\"Dr.\" A woman does not assume her husband's honorary title; thus, it is\nnot good form to address an envelope in this manner: \"Mrs. Captain\nSmith\" or \"Mrs. Judge Andrews.\"\nA practicing woman physician is addressed in this fashion, when the\ncommunication is professional: \"Dr. Ellen R. Blank.\" This form is not\nused in social correspondence, except in the case of a very famous,\nelderly physician who is entitled to the honorary title at all times.\nOtherwise this form is used when the communication is social: \"Miss\nEllen R. Blank\" or \"Mrs. John T. Blank.\"\nLETTERS OF CONDOLENCE\nLetters of condolence should never be written, unless the writer has\nbeen genuinely moved to sympathy. For that reason, they are usually\nforthcoming only from relatives and intimate friends of the bereaved\nfamily. A letter of sympathy should be brief and cordial. Those\npretentious letters that are filled with poetic quotations and\nsentimental expressions are not genuinely sympathetic, and those that\nrefer constantly to the deceased are unkind. A few well-chosen words of\nsympathy are all that is necessary. Following are two model letters of\ncondolence, that may be used as basic forms for other letters:\n    _New York, August 24th._\n    _Dear Miss Curtis:_\n    _I hasten to offer you my most profound sympathy for the great\n    grief that has fallen upon you and your house-hold. If there is\n    anything I can do, I hope you will not hesitate to call upon\n    _Cordially yours,_\n    _Harriet B. Wainwright._\n    _Philadelphia, May 5th._\n    _My dear Mrs. Andrews:_\n    _Knowing as I do from my own experience how deep your grief must\n    be I also know that there is little that anyone can say or do to\n    make your sorrow any the less. Yet I cannot refrain from offering\n    my sincerest sympathy, and along with it the hope that Time, which\n    softens all things, will make even this easier to bear._\n    _Believe me, most sincerely yours,_\n    _Lillian M. Roberts._\nACKNOWLEDGING A LETTER OF CONDOLENCE\nMourning or white paper is always used when answering a letter of\ncondolence, except when the engraved cards of acknowledgment are sent.\nThese are severely plain, and the message is always brief. Often they\nare sent in the name of the entire family, as:\n    _Mr. and Mrs. John Hall Hammond\n    gratefully acknowledge your expression of\n    sympathy upon the death of their daughter.\nThis is certainly the easiest way for the bereaved to express their\ngratitude, though simple notes of thanks may be sent instead of the\nmore formal card.\nETIQUETTE OF THE FRIENDLY LETTER\nIt is often a moot question among friends as to who shall write the\nfirst letter. Generally speaking, it is the one who has gone away\nrather than the one who remains behind who writes first, though among\ngood friends there is no more necessity to count letters than there is\nto count visits. The writer knew a college girl who, when she came\nhome, decided to wait before writing and see how many of her friends\ncared enough for her to write to her. She was rather gratified by the\nresult but if each girl who came away from the school had arrived at\nthe same decision the situation would have been a very queer one, to\nsay the least of it.\nA young lady who has gone away may send a card or write a brief note to\na gentleman but if he is the one who has departed she should not write\nto him until she has received a letter from him.\nSome people may feel that a discourse on friendly letters has no place\nin a book on social intercourse. But we feel that social success is\njust as largely dependent upon one's simple friendships as it is upon\nhighly extravagant social activities, and therefore it is necessary to\nknow something about the friendly letter.\nThe salutation in a friendly letter should always be \"Dear Mary\" or\n\"Dear Miss Jones.\" The text of the letter should be written with ease,\nand instead of a long list of questions (as some letter-writers delight\nin using), bits of choice news of the day, interesting personal\nexperiences, and the like should be disclosed. As Elizabeth Myers in\nher book \"The Social Letter,\" says: \"The friendly letter is our proxy\nfor a little _t\u00eate-\u00e0-t\u00eate_, telling of the personal news of the day,\nand should be as extemporaneous as daily speech. Such letters are given\nfree scope and it would be as bootless to dictate rules as it would be\nto commit a monologue to memory prior to a friendly visit.\"\nUnless you are very intimate with a friend, and your letter contains\n\"identifying\" news, do not sign yourself merely with your Christian\nname. There are many Marys, and Johns and Harolds; and a letter signed\nwith the full name is as cordial as one which gives only the baptismal\nname.\nThere is an old Latin proverb, \"_Litera scripta manet_,\" meaning \"The\nwritten letter remains.\" A very pretty sentiment is attached to this\none short sentence. It means not only that the letter itself remains,\nbut that the thoughts contained in that letter, the kind, unselfish,\npretty thoughts of friendship, remain forever in heart and mind of the\nperson for whom it was intended. When you write to your friends, make\nyour letters so beautiful in form and text, that they will be read,\nre-read, and cherished a long time after as a fond memory. It will be a\nbig step on the road to social perfection. Another point to be kept in\nmind is that nothing should be written in a letter that one would not\nbe willing for almost anyone to see. Letters sometimes travel far, and\none can never be altogether sure into what hands they may fall.\nTHE CHILD'S LETTER\nThe sooner the child is taught to take care of his or her own personal\ncorrespondence, the sooner he or she will become perfect in the art of\nletter-writing. The little ones should be taught early the significance\nof the correct letter, the importance of correct social correspondence.\nTheir duties at first may be light, and guided entirely by mother's\nsuggestions; but the youngsters will soon find keen pleasure and\nenjoyment in creating letters themselves.\nHere are a few letters that might have been written by children between\nthe ages of seven and twelve. They are not offered as model letters,\nfor children have a great deal more personality than grown-ups, and\nthey must get that personality into what they write; otherwise the\nletter will be strained and unnatural. Do not be too critical of their\nfirst efforts. Pass over mistakes, and let the letter sound as if the\nchild and not you had written it. At the same time teach them to be\ncareful. With a very small bit of diplomacy the child can be brought to\ntake great pride in a letter which he wrote \"with his own hand.\" And\ndon't make the children say things that they do not want to. Protect\nthem from the petty insincerities of social life as long as possible.\n    _Dear Aunt May:_\n    _Thank you ever so much for the pretty doll. I have named her\n    May. Mother thinks she is very pretty but Tom does not. Tom does\n    not like dolls. He plays with the dog and his tops and marbles\n    nearly all the time. The dog's name is Mike. He is black. I like\n    him lots. We are going to have strawberry ice cream Sunday. I wish\n    you could be here. I would give you a big plate full._\n    _Please come to see me soon._\n    _Your loving niece,_\n    _Helen._\n    _Dear Uncle Frank,_\n    _I have a box of paints. I painted a dog and a soldier this\n    morning. The soldier has on a red coat. The dog is a pointer. My\n    dog is a rat terrier named Jack. He caught a big rat this morning\n    in the barn. Mother says she thinks he has been eating the\n    chickens. School will be out in a week. I will be glad. Mother says\n    she will not. I know how to swim. There is a creek near here. The\n    water is over my head in one place. I am going fishing one day next\n    week. I caught two perch last time I went._\n    _Your nephew,_\n    _Dear Grandma:_\n    _I wish you a very happy birthday, and I hope that you will like\n    the present I sent you. Mother says that she will take me to see\n    you soon. I wish she could take me to-day._\n    _Your loving grandchild,_\n    _Mabel._\nLETTERS TO PERSONS OF TITLE\nA certain set of definite rules is prescribed for all communication\nwith titled people. The general rules given for ordinary social\ncorrespondence are not the same for persons of title, and as each\nexecutive, dignitary and man or woman of royal blood requires special\naddress, it will be necessary to incorporate them into a compact scale\nthat can be easily referred to. At the end of this volume is a scale\ngiving the opening, closing and address, formal and informal, for every\nperson of title.\nCHAPTER VII\nPARENTS AND CHILDREN\nTHE HOME\nThe home is the unit of our social life, and just as the whole can be\nno greater than the sum of its parts so the standard of behavior in a\ncommunity can be no higher than the sum of the standards in the homes\nthat make up that community. If in the home one observes strictly the\nrules of politeness, which means kindness, one will have very little\ntrouble with the rules of etiquette, which is simply the way politeness\nfinds expression in our intercourse with each other. Minor canons of\netiquette change from time to time but good manners are always the\nsame, and never out of fashion.\nAPPEARANCE OF THE HOUSE\nObviously a book on etiquette cannot go into the problems of interior\ndecoration; yet a word or two will not be out of place. The influence\nof one's surroundings on one's temper is enormous though the person may\nbe unconscious of the fact. A disordered room gives a feeling of\ndepression and hopelessness to the one who enters it while one that is\ntidy tends to impart a feeling of restfulness. If in addition to its\nneatness it is furnished in harmonious colors--and one cannot be too\ncareful of the colors that are used in the home--in subdued tones it\nwill contribute much more to the peace and happiness of the home than\neven those who live there realize. It will not eliminate bad tempers or\ndo away with disagreeable moments but it will certainly help to reduce\nthem to a minimum.\nDRESS\nIn another volume in the chapter on funerals we have spoken of the\ninfluence of dress, especially of the influence of the constant\npresence of black on young children. This is only one small phase of a\nvery big subject.\nIn the home the chief requisite of one's dress is neatness. A man will\nfind it much easier to accord the little courtesies of well-bred\nsociety to his wife if she is neatly and becomingly dressed, however\nsimple the gown may be, than if she is slatternly and untidy. The\nchildren also will find it much easier to love, honor and obey if their\nparents give a reasonable amount of time to taking care of their\npersonal appearance. It is not the most important thing in life but it\nis one of the little things \"that of large life make the whole\" and one\nthat has much to do with making it pleasant or unpleasant.\nIn one of O. Henry's stories a little girl down on Chrystie Street asks\nher father, \"a red-haired, unshaven, untidy man sitting shoeless by the\nwindow\" to play a game of checkers with her. He refuses and the child\ngoes out into the street to play with the other children \"in the\ncorridors of the house of sin.\" The story is not a pretty one. Six or\nseven years later there is a dance, a murder and a plunge into the East\nRiver. And then the great short story writer says that he dreamed the\nrest of the story. He thought he was in the next world and \"Liz,\" for\nthat was the girl's name, was being tried for murder and\nself-destruction. There was no doubt but that she had committed the\ncrimes ascribed to her, but the verdict of the officer in the celestial\ncourt was, \"Discharged.\" And he added, \"The guilty party you've got to\nlook for in this case is a red-haired, unshaven, untidy man, sitting by\nthe window reading, in his stocking feet, while his children play in\nthe streets.\" It is not so much that dress in itself is important but\nthat it is an index to so much else, and while it is not an infallible\none it is about as near right as any we have.\nDRESS FOR CHILDREN\nThere can be nothing quite so humiliating to a child as to be dressed\nin an outlandish fashion that renders him conspicuous. Some mothers,\ndelighting in the attractive clothes that they buy for their children,\ndo not realize what havoc they are causing to the tastes of the child.\nA little boy should be dressed like a little boy, and he should be\nallowed to develop his own tastes in the selection of his suits and\nblouses. A little girl should by all means be allowed to make her\nchoice of the clothes she is to wear, guided by mother's superior\nknowledge and experience. But to force a child to wear a garment\nagainst which its very soul revolts, is to crush whatever natural\ninstincts the child may have for the beautiful and artistic.\nIt is sad to see a child fretting uncomfortably in a suit that is too\ntight, or a huge sailor hat that laps down over the eyes. Simple,\ncomfortable clothes are the best for children, but they should be\nexcellent material. Rather give the child one dress of excellent\nmaterial and workmanship, than two that are faulty and inferior. Teach\nher to appreciate material and she will always prefer quality to\ngaudiness.\nCHILDREN AND DEVELOPMENT\nIt is not enough to give children the material things of life. There\nare some things that money cannot buy, and this thing we call \"culture\"\nis one of them. It is a part of the heavy responsibility of parents to\nlead the children in their charge into the paths of right thinking and\nright living and the task should be a joyous one. For every child born\ninto the world has infinite possibilities and at its very worst the\ntask is illumined by the ray of hope. Even the ugly duckling became a\nswan.\nKNOW YOUR CHILDREN!\nMake that your first commandment in your plan of child-nature. Know\nyour children! And by \"knowing\" we do not mean their faults, their\nlikes and dislikes, their habits. Know their ambitions, their little\nhopes, their fears and joys and sorrows. Be not only their advisors and\nparents, but their _friends_.\nIn his book, \"Making the Most of Children,\" La Rue says: \"We may say\nthere are four kinds of parents,--spades, clubs, diamonds and hearts.\"\nThe spade parent, he explains, is buried in his work, eager only to\nclothe attractively the body of the child, but willing that the soul\ngo naked. The club parent is engrossed in social activities; the\nfather with his clubs and sports, the mother with her dinners and\nentertainments. The diamond parents love glitter and ostentation. They\nmust seem wealthy and prosperous at all cost. They devote their time\nand thoughts to their home and outward appearance--they never think\nabout _knowing_ their children.\nBut the heart parent, La Rue tells us, is the man or woman who is\nessentially a home maker. He provides a library for the child, a cozy\nroom, an environment that is truly _home_. And he spends time with\nhim, learning all about his hopes and ambitions, encouraging him,\nteaching him. He knows the child; and the child knows that he has a\nfriend upon whom to depend not only for material comforts but for\nspiritual advice and guidance.\nYou must know your children, before you can attempt to make them\nwell-mannered and well-bred.\nIMITATION\nThe strongest force that enters into the molding of children's\ncharacter and deportment is the character and deportment of their own\nparents. Youngsters cannot find the beautiful gift of good manners in\nsome unknown place; whatever they do and say is in imitation of\nsomething they heard their elders do and say. The whole life of a man\nor woman is colored by the environment and atmosphere of his or her\nearly childhood.\nChildren should not be taught \"party manners.\" If they are to be\nwell-bred at all, they must be so at all times; and ill-bred parents\ncan no more have well-bred children than an oak tree can have pine\nneedles. And the chief beauty of perfect manners is that they are so\nhabitual as to be perfectly unconscious.\nOf great importance, therefore, is the law of teaching by example. Show\nthe children that you yourself follow the laws of good conduct and\ncourtesy. Whether guests are present or not, let your table etiquette\nbe faultless. Address everyone, and especially the children themselves,\nwith studied courtesy and thoughtfulness. A well-bred child is known\nimmediately by his or her speech; and when courtesy and gentle, polite\nconversation is the rule in the home, it will follow as the night the\nday that it will be the rule elsewhere.\nParents invariably feel embarrassment at the ill-manners and lack of\ncourtesy on the part of their children. They would often be able to\navoid this embarrassment if they realized that it was simply their\nmanners and lack of courtesy in the home, an indication that they\nthemselves neglect the tenets of good breeding.\nTHE CHILD'S SPEECH\nIt is a very grave mistake to repress constantly the speech of\nchildren. But it is necessary that they should be taught early the true\nvalue of conversation, instead of being permitted to prattle nonsense.\nAn excellent training is to converse with the child when you are alone\nwith him, drawing out his ideas, giving him \"food for thought,\" telling\nhim interesting stories and watching his reactions.\nIn addressing elders the child should know exactly the correct forms to\nuse. For instance, it is no longer considered good form for anyone\nexcept servants or tradespeople to use the expressions \"Yes, ma'am,\"\nand \"Yes, sir.\" Still there is some deference due parents and elders,\nand the correct method of address is, \"Yes, mother,\" or \"No, father,\"\nor \"Thank you, Mr. Gray.\" The manner of the child is just as important\nas the form of expression; a courteous, respectful manner should always\nbe used towards elders.\nContradictions are unbecoming in children. Yet the young girl or boy\nmust be entitled to his or her own opinion. If something is said with\nwhich he does not agree, and if he is taking part in the conversation,\nhe may say, \"I beg your pardon, but....\" or, \"I really think you are\nmaking a mistake. I think that....\"\nAT THE TABLE\nThe final test of good manners comes at the table. Remembering this the\nparents should lay special stress on this part of a child's training,\nso as to make his manner of eating as natural as his manner of\nbreathing. And one is almost as important as the other. There are no\nparticular rules for children beyond those which older people should\nfollow and these are given further on in this volume. Children are\nreally little men and women and their training is all for the purpose\nof equipping them to live the lives of men and women in the happiest\nand most useful way possible.\nA child should never seat himself until those older than he are in\nplace though even this should not be ostentatious. As soon as the\nmother or whoever is presiding at the table indicates that it is time\nfor them to be seated they all should take their places almost\nsimultaneously.\nDisparaging comments on the food are ill-bred. Unpleasant incidents\nshould be passed over lightly whether they take place in the intimacy\nof the home circle or in a more formal gathering.\nThe conversation should be agreeable. Quarreling, nagging, gossiping,\nscandal-mongering, and fretting are absolutely taboo.\nPLAYMATES\nWe have already said that children catch their manners from the people\nabout them. This is as true of their playmates as of their parents and\nwhen the child is in school nearly all day and playing out somewhere\nthe rest of the time except during the evening when he is at home\nstudying it is perhaps even more so. The most rigid discipline and the\nmost loving care will not prevail against the example of Tom, Dick, or\nHarry, if these three have been allowed \"to run wild.\" There is a\nglamor about lawlessness even among children. This should be kept in\nmind by their parents, and while they should be placed, insofar as it\nis possible, among desirable playmates, there should not be too stern\nrepression. For this may stifle development, it may breed sullenness,\nor it may engender rebellion.\nThere are too many parents to-day who try to bring up their children\n\"by the rule.\" There is no rule. Each child is a law unto himself and\nthe best way the mother or father can learn to take care of him is to\nstudy the youngster himself.\nInstead of the swaggering playmate or one that is otherwise undesirable\nthe parent should offer something better. Of course, he should be his\nchild's friend and counselor as well as his parent, but the wisest and\nmost lovable parent that ever lived could not satisfy all the longings\nand desires of the child's heart. He needs companionship of his own\nage. The constant friction among playmates is the best way in the world\nto rub away sharp corners and rough places.\nGames, books, music, toys, friends--carefully chosen, these are the\nmost important elements which enter into the molding of the child's\nlife and are therefore the ones to which greatest attention should be\ngiven.\nCHILDREN'S PARTIES\nA party is something that the average child looks back upon with\npleasure for a long, long time. There is no more pleasant way of\ninculcating a feeling of genuine hospitality or of bringing about an\neasy manner in the drawing-room than through allowing children to have\nparties and giving them a large share of the responsibility for making\nthem successful. The mother should superintend everything but she\nshould consult and advise the child about favors, refreshments, etc.\nThe most attractive invitations are those which the youngster himself\nwrites. Charming designs may be had from the stationers with blank\nspaces to be filled in by the person sending them. This makes the\nchild's task delightful as well as simple.\nUntil he is old enough to write, his mother pens his invitations.\nRarely are engraved invitations used for a children's affair. The\ninvitation may be addressed to the child or to its mother and since\nparties for little people are usually very informal the invitation\nshould be informal also. The following shows a form which is sometimes\nused:\n    _Dear Mrs. Grant,_\n    _I am having a little party for some of Julian's friends Thursday\n    afternoon and am so anxious for Mary to come. If you will send her\n    about four o'clock I will see that she gets back home around\n    _Cordially yours,_\n    _Agnes K. Marshall_\nIf the invitation is addressed to the child it might be worded\nsomething like this:\n    _Dear Mary,_\n    _Julian is planning to have a little party Thursday afternoon and\n    he wants you to come about four o'clock. Tell your mother that we\n    will see that you get home about six. We both want you very\n    much._\n    _Cordially your friend,_\n    _Agnes K. Marshall._\nBirthday parties are usually held in the afternoon between three and\nsix. Older children, those of the Sweet Sixteen age, may have parties\nfrom four to seven, or eight o'clock. Hallowe'en, New Year and St.\nPatrick's Day parties for little tots, are invariably in the afternoon.\nMother should arrange for sufficient interesting games to keep the\nyoungsters amused and entertained; and it always adds greatly to the\nfun, if a little prize is offered for the winner of each game.\nParties and ice-cream, of course, go hand in hand. Sweets, cakes and\nfruit usually accompany the ice-cream. Sometimes hot chocolate and\nwafers are served to the youngsters. At the birthday party, the\ninevitable birthday cake is usually cut and served by the young host or\nhostess. Mother must not forget the candles, \"one for each year and one\nfor good measure.\" The refreshments at young folks' parties are usually\nserved at or about four o'clock.\nIt is most essential to have a sufficient number of amusements planned\nto keep the children entertained every minute of the time. They cannot\nbe trusted to take care of themselves especially if the party is a\nmixed one. The hostess must also be careful not to have the games so\nactive as to tire the youngsters out and she must be sure that the\nrefreshments are wholesome. It is no very small undertaking to give a\nsuccessful children's party but the reward is great enough to make it\nworth while.\nPLANNING SURPRISES\nThe two important rules of children's parties may be analyzed briefly\nas: simplicity and a surprise combined with suspense. Suspense is\nespecially important; children have impatient little souls and when\nthey are promised some strange and vague surprise, they are delighted\nbeyond measure, and spend the time awaiting it with keen delight and\nexpectation.\nThe surprise may consist of a huge Jack Horner pie, filled with pretty\nsouvenirs. It may be a Brownie party, with cunning little Brownie hoods\nand caps previously prepared for the young visitors. It may be any one\nof a thousand gay, simple, childhood games that youngsters delight in.\nTo offer a prize for the winner always arouses keen interest in the\ngame.\nRECEIVING THE YOUNG GUESTS\nAt children's parties, the hostess stands in the background cordially\nseconding the welcomes extended by her little son or daughter. When\neveryone has arrived, the young host or hostess leads the way into the\ndining-room and the dinner.\nAfter the dinner there will be games until it is time to leave. The\nwise hostess will see that all fragile bric-\u00e0-brac and expensive\nfurniture is well out of the way before the children come. And she will\nsee that as soon as a game is becoming too boisterous, or too tiresome,\nanother is suggested. There must be variety to the entertainment for\nchildren grow weary very quickly.\nABOUT THE BIRTHDAY PARTY\nIf the party is in honor of a child's birthday, an effort should be\nmade to make it as festive as possible. The birthday flower, whatever\nit happens to be, should be given prominence. The table should have an\nattractive floral centerpiece, and must be as well-laid as the\ncorrectly formal dinner-table of the older folks.\nIt is customary for the guests to bring a gift for the child, but\nlately it has been forbidden by some parents. There is no reason to\nforbid it, however, as the custom is a pretty one and the gifts are\nusually trifling. And it is as amusing as it is pleasing to watch how\nproudly and importantly the young visitor bestows his gifts upon his\ncomrade.\nThe birthday cake holds the place of honor on the table. Around the\nedge of it, in small tin holders, are candles--one for each year the\nchild has thus far celebrated. One candle is blown out by each little\nguest, and with it goes a secret wish of happiness for the boy or girl\nwhose birthday it is. Some parents do not wish to run the risk of\naccidents caused by burning candles. In this case, it is pretty to have\nthe icing on cake represent the face of a clock, with the hour hand\npointing to the hour which indicates the child's age. Very often when\nthe slices of birthday cake are distributed, tiny gifts are presented\nwith them.\nWHEN THE YOUNG GUESTS LEAVE\nA problem which the hostess of children's parties invariably meets, is\nhow to get the children home safely. Undoubtedly, the parents of the\nyoung children should provide some means of having them escorted home\nsafely after the party; the duty should not be allowed to devolve upon\nthe hostess. If the children are older, of high-school age, the young\nboys may be trusted to escort the girls to their homes. When children\nare very young they have no idea when to leave. The hostess may say,\n\"Let us have one more game before you start for home, children,\" and\nimmediately proceed to explain what the game shall be, impressing it\nupon them that they are expected to leave for home as soon as it is\nover. Or she may suggest a final grand march which the youngsters will\nno doubt enter into whole-heartedly--and the march may lead into the\nroom where their wraps are waiting.\nThere is nothing quite as beautiful and gratifying as a group of\nlaughing, happy children; and the hostess who has attained this may\nindeed feel repaid for her trouble. Children are easy to please, too.\nSomething absurd, something the least bit out of the ordinary,\nsomething queer or grotesque, is bound to win their immediate applause\nno matter how simple and inexpensive it may be. And strangely enough,\nthe hostess who manages to bring the sunshine and merriment into the\nhearts of her young guests, feels young and childish herself for the\ntime being--and the feeling is one of such utter delight and happiness\nthat it is well worth the effort.\nCHILDREN'S ENTERTAINMENTS AWAY FROM HOME\nThere are many delightful ways of entertaining children away from home,\nand out-of-door parties are especially wholesome. Motion pictures\nparties for children that are old enough are very pleasing if the\npicture is a good one. This is a point that should be carefully\nattended to beforehand. It is no time to \"take a chance.\" At the party\nout in the woods or down by the bank of the creek refreshments should\nconsist of picnic fare. The motion picture party or the matin\u00e9e party\nmight be followed by ice-cream or by a simple dinner. But however many\nof these entertainments one may give one must remember that there is\nafter all not a great deal of art in amusing people when the amusements\nare furnished by someone else, and also that the art of entertaining\ncharmingly at home is perhaps the greatest art of them all.\nCHILDREN AND DANCING\nThe dancing school teaches the youngster a great deal more than merely\na few dancing steps. From no other source is it possible for the young\nboy or girl to acquire the grace, the poise, the charm of manner that\nthe dancing school imparts.\nThe writer knows a very lovely young miss of twelve years, who has so\ncharming a manner that one delights to be with her. Yet, her parents\nconfide, that two years ago she was so nervous and fidgety that they\nwere ashamed to take her anywhere. They attribute her present grace and\nease to her lessons at dancing school.\nThere is no reason why boys should not also be registered at the\ndancing school. A young man who, in childhood learned the little\nformalities of the dancing school, will not be likely to feel ill at\nease in the formal drawing-room, or at the elaborate dinner. He will\nknow how to conduct himself without embarrassment or\nself-consciousness.\nIn training our children's manners and speech, we must not forget that\ntheir physical development is most important. Etiquette requires that\nthe child know, not only how to act at the table, how to greet visitors\nand how to be well-behaved and mannerly, but also how to _appear_\npolite and polished. Dancing gives them just the right foundation for\ngrace and courtesy of manner.\nA WORD TO PARENTS\nIn your hands has been placed the destiny of a child, or of children,\nto be molded, developed and formed into a perfect being. Do not make\nthe mistake that so many parents make--the mistake of thinking that the\nchild is a miniature of yourself, a pocket edition of yourself as it\nwere. You have certain tastes, habits, hopes and desires cultivated\nthrough years of experience and education. The child has a young mind\nto be expanded and developed, a young body to be molded into lines of\ngrace and charm, a young life to be made fine and beautiful.\nIt is not an easy task, this leading a child through the correct\nchannels of early life. The young minds are so sensitive, the young\nmemory is so retentive; evil influences are so easily made, and become\nso readily a part of the boy's or girl's life. Someone once said,\n\"Motherhood is made up of denial.\" All parenthood is made up of\ndenial--for from the time the youngster first opens its eyes in its\ncradle, the parents must deny themselves everything that is necessary\nto make that child a perfect man or woman.\nThey must give up much of their social duties to attend to the\ndevelopment of the child's mind. They must spend hours with the\nyoungster in his own or her play, so that there will be woven in with\nthat play, a subtle teaching. They must deny themselves material and\nspiritual comforts so that those whose destiny is in their hands, will\nbe correctly prepared to meet life.\nThere are several chapters to the book of childhood. It is the complete\nvolume that counts--not just one page. Follow your child through all\nhis chapters of childhood, enter into his play and study and ambitions.\nThere are so many little incidents that remain in the memory and\npermanently change the behavior. It is one thing to be just a parent,\nquite another to be parent and friend. Let your child see that you are\ninterested in _all_ his activities, and your influence will have a\ngreat deal to do in the shaping of his future manners.\nAMUSEMENTS\n\"Be as careful of the books you read as of the company you keep; for\nyour habits and character will be as much influenced by the former as\nby the latter.\" This bit of wisdom from the pen of Paxton Hood reveals\none great duty which confronts every parent. The child must have its\nown library, and one that will correctly develop its mind and manners.\nEven if it is only one shelf of books in the nursery, it should belong\nto the child itself. The pride of personal ownership increases the\nvalue of the books.\nBooks should be chosen with care, but there should be sufficient\nvariety to enable the young boy or girl to select the subject that he\nor she is most interested in. Fiction should be of the better kind,\n\"Robinson Crusoe,\" \"Little Lord Fauntleroy,\" the \"Jungle Books,\"\n\"Grimm's or Andersen's Fairy Tales,\" \"Alice in Wonderland,\" etc. Boys\nwill like \"Plain Tales from the Hills,\" \"Bob, Son of Battle,\" \"Treasure\nIsland,\" \"The Sea Wolf,\" \"Huckleberry Finn,\" \"Twenty Thousand Leagues\nUnder the Sea,\" etc.\nThere should be special attention given to the classics. It is\nunfortunate that so much of the time devoted to them should be spent\naltogether in the schoolroom for books that one has to read are rarely\nthe ones that one likes best. Dickens, Thackeray, Shakespeare, George\nEliot, and a mighty host of others are waiting for the child who is old\nenough to understand them. The parent should watch the tendencies of\nthe mind of his child and should keep him supplied with books that will\ndevelop and expand the little intellect in accordance with its natural\npreferences. The best way to teach a child to care for books is to keep\nhim surrounded with them and to read to him or tell him stories from\ntime to time and to be patient if he is slow in manifesting a desire to\nuse the key that unlocks the treasure that lies between the covers of\nbooks.\nMusic is one of the best means of developing the child's emotional\nnature and of subduing wayward impulses and of bringing about harmony\nin the home circle. The writer knows of one family--and there are many\nothers--which sometimes in the evening finds itself all at sixes and\nsevens. Nobody agrees with anybody else; the whole group is hopelessly\ntangled. The mother goes to the piano and begins playing a song that\nthey all know. One by one the members of the family join in and it is\nnot long before they are all gathered around the piano singing song\nafter song and the petty disagreements and the unpleasant feeling of\ndiscord have vanished into thin air.\nMuch is to be said in favor of the gramophones. Through them the best\nmusic is accessible to almost everyone. But it is not wise to depend on\nthem altogether, for children have talent to be developed, and there is\na charm about music in the family that is like, to use a crude\ncomparison--home-cooking. It cannot be duplicated elsewhere.\nLET THE CHILD BE NATURAL\nAfter all, the greatest charm of childhood is natural, spontaneous\nsimplicity. Stilted, party-mannered children are bores. They are\nunnatural. And that which is not natural, cannot be well-bred.\nThe cause of shy, bashful, self-conscious youngsters is wrong training.\nThey are repressed instead of developed. Their natural tendencies are\nheld down by constant reminders and scoldings and warnings. Instead,\nthey should be _brought out_ by proper encouragement, by kind,\nsympathetic understanding. Some children have the idea, in their\nextreme youth, that parents are made only to forbid things, to repress\nthem and make them do things against which their natures revolt. The\nbond that should exist between parent and child is a certain\nunderstanding friendliness--an implicit faith on the part of the child,\nand a wise guidance on the part of the parent.\nRemember that a child is like a flower. If the flower is not permitted\nto struggle upward towards the sun, and to gather in the tiny dewdrops,\nit will wither and die. If the child is not allowed to develop\nnaturally, its tastes and ideals will be warped and shallow.\nTeach your child to be well-mannered and polite, but do not disguise\nhim with unnatural manners and speech.\nTHE YOUNG GIRL\nThere are two kinds of young girls--those who face life as some great\nopportunity, who consider it a splendid gift to be made the most of,\nand who help to create the beauty that they love to admire; and those\nwho are butterflies of society, whose lives are mere husks, without\ndepth, without worth-while impulses and ambitions. They are satisfied\nif they know how to dance gracefully, if they know how to enter a room\nin an impressive manner, if they know how to be charming at the dinner\ntable. Their conversation is idle chatter; their ambitions are to be\n\"social queens,\" to earn social distinction and importance.\nFortunately, the twentieth century girl is less of a butterfly than the\ntight-laced hoop-skirted young miss of the latter part of the\nnineteenth century. Perhaps the war had something to do with it.\nPerhaps it is because so many new occupations have been opened up to\nher. Perhaps it is evolution. But the young miss of to-day is certainly\nmore thrilled with life and its possibilities than her sister of two or\nthree decades ago ever was.\nLife is no longer shown to the young daughter as a plaything by fond\nparents who plan no future except marriage and social success for the\nyoung woman whose future rests in their hands. To-day life is shown to\nher as it is shown to her brother--as something beautiful, something\nimpressive, something worthy of deep thought and ambitious plan.\nTo-day the young girl is not only taught to dance gracefully, to enter\na room correctly, and to conduct herself with ease and charm at the\ndinner table, but she is taught to develop her natural talents and\nabilities so that the world will be left a little better for her having\nlived in it. Her conduct, therefore, is tinged with a new dignity of\npurpose, a new desire to make the best of the gift of life. Instead of\nidle chatter her conversation assumes the proportion of intellectual\ndiscussion, and young men and women to-day discuss intelligently\nproblems that would not have been mentioned in polite society a\ngeneration ago.\nIt is to help the young girl to prepare for the glorious future that\nawaits her that the following paragraphs are written.\nTHE GIRL'S MANNERS\nThere is nothing quite as charming in a young girl as repose of manner.\nA soft voice, a quiet, cultured manner is more to be admired than a\npretty face, or an elaborate gown.\nLet the young girl look to the ancient Greeks for inspiration. Here she\nwill find the true conception of beauty--repose of manner and utter\nsimplicity. She will find that to be perfect is to be natural, and that\none must be simple and unostentatious to be beautiful in the true sense\nof the word. After all, what can be quite so lovely as beautiful\nmanners? And what can be more worthy of admiration and respect than a\nsweet, well-mannered young girl?\nPoliteness and courtesy are two other important virtues that the young\ngirl should develop. She should be as polite to her mother and sister\nas she is to strangers. She should be courteous and kind to everyone.\nAnd she should learn the art of listening as well as the art of\nconversation.\nTHE CHAPERON\nAmerican girls with their independent ideas of social requirements mock\nthe idea of a chaperon to the theater or dance. And this is especially\ntrue of the many young women who are planning careers for themselves,\nwho intend to be more than social butterflies.\nWe are proud of the ideal American girl. We do not mean, of course, the\nself-esteemed, arrogant young miss who derides all conventions and\ncalls herself \"free.\" In her we are not interested at all. But there is\nthe true American type--the young girl who is essentially a lady, who\nhas self-reliance but is not bold, who is firm without being\noverbearing, who is brainy but not masculine, who is courageous, strong\nand fearless, yet _feminine_. She has no need of the chaperon; and\nit is because of her that the \"decay of the chaperon\" has been so rapid\nin America.\nAnd so we find that the American girl who is well-bred, who is\nwell-mannered and high-principled, may attend the theater and the dance\nwith gentlemen, unchaperoned. It is only when she travels abroad or\nstops at a hotel for any length of time that social requirements still\ncommand that she be chaperoned. But even then, the girl who travels on\nbusiness purposes, need feel no embarrassment when she is alone, if her\nmanner and speech are as polished and correct as they should be.\nTHE YOUNG COUNTRY MISS\nIn the small town or in the country, if a young girl goes to a party or\nother social meeting with a young man, he is, of course, expected to\nescort her home again. If the hour is early and the family will\nprobably still be up, she may invite him in if she wishes to do so. But\nit is not an obligation. If it is late, she does not invite him into\nthe house, but she may ask him to call. In some sections of the United\nStates it is still considered correct for the young man himself to\nrequest that he be permitted to call.\nA correspondent has written to inquire whether or not it is correct for\na young girl to thank a young man for his escort just before leaving\nhim at her own door. Evidently the young lady who has written has\nherself been in doubt as to whether or not it is correct. In this\ninstance, circumstances alter cases. If she were a young country miss\nreturning from an informal village function, she would by no means\noffer thanks. But if the young man has obviously put himself to an\ninconvenience to escort her home, then it is only polite that she offer\nhim some expression of gratitude. A city girl does not thank her\nescort, but he on the other hand, may thank her for a very pleasant\nafternoon or evening if he wishes to do so.\nTHE GIRL AND HER MOTHER\nThe young girl should follow her mother's example and advice in all\nthings. Eighteen is the correct coming-out age for the young American\ngirl, and until then she should obey her mother without question. She\nshould be guided by her wider experience, by her more mature knowledge.\nBut unfortunately this is not always so. Mothers and daughters are not\nthe \"pals\" they ought to be.\nRecently a woman was asked by a very close friend why she allowed her\ndaughter to attend the theater and the dance with a young man who was\nof questionable character. \"Surely you have some influence over her,\"\nthe friend persisted. \"Tell her to avoid him.\" But she simply smiled in\na tired sort of way and said, \"I am only her mother.\"\nThis should not be. The mother should guide her daughter in all she\ndoes, and the daughter should be willing to abide by her mother's\ndecisions. Otherwise that sacred, beautiful friendship that can be\ncreated only between a mother and daughter will never exist.\nFOR THE SHY AND SELF-CONSCIOUS\nA great many of us suffer from self-consciousness. We always imagine\nthat people are looking at us, talking about us, ridiculing us. We are\nnever at ease among strangers, never happy when people are around. We\nare always embarrassed, shy, ill at ease.\nThere is a story told about the famous Hawthorne who was so shy and\nself-conscious that he ran out of the house or hid himself whenever he\nsaw visitors approaching. His wife, who was also very timid and\nretiring by nature, was left to entertain the guests as best she could.\nHawthorne was heartily ashamed of himself, but instead of trying to\novercome his self-consciousness he sought and found forgetfulness in\nhis books and writings. His wife, on the other hand, was forced to\novercome her natural timidity for the sake of her husband and for the\nsake of the hospitality of the Hawthorne home. And because she\ndetermined to do it, she soon became entirely unself-conscious and able\nto conduct herself with ease and unconcern even among the most\ncelebrated people.\nAnd so you see that self-consciousness can be overcome. There is no\nreason for the bride to feel embarrassed and ill at ease when she is\nhostess for the first time in her new home. There is no reason for the\nyoung girl to feel shy and timid when she is introduced in society.\nThere is no reason for the young man to be self-conscious in the\npresence of ladies. A little will power and a little sincere effort\nwill banish this fault forever.\nFORGET ABOUT YOURSELF\nThat is the only way you can hope to cure yourself of\nself-consciousness--forget about yourself! There are so many delightful\nthings you can think of, so many interesting things beyond the selfish\nlittle boundaries of your own self. Send your thoughts abroad, send\nthem into the universe to drink deeply of knowledge and learning, to\ndelve into the wells of profound interest that surround us on every\nside--and forget about the petty commonplaces of life, the unimportant\neveryday conventionalities. Then you will forget about yourself also,\nand before you realize it you will be calm, dignified, unafraid. All\nsuggestion of self-consciousness will have vanished.\nWHY THE SHY ARE AWKWARD\nWhen a bride leaves a small country place to become the hostess in a\nlarge house in a large city, she is very likely to feel ill at ease and\nconscious of herself. Naturally, this makes her awkward in her manners.\nShyness is over-sensitiveness--a shrinking from observation. It causes\nus to worry about what others are thinking about us, and naturally it\nmakes us morbid. Thus we are kept from appearing at our best, and in\nall our manners and actions we appear awkward and nervous. It is very\nnecessary to overcome this fault if one wishes to mingle with people of\nthe best society.\nOrison Swett Marden says, \"If you are a victim of timidity and\nself-depreciation, afraid to say your soul is your own; if you creep\nabout the world as though you thought you were taking up room which\nbelonged to somebody else; if you are bashful, timid, confused,\ntongue-tied when you ought to assert yourself, say to yourself, 'I am a\nchild of the King of Kings. I will no longer suffer this cowardly\ntimidity to rule me. I am made by the same Creator who made all other\nhuman beings. They are my brothers and sisters. There is no more reason\nwhy I should be afraid to express what I feel or think before them than\nif they were in my own family.'\"\nThe great inspirational writer has shown you in this little paragraph\nthe way to overcome your self-consciousness--the foolish timidity that\nis robbing you of your privilege of self-assertion, of your ease and\ngrace of manner, of your very happiness. Whenever you feel embarrassed\nand ill at ease in the presence of strangers, think of the words of\nMarden. Remember that you are one of the children of the universe, that\nwe are all brothers and sisters, and that you have as much right to\nassert yourself as any other man or woman in the world. And when you\nfinally do overcome your timidity you will find that you have acquired\na splendid new grace and charm of manner.\nSELF-CONFIDENCE VERSUS CONCEIT\nDo not have the mistaken idea that confidence in oneself, lack of\nself-consciousness, is conceit. As a matter of fact, it is much better\nto be shy and self-conscious than to be a pert, aggressive egotist.\nThe first lesson to learn, in your crusade against self-consciousness,\nis that you must not be _ashamed of your shyness_. That will make\nyou even more conscious of yourself. Forget that you are shy. Or if you\ncannot forget, tell yourself that it is better to be reserved and\nmodest than to be conceited and aggressive. Do not shrink from\nstrangers, but meet them and talk to them as though they were your\nbrothers, or sisters. Treat everyone like an equal, but do not treat\nyourself as an inferior.\nSelf-confidence is what makes success, whether it is in the social\nworld or the business world. It was self-confidence that helped Edison\nwith each new invention. It was self-confidence that enabled Madame\nMarie Curie, penniless and obscure, to discover radium, the greatest\nand most wonderful metal in the world. All achievement is founded on\nself-confidence--not of the aggressive sort, but of the quiet, calm,\nunassuming sort that is so easy to develop if one will only try.\nDetermine that you will no longer allow timidity and shyness to rule\nyou. Assert yourself! And watch how your manners improve.\nCOUNTRY HOSPITALITY\nThe country hostess must not feel that she is expected to entertain her\nguests in city fashion. There is a great deal of difference between the\nfacilities and conditions of country and city life, and social\nactivities are consequently different in both localities.\nIn the country there is much less mingling with strangers than there is\nin the city. Social entertainments are confined very largely to the\nhome fireside. There are few clubs, few large halls and auditoriums. A\nfeeling of intimacy and good-fellowship exists which is entirely\nlacking in large cities. Almost everybody knows everybody else, and\nwhen a large entertainment is given, the whole village knows about it.\nTo attempt to emulate her city sister would be folly for the country\nhostess. She hasn't the facilities nor the natural conditions conducive\nto the elaborate and strictly formal entertainments and activities of\nthe city. In the country everything should be on a simpler, more\ninformal basis; the natural beauties of the country are certainly not\ncompatible with the fashionable and often ostentatious activities of\nthe city.\nIMPORTANCE OF SIMPLICITY\nWe go to the country because we are tired of the town and we want rest,\nquiet, peace. We do not expect to find a frenzied attempt at imitation\nof city entertainments. Yet this is what so many hostesses do--instead\nof retaining the delightful natural simplicity of their homes, they\nfeel that they must entertain their city friends in city fashion. And\ninvariably they fail.\nVery often when a city man or woman is tired of the sham and narrow\nconventionalities of city life, he or she will plan to visit a country\nfriend. If that country friend is wise, he or she will make no\nelaborate preparations, but just greet the friend with the simple\ncountry hospitality that is so alluring to city people. Where in the\ncity can you find the good-fellowship, the spontaneity, the courteous\nkindliness that you find in the small town and village? Where in the\ncity can you find the open-hearted generosity, the sympathetic\nunderstanding and the simple courtesy that you find among country\npeople? The elaborate ball room with its richly gowned women is\ncharming and impressive; but the simple country party with its Virginia\nreel, the daughters in their party clothes and mothers in their \"best\nblack silks\" are no less charming.\nFor the sake of those young men and women who live in the country and\nknow liveried chauffeurs and uniformed butlers only through books, for\nthe sake of those men and women who live in the country because they\nlove simplicity and the beauties of nature, but for those who are eager\nto know good manners and know what is correct at all times, we are\nwriting the following paragraph on etiquette in the small town. Let us\nfirst write about\nTHE HOSTESS\nWhen entertaining guests from the city, fresh flowers should be brought\ninto the house every day. The meal served should be simple; elaborate\ncourse dinners are not in good form when the facilities of the hostess\ndo not permit them. Nothing ostentatious should be attempted; just\nsimple, homelike hospitality such as is offered the neighbors and\nfriends of the village.\nEarly dining is usual in the country, especially in the summer.\nSometimes high tea is served. The tea-urn is placed on the table before\nthe hostess to give a homelike air to the function, and fruits and\nflowers are placed in cut glass bowls on the table. Preserves, honey\nand cakes should also be on the table in cut glass or china dishes. Hot\nbiscuits, muffins and wafers are usually served at high tea, with one\nsubstantial dish like cold chicken, salad or cold sliced meats.\nHammocks, tennis courts, rowboats, etc., should be placed at the\ndisposal of visiting guests. The considerate hostess always plans some\nsort of entertainment for guests that have come a long way to visit\nher, but she does not make any attempt to provide anything elaborate. A\nsimple country dance or a musicale is relaxing and entertaining.\nProtection from flies, mosquitoes, etc. should be provided for guests.\nIf chairs and hammocks are on the porch, it should be completely\nscreened in to prevent mosquitoes from annoying the guests. It is just\nsuch little considerations as these that make country hospitality so\ndelightful.\nTHE GUEST\nWhether you are a guest from the city, or a friend from the village,\nyou have a certain definite etiquette to observe when you are at the\nhome of a country hostess. First you must make yourself agreeable and\nhelpful. If you are from the city, forget the restricting formalities\nyou have been accustomed to. You may speak to everyone in the hostess'\ndrawing-room--or parlor--even though there have been no introductions.\nAnd if you see an elderly man or woman standing all alone in one corner\nof the room, you can go over to him or her, start a conversation, and\noffer to get a chair or an ice for the stranger. It is not necessary to\nwait for an introduction.\nDo not be dull during the afternoon or evening. Be pleasant and\nagreeable; if conversation lags, stimulate it with an interesting\nanecdote. If you can entertain in some way, either by singing, playing\nsome musical instrument, or reciting, don't be backward about offering\nyour services. Remember you are not in an elaborate ball room but among\nsimple country folks, and if you can provide enjoyable entertainment\nfor them, they will appreciate it just as much as you yourself will\nenjoy it.\nAn offish person always spoils the fun of a country party. If you feel\nyou are superior to the Virginia reel and the apple paring contests, do\nnot attend. Move to the city where you can attend elaborate social\nfunctions. But while you are at the party, do your best to add to the\ngeneral enjoyment, and do not spoil things by being disagreeable and\nunpleasant.\nIt is poor taste to wear very fashionable city clothes to a simple\ncountry entertainment. If you come from the city, wear something simple\nand pretty, but not something that will make you conspicuous. If you\nare a man and you know that none of the other men will wear full dress,\nthen don't be presumptuous enough to appear in your swallow-tail. But\nif you are a village friend, you may wear your \"Sunday best\" for\nundoubtedly everyone else who attends the party will do likewise.\nFOR COUNTRY FOLKS\nNever attempt to make false impressions. That is one great fault found\namong certain country people. When city friends call, they attempt to\noverawe them with their superiority. While the city friends are with\nthem, they do not notice their village friends at church, nor do they\ninvite them to their house. They devote themselves exclusively to their\nfriends from the city--and invariably those friends return home\ndisappointed and disillusioned.\nWhen people move in the neighborhood, it is considered polite to pay\nthem the first visit--\"to extend the hand of welcome,\" as the\nexpression is. The hostess should offer a cup of tea with crackers or\ncake, and should make herself agreeable in every way. However, the\nacquaintance should not be forced; if the newcomers are haughty and\naloof, it is well to leave them to themselves, until they have absorbed\nsome of the good-fellowship and courtesy of the village.\nThere is very little need for formal calling cards in the small village\nwhere everybody knows everybody else. A great many of the\nconventionalities of city life are, of course, found in the country;\nbut a great many more of them are lacking. And among them are the\nstrictly formal introductions, calls and social functions that are\nobserved with such punctiliousness in the city. Simplicity should be\nthe keynote of country life, and quiet, dignified manners should be the\nideal of country people.\nTHE ENDLESS ROUND OF HOSPITALITY\nHospitality does not mean the giving of sumptuous banquets or elaborate\ndinners. It does not mean the extravagant recklessness of much-talked-about\nhouse parties, or extended yachting trips. It does not mean the holding\nof gay and festive balls.\nNo, it means none of these, for even in the most humble home one can\nfind the truest hospitality. There need be no rich display, no obvious\neffort at ostentation. For hospitality is that open-hearted,\nopen-handed, generous, lovable, beautiful fellow-feeling for\nfellow-mortals--the kind of feeling that makes you throw open your\nhome, small apartment or mighty mansion, as the case may be, and bid\nyour friends and acquaintances welcome. Welcome, mind you, that has in\nits greeting none of the sham cordiality, that wealthy people sometimes\nparade merely for the sake of being able to show their worldly goods to\nthe envious eyes of their guests,--but a whole-souled and whole-hearted\nwelcome that is willing to share everything one has.\nAnd so, the round of hospitality goes endlessly on, host and hostess\nmaking the pleasure and comfort of the guest their prime consideration.\nParties, receptions, dances, balls, dinners--all are instances of the\neagerness of the world, the social world, to entertain, to give\npleasure, to amuse. And the guests, in their turn, repay the\nhospitalities with other hospitalities of their own. And we find, in\nthis glorious twentieth century it is our fortune to be living in, a\nwholesome, generous hospitality that puts to shame the history-famed\nachievements of kings and princes of yore.\nWHEN TO INVITE\nThe question naturally arises, what are the occasions that require\nhospitality? Frankly, there are no definite occasions. Hospitality is\nthe index to breeding and culture at all times. But there are certain\nceremonious occasions that warrant the _invited hospitality_--and\nsuch are the occasions that we will study in this chapter.\nFirst, we find the wedding anniversary claiming the ceremony of many\ninvited guests and much festive entertainment. Thus, wedding\nanniversaries offer an excellent opportunity for hospitality. Then\nthere is the occasion of the young daughter's introduction to\nsociety--an event which is important, indeed, and requires the utmost\nhospitality on the part of host and hostess alike. When one's son\ngraduates from college, a little dinner party and perhaps some musical\nentertainment afterward is an appropriate time to show by one's\nhospitality, sincere gratitude for the splendid educational\nopportunities afforded the youth of America. Oh, there are countless\nopportunities, countless \"excuses,\" if you will call it that, countless\noccasions when hospitality can be shown to one's friends and\nacquaintances! And it is only by taking advantage of these\nopportunities, by revealing one's unselfish, ungrudging hospitality,\nthat one rightly earns the name of _cultured_.\nThe hostess who sighs in relief when the guest has departed is not\ntruly hospitable. She should have a certain sense of satisfaction in\nthe knowledge of her very weariness. For hasn't she served her guests\nwell? Hasn't she sent them to their homes a little happier than when\nthey first came? The sigh should be one of sheer joy.\nNo one invites guests to his or her home to make them unhappy.\nTherefore, if among your friends you number one whose worldly goods are\nvery much less than your own, do not invite him or her to a fashionable\nball where rich display will make him feel sadly out of place. Rather\nsave the invitation for a quiet, afternoon tea. And on the other hand,\nif you are unable to care for the wants and comforts of several guests,\ndo not invite them to house parties.\nBe hospitable--but above all use good sense and good judgment before\nyou invite.\nTHE GUESTS AND THEIR DUTIES\nThe fact that America is the home of hospitality and land of the most\ngenerous hostesses, does not indicate necessarily that the guest, in\nhis selfishness, should take advantage of it. A well-bred, considerate\nperson always seeks to minimize as far as possible the efforts of his\nor her hostess, and to make the visit or stay pleasant. She, or he,\nconstantly endeavors to aid the hostess in providing entertainment. In\nshort, he returns the hospitality of the host and hostess, with a\nhospitality of his own--a hospitality that, in itsconsideration and\nregard for the rights of others, is one of the beautiful things that\nmakes life worth the living.\nIt is superb--this giving and returning of hospitality: We find a\nworried, anxious business man, forgetting for the moment his pressing\naffairs in the diverting entertainments provided for him by his\nhostess; in return, exerting every effort to contribute to the success\nof the evening, to join in the conversation when he would rather be\nsilent and pensive, to be witty and humorous when he would much prefer\nbeing moody and despondent. And so it goes on, a constant giving and\nreturning of hospitality, so beautiful and so inspiring that it is\nworthy of the stress given to it in the social world.\nThere are some paramount obligations which the guest must observe.\nAmong them, perhaps most exacting, is punctuality. To keep others\nwaiting, to be continually tardy, is to demonstrate one's rudeness and\nwant of good breeding. Promptness in regard to the answering of\ninvitations, punctuality in attending dinners, luncheons and parties of\nany kind,--these are marks of good breeding.\nIf one is invited to a dance or party and does not wish to attend\nwithout an out-of-town friend who happens to be stopping with him or\nher at the time--a friend who certainly cannot be deserted on the\nafternoon or evening of the occasion--it is permissible to write a\ncordial note to the hostess explaining the situation and requesting\nthat an invitation be extended to the friend. However, no resentment\nshould be felt if the hostess finds she must refuse the request; for\nshe may have had to refuse some of her own friends on account of\nconditions beyond her control.\nBut no guest may bring to a party, dance or dinner, a friend or\nacquaintance who has not been invited. This is considered a breach of\netiquette, and the hostess is not inhospitable when she does not invite\nthat particular guest again.\nThe guest must conform in all things to the tastes and customs of his\nhost and hostess. He must find (or feign) enjoyment in everything that\nis proposed by them, everything that is offered by them in the way of\nentertainment.\nIn taking leave of the hostess it is necessary to thank her cordially.\nCriticisms, either of the conduct of some other guest, or of servants,\nare poor form and should be avoided. The ideal guest is the one who has\nthat ease and poise of manner, that calmness and kindness of temper,\nthat loving and lovable disposition that makes people somehow want to\ntalk to and be with him. Such a guest needs no set of rules--inherently\nhe knows the laws of good conduct and fine manners; he is the boon of\nhosts and hostesses the world over.\nEXECUTIVES OF STATE\n            |Addressing   |Salutation|Salutation|Closing      |Closing\n  Title     |Envelope     |Formal    |Informal  |Formal       |Informal\n  President |President    |Sir       |My dear   |I have the   |I have the\n  United    |Coolidge     |          |President |remain your  |remain most\n  Vice-     |The Vice-    |Sir or    |My dear   |I have, sir, |I have the\n  President |President    |Dear Sir  |John Doe  |the honor to |honor to\n  Cabinet   |Hon. or      |Sir or    |My dear   |I have, sir, |I have the\n  Member    |Honorable    |Dear Sir  |Hubert    |the honor to |honor to\n            |Hubert Work, |          |Work      |remain your  |remain most\n            |Secretary of |          |          |obedient     |respectfully\n  Senator   |Senator      |Sir or    |My dear   |I have, sir, |Believe\n            |William M.   |Dear Sir  |Senator   |the honor to |me, most\n            |Calder or    |          |Calder    |remain your  |sincerely\n  Member of |Honorable    |Sir or    |My dear   |I have, sir, |Believe\n  House of  |Robert C.    |Dear Sir  |Mr. Bacon |the honor to |me, most\n  Represen- |Bacon        |          |          |remain your  |sincerely\n  Justice   |Mr. Justice  |Sir or    |Dear      |I have, sir, |Believe\n  of Supreme|H. Taft, or  |Dear Sir  |Justice   |the honor to |me, most\n  Court     |The Hon. H.  |          |Taft      |remain your  |sincerely\n  Governor  |Governor     |Sir or    |Dear      |I have, sir, |Believe\n  of State  |Alfred E.    |Dear Sir  |Governor  |the honor to |me, most\n            |Smith        |          |Smith, or |remain your  |sincerely\n  Mayor of  |His Honor    |Sir or    |My dear   |I have, sir, |Believe\n  City      |the Mayor of |Dear Sir  |Mayor     |the honor to |me, most\nCHURCH DIGNITARIES\n            |Addressing   |Salutation|Salutation|Closing      |Closing\n  Title     |Envelope     |Formal    |Informal  |Formal       |Informal\n  Archbishop|The Most     |My Lord   |My dear   |I remain, my |I have\n  Anglican  |Reverend,    |Archbishop|Lord      |Lord         |honor to\n  Church    |His Grace    |May it    |Archbishop|Archbishop,  |remain\n            |Archbishop   |Your      |Grace's   |             |Archbishop\n  Anglican  |To the Right |My Lord   |My dear   |I have       |I have\n  Bishop    |Reverend,    |          |Lord      |honor to     |honor to\n            |the Lord     |          |Bishop    |remain your  |remain,\n  Roman     |The Most     |Most      |Most      |I have the   |I have the\n  Catholic  |Reverend John|Reverend  |Reverend  |honor to     |honor to\n  Archbishop|G. McCaular, |and dear  |and dear  |remain your  |remain your\n            |Archbishop   |Sir       |Sir       |humble       |humble\n  Cardinal  |His Eminence,|Your      |Your      |I have the   |I have the\n            |Cardinal     |Eminence  |Eminence  |honor to     |honor to\n            |Newton       |          |or Dear   |remain your  |remain your\n  Roman     |To the Right |Right     |My dear   |I have the   |I have the\n  Catholic  |Reverend     |Reverend  |Bishop    |honor to     |honor to\n  Bishop    |Joseph F.    |and dear  |White     |remain your  |remain your\n  Protestant|Right        |Right     |Dear      |I have the   |I have the\n  Bishop    |Reverend     |Reverend  |Bishop    |honor to     |honor to\n            |Edward F.    |and dear  |Conroy    |remain your  |remain your\n  Roman     |The Reverend |Reverend  |Dear      |I beg to     |\n  Catholic  |James G. Hill|and dear  |Father    |remain, very |\n  Priest or |(with D.D.)  |Sir       |Hill (to  |sincerely    |\n  Protestant|or Reverend  |          |Catholic) |             |\n  Rabbi     |Dr. F. G.    |Dear Sir  |Dear Dr.  |I beg to     |\nROYALTY\n            |Addressing   |Salutation|Salutation|Closing      |Closing\n  Title     |Envelope     |Formal    |Informal  |Formal       |Informal\n  King or   |To His (Her) |Sir (or   |Dear (or  |I have the   |\n  Queen     |Most Gracious|Madam),   |Honored)  |honor to     |\n            |Majesty King |May it    |Sir (or   |remain your  |\n            |George (Queen|please    |Madam)    |Majesty's    |\n  Royal     |To His (Her) |Sir       |Dear Sir  |I have the   |Your Royal\n  Prince or |Royal        |(Madam),  |Dear Madam|honor to     |Highness'\n  Princess  |Highness,    |May it    |          |remain your  |most\n            |the Prince of|please    |          |Royal        |obedient\n  Duke and  |To His (Her) |My Lord   |My dear   |I have the   |Believe\n  Duchess   |Grace, the   |(Madam),  |Duke      |honor to     |me, dear\n            |Duke of      |May it    |My dear   |remain your  |Duke\n            |Devonshire   |please    |Duchess   |Grace's most |(Duchess)\n            |(or Duchess  |your Grace|          |obedient     |yours very\n  Dowager   |To Her Grace,|Madam, May|My dear   |I have the   |Believe\n  Duchess   |the Dowager  |it please |Duchess   |honor to     |me, dear\n            |Duchess of   |your Grace|(Informal)|remain your  |Duchess,\n  Marquis   |To the       |My Lord   |My dear   |Believe me,  |Believe me,\n  Marchion- |Marquis of   |Marquis   |Lord Fife |Lord (Lady)  |Lord (Lady)\n  ess       |Fife, To the |Madam     |Dear Lady |Fife, very   |Fife, very\n            |Marchioness  |          |Fife      |sincerely    |sincerely\n  Dowager   |To the       |Madam     |Dear Lady |Believe me,  |Believe me,\n  Marchion- |Dowager,     |          |Fife      |Lady Fife,   |Lady Fife,\n  Younger   |To the Right |My Lord   |My dear   |I have the   |Believe me,\n  son and   |Honorable,   |          |Lord James|honor to     |My dear\n  wife of   |the Lord     |          |Grey,     |remain  your |Lord (Lady)\n  a Duke or |James Grey,  |          |Dear Lady |(Ladyship's) |Grey,\n  Marquis   |To the Right |          |James Grey|obedient     |faithfully\n  Daughter  |Right Hon.   |Madam     |Dear Lady |I have the   |Believe me,\n  of Duke,  |the Lady     |          |Janet     |honor to     |dear Lady\n  Marchion- |Janet Gregory|          |          |remain  your |Janet, very\n  ess or    |(Informal)   |          |          |Lordship's   |faithfully\n  Earl      |Right        |My Lord   |Dear Lord |Believe me, my dear Lord\n  Countess  |Honorable    |(Madam)   |Kent      |(Lady) Kent, sincerely\n            |the Earl of  |          |Dear Lady |yours\n  Viscount  |Right        |My Lord   |Dear Lord |Believe me, my dear Lord\n  Viscount- |Honorable    |(Madam)   |(Lady)    |(Lady) Kent, sincerely\n  Baron     |Right        |My Lord   |Dear Lord |Believe me, my dear Lord\n  Baroness  |Honorable    |(Madam)   |(Lady)    |(Lady) Kent, sincerely\n  Younger   |To the       |Sir, Dear |Dear Mr.  |I have the   |Believe me,\n  son and   |Honorable    |Sir       |Warwick   |honor to     |dear Mr.\n  Wife of   |James        |(Madam,   |Dear Mrs. |remain your  |or Mrs.\n  Earl,     |Warwick, To  |Dear      |Warwick   |obedient     |Warwick,\n  Viscount  |the Honorable|Madam)    |          |servant      |sincerely\n  Daughter  |To the       |Dear Madam|Dear Miss |Believe me, sincerely\n  Baronet   |To Sir James |Sir       |Dear Sir  |Believe me, dear Sir\n  Lady      |Grey, Bart.  |Madam     |James     |James, faithfully\n  Knight    |Sir James    |Sir       |Dear Sir  |Believe me, dear Sir\n  Lady      |Grey,        |Madam     |James     |James, faithfully\n            |Lady James   |          |Dear Lady |yours", "source_dataset": "gutenberg", "source_dataset_detailed": "gutenberg -  Book of Etiquette, Volume I\n"},
{"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1932, "culture": " English\n", "content": "E-text prepared by Robert Cicconetti, Martin Pettit, and the Online\ngenerously made available by Internet Archive/American Libraries\n(https://archive.org/details/americana)\nNote: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this\n      file which includes the original illustrations.\n      Images of the original pages are available through\n      Internet Archive/American Libraries. See\n      https://archive.org/details/dreamyhollow00britiala\nDREAMY HOLLOW\n   TO THE GIRL OF MY DREAMS\n[Illustration: SHE GAZED UPON HIS KINDLY FACE, AND THEN WITH THE JOY OF\nYOUTHFUL SPIRITS, PLACED HER HANDS OVER HIS EYES.]\nDREAMY HOLLOW\nby\nSUMNER CHARLES BRITTON\nA Long Island Romance\n[Illustration: Decoration]\nNew York\nWorld Syndicate Company, Inc.\nCopyright, 1921,\nBy World Syndicate Company, Inc.\nPrinted in the U. S. A.\nCONTENTS\n    I THE HOUSE OF MYSTERY             1\n   II WILLIAM PARKINS ARRIVES         19\n  III A MESSAGE FROM WINIFRED         40\n   IV A SUDDEN DEPARTURE              49\n    V THE HAWK SEEKS ITS PREY         61\n  VII THE NEW WINIFRED                96\n VIII HENRY UPDYKE DROPS IN          115\n   IX FORCES BEYOND THE SKIES        133\n    X THE NURSE TAKES A CHANCE       144\n  XII THE THIRD DEGREE               188\n XIII WINIFRED MEETS UPDYKE          216\n  XIV GEORGE CARVER'S BRIDE          242\n   XV PARKINS RUNS AMUCK             259\n  XVI THE HUT ACROSS THE BAY         279\n XVII THE WOLF HOUND                 288\nXVIII FLIGHT OF A SOUL               301\nDREAMY HOLLOW\nCHAPTER I.\nTHE HOUSE OF MYSTERY\nDreamy Hollow may be reached three ways--by automobile, aeroplane or\nboat through Great South Bay. But to go there without invitation would\nhave spoiled the welcome, for, at the time of which we write, the master\nof this magnificent acreage was a man of square jaw, protruding\nforehead, and very punctilious. He also possessed two deep blue eyes\nthat set far back under brows of extra overhang--eyes that reflected the\nsoul when tranquil, but in heat of passion, turned to lead.\nA forest of trees and kindred foliage protected his gleaming villa from\nthe prying gaze of curious tourists. Only from the water side could it\nbe seen at all. When it was learned that the great concrete walls topped\nby heavy iron pickets admitted of no entrance except by invitation, the\nsight-seeing tourist scorned the gatekeeper's apology and scurried away\nalong the gasoline trail.\nFor quite a long period much mystery existed as to the ownership of the\nmagnificent estate, but this much was known: that for five straight\nyears the great house stood empty. No one was seen to come or go, save\nthe watchman at the ornate iron gates opening upon the motor parkway,\nand his fellow guardsmen in charge of the estate far in behind the trees\nand bushes,--out of sight. It was built by a trust company, and whoever\nmight be the owner, he came by sea at rare intervals and sailed away at\nnight. Only a chosen few had visited him there, but they came as he\ncame, and departed with him as he went away. Thus the wondrous white\nhome with its wealth of trees and shrubs came to be known to the\nfamilies of neighboring estates as \"Spooky Hollow.\"\nDrury Villard, after amassing a most prodigious fortune, suddenly\nappeared before his directors one bright June morning, and announced his\nretirement forthwith, whereat there was great consternation. For a time\nthe silence following his announcement became so tense that, as\nPresident, he felt it necessary to say something more definite. Gathered\nabout him were men who had carried his message all over the world and\nhad sold it for cash. Never had they known a human specimen of such\noverwhelming energy of body and mind. Although strong in themselves,\nindividually, and as a group, they knew they were merely \"spokes in the\nwheel\" of a giant intellect. They had carried his banner into every\nport, and that banner had spelled prosperity for every agency that held\nit aloft. But the Master Mind would quit! Now he would lay aside his\nlife work and \"desert\" the greatest organization of its kind in the\nworld! It amounted to just that--desertion--to those who had grown up\nwith the business--their all was involved.\nThe stern faces of the strong men about him finally brought President\nVillard to his feet and caused him to walk nervously to and fro across\nthe room. Every eye was upon him, and he knew in advance each man's\nthoughts, so intimate had his relations been with them. It was his\nintention to be frank. He meant to tell them everything about his\nfuture plans, but he who had always dominated now halted, ill at ease.\nFor once in his life he exhibited a diffidence of speech in the presence\nof his directors. They would most likely think his reasons\nsilly--perhaps they would think him crazy! Above all else he wanted, as\nhe well deserved, their lasting good will. Under no circumstances would\nhe forfeit that; but there were certain men in the organization who\nmight feel that he was in the act of jeopardizing their future welfare.\nEach was a special partner and entitled to the truth, therefore he\ndetermined to put his case squarely up to them as a group, regardless of\ntheir attitude toward himself. With his hands clasped behind him he\nfinally came to a standstill before them and dreamily peered into their\nfaces.\n\"Boys,\" said he, his lips curving into a queer little smile, \"I've got\nto quit--but I won't desert you. I shall do nothing that will subtract\nfrom what you have, nor will I retard your progress in pursuit of your\ngoal. I have enough--more than I ever wanted--more than is good for any\none man to possess. But for you, untiring faithfuls that you are, I\nshould have said 'good-bye' to this great business five years ago.\"\nBeing a man of few words he stopped short and leaned back against the\nwall where he stood as one at bay until the silence became awkward. Then\nin a soft sympathetic voice a member of his board of directors spoke.\n\"Why, Mr. Villard--why would you have done this, when at that time your\nzeal was at its height?\"\nVice-President Parkins asked this question in all good humor.\n\"Because I feared to lose my soul in pursuit of riches that I did not\nneed. Besides, I was building my future home at Dreamy Hollow. I felt\nthat I should need one as I was on the point of marriage. None of you\nknow that, however,\" concluded the President, with a far-away gleam in\nhis eyes.\nMan of silence and strength, he paused for a moment and again paced the\nfloor. Finally he said, simply, a whimsical expression lighting up his\nface: \"She died--but I went ahead and built a home for her just the\nsame. It has taken years to make it into a place she would have loved.\nNow, at last, it is ready. Maybe she will hover about it some of the\ntime, so I want to be there. I want to be near at hand, so that----\"\nPresident Villard stopped suddenly and looked helplessly about him, for\nthere were strange lights in the eyes of more than one member of the\nboard, and by each man's sobered face was shown a deep sympathy. He\nlooked upon them in amazement, and, suddenly taking his seat at the head\nof the directors' table, broke out in his accustomed voice.\n\"Gentlemen,\" said he, \"we must now come to order and proceed with\nmatters to be passed upon by the Board. The first thing is my\nresignation. In support of that I most earnestly bespeak your hearty\nconcurrence. I must be relieved. Parkins is the man. He has been the\nreal head of this corporation for years--yes, you have Bill,\" said he,\ninsistently--\"and all of us know it. You are the 'System Sam' of the\nconcern, and I won't desert you by any means. Make me Chairman of the\nBoard, if you think best, and I'll come to the annual meeting, or any\ntime you really want me, but I trust that you will find my presence\nunnecessary. There need be no outside talk. Just say that I am playing\nwith my new home, but am still in the ring. Go on with the business,\nboys. It's yours from now on. I'll gradually draw out and let go of some\nstock from time to time in equal shares to you who have carried the hod.\nI shall keep some of it always just to be one of you, but at my death my\nexecutors will find advices from me to dispose of any remaining interest\nequitably between you. Also allow you time to work it out, if need be.\nIt's all up to you.\"\nWhat the retiring president had to say was so entirely unexpected that\nno member of the board found words for reply, although it was patent to\nall that a great good fortune had been handed them in a fashion never to\nbe forgotten. After a tense period of silence Vice-President Parkins\narose from his seat and, walking forward, grasped the hand of the\nretiring president. A look into each other's eyes told of their mutual\ntrust and esteem; and then one by one, the directors passed in review,\nseveral of whom put an arm about Villard's broad shoulders and peered\nthrough the mist of their own eyes into his serious face. It was plain\nthat he wanted to be sure that each man was satisfied, and when all had\npaid their tributes of respect he stood before them irresolutely for a\nmoment--then, without looking back, walked out of the room.\nDrury Villard carried no heart upon his sleeve. His was a vigorous\nnature and he was determined that his first real attempt at home life\nshould light his path toward contentment. No one could have dreamed that\nthis indefatigable specimen of the strenuous life could so easily adjust\nhimself to the new order of things. The usual servants, male and female,\namply vouched for by expert agencies, had entered quickly and at once\nbecame a part of his orderly household. There had been no fussy\nsuperintendence on the part of any one, each member of the menage\nquietly walking into an appointed place, to take up the duties belonging\nthereto.\nAll this was to the liking of the master, whose \"stock\" was soon \"taken\"\nby the experienced coterie of servants who forthwith gave him their\napproval. Thenceforward his time was his own. He would lead a new life;\nhe would make it his sole business to solve the problem of the real\ngentleman of leisure. To accomplish this he must discard by degrees all\nsuperfluous endeavor. Every habit of haste and impatience must be thrown\noverboard. Tranquillity of mind and body must be transplanted in their\nstead. He had a vague notion that his loneliness would soon vanish and\nthat certain seeds of contentment implanted by fixed habits, together\nwith forces not hitherto encountered, would, in time, lead him \"beside\nthe still waters,\"--away from the storms of life. He welcomed the\nthought. It stood out as a rainbow of promise before his mind's eye, and\ntook root within his bosom.\nAs days followed his occupancy of the great home he had builded, he\nbecame aware of the perfect solace which now permeated his inner being.\nAlthough assured that he had control of his every faculty he did not\ngloat over his sudden surcease from sorrow. There was a reason for\neverything and consequently no need of haste in forming \"half-baked\"\nconclusions. He had been helped along by a process yet to be\nfathomed--most probably _the will to do_. His great homestead, a marvel\nof exquisite taste, also performed its part in the transformation. But\nthere was something deeper still, an underlying cause, that mystified\nhim. Then, all at once, a great thought crept forward--was _she_ near?\nDid _she_ know _all_--everything about his great longing for _her_? His\nheart seemed to stand still!\nHe gazed out of the window; evening shadows had fallen. He had been\nseated in a huge cushioned chair seemingly for a long time. The room was\nnoiseless but for the deep moaning of the waters of Great South Bay\nlapping at the beach. Then--vaguely--he thought he heard a voice;\n\"Drury!\" it seemed to call.\nVillard roused himself and stood upon his feet. He wondered at the calm\nwithin him, and with glad voice shouted back: \"Winifred! you have called\nto me! Speak again, dear one! I----\"\n\"_There is no death!--There is no death!_\" came the answer clear and\njoyous--and then a stillness fell upon the room, so intense that through\na heavy metal door could be heard the ticking of a clock in an adjoining\nroom.\nShaken by the experience Drury Villard fell back into the soft\nupholstery from which position he had heard the voice. He must have time\nto think! What did it all mean? How much was fact--how much was fancy?\nHad he been asleep? Would it not be best to walk out along his private\nbeach and breathe the salt air of the evening tide, thus to tranquilize\nhis mind? There was nothing to brood about--that was his thought. He had\nwitnessed a certain phenomenon, the secret of which time must disclose\nto him. He would wait, \"patiently and without stress of mind,\" was his\nsober conclusion. In fact, as he walked out along the sandy path leading\nto the water's edge he found himself supremely happy over his wonderful\nadventure. His Winifred had kept the tryst!--such was his impression.\nFrom within the great obscuring veil she had spoken, had called his\nname,--had fulfilled the promise she had given while in the life!\n\"'Tis naught for Sun to shine,\" he quoted. \"God works in a mysterious\nway His wonders to perform. There is no death, says my Winifred. Then\nmust I strive with all my soul to meet her in the great beyond! But I\nmust not brood over this matter. I feel the need of fellowship. I'll\nsend for Parkins and put my story before him. I must have some one in\nwhom to confide,\" and forthwith he put his plan into action.\nNever was a man more seemingly delighted than William Parkins when a\n\"long distance\" call from the Master of Dreamy Hollow invited him over\nfor the week-end.\n\"I'm just beginning to want to pal with somebody I know. Five weeks is a\nlong time to wait for friends to invite themselves, so I'm going to\nstart in from my end. You're first on the list, and the first invitation\nis yours. I won't take _no_ for an answer.\"\n\"You will not have to, my dear fellow. I'm most happy to have the\nopportunity. Which way shall I go out?\"\n\"My boat will take you on board at your pleasure any time after noon on\nFriday, and will land you back at the same Forty-second Street Pier at\nsuch time as you suggest.\"\n\"Well, now, that would be perfectly bully! Let's see--your estate joins\nthe Sawyer Place, does it not?\"\n\"Yes--on the east. His hedgerow is the dividing line between us.\"\n\"Then I know exactly how to get to you, so I shall taxi over,\" replied\nParkins with enthusiasm. \"You see I can kill two birds with one stone by\nstealing away Friday afternoon and motoring over to my fishing hut at\nPatchogue--wonderful flounders down there! I have my own boat and I want\nto see what condition she's in, so I'll get over to your place by noon\non Sunday. How does that suit your convenience?\"\n\"Nothing could be better.\"\n\"Then it's a go--and many thanks. Bye, sir,\" concluded Parkins, in his\nusual courteous way.\n\"Bye, old boy. I await you with great impatience. Speed the\nday--S'long--keep yourself good.\"\nA delightful sense of anticipation came into the mind of Drury Villard\nas he hung the receiver. He felt the need of fellowship and upon\nParkins' acceptance his great frame took on a certain vigor that called\nfor action. He must hurry the time away that intervened before Parkins\nshould arrive on Sunday. He must make plans. Perhaps Doctor Sawyer of\nthe adjacent estate would join him in a dinner of welcome.\nSuch a plan would brush away all business talk, sure to take place if\nParkins and himself were left alone the first evening. His idea was to\ndodge business altogether. Parkins needed a rest, and, as for himself,\nhe had no heart for ordinary commercial chit-chat. He held a great\nsecret in his bosom, a precious secret, and even with so good a friend\nas Parkins he would be chary of sharing it. For the present, pending the\narrival of his visitor, he had much in mind with which to occupy\nhimself. Parkins must find an improvement in him, therefore he would\nhasten his plan of mastering the secret of composure. His great\nexperience of the afternoon might be repeated if he could but put his\nmind in condition to receive it. Wonderful thought!--and he would strive\nto bring it about.\nFirst of all, for the sake of health, another walk along the beach\nseemed practical, and obeying the impulse, Villard soon found himself\nstrolling leisurely over the path leading to the waters of the bay. He\ncould hear the heavy intonation of the milling tide as it broke upon the\nsands, long before he reached his destination. Its deep muffled roar was\nnot unlike the reveille of a drum corps in a far-away encampment. As he\nneared his destination, such was his serenity of mind that he felt\nhimself in tune with all nature from earth to sky. His whole being\nthrilled at the wonderful message from his dead love.\n\"There is no death!\" he murmured--and then, in lower tone, almost a\nwhisper, he repeated--\"there is no death--my beloved knows the truth!\"\n\"Oh, Winifred,\" he cried aloft, \"speak again to me! Tell me that you are\nnear--that I may hope--that I may----\" and then a chilling blast swept\nover the sands that sent a shiver through his body. A voice shouted--a\nvoice he knew and loved so well. It seemed to say--\"Life never\ndies!\"--as clear as ever a human tongue could bear a message. It was the\nsame sweet voice as of old, but all-pervading, seeming to completely\nencompass the eager man on all sides--and from below, and from above.\nHis eyes opened wide in amazement as he put forth his whole strength to\ncontrol his senses. A man of iron will, he would not fail himself at\nsuch a supreme moment! Near unto him was the spirit of his dead, the\nsoul of his loved one--a second visitation.\n\"Speak on, my Winifred!\" he whispered hoarsely, while attempting to\nshout his words.\n\"Life, itself, is everlasting!\" rang out the voice once more. \"The body\ndies when the soul takes flight--it is no more in being.\"\n\"Yes, go on, my loved one! Tell me----\"\n\"Life is a common fund--endless--vast as the heavens--encompassing all\nspace. Life is universal--it permeates, and through constant vibration\nanimates all living things, from the blade of grass to the human\nsoul--but the body dies, and returns to earth.\"\n\"And of the soul, my Winifred? Tell me all that I should know, that\n\"Within the last moment of your life, when your soul prepares to take\nits flight, all shall be revealed to you. Your soul is the mentor of\nyour brain, and the master of your conscience. By virtue of its quality\nwill its destiny be governed.... So live, my Drury, that when your body\ndies your soul shall take the flight which leads to everlasting life.\"\n\"And we shall meet again, Winifred?--and know each other----\"\n\"The test lies with you. I'll be waiting, Drury--waiting----\"\nThe voice ceased, and Villard, startled by the unfinished sentence,\nheard a faint sound as if a silken kerchief had fluttered forth upon the\nbreezes. At once the air seemingly regained its usual warmth, the\nchilling blast following along in the wake of the departing spirit.\nGreatly agitated the astonished man looked about him as one who had but\njust awakened from a dream. Nevertheless he nerved himself into a full\ncontrol of his faculties as one of his great mental poise is ever\ncapable. He felt sure that his sanity was perfect. He had experienced an\nextraordinary visitation, but it had left no uncanny feeling within his\nbosom. His real anxiety, if any, was the fear that the spirit of his\nloved one had revealed too much--such was her love for him--and that\nfuture visitations might thereby be thwarted. Against that possibility\nhe compelled himself to concentrate every force of his intellect and\nevery ounce of his soul--and with that resolve he turned his footsteps\ntoward his home, his body erect, his face illumined--his heart\nenraptured.\n\"Winifred!\" he whispered, over and over again, and, as he neared his\nstately mansion--all quiet, serene, and beautiful to look upon--a great\nwave of regret seized him because _she_ had never crossed its threshold\n\"in the life.\"\nCHAPTER II.\nWILLIAM PARKINS ARRIVES\nThe arrival of William Parkins on schedule time, all energy and\nactivity, completely changed the atmosphere of the peaceful home at\nDreamy Hollow. Parkins could not sit still. His face, red with sunburn,\nseemed that of a dissipated man. He fidgeted in his chair, or paced the\nfloor while talking incessantly about the business and its prospects. He\nhad, since Villard's retirement, become its \"steering wheel,\" according\nto his own estimation. Others in the great organization who, with no\nshouting of self-praise, had suddenly become open game for his shafts of\ncriticism. With blearing eyes he asserted that if left to himself he\nwould buy out the interest of two or more stockholders--\"dead ones\"--he\ncalled them, but for the fact that his own contract with Villard had\nforeclosed upon the possibility. In less than half an hour he had, by\nhint and innuendo, thrown a wet blanket over the future prospects of\nthe company. The morale was \"bad.\" A strong man was needed at the\nhelm--that was his verdict. And in amazement Villard listened without a\nword from his lips. Had the man suddenly gone crazy!--that was his first\nthought, but--as Parkins continued, Villard became convinced that he was\na knave.\n\"With your approval, Drury,\" said Parkins, assuming a new familiarity,\n\"I can make a great institution out of the company. It would be no trick\nfor me to put all competition out of business. In fact, I have a\nplan----\"\n\"What would you do with the present organization?\" Drury Villard asked\nsoftly, but with a glint in his eyes that should have warned his guest\nof a lack of sympathy toward such a scheme.\n\"I'd scrap it!\" replied Parkins, with energy.\n\"Scrap it!\"\nVillard raised himself to a straight-up sitting posture.\n\"Completely--and I'll tell you why,\" replied Parkins, with an air of\nfinality. \"The boys are getting along in years. They are old-fashioned.\nBusiness has hardened since they started in, away back there, and they\ndon't seem to know it. 'Let well enough alone' is the invisible motto\nthey seem to see hanging upon the wall. It makes me sick--this\nnonchalance. They golf Saturdays, go to the shows at night, dine out\nwith their wives, spend a lot of money and come down to business next\nmorning unfit for their duties.\"\n\"I'd think they would work with more energy for having taken a little\npleasure as they go along--and their wives should share in it!\"\nVillard smiled into the eyes of his visitor as he awaited his answer,\nalthough his soul revolted at the change in the man he had made\nvice-president of \"Villard Incorporated.\"\n\"Perhaps they might--more likely they won't,\" replied Parkins, his voice\nsnappy and hard. \"Business is good, all right. Sales are bigger, but\nthat comes from my work, and as complete head of the company, I could\ngive it not only greater national scope but greater international scope\nas well. I tell you this because you hold the key to the situation, and\nyou'll agree that it takes a blood and iron policy to succeed on a big\nscale.\"\n\"Yes, partly true,\" replied Villard, whose facial expression gave no\nclew to his real thoughts. But had William Parkins known the trend of\nthe Villard mind he would have packed his apparel and returned to New\nYork. For a man of his shrewdness his blunder had been colossal. Having\nenthused himself to believe he was on the right track, and failing to\nnote downright objection on the part of his host toward the trend of his\nconversation, he began a long drawn out indictment against each member\nof the company.\n\"It isn't a case of let well enough alone, even if it is true that we\nhave done especially well,\" said he. \"But my plans mean millions, not\nhundreds of thousands, and nothing should be allowed to stand in the way\nof them--not even the men who have grown up with the business. With your\nhelp I can buy every interest, and if you consent I'll quadruple your\nfortune in a couple of years. Of course, I'd keep some of the men. All I\nneed is the nucleus from which to expand--and your consent to proceed.\"\nParkins' face glowed with pride at the manner in which he had presented\nhis case.\n\"There is a certain change in your appearance, William, since I last\nsaw you. Anything happened to disturb your mind?\" inquired Villard.\n\"Not a thing, sir. I've been working hard--very hard, Drury. This little\ntrip to Patchogue over the week-ends is about all I do. I like to fish,\nand drive my car. They are the extent of my pleasures. That's what makes\nmy face red--sunburn!\" laughed Parkins.\nVillard smiled affably and agreed that the ozone from salt water was\nalmost the elixir of life. Then, referring to Parkins' aspirations to\nbecome President of the company, he said:\n\"I'll think the matter over and let you know before you return to the\ncity. At the moment I'm thinking of the jolly good dinner we're going to\nhave. I've invited Doctor Sawyer to join us. He lives across the hedge\nand I screwed up the courage to introduce myself. When two sit at a\ntable alone they are apt to talk over business matters, but a third\nperson makes it a party. How's that for an idea?\"\n\"All right, I suppose--three--yes, of course. It is all right, and very\nthoughtful of you, to be sure, although I've heard it said that two is\ncompany, and three is a crowd. However, I'm delighted at the prospect of\nmeeting the doctor. Is he an old resident--one of our plutocrats?\"\n\"That, I do not know,\" replied Villard. \"His estate is magnificent and\nhis home beautiful. I do hope he will turn out to be sociable. It is not\nwell to dwell too much alone. We must not blight our minds through lack\nof exercise. The brain should have its share as well as the body. And\nalso a certain amount of rest.\"\n\"I presume you are right, although this is the first time I have\nconsidered the subject. I give no thought to those matters--time wasted,\nI'd say.\"\nParkins, the impatient, did not relish such conversation and would have\ntaken the short cut back to business talk had not the announcement of\nDoctor Sawyer's arrival stopped him. The introduction to the doctor was\nwithout warmth on either side; the regulation pump handle shake of the\nhands left both without a word or a smile for each other. Drury Villard\nwas quick to notice that neither guest regarded the other more than\ncasually.\n\"Mr. Parkins is connected with our company, and since my retirement\nfrom business has presided over the Board meetings,\" volunteered\nVillard.\n\"Indeed!\" responded the Doctor gravely.\n\"Yes, and I am making things hum!\" added Parkins. \"It will be a long\ntime before I shall want to hibernate, even in such a lovely spot as\nthis. Action, action--I crave it! I must keep on the jump. Very pretty\ndown here, though. Both of you have been prodigal with your money, but\nI'll wager neither of you could sell for the amount you've spent.\"\nFor several long seconds no answer came from either the host or his\nneighbor. Finally the latter broke the silence by saying, \"ahem!\" Drury\nVillard, however, did give Parkins a sharp look; then almost rudely\nsaid:\n\"Perhaps each of us should decide for himself how he shall spend his\nmeans. 'One man's food is another man's poison'--according to an old\nsaying that still holds true.\"\n\"Yes, all very well,\" persisted Parkins, \"but the wealth both of you\nhave poured into your estates might easily have endowed a great\nhospital, or capitalized a huge business, giving employment to many\npeople.\"\nAt this point Mr. Sawyer frowned, and with his fingers nervously\nthrumbed the arm of his chair. But he said nothing in reply. Fortunately\nannouncement was made that dinner was ready to be served,--and much to\nthe relief of the host, whose amazement at Parkins' poor taste was only\nequaled by his embarrassment. At once he rose from his seat and led the\nway to the dining hall, a great amphitheater with high ceiling starting\nfrom the main floor and reaching to the top of the second story. Never\nbefore had the master of Dreamy Hollow dined \"in state\" in his own home,\npreferring as he did the breakfast room, unpretentious and more\ninviting--or a nook on a side portico overlooking the garden of roses,\nand the inlet from the bay. Every appointment at this great dining hall\nwas in keeping with its huge dimensions and the acoustics accentuated\nthe voices of those gathered at the very large table in its center.\n\"I have never summoned the courage to dine at this table since I came\nhere to live,\" laughed Villard. \"I have been so long completing the\nhouse that I have not had time to try it on to see how it would fit.\"\n\"Most generous and beautiful,\" said Dr. Sawyer. \"I am deeply impressed\nwith your construction plan. I made a failure of my main dining room.\nToo small by far. I must do some tearing out and rebuilding. By the way,\nhave you given your estate a name?\" queried the doctor.\n\"Dreamy Hollow,\" replied Villard.\n\"I've heard it called Spooky Hollow,\" laughed Parkins, whose humor ever\ncontained a dash of acid. Then noting the frown upon Dr. Sawyer's brow\nthe subject was changed, Parkins taking the lead. Evidently the doctor\nhad failed to appreciate the little joke at the expense of his host.\n\"By the way,\" said Parkins, \"there is a large institution out West\ncalled the Sawyer Dietariam. Was it named after you, Doctor?\"\n\"Now, ah--I believe it was, although I beg you to believe that I was\nopposed to the idea,\" replied Sawyer, who added--\"although I am a\nmedical doctor I did not practice medicine. My specialty was that of\nscientific diet, but they would call me doctor.\"\nParkins' face flushed red at the thought of his recent rudeness toward\nhis fellow-guest. In an effort to straighten out matters he slapped his\nhands upon the table and gave voice to a nervous sort of laughter.\n\"Well, well! I did you a great injustice, Dr. Sawyer, and I beg your\npardon,\" said he, most courteously. \"You have really been useful to\nmankind, after all.\"\n\"No apologies, please,\" replied Sawyer, affably. \"I am always\nsympathetic with those who jump at conclusions. Ah--by the way, I have\nheard that Mr. Villard, our host, was most prodigal when he retired from\nactive business, going so far as to turn over to his organization the\ncomplete running of the institution in order that each man should have\nthe ready made opportunity of becoming substantially rich. I don't know\nthe facts, nor did I hear them from our modest host. The point is this,\nthat whether or not he may ever endow a charity his record for\ngenerosity toward the men who helped him to build his great business has\nbeen warmly complimented by many leading financiers who know the facts.\nUnless his example should yield poor results I am prone to believe that\nother rich men, on retiring, will follow his lead. No plan should be\nfollowed wholesale, as it were, until some sort of tabulation as to its\nmerits are consulted. The Villard experiment is being watched with great\ninterest.\"\n\"Spied upon?\" questioned Parkins, sharply. \"I wouldn't be surprised if\nit is!\"\n\"Nonsense, Mr. Parkins! Business is reputable in these happy days. No\none concern can get it all. Old animosities and jealousies have been\ncast aside. Business is becoming standardized, and, I am happy to\nhope--humanized. Mercantile warfare is all but a thing of the past. Only\nthe upstart and the unsophisticated engage in cut-throat competition\nthese days. The stronger the organization in brains and honesty, the\ngreater the outlook for success.\"\nStrange to say, William Parkins found no words with which to combat the\nlogic set forth by Dr. Sawyer. That he felt himself to be entirely out\nof the argument showed in his demeanor. Being no fool, however, he saw\nthat his advantage lay in getting away from the subject, and that he\nproceeded to do. He could feel the searching eyes of the veteran as\nspotlights upon himself, eyes that were unafraid--stern but fair, as\nshown by the kindly twinkle that crept into them--likewise the smile\nthat seemed to bid for good-fellowship all around. That there should be\nno awkward period of silence, Dr. Sawyer changed the subject.\n\"I am very much interested in a book I picked up recently, entitled,\n'The Naked Truth'--most readable indeed. I try to laugh it out of my\nmind, but still find myself reading along without being bored. Thus far\nthe author has made a pretty fair case in behalf of eternal life. There\nis no death, he says, and puts up an argument that I am not able to cope\nwith. I have no license, no desire to dispute his statements.\"\n\"All rot!\" exclaimed Parkins. \"Of course you took no stock in it! There\nis positively nothing known beyond the grave--I'd bet my head on that.\"\nAs he looked around for support Parkins noted that his host had suddenly\nturned pale, also that his hand trembled, and his fork had fallen into\nhis plate. Fearful that he might have antagonized Villard in some\nardent belief, he was glad when Dr. Sawyer came to the rescue.\n\"I do not believe any one is competent to designate this author's\ntheories as rot,\" said the visitor. \"He might be as well assured of his\nground as Mr. Parkins is of his. Perhaps he has had experience not yet a\npart of Mr. Parkins' stock of knowledge! As a fact, we have all been\ntaught from childhood of a great reunion in store for us. The Bible is\nauthority for that. Is Mr. Parkins able to support a theory to the\ncontrary?\"\nSawyer tried to catch Parkins' eyes, but they were fixed upon his plate.\nHe then turned toward his host with a remark when he noticed the pallor\nof Villard's face, and the trembling of his hands resting upon the edge\nof the table.\n\"Are you ill, Mr. Villard?\" he inquired, solicitously.\nThe host looked up and attempted to smile away the inference. But\ninstead, something from within prompted him to say:\n\"I have every reason to believe that the dead have power to communicate\nwith the living.\"\n\"You have!\" exclaimed Doctor Sawyer, looking sharply at his host.\n\"It is true--I have experienced----\" then Drury Villard halted abruptly\nand looked anxiously into the faces of both guests. Each seemed greatly\nsurprised at his partial answer. Perhaps they doubted. Therefore, to a\ncertain extent he would enlighten them.\n\"I have witnessed the greatest phenomenon possible to occur. Within a\nfew days I have talked with some one whom I knew in the life!\"\nAfter Villard's solemn declaration there followed a long pause. Parkins'\nface became very grave, but there was a sharp, quizzical look in his\neyes. There sat the paramount stockholder of the corporation over which\nhe craved ultimate control. Once in that position complete ownership\nmight easily be made to pass along to himself. A person in Drury\nVillard's state of mind surely needed legal guardianship--that was his\nnotion--therefore, \"why not, by legal action, become that guardian!\"\nThis thought, on the spur of the moment, took root at once, and\ncraftily, and through semblance of friendly credulity, Parkins began to\nwork upon the good graces of his host. He at once decided to humor\nVillard in all things put forth in behalf of his uncanny belief.\nAs to Sawyer he could, perhaps, through subtle diplomacy, make of him an\ninnocent ally. But extreme caution would be necessary--he would have to\nchange his tactics, agree to the Sawyer code of ethics, and above all,\nbuild up in him a strong sympathy for Villard, because of his\naffliction.\n\"While I am much surprised at your declaration, Drury,\" said Parkins, \"I\ncan truly say that you have struck the one chord nearest my heart.\nBrain, body and soul, I believe in immortality.\"\nParkins' voice had now become soft and gentle, and a winning smile was\nupon his lips. He observed Villard's keen eyes searching him for the\ntruth. It was a dangerous test to invite but it was successful, the host\nfinally relaxing into a state of calm. Having accepted Parkins' overture\nas bona fide, Villard, with a sigh of relief, proceeded.\n\"I do not know why I have disclosed my secret,\" said he, looking calmly\ninto the placid face of Dr. Sawyer. \"Probably because it reflected the\nyearnings of my soul. Involuntarily I seem to have sought the loyalty of\nmy guests toward the truth of my statement.\"\n\"Of course, it is true, Mr. Villard,\" responded Sawyer. \"Why not? While\nI have never actually heard voices from the outer world I have always\nyearned for, and expected, a message from my wife. Also I have believed\nwith certainty that I would hear her voice in all naturalness--sometime.\nIndeed I have prayed for just that. It is bound to come--I am sure of\nit,\" he finished with a gulp.\n\"There is nothing more strange than our own living presence as we sit\nhere at this table,\" declared Parkins soberly. \"Truly the phenomena of\ndeath and resurrection are no greater than life itself. But it is all so\nvery unaccountable that I have only my unshakable belief to make me\nsteadfast in behalf of my senses.\"\n\"Would you care to say more in relation to your communication with a\nspirit from the other world?\" asked Sawyer, addressing himself to\nVillard.\n\"Perhaps, sometime--but not to-night. I must make sure that I am\nperfectly sane, and that what I say will be regarded as truth--not a\nmirage of the brain. I must not be set down by either of you as a crazy\nman--or even a morbid thinker.\"\n\"Quite right, Mr. Villard,\" responded Sawyer, who had begun to notice\nParkins' nervous attitude. \"That would be most unfair, considering your\nsuccessful career.\"\n\"The world is not ready to believe in the return of souls to comfort the\nliving,\" continued Drury Villard. \"I shall strive the harder for another\ncontact with the presence of that wonderful spirit. I knew her in the\nlife, and I loved her. She would have been my wife years ago, but for\nher untimely death. Now that I so greatly need her she has found a way\nthrough the great veil to give me cheer.\"\nAs Villard finished his declaration, Dr. Sawyer gave vent to an audible\nsigh. His sympathy was bona fide; a fellowship for his host had taken\nroot in his heart. Parkins had become most solemn in his attitude, his\nface denoting a real sympathy for the older men who were striving for\nknowledge concerning their departed loved ones. A guilty feeling of\ndisloyalty caused him to wonder if his plans might not be disclosed to\nboth Villard and Sawyer through the same voice Drury had heard. A creepy\nsensation ran through him at the mere thought of exposure.\nNotwithstanding his misgivings he believed both men were suffering under\na delusion born of a desire to hear from their dead. Of the two, Sawyer\nwas the more nearly sane. This was his estimate between them, but\nVillard seemed the more pliable.\nParkins' own plans were far too important to himself to spoil with\noverhaste, therefore he resolved that all necessary time should be\ntaken, might it be a day, a month, or a year. The game was worth the\ncandle. He would play in this one according to the opportunity offered\nby each, patiently awaiting the moment when he might safely spring his\nlegal trap on Drury Villard.\n\"I have often tried to find the _open sesame_ to the spirit world but\nperhaps I am too earthly to succeed,\" volunteered Parkins after a\nlengthy pause. \"What can you tell me, gentlemen, that will give me a\nlead toward the door of the unknown?\"\n\"I know nothing whatever,\" averred Dr. Sawyer, with lips tightened.\n\"Perhaps Mr. Villard may have something to offer.\"\n\"Absolutely nothing, gentlemen. I've told you of my experience without\ngoing into detail. I do not claim to know anything, which is exactly the\nattitude of those great thinkers, Edison, Lodge, and Conan Doyle. Edison\nis said to believe that he can invent an apparatus so delicate that it\nmay record communications from the outside. But I had no such\ninstrument. I simply heard a voice that I knew, and I'd give everything\nI have in the world to hear that voice again--there! Did you hear that?\"\nDrury Villard looked up, and around about him. Parkins' face grew pale\nbut he avoided the searching eyes of his host.\n\"Winifred!\" shouted Villard, as he gazed abstractedly about the great\ndining hall, and into the eyes of his guests. But he did not see them.\nOn hearing the name Winifred, Parkins' eyes opened wide, as he searched\nVillard's face.\n\"Yes--yes, I hear you,\" continued Villard--\"yes, dear heart--go on--you\nsay to--what! My God! Can it be true?\" Then, glaring at Parkins, he\nexclaimed:--\"Yes, it is true--I can see the situation clearly. No!--it\nshall never be!\"\nParkins shuddered with apprehension, as Villard's jaws snapped together,\nand for a full half minute his eyes looked down upon the white damask\ntable covering. When he raised them he glanced swiftly at his host and\nthen turned with an apologetic smile toward Sawyer.\n\"I have an acquaintance by the name of----\" the sentence remained\nunfinished--Villard's face flaming with anger.\n\"I know you will pardon me if I ask that we change the subject,\" said\nthe host in his usual tone of voice, and without a tremor of excitement.\n\"With no volition of my own I have undergone another experience. I have\nnothing to say on the subject and will beg that no questions be asked at\nthis time. Let us have coffee and cigars, Jacques,\" said he, addressing\nthe head servant, at the same time eyeing his guests in an open, cordial\nway. His glance at Parkins was searching, but the latter seemed entirely\nat ease, and in full sympathy.\n\"Permit me to say that I intuitively comprehend all that has occurred,\"\nsaid Dr. Sawyer to his host. He then turned his eyes upon Parkins, but\nthat gentleman avoided the gaze, although from no real understanding of\nits significance.\n\"You heard no strange voice, Mr. Parkins?\" questioned Sawyer.\n\"Voice! I heard Drury talking to some one, or something, invisible to\nme. I heard no reply--seemed to me as though he had suddenly gone\ncrazy!\"\n\"Crazy--Yes! Most likely you would think that!\" replied Sawyer, sternly.\n\"Sometimes old friendships dissolve through lack of sympathetic\nunderstanding.\"\n\"But I don't understand, sir!\" replied Parkins with a composure well\nfeigned. Glancing hastily toward Villard he asked with eyes widely\nopened--\"What has happened?\"\nVillard gazed back at him soberly before replying. Then finally after\ndue thought he said, somewhat harshly--\n\"We will talk the matter over at another time. By the way, let us have\nthe coffee and cigars outside, gentlemen. I have wonderful outlook that\nwill give us a glimpse of the rising of the moon, now due. Its glow over\nthe waters of good old South Bay lends wonderful effects.\"\nCHAPTER III.\nA MESSAGE FROM WINIFRED\nFrom a nook balcony and for more than an hour the three men bathed in\nthe beauty of a gorgeous moonlit night. Over their coffee and cigars\nthey drank in a grandeur of gleam and shadow over sea and land with\nlittle in the way of conversation to mar the serenity of a perfect\nnight. Each had thoughts personal to himself and the inclination of all\nseemed to be that of introspection.\nOf the three, Parkins maintained the more silent mood. Had he been\nincautious? He wondered if Villard had really been warned against him by\na message of some sort, or was he subject to vagarious meditations by\nreason of his loneliness? As for himself, he was far too practical to\nadmit that there might be such a thing as real spiritual communication.\nAt any rate, there was yet a preponderance of belief to the contrary. He\nknew of certain persons who had been confined in sanitariums for\nasserting queer notions on the order of \"pipe dreams.\" Thus next friends\nhad, by order of court, taken them in charge and put them where, in his\nopinion, they belonged. If friends refused to act the law stepped in and\nmanaged the case in behalf of the public welfare.\nIt was along this line of reasoning that Parkins finally made up his\nmind to execute his plans at all hazards. His consuming idea of becoming\ntremendously rich depended upon his success in securing control of a\nmajority holding of \"Villard Incorporated.\" He longed for wealth and\npower, to gain which he must use the weapons best fitted to the\ntask--diplomacy first, force if called for--and he would lose no time!\nIt would be necessary to watch Sawyer carefully--\"a very canny old\ngentleman, who might cause trouble,\" was his thought. To win him would\nrequire a diplomacy of the highest order. He must be primed with the\nright sort of propaganda concerning the Villard hallucination and prove\nit to Sawyer's satisfaction--then all would go well. He would first turn\nthem into \"old cronies,\" as it were; cause them to strike up a most\nintimate acquaintance wherein the strength of Sawyer's will power could\nbe utilized in behalf of the Villard weakness. Indeed, Sawyer must be so\nconvinced of Villard's need of a next friend, wholly disinterested,\nexcept for his mental welfare, that no court in the land would deny him\nlegal guardianship. Thenceforth the path would be clear of obstruction.\nHaving formed in outline a plan of action, Parkins broke the silence by\nsaying--\n\"Never have I seen so much beauty in moonlight. It is almost as bright\nas day.\"\n\"Glorious!\" responded Sawyer, after several moments of hesitation.\nEnthralled by the peacefulness of the situation he had not cared for\nsmall conversation. Villard, evidently buried in thought, remained\nsilent. He wondered what manner of girl was the Winifred of whom Parkins\nhad spoken, but he asked no questions. He also wondered as to Parkins'\nintentions toward her.\n\"If the sunrise over the Alps is half as grand as the sheen on the\nwaters reflecting this moon, I can see myself buying a ticket that way\nsoon,\" said Parkins, airily. \"Would you care to go along, Drury?\"\nThe question went unanswered overlong, so absorbed was Villard with his\nown thoughts. Reminded of the fact that he had guests to entertain he\nsat up quite suddenly and gave attention to Parkins' query.\n\"All that is in the background with me. I've seen every part of it; been\neverywhere worth going. This is the spot where my dreams will come true.\nHere I will live--and here I will die.\"\n\"Right,\" agreed Sawyer. \"I am glad you have come to stay. If ever a man\nneeded comradeship it is myself. I shall haunt you, Mr. Villard, and\nyour beautiful home, unless you agree to become a downright good\nneighbor who will swap visits often.\"\n\"I shall esteem it a high privilege to visit you, often,\" replied\nVillard. \"You must come over the hedge every time you have the courage\nto choose a poor companion. Of late I have been so much alone that I\nneed a course of training in order to become sociable. I'm willing to\nmake a great try of it and will hope for success. You have seen me at my\nweakest to-night--perhaps you may never catch me again in the same\nmood, Dr. Sawyer. But I know you are a man of deep sympathies and that\nwe shall be good neighbors.\"\n\"That, we must be,\" replied Sawyer fervently, \"and now I shall be going\nfor I am old enough in years to practice regularity. It is my bedtime--a\nlittle past the accustomed hour, so I will shake hands and be gone! We\nmust get together soon again.\"\nThen turning toward his fellow guest he bowed stiffly, but made no offer\nof his hand in parting.\n\"An ill omen,\" thought Parkins, as he threw himself into bed an hour\nlater. \"Things were not working just right,\" he admitted to himself, but\nthat his goal should be reached in due time, he promised himself. \"The\npyramids were not built over night\"--were his last muttered words before\nthe cool air crept in from the Sound and sent him into a restless sleep.\nOut on a window balcony Drury Villard, thoroughly awake, and protected\nfrom the cold by a heavy steamer blanket, sat motionless, with eyes wide\nopen and mind obsessed with the incidents of the evening. Of the Parkins\nepisode he very much desired to rid his mind, for, after all, he most\nlikely stumbled into an awkward position by reason of his too practical\nnature. On thinking over the past he could not help but give him credit\nfor having earned his promotion to actively head the Villard Company. He\nhad known him as a boy--and he was now the active head of Villard\nIncorporated--an expert financial man. All through their years together\nhe had been loyal, good natured, and successful in the big part he had\nundertaken. No higher compliment could have been paid him than that\nVillard's mantle of authority should fall upon his shoulders. In the\nlight of events the question was whether or not Parkins would be capable\nof standing up under prosperity and great future prospects. Had an\nexalted ego taken possession of his once cool, analytical mind? Was he\nnow loyal to all hands in the organization, and to Villard himself? Or\nhad he turned traitor through anxiety to become the master of a great\nfortune?\nAfter much weighing of the situation Villard decided that the matter\nwarranted certain tests continued over a goodly period of time. He held\nin reserve a wholesome pity for the man who so lightly esteemed the\ngolden opinion that he had honestly won, and he pledged himself toward\nleading him back to his normal self. With that in mind as a policy to be\npursued, he rang for light inside and wandered his way to bed.\nWhen Drury Villard had laid his head upon his pillow all forebodings\npassed away, leaving him at peace in mind and body. There was no\nweariness because of his duties as a host. He owed himself a good\nnight's rest and with every intention to obey the call he shut his eyes\nand calmed his brain. Almost at the point of complete repose a vague and\ndreamy impression that some one was calling from far away came into his\nmind. He seemed to hear his name, and whispered so softly as to be\nalmost inaudible. Apparently it was the voice of Winifred, and the very\nstillness of the night seemed boisterous by comparison. Her nearness had\nthe effect of tingling the blood in his veins as she breathed his\nname--and then, with the softness of a leaf falling upon the grass\nbeneath a low hung bough, the voice continued--\n\"All that is good is saved--the dross goes back to earth to enrich the\nsoil--but the soul is divine! It never dies! Its homeward flight is\nnature's plan of purification--but once returned it rests, and awaits\nthe call to go forth and serve a new-born babe of corresponding mould.\nThus is inclined the congenital tendency of the human strain when mixed,\nand provides a natural deviation by which no two human beings are\nexactly alike. All nature adheres to the selfsame principle.\"\n\"And we both shall live again, my Winifred?\" breathed Villard.\n\"We shall, but worlds there are without number, and the same universe\nholds all. What shall be my further progress I do not know. Enough to\nsay of The Great Beyond that it offers rest and requitement to all souls\nreleased from the ills and sorrows of earthly habitation. Farewell, my\nDrury; another Winifred will come into your life ere long. I shall\nstrive to hover near when you need me most. Meanwhile watch thy way and\nbeware of the pitfalls that will beset thy path.\"\nNow, suddenly, Villard raised himself to sitting posture. So intent had\nbeen his mind upon the whispered words of his loved one that her spirit\nhad gone its way before he could command his voice to speak. As in a\ndream he buried his face upon his pillow, thereby to control his pent up\nemotions, and also to recount and memorize the exact words that she had\nspoken. This accomplished, he sighed deeply and lapsed into slumber.\nLater on he became restless and was startled into partial wakefulness.\nThe one word \"_beware_\"--was faintly whispered, but drowsiness overcame\nhis effort to understand although he rolled and tossed from side to\nside.\nCHAPTER IV.\nA SUDDEN DEPARTURE\nDrury Villard was not the only one at \"Dreamy Hollow,\" who failed to\nenjoy a full night of repose. There was William Parkins, guest, and\nerstwhile trusted friend, whose brain teemed with plans by which he\nmight get control of the Villard estate. A score of times he turned over\nin bed to escape the penalty of a sleepless night. Somewhere among the\nsmall hours approaching the light of a new day he succumbed to fatigue\nand had fallen into a weary doze. His last thought on going to sleep was\nthe urgency of quick action if his plans were to succeed. His advantage\nlay in the present mental state of Drury Villard, whose mind, he was\nconvinced, must border upon the edge of insanity. Hence the need of\nrestraint, and no sane judge would dare deny a writ of sequester to a\nnext friend pending a period of isolation while awaiting the final\ndecree of the Court. Villard's great fortune should not be allowed to\n\"dangle\" in plain sight of \"jack-leg lawyers,\" while he, Parkins,\nawaited final results of the proceedings.\nDuring the hours he had given himself over to thoughts concerning the\nVillard matter Parkins' mind had been cold toward any conscientious\nscruple. In his judgment Villard's foolish notion that he could\ncommunicate with the soul of a dead sweetheart was as good as a free\nticket to a sanitarium. Any judge would have to admit that. Nothing less\nthan providential interference could defeat the plan. The first thing to\nbe done was to select a lawyer of reputation and prestige. Until that\nwas decided, no important step could be taken, except to find out how\nSawyer would regard the situation. If he balked, naturally complication\nwould ensue, but the lawyer Parkins had in mind would brook nothing in\nthe way of nonsense. He could, if desirable, put Villard in an asylum.\nAs for Sawyer, he would be given to understand that any interference\nfrom him would result in an investigation of his own peculiar views, he\nhaving practically coincided with Villard's belief that the latter had\nheard the voice of his dead love.\nDr. Sawyer had intimated plainly that he, too, had heard that voice and\nunderstood the warning words about outside influences. He wondered if\nJacques, the servant who served the dinner, had witnessed Villard's\nexcitement and understood the cause of it. He decided to find out about\nthat matter on the following day. Meanwhile he would take one more\npill--then he would rest--\"sleep\"--he muttered. \"I must be ready for\n'big game' hunting to-morrow.\"\nWith this determination he closed his eyes and fell into a nervous\nslumber. But an hour later Parkins found himself sitting upright in bed\nand screaming with fear at the top of his voice. Several servants and a\nnight watchman soon surrounded him, the watchman holding an electric\ntorch with which he flashed a flood of light into the face of the guest.\nSantzi, the Japanese attendant, and personal servant to Drury Villard,\nhad awakened his employer, and together they rushed to the chamber\noccupied by the guest. The latter, wild-eyed and disheveled, stared at\nhis host and moaned. Then wildly, he shouted--\n\"It was you who planted a spook in this chamber! You have tried to\nfrighten me into your insane belief, but you've missed your guess!\nYou'll pay for this--you'll----\"\n\"There now, William,\" soothed Villard--\"calm yourself, my boy. Your\ndigestion is off--you've had a bad dream! Don't give way to such\nunworthy thoughts. Don't you see that everything is all right?\"\n\"A put up job--that's what I see! Neither you nor any one else in this\nworld can make a fool out of me! It's _you_ that is crazy--not I. It's\nyou that pretends to talk with dead people! In fact, it was you who put\nup this scheme to scare me. You wanted to win me over into a looney\nstate of mind like yourself, but it didn't work! Now, sir, I'm done with\nyou!\"\nParkins' eyes blazed with a mad light in each and his breath smelled of\ndrugs. In his rage he had thwarted his own plans and now comprehended to\nthe full extent the mess he had made of them. He demanded privacy from\nthe servants that he might clothe himself and be ready to take his leave\nby first conveyance. He also demanded that Villard remain with him for a\nconference, which was granted. Once the door was shut against all\nwitnesses, Parkins sat upon the edge of the bed and cried like a child.\n\"There is nothing I can say to remove the prejudice I must have aroused\nwithin you, Drury. Of course you will acquit me of bad intentions. It\nmust have been a nightmare,\" he whimpered.\nThe bravado had entirely gone out of the Parkins' voice. Several moments\nelapsed as Villard eyed him carefully.\n\"Just what did you see, William? Tell me exactly what caused your\nfright.\"\nVillard's words were measured. They lacked warmth, a fact that Parkins\ncould not have failed to take into account.\n\"Some one stood by my bedside--a woman's form--not in the flesh----\"\n\"Yes--go on!\"\n\"It stood there, motionless, and the room became as cold as ice. I tried\nto shout but my voice refused to respond. All I could do was to gasp for\nbreath!\"\n\"How long did the apparition remain in view?\" demanded Villard, his eyes\ngleaming his disgust toward Parkins.\n\"A half minute or a minute--seemed like an hour!\" he replied, his teeth\nchattering from sheer fright.\n\"Did the Spirit talk--say anything at all?\"\n\"Not a word--just held up a hand as if warning me of something----\"\n\"Ah! there I have it,\" broke in Villard. \"You were warned that your\nplans were known to me. And that is true. You have lost your soul,\nWilliam, and were you to die without repentance, it would roam through\nthe ages, lost to all chance of redemption.\"\n\"But I don't owe repentance to any dam'd spook! I----\"\n\"Enough of that, sir!\" snapped Villard wrathfully. \"I'll have no\nnonsense of that sort! Another insult and your baggage will await you at\nthe carriage entrance.\"\n\"But, Drury----\"\n\"Hereafter you will address me as Mister Villard. Our intimacy is at an\nend!\" warned the Master of Dreamy Hollow.\nHis eyes blazed as he glared at the man on whom he had showered his\ntrust and esteem.\n\"To-morrow morning you will return to New York. By the time you reach\nthere I shall have made up my mind as to your future usefulness to the\ncompany.\"\nHaving delivered this ultimatum Villard on second thought punched the\nbutton for Jerry, a colored servant, long in his employ. He responded at\nonce.\n\"Send Santzi to me,\" said he,--\"and return with him. I have duties for\nboth of you. Also arouse the housekeeper and tell her to provide tea and\ntoast immediately for a departing guest.\"\nWhen Santzi, the Japanese body-servant to Drury Villard, presented\nhimself a few moments later he was told to order out the limousine and\nprepare to accompany Mr. Parkins to New York.\n\"It is urgent that the trip be made as quickly as possible--but safely,\"\nsaid Villard, and as Santzi started to obey, the master walked along\nbeside him until both were out of hearing of the Parkins suite.\n\"I want you to sit inside facing this man. He is not well, and should\nget back into a milder temperature. If he tries to get out of the car\njust see that he doesn't. His mind is rather upset, because of his\nillness. Jerry knows where he lives and will drive him straight to his\ndoor by early morning.\"\n\"I'll attend, sir,\" replied Santzi.\n\"Then come back home, and get some sleep--but don't shut your eyes while\nMr. Parkins is in your care!\"\n\"I not sleep, 'ntil start back. Must I use jiu-jitsu?\"\n\"If necessary--but be safe. Do him no real harm. See that he harms\nneither you nor himself--that's all.\"\nAs Parkins, in sulky mood, came out of his comfortable quarters into the\ngreat hall leading to the porte coch\u00e8re, Villard walked along beside\nhim, his hand upon his shoulder. Following came several servants, Santzi\nin advance, Jerry, Jacques, and Mrs. Bond, the housekeeper, who carried\na hamper filled with food. Parkins had refused to partake of anything to\neat before leaving and as he stepped inside the car the top light\nillumined his ashen face. He took the handshake offered by his host who\nsmiled reassuringly and wished him safe journey.\n\"You'll be down again, soon, I hope,\" said Villard, his voice kindly.\n\"These cold nights get on one's nerves until one becomes used to them.\nCall me up soon, I'll be glad to know that you have recovered. Don't try\nto report at the office to-morrow. I will phone up that you are not\nwell, but will be in a few days--meanwhile I'll look in on you at your\nhome. I'll let you know when. Keep your mind clear, and don't worry.\"\nParkins' last peep into Drury Villard's eyes brought each mind into full\nunderstanding. Parkins knew that he must not go near the general offices\nof the Villard Corporation without invitation from Villard himself.\nLooking the situation squarely in the teeth he cursed the drugs that had\ncrazed him, and at once resolved to carry out orders. His future\ndepended upon his acceptance of the suggestions offered, which, in fact,\nwere orders. So tense were his nerves at the moment he could have cried\nout against his absurd folly, but the placid face of Santzi appeared as\na full moon with eyes ever alert. The best thing to do was to draw the\nrobe about him and snuggle down to sleep.\nThe next he knew the big limousine had halted before the entrance of the\nhuge apartment building in Park Avenue. There he maintained a suite of\nrooms richly furnished and thoroughly equipped for the kind of life he\nled. Having slept all of the way home he had fairly recovered from his\ndelirium of the night, and after gulping down a full portion of \"whiskey\nsour,\" he aroused his man-servant and ordered his breakfast.\nThen, methodically, he began to repack his suit case, a very large\naffair with double hand-grips, capable of holding enough clothing for a\ntrip to London. But such a journey was farthest from his thoughts.\nPatchogue was his destination, and the object of his haste was \"the\nprettiest little country girl on Long Island!\" He had promised her a\ntrip to the great city, and her father was to accompany her--\"and that\nmakes everything all right,\" he exclaimed aloud, holding up a kodak\npicture of a beautiful young woman, plain of dress but graceful of form,\nand a face of idyllic charm.\n\"Poor little motherless child,\" said he, softly--\"and what a devilish\ncur I am growing into!\" he growled warningly at his weakness.\nShaking his head soberly as if steadying himself against a great folly,\nhis eye again caught sight of the big black bottle on the sideboard and\nhe rushed toward it and grasped it with trembling hands. This time he\ntook several great swallows, then rushed to the kitchenette for water\nwhich he gulped down his throat until its parched surface had been\nappeased.\n\"Poor little country maid,\" he mumbled after recovering from a spell of\nhiccoughs which suddenly seized him. \"I'll send her old man on a bus\nride while I show her a good time along the great white way--and then to\nZim's place! Poor little motherless girl--never has been to the big town\nin all her life--and lives only fifty miles away! The old man can drift\nfor himself, after his bus ride. Ye Gods! Long Island holds thousands of\nthem who never have seen lil' ol' n'york--hic! Poor lil' country baby--I\nlove her--no use to marry, she hasn't any money. Love gets cold when you\nrun out o' gold--sounds like a song-hic!\"\nParkins now stripped himself for a bath and was soon out of the tub and\nunder the shower. All this had a sobering effect upon him, and by the\ntime he had shaved and dressed he looked the part of a well groomed\ngentleman. His eyes caught glimpses of the big black bottle now and\nthen, but he stood firm, and turned his back upon it. Once he waved his\nhand toward it and hoarsely whispered--\"never again!\"\nThen suddenly, he threw back his head and laughed immoderately.\n\"Never again--hell!\" said he, \"I'll drink when I want to! Whiskey hasn't\nanything on me! I can take it or leave it alone,\" saying which, he\nstepped over to where the bottle stood and took several swallows just to\nprove his assertion. Then, calling to his servant, he ordered two full\nquarts placed in his suit case, and to phone McGonigle's garage for his\nfour seated roadster.\nA half hour later he was steering his car amid the traffic of the\nWilliamsburg bridge on his way to a little house in the heart of\nPatchogue, the home of Alexander Barbour, and his daughter--Winifred.\nCHAPTER V.\nTHE HAWK SEEKS ITS PREY\nAs far back as he could remember, Alexander Barbour had fished for the\nNew York Market in the waters of Great South Bay--likewise his father\nand grandfather before him. A vast area of fishing ground stood just off\nPatchogue, then a tiny village, near which flounders were seined in\nenormous quantities. They were nearest in flavor and delicacy to the\nfamous sole of English waters, and the great restaurants and hotels of\nthe day vied with each other in devising new ways to serve them.\nAlexander Barbour, with all of the vim and courage of youth, took the\nbusiness when his father died and forthwith married the girl of his\nchoice, whose personality and charm made of him a fond and loving\nhusband. His greatest hope was that she might bear him a male child,\nthat the line of succession in the Barbour family should go on through\nanother generation. Unhappily for him the first born was a girl, and\nbefore a week had rolled around the mother died--and Barbour, the\nfisherman, drooped into a physical and mental decline.\nOnly a winsome baby girl was left to cheer his lonely heart. He strove\nhard to conceal his disappointment but the habit of brooding increased,\nfor he had prayed for a son, but alas, his prayers had been denied.\nBefore her death Mrs. Barbour gave to her babe the name of Winifred,\nand, as the end drew near, a village parson performed a christening\nservice in the presence of weeping neighbors who pledged loyalty to the\nmother's memory, and to the welfare of her little one, thus comforting\nthe dying woman as she passed on to another world. From the shock of it\nall Alexander Barbour shrank into a pitiful state, having failed in his\nattempts at reinstating his prestige. Finally competitors controlling\ngreat storage warehouses and banking facilities drove him practically\nout of the field. The interest on his savings did not suffice to live\nupon the liberal basis of past years, and as Patchogue grew in\npopulation the name of Barbour receded from public concern.\nAs a babe in arms little Winifred cooed her way, laughed as a child,\nand as a school girl finally sang herself into her father's good graces.\nAt ten years of age she had mastered the art of housekeeping, and with a\nwisdom far beyond her years, encouraged her father, as best she could,\nto keep up his spirits and not give way to despair.\n\"I know where you can gather some wild cherries,\" she volunteered to him\none day; \"they are just thick along the inlet, and everybody is out\npicking them for the market. They bring a good price in Patchogue.\"\nBy the time Winifred reached her fifteenth birthday she had graduated\nfrom high school, and in addition to that had \"kept the home fires\nburning\" with a knowledge that surprised her friends. But all through\nthose years under the home roof she had maintained the practice of\nconversing with her dead mother. This she began in her eighth year, as a\nchild would talk with its doll and answer back as its mother. The habit\nhad continued through girlhood into young womanhood, minus the doll, but\nat the age of eighteen she made the startling claim to her father that\nshe could converse with her dead mother at will. While humoring her\nbelief, he nevertheless was skeptical, and shook his head indicating his\ndoubt.\n\"But there are certain hours of the night, when the great stillness\ncomes on, that I can hear her voice just as plainly as I can hear yours\nnow,\" said she, quite convincingly. \"Why, I talked with mamma last\nnight!\" she declared with girlish vehemence.\n\"What did she say, Winifred?\"\nMr. Barbour allowed himself to appear somewhat convinced by her\nstatement. It would do her no real harm, and she would outgrow the\nvagary of such dreams as she grew older, according to his belief. Then,\ntoo, thoughts about her mother were for the good of the girl--an\ninfluence that should be encouraged.\n\"She told me to study hard and become a teacher--and----\"\n\"Yes, dear--and, what?\"\n\"Well, I've been thinking how to tell you--the last message was about\nyou,\" said she, smiling up into her father's eyes.\n\"Are you at liberty to tell me?\" he asked, bracing himself against the\nchoking grief which suddenly seized him.\n\"Yes, indeed--but you mustn't mind her solicitude for your future. She\nthinks you are aging too rapidly and that you must find a way out of\nyour sorrow. She asked me to give you more companionship, and to lead\nyou into a firm belief of the hereafter. Your lack of sincere belief\nleaves a gap in the way of your communicating directly with her.\"\nAll this was said in a voice of sweet modulation and assuredness, a\nsmile lighting up her face as she spoke. There was no question of her\nabsolute convictions.\n\"What would you suggest, Winifred?\" replied her father, his voice\nbroken, and his eyes filmed with tears.\n\"I don't know, but mother thinks the waters of South Bay hold the\nsolution. What could she mean by that?\"\n\"I hardly know what to think. Did she suggest any particular reason for\nthat answer?\"\n\"Oh, yes--she said that they would bring you back to the land in time. I\nam glad I didn't forget that,\" said Winifred, jubilantly. \"Let us think\nit out some way. Perhaps she meant that you should keep on fishing and\nsell your catch to the market men. Afterwards buy a farm with your\nearnings.\"\nIn the conversation that followed Winifred took no small part in\ncalculating a plausible solution to her dead mother's advice. The waters\nof Great South Bay at once suggested fish, oysters--wild ducks in the\nfall of the year, and in the early spring. These would sell to local\nbuyers for ready cash. But what of the land? They had none! In her own\nheart she knew that her mother had meant to arouse her father into\nphysical activity.\n\"Couldn't we rent some ground?\" suggested Winifred--\"and send our\nproduce to market by boat from Patchogue? Other people do.\"\n\"Indeed we could, my dear child,\" exclaimed Alexander Barbour,\nstraightening his shoulders. \"We will do that very thing, with the city\nof New York to back us in our enterprise. We can sell all we raise,\nsurely, for there is no vegetable trust to squeeze us out of business,\nas there is in fish and oysters.\"\n\"And when I begin teaching school we will put my earnings away, too,\"\nechoed Winifred--\"and, oh, won't mother be glad when I tell her of our\nplans?\"\nWith that enthusiastic speech she jumped from her chair and wound her\narms about her father's neck. The kisses she showered upon him\nelectrified him, and from that moment his resolve to succeed never\nwaned.\nAnd all went well with the Barbours, father and daughter clinging to\neach other, avoiding all tendencies toward extravagance, so that within\nthe space of a few months they found themselves in more comfortable\ncircumstances. Throughout the next two years \"messages from mother\"\ninspired them and cheered their way, and all of a sudden the village of\nPatchogue began to grow by leaps and bounds. Substantial hotels sprang\nup, subdivisions were platted, cottages and villas builded up on every\nside. Taking advantage of \"the boom\" the Barbours bought lots and sold\nthem at a profit, and Barbour himself built a refreshment booth on the\nmotor parkway near the beach, and Winifred helped in its management. No\nlonger could she devote her time to household duties, for sales at the\nbooth dropped off when she was away, whereupon a housekeeper was\nselected and put in charge of the home. Winifred's bright face and\nunfailing humor had worked wonders financially. People came back to the\nstand from time to time, mostly automobilists, who always seemed to know\nwhere the best could be had, and--never mind the price! One of\nWinifred's most persistent and profitable customers, Mr. William Parkins\nof New York, had expressed the same thought in another way.\n\"We want what we want and we get it,\" said he, with a jolly laugh, at\nthe young girl in charge. \"Better look out, little sister, or some one\nwill come along and steal you!\"--and that was the first effrontery\nWinifred had ever experienced.\nAbashed she turned her attention to other customers, but the heightened\ncolor in her cheeks showed her indignation. Nevertheless Parkins stood\naround, picking out this box of candy, and that bag of salted almonds,\nto say nothing of homemade pies and cakes, each to be wrapped\nseparately, thus to gain her attention as many times as possible.\n\"I need these out at my fishing hut over on the ocean side,\" said he\nsmiling into her eyes, but they were cold. \"Don't be angry,\" he pleaded.\n\"I had no intention of being rude--I apologize most sincerely.\"\nParkins' voice was so kindly and his smile so winning that Winifred's\nface relaxed into its natural sweetness of expression. But she said\nnothing and found things to do which kept her busy. Parkins, gay New\nYorker, with money galore, was not of the kind who accepted defeat. Here\nwas a dainty little maid and he wanted to know her.\n\"I'll stay here until you tell me I'm forgiven,\" he persisted. \"Why,\nlittle woman, I am the last man on earth to suspect of willful rudeness.\nI'd rather jump in the bay, and say to myself 'here goes nothing,' than\nto offend you. Honor bright! Now do please say it's all settled, so I\nwon't go away feeling ashamed of myself.\"\nUnused to familiarity from strangers Winifred remained silent for a time\nin order to think out the best plan to pursue. She wished her father had\nbeen there, then the incident would not have occurred. But he was\nabsent--therefore the necessity of taking care of herself.\n\"No further apology is necessary, sir,\" she found herself saying. \"I\npresume you live in New York, and your ways are different from our ways.\nOur men folk are always respectful to women, and we very naturally cling\nto the amenities even though we are country folk.\"\n\"Of course you do!\" exclaimed Parkins, \"and that is the right course,\nalways--but this is the holiday end of a busy week of hard grind, and my\nouting has been so delightful I just feel friendly to everybody. Do you\nlive here?\"\n\"I was born here, and have always lived here. For three generations my\npeople have been settled in this locality,\" she concluded, as customers\nwere crowding her stand; but when the rush was over she found, to her\nsurprise, that the man she had upbraided still remained.\n\"I have been coming to Patchogue for several years but I never saw you\nuntil to-day. I thought you might be one of the new crowd. The place is\nhaving a sort of boom period, lots of new home builders, and all that.\nHard work, standing up all day, isn't it?\" he suggested, with a little\ntouch of sympathy in his voice.\n\"Not very, sir--my father relieves me several times during each day,\nand if there is anything going on at night, he attends to the stand.\"\n\"Good money in this business while the season is on, I imagine,\"\npersisted Parkins, by way of keeping the conversation going. \"Strange I\nhave never seen you until to-day,\" he reiterated.\n\"We are new in this business. Heretofore our family has been in the\nfishing industry. And latterly, truck farming also. We still ship some\nvegetables to New York by boat, and sometimes by express. But we are\npractically out of that business now.\"\n\"I suppose you run over to New York once in a while,\" he smiled.\n\"No, the farthest trip we've made was to Riverhead, and it's beautiful!\nSuch a pretty park--and a tremendous court house! But we've never been\noff of the Island, none of us--except mother, who was born in\nConnecticut.\"\nParkins, a man of quick discernment, caught a sad expression in the eyes\nof the girl behind the counter of \"The Goody Shop,\" so named on a neat\nlittle sign hinged to the eaves of the sheltering overhang.\n\"I suppose your mother stays at home and takes care of the family?\" he\nsuggested, enquiringly.\n\"Mother is dead,\" replied the girl, calmly, a far-away expression in her\neyes, as she glanced at the sky. \"She died when I was a baby.\"\nNow was Parkins' chance to impress the girl with his \"sympathetic\"\nnature. He sighed deeply, and for several moments looked at the ground\nand said nothing. When, finally, he did speak there was pathos in his\nvoice.\n\"My mother died when I was a child in arms. I have no memory of her\nwhatever, but her photograph seems to speak to me at times,\" said he,\ndreamily.\n\"I talk to my mother every night,\" replied Winifred, happily. \"She sends\nmessages through me to my father, and tells me what to do for him. He\nisn't very strong, but that comes from grief over her death. Now he is\nmuch better. It was such a long time before she could reach us,\" she\nconfided, artlessly.\nAnd so began the acquaintance of a man of the world and a country lass,\nthe man halting between two emotions. In determining the course of his\nfurther acquaintance with the sweet little maid the best bargain he\ncould make with himself was--\"I'll think it over.\" So, with perfect\ndecorum, and bowing and scraping he bade the young woman good-by, adding\nthe hope that all was square between them--since his apology. He reached\nout his hand as a final test of his theory that he \"had won out with\nher,\" and was delighted when she accepted his overture politely. He\nbowed most courteously as he sprang into his wonderful new roadster and\nplunged forward along the asphalt road. For miles Winifred could hear\nthe roar of its exploding cylinders, as, with mufflers \"cut out,\" the\ncar raced along to his fishing hut on the ocean side of the bay.\n\"I'll be back to-morrow,\" he had said on leaving, but she only smiled in\nreply, for \"to-morrow\" would be Sunday, and her duties were\nelsewhere--at church and Sunday school--where she taught a class--and\nthen home to a noon dinner with her father.\nAs time went on Parkins' week-end excursions increased, and various were\nthe cars he used. A big black mahogany limousine and a two-seated\nroadster, with rakish hood and brass trimmings that glistened like\ngold, were his favorites.\nHe never failed to call at \"The Goody Shop,\" and after an acquaintance\nof several weeks with Winifred she accepted an invitation for a spin\nalong the outer drive which she had never seen. Henry Barbour, now well\nacquainted with the wealthy New Yorker, esteemed him a gentleman, and\nconsented to her going. When she returned with face aglow, and with\nenthusiastic praise for the skill of the owner of the car, her father\npatted her cheeks and smiled. He was glad of her happiness and his trust\nin Parkins became absolute.\nAs the season advanced and profits had been large, Henry Barbour\nexpressed his opinion to the effect that to buy direct from New York\nwholesalers would save him much in the way of extra earnings upon his\ncapital. Buying from salesmen gave him no chance to bargain. They sold\nfrom printed lists, but by going to New York he could make selections\nand find right places to trade.\n\"I'll take you over any time you want to go,\" said Parkins,\naffably--\"and Miss Winifred, too, if she so desires.\"\n\"Oh, I do so want to go, Father!--say that I may, won't you dear?\" she\npleaded, putting her arms about his neck.\n\"But who will take care of the stand?\" he queried. \"We can't close it up\nfor two days. Our friends will think we have quit, and we'll lose\ntrade!\"\n\"Oh, I can manage that beautifully,\" pleaded Winifred. \"One of the girls\nin my Sunday school class, Julie Hayes--you know her, father--she can be\ntaught in an hour just what to do.\"\n\"By all means allow her to come along,\" seconded Parkins, and his appeal\nseemed to settle the matter.\nWinifred was to wear her new blue silk coat suit, and a retrimmed hat\nthat had been retired, despite the fact that Parkinson suggested--\"we\nnever put on our best when we ride in a touring car.\"\nBut to Winifred the trip was more than an outing, for her father had\nsome business to attend to, and happily, there would be plenty of time\nto see the \"greatest little town in the world,\" as Parkins called his\nNew York.\nAnd so the date was set, and as fate often decides, it fell upon the\nsecond day following Parkins' ride from Dreamy Hollow, under the\nwatchful eye of Santzi--Japanese body-servant to Drury Villard. Had his\nplans gone through, Villard, by now, would have been an inmate of a\ncertain Long Island asylum, whose proprietor Parkins well knew, but in\nhis jaded condition, he decided to run his car straight out to his hut\nand thereby thoroughly refresh himself for the excursion to New\nYork--planned for the following day.\nHis inner consciousness troubled him more than he could account for, man\nof the world that he was, whose morals had long since hardened against\nthe scruples of his younger days.\nCHAPTER VI.\nSECRET SERVICE\nUnder fire Drury Villard always appeared to great advantage. He knew\nnothing of defeat. His life work had been a succession of victories, and\namong his acquaintances there were those who credited his achievements\nto luck. As a young man he came very near having imposed upon him the\nsobriquet \"Lucky\" Villard--but he frowned upon it until his intimates\nfelt the unwisdom of that sort of familiarity. Parkins alone of the\ndirectory continued the practice long after the business had grown into\nvast importance and the Villard name had become known all over the\nworld. While credited with being the brains and motive power of the huge\nconcern Drury Villard had never allowed any one to say it to his face\nwithout protest on his own part. Said he--\n\"If I've done anything particularly well it is to have surrounded myself\nwith clever men of brains and honesty. With that foundation the rock of\nGibraltar had nothing on us, except age and advertisement. The latter we\nsupplied in a measure suitable to our needs--but youth must be served.\nWe must now revitalize or inevitably fall before the young college\ntrained men now running the country.\"\nAlways modest, never oversanguine, self-reliant and honest to the core,\nwere attributes upon which to build a happy old age free from care and\nstrife. One of Villard's beliefs was that God never intended everything\nto run smoothly--\"all of the time.\" Reactions were necessary.\nFoundations, no matter how solid in the beginning, must be looked after,\nand kept solid. Nothing should be left to chance.\nAnd so it was on going back to bed, after Parkins' departure, that his\nmind reverted to the affairs of his company. On these his thoughts\nconcentrated. He wondered if he had exhibited the right policy in\nturning its management over to his co-partners. Not if the Parkins' case\nwas an example of further consequences. That was his thought. He\nwondered if others in the organization were susceptible to non-loyal\nutterances concerning himself and his paramount interests. The best way\nto get at the facts was to \"look in on the boys every little while\"--and\nthat was about the last worry he indulged in preparatory to going to\nsleep. Then suddenly he felt the nearness of his loved one, and\nbreathing softly he awaited her sweet voice. At last it came, in the\nform of a whisper, seemingly very close to his ear, but strangely\ndifficult to locate.\n\"Drury--again I warn you. The man you sent away must never enter your\nlife again. Dishonesty is fastened upon him. Attend at once. There is\nfolly in waiting.\"\nVillard, though startled, lay quite still. Then, after a long pause, he\nanswered--\n\"Yes, Winifred--but for you I should have been taken unaware. Your\nwarning gave me time to formulate a plan of action.\"\n\"Drury, my darling--you shall not live alone. You must marry a kindred\nspirit, a woman upon whom you may lavish the love that was mine. It is\nyour nature to revere womankind.\"\n\"But what of my love for you, my Winifred--I----\"\n\"And it is myself, _incarnate_, that you would marry,\" interrupted the\ninvisible Spirit.\n\"How shall I know?\" he faltered, overwhelmed at the suggestion.\n\"You will meet her--soon.\"\n\"Yes, yes--go on!\"--he whispered hoarsely, but he waited in vain. The\nspirit of his dead love had gone back to its resting place among the\nstars.\nDrury Villard accepted the theory that when a man is forty he is in the\nprime of life, and after that his physical powers wane. Nevertheless\nthere were those who, by obedience to nature's laws, remained young at\nsixty. He knew that every five years a normal brain and a normal body\nbecome attuned to the next five-year period, and upon this theory\nVillard, now emerging into his forty-seventh year, had planned his\nactivities. By virtue of his early training he had worked hard in\nworking hours, and played hard during the daylight overlapping. Thus was\nserved his grand physique and his growing brain, each getting its share\nof natural restoration.\nDuring his first years in business his effort had been prodigious. Just\nout of college he had plunged into a new enterprise, the child of his\nown brain. Unique, and head and shoulders above those whom he drew about\nhim--from a mental and physical standpoint--his leadership never was\nquestioned. Each new acquisition to his organization was picked by\nvirtue of his seemingly unerring knowledge of men. As he brought in a\nnew recruit, that person had only to make good in order to become a\n\"special partner.\" Under the contract with each man his continuance with\nthe company hinged upon the will of Villard, and by common consent his\nfiat was law.\nOf all the men chosen, Parkins, the brightest of the lot, had been the\none man to flunk. Now, secretly, Villard was on his way to New York for\nthe one purpose of bringing him back to the fold. Driving directly to\nthe apartment in Park Avenue, where Parkins maintained his living\nquarters, he was informed that the gentleman had gone away. The\nsuperintendent was not quite sure that he had a right to give out\ninformation concerning his tenants. When asked as to when Mr. Parkins\nwould probably return he declined to give an opinion.\n\"But where did he go?\" demanded Villard.\n\"I do not know. He left no address,\" was the reply.\n\"Then tell me what you do know. When did he leave? Did he move his\neffects?\"\n\"He left soon after he returned here in the early morning. His\nfurnishings are all here--and he left a check for next month's rent.\nThat's all I know.\"\n\"Are you in full charge here?\" inquired Villard, peering wistfully in\nthe eyes of the man before him.\n\"Yes,\" replied the agent, shortly.\n\"Tell me then, in what condition was he when he arrived--and when he\nwent away.\"\n\"Very angry on his arrival--very much upset on going away. I thought he\nmight have taken something for his nerves.\"\n\"Did he speak to you on leaving?\"\n\"Yes, I came in as he was leaving. He gave his check for rent to the\nexchange girl--to be handed to me. I got it all right. And that's all I\nknow.\"\n\"And your name, please?--'Bender?'--thank you, Mr. Bender. I may wish to\nspeak with you again. My name is Villard, a very close friend of Mr.\nParkins, and I have business matters requiring his presence at my\noffice. If he shows up, kindly ring my phone--Private, one hundred. It\nwill be to his advantage, I assure you.\"\nVillard was soon within his own office and nervously pacing the floor.\nWith his hands behind him he twiddled his thumbs and gave way to deep\nthought.\n\"Parkins must be saved!\" he said to himself, and quickening his stride,\nhe rushed out of his private office into the counting room.\n\"Ring my chauffeur,\" said he, seeing and speaking to no one in\nparticular, then returned to his office. Shortly afterward his car was\nannounced and he was soon headed for the Wall Street district.\nAt the Updyke Detective Agency, twentieth floor of the Universal\nExchange, he asked for Updyke personally and was ushered in. The two\nshook hands cordially and at once got down to business.\n\"Do you know William Parkins--one of my special partners?\" questioned\nVillard.\n\"I'd say I do--what's up?\"\n\"I can't find him.\"\n\"Where have you looked?\"\n\"Called at his apartment--he'd gone from there, leaving a check for a\nmonth's rent!\" replied Villard.\n\"When?\"\n\"Early this morning--left no word--but paid the month's rent in\nadvance--which was unusual.\"\n\"Um--any reason to be anxious about him?\"\n\"I'll give you the whole story.\"\nThen, careful as to details, Drury Villard recited the facts briefly and\nwound up by declaring that he was \"bent on saving Parkins from any\nuntoward act that might lead to his downfall--financially, morally or\nphysically.\"\n\"That's a big order to take down,\" replied Updyke, laconically.\n\"Why?\"\n\"Do you assume to know Bill Parkins from hat to shoes? Do you know that\nhe is speculating upward on a downward market? Do you know that he is a\ndrunkard, that he takes dope, patronizes low places, and is a disgrace\nto your high class concern?\"\nVillard, aghast, stood up and walked to and fro, across the room.\nFinally he turned and said--\n\"He must be saved!\"\n\"Saved! Saved Hell! Why, man alive, he is beyond redemption!\" yelled\nUpdyke, whose forcefulness caused Villard to eye him critically.\nEvidently there were matters concerning his Vice President of which he\nwas unaware.\n\"How long has he been beyond redemption?\" questioned Villard in an even\ntone of voice striving to conceal the alarm within him as best he could.\n\"I'll look up his record,\" replied Updyke, ringing a bell and ordering\nout a certain page from a loose-leaf book of records. As he placed it in\nVillard's hands, he glanced at it to make sure it was the right\ndocument.\n\"Here we have his travelogue for five years back,\" said Updyke, airily.\n\"It began with a gay party in which he was accused of short changing a\nfifty dollar bill that he was asked to break. There was a resort to\nblows, in which Parkins got licked and owned up to his dishonesty. Read\nhis whole record--here it is--take it.\"\nVillard did take it, and as he read along his eyes filmed until tears\nran down his cheeks and fell upon the page containing the record. Then\nsuddenly he threw it upon Updyke's table in disgust.\n\"Why didn't you inform me?\" demanded Villard in tremulous voice. \"I'm\nyour client--am I not?\"\n\"You are, Mr. Villard, but--I thought I could save him without\nprejudicing his outlook with you. I got soft hearted--same as you are at\nthis minute; and I got a worse dose, and more of it for my trouble. I\ntried my utmost to show him that you were the best man in shoe leather,\nand would forgive anybody, anything, any time. But there is a breaking\npoint that will not stand repair, and Parkins had gone through the\ncrevice. Don't try to save that man, Mr. Villard. He is not worth the\ntarnish that he will spread upon your good name. Send me his 'walking\npapers' and I'll see that he gets them. Make it brief--no accusations,\ngiving him a chance to sue you for damages in large amount. He's tricky,\nand crazy. Get rid of him! Stay rid of him! He is a bad actor!\"\nUpdyke was telling the truth, as Villard, having read the report, was\nnow convinced.\n\"What shall I say? What can I say? The report from your files leaves me\nhelpless in defense of my most efficient partner. Surely the report\ncannot be wrong? I've never had one from you that was the least bit out\nof line with the facts. What shall I say to him if I conclude to\ncommunicate with him?\"\n\"Better write me a note, stating that Mr. Parkins has not been about the\noffice with regularity, and that you fear he lacks interest in the\naffairs of the company. Send me the cash for all you owe him, and a\nreceipt for him to sign, made out in full legal wording to the effect\nthat it is a final settlement--and that his services are no longer\nneeded. If he owns any stock in your concern, and he does, unless he has\nhocked it, send me a check to cover its full market value, and I will\nbuy it back, and turn it over to you.\"\nVillard sighed deeply as he agreed to the plan.\n\"I did so want to save this man, but I've been warned before, from a\nsacred source, to have done with him forever,\" said he wearily.\n\"What do you mean by 'sacred source'?\"\n\"Oh, I must not go into that!\" replied Villard sharply.\n\"I get you--some of that 'Over the River Jordan' stuff. I get you,\"\nlaughed Updyke.\n\"Just what are you hinting at, Mr. Updyke?\"\nVillard's voice trembled as he spoke.\n\"Now, Drury Villard! Don't you know by this time that an up-to-date\nagency like this has a page on every business man worth while, as well\nas the worthless? Let me show you your sheet. Wait, I'll get a leaf out\nof a different book--here it is and you may read it yourself. Skip the\nbiographical--that shows you to be first class, but you've recently\ngiven cause for alarm. Read Article Seven. Read it aloud, and comment as\nyou will. We're friends, and you might need me as a witness some day.\"\nGlancing quizzically at Updyke, Villard began to read the report--\n\"Article 7--Drury Villard has recently developed an obsession of mind\nregarding the future estate. He has long grieved over the death of a\nsweetheart who passed away some years ago and at this writing he suffers\nunder the delusion of hearing her voice. On retiring from active duty\nin connection with the Villard Corporation, he was very generous in his\ntreatment of his special partners. He allowed them to buy stock at a\nvery low price, and later on, is to let them have more, if they succeed\nwith the business. Villard still owns a three-fourths holding but all\npartners were treated alike and are well satisfied with the deal.\nWilliam Parkins is also Vice-President, but the office of President\nhas been abolished, Drury Villard becoming Chairman of the Board.\nHe now lives in a retired way in Long Island on his private estate\nwhich he has named 'Dreamy Hollow.' His fianc\u00e9, now dead, given name,\n'Winifred'--surname unknown. His nearest neighbor (Sawyer), a retired\ndoctor, lives on adjoining estate, said to be very wealthy.\"\n\"Now what miserable cur could have written all of that rot!\" exclaimed\nVillard.\n\"Point out all that is in error and I'll change the report. We must keep\nup our records,\" said Updyke, sharply, with a wave of his hand. \"There\nisn't a chance in the world that this record will be observed by any one\nnot connected with our office. I give nothing out on death notices, or\nbiographies.\"\n\"Then for what purpose?\" demanded Villard.\n\"Oh, if you became a crook, or went crazy, we would be queried by\ncertain interests. We ask no favors. This business is mine. I made it\nwhat it is, and it's worth a million as it stands. If I was crooked I\ncould say it's worth a hundred million.\"\n\"God--what a power you hold! In case of your death, what a cruel use\ncould be made of those leaves from your records! What a chance for\ncertain slimy little blackmailing publications!\"\n\"My body will be cremated, and with it my books of record. That's part\nof my will. Now I'm going to ease your mind--you have the page\ncontaining the facts about you. It is the only copy on earth. The notes\nfrom which it was made up have been destroyed. If you desire I will\ndestroy the page in your presence, right now,\" proffered Updyke.\nVillard was astonished at the proposal.\n\"I wouldn't care one way or the other, if it wasn't for----\"\n\"Yes, I know,\" responded Updyke, \"you're thinking of the dead. You\ndon't want her name bandied about.\"\n\"That's it--I am thinking of her--to memory dear. It's good of you,\nUpdyke. Downright generous! But why do you propose it without my\nasking?\"\nVillard began to pace the floor.\n\"Sit down, please,\" said Updyke gently, as he twisted his watch chain,\nand cleared his throat of a great lump of hesitancy. \"I once had a\nsweetheart, Mr. Villard, and she went away, too--somewhere up in the\nskies, just like your Winifred. And like you I have never married. I\ncannot spare the memory of her--I'll die single!\"\nEvery doubt of Updyke's genuine friendliness was now discarded by Drury\nVillard, as his eyes lighted with reciprocal understanding.\n\"Wonderful, old fellow! Let us find joy in the fact that we have both\nloved, and both of us have been loved. Now we will burn this record.\nThat shall be the seal of our lasting friendship.\"\nVillard's eyes spoke for his heart.\n\"Here, take it--burn it yourself, Drury. I shall call you by your first\nname hereafter.\"\nTurning upon his heel, Henry Updyke walked to a window and looked down\ntwenty stories upon the great metropolis, its streets agog with people\nand traffic. When he heard the click of the latch on the door, he turned\nabout. Villard had gone. It was no longer necessary for Updyke to hide\nhis emotion.\nBut there were things to be done immediately. Parkins must be found and\ndelivered to Villard. Updyke pressed a button and immediately one of his\noperatives entered and approached his desk.\n\"Here's a name on this card--I want this man brought to me as soon as\npossible--by all means before night. Do you know him?\"\n\"Very well by sight. I've looked him up before--don't you remember?\"\n\"Oh, yes--the Peabody case. While drunk Parkins hit him over the head\nwith a champagne bottle--yep--you brought Parkins in. It is a shame we\ndidn't send him over at that time but he begged me to straighten him out\nand see that he reported for business next morning. I did it--and did it\nmore than once since then. But this will probably be the last time\nwe'll need hunt for him. His boss has something on him that will bring\nhim to time--I hope. Parkins is a bad egg, so watch out for him,\nespecially if he is in his cups. Now go to it--bring him to me if you\nhave to give him a teaser.\"\nFor four hours Updyke sat in his chair, or paced the floor, awaiting\nword from his operative. He smoked incessantly while reading the evening\npapers and at six thirty o'clock ordered ham and eggs, and coffee. These\nhad been set before him when the night telephone gong gave three loud\nclangs. That meant Updyke himself--in a hurry. He sprang to the receiver\nand in a quiet unruffled voice answered, \"Shoot.\"\n\"Number twelve speaking--your party dashed through Patchogue about\neleven this morning and was last seen going east at high speed. Lost\ntrace until just a few minutes ago. Find that he has a fishing hut\nacross South Bay on the ocean side. He's bound to come back this\nway--the question is, when?\"\n\"Where are you now?\"\n\"Patchogue.\"\n\"What do you advise?\"\n\"Well, I have my motorcycle, and I feel certain he will come back this\nway. If I went over on the ocean side I might have sand trouble. He has\nfour wheels and a ninety horse roadster. I think I'd better stay here,\"\nconcluded \"Number Twelve.\"\n\"I believe you are right,\" replied Updyke. \"How about the Sayville road?\nHe might, for a change, cut across and run in by way of the sound. I\nthink I'll put two other men out on this, you to carry out your plan,\none to watch the Merrick road, the other on the detour along the sound.\"\n\"That might be wise although it seems certain he will come back this\nway. What shall I do when I locate him?\"\n\"Serve a 'John Doe' on him and bring him to my office, otherwise trail\nhim to the jumping-off place--in other words, get him!\"\n\"By the way, there is a fine looking girl at Patchogue who runs a stand.\nI wonder how it would do to feel her out about him,\" queried the\noperative.\n\"You bet your boots--that's a Parkins lead as sure as you live, even if\nit does turn out bad.\"\n\"Then I'd better run back there before she closes up for the day. She's\na humdinger to look at,\" said \"Number Twelve\" with enthusiasm.\n\"Well, see that she doesn't get your goat. Keep your head on your\nshoulders and don't be led into any girl trap. Get me at my hotel after\nseven, through my private wire--'Updyke'--Will be here until\nsix-thirty--So long.\"\nCHAPTER VII.\nTHE NEW WINIFRED\nWhen \"Number 12\" reached Patchogue \"The Goody Shop\" was on the point of\nbeing closed. The girl in charge, and a man she called \"father,\" were\ninstructing a young woman how to run the stand for the next two days.\nThey had all but put up the night shutters as the operative climbed off\nof his machine.\n\"Any sandwiches left?\" he enquired, racing to the stand.\n\"Oh, yes--a few nice ones, and some very fine blueberry pie,\" replied\nthe older girl as smilingly she displayed several huge wedges of\nassorted pies. \"And here's a lovely slice of lemon meringue, the last\none left,\" she urged, and at a nod from her customer, handed it to him\non a pasteboard plate, together with a dainty paper napkin.\nAs the operative put his plate upon the sill of the stand and began to\neat, the two girls and \"father\" continued their conversation about a\ngrand ride over to New York next day. Listening in on the conversation\nhe learned which girl was going on the trip--her friend called her\nWinifred--and when she spoke to the man she addressed him as Mr.\nBarbour.\n\"I wish you were going along, Julie,\" said the girl Winifred, very much\ndelighted. Then she said--\"Mr. Parkins is taking us in his big\nfour-passenger roadster--how many horse powers has it, father? It must\nbe a lot--something like several hundred I would think from the noise it\nmakes sometimes.\"\n\"No, it's a ninety,\" corrected her father who seemed proud of his better\nknowledge.\n\"What time do you leave for New York?\" enquired the girl, Julie.\n\"Mr. Parkins is to pick us up at the house at ten to-morrow morning. And\nthen, away we go!--just whizzing along Merrick Road so we can see all of\nthe beautiful homes along the Bay--and the Sound coming back! My, but he\ndrives fearfully fast! I expect to be frozen with fright by the time we\narrive in the city.\"\nHaving fallen into all of the information he could have wished for,\n\"Number 12\" suddenly quit on his second wedge of pie and asked which was\nthe best hotel nearby. \"Roadside Inn\" was pointed out just across the\nstreet, and rolling his motorcycle beside him he walked over and went\ninside.\nOnce in his room \"Number 12\" got busy. Looking at his watch he concluded\nthat Updyke would be at his hotel, but that was up to Central. \"Updyke\"\nwas all he needed to say and in less than a minute he had his man.\n\"All right, shoot,\" came the regular answer by which \"the big boss\"\nannounced himself--\"Number 12?\" he queried.\n\"Yep--got the whole works. Am at Patchogue, Roadside Inn, phone\nPatchogue--twenty. The father rather old and solemn, neither ever saw\nNew York before, and never off of the island. Has a pie stand on the\nparkway--darn good pies too.\"\n\"Soft enough, I'd say,\" replied Updyke. \"Shall I run a man out to you\nto-night?\"\n\"Why not come out yourself--if it's an important case?\"\n\"No--if he gets away from you I'll nab him here. He's up to his regular\ntricks--the scoundrel!--now don't you fail to nail that fellow!\" warned\nUpdyke, to whom the whole situation was as plain as daylight from\ndarkness. \"Trail him and keep me posted on the route he has taken. No\ndoubt he'll cross on the Queensborough bridge.\"\nRunning true to form the Parkins roadster roared its way into Patchogue\nnext morning, and the operative quietly registered on his tab--\"one\nbrandy and soda at Roadside Inn.\" Immediately afterward Parkins jumped\ninto his car and ran slowly two streets west and turned north one block.\nThe Updyke man did not have to leave his chair on the porch of the hotel\nin order to witness the movements of the big car. There was a hasty\ncarrying out of two suitcases, and a hamper probably containing\nluncheon. Then the big car turned back to the south on the Merrick Road\nand proceeded west at a lively clip.\nShortly thereafter, \"Number 12\" trailed in at a safe distance behind,\nand it was with much skill that he kept the roadster in view, but never\nin a way to attract Parkins' notice. The girl sat in front, and by the\nway she turned her head and indicated pretty homes to her father it was\nevident that her mind was carefree.\nNot knowing the inside history of the case, the operative rode stolidly\nalong behind. Coming to a roadhouse in one of the villages he stopped\nand phoned Updyke, all done in less than three minutes--then he crowded\non the gas until he came in sight of the party. Almost at once he lost\nthem again by reason of sharp turns in the road, but all was well, and\nhe had no fear of losing them, for miles ahead there was no other road\nto turn into.\nThree minutes later he came upon a sight that made his blood run cold.\nThere, around the curve, in a hollow just ahead, were two cars\noverturned and smashed beyond repair!\nStrange are the ways of Providence.\nThere are times when coincidence and circumstances blend into episodes\nfor which there is no accounting--an act of God--in terms of legal\nphrasing. As Parkins' car took a curve in the road at high speed going\nwest, Drury Villard and his neighbor, Dr. Sawyer--out for a leisurely\nspin with Santzi at the wheel--were on the same road heading east.\nThe day was especially fine, and with top down the Villard car sped\nalong the concrete road without a jolt or a jar. Sawyer, in a most\nexcellent mood, was inclined to speak jokingly of the Parkins episode at\nDreamy Hollow two days previously. But to all of his sallies Villard\nfailed to answer in kind. Certain \"messages\" were on his mind, and along\nwith them a mixture of joy and sorrow combined. Could another Winifred\nanswer the call of his yearning? Could his heart go out to any other\nthan the Winifred of old? He doubted it, but he owed it to his dead love\nto await certain events, since she had urged the duty upon him.\nSo absorbed was he in contemplating the situation that he was quite\nunprepared for the sudden application of the emergency brakes. His car\nwas rounding a curve at a healthy speed when suddenly Santzi pulled up\nshort, just in time to avoid the wreckage of two monster machines\noverturned in collision. Each had been smashed into a veritable mass,\nand the silence of the scene served to accentuate the gruesome aspect\nof the otherwise beautiful surroundings. Suddenly a tall man with hair\nof iron gray staggered to his feet and shouted--\"Winifred!\"\n\"Winifred!\" echoed Villard, jumping from his car. In a second more\nSawyer, hastening to alight, called upon Santzi to rush along for a\ndoctor, and to notify the motor police.\nVillard, who stood spellbound on hearing the name he adored, soon forced\nhimself into action. Instantly the words that were whispered to him in\nthe early morning hours came to mind. \"It is myself, incarnate, that you\nwill marry--You will meet her soon--There will be an accident--You will\ngive assistance.\"\nHe saw a man, hatless and bleeding, rushing madly about calling the name\nWinifred. Villard again took up the cry.\n\"Winifred!--Winifred!\" he shouted, running from point to point amid the\nwreckage.\nHis search was soon successful.\nOf several persons strewn about the roadside he knew instinctively, when\nhe had stooped over the form of the one he sought. He dropped to his\nknees and seized her hands, chafing them vigorously to renew suspended\nanimation. He placed his hand upon her brow, and raised an eyelid--then\nbent over and put his ear to her heart.\n\"Winifred,\" he whispered softly. \"Wake up, dear child!\"\nThen jumping to his feet he shouted to her father:\n\"Here she is, sir--and she's coming back to life! Water, Sawyer--find a\nthermos bottle! There must be one somewhere in the wreckage.\"\nTo Villard all else in the world was naught but this beautiful child\nwoman whose head and body rested against his breast. As if paralyzed her\nfather looked on, mute and despairing.\n\"Splash some on her cheeks,\" he commanded of Sawyer, who hastened\nforward with the bottle from one of the upturned cars.\n\"More--more--ah--that's the stuff--water! See? She is breathing again,\nand I doubt that she is very much injured. We'll soon know,\" he said to\nhimself as he began, ever so gently, to raise her arms, and nether limbs\none by one. Then he laid her, full length, upon the grass, and pillowed\nher head with his motor coat.\n\"She doesn't cry out--no bones broken--thank God!--just bruised, and\nshocked by the impact after fall,\" he explained to the dazed father\nwith quiet gentleness. \"Get some cushions out of the wreck and we'll\nmake her comfortable under the shade of a tree.\"\nAlmost immediately a man on a motorcycle dashed upon the scene and with\ndifficulty stopped in time. Throwing his machine to one side he ran\nquickly to the big roadster--\"Number 12\" had literally run his man to\nearth. There lay the inanimate form of William Parkins with the pallor\nof death upon his face, and a bleeding wound well back of his left ear\nnear the occipital bone. His body was pinned beneath his heavy roadster.\n\"The man is alive--give me a hand!\" shouted \"Number 12\" to Barbour, who,\nstill dazed, had fallen to his knees in prayer for his daughter's life.\nBut, he made no answer, thereupon Sawyer responded as best he could for\na man of his age. It was more than a one-man job to raise the tonneau of\nthe big machine in order to allow Sawyer to drag the limp body from\nbeneath the wreck.\nA retired doctor himself he knew how to manage the situation better\nthan the man who still called for his girl.\n\"I know this fellow,\" said Sawyer, breathing hard from his effort in\nhelping to release the unconscious man under the roadster.\n\"Who is he?\" demanded the motorcycle man, incredulous.\n\"His name is Parkins, unless I am greatly mistaken,\" replied Sawyer,\nstill puzzled, but practically sure.\n\"You're right,\" agreed the man who had been trailing the victim for\nnearly an hour. \"He is a bad actor, and it was my intention to arrest\nhim on the New York side of Williamsburg bridge. I'd hate to have him\ncroak before my boss sees him,\" he concluded, and then fell to his knees\nand began the work of bringing Parkins back to life.\n\"What is he wanted for?\" asked Sawyer, after several moments of\nhesitation.\n\"I'll have to refer you to my boss as to that. I was told to get him,\nand it's up to me to find a way to deliver him. You can bet that he is\ngoing to have a long dry spell after the old man gets through with him,\"\nsneered the operative as he looked upon the limp figure now stretched\nout upon the grassy roadside.\n\"Whom do you mean by 'old man'?\" enquired Sawyer.\n\"My boss--and what he doesn't know about people! Well, what's the use to\nspeculate? I had a hard time keeping Parkins in sight. Forty to sixty\nmiles was his gait. Pretty fast for a narrow concrete roadbed.\"\nParkins now began to breathe heavily, and moan. Anxious that Villard\nshould be apprised concerning him, Sawyer walked hastily over to where\nhe sat, still holding the girl's wrist and counting the pulsations.\n\"The man we took from under the big car is William Parkins,\" said he,\nlaconically. \"He will live--probably.\"\nDrury Villard looked up in amazement.\n\"You don't mean it!\" he exclaimed.\n\"Yes--it's Parkins--still Vice President of your company!\"\nSawyer looked steadily into Villard's upturned eyes, and shook his head\nominously. \"Bad news to get into the papers, Drury. What do you\nsuggest?\"\nReceiving no answer Sawyer stood thoughtfully stroking his chin until\nhis mind had settled the matter.\n\"I will take Parkins into my home until we can think out a plan of\naction,\" he said, finally. \"You take the girl and her father into your\nhome for the present. Then there will be no chance for news to leak.\nMrs. Bond will look out for her.\"\n\"How about the doctor?\" replied Villard, thoughtfully. \"He might----\"\n\"Doctors are like lawyers; they serve well those who pay\nwell--especially when the public interest is better served thereby.\"\n\"First-class reasoning, friend Sawyer. Our plan is made. When Santzi\nreturns we'll take both patients and the girl's father into my car and\nrace for home. What about the other machine--any one hurt?\"\n\"No, just a colored chauffeur returning with an empty car from the city.\nHe jumped in time to save himself and is now waiting for some one to\ntake the wreck to the nearest garage. It is pretty well smashed, but the\nboy is unscathed.\"\nWith plans all mapped out they were quickly put into execution. Upon\nthe return of Santzi with Doctor Benton, who followed in his runabout,\nthe medical man at once put his ear to the girl's heart--then, to make\nsure, used his stethoscope.\n\"We'll get her over to Dreamy Hollow at once,\" said he, glancing at\nVillard, who nodded affirmatively. \"Her heart is beating strong enough,\nbut she must not see this wreck when she comes out of her present state.\nPut her into your car at once, while I take a look at the man lying on\nthe grass. Who is the old fellow over there praying?\" he inquired\nsharply.\n\"The girl's father,\" replied Sawyer, shaking his head sadly. His\nsympathy was genuine.\n\"I'll take him in with me,\" volunteered Doctor Benton, but Villard\nobjected as he wanted to talk with the father of the girl.\nUnder orders Santzi drove back to Dreamy Hollow without a bump against\nhis tires. During the short time occupied by the trip the father of the\ngirl gave his name as Alexander Barbour, of Patchogue, and also stated\nthat his daughter Winifred was his only child. Her mother, long since\ndead, left her, a tiny new-born babe, to remind him of her own dear\nself. Without the child, he might easily have gone crazy from grief and\nloneliness, but little Winifred had steadied him every step of his way\nby her sweetness of disposition and her loving consideration.\n\"I dread the time when the right man comes for her,\" he sighed. \"Now,\nshe is mine, but some day her mate will call and she will go to him.\"\nAlexander Barbour was deeply moved by the thought of the sad fate in\nstore for himself.\n\"But that should not worry you,\" said Villard. \"Make a bargain with the\nman she marries that you are privileged to live near by and may visit\nyour daughter as often as you desire. No decent husband would deny that\nright,\" he concluded, smiling into the father's eyes.\n\"I'll be glad if it turns out that way--usually it doesn't. But in any\nevent I should miss her sadly. She hears from her mother every little\nwhile.\"\n\"What!\"\nDrury Villard could hardly realize that this unconscious little\nchild-woman possessed such powers.\n\"Yes, her mother tells her what to do, and gives her messages from\nothers to be delivered to earthly friends. She got word through her\nmother last night from some one by the name of Winifred. She is reticent\non the subject, but I know that she regards the advice as sacred.\"\nRunning his fingers through his hair nervously, Barbour admitted that\nher power was, to him, a great mystery, but as to the revelations he\nremained silent, as if in awe concerning them.\nTwenty minutes later Mrs. Bond, the housekeeper at Dreamy Hollow, stood\nspeechless at the porte-coch\u00e8re as she beheld her master alighting from\nhis car with a woman in his arms. Amazed, the good lady reached out as\nif to take the fair burden from him, but Villard demurred. He had held\nher in his arms during the ride and he would risk no accidental stumble\non the stairway. Turning to Santzi he ordered him in a low voice to\ndrive Dr. Sawyer to his home, and to help him with Parkins until the\ndoctor arrived.\n\"He's coming on behind us and will be here any moment. He will go to\nDr. Sawyer's as soon as he gets through here,\" added Villard.\nSo saying, the master of Dreamy Hollow, with careful step mounted the\ngrand stairway leading to the second floor. Mrs. Bond had rushed on\nahead to the \"hospital\" suite, so-called, because of its equipment for\nemergencies and its wonderful outlook over South Bay, with its miles of\nmagnificent gardens. Ever so gently he laid his fair burden upon the bed\nprepared for her and after gazing into her beautiful face, turned and\nleft the room. As he approached the head of the stairway he met Doctor\nBenton coming up, and with him, Mr. Barbour, whose face still showed the\nagony of his mind. To him Villard said--\n\"Don't go in--she is being put to bed by Mrs. Bond. We'll wait in the\nroom next door, until the doctor gets through. This room you will occupy\nuntil all is well with your daughter,\" he concluded as he smiled into\nthe troubled face of the anxious father.\nDoctor Benton, after a brief examination, arose from his chair beside\nthe patient, a broad smile lighting up his face.\n\"No medicine, plenty of fresh air, water if she asks for it. I'll be\nback in an hour. I must get to that man Parkins. He is bad off, and may\nnot get through,\" said he, hastening away.\nAt once Mrs. Bond went to the room occupied by the father of the girl\nand beckoned Villard into the hall. As he appeared she motioned him to\nfollow her into the room where Winifred had been tenderly placed on a\ndowny bed, and a coverlet thrown about her.\n\"She's all tucked in and looks like an angel,\" she whispered, tip-toeing\nup to the bedside, with Villard closely following. \"Isn't she the\nsweetest thing you ever saw?--the doctor left no medicine--says she's\nall right!\"\nVillard stood silent for more than a minute before replying, but it was\nevident that he yearned for the speedy recovery of the charming\ncreature.\n\"I wish she would open her eyes--I've never seen them yet, although I\nheld her in my arms for ten minutes,\" he replied, whimsically--and\nstrange to say Winifred's eyes did open--bright as diamonds they were,\nbut with no sense of recollection until she had gazed upon the face of\nDrury Villard.\nAt once a vague expression of happiness came over her fair features, but\nfaintly smiling and with eyes closed, she went back to sleep.\nVillard, now buoyant, grasped Mrs. Bond's arm and led her out of the\nroom. When they were safely out of hearing he stopped abruptly and\nlooked into her face.\n\"Did you observe that she recognized me?\" he asked eagerly.\n\"I did,\" replied Mrs. Bond. \"It gave me a start, for I felt that neither\nof you had seen each other before to-day.\"\n\"That's true--we have not met before. But how may we account for the\nfact, that after she looked into each of our faces, mine was the one she\nthought she knew?\"\n\"I give it up, unless she was directed by that Divinity which shapes our\ndestinies,\" replied the housekeeper, with much feeling.\nHastening to Barbour's room he opened the door without formality and\nfound his guest upon his knees in silent prayer. Touched at the sight he\nwent forward and knelt beside him, placing a hand upon his shoulder.\nThen he whispered into his ear--\n\"She is safe--the doctor says so--your prayer has been answered even as\nyou made your wishes known. You should look upon her sweet face--come\nwith me,\" appealed Villard as he helped the grief-stricken father to his\nfeet and escorted him to the bedside where his child, with a smile on\nher lips, still slept. But the fact that she lived was enough joy for\nAlexander Barbour.\nCHAPTER VIII.\nHENRY UPDYKE DROPS IN\nWondering what might be going on at Sawyer's home, Villard went into his\nstudy and gave him a ring over the phone. Sawyer personally answered the\ncall. Evidently the episode of the morning had been trying, for his\nvoice was gruff--much deeper than usual.\n\"Who calls?\" he demanded in a rasping tone.\n\"Villard speaking--I have been wondering how matters stood over your\nway. All serene over here. The girl has opened her eyes, but immediately\nwent back to sleep.\"\n\"I'm glad to hear that--over here the situation is terrible! This man\nParkins is a ruffian--at death's door his oaths are blasphemous, and to\nthose who are trying to save his worthless life he shouts defiance and\ndemands his revolver that he may 'kill the whole bunch'--to use his\nwords, expurgated. His language toward Doctor Benton was vile!\"\n\"Well, well--that must be stopped! Wouldn't it be safe to move him to a\nsanitarium--or something?\"\n\"Yes--an asylum for insane drunkards--that's what you meant to\nsay--wasn't it?\"\n\"Approximately that--why not drop over for a while and we will have a\nchat? You can count on me--you know that. I'm awfully sorry that you're\nmixed up in this, but when you come to know the girl you'll forgive\neverything.\"\n\"I'll do that now, and I will be right over,\" said Sawyer, slamming the\nreceiver back in its place in pure spite against the upheavals of the\nday.\nIt was well along toward evening before Dr. Sawyer took leave of\nVillard's happy hospitality. He had even been invited to take a peep at\nthe beautiful Winifred Barbour, who still slept, but would soon be\nnormal--according to the doctor whose second call had brought complete\nassurance to the household. But the ever recurring subject between them\nwas William Parkins. What should be done with him? More than once\nVillard showed signs of irresolution regarding him. Perhaps if he were\nsent to one of the far-off branches--Cape Town, for instance--but\nSawyer threw up his hands and shouted \"Pish--tush!\"\n\"Why man alive--he would kill the business of all your foreign\nconnections. Asylum!--put him in a place where he may reflect at his\nleisure--and, say!--here's an idea--send for Henry Updyke!\" exclaimed\nSawyer, banging the arm of his chair.\nWithout a word Villard stepped into the booth and rang up his\nman--promptly making connection.\n\"I wish you'd run down here, Henry,\" said he, \"I have a problem to\nsolve.\"\n\"You bet you have--same old problem--Parkins!\"\n\"Of course you would know all about our trouble,\" laughed Villard. \"You\nsurely have a nose for news.\"\n\"Yep--Parkins is at Sawyer's pretty well smashed, but still keeping his\neyes open. We are watching the place--night and day shift from now\non--but we've got nothing on him. You can't jail a man for a smash-up\nunless it was by premeditated defiance of the speed laws. And you'd\nhave to prove it. How is the girl?\"\n\"Resting easily--Benton says she'll come through all right.\"\n\"Wonderful girl--eh? I've seen her off and on since she was a little\nchild. I've known the father quite well--a dull sort, but easy to\nextract information from--if he has any. If he ever had any he didn't\nknow it--just gave it up by way of general conversation. I guess I'll\nrun down after a while, probably be at your house about eight--that\ngives you time for your dinner.\"\n\"Bless you, yes--come down at once and break bread with me--I'll wait.\"\n\"No--can't leave now--see you to-night at eight--have Sawyer there if\nyou can.\"\n\"He's here now--I'll have him dine with us. He's pretty well broken up\nover the day--but--my boy!--it has been a great day for me!--can't talk\nnow--good-bye!\"\nTurning to his friend Sawyer, Villard again appealed to him to stay for\ndinner, but his neighbor felt that that day had worn him out. Bed was\nthe place for him, as early as possible, after his dinner. He urged that\nUpdyke be coaxed to stay over night, and take a look at Parkins.\nDreading the presence of the man in his home he stood in need of\ncourage, and Villard agreed to hold Updyke if such a thing were\npossible.\nPromptly at eight the big fellow rode into the driveway at Dreamy\nHollow, accompanied by two men, a chauffeur and an operative. Having\nbeen expected, Villard himself met Updyke at the porte-coch\u00e8re along\nwith the servant. Santzi hovered near, but was not obsequious. When the\nguest had alighted, he jumped upon the running board and showed his man\nthe way to the garage. It had been a glorious day for Santzi as he had\nserved his employer well, which made him very happy. When the car was\ngaraged he led the way to his small kitchenette and served the two men a\nJapanese dinner.\nMeanwhile the big mansion showed no lights, Villard and Updyke having\ngone into consultation in Villard's office. Big men that they were, each\neyed the other solemnly, and then, simultaneously they broke out with a\nhearty laugh--and that relieved the tension.\n\"Life is a great experience,\" said Villard, his big open face radiating\nhis good humor--\"one little thing right after another.\"\n\"And the more we laugh the more we live,\" replied Updyke, lighting his\nusual black cigar.\n\"A big day for me, Henry!\" exclaimed the host; \"a great day indeed!\"\n\"Yep--little Winifred--your luck is phenomenal, old fellow. I\ncongratulate you with all my heart.\"\n\"But suppose she wakes up and asks for Parkins?\" queried Villard,\nanxiously.\n\"I had thought of that, and my hope is that something else will occur.\nBut that very thing might happen. Better be prepared for it,\" said\nUpdyke, his face denoting his serious thought on that subject.\n\"Please particularize, Henry. What precedent have you to offer?\"\nVillard's interest was from the depths of his heart and the uncertainty\nof the girl's attitude on awakening was already forming a dread in his\nmind.\n\"I gauge my thoughts on what has gone before in numerous cases. Consider\nyourself in my car seated in front beside me. I'm loaded with booze but\nit is inside of me, so I do not catch the odor of it myself. But you,\nwho have never touched liquor, catch a whiff of it, and instantly your\nsuspicion is aroused to the fact that I'm a drinking man.\"\n\"But there are----\"\n\"Yes, I know there are moderate drinkers, but girls brought up\ncarefully, as Winifred has been, have nevertheless come to know the\nterrorism of old John Barleycorn. She lives near a great artery of\nautomobile traffic. Most of it perfectly respectable, but some of it\nvile and besotted. She reads the Riverhead paper probably, and a\nmagazine of some sort, appealing to her feminine viewpoint. In other\nwords, now that she is a business woman, her vision has enlarged, and\nnot a day goes by that she does not witness something that reminds her\nthat she is opposed to drunkards. But she is sorry for them,\nnevertheless. Given her choice, she surely would not associate with a\nman who drinks.\"\n\"Undoubtedly Parkins had been drinking. Dr. Benton admitted as much to\nme,\" volunteered Villard. \"The odor was still on his breath.\"\n\"Yes, but Winifred may not have sensed it, for Parkins uses the old\nfashioned eau de cologne on his lips, eyebrows, handkerchief, and his\nhair always smells of pomade and tonic. A country girl might easily\nbelieve that perfume used by a fascinating fellow like Parkins was quite\nthe thing, but no girl would sit beside a man who drove into a curve at\na fifty or sixty mile gait without sensing danger--would she?\"\n\"I dare say no sophisticated girl would--probably no girl, sophisticated\nor otherwise, would fail of being apprehensive,\" agreed Villard.\n\"Very well--now comes the point you originated. You asked me to guess\nwhat she will say when she comes to her senses. She will not say what\nyou think she will. The last thing she thought about just as the cars\ncollided will be the thoughts she will wake up with.\"\n\"Sounds logical,\" agreed Villard.\n\"Statistics prove it in hundreds of cases. As her senses left her she\nfelt a shock akin to death,\" said Updyke, soberly. \"And as she went into\nwhat looked to be certain death she must have wondered if Parkins was\ninsane. It was all so sudden, her thoughts may not have been entirely\nformulated, but even in the zone of coma the brain functions in a weird\nsort of way, incomprehensible to the victim, but remembered\nafterward--if the victim survives.\"\n\"Doctor Benton thinks a little soft music from the organ might be\nhelpful in bringing her out of her present state. Under your theory it\nmight not help,\" said Villard. \"Would you experiment?\"\n\"Surely I would,\" exclaimed Updyke, \"but I'd soft pedal at the start. As\nI understand the situation she hasn't opened her eyes since the\naccident, therefore I would go slow in startling her sensibilities for\nthe present.\"\n\"I'm going to make a confession, Henry, but don't say anything to the\ndoctor about it when he comes in shortly. My housekeeper and I stood by\nher bedside and she was so beautiful I said to Mrs. Bond, 'I wish she\nwould open her eyes'--I hadn't seen them, you know, although I had held\nher in my arms for awhile just after the accident--and all the way home.\nWell, believe it or not, I'll be switched if the little creature didn't\ndo it--and by jinks--she seemed to recognize me!\"\nUpdyke was plainly at a loss to account for the recognition.\n\"Very strange, indeed,\" he conceded as he gave Villard a sharp look.\n\"Sure you didn't have a little brain trouble when you saw those bright\neyes?\" laughed Updyke. \"I can't account for her recognition of a person\nwhom she had never seen or heard of before.\"\n\"Nevertheless, what I say is bona fide, as Mrs. Bond will attest. She\nsaw the girl's eyes open, and the look of recognition--and more, the\ngirl smiled at me, and went back to sleep. Now, old sleuth, 'what do you\nmake of that'?--as Sherlock used to say.\"\n\"Well, let's see if we can figure it out,\" replied Updyke soberly. \"Why,\nit's perfectly plain--the message from your dead sweetheart, and the\nfather running around calling his girl by name. My operative phoned me\nthe circumstances. He saw and heard everything.\"\n\"You are right--as usual. I'll have to buy a medal for you, but for the\npresent I am going to ask you to look at her. Sometimes a man of your\nexperience may have intuitions that doctors may not have. Benton was\nhere on his second visit just before you came, and is coming back again\nto-night. Parkins is in very bad shape, so he is giving a larger share\nof attention to him. He feels sure of Winifred's recovery and is not\nuneasy about her. Now you come with me and tell me what you think after\nyou've studied her face.\"\n\"Lead the way,\" said Updyke as they ascended the stairway.\nThe night nurse had arrived, and she came to the door, as the two men\nlooked into the sick room. She glanced up inquiringly.\n\"I am Mr. Villard and this is Mr. Updyke--a specialist in his way. I\nwant him to look at the patient.\"\n\"Come in please,\" invited the nurse. \"She is still asleep and I've kept\nthe night lights on in order that she shall not wake up in too much\ndarkness.\"\n\"Has she opened her eyes since you came on duty?\" asked Updyke.\n\"No--only once has she opened them I'm told, and then only to close them\nagain,\" was the reply. \"That happened earlier in the day. Her father was\nin several times, and it was pitiful the way he prayed for her life. I\njust couldn't help crying.\"\nUpdyke went over to the bedside and bent over the white face,\nscrutinizing it carefully. For nearly a minute he peered steadily at the\neyelids until finally his patience was rewarded--they twitched! Noting\nthe fact, he put his mouth close to her ear and whispered as softly as\nhis voice would carry--\"Winifred,\" he breathed--and the eyelids\nfluttered.\n\"Wonderful!\" whispered the nurse, but Updyke raised his hand indicating\nhis desire for complete silence.\n\"It's time to wake up little girl--your father wants his breakfast and\nthe booth must be opened--it's going to be a busy day.\"\nUpdyke's voice, gentle at first, was almost natural in tone at the\nfinish. A perceptible movement of the hand and lips indicated that her\ncondition was not so serious as Villard had feared, and his solemn face\nbecame radiant--but immediately afterward, glum, when Updyke said:\n\"That's all for the present--she'll wake up naturally bye and bye. It's\ndangerous to force the issue.\"\nA servant bearing a message suddenly took both men out of the sick\nroom--\"Mr. Updyke is wanted on the phone.\"\nAn operative had some important news for him.\n\"Have put Parkins' valet through a sweat bath--got everything he knew.\n'Number Nine' was with me and took down the whole story. Shall I shoot\nit?\"\n\"Shoot\" replied Updyke, winking at Villard. Then to the latter he said:\n\"He is going to give me the confession of Parkins' valet--and the valet\nis one of my men.\"--\"Go, ahead--I am listening,\" said he, as he removed\nhis hand from the mouthpiece.\n\"Here goes,\" said the operative--\"Parkins, drinking heavily as he got\nhimself ready for a run over to Long Island licked up two-thirds of a\nquart of straight whisky while he shaved, bathed, and dressed. Had been\nbrought home in Villard's limousine guarded by a Jap. Though jaded he\ndidn't try to sleep, but began to change his clothes, and talked to\nhimself in a maudlin way. The valet said he continually referred to a\npoor little motherless girl--who evidently lived on Long Island. He was\nto bring the girl and her father to New York--neither had ever been to\nthe city--although lifelong residents of Long Island. Parkins talked of\nsending 'the old man,' meaning the father, on a bus ride to the end of\nthe line and back, probably for the purpose of losing him. The girl was\nto stay with Parkins and be shown the town, the big stores--tall\nbuildings and so on, with a probable wind up at dinner at some shady\njoint. While Parkins had not actually unfolded his intentions toward\nher, the inference was that he would see that she took something that\nwould put her out for a time. Nothing indicated as to the father after\nthe ride on the bus--sequence would naturally suggest that he would be\nallowed to drift. What do you make of it?\"\n\"The plan seems plausible up to the word 'sequence,'\" replied Updyke.\n\"Parkins was known to the girl's father, who trusted him. He could not\nafford to let the old man drift for he knew Parkins by name, and would\nnaturally make inquiries. Parkins could not have risked that. More\nlikely he would take the girl to a sporty restaurant, and order a\nprivate dining room. If possible he would slip something into the\ncoffee, or whatever he got her to drink. Parkins is a damnable villain,\nand, thank God! we got him before he had a chance to succeed!\"\nUpdyke, whose wrath took on new vigor, fairly snorted as he sensed the\nreal story.\n\"I've got a 'John Doe' on the valet,\" replied the operative. \"Fifteen is\nin charge of him, here in the office. What shall I do with him?\" asked\nNumber Twelve.\n\"Just hold him over night in one of the rooms--it might be risky to jail\nhim. Make him feel at home, and that he is doing us a great favor, for\nwhich he won't lose anything--see? Better put a man in the entrance\nhall, next to his room.\"\n\"I got you--good night,\" said the operative.\n\"Good night, Twelve. You've done a big stunt. See you to-morrow\nafternoon or evening,\" replied the chief, turning to Villard with a\nbroad grin on his face.\nNot wishing to further upset Villard's mind, he said that the\ninformation was second-hand, therefore he would reserve it for the\npresent. Parkins being in such a serious condition the case might be\nsettled through his death. Meanwhile, bad off as he was, he should be\n\"watched like a hawk,\" and any attempt at escape should be balked at all\nhazards. The evidence of the valet was conclusive, but always there\nloomed the chance of newspaper notoriety. Therefore, the necessity of\ngreat care.\n\"Now we'll make a call on Parkins,\" suggested Updyke, to which Villard\nagreed, although the doctor was overdue. A last call for the night on\nWinifred had been agreed upon, but evidently the case over at Sawyer's\nhome was too critical--perhaps an operation had been necessary.\nOn reaching the Sawyer home Updyke and Villard were informed that the\nhost had retired, but that Doctor Benton and a surgeon from New York had\nexperimented upon Parkins, and were awaiting results which might call\nfor a more dangerous operation in the region of the brain. One of the\ntwo nurses had volunteered the information. The situation was grave.\n\"I'd rather he died than come out of it a cripple for life,\" said\nVillard, as they strolled back to Dreamy Hollow in a roundabout way.\n\"Don't worry as to that--he will pull through, and the more crippled he\nis the more dangerous he will become,\" said Updyke. \"He will steal the\ngirl one of these days if you are not everlastingly on the alert.\"\nFrom that thought Villard, who saw the truth in the prophecy, became\nsilent, as a new fear seized his heart. By every means in his power he\nwould frustrate such an eventuality, and with his last drop of blood he\nwould stand between the girl and the evil genius whose touch would\ndefile, and whose snares would destroy. Updyke, \"mind reader\" that he\nwas, had just grounds for planting the seed of everlasting vigilance in\nVillard's brain.\n\"There is an old saying that 'it takes a rogue to catch a rogue,' Drury,\nand I've spent years in acquiring a rogue's viewpoint. Just make up your\nmind that Parkins can never assume the r\u00f4le of a saint, except as a\nsubterfuge, and that every hour that he isn't asleep, he is dangerous.\"\n\"I place the whole matter in your hands, Henry. I have not the wits for\nthe job, and would probably lose in any fight against any man with the\nmind of a crook,\" replied Villard.\nThe worries of the day had been great and rest was important in view of\nthe duties of to-morrow. A peep into Winifred's suite found the nurse in\ngood cheer. The sleep of the patient was more normal, and signs of a\ndesire to awaken had been noted. All was well, as the two men took their\nseparate ways to comfortable beds and a well-earned rest.\nCHAPTER IX.\nFORCES BEYOND THE SKIES\nGloomy days followed along the path of Drury Villard during the week\nsucceeding his last interview with Updyke. The invalid upstairs was in\nbed, devoid of memory. She laughed, talked, sat up in bed, or in a\nperambulating chair was taken out among the flowers and trees each day.\nShe recognized no one by name, not even her father, whose health was\ngiving away under the strain. Her talk was of flowers and birds by\nday--and the stars by night.\n\"I'm going to be with them soon,\" said she, gaily--referring to the\nstars. \"My mother is up there.\"\n\"And where is your father?\" asked Villard, trying to aid her memory.\n\"I don't know--I'm expecting him any time,\" she answered eagerly, and\nMr. Barbour, standing near and in plain sight, turned about sadly and\nwalked away. His child no longer knew him.\nUpon this situation, he brooded in silence. He felt himself an\ninterloper upon the hospitality of a man he did not know. But Villard,\nfarseeing and well disposed, invited him to stay on and gave him courage\nto do so.\n\"My home is your home,\" said he. \"Some day she will come into complete\nrecollection--and then, if my hopes are fulfilled, we shall become man\nand wife.\"\n\"God speed the day!\" exclaimed Alexander Barbour fervently. \"Everything\nis being done for her. You have placed us under great obligations.\"\nBut Villard would not have it that way.\n\"The good fortune is all mine,\" said he, emphatically--\"and I have\nreason to believe that she will become my wife, even if I am some years\nher senior. There are forces beyond the skies that are working out my\nsalvation, and that of your daughter. I won't go into the matter further\nthan to say that I am sure the fates are on our side. When all is\nsettled, you, who are creeping on in age, may call my home your own. You\nmay come and go at will--no one will oppose your coming or your going.\nYou will be a unit unto yourself.\"\nVillard was never cheerful when showered with thanks. When the older man\ntried to express his gratitude the master of Dreamy Hollow simply smiled\nand waved his hand. A few minutes later he stood on the sands of his\nprivate beach and watched the waves as they swirled and pounded on the\nshore line. His thoughts, however, were far away, but the very faith he\nput behind them turned them into messages to his dead. But he\nanticipated no word in reply. His own reasoning counseled him that the\n_new_ Winifred had released the _old_ from further strenuous effort in\nhis behalf.\n\"It is myself incarnate, you will marry\"--she had told him. Then--\"You\nwill meet her soon.\"\nAnd it had all come about just as _she_ said, and now she could rest\nforevermore in peace--the darling of his early love! Her effort at\nself-effacement, were it possible to erase herself from his memory, had\nbeen sublime, but to her reincarnated soul he would hinge his destiny\nthrough the instrumentality of Winifred Barbour. She had now become the\nWinifred of his earlier devotion, and he would lavish his love as a\ntrue man should--but there would be no relaxation of his loyalty to the\nmemory of the dear one gone before.\n\"I shall always revere your memory,\" he had whispered hoarsely. \"The new\nWinifred will never attempt to obscure your likeness from my heart.\nTogether you will entwine my soul and become as one great love. Farewell\nbeloved. Go to thy rest!\"\nAs Villard spoke he bared his head and stood quite still. Then, as he\nwalked his way back he quickened his pace, but halted abruptly as\nAlexander Barbour came running toward him.\n\"She's all right again--her mind has been suddenly restored!\" he\nshouted.\n\"The Lord be praised!\" shouted Villard with a glad light in his eyes.\nResuming his rapid gait, he left Barbour puffing along, behind.\n\"And she has asked for 'Drury'--and insists upon seeing him,\" panted\nBarbour. \"How could she know of you? I tell you, sir, it's very strange!\nShe has always lived in one place. She knows nothing of your helpfulness\nin rescuing her from the wreck. All she realizes is that there was a\ncollision and that she has waked up in a palace. She seems not to know\nthat her memory has been lost since the accident.\"\n\"When did this change take place--and where?\" demanded Villard, soberly.\n\"She was in the hammock on the west veranda--and had dozed off after\nplaying like a little child among the flowers.\"\nVillard stood quite still for a few moments and looked up into the\nskies. Then turning toward Barbour he said:\n\"A miracle has taken place before our very eyes. It would be sacrilege\nto even try to fathom such mystery. But we will never cease to thank\nthat Wonderful Spirit which has helped your daughter into a normal\ncondition. Come let us hurry along!\" he commanded of the mystified\nfather, after the fashion of those born to rule.\nA moment more and Drury Villard stood looking down into the eyes of the\nlovely creature whom God had sent to him--\"to have and to hold, until\ndeath do us part.\"\n\"Do you know me, little woman?\" he asked tenderly.\n\"Yes, you're Mr. Drury!\"\n\"Right--but when you awoke from your lapse of memory you asked for\n'Drury'--and that is my given name,\" said he, his eyes twinkling.\n\"Now isn't that strange, sir? I had never heard that name until just a\nfew moments ago. Of course, I must have dreamed it. What has happened to\nme, and my father? I remember I was in a dreadful accident--did you know\nthat? It occurred this morning--where am I now? It seems like Heaven!\"\nsaid she, smiling up into Villard's face.\nTheir eyes met, but after a searching glance, the new Winifred withdrew\nher beautiful gray-blue orbs from the contest and gazed out upon the\ngardens where gay flowers bloomed and flitting birds winged their way\nfrom tree to tree.\n\"And you are sure that you have quite recovered?\" he asked,\nsolicitously, wondering whether or not he should tell her of the real\nlapse of the time since in his arms he had borne her to his home.\n\"Oh, entirely so, and I feel so grateful, and so fortunate. I am sorry\nindeed to be wearing borrowed clothing. The dress I wore this morning\nwas perfectly new--the first time I had worn it. We were going to the\nbig city and I was so happy. I have never visited New York, but I'm\nsatisfied with this dreamland--only it will be hard to come back to\nearth, all in one short day.\"\nDrury Villard smiled at the thought, and releasing her hand he drew up a\ngreat lounging settee which afforded him a seat beside her.\n\"Perhaps I should tell you something about the accident,\" said he,\nlooking into her eyes for consent.\n\"Oh, do--please! I've been wondering--I seem to be in another world,\"\nsaid she, dreamily.\n\"To begin with, you have been here several days, much to our delight,\"\nhe replied, watching the effect of his words.\n\"Indeed!\" she exclaimed, blushing with embarrassment; \"think of all the\ntrouble I've caused!\"\n\"But we haven't been troubled in the least, and we have grown to think\nof you as our own,\" said Villard. \"I have asked your father to live with\nus--we are so lonesome in this big house. I love the place, but at times\nit is so dreary that I lose myself in grief.\"\nThe eyes of the new Winifred opened wide in sympathy.\n\"You must have had a deep sorrow,\" said she, in a low voice.\n\"Indeed that is true, but I think I know a road to happiness,\" he\nreplied, tenderly. \"When you grow stronger I will tell you what I mean.\nBut there is something I want to know at once--how did you guess my\nname?\"\n\"Oh--now I remember! I have heard your name--my mother sent me word. She\ntalks to me quite often.\"\n\"Your mother is dead, is she not?\" queried Villard.\n\"Yes, on earth, but now she _lives_ in Heaven!\" replied the girl,\nsimply. \"Winifred told her to tell me that there would be an accident\nand that Drury would aid--and--and----\"\n\"Oh, please go on, dear girl, and what? Tell me about this second\nmessage.\"\nVillard's great strength of character proved his mastery over the young\nwoman, who, awed by his commanding voice, had no power to refuse his\nrequest.\n\"But it's all so sacred!\" she protested. \"Yet, if you insist, I feel\nthat I must. Don't think it unwomanly, will you?\" she pleaded.\n\"Never--I promise you that, on my sacred honor!\" replied Villard,\nfervently.\nThen came the story that he had awaited so eagerly--a story not for\nthose who would doubt, or laugh to scorn, but for those who believe in a\nlife to come--the life everlasting. Tears gathered in Winifred's eyes as\nshe began to speak.\n\"My mother came to me Monday night,\" said she, tremulously. \"I was ready\nto retire at an early hour because of my great happiness concerning my\nfirst trip to the big city. I had knelt to say my prayers, when suddenly\nI heard my mother's voice. Although I have had frequent visits from her\nI never actually see her. Her voice, which I so dearly love, came into\nthe room and called to me by name, but I could not locate the direction\nfrom whence it came. So I bowed my head again, and waited. Shortly she\nspoke, saying--'There will be an accident, my child, but no real harm\nwill come to you--be not afraid. Tell Drury that his Winifred wants him\nto marry the person whom he saves from death.' That was all, and of\ncourse you are the Mr. Drury, and if you were instrumental in saving a\nwoman from death, your Winifred wants you to marry her.\"\nVillard struggled with his emotions after Winifred Barbour had bared the\ngreat secret he so longed to unravel, while she, in sympathy, buried her\nface in her hands and sobbed. Villard's mood was so like her own that he\ndared not try to comfort her. He had no words with which to soothe, nor\npower to check the sorrow and joy that mingled within his own bosom. He\nsimply stood by, resolutely restraining his emotion, until he had\nmastered it--then walked away until the new Winifred had composed\nherself.\nOn his return he lifted her into his arms and kissed her cheeks and\nlips, and beautiful dark brown hair.\n\"You are my Winifred, now,\" he whispered, hoarsely. \"God has willed it\nso--and your dear mother in Heaven has sanctioned it. My dead Winifred\nis yourself, incarnate. I shall keep and guard you during all of my\nremaining days on earth. You will become mistress of Dreamy Hollow, and\nwe will share all blessings as long as we each shall live.\"\nTaken by storm, Winifred's eyes opened wide in astonishment, but she\nmade no answer. If in her secret heart she had ever thought of a\nmarriage proposal, it was not of the kind that had just been spoken. But\nVillard was a law unto himself and he took Winifred's hand into his own,\nand together they strolled along the wooded path leading toward the ever\nwonderful beach. This path was seldom used because of its density of\nfoliage and the low hung branches of the trees and bushes. At last they\ncame upon the sands where the waters pounded and the roar of the sea\nbeyond the bar spoke messages from far away lands.\nAnd there they halted, each mind in deep contemplation of the other,\nwhile gazing far out where the blue sky and the waters of the deep\nmerged with the shadows of a waning day. As yet the answer had not been\nspoken, but the love of the man was fast winning the heart of the girl.\nThe verdict seemed not far away.\nCHAPTER X.\nTHE NURSE TAKES A CHANCE\nParkins' escape from death owed itself to a surgeon's skill, the\noperation upon his head having been successful. Now he sat up in bed,\nafter seven days at the Sawyer home. He talked very little, but the\nfurtive roving of his eyes during his wakeful hours denoted his mental\nactivity. Aside from the injuries to his head, all harmful results had\ndisappeared. The wound on his scalp was rapidly closing up, and\naccording to the surgeon, would never be noticed, owing to the dense\ngrowth of his hair. Roached back and parted nearer the middle, the wound\nwould be obscured. According to both doctors, another week would find\nhim strong enough to walk about the grounds, but Parkins secretly knew\nthat he had plenty strength with which to escape. He had no way of\nknowing Villard's views concerning him, but he was aware that Updyke\nonly visited places where something unusual was going on. He could feel\nwithout seeing the Villard satellites--minions of the law!--they were\nunremitting. So far as they could prevent there would be no chance for\nhis escape.\nOne thing Parkins had done well. He had made a fast friend of his day\nnurse. By degrees he had won her confidence, until finally he asked her\nif she would not prefer a good salary as his housekeeper rather than\nslave on as a nurse.\n\"I'd go mad with such work on my hands,\" said he. \"Only the faithfulness\nof kind-hearted women toward those who suffer makes life worth living.\nHow much do you average per week?\" he inquired abruptly.\n\"Oh, it's hard to tell, all owing to circumstances. In order to get\nanything like steady work I have to take what the doctors offer. Some\nweeks I scarcely make anything--other weeks twenty-five dollars, and\nsometimes fifty. Last year my weekly average was a little over twenty\ndollars. I could hardly make ends meet,\" she concluded.\n\"Well, I should think as much!\" exclaimed Parkins, with a frown at the\nways of humanity. \"How would you like to become housekeeper for me at\nfifty dollars a week, with all you can eat, and a Christmas present for\ngood measure?\"\n\"Are you married?\" she asked as if doubtful upon that point.\n\"No, not yet, but I'm soon to be married--and to the sweetest little\nlady in the land. We would have been married now but for the accident.\nWe were on our way to New York, eloping, as a matter of fact, although\nher father was along. We were going to surprise him by suddenly going to\nThe Little Church Around the Corner, and with him as a witness, have the\nceremony performed. He would have been delighted,\" said Parkins, with\nenthusiasm.\n\"Surely he would--and a lovely surprise, indeed!\" replied the nurse,\ngaily. \"Was she hurt very badly?\"\n\"No, just shocked, I gather from listening to the doctors. She's out and\naround, and the place she is stopping is beautiful--just look out of\nthat west window into those grounds. See the big white mansion through\nthe opening? Well, the man that owns that home is many times a\nmillionaire, and I am Vice President of the company in which he made all\nhis money.\"\n\"You don't say!\" exclaimed the nurse.\n\"Yes, he is the one who picked us up after the wreck--he and Mr. Sawyer\nwere out for a drive. Villard took the girl to his home and I was\nbrought here. The doctor said it would be best not to have two invalided\npeople in the same house.\"\n\"Well, that's a fact, especially when they are so close to one another,\"\nreplied the nurse thoughtfully. \"But it won't be long before you will be\nready to go your way. Of course you will take the little sweetheart\nalong.\"\n\"Your last cent can go on that,\" replied Parkins. \"But we're going to\nfool them, just the same, as soon as I can get out of this--and I'm\nalmost ready now. We are going to elope, and this time her father will\nbe none the wiser until it's all over. He is pretty much broken up over\nthe accident, but the home he is in is a dream, so he'll be happy there\nuntil we come back for him--See? He knows I'm rich, and that I have a\nbig standing in the business world.\"\n\"How will you manage so grave a matter as an elopement?\" inquired the\nnurse, soberly.\n\"I'll think it out--oh, now that you are going to be our housekeeper,\nand all that, you can help us easily, and no one will ever know it,\"\nconcluded the patient, his face lighting up as if inspired.\nParkins knew how to smile, and to appear the soul of honor. The nurse,\nMrs. Duke by name, as given to him by Dr. Benton when he introduced her,\nat once approved him.\n\"I might be helpful, and would be willing to aid, but I wouldn't want to\nbe left here to be blamed for it,\" said she soberly.\n\"Why, that's easy to avoid,\" said Parkins. \"During your daily exercise,\nmanage to meet her, and get acquainted. But don't tell her of our plans,\nbecause she is a nervous little soul and might see difficulties in the\nway. Naturally she'd want her father along, but that would spoil the\nelopement,\" said the patient, with a sly wink.\n\"I see that clearly, but what about me? I----\"\n\"I was just going to tell you what to do. First, get acquainted with\nher, and on a certain day I'll have a car waiting at a certain place\nnear by. As you walk along with her you could suggest a pretty place\nyou'd like to have her see. When she arrives there the car will be\nwaiting, and you and my sweetheart will jump in, and away you'll go.\nMeanwhile, as the car passes this place I will be where I can jump in\nand become manager of the affair.\"\n\"I'm so afraid of anything like that!\" exclaimed Mrs. Duke. \"We might be\narrested.\"\n\"Oh, pshaw! Nothing of the kind. She's of age--she loves me--and we are\ngoing to be married! The only thing I'm afraid of is that the old\nbachelor who owns the place where she is now might want to marry her,\nand she is so sweet and obliging, her father might coax her into\nmarriage with this man Villard,\" explained Parkins.\n\"Villard! Is that his place?\" asked the nurse, sharply as she again\nlooked out upon the beautiful home.\n\"Yes, it's worth a couple of millions, including the land and beach\nproperty,\" replied the patient.\n\"Why, he was the man over here last night, was he not?\"\n\"That was Drury Villard. You saw how friendly he was with me, and how\nconcerned he was about my condition, and everything.\"\n\"Yes, indeed, a fine looking man--but too old for that sweet little\ngirl,\" said the nurse, shaking her head in deprecation of even the\nthought of such a match. \"He may be a nice man, and all that, and seems\nkindly, but an old man's love is no love at all, so I'm going to help\nthe girl to escape such a fate,\" she concluded, shaking her head as she\nmeant it.\n\"And if you do, I'll give you one thousand dollars in cash!\" whispered\nParkins, as the nurse looked into his eyes.\nThey held true, disclosing not the least appearance of deceit. Whereupon\nMrs. Duke nodded her head affirmatively.\n\"I'll do it,\" she said, \"and if you don't mind, I am going out for a\nlittle fresh air\"--all of which was accompanied by a knowing smile--the\nsmile of a skillful accomplice.\nTo Mrs. Duke a millionaire was a living crime. Want, perpetually barking\nat her heels, gave her no charity of feeling toward the rich man--his\nkith or his kin. She likened such men to a huge net stretched across the\nriver of life to which human souls were drawn unerringly by man-made\ncurrents, until caught in the meshes and held in despair. Naught but\ndeath could come to their rescue.\nTo her, the knowledge that a man of William Parkins' goodness of heart\ncould be accounted a chattel of the great Villard was unthinkable. As\nshe walked along among rare trees and flowered bushes her heart turned\ncold and her eyes dilated indignation at the inequality of human\ndestinies. Had she but known the man, his kindly nature, his open purse,\nand great benefactions, her hatred of Drury Villard would have been\nturned into admiration. Good woman that she was, her intuition had\nfailed her in her estimate of Parkins' veracity. She had yet to learn\nthe depravity of the man, who, by the mere use of five magic words--\"one\nthousand dollars in cash\"--had won her hatred toward the best friend he\never had.\nSo far as Mrs. Duke was concerned it was easy to meet up with Winifred\nBarbour. The girl loved to look upon the waters of the bay, and during\nher convalescing days she sat for hours on the sands of the beach and\nbreathed the ozone borne in upon the breezes from the great Atlantic.\nShe had wondered about Parkins, still bedfast, but no inkling had come\nto her ears of his perfidious intentions toward herself. No gentleman\nof Villard's high ideals would have failed to shield the innocent young\nwoman from a knowledge of the perfidy of the man--but the nurse had not\nbeen taken into account.\nMrs. Duke instinctively knew Winifred at first glance. There she was\nseated upon the sands, gracefully poised and tossing pebbles into the\nwaves.\n\"Why, bless me!--aren't you Winifred Barbour of Patchogue?\" inquired\nMrs. Duke, smiling down upon the girl.\n\"Yes, that is my name, and Patchogue is my home. Won't you sit down and\nlisten to the roaring tide coming in? I adore the splashing of the\nwaves! I do not remember meeting you before,\" she added, as if in\napology.\n\"Indeed, I will sit down--it is such a charming spot. You would hardly\nremember me, for I left Patchogue years ago, when you were a very sweet\nlittle girl. I begin to recall your features. I am Mrs. Duke.\"\n\"Do you live in this vicinity, Mrs. Duke?\" asked Winifred, politely.\n\"No, indeed, sorry as I am to say it. I'm too poor for that--I am at Mr.\nSawyer's at present,\" said she, as if it didn't matter particularly\nwhere she was.\n\"Oh, indeed! Some one ill there?\"\n\"Yes, but improving very fast. It's a man, thank goodness--a brave man,\ntoo. I seem to prefer to nurse a man, for they are so much more patient\nthan women. Not so delicate, you know, and they have more fortitude. But\nI must confess I've nursed women, too, who were remarkable!\" exclaimed\nMrs. Duke. \"Do you live hereabouts?\" she asked in a na\u00efve sort of way.\n\"No, I still live in Patchogue,\" replied Winifred, dreamily. \"It is so\nbeautiful here, almost like heaven. I wonder if one could always be\nhappy with every craving of the heart entirely satisfied?\"\n\"Positively not, unless the right man is at hand. The man I'm nursing\nnow is such a gentleman! Oh, dear--a week or so, and away he goes to his\nhome of plenty, while I go back to my poor little tenement. Rents are so\nawful, aren't they?\"\n\"We have never rented--father and mother always owned a little home, and\nsince she died, we've continued to live there. I love the little\nplace!\" said Winifred, looking far out beyond the bay.\n\"Of course you do, my dear child,\" purred Mrs. Duke, arising to go back\nto her charge. \"I hope I'll meet you here to-morrow, Miss Barbour, when\nI come out for my airing. It's desperately trying to have no one to talk\nto.\"\n\"Thank you, Mrs. Duke, I'll try to be on hand,\" was Winifred's reply, as\nthe nurse sighed and arose to go.\n\"That's a dear--you can't imagine the dreariness of a life like mine,\"\nsighed the nurse, turning to go.\nOn hearing Mrs. Duke's story, Parkins' mind fairly sizzled with plans.\nIt was a case of now or never so far as Winifred was concerned. He\nfigured that no matter how much she might be frightened at the plans he\nhad in mind, that she would calm down, once she saw how much he really\ncared for her--and the risk he took to save her from the fate of\nbecoming the bride of a man so many years her senior.\n\"Youth for the young--age cannot hold out against it,\" he soliloquized.\n\"Now for a plan of action,\" said he, in lowered voice, to Mrs. Duke.\n\"Take these memorandums, please,\" he whispered, reaching under the top\nmattress. \"Read them carefully, and by all means live up to them. Go to\nyour room and lock yourself in while you memorize each item of the plan.\nNow is the time--quick!\" he whispered, his eyes afire with suppressed\nexcitement.\nMrs. Duke was amazed at the skill of her patient. She read the pages\nthrice over, each time in a whispered monotone, her lips moving rapidly.\nThe instructions read:\n1. During your afternoon walk, go to telephone booth in Murray's Wayside\nLunch Room--half a mile east, on the opposite side of the Motor Parkway.\n2. Call up Daniel McGonigal--Murray Hill 10011--be sure that you talk to\nDan--no one else--tell him who you are, and whom you represent. Also\ntell him about the accident.\n3. Read him the note addressed to him.\n4. If he seems uncertain tell him its $500 if successful; $250 if we\nlose.\n5. He is to have a high-power limousine at the beach end of the private\nroad on the east hedge line of the Sawyer home--to-morrow morning at\neleven sharp--with instructions to take on two women--if not there to\nwait one hour--then go home. You will be the other woman.\n6. The driver to be accompanied by a uniformed assistant who will sit\nbeside him unless you need him inside--if there is a struggle.\n7. You will meet the girl at the beach on your morning walk, same as\nto-day. If she doesn't show up within an hour--come back.\n8. If she comes, suggest a walk, east along the beach--for fine view of\nwonderful gardens--not to be seen in any other way.\n9. My room faces right for full observation--I will be in readiness to\nescape, and will be at the Parkway corner by the time the car arrives.\nIf I fail, go on without me to Herman's--the chauffeur will know.\n10. Reassure the girl--soothe her--tell her of my great love--and don't\nforget the $1000 you will receive--if successful!\nThus was disclosed to Mrs. Duke the processes of the Parkins' mind,\nand--\"Wonderful!\"--that was her thought as she tucked the instructions\nin the bosom of her dress. She gloried in the part she was to take in\ndefeating the purpose of the rich Villard--and later on--when taking\nher fresh air ramble she walked into the booth at Murray's and\ntelephoned McGonigal.\nAt first he refused the job, but finally relented upon the grounds of\nold friendship. The price was too low for the job, even if it turned out\nto be a mere elopement. He very much doubted that version, for he knew\nParkins too well. But Mrs. Duke succeeded in every way and arrived back\nin the sick room with triumphant eyes and a thumping heart.\n\"You have served me well!\" said Parkins, patting the hand she laid on\nhis forehead in search of fever.\nThere was none, whereat her eyes beamed with delight.\n\"To-morrow,\" he continued, \"is a fateful day for both of us. It means\njoy or sorrow. I'm putting all of the 'eggs in one basket'--we must win\nor die! Villard is not asleep! Neither is Updyke! They think I'm too ill\nto try anything--so we will show them a thing or two.\"\n\"I'll help you against that money shark to my dying breath,\" replied the\nnurse, her eyes envenomed with hatred for such as he. \"The girl is\nyours--you saw her first, and no doubt she loves you. I'll see that you\nget her, too!\" whispered the nurse with emphasis.\nAnd so it came about that on the following day, around the hour of\neleven, Parkins looked out upon Great South Bay from a window in a\nservant's chamber of Dr. Sawyer's home and what he saw thrilled him to\nthe marrow of his bones. There they were, two women, easily\nrecognizable, strolling leisurely along the shore line, stopping now and\nthen to admire the beauty of the landscape. A closed car stood off a\nhundred yards or so at the foot of the east line road. One last sweep of\nhis eyes and Parkins ran to his room and tore off the bath robe and\npajamas, thus displaying the fact that he was all dressed and ready for\naction.\nOne hour later the Sawyer telephone rang and Villard's excited voice\nshouted for the master, who came forward forthwith.\n\"This is Villard, Dr. Sawyer. Have you seen Winifred?\"\nThe voice, while familiar, hardly matched that of the owner of Dreamy\nHollow.\n\"Not since yesterday--what is the matter? Anything wrong?\"\n\"She's missing--can't be found on the premises--searched everywhere--all\nhands joining. We are simply groping in a blind alley. She walked over\ntoward the beach about ten o'clock, according to Jerry, but that is the\nlast thing known of her. He thinks the Parkins' nurse went over that way\na few minutes afterward. Go up in his room, please, and see if the nurse\nhas returned.\"\nVillard's voice was husky and impatient, but when Sawyer returned and\nreported that neither Parkins nor nurse was to be found, and that a bath\nrobe lay on the floor--also sleeping garments--his voice roared with\nanger.\n\"Where is Updyke's man?\" he shouted, stifling the ominous forebodings\nthat were boring in upon his brain.\n\"I'll see--hold the wire--and keep steady. Calm yourself, I'll be back\nin a minute,\" said Sawyer.\nIt was a long drawn-out minute, but the situation was clear. Updyke's\noperative had looked in on Parkins at ten minutes of eleven. The nurse\nwas out for a walk. He came back and sat down on the west corner of the\nfront veranda, and at ten minutes after eleven returned and found that\nthe room was empty. The operative's first act was to inform the New York\noffice from an outside phone, at Murray's, not a minute from the Sawyer\nhome--by motorcycle. He was now carrying out Updyke's personal orders,\nwhich were--\"Stick around until I phone you!\"\nOne thing that had a bearing on the case was Dr. Benton's talk with\nParkins, earlier in the morning. The Updyke man was in the sick room at\nthe time the doctor made his call and heard everything that was said.\nParkins pleaded to be allowed to take a walk in the garden. The doctor\nopposed the idea, and stated that the patient could not walk a hundred\nfeet without falling in a heap. Also, that another week in bed was\nnecessary before making an attempt. It was now quite evident that\nParkins had been \"playing 'possum,\" and had succeeded in fooling the\ndoctor by his apparent weakness of voice, as he plead for out-of-door\nexercise.\n\"That's him all over!\" panted Villard, as the particulars of the escape\ncame to an end. \"I'll talk with Updyke--that's all I can do. I'll see\nyou later and let you know what I find out. Your help has been bully, as\nusual. Always grateful--see you later,\" said he, banging the receiver\ninto place.\nFor a moment Villard stood mutely, with hands locked and eyes shut.\nThen, with the rage of a lion he sprang into action. Updyke's office was\nphoned, and \"The Big Fellow\" was on deck.\n\"I thought I'd be hearing from you pretty soon,\" said he, in reply to\nVillard's ring. \"Don't worry--Sawyer's butler is one of my men--he got\nfooled the same as the rest of you. It shows that Parkins has more\nbrains than one certain operative. I know one who is going to get\nshanghaied. The doctor's pessimism as to Parkins condition in the\npresence of my man simply threw him off his balance.\"\n\"Never mind the story, old boy. You did your best, but my Winifred is\ngone! She is in the hands of a villain!\" shouted Villard.\n\"Well, keep your shirt on, old chap. Raving doesn't get you anywhere. My\nman got the news to me before you knew anything had happened--or Sawyer\neither. What more do you expect in an instant?\"\nThe growl in Updyke's voice was becoming noticeable, as Villard started\nin to apologize.\n\"I'm just about crazy--don't mind what I say. What else\"--but Updyke\nignored the interruption.\n\"I'm making no promises, but I'm expecting quick results,\" he continued.\n\"Parkins is still on the Island, and the big limousine from McGonigle's\ngarage isn't a racing machine. It can't take to the woods like a small\ncar unless there is an accomplice who knows the way. I have twelve\nmotorcycle men out on the job, and three high-speed roadsters. Every\nranger that can be reached by the Chief Forester will assist, and many\nsecret service men are already alert. I expect to hear news any moment.\"\n\"Where do you think he will head for?\" inquired Villard.\n\"I don't think--I know where he is going--but I don't know when he will\nget there? I'm not going to tell you now, anyhow. You'd go up in the\nair like a balloon,\" said Updyke with emphasis.\n\"Then tell me how you know he is going to a certain place. That will\nhelp some. You can see that I am almost crazy!\"\n\"Well, then, brace up and listen. I called up McGonigle and asked him\nwhere Parkins was going in his big limousine and he fell for it. He\nstuttered, and hemmed and hawed, until I shouted a real message into his\near. I said, 'Talk quick or you will be in a hurry-up wagon on your way\nto police headquarters!' That's what did the business.\"\n\"What did he say to that?\"\n\"My God! On what grounds can I be treated in such a manner, he came back\nto me, but his voice was broken. I had him all right, and he knew I had\nhim. So I answered back--'Because you're an accomplice, and by turning\nin evidence that will help convict Parkins you will soften the charge\nagainst yourself.' Then I said I'd help him, most probably, but he must\nfirst tell me the story from beginning to end, or shift for himself.\"\n\"Terrible!\" sighed Villard. \"And he had sold himself to a counterfeit\ngentleman! I always thought well of McGonigle. I've known him for\nyears.\"\n\"Well, to make a long story short, he told me everything--how Parkins'\nnurse had called him up, and told him of the plan, which was spoken of\nas an elopement, offering five hundred for a successful venture, and\ntwo-fifty in any event. Regarding Parkins as a rich man, and sporty, he\ntook the offer. Now here is the real joker in the pack, and it shows\nthat luck is still with me,\" laughed Updyke.\n\"Let's hear it,\" said Villard, in a voice less restrained.\n\"I had another matter on my slate having to do with McGonigle's garage,\nso I had sent one of my men over to apply for a job. He entered the\nplace and found Mac all worked up because a man he had depended on to go\nout on a swell limousine job hadn't shown up. The upshot of it was that\nhe took on my man and gave him a uniform to put on--one of the regular\nchauffeur turnouts. That's why I know that we're going to get Parkins,\nand get him soon.\"\n\"Henry, you are a wonder!--what is the next step?\" demanded Villard,\nchuckling in spite of his fears.\n\"The next step is for you to go and sit down with your morning papers,\"\nshouted Updyke. \"I've got other phones waiting on me.\"\n\"Just one thing more--tell me where he's taking her,\" begged Villard.\n\"What's the use? He won't get her there?\"\n\"Tell me anyhow--I'm stronger when I know the worst,\" pleaded Villard.\nUpdyke hesitated. He loathed the thought of letting his friend know the\ntruth. But finally, in a rasping voice, almost choking with the rage\nthat he had been trying to conceal, Updyke replied:\n\"Well, if you must know, the car started for Herman's Road\nHouse--otherwise known as 'The Mad House.'\"\nWith that Updyke threw his receiver on the hook, and asked his\nswitch-board operator for the call next in line--but he was more than\nfurious with himself for having yielded to Villard's entreaty.\nCHAPTER XI.\nMARY JOHNSON\n\"No news\" reports coming in from operatives, and new instructions going\nout from \"the old man\" himself, was the routine of Updyke's office for\nthe next hour. Mary Johnson, his secretary, of only a few months'\nexperience, came timidly over to his desk and asked if he had looked\nover the Parkins record during the past month or so.\n\"I think there were some notations made by Miss Carew just before she\nleft,\" said she.\n\"Bring it,\" snapped Updyke, abstractedly. Then as the girl turned to go\nhe called her back.\n\"I'm sorry to have been cross with you, little woman, but you'll forgive\nme I know. This is a bad case, and every moment is precious. Hurry back\nwith the report,\" said he, smiling into her alert blue eyes.\nOn her return he seized the record eagerly, and the girl bent over his\nshoulder and pointed out three memorandums, which he carefully read.\nThe addendum was in the handwriting of Miss Carew, and read as follows:\n     6-12-1919--has built shack on the ocean side of South Bay, opposite\n     Smith Point. Two rooms, stove, kitchenette--goes there during\n     summer months--at week-ends--place is made comfortable for duck\n     shooting in late fall. Double bed--5-15-1920--Joined the Indian\n     Head Social Club, near Jamesport, East of Riverhead. Membership\n     composed almost entirely of divorcees, both men and women. Single\n     men and pretty women, eligible. Golf club--card games--liquor\n     lockers--thirty suites--baths--swimming pool--indoor\n     athletics--free and easy--no questions asked--no interference. Open\n     all year--once known as The Mad House, then Herman's Road House.\n     Herman still owns it, but has modernized the place and bids for\n     better clients under the guise of a social country club.\n\"Get Riverhead, and ask for George Carver, head clerk at the White\nHouse,\" said Updyke to the girl beside him. \"Glad to note that some one\nis on the job around here,\" he added gruffly.\nIn less than three minutes the connection was made, but even to the man\nat the helm, minutes seemed hours--such was his mental strain.\n\"Hello, George--this is Updyke--Yes--fine, thank you--do you know\nWilliam Parkins?--only by sight--eh?--he belongs to Indian Head Social\nClub--find out if he is over there--call me back quickly--thanks--hurry\nboy!\"\nThe next five minutes dragged along at a snail's pace, so overwrought\nwas Updyke--and no less the efficient Mary Johnson. But the right tingle\ncame along in due course of time.\n\"This you, Henry--all right--he telephoned from Yaphank for a parlor and\nbath suite--expected very soon--can I help you in any way?\"\n\"You are still a deputy sheriff?\" queried Updyke.\n\"Yes--they wouldn't take my resignation.\"\n\"Listen carefully, George--this is a serious matter. This man Parkins\nhas kidnapped a beautiful, chaste girl, and is taking her to Indian\nHead, if I am not in error. You have a motorcycle?\"\n\"Oh, yes--can't get along without one over here,\" replied Carver.\n\"Then hop it instantly, and ride for your life to that club. If Parkins\nhasn't arrived--thank God!--you stop him before he gets there, and save\na great scandal that would ruin the girl. She is as pure as snow, and\nis betrothed to the best friend I have on earth. Help me out, boy! Get\nthat man Parkins--serve a 'John Doe' warrant on him and take him to the\nhome of Drury Villard at Dreamy Hollow. It's a big black limousine, two\nmen in front, and Parkins, with a woman accomplice, inside. The\nchauffeur is McGonigle's man, but the other fellow is my man. He may\nneed help--he might be killed--but you save the day from scandal.\"\n\"I'll do my best, old-timer. What you have told me makes me see red. I\nmay shoot the skunk,\" said he in a rasping voice. \"If it was a Riverhead\ncase, we'd tar and feather him.\"\n\"Go like the wind, George--and don't fail,\" replied Updyke, a husky tone\nin his deep voice.\nWhen George Carver swung into the Jamesport road a cloud of dust trailed\nbehind him until he stopped in front of the clubhouse. Parkins had not\narrived, so everything was safe thus far. Turning back along the road he\ntraveled leisurely and muffled the \"cut-out.\"\nUpdyke had figured matters out almost to a nicety. Two miles west of\nJamesport a limousine hove in view.\nThe car was coming fast, head-on for passage against all-comers. But\nCarver was an old hand at stopping speeders.\nHe jumped from his machine and laid it crosswise of the narrow road.\nThen with his feet on the wheel and his revolver pointed straight at the\noncoming chauffeur, he shouted:\n\"Halt! or I'll kill you!\"--and at once the emergency was applied to the\nbrakes of the big machine, causing thereby a most gruesome noise.\n[Illustration: \"HALT! OR I'LL KILL YOU!\"]\n\"Hands up, chauffeur! Step off of your car--lie down on the\nroadside--belly to the ground!\"\nTo the Updyke man he said--\"If he makes a move kill him!\"\nParkins, not yet discovered by either officer, had dropped to the floor\nand pulled a dust robe over his body. Carver tried to open the door, but\nit was locked from inside. The door on the other side was also bolted\nfrom within.\n\"All right, Parkins, you are going to have the merriest little test put\nup to you that a rascal of your stamp could conceive of in a life time!\"\nshouted Carver. \"At this moment you and your accomplice are shielding\nyourselves at the expense of a frail girl. She need have no fear--you\ninfernal coward! But unless you and that woman come out instantly, I'll\nbreak in the doors and hang both of you up by the thumbs. I am counting\nten--one--two--three--four--five--get ready, 'Updyke man'--six----\"\nThe door opened, and Mrs. Duke screamed as she saw Carver's badge.\nParkins came out first, with palms turned outward and was made to lay\nface-down, his arms stretched above his head. Then came the woman, to\nfind, at the point of a revolver, that she had forfeited the chivalry of\nhonest men.\n\"Now you, Updyke man, slip a pair of bracelets on both the man and the\nwoman, while I do the same with the driver. Now, little lady,\" he added,\naddressing Winifred, \"could you ride behind me on my motorcycle to\nRiverhead?\"\nCarver stood with hat in hand, smiling into her pallid face.\n\"Oh, I am sure I could,\" she whispered, frightened to the point of\nnervous breakdown.\n\"Then walk back along the road a little way while I prepare these\nkidnappers for a safe journey,\" said he, sneering down upon the\nprisoners. \"I wouldn't want you to see what I may have to do to them.\"\nAt the suggestion of the Updyke man each prisoner was handcuffed with\narms behind, instead of in front, as was the usual practice in extreme\ncases.\n\"That's the safest way,\" said the operative, \"and now we'll tie their\nfeet to the foot rest--Parkins in front, by himself, and the woman and\nthe chauffeur on the rear seat. I'll drive the car back to New York.\nUpdyke will be waiting for them, all right enough!\"\nWhen the job was completed, the curtains were drawn and the doors locked\nfrom outside. Then the Updyke operative mounted the chauffeur's seat and\nheaded the car toward the west.\nCarver now helped the girl to mount his wheel, and then jumped into the\nsaddle in front of her.\n\"Hold on to me tight--we're going to speed some!\" said he, gaily, then\nhe shot in the gas, and they were off for Riverhead, the limousine\ntrailing in the dust close behind.\nFor a time the male prisoners eyed each other in sheepish fashion, but\nMrs. Duke cried bitterly as the car skipped along. With her arms behind\nher she had no means of wiping the tear-drops that plowed ridges through\nthe dust on her face.\n\"I don't see how I ever got into this dreadful affair!\" she moaned.\n\"Shut up!\" shouted Parkins sharply. \"They can't do anything with us.\nThat would ruin the girl's reputation.\"\n\"But that man Updyke!--how did you ever conceive the idea that you could\nfrustrate that brute's plans?\"\n\"What do you know about him?\" snapped Parkins.\n\"I've seen him, and that's enough! Oh, such a face!--such strength of\npurpose!--such----\"\n\"Cut it out I tell you--or you will lose your chance, as a woman, to say\nthat you had no thought of breaking the law. The girl and I were eloping\nand you were along as a friend. Do you get that?\"\n\"You are so wonderful, Mr. Parkins--indeed you are,\" sighed Mrs. Duke,\nas her tears slackened. \"I knew it the moment I saw you, all bruised and\ntorn. Certainly she was eloping with you, and now I remember how sweetly\nshe talked about you as we walked along the beach. You had always been\nso kind to her father, and all that.\"\n\"See that you don't forget it,\" replied Parkins, already planning his\nway to freedom. \"And also remember this--that when she was seized by\nthese men, and we were arrested like kidnappers, I was taking her to one\nof the swellest country clubs in the land. We were to be married there,\nand you were to be the witness--see?\"\nParkins' eyes flashed, and his lips curled into a cruel smile as he\nthought of the revenge he would take upon Villard and the girl, if\ncalled to the witness stand. How the reporters would enjoy it! And how\nVillard's face would burn with shame as lawyers for the defense drove\nhome his crazy notions about spiritual communications!\nThe thought almost made him happy.\nAt Riverhead telephoning was in order. The car containing the prisoners\nwas, by Updyke's order, to be driven through to New York and the\nculprits brought to his office. The girl, Winifred, would await the\narrival of Villard's car at Yaphank, Carver gladly agreeing to convey\nher that far, changing to his runabout at Riverhead--thus adding to her\ncomfort until she would meet up with her friends.\nSawyer was so overcome with joy at \"the news from the front,\" as he\ncalled it, that he insisted on being taken along with Villard. So, with\nSantzi as a mascot, and Jacques at the wheel, they were soon on their\nway. But aside from the joy in each breast, there was a grim thought in\neach mind--and small charity for Parkins and the nurse he had used as a\nfoil.\nThen, too, the shock of Winifred's strange disappearance had so upset\nthe nerves of Alexander Barbour that he now hovered near \"The Great\nCrossing.\" But the ever kindly Mrs. Bond had his case in hand, and the\ndoctor had been called, although he had not arrived when Villard's party\nleft for Yaphank.\n\"If Winifred will agree, we will be married to-night,\" said Villard, in\nan undertone, to Sawyer.\nThe latter did not reply, although he remained in deep thought for\nalmost a mile, as shown by the speedometer.\n\"No, my friend,\" said he, finally, and with an effort to tell the truth\nwithout offending--\"her youthful dreams must not be wiped out in any\nsuch rough-shod manner. I know the big heartedness of your intentions,\nbut Winifred is a girl and she must have the say. There are her old-time\nfriends at Patchogue. Those she cares for should by all means be\ninvited. She must have a fling of some pretensions or she will brood in\nsilence at your lack of sympathy.\"\n\"Alas, you are right--as usual,\" sighed Villard. \"However, my pessimism\nis newly born from the fruits of this evil day.\"\n\"There you go again--evil day! Why, it's the greatest day of your life!\nThe girl over there among the stars has again reached out in your\nbehalf, and this time the proof is positive of her watchfulness over\nyou.\"\n\"Forgive me, Sawyer,\" said Villard simply, patting his friend on the\nknee. \"My little girl shall take her own time and have a wedding after\nher own heart. Then Dreamy Hollow will wake up and amount to something!\"\nIt was a wide-eyed and dusty little heroine that George Carver handed\nover at Yaphank. Santzi jumped out of the roadster and fairly lifted\nher into the place between the two men on the back seat, who stood up to\ngreet her.\nAt once she snuggled closely to Villard, and shivered, until finally he\nput his big arm about her and soothed her with gentle words of sympathy.\nSawyer looked away from it all, his eyes moist at the girl's sweet\nsimplicity, but Villard motioned Carver to his side of the car and\nleaned over and whispered--then put a card in his hand.\n\"Well, I may call in on you at your home some day, but I seldom go to\nNew York. I've seen a little of Dreamy Hollow while riding by at times.\nThe young lady sitting beside you has a strong heart and she knows how\nto keep up her nerve,\" said he, laughing up at her pale smiling face.\n\"Most women would have had a sure enough fit, if placed in the same\nsituation.\"\nThen, doffing his cap, he said--\n\"Good-by, all,\" and offered his hand to the girl.\nKissing the tips of her dainty fingers Winifred held them out to him,\nand said--\n\"Good-by, sir. I shall never forget your kindness, and your bravery--nor\nwill any of us,\" she added, glancing from Carver to Villard, and back\nto Carver again.\nAnd then, with a little sigh, she fell back between Villard and Sawyer\nand closed her eyes. Within a few minutes she was sound asleep. The\nadventure had taxed her beyond her strength.\nThat night Villard shivered in his sleep, but not from cold. There was a\ncertain dread of misfortune--he knew not what--that filled his mind.\nPublicity, from a gossip standpoint, was his pet aversion. The thought\nof its blight upon his name, and the haunting fear of being pointed out\nas the man whose sweetheart had been kidnapped by one of his partners,\nsimply brought out a cold sweat over his body. At midnight he could\nstand it no longer, whereupon he turned on his reading lamp and reached\nfor the bedside telephone--then called up the hotel where Updyke lived,\nand was connected with his room.\nThe big fellow was just retiring when he answered the call.\n\"I expected to hear from you earlier in the evening,\" said he by way of\ngreeting. \"Hot old day, eh?\"\n\"A great day, as it turned out to be--and how I am ever going to get\neven with you I don't know!\" said Villard with much feeling.\n\"Come off of that, or I'll send you a bill for services the first of the\nmonth,\" shouted Updyke.\n\"Well, you'd better, or I'll send you something you won't like--an\ninsult of some sort about people who have big hearts and no wits for\nmaking money to 'feed the old gray mare' with.\"\n\"Don't worry--you're not out of the woods yet--but I won't check in on\nthat until I get through with 'so and so' and a few of his crooked\nfriends. I'm going out to see you to-morrow night and talk things over.\nI'll say that it's going to be some trick to keep this thing out of the\npapers,\" said Updyke, his voice carrying conviction. \"It's a thousand\ndollar scoop if 'so and so' wants the money bad enough. I think he is\n'all in' so far as ready cash is concerned. He didn't pull this trick\njust for the--you know what I mean.\"\n\"Yes--go on!\"\n\"No, we will talk it out, with less danger. I'll run down later. I had\none terrible time in third-degree stuff and have put him away for the\nnight. Me for the mattress and a pillow, for awhile. Get some sleep,\nyourself!\"\n\"All right--and God bless you!\" replied Drury Villard, as he shut off\nthe light and settled down in bed. But there is no such thing as sleep\nfor a wide-awake man.\nA very small incident of the day kept creeping into his thoughts--young\nCarver! Had not his Winifred kissed her dainty hand as she held it out\nto him? Was it just a girlish impulse?--or was it the blood of youth\nresponding to the call? Once planted, this tiny seed of uncertainty\nbegan to grow. The clock struck one--brooding time, for middle-aged men\nwho roll and toss, and think dark things in the black hours of the\nnight.\n\"It's only natural that youth responds to youth,\" said he to\nhimself--\"but I too am young in years, although my crowded life has made\nme old and out of tune with youth itself. I wonder if I have been fair\nto this child?\" he mumbled impatiently. \"I wonder, I----\"\nThen, suddenly, his mind relaxed, and over he went--\"to the land of nod\nand dream.\"\nOn the following day Winifred spent the entire morning in her father's\nroom. He was ill at heart and in body. The events of the day before,\ncoupled with those of the ten days preceding had worn him down to a\nfrazzle of his old self. He longed for the peace and quiet of his own\nhome. He missed his old acquaintances with whom he exchanged salutations\neach day from the standpoint of the weather--\"fine day,\"--\"looks like\nsome sorter change\"--\"it's about time for the rains to set it,\" and the\nlike.\nThe good man was lonesome in the big Villard home, and added to that, a\ndeep cold had settled on his chest and continuous coughing had exhausted\nhis powers of combativeness. But at last he was asleep, coaxed by the\nsoft hands of his daughter who gently smoothed his forehead and face,\nand combed his hair and scalp, all of which induced new circulation--and\nfinally, a most welcome drowsiness, which terminated in peaceful\nslumber.\nTired almost to the point of exhaustion, Winifred sought the quiet of\nher cosy portico, on the second floor, overlooking the west garden, and\nthere in a huge lounging chair sat Drury Villard, his eyes shut tight,\nand fast asleep.\nShe gazed upon his kindly face, and then, with the joy of youthful\nspirits, she put her hands over his eyes. Then in a voice deep as she\ncould command she whispered into his ear.\n\"Who dares to break the stillness of my solitude when I am sleeping over\na dull magazine article about the future prospects of rubber\"--and that\nwas as far as she got.\nThe big man reached out and closed his giant hand over her soft, dainty\nwrists, and drew her to a place beside him--tired little girl that she\nwas. And there she sat and closed her eyes while he stroked her hair and\nwhispered endearing words into a small pink ear--and told her a tale\nabout \"_The Old Man of the Sea_,\" who--\"whistled up the winds, and\ncalled for Davy Crockett, and together watched the fury of the waves.\"\nIndeed, Drury Villard was a gentleman of the old school, and there are\nmany, many verses to that rollicking old song, just right for a tired\nlittle \"mother girl\" who had attended her sick father for many long\nhours. It was no wonder that her eyelids closed and her body relaxed,\nwhen dreamland hove in sight.\nAnd for more than an hour Villard held her thus, while his brain teemed\nwith plans for her happiness. And when she awoke they walked out among\nthe flowered bushes and watched the sun go down.\n\"Now I must go to my father--I've neglected him too long, and he is so\nlonely!\" said she; \"and I am all he has left to comfort him.\"\nFeeling that the end was near for Alexander Barbour, Villard shook his\nhead, as sadly he reckoned upon the grief of the daughter. A matter of\ndays, or a month at most, and his Winifred would become an orphaned\nchild. Once more the thought came into his mind that the sick man would\nbe less distraught if he knew that his daughter had the protection of a\nhusband. He would settle the matter after advising with Updyke, who held\nopposite views to his own. With that in mind he went to his study and\nshut himself in.\nJust as Villard was about to sit down he heard a gentle knock upon the\npanel of the door, an unusual occurrence, for the rule laid down by the\nmaster was that no one should be announced at this particular room\nexcept by phone. Disturbed he jumped to his feet and stalked forward.\n\"Who's there!\" he demanded, his hand gripping the knob.\n\"Alexander Barbour, sir,\" came the answer in a weak tone of voice.\n\"Oh--come right in, Mr. Barbour,\" said Villard, affably, as he threw the\ndoor wide open. \"I very seldom hear a knock when I am in this room. All\nof the folks around the house know that I'm 'out' when I'm in here. But\nyou are welcome.\"\n\"I'm sorry to have disturbed you,\" replied Winifred's father, who\ncoughed as gently as he could, but his face turned red from the effort.\n\"I didn't know,\" he said by way of apology.\n\"Sit down, dear man, and tell me what you have on your mind,\" encouraged\nVillard. \"You may be sure of my interest.\"\n\"Sir, I--I want to go home--to die. My wife might not know where I was\nif I passed out here! She wouldn't likely think of finding me in this\nbig mansion. I am dying sir--I must go home! It's only----\"\n\"Yes, dear man, it's only a little while before we all must take the\nsame road. It is our fate--we can't dodge the issue. But what of\nWinifred?... You....\"\nVillard's voice broke off suddenly when he considered what he was on the\npoint of saying.\n\"She will want to be near me during the crossover,\" said Barbour,\nnodding his head, indicating his certainty of his daughter's devotion.\nVillard was upon the verge of humoring Barbour at any cost of time or\ntrouble, when suddenly he thought of Parkins. What if he were to regain\nhis freedom before the death of Barbour! Although now under restraint,\nthe scapegrace had not been legally tried and convicted. The court might\neasily decide that the case was tantamount to an elopement, and Parkins,\nif arrested, allowed to give bail.\n\"I'll tell you what I think is best for the present, Mr. Barbour,\" said\nhe, smiling into the eyes of the stricken man. \"Mr. Updyke is coming out\nto-night, and of the three of us, he is most capable of judging the\nproper thing to do. I am sure he will find a way to safely bring about\nwhat you have suggested. But neither you nor I know just how. Now, isn't\nthat a better plan?\"\nAlexander Barbour smiled feebly, but evidently approved of the idea. He\nhad seen Updyke and knew he must be a power in his line of business,\nwhatever that might be.\n\"You ought to know what is best, sir,\" replied the sick man. \"I am not\nup in such matters--but I trust you with all my heart. My daughter is\none of the sweetest young women in the world, and she must be protected\nwherever she is,\" he replied. \"Maybe she'd be safer in a little town\nlike Patchogue than among these grand homes on the Parkway.\"\n\"But she was more than just stolen when the accident occurred, friend\nBarbour. You can hardly realize the trap you both were headed for. But,\nof the two, your daughter would have fared the worst. Even if you had\nbeen killed by the man you trusted, you would have been better off than\nyour innocent daughter,\" concluded Villard.\n\"Don't say another word, please,\" begged the father, who could not bear\nto have the subject referred to. \"It isn't that I don't trust you, sir,\nit's because my child is my life, and I can't spare her--yet. Only a\nlittle while will I need her. You can see that for yourself. I am on my\nway to her mother--I'll soon be with her. Then you may come for\nWinifred, and she will go with you. She loves you from the depths of her\nheart!\"\nWearied by his effort, Alexander Barbour gave himself over to another\nspell of coughing, and failing to stop it, retired from the room. He had\nsaid his say about Winifred and there was nothing left for Villard to do\nbut accede to his point of view. After all he had awaited so long the\nadvent of the girl of his dreams, that he could afford, for the sake of\nall concerned, to accede to the father's wishes. But his Winifred should\nbe safeguarded by day and night!\nCHAPTER XII.\nTHE THIRD DEGREE\nDrury Villard waited impatiently and well into the dark of the night for\nthe arrival of Henry Updyke at Dreamy Hollow. And when he did arrive, he\nwas worn and weary to the point of brain fag. Parkins had been given the\n\"third degree\" and was now \"a master crook\"--according to the man who\nfor two hours had raked him fore and aft with scathing contempt and\npitiless ridicule. Hour after hour Updyke had battered at the portal of\nhis victim's brain, until, at last, it creaked--then, opened wide to the\nflood of light that revealed the manner of man he was. The big fellow\nwas glad, indeed, that Villard had not been present. Soft-hearted men\nhad no place in such proceedings.\nUpdyke was not the only one to ply the questions. The Updyke \"system\"\nwas there in force--certain lawyers--trained for the work, who came to\nbrowbeat and cajole, to threaten and scorn. To none of these had the\ncase of Winifred Barbour been confided--that was a job which the master\nmind reserved for itself. Old matters long since condoned were exhumed\nwhereby to wear the culprit down to a full confession of his most recent\nexploit. When that moment arrived the man was limp, dazed and completely\nshorn of combativeness.\nThen came Updyke himself, and along with him five additional operatives,\nfierce of eye, solemn, and noiseless, as they arranged their chairs in\nsemicircle formation, the better to confront the would-be kidnapper. Two\nshorthand men took seats, one on either side of the witness--then the\nsteel door, to the great concrete \"sweat room,\" was closed with a\nbang--and locked against further admissions. All this had been done\nwithin three minutes, and with studied intent, that the witness should\nnot have the advantage of an unnecessary moment of respite.\nThe Barbour matter was Updyke's own case and he went about it \"hammer\nand tongs.\" To the stenographers he said--\n\"Every word must be taken down verbatim--see that your notes compare,\nrigidly alike, at the close of the confession.\" Then to Parkins he\nbawled--\n\"Sit up like a man and tell the truth! Don't try to lie, for we know\nevery side of the case and you will only serve yourself a bad turn if\nyou try any smart-aleck subterfuge. The more you tell of your deviltry\nthe fewer the witnesses that will be brought in to testify against you.\nIt's up to you, whether or not you gain credence with those who confront\nyou--all sworn officers of the law--who have no prejudices to start\nwith, but will give you all that is coming to you should you lie in an\nattempt to save yourself. For once in your life it will pay you to be\nhonest! Talk out loud so every one present can hear you plainly, or you\nwill get a bucket of ice water in your face! No foolishness--we will now\nbegin--sit up straight and don't look annoyed. You are the star actor in\nthis drama.\"\nTo Martin Leroy, one of the stenographers, a public notary, he winked.\nThen said--\"Swear this man to tell the truth!\"--and turning toward the\nmuch-perturbed Parkins he shouted--\"Stand up and raise your right hand!\"\nThe notary knew full well that such an oath had no legal force--but it\nwas part of the sweating process.\nWeak from mental anxiety, Parkins struggled to his feet. When he had\nrepeated the last words of the oath--\"so help me God\"--he fell back into\nhis chair exhausted. All bravado had left him.\n\"Sit up straight, and answer the questions that are put to you,\"\ncommanded Updyke, whose deep voice and ominous frown bore down upon the\nwilting degenerate until he squirmed in his chair.\n\"Stop that fidgeting, and make up your mind that the truth will serve,\nbut the lie will condemn!\" he shouted.\n\"Now sir\"--began the man whose iron blood coursed through veins of\ncorresponding vigor--\"state your full name, your age, place of birth,\nresidence, and avocation.\"\n\"I was born in New York City--and, er----\"\n\"Speak up!\" shouted the inquisitor. \"A brave kidnapper would never\ncringe like a starving puppy.\"\n\"I am thirty-five years old, and I was born----\"\n\"Here in New York--we managed to get that. Go on with the rest,\" said\nUpdyke, gruffly, well knowing the advantage of getting in a quick first\nblow.\nThen came the answers to the other questions in sequence from the\nbeginning.\n\"Now tell us the story of your life--the good--and the bad--the\nindifferent,\" commanded Updyke. \"We know it, pretty well now, but we\nwant it from your own lips, so, by comparison with our records, we will\nknow whether or not you are lying.\"\nParkins' face turned purple at the thought of his predicament. To be\nstigmatized as a liar in the presence of men was as a blow in the face.\n\"It's--it's a long story--not all bad,\" said he, reminiscently. \"There\nwas a time when none could say anything against me. I am a victim of\ndrink and narcotics. If I could go somewhere--find a place in which I\ncould be cured, I would begin over again. Often the feeling comes to me\nto run away from it all--but where could I go? The stuff is found\neverywhere! Most men drink, to some extent, but are moderate. To one of\nmy temperament, one drink means a drunk, for I cannot quit until I\nbecome a sodden rotter.\"\n\"That is a sad state of affairs, Parkins, but interesting--go on with\nyour story,\" snapped Updyke, his eyes fixed cruelly upon the man in the\nwitness chair.\n\"There are many things and many angles, to a life such as mine,\" began\nParkins, nervously. \"I was orphaned when a small boy, and grew up on the\nstreets of the city. I sold papers, slept in delivery wagons, tended\nfurnaces, did odd jobs--anything to keep going--but they were happy\ndays. After a time I became a messenger boy, in uniform, and to find\nmyself in decent clothing gave me an uplift. But that job was my\nruination. It took me into vile places as well as the best of homes,\nclubs and hotels. A messenger boy goes where he is sent--into a saloon,\na house of shady repute, or a home on the avenue.\"\nHere Parkins paused and wiped his face with a silken kerchief. At a\nglance he could see that his story, thus far, had been listened to\nattentively.\n\"But it was not at any of those places that I took my first drink,\" he\ncontinued. \"A stag dinner of young college fellows at one of the leading\nhotels required some one to attend the door. A ring for a messenger\ntook me out on the job. They had expected a man, and here was I, with my\nbrass buttons, red stripes, and cap to match the blue coat and trousers.\nThe party was well under way when I arrived, and when I opened the door\nand announced who I was, and what I was wanted for, a big howl of\nlaughter took place. 'The Doorman!' shouted one fine big fellow, as he\ngrabbed me and stood me in the center of a very large dining table. At\nonce they proposed a toast to 'The Doorman,' and I was 'it' from then\non. They served me a tiny cocktail, which I drank without trouble,\nalthough it was my first. One man protested, and was brushed aside. But\nanother fellow handed me a glass half filled with champagne. That\nappealed to me, and I asked for more, whereupon several guests shook\ntheir fists at the man who gave it to me. To stop the fight I shouted in\nregular newsboy language--'What's de matter wid you'se fella's. I drink\ndis stuff wid me breakfas' ev'ry day of me life!'--then I began to feel\ndizzy.\"\n\"Very interesting,\" observed one of the operatives to another in a\nwhisper.\n\"Then what happened?\" grunted Updyke, less gruffly.\n\"The next thing I knew I woke up in a wonderful room. It was part of a\nsuite in one of the swell hotels of those days--the old Fifth\nAvenue--and a kindly faced woman arose and came over to me. I was all\nright--and I told her so. I wondered why she had on nurse's clothing,\nbut later on learned that all hotels had a head nurse. A few hours later\na very bright faced, well dressed young man, not over twenty-one, came\nrushing in. His eyes twinkled, and he patted me on my cheeks--'Never\nagain for you--young fellow!' he said--then--'I nearly got my jaw broke\nlast night at the fraternity smoker. I'm only a freshman, and\nunfortunately the man who was serving you wine was a senior. Don't you\never let another drink go down your throat as long as you live!' he\nurged--and I promised.\"\n\"Who was that man? Did you learn his name?\" asked Updyke.\n\"Yes--Drury Villard,\" sighed the witness. \"He did not drink, and had his\nsenses about him. If I had stuck to his advice, this situation would\nnever have come about.\"\nA blank expression came over the face of Updyke when the name of\nVillard was spoken. In a brown study he paced the concrete floor for\nseveral moments, then suddenly he turned toward his operatives and\ndismissed them from the room.\n\"The inquiry will be private between this man and myself--except the\nstenographers, who will make of this case a separate verbatim report.\nThey will be kept on file for further reference,\" growled Updyke,\nscowling at Parkins.\nWhen the door was shut upon the operatives, Parkins, relieved, again\ntook up the history of his life.\n\"The upshot of my meeting with Drury----\"\n\"Mister Villard!\" corrected Updyke. \"You have forfeited, many times\nover, his respect for you. He is no longer an intimate friend of\nyours--now proceed.\"\n\"Mr. Villard got me a place in an office downtown--an investment\ncompany, now merged with another concern. There is where I learned to\nfigure in a financial way. I----\"\n\"Yes--and you stole a ten-dollar bill, and was caught at it!\" bellowed\nUpdyke, breaking in on the testimony. \"Don't miss anything--I know your\nrecord, and it won't hurt you to refresh your memory of your rascality.\"\nParkins winced, but he had no courage with which to combat his\ninterrogator.\n\"That one overt act made an honest man of me for several years. When\nDrury--I mean Mr. Villard--came out of college as a graduate, he\nreturned to New York, bent on going into a business that was entirely\nnew. We met on Broadway one day, and he was very cordial. He asked all\nabout myself and I told him I was still at the old place.\"\n\"Didn't tell him about the ten spot, though--did you?\" leered Updyke,\nintentionally. He would leave no loophole for sentimental nonsense by\nwhich Parkins might try to crawl back into his good graces.\n\"No,\" said the witness, dully. \"I had learned a lesson that I thought\nunforgettable. I had become an honest man, and I would be yet--only for\ndrink,\" he added, sadly.\n\"Yes--and for drugs, and bad companions, and the natural-born tendencies\nof a crook,\" snarled Updyke.\n\"Perhaps so,\" responded Parkins wearily. \"As I was going to say, I met\nMr. Villard, and after a most friendly conversation he seemed to think I\nwas the right man to help steer the new organization he had in\ncontemplation. His mind was that of a dreamer of great projects, while\nmy own was full of the figures with which to carry out big financial\nundertakings. I had practical experience against his theoretical college\ntraining. We were well met, at the time. He had personality and\ntremendous energy, to say nothing of wealthy acquaintances--fathers of\nhis college chums. So he----\"\n\"Yes--I follow,\" said Updyke. \"He took you in as an expert in financial\nfigures, and made you treasurer, also gave you his whole hearted support\nin every way, and finally gave up active work in the business, thus\npractically turning it over to you to run,\" sneered Updyke. \"But that is\nall off now. You are done for--where you will land is not yet decided\nupon. But you may be well assured that you will miss the golden\nopportunity that was yours only a short while back. You are a failure--a\ndishonest, worthless drunkard!\" concluded the big fellow who now\nadvanced to a position where he could look into Parkins' eyes and fill\nthem with fear.\nThe witness, already faint from Updyke's relentless tongue lashing,\nwavered in his chair, though making great effort to steady himself. He\ncraved a stimulant--wine, beer, whisky--anything to quench the parching\nthirst within him. At this point Updyke handed him a drink of cool\nwater, and he swallowed it down at a gulp. The effect was carefully\nnoted, the demeanor of Parkins almost immediately changing back to\nnormal. He asked for another and that was given to him. Then he sat up,\nquite refreshed, and indicated that he was ready to proceed.\n\"Did you ever consider the fact that water is one of nature's greatest\nstimulants?\" queried Updyke.\n\"I never thought of it as a stimulant, but rather as a necessity,\" was\nParkins' reply.\n\"Now then, I'll ask you a question that might help you if you ever test\nits meaning. You have just drank two glasses of cool, fresh water--would\nyou care to take a drink of liquor on top of them? Would your appetite\ncall for whisky, now, if you saw it before you?\"\nParkins carefully considered the matter, remaining in deep thought for\nseveral moments, as he analyzed his desire for strong drink.\n\"No, I wouldn't care for any sort of liquor, at the moment,\" he replied.\n\"I seem to have appeased my thirst for the present.\"\n\"Then why not drink your fill of water the next time your stomach craves\nan intoxicant,\" suggested Updyke. \"Of course your dissipation has\nundermined your powers of resistance and you might have some trouble at\nfirst--but it's worth a try-out. Anyhow you will be afforded the\nopportunity,\" suggested the big fellow.\nAt this point of the inquisition Updyke found himself approaching the\nmain issue--the affair concerning Winifred Barbour. All else had been\nmore or less the paving of the way to that subject, and taking the\ncombativeness out of the witness. Now the time had come when Updyke felt\ncompelled to take the chance. Parkins' testimony was necessary to his\nplans, and if successfully brought out the case against the man himself\nwas \"nailed down and copper riveted,\" a time-worn expression, that\nUpdyke often used. Before starting on the subject he drew a table\nbetween himself and the witness, and placed upon it an automatic\nrevolver. This action very naturally caused Parkins to look up in alarm,\nand also the stenographers.\n\"No one need be afraid of that little thirty-eight. It's harmless,\" said\nUpdyke. \"I've carried it for years and have never shot any one with\nit--yet. But I am always prepared to use it instantly, as I carry it in\na hidden holster just under the left side of my coat. Now I am going to\nleave it there, in plain view on the table, at present, for I am about\nto question the witness concerning his intentions toward a certain young\nwoman, on a certain day, not long since. The name of the girl is not to\nbe spoken. Parkins will speak of her as 'the girl,' and the\nstenographers will write it that way. If Parkins, either by accident or\ndesign, speaks her name I'll shoot him the moment he utters it! What I\nam now saying is a personal matter, and must not go into the record.\nWhen I hold up my hands the recorders will proceed.\"\nImmediately Updyke raised his hand.\n\"Now then, Parkins, I want nothing but the truth out of you. Lying will\nbe your undoing, if you expect clemency. You remember the day of the\naccident?\"\n\"Yes, sir--I do,\" replied the witness.\n\"A few days before that you invited the girl, and her father, to take a\ntrip to New York with you in your automobile, did you not?\"\n\"I did, sir. They had never been to New York, and being friends of long\nstanding I invited them to go in my car--and the date was set.\"\n\"Why do you sit there and lie in answer to my first question!\" yelled\nUpdyke, his face denoting extreme anger.\nParkins grew pale at the sudden fury of his inquisitor.\n\"I meant to tell you the truth,\" he replied meekly.\n\"Parkins, your habit of lying is constitutional. Maybe you don't know\nhow to speak the truth--even under oath. You said the girl and her\nfather were old friends of yours, didn't you?\"\n\"That was a mistake--unintentional,\" said Parkins, now thoroughly\nalarmed.\n\"You had known them for about six weeks,\" snapped Updyke. \"No more\nlying, or there will be some one hung up by the thumbs so he will\nremember to tell the truth thereafter. Now then--I'll ask you to tell me\nhow and when you got acquainted with her?\"\n\"I bought some cakes, and pies, at her stand on the motor parkway at\nPatchogue,\" said the witness.\n\"Started in by kidding her, didn't you?\"\n\"Perhaps--I don't quite recall,\" replied Parkins, mystified as to\nUpdyke's source of information.\n\"Yes you do recall--and you also remember apologizing to her for calling\nher 'little sister'--now don't you? Speak up--say yes or no,\" growled\nthe big fellow, as he stared the witness out of countenance.\n\"Yes\"--replied the witness, his face now almost purple.\n\"You have a so-called hut on the ocean side--did you ever drive her out\nthat way?\"\n\"Yes--once.\"\n\"Showed her all the conveniences, too--didn't you?--the kitchenette and\neverything?\"\n\"I presume I did--that would have been the natural thing,\" replied\nParkins.\n\"You really think so--eh? Don't you know that you are lying again?\nWell, now, you quit that stuff! I wasn't born yesterday,\" snarled Updyke\nas his eyes sought those of the man on the witness stand.\n\"Now I'm going to ask you a question,\" he continued, \"that is going to\nstagger you!--what were your intentions toward her had you got her\nsafely to New York? Be careful--say nothing but the truth!\"\nUpdyke's steady eyes caused Parkins to shut his own and consider well\nbefore answering. How his persecutor could know so much was beyond his\npower to reckon. But he had to answer. The question was categorical.\n\"I meant to marry her,\" he blurted.\n\"Open your guilty eyes and tell me that again,\" shouted Updyke, bending\nover the table where lay the automatic. \"It was to be a mock\nmarriage--now wasn't it?--'poor little country maid!' Do you remember\nyour maudlin conversation with yourself in your apartment the morning\nyou were fired out of Dreamy Hollow? Of course you do--and only an act\nof God saved her from experiencing a try-out of your scheme. You had won\nher trust, and that of her father, who was to be allowed to\n'drift'--wasn't he? Zim's Midnight Inn was a fine place to sup and\ndrink--and tempt! you--scoundrel!--but God saved the girl by upsetting\nyour car--her father is at death's door!\"\n\"Oh, merciful heaven--stop this cruel torment! I am going crazy!\nBut Parkins could go no further. He put his face in his hands and\nsobbed, while Updyke pulled forth a long black cigar and lighted it. He\nwas \"dying\" for a smoke, and now was his chance. The stenographers, used\nas they were to \"third degree\" work, showed signs of pity for the\nwretched man on the stand. They watched Updyke, too, and saw him touch a\nbutton on the wall near the door. Then they saw him go to a speaking\ntube and heard him say--\"Send him in....\"\nDuring the interim Parkins never lifted his head, until he heard the\nrasping noise of the steel door as it opened and closed. When he raised\nhis eyes to see what was going on, there stood his valet and man of all\nwork, talking with Updyke. They shook hands cordially and stood near the\ndoor, talking to each other for several minutes. By that time Parkins,\nred eyed and sullen, had assumed an air of defiance. His own man had\ntrapped him, and a desire to kill crept into his mind. There lay the\nautomatic--one jump would be sufficient, and it would be \"all off\" with\nUpdyke! A wonderful chance, and he would take it--but his mind moved\nslowly. Updyke, standing at the far end of the room, knew his thoughts\nand laughed at him, mockingly--\n\"No use, Parkins--it isn't loaded. Here's it's mate,\" he said, flashing\nit quickly, \"and it's all set for action.\"\nThen, walking toward the table, he picked up the other weapon and\nemptied it of six cartridges, and put them in his pocket.\n\"It was loaded, after all,\" said he. \"Very careless of me--eh--Parkins?\nAllow me to introduce you to one of our most valuable operatives--Mr.\nParkins--Mr. Michael Curran. He says you have the best equipped\nsideboard in the city.\"\nParkins was dumfounded.\nThe trusted servant was an Updyke \"plant,\" and his case now seemed\nhopeless. There was nothing to say, and his eyes sought the floor.\n\"Look up, and face the music,\" nagged the relentless Updyke. \"A brave\nfellow like you who connives against young women and sickly fathers\nsurely must be a courageous man! What were your real intentions toward\nthat girl?\" yelled the big fellow, pointing his finger at the wilted\nParkins.\n\"I had no real plan,\" said he finally. \"I was sober when I took her into\nmy car, and I meant to keep sober. No man in his right mind would offer\ninsult to an innocent girl.\"\n\"Is that so!--then why did you, absolutely sober, and after ten days in\nbed with a wounded scalp--kidnap her and start for Herman's Roadhouse?\"\nsnarled Updyke. \"For the sake of counterfeiting respectability the name\nhas been changed to fool decent people. It is called a social\nclub--bah!\"\n\"I--I--ah--or rather I should say--we were eloping--we were going to be\nmarried! She and I are engaged, and----\"\n\"Stop right where you are! Now I want you to look me squarely in the eye\nand tell me that lie over again.\"\nUpdyke's lowering face at once took on the look of a demon. His right\nhand stole slowly under the left side of his coat and his eyes seemed\nto be turning green.\n\"It was a lie! Don't shoot me! I'll tell the truth, sir,\" screamed the\nwitness. \"You already know every move, every thought, every act--what's\nthe use? Do what you will but don't ask more questions--I'm done for!\"\nhe ended, as he swooned and fell forward, but Updyke caught him in time\nto save him from injury.\nThe erstwhile \"valet,\" stepped forward and helped to lift the limp body\nto the table in front of him, the barrier that had stood between him and\nhis tormentor.\n\"The jig is up!\" said Updyke, grimly, two big tears rolling down his\nrugged cheeks. \"We have it all. His guilt cannot be questioned. And\nthat's the only reason why the so-called third-degree inquisitions are\nto be tolerated. Slap cold water on his face. He'll come out of it in a\nminute or so.\"\nTurning to Curran, he whispered--\"Stay with him, and when he is fully\naroused help him up to my suite upstairs and put a guard in with him. He\ncan't get out, but he needs company,\" said he significantly. \"I'm going\nout to Dreamy Hollow as soon as I get first copies of the testimony.\nOrder my car around as soon as you can--no hurry--tell Miss Johnson to\nphone for it to be ready in an hour.\"\nWith that the big fellow left the \"star chamber\" with its windowless\nwalls and concrete floor, a sigh of relief escaping from between his\nyawning jaws. He was tired, dead tired, and victory won, left no feeling\nof elation in his breast.\n\"Justice is hell for some and joy for others,\" said he to himself as he\nstole his way through to the private door into his office. Updyke's mind\nwas upon the man that had collapsed under his lash and the cruelty of it\nhad left its imprint upon his own heart.\nA few hours later he was welcomed by the master of Dreamy Hollow.\n\"I've come to stay until the day after to-morrow. I need a day off,\"\nsaid Updyke, as he grasped the welcoming hand of Drury Villard. \"I'm all\nin and I want to go to bed at once.\"\nVillard scrutinized him carefully, and decided that his friend and guest\nknew what was best for himself.\n\"I'd planned for a lively evening--what is the news of the day? Did\n\"Yes--here it is, all typewritten, and will afford you an evening of\nvarying emotions. Show me a room--that's all I ask. To-morrow we will\nboth be fresh, and will talk things over. No food--I snacked in my\noffice,\" said the master inquisitor.\nAnd so it was settled, and a short time thereafter Villard sat alone in\nhis office, reading the testimony of his old-time friend, now a\nself-confessed pariah, and a conscienceless scoundrel. When he had\nfinished his lips trembled, and his heart cried out against the villainy\nof his once trusted partner. He now loathed him as he would a viper, and\nthere was nothing left in his bosom but abhorrence. In his present mood,\ngood man that he was, Villard felt that he could have looked on without\nmercy while the low creature was strung up and tortured.\n\"No wonder Henry left, and went to his bed,\" he mumbled to himself.\n\"Case hardened as he is to crime and malevolence, his soul has been\nseared with the events of this day.\"\nVillard arose to his feet and slipped quietly out into the night, where\nhis heated brain could be cooled and his senses restored. He hurried on\ntoward the beach as if bewildered, caring naught for the bats that\ndarted in front of him, and the limbs of bushes which swung back and\nwhipped his face. The Parkins' confession stood out as might a picture\nof Herod cleaving the heads of helpless babes, and watching their\nwrithing bodies as they fell at his feet.\nWhat Villard would have done, or where he would have gone in his madness\nto rid himself of his obsession was a matter of conjecture, but for a\nterrible coughing spell on the part of some person just ahead of him. It\nwas Alexander Barbour, bundled from head to foot against the chill of\nthe night, who stumbled along the same path, only a few yards in\nadvance. His walk was painful, and his voice hollow and unreal as he\ncried--\"I want to go home to die!\"\nThis dismal wail brought Villard back to his senses, and he ran forward\nin time to catch the man in his arms. For a moment there was a struggle\nbut Barbour was too feeble to resist.\n\"You shall go to-morrow,\" whispered Villard, \"and your daughter will go\nwith you. The time has come when it will be safe for her to return to\nher native town, and I shall take you both home in the morning. I know\nhow you feel, and I sympathize. Come, let us go back into the warmth of\nyour room.\"\nSome hours previously Winifred had helped her father into his bed, and\nstood over him, while rubbing his forehead and chafing his icy hands.\nShe had placed a small electric heater at his feet.\n\"They feel like lumps of ice,\" he complained, but to the soft touch of\nWinifred's hands upon his forehead he succumbed to nature's balm--sleep\nwithout pain.\nFor half an hour she stayed beside him, and then as his hands relaxed\nand his breathing became normal, she knelt and prayed for his\nrestoration to health and happiness.\nThen she went to her room, but on returning a few minutes later the bed\nwas empty--her father had gone. She notified Santzi at once, who gave\nthe alarm, but when all hands had taken up the search, they came upon\nVillard and with him was the night-clad figure of Winifred's father.\nThere was much in the way of speculation as to the result of the sick\nman's adventure, but the night nurse, arriving soon afterward, said\nthat his effort to help himself might turn out to his advantage.\nAll through the excitement, Updyke slept on unknowing, but Winifred and\nVillard sat out on the moonlit veranda and talked of the plans for the\nmorrow. He felt that she should be told of Parkins' \"detention\" pending\nfurther developments, but in no way did he intimate the happenings at\nthe Updyke inquiry.\n\"I think your father should go back to his old home at Patchogue for a\ntime. This place palls upon him and he will never be happy here. You\nmust go with him, of course, and I shall ride over every day or so to\nsee how he is getting on. We must not allow him to die from longing for\nhis old home, where your mother lived and died. That's his trouble--and\nif I were in his place I'd feel just as he does.\"\n\"I believe you have solved his problem, and I am very glad you have\nthought it all out for us. We are plain country folk, and fairyland is\ntoo much for us. Indeed we have grown in experience since we left our\nlittle country home. But our country eyes have been opened to the love\nwe feel for our native town and its people. There is where we belong,\"\nsaid Winifred, dreamily, as her face broke out into smiles.\n\"You shall have your wish, dear child,\" said he, gently. \"There is\nnothing that I would deny you.\"\n\"But you wouldn't live there,\" bantered Winifred, throwing back her head\nand laughing at the idea. \"We'll wait and see how you hold to your\nresolution to 'ride over every day or so.' My, how my friends would get\ntogether and gossip! I just dare you to try it,\" she gurgled, as she\nheld out her hand and bade her host good night.\n\"No--you don't get off that easy,\" said Villard, striving to catch her\nup in his arms, but she escaped through the door of her father's chamber\nand tiptoed in to see if he was resting comfortably.\n\"All is well,\" she whispered on her return, looking up into Villard's\neyes--\"so you may return to your den, Mr. Lion--it's bedtime for me!\"\nshe laughed, as she started to go.\n\"And kissing time for me,\" laughed Villard, reaching out as if to take\nher in his arms.\n\"No, sir--this is the kind of kiss you shall have,\" cried Winifred, as\nshe put her arms about his neck and her lips upon his forehead. Then she\nblushed, and sighed, a shyness creeping into her eyes.\n\"Only a kiss on my forehead!--not surely----\"\n\"If I ever do kiss a man on the lips it will be the one to whom I am\nwedded--not before,\" said she, her face lighted with honest conviction.\n\"Don't forget that I am going out Patchogue way very often, in the\nfuture,\" he warned.\n\"I am sure my father and I will be ever so proud if you will come to our\nhome as often as you can,\" replied Winifred, as prettily she dropped him\na curtsey in a quaint, old-fashioned way.\nCHAPTER XIII.\nWINIFRED MEETS UPDYKE\nNext morning Henry Updyke was literally up with the larks, and there\nwere plenty of them about the premises of Dreamy Hollow.\nAt six o'clock he betook himself into the open for a morning stroll.\nWinifred was also astir, for the call of Patchogue was in her heart, and\nshe must be ready. But it was far too early to arouse the household, so\nnow was her opportunity to once more behold the dreamland from which she\nwould soon be on her way. To the beach and back was her first intention,\nas vivid memories clustered about its sandy slope, where she had gazed\nfar out beyond the bay to the very ocean itself, and dreamed of \"Castles\nin Spain.\" And now she would look for those castles again, and the\ncliffs of Fort Hancock, over Sandy Hook way, easily seen from the place\nwhere she sat on the day of her startling adventure. Fearful of the dew\ndamp of early morning she took the inside path and was soon at the\nwaters' edge. And now she sat down, oblivious to all save the waters,\nwhich moaned as they came in great waves, and sang as they splashed in\ndiabolic fury and broke into gems of rainbow hue. And there was no one\nto disturb the thoughts within her mind, for which she was glad, only to\nturn her face toward the west, and there stood a huge man, calmly\nlooking down upon her.\n\"Don't be frightened,\" said the big fellow, smiling down upon her. \"You\nsurely have not forgotten your father's friend, who used to hold you on\nhis knee and tell you stories, and bring you books from the city.\"\n\"Mr. Updyke!\" gasped Winifred, looking guiltily into his smiling face,\nthen suddenly she exclaimed--\"I've seen you but recently, have I not?\"\n\"Yes--but you can't guess when and where,\" he laughingly replied, at\nwhich the girl looked far out to sea and pondered.\n\"Of course I can, only it must have been a dream. Indeed, I saw you in a\ndream. You, and another man, whom I had never seen, stood before me. You\nsaid something about it being time for me to get up and prepare\nbreakfast for father. And something about opening up the stand--now\nisn't that true?\"\n\"Practically, those were my words. You had slept entirely too long, so I\ntried a little trick on you and it worked for an instant. Then you went\nback to sleep. It is dangerous to sleep too long. Who do you think was\nwith me?\"\n\"Another man. I haven't seen him since. It wasn't the doctor?\"\n\"No, it was Mr. Villard,\" replied Updyke, watching the effect of his\nwords. \"I never saw a man so anxious in my life.\"\n\"Oh, isn't he the dearest soul! I just love him--he has been so kind to\nfather and me, and he is going to run us over home this morning in his\ncar. We are leaving to-day for good, and we may never see New York after\nall,\" she concluded, shaking her head sadly.\n\"You'll have a different driver next time than the one you started out\nwith,\" suggested Updyke, dryly, as Winifred looked down at the sand and\nrevolved a certain question that she had in mind. It concerned Parkins'\nwhereabouts, but she did not ever want to speak his name again.\n\"Where is he now?\" she asked, briefly, but without malice in the tone\nof her voice.\n\"Probably in New York somewhere,\" replied Updyke. \"I don't think he will\ntry any more 'elopements' for the present.\"\nWinifred looked up in surprise.\n\"Is that what he calls an elopement?\" she asked, blushing deeply. \"I\nthought elopements were by mutual understandings. Are they not?\"\n\"That's what they use to mean before Bill Parkins set the new fashion,\"\nhe laughed, as she looked up and caught the twinkle in his eyes.\n\"I hope you see something besides humor in his actions,\" she replied\nquite soberly, after a lengthy pause.\nUpdyke saw at once that Winifred Barbour's old-fashioned purity of heart\nand mind had been in no way affected by her sad experience.\n\"Now I've gone and said something that I didn't mean,\" said he quickly.\n\"No girl, with a mother like you had, will ever need a champion for her\ncode. She will maintain that standard through life. What time are you\nleaving for home?\" queried the big man.\n\"About nine, I believe.\"\n\"Then we had better turn back,\" said Updyke reaching for Winifred's\nhand and helping her to her feet. \"I think you will never have occasion\nto worry about Parkins in the future. I believe that he has gone out of\nyour life forever,\" he concluded, looking testily into her face.\nBut Winifred needed no coaching to that effect. \"All the king's horses\"\ncould never put the man Parkins back into her life. But she said nothing\non that score to the big man trudging along beside her. Finally she\nasked--\n\"Do you know much about this matter, Mr. Updyke?\"\n\"Just a trifle,\" he replied. \"I heard a rumor now and then about the\ncase, but it's been kept so quiet that your neighbors won't have an\ninkling of it when you get back. They only know of the accident, so if I\nwere you I'd say nothing about anything else. You wouldn't want your\npicture in the paper and a great 'howdye do' kicked up with your name in\nit--now would you?\" asked Updyke, stopping in order to impress her mind\nupon certain angles of the case.\n\"Of course not--I should simply wilt and die if my name should be\nprinted in the newspapers.\"\n\"Naturally so, and no matter how innocent you really are, there are\nthose who would enlarge the matter into scandal, if we fail to adopt a\ncertain plan,\" said he, gently. \"Now listen carefully, little girl.\nEverybody in Patchogue knows that Parkins' car was ditched and that you\nhad a close call--also your father--and that Parkins was almost killed.\nThey know that you were taken into the Villard home, and that you are\nall right and will soon be home. Julie Hayes has been faithful to you\nand your booth is well cared for. Now--remember this--no one must know\nabout the other episode--the abduction. If that ever raises its head you\nwill never live it down in your life, no matter where you might go--and\nyou are the one to tell your father the consequences of confiding with\nany living soul.\"\n\"I will merely speak of the accident, and I will warn father to do the\nsame,\" said Winifred, looking gratefully up into the big man's eyes.\n\"That's the idea--all you will talk about is the accident, and, if ever\nanything else is hinted at, just ask what that person means, and never\nacknowledge a word of truth that may be uttered as hearsay. You had an\naccident, and it laid you up, but you have fully recovered and the\nwhole matter is in the past and practically forgotten.\"\nWinifred now understood the program fully, and made up her mind to\nfollow instructions literally. And she vowed that her father would do\nthe same. Then, suddenly, she thought of young Mr. Carver, but hesitated\nto bring up his name. At last she determined that she must be instructed\non that point.\n\"What about Mr. Carver?\" she asked nervously.\n\"No worry in that direction--he is a sworn officer of the law and is\nfond of certain people who would be sorry to be involved in a story,\neven in a small way. He is one of the finest young men I know, and he is\nprogressing rapidly in all ways. Some day he will be a rich man. He is\nbrainy, and coming to the front all over Long Island. He may go far!\"\nconcluded Updyke, who knew the value of good friendship toward a man who\naspired.\n\"I--I am ever so glad you have talked to me about all these matters, and\nnow please tell me who you are so I'll know why you have interested\nyourself in our behalf,\" said Winifred, her voice reflecting her real\nthoughts.\nShe had no artifice by which to speak with double meaning.\n\"Oh, I am a friend of Mr. Villard's, and he and I would naturally pull\ntogether. He is a fine man, but the dear fellow is lonesome. Too bad he\ndoesn't marry some sweet natured home body that would love him, and\ndrive away the solitude of this wonderful place,\" replied Updyke, waving\nhis hand at the well kept premises.\nThey were now at the east entrance of the stately home and he opened the\ndoor for her to enter.\n\"I shall hope to see you again, sir--some time. You have been\nexceedingly kind and I promise to act upon your suggestions.\"\nThen she added, \"I am glad you are a good friend of Mr. Villard's. He\nneeds companionship.\"\nA little later on, with herself and father already seated comfortably in\nVillard's smart touring car, she was surprised when Mr. Updyke got in\nand asked to be allowed to sit beside Mr. Barbour. This change brought\nVillard into the seat beside Winifred. But she thought she saw the\nreason for it by the way Updyke brought the sick man out of his\ndoldrums.\n\"You are going to feel a lot better when you get back to your old\nhaunts,\" said he, affably. \"When a man spends a lifetime in one place,\nthere is where his heart belongs. He should seldom leave it--your world\nis there,\" said Updyke, by way of getting acquainted.\nAnd then he began to point out various interesting spots, with something\nhistorical about them which caused neighboring householders to think\nwith pride upon their wonderful locations. In fact, the big fellow took\nAlexander Barbour's mind away from his troubles and made him feel how\nwell he would be in a few days when he got back into the tang of the\nsalt air at good old Patchogue. Winifred marveled at the manner by which\nthis stranger could so install himself in one's good graces. These same\nscenes along the parkway interested herself as well, and she remarked\nupon the difference between a leisurely ride in comfort, as against the\nscarifying speeders who infested the southern drive. Such had been the\nonly other experience of her lifetime. But, by way of comparison, the\nsmooth, almost jarless driving of Jacques, with Santzi by his side, was\nto her the acme of delight.\nAnd so the journey continued all the way out to Patchogue, and the\nlittle home, where the sleek and silent car came to a final stop. Into\nthe spick and span cottage all four entered and it wasn't long before\nthe father was put to bed, and Winifred, in gingham apron, engaged\nherself in preparing a dainty luncheon from her jams and preserves\ntogether with hot biscuit and coffee. A small jar of cream and big dab\nof butter were borrowed in neighborly fashion over the back fence, also\na chunk of cold ham, representing good measure in the heart of the\nneighbor. Thus for two hours the little home gave a good account of\nitself and when saying good-bye Villard looked wistfully into the eyes\nof sweet Winifred and asked a serious question.\n\"Do you know how much I love you, dear?\"\n\"With all your heart--I know,\" she answered.\n\"When shall I come again?\" he pleaded, with eyes that smiled into her\nown.\n\"As often as you feel disposed. I shall have no time to attend the\nlittle business place we own. But I shall keep it open with help from\nothers. I fear the worst about father.\"\nAnd when it was time to go back home Villard made no further overture of\nhis love than to hold her hand and to squeeze it tightly. He longed to\nkiss her but he knew her code--only a husband could claim that right.\nTwo days later, Alexander Barbour passed away, and Winifred put on\nmourning. During her grief, the whole town became interested in her\naffairs, and with Julie Hayes at the business helm, she took her time,\nand thought out her future. Seemingly everybody called at her home; even\nGeorge Carver of Riverhead made a special trip to pay his respects.\nThere had been an episode in her life in which he had figured\nheroically, and she had made a vast impression upon his youthful mind.\nWith the best of intentions, and with due consideration of her\nbereavement, he did not come often, nor did Villard, owing to the small\ntalk that might arise from too frequent calls. For the sake of\ncompanionship she gained consent of Julie Hayes' parents by which the\nyoung girl became her companion at home, as well as her clerk at the\nbooth on the Parkway.\nWith regard to Villard's calls, it had been hinted by Winifred that the\nSabbath was a day when visits would be most welcome and that going to\nchurch together would be better for her, and add to his prestige--now\ngrowing in the town. He had become fond of the place and made many\nacquaintances. Land deals were active through his ability to furnish\nmoney for building purposes. Every citizen was charmed by his modest\nsimplicity and if ever a man owned a townful of ardent boosters it was\nDrury Villard.\nOn one particular Sunday George Carver left the Barbour cottage just as\nVillard drove up, and Winifred and Julie had gone out to the gate as he\ntook his leave. Then, for the first time Winifred noted a shadow\ncreeping over the face of Villard, though he smiled affably, and shook\nhands with the younger man.\n\"You are just in time for a good dinner,\" said Carver. \"Sorry I have to\ngo, but it is necessary. My loss is your gain,\" said the young man\ngaily, but there were times when he wondered if her sweet consideration\ncould be turned into love.\nWhen Carver had gone both Winifred and Julie each grasped the arm of\nthe solemn Villard, and in less than a minute his face was all smiles.\n\"Julie, we will have to be careful about allowing our callers to cross\neach other's paths,\" teased Winifred. \"Did you notice how quickly our\nMr. Carver mounted his wheel when our Mr. Drury Villard drove up? Shall\nwe invite them to a duel?\" laughed Winifred, seizing one of his big\nhands. \"Now sir, you shall be fed by both of us until you will never\nwant to eat again--but, do we get a ride after dinner, Sir Knight?\"\n\"You do--all three of us on one seat, so I can hug two charming girls at\none time. Where shall we go?\" inquired Villard, who had no choice of\nroutes.\n\"I--I'm afraid to suggest,\" faltered Winifred, guiltily.\n\"Of course I'm no mind reader, dear girl----\"\n\"I hardly know so well about that. It seems to me that you really do\nknow my mind?\" laughed Winifred.\n\"For example?\"\n\"Don't you remember? Over at Dreamy Hollow--how you anticipated\neverything that would add to my comfort and ease of mind? If I was the\nleast bit thirsty you rang a bell and in came the water without a hint\nfrom me. All I had to do was to think of something I'd like for dinner,\nand there it was, when it came time to be served. I am somewhat like the\nslaves of olden days who thought as did their master,\" teased the girl.\n\"Now I'm going to prove all I've said. I'll write my wishes down as to\nwhere we shall go, and I'll fold it and hand it to you.\"\nOver to her desk ran Winifred, where she rapidly set down her choice,\nthen gave it into the keeping of Julie.\n\"Now sir--please state your own choice of a drive,\" said the girl,\ngaily.\n\"I've always wanted to visit Parkins' hut,\" said he, yawning after the\nfashion of one who desires to hide his curiosity concerning a certain\nparticular thing.\nSimultaneously the two girls broke out in laughter, as Julie passed over\nWinifred's scribbled line--\"The Parkins Castle on the Outer Drive.\" She\nhad once seen the hut and with girlish curiosity wanted to see it again.\n\"Now then--see how you control my very thoughts!\" laughed Winifred\nrunning over to him and patting his cheek. \"Now 'sposing you were a\nwicked king, just imagine what a living death I would lead!\" she ended,\nher voice deeply sepulchral as her girlish voice could command.\nAnd so the plan took immediate effect by way of starting out. As they\nquickly passed through the deserted business quarter, the question arose\nas to which turn to take for the outer drive, but an inquiry brought\nthem the right information.\n\"Wouldn't it be terrible if we'd find him there,\" suggested Winifred\nsnuggling more closely to Villard and clutching his arm.\n\"Nothing like that can happen. He is occupied elsewhere,\" replied\nVillard, his teeth set and his voice cold.\nAfter that the ride continued in silence until the outer drive came\nwithin view. Then with delight the two girls grew interested in the\ngreat billows that came rolling in from the ocean, almost forgetting the\nobjective hut that had held their thought. But it came to view most\nquickly thereafter. Unpainted and weather beaten, it stood alone without\ntree or shrub to lend it hospitable appearance. Just a shack--nothing\nelse--a bedroom, plainly furnished, and in order, also a kitchenette,\nand a bath tub with shower. Several empty barrels outside told of the\nfresh water supply, hauled in, no doubt, from nearby wells, inside the\nbay district. Evidently the owner liked music, as a banjo-guitar stood\nin one corner of the room. Also there had been a dog about the premises,\naccounted for by a muzzle and chain, and a collar to which was attached\na state license. In a crude desk there were various papers and letters,\nsome with envelopes addressed by feminine hands. All these Villard made\ninto a bundle, and wrapped them with an old newspaper.\n\"I'll turn them over to Updyke,\" said he to Winifred, as she looked on.\n\"They might be valuable--some time,\" he mumbled as if to himself. Then\nsuddenly he almost shouted--\"Let us get away from this infamous den!\" as\nhe opened the door for the two girls to pass out. Then he slammed it\nbehind him and walked to the car without looking back.\nA month went by before anything of importance broke in upon the even\ntenor of Villard's daily life. The Parkins matter had waned into a\nmemory and Updyke held his peace as to the whereabouts of the man. Then,\nsuddenly, as a bolt from the sky, the engagement of Winifred Barbour of\nPatchogue and George Carver of Riverhead was announced in the local\npapers of that thriving little city. From the moment Villard learned of\nit he settled back into the life of a recluse. He had lost his battle in\nthe dearest cause of his life. He became old and worn over night, such\nhad been the inexorable reaction from his mighty love for the girl of\nhis heart. Only Updyke and Sawyer could gain access to his seclusion.\nGray patches of hair made quick attack upon the dark brown, and no\nlonger caring for his general appearance, gray whiskers and a stubby\nmustache were allowed to grow at random. The change was most radical,\nbut not without distinction. After all it was Villard who wore them.\nFrom the day he read the item concerning the engagement Villard refused\nthe newspapers and all reading matter. Even letters, addressed\npersonally to him at Dreamy Hollow, were allowed to lay unopened. And\nthere was one from Winifred, in which she had bared her soul in\nexplanation, declaring her undying allegiance, as might a daughter and\na comforter--but not as a wife. The envelope remained unbroken, as\nmerely one of the heap that grew day by day. Nothing mattered--Villard's\nworld stood still.\nIn one paragraph Winifred had written an explanation of her motives, and\nshe prayed for an answer from the depths of her heart. It read--\n     Dear Friend:--These things I would have you stop and consider, not\n     lightly, because of your love for me. I am not of your station in\n     life--and I would not drag you down to mine. Just imagine the harm\n     that would come of it--a blight on your life, that you could never\n     live down. Oh, my dearest friend on earth, how would either of us\n     regard the other once we were confronted by the mirror of public\n     opinion? So, with eyes open wide to the consequences of wedlock\n     with you, I am about to consecrate my life to a plain, simple man,\n     without riches or deep learning--one of my own station in life, who\n     will never have cause to rue the day he takes me to wed. It is all\n     for the best, dear friend. Just allow your big, generous heart to\n     feel that my intentions are for your good, and also my own. There\n     have been precious moments in our lives which I shall never\n     forget--nor shall I deny, even to the man I shall marry--that you\n     were the first to inspire my heart with a knowledge of what a\n     sacred emotion love should be.\nAnd that was the letter in full, all save the signature--one\nword--Winifred.\nHad Villard opened it upon its arrival, his greatness of heart would\nhave asserted itself forthwith. But gaining first information from a\nnewspaper clipping was quite another matter. It rankled in his bosom.\nBig, manly fellow that he was, ordinarily he would have stopped to think\nhow innocently such things could happen. Winifred's letter had been\nmailed two days before the article appeared, but it had been delayed in\ntransit. On time, it would have given Villard opportunity to support his\nown cause, but fate plays in all games, either of heart or of brain. To\na girl of her mould wealth had no standing when measured by love.\nTime flew by as the wedding day drew near. But there came no word from\nVillard. Henry Updyke looked in on Winifred's little home one day and\nfound the girl crying. Few women are they who may heighten their beauty\nthrough tears, but Winifred's face was that of a grieving Madonna. She\nran to him at once, as a child to its father and wound her arms about\nhis neck. And there she remained as she sobbed out her story.\n\"But you love this young man, don't you?\" soothed the big fellow whose\nface looked drawn and old, as his heart went out to the girl.\n\"I don't know,\" sobbed Winifred.\n\"Do you love Drury Villard?\"\n\"Oh, fondly, sir, but he is far above me! I would ruin his life--and\nafter all his kindness to my father and myself, I can't bear to think of\nit.\"\n\"Well, now, little woman, just sit down in that big rocking chair and\nlet me talk to you like an uncle who had your interest at heart. Villard\nis a sick man, and he hadn't opened your letter when I called upon him\ntwo weeks ago. There were many more and all of them more or less\nimportant. Yours was among them, and to oblige him I read all his mail.\"\n\"My letter, too!\" blushed the girl--\"and it was sacred--I meant it so.\"\n\"Yes, and it is still sacred, but now he knows its contents--and he\nmight never have known had I not done a little secretarial work for him\nthat day. He had ordered his mail to be thrown in the fire, but I was\nconsulted, arriving as I did at the right moment. In due course I read\nyour letter, and I sincerely compliment you upon your good sense. I\ncount you as one of my friends, for I know you have nothing against me,\nso we may be quite confidential, I hope.\"\n\"Indeed we may, sir,\" assented Winifred in a very weak little voice.\n\"Mr. Villard trusts me, Mr. Sawyer trusts me, and hundreds of the\nbest-known people in New York trust me. Now I want you to understand\nthat every word I say is truth. I make my living by telling the truth,\nbut in many cases it does not come to light. Now then, listen\ncarefully--Mr. Villard is one of God's noblemen!\"\n\"Oh, I know he is, Mr. Updyke!\" assented Winifred.\n\"He loved a girl named Winifred many years ago----\"\n\"Yes, I know that--too. She warned me of the accident, but in my\neagerness to see New York I said little about it. But I did tell Mr.\nVillard, after I came to know him.\"\n\"He hears from her, from time to time--or thinks he does--it's all the\nsame,\" said Updyke. \"She warned him of Parkins, but trustful man that\nhe was, he wouldn't believe. Now he knows the truth--but to get back to\nmy point, I want to say, in justice to all parties, that you should\n_not_ marry Villard. Not that he isn't worthy--far from that, there is\nno one more so--but his heart is with the dead! As his wife you would\nbecome to him the shrine of his dead love's soul!--and he would worship\nyou as such. Would you be satisfied with just that, little girl?\"\nqueried the big fellow.\nUpdyke watched the varying emotions of the girl as she struggled to\nunderstand. It was all so deep and mysterious, even though she had\nbeliefs of her own like the one he had explained.\n\"Allow me to answer the question for you,\" prompted Updyke, gazing deep\ninto her eyes. \"There are as many beliefs on the subject of the\nhereafter as there are grief-stricken people. Every person who pretends\nto know about the life to come is to that extent insane. In fact there\nis no such thing as complete sanity. The ninety and nine are divided\ninto that same number of personal and deviating beliefs, and the\none-hundredth--has no belief whatever.\"\nWinifred's eyes had begun to open wide, as if to testify in behalf of\nher own hereafter, but Updyke raised his hand for a new beginning.\n\"I know what you are going to tell me--your own belief--eh? But what is\nthe use? It is but yours after all, and though it might satisfy you it\nmight not meet my views. But I am glad you have a belief, little woman.\nWe must all have something to lean upon or what would be the use of a\ntemporary life, and nothing to hope for in the future? I want you to\nbelieve that which will comfort your soul and keep it good. And you must\nnever allow any one to shake that belief--'for therein is the power and\nthe glory forever--Amen'!\"\nUpdyke's voice betokened a depth of feeling that Winifred had never\nbefore witnessed in his conversation. He had joked and teased, but now\nhe talked in a way that convinced her of his superior mental equipment.\n\"Your words comfort me, and I shall always think of that dear good man\nat Dreamy Hollow with reverence for his constancy,\" she sighed. \"Were it\nfair to either of us I would gladly share his love with the other\nWinifred, but something tells me that my youth must not be shadowed by\nbrooding thoughts. I must have individuality of my own,\" faltered\nWinifred, her eyes haunted by strange lights of mingled fear and\ncompassion.\n\"Then marry the young man. It is simply in justice to you and George\nCarver that I say it. I have never known a more upright man in my life.\nHe has the heart of a lion--you know that yourself, for you saw him in\naction as he carried out my instructions to the letter. And----\"\n\"Your instructions!--I don't understand, Mr. Updyke. Please explain,\"\ndemanded the astonished girl.\n\"It was a slip of the tongue, but there is no harm done. You are soon to\nbe one of our family, so perhaps I'd better tell you something about\nGeorge,\" said he, laughingly. \"He belongs to the greatest law and order\nassociation in America, perhaps the world. It spreads to wherever our\nflag flies and is truly the backbone of the nation. As members of the\nassociation each man is carefully chosen and sworn in, but not as an\nofficer of the law, but rather as an upholder of our government. Most of\nthem are given official standing by being sworn in as deputy sheriffs,\nclerks of courts, and so on. George is a deputy sheriff, and that is why\nhe came to your rescue. As soon as you were kidnapped my office sent out\nan alarm that spread all over Long Island. It wasn't possible for\nParkins to escape in my district,\" concluded the big fellow as he arose\nto go.\n\"Then you are a--a----\"\n\"Sleuth?--No, never!--I just keep bad eggs from getting into the cake,\"\nlaughed Updyke--and then very soberly, he reached out his huge hand to\nthe little girl in front of him, and she grasped it eagerly. She tried\nto squeeze it, but it was too big and too gnarled--it couldn't be\nsqueezed--ah, but how it might squeeze was Winifred's thought, as she\nfollowed him out to the gate.\n\"Would you mind if I asked one more question?\" queried Winifred, her\ncheeks turning red from the wave of diffidence that crept into her\nheart.\n\"Bless you, no--go on,\" said Updyke, invitingly.\n\"I am haunted with fear--where is this man Parkins?\"\n\"You will never hear of him again; rest your mind on that score. He is\nalive--somewhere. Nobody knows but me,\" he laughed, as he jumped in his\ncar.\nAnd then she stood at the gate and watched with awe the big man's\nmachine as it faded in the distance, but when it turned west he raised\nhis hand, and she answered by waving her own.\nCHAPTER XIV.\nGEORGE CARVER'S BRIDE\nThe day that Winifred Barbour was married to George Carver was as\nbeautiful as a day might be. The ceremony was performed in her own\nlittle home and was followed by a reception that lasted on toward the\nevening. Every gay gown in Patchogue had its chance for an airing on\nthat gala day, but when evening shadows began to fall, the church bell\nrang, and every man and woman, to say nothing of the children, betook\nthemselves to the church. A monster wedding supper, the inspiration of\nthe townspeople acting in one accord, had been spread, and none would be\ndenied admission.\nIt was Winifred's hour of triumph over her young lord and master, who,\nwhile subject to congratulations, came in for small glory. The fact that\nhe was soon to depart with his bride for their new home in Riverhead\nfailed to develop any medals for him.\n\"Why don't you quit that dead county seat town and stay here among us\n'ristocrats,\" demanded Old Man Carmichel, gruffly, by way of gleaming\ndaggers--then bursting out in wild guffaws, \"Jes'ta take the feller\noff'n his feet.\"\nBut Carver had seen many such in his bright young life, and he likened\nthem to the usual village \"Jester,\" who started that way and kept it\ngoing to the end of his days. Nevertheless, it was Carver's night to be\naffable so he grinned quite good naturedly as he awaited the arrival of\nHenry Updyke and his big touring car. It was the one privilege the big\nfellow had demanded, since he could not attend the wedding--to see the\nbride safely to the door of her new home. And he had his reason for\nthat, aside from its pleasure, for the event had been attended by much\nadvance publicity, far greater than the prominence of the happy girl\nwould ordinarily entitle her.\nThe New York papers gave mention of the forthcoming wedding in their\nlast Sunday editions, and on the following Sabbath the \"write ups\" would\nbe much extended, with a picture of the bride in the magazine sections.\nMary Johnson, Updyke's assistant, had seen to all that by personally\nmaking the rounds of Newspaper Row. A camera man, as if dropped from the\nclouds, seemed somewhat officious to the townspeople of Patchogue, when\nhe posed the young couple on the steps of the church. Just how a young\nfellow with tripod and camera could halt with his hand a great host of\npeople, and sweep them this way and that until they posed artistically\nabout the bride and groom, was something to ponder on. In the doing of\nthis there was some rivalry by way of holding one's own in \"the\nlimelight,\" but the camera was newfangled, and it revolved either way\nsufficiently to take in the most prominent of those in the wake of the\nbride--and much to the mystification of more than one person. It was Old\nMan Carmichel's turn to again become facetious.\n\"I'll be switched if I c'n see how they take pitchers with a contraption\nthat won't stay put,\" said he, his eyes showing his mystification. \"It\nmust be broke, or somethin'.\"\n\"It's a movin' pitcher kodak--ain't you ever seen 'um before?\" queried\nthe man beside him.\n\"Yeh--I've seen 'um twicet as big,\" said Carmichel moving within range\nof the strange machine.\nAfter depositing the Carvers at their new home Updyke refused the\ninvitation to alight, but Winifred, the bride, would not have it so, and\nshe caught up one of his big hands and called to her husband to help\nher.\n\"Just think, after all of the trouble I have caused you, now you refuse\nto take a little bit more, to see how George has busied himself of\nlate,\" she pouted, playfully. \"You've just got to or I'll jump up and\nkiss you before everybody passing by.\"\n\"Well, I don't want Mary's nose to get out of joint,\" said the big\nfellow, clambering down to the pavement.\n\"Mary!--Mary who?\" she demanded, as with her husband on one side and\nherself on the other, they dragged him into the new cottage. There, with\none poke of Carver's forefinger he touched a master button which set\nevery light globe going from cellar to roof.\nIn the excitement of entering her new home for the first time, Winifred\nforgot the word \"Mary\" for quite a long time. The little place was yet\nto be furnished, and that was \"Winifred's job,\" according to Carver, and\nmeanwhile they would \"put up\" at \"The White House,\" only a few blocks\naway. George's plans had been splendid, far better than she could have\nfigured out for herself.\n\"What shall we call it?\" she cried, enthusiastically. \"Think up a good\nname for our new home, Mr. Updyke.\"\n\"The Gambler's Paradise,\" he replied soberly.\n\"You horrid thing--how could you think of such a name!\" scolded\nWinifred.\n\"Well--didn't George take a big gamble when he waylaid Parkins? He might\nhave been shot, you know.\"\n\"Oh, my darling George, come here and let me kiss you!\" she demanded.\n\"Wasn't he brave, Mr. Updyke?\"\n\"All gamblers are brave as long as----\"\n\"Now you stop teasing me, sir--make him stop George!\" she urged, her\nface wreathed in smiles. \"Just give me a name for our home--and be quick\nabout it.\"\n\"Parkins' Waterloo,\" replied Updyke, his eyes filled with the Old Nick.\n\"Now George, you come forward and make this man behave,\" she\ndemanded--\"or shall I pull his hair?\"\nThen remembering something she had forgotten Winifred exclaimed--\n\"Tell me about Mary--who is she?\"\n\"My right hand man,\" replied Updyke soberly.\n\"A man named Mary?--Oh!\"\n\"Well she is more than a man--she's a woman with a level head, who runs\nmy business and knows more about it than I do,\" replied Updyke without\nfurther indication of his attitude toward her.\n\"Then you'd better marry her at once or some one will come along and\nsteal her, too!\" warned the bride.\n\"If they do they'll have to take a chance they might regret. Mary is an\nofficer of the law and amply able to protect herself,\" said the big\nfellow, knowingly.\n\"George Carver--look at this man! I declare, with all my feminine\nintuitions, that he is in love!\"\nLaughter, always a tonic, brought the red to Updyke's face when he saw\nthat he had stumbled into the wrong kind of joking.\n\"He doesn't deny it, George. See that heightened color in his cheeks?\"\nteased Winifred, her eyes sparkling.\n\"Well--I own up--just between the three of us, and to go no further,\"\nUpdyke replied. \"I haven't asked her yet.\"\n\"Then how do you know she will have you?\" demanded Winifred, biting her\nlower lip in order to look solemn.\n\"The Updyke System will reach out and gather her in one of these days,\nwhen I get my courage to the boiling point,\" replied the big fellow,\nchuckling.\n\"Then you must start practicing at once,\" commanded Mrs. Carver, with\nthe air of a matron of long time experience. \"I want to go along when\nshe shops for her trousseau. I've yet to see your little old New York,\"\nsaid she, dreamily, as memories came back to her mind.\n\"Come--jump in and I'll drive you over to 'The White House,'\" ordered\nUpdyke, noting her thoughtful attitude. \"It's getting late for young\nmarried couples to be caught on the streets. There is a curfew law in\nRiverhead for brides and grooms. Seven thirty, and then the law swoops\ndown!\"\nAnd when the happy pair were landed in front of the white painted hotel\nthe big fellow whispered hoarsely--\n\"I'm going to bring Mary out to see you when you get settled. We'll come\nsome Saturday, and you act as chaperon for a night. Next day we will run\nover to New York for a whole week while you help do her shopping. That's\na go--eh--George?\"\n\"Indeed it is,\" laughed Winifred, assuming command of the new ship of\nstate. \"But wouldn't it be wise to wait and see if she will have you?\"\n\"By George, you're right; I hadn't thought of that. I'll ring her up the\nmoment I get to my hotel,\" replied Updyke.\n\"Why not use long distance?\" suggested Winifred. \"Then George can stand\nnear and coach you. I assure you he is good at it.\"\n\"Not much!\" exploded Updyke, as he set the starter going. \"When I tell\nMary, there will be no freshly married people around.\"\nAs the long nosed roadster threaded its way along Main Street the\nCarvers stood watching until its red tail lights faded from view. Thus\nthe happiest day of their lives had merged into night.\nOn reaching the second floor of The White House, the bride enquired\nabout the hour.\n\"Just seven twenty-eight,\" replied Carver, consulting his watch.\n\"Then 'curfew shall not ring to-night,' as we have two minutes to\nspare,\" laughed the bride, closing the door softly behind them.\nOn reaching New York Updyke immediately rang up the home where Mary\nJohnson lived and \"switchboard\" promptly responded.\n\"Updyke calling,\" said he, gruffly.\n\"Miss Johnson is waiting to hear from you--something important I\nbelieve,\" said the girl, who always watched out for his interests.\n\"Put her on, Miss Daisy,\" said Updyke, \"and don't listen in,\" he warned,\nas one who knew about her girl-like curiosity. \"This you, Miss\nJohnson--how's everything?\"\n\"Bad news from South Bay,\" said she, meaning Dreamy Hollow. \"News from\nPatchogue caused a severe spell of anesthesia. Doctor Benton is staying\nthere over night--also Mr. Sawyer.\"\n\"Does he recognize them?\"\n\"They do not know, but think it doubtful. At one time he said--'tell\nParkins'--and at another, some hours later, he mumbled incoherently\nabout 'the church' being 'too crowded.' 'I've been puzzled over the\nwords 'tell Parkins'--what do you make of that?\" queried the secretary.\n\"Nothing important,\" replied Updyke--\"just vagaries of the mind. He'll\nget over it in a day or two. Perhaps his words 'the church' signified a\nhazy recollection of the wedding held there to-day. The camera man shot\na lot of pictures. Better hold on to some of the proofs for the\ngallery,\" laughed Updyke.\n\"The Updyke gallery?--never! You may have one for your private office,\"\nsaid the secretary, after a pause.\n\"Old stingy--always keeping down expenses, eh? Proofs only cost a dollar\napiece--good ones, I mean. Spoils, only a quarter. I presume I'll get\none of the spoils,\" laughed the big fellow.\n\"If you talk that way, I'll keep all of them,\" bantered Mary Johnson.\n\"Where are they now?\"\n\"What--the pictures?\"\n\"No--the happy couple?\"\n\"Asleep--I guess,\" replied Updyke, blandly.\n\"You are quite impossible, after your long ride all by yourself. I\nbelieve you are jealous of George.\"\n\"No, you are wrong, Mary. It's not him, much as I admire his wife.\"\n\"Who else could it be?\" giggled Mary.\n\"Now you are asking questions! What is the name of the photographer you\nsent out to Patchogue?\"\n\"Oh, a queer sort of name!--Pelletier, or something. He does all our\nwork, and for most of the newspapers. I had him go out personally,\ninstead of sending some horrid assistant.\"\n\"Well, he is the man who excites my jealousy,\" said Updyke, sharply.\n\"Impossible! I didn't know you were acquainted,\" replied Mary Johnson,\nin a surprised tone.\n\"Nevertheless it's him,\" replied the big fellow, in a positive tone of\nvoice.\n\"What reason have you to be jealous of that little simp?\" laughed the\nsecretary.\n\"Well, he kept saying she wants this, and she wants that, and she wants\none taken on the steps of the church, and one as they get into the\nautomobile, and so on,\" replied Updyke.\n\"Why did that disturb you?\"\n\"I found out who the _She_ was that he talked of so glibly.\"\n\"Who was she?\" persisted Mary Johnson.\n\"Why--can't you guess, after all the hints I've made?\"\n\"No, I'm still in the dark.\"\n\"He meant _you_, of course, and he seemed so familiar. Knew precisely\nwhat you wanted, and aired himself importantly,\" growled the big fellow.\n\"But what had that to do with you, I wonder? You left the matter in my\nhands.\"\n\"Quite so, my dear, and that's what makes me jealous. The fellow talked\nso much about you I feared there must be a strong attachment, or----\"\n\"Now that will be quite enough!\" said Mary Johnson, as if offended. \"I\nthink it's time to----\"\n\"No, Mary don't do that. I'm in real deadly earnest about--you know what\nI mean--now don't you?\" appealed the big fellow.\n\"It begins to dawn on me. After this long conversation I feel that I\nhave been unusually dense. Your moonlight ride all by yourself must have\ngone to your head,\" giggled the secretary.\n\"Nevertheless I mean every word I have said, Mary. I want you--I must\nhave you, Mary,\" said Updyke, a note of strong appeal in his voice.\n\"I've known it a long time but I could not make myself believe that I\nhad a chance. You are so young and pretty, and I am so old and ugly,\n\"Why you are not old at forty-one!\" exclaimed Mary Johnson, forgetting\nthat she was listening to an avowal. \"And as for being ugly, I'd say\nthat your rugged face denotes character, which is far more worthwhile\nthan being good looking. But why do you tell me all this over the\ntelephone? Weren't you brave enough to say it to my face?\"\n\"No, coward that I am--I just couldn't,\" sighed Updyke so loudly that\nMary Johnson heard it over the wire.\nThen came a pause, a very long one, each expecting the next word to come\nfrom the other. Finally, the softly modulated voice of Mary Johnson came\ninto the Updyke ear.\n\"Why not call with your car to-morrow evening, then we can talk more\nfreely,\" she suggested. \"Am I never to ride in that big machine?\"\n\"I always knew you were the brains of the business, Mary. It's no wonder\nthat----\"\n\"Don't say it over the wire,\" warned Mary. \"I'd rather hear it more\ndirectly.\"\n\"Then be ready at seven, my----\"\n\"Never mind--careful what you say--some one listening in,\" said she as\nboth heard the guilty click of the switchboard. \"Au revoir--I'll be\nready at seven, but I will not go to the office to-morrow.\"\n\"No--and when Miss Carew returns, you will come and go as you please,\"\nsaid he, as she answered \"Good night.\"\nThen the big fellow hung up the receiver.\nWith mind filled with happy thoughts, Henry Updyke, fatigued by\neighteen hours of constant activity, turned doggedly back to the\ntelephone and asked connection with Dreamy Hollow, Villard's strange\ncondition gave him a queer feeling of unrest. The big fellow felt that\nhe had experienced more kinds of ups and downs during the past few\nmonths than for any period of his life. With joy on one lobe of his\nbrain and dread on the other, he found himself halting between going\nahead or going to bed. But the long tingle of the phone bell brought him\nback to attention, as Mrs. Bond's voice came over the wire.\n\"How's Mr. Villard?\" he inquired.\n\"About the same, sir. His mind is just as it has been since----\"\n\"Yes, I am fearful of the consequences. Any change in his actions?\"\n\"About the same. He lives with the stars, and has no word for any of\nus--just oblivious to everything about him. Two specialists from the\ncity were here to-day with Dr. Benton. Something about lesions that\ninterfere with the brain,\" answered Mrs. Bond.\n\"Any talk of an operation?\"\n\"I believe so, but the doctors are not agreed. Doctor Benton declares\nthat no operation will take place with his consent. If outvoted, he says\nthat he will turn the case over and quit. That would be terrible,\nwouldn't it?\"\n\"Yes--more than that, it would be sinful. I'll give him a ring on the\nphone to-morrow. Lesions practically mean incipient paresis, and\nsometimes lobes form that are even more dangerous. Without criticising\nthe life he leads, which is sedentary, Mr. Villard could have saved\nhimself from the dreadful state he is in. An active, out-of-door life\nfor a man of his build was positively necessary. And he should never\nhave given up his daily habit of attending to business. It is the soft\nlife that kills,\" concluded Updyke vehemently.\n\"I know you are right. Fat people like me have to keep going and\ncontinually diet, or they fall suddenly never to rise again,\" replied\nthe housekeeper.\n\"How about his mail? More of it coming in?\"\n\"Yes, great heaps of letters. You never saw the like.\"\n\"I'll have them delivered to his town office, hereafter,\" said Updyke.\n\"I can't spare the time to run down there to read them. I'm too busy\njust now.\"\n\"Very well, Mr. Updyke, good night, sir,\" said Mrs. Bond, and with that\noff his mind the big fellow turned in for the night.\nCHAPTER XV.\nPARKINS RUNS AMUCK\nFortunately Henry Updyke was no slave to his nerves. He could fall into\nslumber as his head touched the pillow, and six hours later roll out for\nthe day. Just approaching the middle-age period, sleep meant nothing to\na man of his bulk. So on this night of all nights the big fellow\nbolstered himself and concentrated his thoughts on the girl of his\nheart. He was glad that she had a mind of her own, and, on the other\nhand, could take advice--yet needing little. Many times he had told her\nto attend certain matters, to find that she had anticipated his wishes.\nAnother thing, most pleasant to reflect upon, was that no episode of the\nParkins variety had entered her life, and \"By the Great Horn\nSpoon\"--which was his most violent expletive--\"there never would be!\"\nThe thought of Parkins had a tingling effect upon Updyke, as he brought\nto mind a certain far-away monastery, hid away amid the timber-lands,\none hundred miles northwest of Quebec. There the padrone system still\nflourished under the ban of a French-Canadian lumber company, and\nParkins had become one of the lumber jack gang. Three years was his\n\"sign up,\" after a stormy session with the big boss to whom he had been\nconsigned by a Montreal employment bureau. To attempt an escape was to\ndie by starvation, or wild beasts, or woodticks, it mattered not which.\nBut the Parkins brain was not so far scrambled that he could not work\nhimself into the good offices of the boss of the gang. He first helped\nthe paymaster, and kept up the records. Then the paymaster took sick and\nParkins became head of the accounting, for which a rude shack answered\nthe needs of protection--at the same time, a roof for his head.\nAll these details of the Parkins' entourage came through on reports from\nUpdyke's Quebec agents. Invariably, on answering, the New York office\nwarned against too much freedom of action, for Parkins was resourceful,\nand might effect an escape. All this was poopoohed by the big boss at\nthe lumber-jack camp. Just to show his confidence in Parkins he sent\nhim to Quebec with an order for gold coin, to relieve the priests of the\nregion, whose needs were urgent after the winter's deep snows. The scrip\nof the company had fallen far below par, which caused a dull roar among\nthe thrifty tree choppers.\nLong days of hard travel brought Parkins once more to the civilization\nof a big city, and he reveled in it. His long suffering thirst quickly\nturned his feet toward the hotel barroom where, with his escort, tumbler\nafter tumbler of Scotch and soda were consumed. But Parkins was wary. He\npoured out large portions for his companion, but small drinks for\nhimself. Then later, a hotel porter helped the drunken man to bed.\nWith his escort out of the way, Parkins hastened to the bank with the\ncheck calling for gold. The bulk of it almost filled the satchel he\ncarried.\nAnd now was his chance to escape on the night boat for Montreal, there\nto connect with railway transportation to New York. His beard and\nmustache of a few weeks' growth now needed a trim, as he decided to\ncontinue wearing them. At Montreal these matters were attended to,\nlikewise the purchase of several suits of English cut, and a bag of the\ntourist variety, which held much, and could be plastered with foreign\nlabels of his own selection. All this he had done during his one day in\nthe city, and his tickets were purchased for gay old New York. From that\ntime on he haunted the hotel bar and filled himself to the brim. As his\ntrain crept slowly out of the Montreal station in the late afternoon,\nParkins' one fear was of the U. S. revenue officers across the border,\nwho might search his bag and seize the six bottles hidden among its\ncontents. But one flask was kept in his overcoat pocket and long before\nmidnight its contents were gone.\nAlong in early hours of the following morning, about the usual time for\nthe bath and shower, Updyke in New York heard a rap on his door. A\ntelegram was slipped under it, as the big fellow tumbled out to see who\nwas there. He picked up the message, and as he tore off the envelope,\nhis mind reverted to the night of all nights that would follow this day.\nFor that reason he eyed the yellow sheet with apprehension. It was from\nhis Montreal Agency, and as he read its contents Updyke's eyes blazed\nwith fury.\n     \"Man with new growth black beard and mustache boarded New York\n     Central train one thirty this afternoon stop arrived on night boat\n     from Quebec stop bought new outfit clothes stop also large english\n     bag and foreign labels stop had whiskers and mustache trimmed Van\n     Dyck at Queens hotel stop paid all bills in Canadian gold stop\n     changed five hundred in gold into american bank notes stop think he\n     is your man act quick stop signed Updyke Agency.\"\nUpdyke threw on a dressing gown and methodically started the ball to\nrolling. His night man was just on the point of turning the office over\nto the day manager when the voice of the boss came through. Jackson, the\nnight manager, answered the call and was given some quick instructions.\n\"Is Bloss there yet?\" Updyke asked, sharply.\n\"Yes--just getting ready to leave.\"\n\"Give him a wire so he can listen in--also a stenographer.\"\n\"All set,\" said Jackson.\n\"Parkins has escaped unless I am badly mistaken. Listen to this telegram\nfrom Montreal\"--then followed the contents of the message in a voice of\nstaccato precision.\n\"Now, go to it. No doubt about this fellow being Parkins, is there?\"\n\"Not here,\" answered Bloss receiving a nod from Jackson.\n\"You're not going to fall down on this, boys. I'm confident of that.\nDon't tip it to the police until you hear from me. We may have to stall\nhim for he would be a fool to walk into Grand Central--but cover it just\nthe same. That train makes a stop at Buffalo, Syracuse, Rochester,\nAlbany--and sometimes at Yonkers. Use long distance, on all those cities\nas he may stop off and change to Pullmans attached to trains from the\nwest. Miss Johnson was to be absent to-day but I think I'll call her\nanyhow. Then she will know what is going on. So long--don't get\nrattled--keep your noodles working--and get this man! I'll be down\nsoon,\" growled the big fellow, as he hung up the receiver and set the\nshower going.\nA little later on Mary Johnson, with a smile of anticipation, answered a\nring from the telephone bell. She was sure it was Updyke, and with a\nlaugh at his nerve for rousing her out of bed on her first day off, she\nfinally answered the call.\n\"I just knew it was you,\" said she--\"now, what about my beauty sleep!\"\nshe exclaimed, with a laugh. \"I wanted to look pretty to-night.\"\n\"Everything is off for to-night,\" replied Updyke, manlike, not stopping\nto think how jarring were the words he had spoken.\nMary Johnson, unnerved, awaiting further explanation.\n\"Did you get that?\" he asked, with equal abruptness.\n\"Oh, quite so!--my little dream won't come true,\" said she, in a queer\nsmall voice that brought Updyke back to earth in a hurry.\n\"Well, my dear little Mary, there is a big hustle on in our office this\nmorning and I want you to come down. Parkins has escaped and is headed\nthis way--due this morning. The night and day managers are both on for\nthe day, and I need _you_,\" said Updyke, in gentle voice.\n\"I'll be down in an hour, dear big man, and will stay until we get him,\"\nreplied Mary with her usual workaday emphasis. \"Good-bye, dear, don't\nworry--we will run him down before night.\"\nAnd so began a careful and constant search for a man who looked like\nParkins until the Updyke Agency was all out of breath. Also every soul\nin it worn to a frazzle. But Mary Johnson failed to show a single sign\nof the weariness she must have felt, as with bright eyes and alert brain\nshe steadied the forces about her. George Carver, using every Ranger on\nLong Island, invaded all places that offered concealment. The hut, on\nthe outer drive, was to be watched day and night and the old home of\nWinifred at Patchogue had a guard inside its door. Dreamy Hollow and the\nSawyer home were also included as a zone to be protected, although the\nreasons given seemed far-fetched and foolish.\n\"You never can tell,\" bellowed Updyke, by phone, as he warned Mrs. Bond\nthat eternal vigilance was the price of safety, when a demented brain\nroamed at large.\n\"But I can't get to Mr. Villard,\" she urged as a reason for not doing\nmore in the way of safeguarding the premises.\n\"Then tell Santzi I say to watch out for Mr. Villard's safety,\"\nanswered Updyke--\"and use Jacques on the early watch. If necessary Jerry\ncan drive an automobile but he would not make a good night watchman.\"\n\"Very well, Mr. Updyke, I'll do as you say,\" said Mrs. Bond--\"but for\nthe life of me I don't see why he would want to harm Mr. Villard.\"\n\"I'll give one reason that will suffice--he thinks Mr. Villard caused\nhim to lose Winifred Barbour.\"\n\"Well, of all the fools!\" exclaimed the housekeeper.\n\"He may have been pretty near right, Mrs. Bond.\"\n\"Well I never was more surprised than right now,\" she replied.\n\"Good night, and don't worry,\" answered the big fellow. \"Just keep your\neyes open and call me up even if it is but a single thought that you\nthink might have a bearing upon the case.\"\nFrom that moment Mrs. Bond became a silent watcher over every\ncircumstance that connected itself with the master of Dreamy Hollow--but\na week passed by and all was serene. It must have been some one other\nthan Parkins that wore the black beard and mustache.\n\"Well, Mary,\" said Updyke one day, as evening drew near, \"I'm ready to\ngive that little us-two party. Shall we go as we are, or shall we make\nit to-morrow night?\"\n\"To-morrow night, dear--I want to look pretty when you continue that\nproposal,\" she teased. \"Or is that withdrawn?\"\n\"That will never happen, little lady. You be ready when I drive up at\nseven-thirty sharp to-morrow evening. After we take a little spin we\nwill drop back to the Swathmere and dine on the roof.\"\n\"Oh, that will be tremendous!\" exclaimed the delighted Miss Johnson, as\nshe withdrew her hand from the grip of her big fellow.\nAn hour later, as she sat in her cozy room building air castles instead\nof reading the book that she held in her hand, the telephone rang, and\nthe castles all tumbled as she answered the call.\n\"Am leaving for Dreamy Hollow--want to go along? It is a lovely\nnight--moon and all that--love to have you--back in three or four\nhours.\"\n\"No sir!--to-morrow night--I must look my best--so early to bed for me.\nBut Henry, do be careful. What is the trouble down there?\" she asked in\nher most professional tone of voice.\n\"Oh, he wants me to come! and this is the first time since--you know\nwhat I mean,\" he concluded.\n\"Take my advice, and have one of the men along,\" continued the girl.\n\"I'd feel easier, Henry.\"\n\"Very well, I'll do it to please you.\"\nAnd that was the last word she heard from him until the next day at\nnoon.\nWhen Updyke reached Dreamy Hollow everything was in turmoil. Parkins had\nbeen there and the master lay in a comatose condition, and perhaps\ndying.\nAt seven o'clock Jacques, the chauffeur, carried a tray of light food to\nhis master who now ate alone in his private office. An hour later he\nwould return for the tray, which had become the nightly habit. As\nJacques opened the door, on his return for the tray the muzzle of a\nrevolver was shoved in his face.\n\"Hands up!\" whispered a man with a mask over his nose and forehead, a\ngrowth of black whiskers concealing the rest of his face.\nFrightened beyond ability to shout the servant held up his hands, and\nwas gagged in a jiffy and his hands tied behind his back. At the point\nof a revolver he was motioned to lie down on the deep cushioned lounge,\nand by the look of the man who held the weapon, he was convinced that he\nmust obey or be killed.\nVillard, abstracted, had not even looked up from the desk where his eyes\nsearched a document. Apparently he had been oblivious to the almost\nnoiseless hold-up within forty feet from where he sat, his back being\nturned toward the great empty space over which the intruder had walked\nto a chair by his side. The next thing he knew he was looking into the\nmuzzle of a revolver, with silencer attachment. That was enough. He\ndidn't care to look at the person who held it. But in a carefully\nmodulated voice he said--\n\"I am a very sick man. I'm given up to die by the doctors. I am putting\nmy affairs in order,\" he concluded, but without seeming interest in how\nhis words had been taken.\n\"Do you know who I am?\" demanded the man, his voice husky with passion.\n\"Yes, William, I know you,\" replied Villard wearily, as the boy Jacques,\nalarmed, listened to the conversation.\n\"I've come to square accounts with you, Drury Villard. I'm a desperate\ncharacter and I don't care what happens,\" said Parkins tearing the mask\nfrom his face. \"You drove me into slavery, and all because you loved my\nsweetheart. You coveted my woman and you tore her from me by the use of\nyour hirelings. You bought up the law by using Updyke's crooked bunch of\nhighwaymen. He sicked Carver onto me, who tore my Winifred away--then\nyour soulless lieutenant put me through a hell of mental torture--and\nthat's what I am going to do to you!\"\n[Illustration: \"I'VE COME TO SQUARE ACCOUNTS WITH YOU DRURY VILLARD!\"]\n\"Very well, William--since you have assumed to judge me by the action of\nanother. You seized Winifred in an illegal manner. I owed the girl a\ncertain hospitality, since I rescued her, and took her into my home\nwhere she was nursed back to life,\" said Villard, in a very even tone of\nvoice.\n\"You rescued her!--you mean, that because she struck your fancy you\ngathered her up and took her into your home and tried to win her love!\"\nshouted Parkins, not caring who heard him. \"Now I want to know what\nyou've done with her--if she is on these premises, produce her!\"\n\"I am unable to do that.\"\n\"Then you refuse?\"\n\"She isn't here--she hasn't been here since she went back to Patchogue.\"\n\"Is she there now?\"\n\"No.\"\n\"Where is she--speak up Villard! I am in a dangerous mood.\"\n\"I refuse to answer,\" replied the old time friend and employer of\nParkins.\n\"I'll give you one minute, and if you have not answered by that time I\nshall give you a 'third degree' with the butt of this gun.\"\nAll during the time that Parkins held his watch in hand Villard sat\nmotionless and without protest. A minute seems long when one counts the\nslow seconds, but short, indeed, when one gives no heed.\n\"Last call--one--two--three--that's the way your Updyke man counted the\nseconds for me--four--five--six--seven--eight--nine--ten--time's\nup--here goes,\" and with that Parkins, his eyes staring, jumped to his\nfeet and struck Villard on the back of his head in the manner he had\nwarned.\nKnocked senseless, the victim would have fallen to the floor, but his\npersecutor was not through with him. Jacques groaned piteously, as,\nhelpless, he heard the blow fall, and felt sure that the master was\nkilled.\n\"Shut up, you vassal, over there!\" shouted Parkins, now frenzied as he\nchafed Villard's hands and stretched out his arms. Not effecting\nresults, he bent the limp body over the desk and pushed the chair\nclosely up to it. Then he ran to the tray that Jacques had put on the\nfloor, and seized the glass of water that stood on it. This he dashed\ninto Villard's face and slowly the huge body responded. A minute went by\nbefore he opened his eyes and tried to stagger to his feet, but Parkins,\nremorseless, shoved him back in the chair.\n\"Wake up and talk--where is she?\"\nOnly a moaning sound gave answer.\n\"You old cradle robber, why don't you speak up in defense of yourself.\nIt was all right for you to love her, but for _me_ it was a crime! I\nalways treated her right, until you put false notions in her head. When\nI finally rose out of a sick bed and got her back into my care, where\nshe belonged, your big Wall Street hireling set his dogs loose and they\nfinally ran me down.\"\n\"I'll go to my bed,\" said Villard, trying to rise from his seat.\n\"You'll stay where you are and die in that chair if you make a move to\nleave it! Where is the girl you stole!\" he shouted, his eyes flaming\nwith hate.\nAt that moment the far door opened and the faces of Santzi and Jerry\ncame into view. One glance, and they yelled as if stricken with\nnightmare, then ran out and shouted to the watchman.\nBy the time they returned Parkins had flown.\nVillard, however, now lying full length upon the floor, was in need of\nquick attention. Dr. Sawyer was sent for, and Dr. Benton was phoned.\nPending their arrival the master was picked up and carried to the couch\nwhere Jacques had laid helpless as he listened to Parkins' cruel words.\nWhen his master fell to the floor, he rolled off and groaned.\nAnd it was just at this time that Updyke rolled in, without knowledge of\nthe terrible tragedy that had been enacted. When told, he thanked his\nstars that Mary Johnson had not joined him in his moonlight excursion.\nThen he thought of the leisurely run he had made and bitterly accused\nhimself of procrastination. Ten minutes would have saved Villard from\npossible death, and he had \"fooled\" away half an hour by slow driving.\nOnce in action, however, the big fellow gave quick account of himself.\nHe threw off his coat, called for ammonia, and then began to move the\nvictim's arms and legs, and peeped at the whites of his eyes. One whiff\nof the bottle caused the injured man to stir, the cold water\napplications resulting in the definite movement of the arms and legs.\nSuspended animation was quickly released.\nWhen Dr. Benton arrived Updyke looked on for a moment, and then began to\ncollect the facts. He knew that Parkins had been the assailant from\nfirst description and now was his chance to learn from Jacques the\ndetails of the crime, particularly of the words spoken by Parkins to\nVillard. Still trembling, the youngster, assisted by Updyke, promptly\ngave a well-connected story of the affair, and with that to go on, the\nbig fellow cleared the private office, and warned against interruptions\nwhile he was engaged with Long Distance.\nMeanwhile, by his order, no one on the premises should leave it, nor\nshould any one talk about the case.\n\"I don't want a word to leak about this,\" said he to Mrs. Bond. \"Mr.\nVillard was in no way to blame for it, therefore he should not be\nsubjected to wild rumors that would involve his good name and that of a\npure young woman now happily married.\"\n\"I will talk to all of the servants and appeal to their sense of\njustice, for they all love the master,\" replied Mrs. Bond. \"That we will\nall keep mum, you may be sure.\"\n\"And it wouldn't be a bad idea to throw a scare in along with the rest.\nFor instance, if anything leaks out about this I'll know where it comes\nfrom in a very few hours, and that will bring trouble for whoever is\nguilty. You make that strong, Mrs. Bond, for I mean every word of it,\"\nsaid Updyke, pointing a very large finger at the fat little housekeeper.\n\"I'll do the best I can,\" sighed Mrs. Bond.\n\"Well, I am sure of that, and you keep everybody on their toes until I\narrange my plans. We'll sleep in relays to-night, but to-morrow I'll\nthrow a human network around this place.\"\nHour upon hour the big fellow with his mouth to the phone, spread the\nweb for the human spider that had crawled out into the black of night.\nSawyer came in with news concerning Villard from time to time, but\nUpdyke, grim and preoccupied, merely nodded his head and motioned him\nback to the sick man. At midnight he finally succeeded in arousing\nGeorge Carver, who with his bride had been bridge-whisting all evening\nin a near-by home.\n\"I need you, George,\" appealed Updyke, \"but you get about three hours'\nsleep before we talk about it. I don't want you to lose the much needed\nrest from now until three A. M., over something that I am going to ask\nyou to do. I'll call you at sharp three, and at three thirty your\nflivver will be in front of your hotel--good night.\"\n\"Good night, you old sleep burglar. I'll turn in at once,\" replied\nCarver--and the web was complete.\nCHAPTER XVI.\nTHE HUT ACROSS THE BAY\nIt was with a grunt of relief that Updyke called Central for the last\ntime pending the three o'clock date with Carver. This time it was a\ncertain switchboard operator who answered him.\n\"Miss Johnson,\" said the big fellow, toning down the rasping voice that\nhad been vibrated a thousand miles within the short space of four hours.\n\"I think she has retired for the night,\" lisped the girl in charge.\n\"Quit thinking and connect as directed,\" snapped Updyke, forgetting that\nhis voice was in training for a certain event at the Swathmere. \"You are\nexpected to act! And say--no listening. Get that?\"\nThe next voice he heard was that of Mary Johnson.\n\"It's about time you said something from somewhere,\" said she, knowing\nthat the unusual had happened.\n\"That fellow showed up at Dreamy Hollow to-night--you know who. Much to\nsay to-morrow morning--no holiday dinners for us yet. Get to the office\nearly, say, eight thirty and I'll spin the yarn.\"\n\"Big Case?\"\n\"Getting bigger all the time.\"\n\"That little dinner, by the way--next winter--some time?\"\n\"Not on your sweet young life! The first breathing spell.\"\n\"I was joking dear--you----\"\n\"Of course you were, we're always joking, aren't we? As long as we joke,\nwe won't quarrel!\"\n\"Speaking of--you know who--did you see him?\"\n\"No--he had done his mischief and skedaddled a few moments before I\narrived. First real bad luck in a long time. Bad mess down here!\"\n\"There is satisfaction in knowing that so and so is in the web. Will he\ngo out to his old haunt on the outer drive?\"\n\"In time--but not now.\"\n\"Why?\"\n\"He would expect us to look for him there--and we will--for a much\nlonger time than he thinks.\"\n\"Had you thought of Julie Hayes--she still runs Winifred's stand. She\nhas sharp eyes and sharp wits. She can keep mum.\"\n\"Now that is a first-class tip. I'll put George onto that. I'm phoning\nhim at three o'clock to wake him up. He doesn't know it yet, but I'm\ngoing to have him at the hut very early to-morrow morning. He can see\nJulie and put her wise.\"\n\"I believe it is the Swathmere that I'm saving up that pretty new dress\nfor--is it not?\" teased Mary Johnson.\n\"Exactly so, dear girl--if we ever get around to it,\" mourned the big\nfellow. \"I am more anxious about that little you-and-me dinner than any\nother thing in life, except one--that's you!\"\n\"It's time you got back on your job--good night!\"\n\"So long, dear--I'll ring you at the office soon as possible to-morrow\nmorning.\"\n\"Take a little nap--why don't you?\"\n\"Yeah!--take a little nap!--I hardly see myself shutting my eyes on a\nnight like this. But I might--so you go to bed yourself and get that\nbeauty sleep.\"\nAs the phones clicked off Updyke with stubborn tenacity, lunged back\ninto the woof of his spider web. Everything seemed well in hand. Inquiry\nas to Villard showed satisfactory progress. He would live, but how he\nwould come out of it was a question for Father Time to solve. Finally he\ncalled for Santzi and told him to sit by and wake him at prompt\ntwo-forty-five, and in two minutes more from the depths of the lounge he\nwas competing with the fog horns of South Bay.\nTo George Carver three o'clock was an unearthly rising hour, as many a\nman would willingly bear witness. But Winifred, at two-thirty, had\nswitched on the current under the percolator, and only awaited the\npresence of her liege lord and master before connecting the toaster.\nIt was the enticing odor of the bacon and coffee, not the alarm clock's\nmad music, that sent the young husband under the shower.\nAt two-forty-five the telephone tingled, and Winifred ran forward to\nanswer.\n\"Are you up?\" shouted a well-known voice, in a drowsy tone.\n\"Can't you smell the coffee and bacon?\" replied Winifred, gaily--\"and\nthe noise of that awful man under the shower? I'll tell him you're\nwaiting. He's making more fuss than a porpoise,\" she concluded as she\nhastily snatched a bathrobe and hung it on a hook near the shower room.\n\"Parkins has disclosed himself and his whereabouts,\" were Updyke's first\nwords, as Winifred's husband took up the receiver.\n\"That sounds interesting,\" replied Carver, with enthusiasm.\n\"Glad to hear you say so, and I'll add--especially so, to you!\"\n\"Humph! Give me the details,\" replied Carver, who analyzed quickly.\n\"Listen carefully, boy, and don't get excited about anything I tell you.\nBy all means don't repeat any part of it to Winifred that concerns\nherself.\"\n\"Yep--I get you--what's up?\"\n\"The scoundrel was here at Dreamy Hollow, just after dark. I was on my\nway down but he had done his mischief and gone before I arrived. The\nscene was in so and so's office where he appeared suddenly--bound and\ngagged Jacques who was taking out a tray of dishes. Then slipped over to\nso and so and covered him with a silencer automatic.\"\n\"You don't say!\"\n\"Yep--he demanded the whereabouts of a certain girl--accused so and so\nof stealing her and gave him a third degree. So and so steadfastly\nrefused all information, giving no inkling of her marriage or address.\nJulie Hayes is the only one in Patchogue who knows her real address--get\nme?\"\n\"Yep--go on--what happened between so and so and----\"\n\"So and so was beaten over the head with the butt of the\nrevolver--knocked senseless. Santzi and Jerry looked in, wondering why\nJacques had not returned with the tray of dishes. Unarmed they ran to\nspread alarm, but the whelp had escaped on their return.\"\n\"How--only one door to the room?\"\n\"Just one--and only two windows--north and east corners, for light on\nhis desk. No furniture to speak of--just his big square flat-top,\ncouncil table--chair, lounge, and filing cases. The scoundrel\ndisappeared through the east window.\"\n\"What do you suggest for me to do?\"\n\"Light out as quickly as possible for Patchogue. See Chief Mack. I\ncouldn't reach him by phone. Had gone somewhere--not expected back until\nvery late. I left word for him to call me, but he hasn't so far.\"\n\"Any one else?\"\n\"See Julie Hayes--she's safe. Have her keep sharp eye out and phone me\nhere anything she sees or learns about the scoundrel. Then you go to his\nhut on the outer drive--pick up a ranger at Patchogue and have him stay\nthere day and night. Have him supplied with provisions--Julie will help\nhim, without exposing our hand. Tell her I'll pay all bills--have them\nsent to me, here.\"\n\"You must feel pretty certain that he will turn up at the hut--sooner or\nlater?\" said Carver enquiringly.\n\"I do--and I think he is more likely to go there by water,\" answered\nUpdyke, with a ring of conviction in his voice.\n\"Why would he come here at all?\"\n\"Because he has a lot of gold to conceal that he can't deposit without\nanswering questions.\"\n\"Why?\"\n\"It's Canadian coinage mostly, and would come under suspicion.\"\n\"Give me a reason for that,\" said Carver. \"I'm not very well posted in\nsuch matters.\"\n\"He was sent to Quebec with the pay roll of a lumber company, up in the\ntimber country, where I had sent him for keeps. The shyster played\nsquare and seemed so honest that they intrusted him with a check on a\nbank in Quebec. He kept on going, changing into American money as fast\nas he could without arousing suspicion. He has a lot of gold left and I\nthink he has it cached near the hut. But he may not go near it for some\ntime. He now wears whiskers and mustache, raven black--I'd say from\ndescription, but he is easily recognized. Jacques says Villard knew him\nthe moment he saw him. Better write out a 'John Doe' and have it ready.\nI don't want his real name to come out--yet,\" said Updyke, yawning loud\nenough to be heard at Riverhead.\n\"All right, Henry, I'll be on my way. I'll let you know my whereabouts\nfrom time to time. Better turn in for a three hours' nap while I'm\ngetting to destination.\"\n\"That's just what I'll do, now that you're on the job. So long, and good\nluck.\"\nCHAPTER XVII.\nTHE WOLF HOUND'S NEW MASTER\nFar famed detectives have lived in all ages, but it remained for the\nmodern operative to enlarge the perspective. Intuition still ruled as a\nfirst qualification, but the real prime requisite changed to \"knowledge\nof men.\" Not only their cunning but the whites of their eyes and the\nshapes of their heads. The \"hatchet face\" one type, the \"round head\"\nanother, and the month they were born in--an important clue as to\ntemperament. On the charts prenatal influence had much space for\nremarks--also the color, of eyes, and the color of hair, curly or\nstraight, the nose pug or aquiline--the mouth large or small--curved up\nor down.\nParkins, on the Updyke chart, registered as \"low brow,\" meaning thick\nhair growing far down the forehead--no matter the color. But when\nconsidering hair, red heads warned of danger--once started, they fight.\nBlack hair generally stood for impulsiveness and quick temper. That was\nthe Parkins type, with hair as dark as a raven. Born in June, his stone\nwas the agate--naturally drifting toward the \"good fellow\" class--the\nkind that need wonderful mothers to hold them in check through the days\nof their youth.\nGeorge Carver, now flivvering his way to Patchogue, was a brown haired\n\"husky\" with big open face that bespoke sterling character, and what is\nknown as \"horse sense.\" Instead of being brilliant, he was apt and quick\nof discernment. He could match with all types and win by his coolness.\nBut he knew the value of getting in with the first blow. To him a run on\nlonesome roads meant nothing, either in daylight or darkness--he was\nalways prepared--his intuition unerring. So when entering Patchogue he\nskirted the town on its farthest east line and hit the trail for the\nouter drive. The townspeople were just rubbing their eyes before leaving\ntheir beds when he muffled his engine and scooted across the little\ncity. By the time he returned the stores would be open and Julie Hayes\nwould have taken down the shutters from Winifred's booth.\nWhen in close proximity to the Parkins hut his small car, with hood\ndown, was turned off the trail into an arroyo. From there, with a pair\nof strong field glasses in the early morning light, he drew the little\nshack right up to his eyes. He could see every crack in the unpainted\nplanks, and by maneuvering, belly fashion, along the grassy slope, he\ngained a knowledge of three sides. In the rear a huge wolfhound lay\ncurled in a heap, and the chain in its collar reached through the\nboarding, evidently permitting release from inside.\nIt was a dangerous moment, had a breeze from the north been stirring,\nfor one whiff of strange flesh might have brought on a death struggle.\nWith an automatic forty-five silencer drawn along at his right side, and\na pistol in holster for close quarters, Carver drew a \"bead\" on the dog\nand awaited further developments. He watched the big brute with the eyes\nof a hawk, and noted through his glasses that the animal slept uneasily.\nIt might have been the cold of early morning, but a wolf hound had never\nbeen known to shiver in less than zero weather. Carver was well posted\non dogs. He was that type of man at whom dogs never snapped or offered\nto bite. So, with silencer in readiness, he puckered his lips and gave a\nlow whistle.\nAt once the big brute arose to his haunches and whined.\nSomething wrong about the premises was Carver's first thought. A dog of\nthat breed would not bid for friendship with a stranger unless actuated\nby an instinct that a friend was near by. But it was no time to take\nchances. The first thing he thought of was that Parkins had not returned\nand the dog had been left without water or food. On the other hand a\nwolf hound invariably fought the stranger at its gate. They were never\nallowed to roam at large except in forest camps, or on extensive\nestates. The situation was altogether strange, and, to prove it, Carver\nrose to his knees.\nHe expected a wild lunge on the part of the dog but the brute rose to\nall fours and wagged his tail, whining the while, as he strained at his\nchain. That seemed full evidence that Parkins was not in the hut, and\nforthwith he stood up and walked toward the dog, now manifesting great\njoy. At the length of his chain Carver reached out his hand, but with\none eye on the hut--then he patted the dog on its head.\nThat settled the friendship between them. Carver then pulled out a\nchocolate bar and tearing off the wrapper reached out his hand. One\nsniff and the big brute took it into his mouth and practically swallowed\nit whole. He was starving--further evidence that the master was still at\nlarge.\nAfter parting with his last piece of chocolate Carver walked to the\nfront of the hut and tried the door.\nIt was locked.\nHe then took out a bunch of keys and tried to fit one in the lock, but\nnone of them would enter.\nThen he reached for his electric torch and peered into the\nkeyhole--there was a key inside that obstructed!\nCarver dropped to the ground, on his stomach, and with his automatic\nreached far up on the door and gave it a thump.\nThere was no response, whereupon Carver shouted--\"Parkins\" in a voice\nboth harsh and loud.\n\"Wake up, you scoundrel, and open this door! You can't play any tricks\non us! We've got you surrounded! Make one bad move and we'll kill you!\"\nThere was no answer--except the whining of the dog in the rear.\n\"What do you say, boys!\" shouted Carver to his \"phantom\" companions.\n\"Shall we burn the place down? Those in favor will raise their right\nhands! Unanimous, eh?--then bring the oil can,\" continued Carver, who\nshouted--\n\"We give you one minute to open the door--hush boys!--keep your eyes\nopen, and cover this place. When I say the word put a match to the oil!\"\nThen all became still save the dog in the rear, which strained at its\nchain and sent up pitiful howls, as if baying at the moon now fading in\nthe early daylight. No answer forthcoming he kicked at the door and it\nmade his blood tingle as it swung back--wide open!\nCarver jumped to one side and reached for his torch, with that in his\nleft hand he searched the front room. It was a moment when courage had\nno chance to take counsel. The advantage now lay with the man that he\nsought. The glare of the torchlight swung into each corner, all over\nthe room, and under the bed, but only a shirt and some clothing lay on\ntop of it. Parkins had been there recently for the imprint of his body\nshowed on the coverlet and an empty bottle rested under the pillow. Next\ncame the bath-kitchenette.\nOne glance into that and the story was told!\nIn his night clothes Parkins lay dead in his bath tub, his legs at the\nbottom and his dead body floating. His eyes, partly closed, seemed to\nstare at a picture, an old-fashioned daguerreotype. \"From Mother\" was\nprinted at the bottom of the cheap little frame. On the floor were empty\nbottles, and one partly filled, was clutched in the dead man's hand.\nEvidently he had placed it there within easy reach, as he lay in the\nwater refreshing himself--hours after his escape from Dreamy Hollow.\nMaking careful notation on a sheet from his note book Carver drew a\nrough plan of the scene to be given to Updyke. In a combination cupboard\nhe found the remainder of a parcel of food, crackers and sausage, and a\nslice of cold beef. These were fed to the famishing dog, then closing\nthe door he hurried back to Patchogue, where he phoned Dreamy Hollow.\n\"Well--it's all for the best,\" said Updyke, not without a shade of\nsorrow at the tragic death of the man. \"He was a stormy petrel, as I've\noften said, and he sacrificed his life upon the altar of booze.\"\n\"I'm thinking of Winifred,\" said Carver, huskily. \"She----\"\n\"Calm your soul on that point--she never loved him. He was thought to be\na friend of the family, but she found that he was just an old-fashioned\nknave. She and I have talked over this whole matter, and I know what I\nsay is true. Shall I phone her the news?\"\n\"Yes, if you will. What shall I do about the corpse?\"\n\"Just turn the whole matter over to the coroner, and if any questions\nare asked, refer him to me. There is no longer any chance of publicity.\nA burial notice among the paid advertisements. That's best for him, and\nbest for all. After you have made your report to the coroner beat it for\nhome and go to bed.\"\n\"But that wonderful dog--I want him! We already love each other.\"\n\"Go get him and take him with you. But don't you ever tell your wife\nthat he once belonged to so and so. Just say that the poor thing seemed\nto have no master so you picked him up and brought him home. Now that is\nno lie.\"\n\"You are a great old bird, Henry. I'll do as you say. No use to talk\nwith Julie, I imagine, except about the booth.\"\n\"That's all,\" said Updyke, \"go on about your business and I'll pick up\nthe matter just where you left off.\"\n\"Tell Mary that she may stand a chance to get that quiet little dinner\nafter all,\" laughed Carver.\n\"What do you know about that?\"\n\"I'm a married man and we fellows know everything!\"\n\"That will be all from you! I may cut you out of my gold expedition, if\nyou get gay. So long.\"\nThe death and burial of William Parkins received the exact amount of\nspace that Updyke had indicated to George Carver--four nonpareil lines\namong the death notices--paid for by the Updyke Agency. Henry Updyke\nhimself wrote the announcement. And then came the search for the stolen\nfunds which were quickly found within a hundred feet of the hut with\nonly a thousand missing. The Quebec Agency was notified quickly and the\nbank officers were profoundly thankful. They wanted to reward the agent,\nbut that was tabooed by a terse telegram.\n     \"We never take money that we do not earn stop we sent the man up in\n     your country to reform him stop we accept the liability as our own\n     and are sending check today for a thousand. For all favors we thank\n     you--signed Updyke.\"\nAt last came the evening when, without the least \"fuss and feathers,\"\nMary Johnson leaned back in Henry Updyke's big car and drank in the\nozone of Westchester county. She looked a dream in her light summer furs\nand stylish coat that concealed her pretty party gown. Twenty miles\nwhizzed by with little in the way of conversation when suddenly the car\nmade a quick turn, and stopped in the shadows of a great boulder. Behind\nthem lay Riverdale, and the black forests of Spuyten Duyvel loomed\nahead, just across the East River, five hundred feet below. The moon\nwas now doing its best to light up the mighty Hudson. Nothing like this\ngrandeur had Mary Johnson's eyes beheld. A thrill of ecstasy crept into\nher heart. A new world was opening before her, and all within the limits\nof little old Manhattan, where all kinds of worlds exist--pay as you\nenter and take your choice.\n\"I never dreamed of such splendor!\" sighed Mary, her heart filled with\nemotion, which was just like most women, who cry when they are glad.\n\"Well, little girl, while you go on dreaming I'm going to say something\nto you,\" said Updyke, gruffly.\n\"I'm always glad to hear your voice, dear,\" replied the girl still awed\nby the scene.\n\"I love you!\" exclaimed Updyke, in as harsh a tone as a frightened man\nof his size could muster.\n\"Say it again,\" said Mary, snuggling closer.\n\"I meant it the first time, and I never repeat,\" he fumed uneasily.\n\"Oh, do--just to please me,\" she whispered.\n\"No, mam!--what I want is a kiss!\"\n\"S'pose we kiss each other--dear?\"\n\"All right here goes,\" and with that Updyke took her bodily into his\narms and held her there until the moon lady looked down and laughed at\nthem. And when all was said, and the gardens of their two hearts had\nbeen merged into one, Updyke suddenly recollected the seats he had\nengaged on the Swathmere roof.\n\"I am hungry, Mary. Shall we jog along back?\" he asked meekly, as if\ntaking orders for the first time in his life.\n\"I could stay here forever,\" said she, putting her lips up to be kissed.\n\"Let's get married to-night,\" suggested Updyke, his eyes aflame.\n\"No, sir! with one good dress to my name--Never!\" exclaimed the girl.\n\"Well, you hurry up those dresses. Your pay is raised one thousand\ndollars. Draw it to-morrow and go up the line. You ought to get a couple\nof 'em for that,\" said he, grinning.\n\"Thanks for the raise, dear, but I'll buy my own wedding clothes. I\nhaven't thrown my earnings away. How about that little dinner at\n\"Nuff said,\" replied Updyke, \"but you just keep those arms about me\nwhile I do the driving. They don't seem to bother me,\" said he,\nchuckling down in her pretty face.\nAt the Swathmere two tall hatted porters ran out to the car, and with\nmuch ado landed the guests under the canopied entrance, where they were\nmet by the captain and escorted up-top to the table that Updyke had\nengaged.\n\"Does you know who that big fellow is?\" inquired one porter of the\nother.\n\"I don't reckon I does. He don't look good to me, nohow!\" was the\nanswer.\n\"Well, be ca'ful of yo' step when you see him edgin' yo' way!\" warned\nthe other. \"He's de bigges' ov 'em all--gits 'um goin'--and gits 'um\ncomin'--is you guilty?--den kiss yo' baby good-by!\"\nCHAPTER XVIII.\nFLIGHT OF A SOUL\nBeautiful Dreamy Hollow, peaceful, charming--with the master always on\nhand. No longer in business he lived in a dreamland and never looked out\nexcept toward the sea. Alone, he lived in silence, with only the future\nstate in mind. Alone!--not just that--for way up in the skies a sweet\nsoul was waiting and beckoning to him. He could see her quite plainly as\nthe veil lifted at night, and also, whenever he looked this way or\nthat--those were terrible blows that the mad Parkins dealt! Only the\nstrong of heart could have survived them and turned them to account--but\nDrury Villard, once the farseeing financier, only looked at the heavens\nand bided his time. Things earthly were now forgotten, and old friends\nforsaken, not with malice aforethought, but because of a tiny link\nmissing--the mischief of a dreadful night.\nTo talk with himself was no trouble at all, but to sit and laugh at his\nown jokes when no one seemed near lent a pathos to those who chanced to\nlook on. But the Winifred of his first love heard him, and evidently\napplauded, for when unduly excited he ran to the window and clapped both\nhis hands--then called out her name! Just why Mrs. Bond should cry and\nrun out of his presence was a mystery to him. And Santzi, wide-eyed,\nwhen he took the master to drive, sometimes felt compelled to signal\nJacques to turn back. To avoid passers-by the woods road were used, but\nthe birds seemed to know that a friend was out riding. The blue jays\nshouted at him and he shouted back, as near in their language as he\ncould imitate.\nThen one day came a great specialist from over the ocean. A cable to\nUpdyke told the date of his sailing, and when the big liner warped in at\nher Hoboken dock, he was on hand to welcome, and took the expert in\ncharge. A few days went by before arrangements were ready, and certain\nexperts engaged to help on the case. It was quite a big party that\ntrailed the Updyke machine down from the city. Among them several\nnurses--one of them Winifred--with Carver's consent--for hers was the\none name that Villard seemed to remember--so Carver himself came along\nas her escort.\nOf course Winifred had nothing to do with the others, or the lances and\nthings--but she was there all in white, as the patient came to, and she\nwas the first person he knew when he opened his eyes. There she was in\nthe life, all smiles, with her husband, and Villard smiled at him, too.\n\"I--thought you had--all deserted me,\" said he weakly, but Winifred put\na finger over his blue lips, and whispered----\n\"Don't talk, Uncle Drury--just rest--that's a dear. We're not going to\nleave you until you are strong and well! There now, close your dear eyes\nand go back to rest. We'll--not leave you--go back to sleep--back to\ndreamland--you'll soon be----\" And with a smile on his lips Villard\nlapsed into slumber.\nAs the great surgeon looked on, a smile lighted his face, and with\nactual tears in his eyes he grasped Winifred's hand. He had risked his\nreputation in coming to \"far-off America\" on such a hopeless case. And\nto win!----\n\"Most wonderful!\" said he. \"There's nothing that answers the call of\nreturning reason as the voice of a sweet woman,\" he concluded, as he\nagain grasped her hand, and this time squeezed it hard.\nThen to George Carver he said: \"You're the right kind, young man. You'll\ngo far in the world.\"\nIn less than a week Villard sat out in the sunshine, with light blankets\nabout him, and Winifred near. She read to him, sang to him, laughed at\nhim, called him a bear, and teased him for trying to live alone.\n\"If you and George move down here and live with me, I'll will to you\nboth, in common, a cold million dollars,\" said Villard eagerly.\n\"And me leave my dear little white cottage! Oh, how could you dare to\ntempt me, Uncle Drury!\" she exclaimed, with a laugh.\n\"I mean it, little woman,\" said Villard, very soberly.\n\"Well, don't tell George that, please. He likes you now, and it might\nturn him against you. Don't you see, dear man, he wants to make his own\nway in the world!\"\n\"He is right, little woman, and you are going to help him, more than he\nwill know,\" replied Villard, with enthusiasm.\n\"Well, if you just knew all about it, you'd think differently. He is so\nactive, and so kindly, that he often steals out of his bed and cooks his\nown breakfast rather than awaken old lazy bones--that's me,\" laughed\nWinifred.\n\"It won't hurt him, and it shows his affection. He'll rise in the\nworld--all good husbands do.\"\nAnd so ran the days by until Villard, in sheer pity for Carver's young\nbride, sent her away in his car to the home that she loved. Then back to\nhis old haunts he went straightway--to the window where the open sea\ncame into view. From that point of vantage, somehow, he heard the voice\nof his old love, bidding him come--and with a prayer in his heart he lay\nback and died.\nWhen Updyke came down to take charge of affairs, a letter was handed to\nhim by the weeping housekeeper--Mrs. Bond's heart seemed broken!\n\"Don't cry,\" said he gently. \"He's happier now than he would be on\nearth. There's a reason that's sacred, but you may take it from me that\nfor years he has waited impatiently for his time to go.\"\nSeated in a deep leather chair Updyke opened the letter. It was short\nand to the point. It read:\n     DEAR HENRY: My will is in the Bankers Deposit Company vault room.\n     The enclosed release is made out in your name. You will find\n     instructions along with the will--your name is entered as trustee,\n     without bond.\n     As ever, faithfully,\n     DRURY VILLARD.\nAnd so passed from earth a man of big soul, whose wealth had not spoiled\nhim, nor brought much joy. As trustee, Updyke soon fathomed the great\nheart of the man. Not one person having the least lien upon his\ngenerosity was omitted from his will. Only within the past month had\nParkins' name been stricken from it--just scratched with a pen, and\ninitialed D. V.--without giving reasons.\nEach servant came in for a good start in life. Dreamy Hollow was to be\nturned into a home for aged and infirm nurses. His business was to be\ndivided equally between his old partners to the extent of his\nholdings--three-fourths of the whole. Of the individuals mentioned\nUpdyke came first--he to have twenty thousand a year for ten years while\nsettling the estate, and to Sawyer his watch and an annuity of five\nthousand a year if any misfortune should ever befall him. To Updyke's\nwife Mary, in token of her faithful attention to his affairs as they\nrelated to the Updyke Agency--twenty thousand dollars in cash. And last,\nbut not least, was his legacy to Winifred Barbour Carver, \"share and\nshare alike with her good husband, George\"--one hundred thousand\ndollars--\"and an additional sum of fifty thousand to their first\noffspring.\"\n     \"In further acknowledgment of my high regard for the Carver family\n     I hereby appoint Mrs. Winifred Carver chairman of the board of\n     directors of Dreamy Hollow Home for Aged and Infirm Nurses.\"\n       \"And through the veil to the great unknown,\n       Sped the soul of an upright man.\"\nSo wrote the girl, Winifred, as an epitaph for the tomb of Drury\nVillard.", "source_dataset": "gutenberg", "source_dataset_detailed": "gutenberg -  Dreamy Hollow"},
{"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1932, "culture": " English\n", "content": "Produced by Tom Cosmas compiled from images made available\nby The Internet Archive.\nTranscriber Note\nText emphasis is denoted as: _Italics_ and =Bold=.\n                     U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE\nPOISON-IVY, poison-oak, and poison sumac remind most people of painful\nexperiences to be avoided, yet many do not know any one of the offending\nplants or their equally poisonous relatives. Learning to recognize them\non sight is relatively easy, especially by examining the distinctive\nidentifying characters described in the pictures and legends of this\nbulletin. There is then a good chance to avoid them or, if one must work\namong them, to take preventive measures to escape poisoning.\nThese plants are very common throughout the United States. They are\nfound in fields and woods, along fence rows, rock walls, and hedges,\nin lawns and gardens, and even sometimes vining on houses. Usually in\nany one locality it is necessary to be certain of the identity of only\ntwo or three of them. Maps show at a glance where they are likely to\nbe found. Frequent observation and recognition of the plants as they\nare encountered almost daily is the best way to become poison-oak or\npoison-ivy conscious. Nonpoisonous sumacs are easily distinguished from\nthe poisonous species by the seed heads and leaves.\nThe old proverb, \"an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure,\"\nis good advice to everyone, particularly as regards ivy-poisoning.\nPrevious escape is not proof of immunity when conditions are right, and\nafter poisoning occurs there is no quick cure known. Some relief may be\nobtained and recovery hastened by use of some of the tested remedies. In\ncase of severe poisoning a physician should be consulted.\nPoison-ivy and other poisonous plants growing in grounds frequented by\npeople should be eradicated. In some places this can be done by careful\ngrubbing. In others weed-killing chemicals may be better and more\ncertainly would avert poisoning for most of us.\nThis bulletin supersedes Farmers' Bulletin 1166, Poison Ivy and Poison\nSumac and Their Eradication.\nWashington, D. C. Issued August 1945\nPOISON-IVY, POISON-OAK, AND POISON SUMAC: IDENTIFICATION, PRECAUTIONS,\nERADICATION\nBy Donald M. Crooks, _principal horticulturist, Division of Tobacco,\nMedicinal, and Special Crops_, and Leonard W. Kephart, _senior\nagronomist, Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases, Bureau of Plant\nIndustry, Soils and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Research\nAdministration_\nContents\n  A widespread menace to health                       1\n  Forms of poison-ivy and poison-oak                  2\n    Confusion of poisonous and harmless sumacs       19\n    Introduced poisonous sumac and related species   21\n    Precautions against poisoning                    22\n    Eradication by mechanical means                  25\nA WIDESPREAD MENACE TO HEALTH\nEVERY year sees many adults, and especially children, accidentally\npoisoned from contact with plants that they did not know were harmful.\nHad the sufferers known how to detect poisonous plants they could\nhave avoided them and escaped the painful experience of severe skin\ninflammations and water blisters. Very few persons have a sufficient\ndegree of immunity to protect them from poisonous plants, and many do not\nrecognize them in the various forms that they assume in different parts\nof the country.\nOne or more kinds of poison-ivy--common poison-ivy, oakleaf poison-ivy,\nand western poison-oak--occur in abundance in almost every part of the\nUnited States. Poison sumac is of more limited distribution and occurs\nchiefly east of the Mississippi River, usually in swampy regions.\nPoisoning by these plants is largely preventable. A knowledge sufficient\nto identify them in their various forms is easily gained by anyone who\nwill make a study of pictures and general descriptions and train himself\nby a little diligent practice to observe the plants in his locality. It\nis important to become poison-oak or poison-ivy conscious. This can be\naccomplished only by learning to know the plants by repeated experience\nin observing them in their various forms. Persons who learn both to\nknow and to avoid the plants can save themselves much inconvenience and\ndiscomfort. The simple means of learning to recognize them will pay big\ndividends. It is the first step to the prevention of poisoning and to the\neradication of the pests from private grounds and public places.\nThe most effective method of prevention is to eradicate the plants, and\nwherever possible this should be done. They should not be allowed to grow\nin lawns or gardens, with ornamental shrubbery, or on houses. Communities\nshould not countenance the growth of poison-ivy or poison-oak in school\ngrounds, on public roadways, or in parks, especially those frequented by\nchildren. The cost of medical aid for one season in treating pupils using\nan ivy-infested schoolyard is likely to be more than that of eradicating\nthe plants, to say nothing of the suffering and inconvenience they may\ncause.\nFORMS OF POISON-IVY AND POISON-OAK\nPoison-ivy and poison-oak are known by a number of local names, and\nseveral different kinds of plants are called by these names. The plants\nexhibit a good deal of variation throughout the United States, so much\nso that even technical botanists cannot agree on the number of species\nand names that should be applied to them. They grow in the form of (1)\nwoody vines attached to trees or objects for support, (2) trailing shrubs\nmostly on the ground, or (3) erect woody shrubs entirely without support.\nThey may flourish in the deep woods, where soil moisture is plentiful,\nor they may be found in very dry soil on the most exposed hillsides. The\nplants are most frequently abundant along old fence rows and edges of\npaths and roadways, and they ramble over rock walls and climb posts or\ntrees to considerable heights. They often grow with other shrubs or vines\nin such ways as to escape notice.\nThe leaf forms among plants or even on the same plant are as variable\nas the habit of growth; however, the leaves always consist of three\nleaflets. The old saying, \"Leaflets three, let it be,\" is a reminder of\nthis consistent leaf character but may lead to undue suspicion of some\nharmless plant. Only one three-parted leaf leads off from each node on\nthe stem. The leaves never occur in pairs along the stem. The wide range\nin habit of growth of plants and leaf types may be noted from a glance at\nthe several pictures of plants and leaves.\nThe flowers and fruit are always in clusters on slender stems that\noriginate in the axis of the leaves along the side of the smaller\nbranches. The fruits usually have a white, waxy appearance and ordinarily\nare not hairy, but may be so in some forms. The plants do not always\nflower and bear fruit. The white or cream-colored clusters of fruit, when\nthey occur, are significant identifying characters, especially at the\nseason after the leaves have fallen.\nFor convenience, these plants are discussed in this bulletin under three\ndivisions: (1) Common poison-ivy, (2) oakleaf poison-ivy, and (3) Western\npoison-oak. A technical botanist would recognize many species of plants\nin what are included as the common poison-ivy, and anyone will recognize\nthat various forms occur within this grouping.\nCOMMON POISON-IVY\nSome form of the common poison-ivy may be found in almost every part of\nthe country but the extreme West. The shaded area on the map in figure 1\nshows the extensive range where some form of poison-ivy is likely to be\nfound. The plant is known by various local names--poison-ivy, threeleaf\nivy, poison creeper, climbing sumac, poison-oak, markweed, piery, and\nmercury. The most widespread form is classified by botanists under the\nbotanical name of _Rhus radicans_ or varieties of it; however, many of\nthe variations are sometimes given other botanical names. The common\npoison-ivy may be considered as a vine in its most typical growth habit.\n_Figure 1._--The shaded part shows the extensive area where some form of\nthe common poison-ivy is likely to be found. Other forms also may occur\nin parts of the same region.\n_Figure 2._--Large poison-ivy vine growing on a tree for support. This is\nthe usual form of the common poison-ivy in wooded areas.\n_Figure 3._--_A_, Common poison-ivy growing in a hedge and on a shade\ntree on the edge of a lawn. _B_, Typical vine, showing leaves and the\nroots that attach it to the tree.\nThe vining type most often occurs in wooded areas (fig. 2), where it\ndepends upon trees for support. Vines often grow for many years, becoming\nseveral inches in diameter and quite woody. Slender vines may run along\nthe ground, mixed with shrubbery, or take support from a large or\nsmall tree. That a plant growing along the edge of a lawn and into the\nshrubbery may be quite inconspicuous as compared with a vine climbing on\na lawn tree is shown in figure 3. The vine readily develops roots when in\ncontact with the ground or with any object that will support it. When the\nvines grow on trees these aerial roots attach the vine securely ( fig. 3.\nB). A rank growth of these roots often causes the vines on trees to have\nthe general appearance of a \"fuzzy\" rope, which sometimes serves a good\npurpose for identification. The vines and roots apparently do not cause\ninjury to the tree except where growth may be sufficient to cover the\nsupporting plant and exclude sunlight or break the plant from excessive\nweight. The vining nature of the plant makes it well adapted to climbing\nover stone walls or on brick and stone houses.\nThe fact that poison-ivy often becomes mixed in with ornamental shrubbery\nand vines often results in its cultivation as an ornamental vine by\npeople who do not recognize the plant. An ivy plant growing on a house,\nas is shown in figure 4, is often prized by an unsuspecting owner. The\nvine is attractive and quite effective as an ornamental, but such use\nshould not be tolerated, as it most certainly will result in cases of\naccidental poisoning and serve as propagating stock for more poison-ivy\nin the vicinity.\n_Figure 4._--Common poison-ivy growing on side of house with ornamental\nshrubs. This accidental or intentional use of the attractive vine may\nlead to many cases of accidental poisoning.\n_Figure 5._--Common poison-ivy growing along fence row. In open sunlight\nand over some large areas it is more of a shrub than a vine.\n_Figure 4._--Common poison-ivy growing on side of house with ornamental\nshrubs. This accidental or intentional use of the attractive vine may\nlead to many cases of accidental poisoning.\nWhen poison-ivy becomes mixed in with other vines it is quite difficult\nto detect except by one who has carefully trained himself in observing\nand recognizing the plant. Also, some other vines and young plants\nresemble poison-ivy in many respects. The Virginia creeper and some forms\nof the Boston ivy are often confused with it. The Virginia creeper can\nalways be recognized by its five leaflets radiating from one point of\nattachment, as compared with the three leaflets of poison-ivy arranged\nin the same manner. The Boston ivy with three leaflets is sometimes\ndifficult to detect; however, as a rule not all the leaves on the plant\nwill be divided into three leaflets. By studying a large number of the\nleaves it is usually possible to detect on every Boston ivy plant some\nleaves that have only one deeply lobed blade or leaflet, while the\npoison-ivy always has the three leaflets. A number of other plants are\neasily confused with poison-ivy. No specific rule can be observed that\nwill easily rule out all possibility of confusion. The best policy is to\nlearn through practiced observation to know poison-ivy on sight and then\nto make the determination from observation of all parts of the plant, and\nnever to judge from a single leaf or part.\n_Figure 6._--Leaves of common poison-ivy, about half natural size. These\nmay occur on the same or different plants: _A_, _B_, _C_ and _F_, less\ncommon; _D_, with even margins, the most common and generally recognized\nform; _E_, with lobed margins, nearly nearly as often seen as the shape\nin _D_.\n_Figure 7._--Common poison-ivy vine with clusters of flowers in the axis\nof each leaf.\nCommon poison-ivy in full sunlight along fence rows or in open fields\ngrows more in the form of a shrub than a vine. In some localities the\ncommon form is a low-growing shrub from 6 to 30 inches in height.\nThis form, as well as the vining type, usually has a rather extensive\nhorizontal system of rootstocks or stems at or just below the ground\nlevel. The vining form under some conditions later becomes a shrub.\nPlants of this type are shown in figure 5, where the vine, supported\non the fence, has extended upright stems that are shrublike. In some\nlocalities the growth form over a wide range is consistently either a\nvine or a shrub type, while in others what seems to be the same species\nmay produce either vines or shrubs.\nThe leaves of the common poison-ivy are extremely variable, the three\nleaflets being the only constant character. It is impossible to describe\nthe great range of variation in the shape or lobing of the leaflets. A\nstudy of the leaf patterns, especially the six shown in figure 6, will\ngive a fair range of types, although other forms may be found. One plant\nmay have a large variety of forms of leaves or it may have all leaves of\nabout the same general character. The most common type of leaf having\nleaflets with even margins is shown in figure 6, _D_, and one with\nleaflets having slightly lobed margins is shown in figure 6, _E_. The\nother forms shown in figure 6 are not quite so widespread, but may be the\nusual type throughout some areas.\n_Figure 8._--Common poison-ivy, about natural size: _A_, Flowers; _B_,\nmature fruit.\nMost of the vines or shrubs of poison-ivy produce some flowers that are\nalways in clusters arising on the side of the stem immediately above a\nleaf. The flowers are rather inconspicuous among the leaves, as may be\nnoted in figure 7, but they are in quite distinct clusters, as shown in\nfigure 8, _A_. Frequently the flowers do not develop or are abortive and\nno fruit is produced. When fruits do develop they serve as a positive way\nof identifying the plant. The berries are not easily confused with the\nfruits of other plants. They are white and waxy in appearance and have\nrather distinct lines marking the outer surface, as the segments appear\nin a peeled orange. These lines may be noted in figure 8, _B_, which\nshows dense clusters of mature fruit about natural size. Some forms of\nthe poison-ivy have the fruit covered with fine hair, giving it a kind\nof downy appearance; however, in the more common form the fruits are\nentirely smooth. The fruit is especially helpful in identifying plants\nlate in fall, in winter, and early in spring, when the leaves are not\npresent.\n_Figure 9._--The shaded area is the region where the eastern oakleaf form\nof poison-ivy is likely to occur. Other forms also may be in the same\nregion.\nOAKLEAF POISON-IVY\nOf the several kinds of poison-ivy, the oakleaf form occurring in the\nEastern and Southern States is more distinctive than some other types.\nSome people know it as oakleaf ivy while others call it poison-oak,\na name more commonly used for the western species discussed later.\nBotanists have not always agreed upon the scientific name to be applied\nto this form; however, they now use the name _Rhus toxicodendron_. Some\nbotanists have used the Latin names _R. quercifolia_, while others used\nthe name _Toxicodendron quercifolium_, both of which are more descriptive\nof the oakleaf form, as the generic name of the oak is _Quercus_. The\narea where the oakleaf form may occur, from New Jersey to Texas, is\noutlined in the map shown in figure 9. The common poison-ivy also occurs\nin some form throughout many parts of this same area.\nThe oakleaf poison-ivy usually does not climb as a vine, but occurs as\na low-growing shrub. Stems are usually upright in their general growth\nhabit, as they appear in figure 10. The shrubs usually have rather\nslender branches, often covered with a fine pubescence that gives the\nplant a kind of downy appearance. The leaflets occur in threes, as in\nother ivy, but are lobed, somewhat on the general plan of the leaves of\nsome kinds of oak. The middle leaflet usually is lobed somewhat alike\non both margins and very much resembles a small oak leaf, while the two\nlateral leaflets are often irregularly lobed. The leaves shown in figure\n11 are a common form. The lighter color on the under side of one of the\nleaves (fig. 11, _A_) is due to the pubescence, or fine hairs, on the\nsurface. The range in size of leaves varies considerably, even on the\nsame plant; the leaf shown in figure 11, _B_, however, is about natural\nsize.\nThe fruit of oakleaf poison-ivy has the same general appearance as the\nfruit of common poison-ivy shown in figure 8, although the individual\nfruits and stems are often pubescent, while most of the other forms have\na waxy, smooth, cream-colored fruit.\n_Figure 10._--Eastern oakleaf poison-ivy shrub. The upright growth as\na low shrub is common. The three parts of each leaf somewhat resembles\nan oak leaf. The gall formations that cause wartlike protuberances are\ncommon on all species.\n_Figure 11._--Eastern oakleaf poison-ivy: _A_, Leaves, showing upper deep\ngreen surface and lower lighter colored surface. _B_, Single leaf, about\nnatural size. The terminal leaflet more nearly resembles an oak leaf than\nthe two lateral leaflets.\nWESTERN POISON-OAK\nThe western poison-oak (_Rhus diversiloba_) of the Pacific Coast States\nis usually known as poison-oak, but is occasionally referred to as\npoison-ivy or yeara. It is likely to be found in the region designated\nby shading in figure 12, and from central Oregon northward through\nWashington may be growing intermixed with common poison-ivy. The term\n\"poison-oak\" is a misnomer, as this species is in no way related to the\noak but is related to poison-ivy. Anyone familiar with either of these\nplants in their several forms will likely recognize the other, both as\nplants to be avoided.\n_Figure 12._--The shaded area is the region where the western poison-oak\nis likely to occur. Other forms may also be in the same region.\nThe most common growth habit of the western poison-oak is in the form of\na rank upright shrub with many small woody stems rising from the ground.\nIt frequently grows in great abundance along roadsides (see fig. 16) and\nin uncultivated fields or on abandoned land.\nSometimes western poison-oak attaches itself to upright objects for\nsupport and takes more or less the form of a vine. A plant of this type\nis shown in figure 13, where it is growing on a telephone pole by the\nroadside. It may be noted even in this case that the tendency is for\nindividual branches to continue an upright growth rather than become\nentirely dependent upon other objects for support. In some areas,\nespecially in woodland, poison-oak may grow principally as a vine. Areas\nhave been noted where 70 to 80 percent of the trees leaves and flowers.\nin a wooded area support vines running more than 25 or 30 feet in height,\nalthough the most common form of the plant is the shrub.\n_Figure 13._--Western poison-oak on a telephone pole. This vine form is\nnot uncommon, especially on trees in woods.\n_Figure 14._--Western poison-oak: Upright shrub, with fruit, growing in\nopen pasture field.\n_Figure 15._--Western poison-oak, showing common leaf types: _A_, The\nmore common leaves with irregular margins; _B_, less typical, although\nnot uncommon, leaves with even margins.\n_Figure 16._--Western poison-oak growing alongside roadside. This rank\nshrubby growth is typical for most localities.\n_Figure 17._--Western poison-oak, showing common leaf types: _A_, Leaves\nwith thick leathery appearance; _B_, leaves irregular in shape with\nmuch-curled or distorted surfaces; _C_, branch, with leaves and flowers.\nIn open pasture fields western poison-oak usually grows in spreading\nclumps from a few feet to several feet tall (figs. 14 and 16). Where it\ndevelops extensively it greatly reduces the area for grazing and becomes\na serious menace to most people who frequent the area or attend cattle\nthat come in contact with the plants while grazing.\n_Figure 18._--Western poison-oak: _A_, Top of shrub, with leaves and\nfruit; _B_, clusters of fruit after leaves have fallen.\nLow-growing plants, especially those exposed to full sunlight, are often\nquite woody and show no tendency for vining. Low-growing plants with\nwoody stems are common in pasture areas or along roadsides. Livestock in\ngrazing do not invade the poison-ivy shrub, and as a rule these plants\ncontinue to spread both by root-stock and seed.\nAs in other ivy the leaves consist of three leaflets with much\nirregularity in the manner of lobing, especially of the two lateral\nleaflets. The Latin name _dirersiloba_ refers to the irregularity\noccurring in the shapes of the leaves on different plants and on the same\nplant or even irregularity in the lobing of leaflets of the same leaf.\nSometimes lobes occur on both sides of a leaflet, thus giving it somewhat\nthe semblance of an oak leaf. The middle or terminal leaflet is more\nlikely to be lobed on both sides and resembles an oak leaf more than the\nother two. A study of the leaves shown in figures 15 and 17 shows the\nvariation in lobing. Some plants may have leaflets with an even margin\nand no lobing whatsoever, as those in figure 15, _B_. The surface of the\nleaves is usually glossy and uneven, so that they have a thick leathery\nappearance.\n_Figure 19._--A large poison sumac shrub about 15 feet tall, growing on\nthe edge of a swamp.\nThe flowers are borne in clusters on slender stems diverging from the\naxis of the leaf, as may be noted in figure 17, _C_. The individual\nflowers are greenish white and about one-fourth inch across. The cluster\nof flowers matures into greenish or creamy-white berrylike fruits about\nmid-October. These are about the size of small currants and are much like\nother poison-ivy fruits, having a smooth greenish-white glossy surface\nstriped somewhat like the segments of a peeled orange. Many plants bear\nno fruit, although others produce it in abundance, as shown in figure 18,\n_A_. The fruits are not always spherical, but sometimes have a somewhat\nflattened appearance, as is shown in figure 18, _B_. They remain on the\nplants throughout fall and winter and are quite helpful in identifying\npoison-oak in seasons after the leaves have fallen.\n_Figure 20._--The shaded area shows the region where poison sumac is\nlikely to occur in bogs or swamps, although isolated plants are sometimes\nfound in dry soil.\nPOISON SUMAC\nPoison sumac grows as a coarse woody shrub or small tree (fig. 19) and\nnever in the vinelike form of its poison-ivy relatives. This plant is\nknown also as swamp sumac, poison elder, poison ash, poison dogwood, and\nthunderwood. It does not have variable forms, such as occur in poison-oak\nor poison-ivy, and botanists agree to call it _Rhus vernix_. The area in\nthe Eastern States where it is likely to be found is chiefly eastward\nfrom eastern Minnesota, northeastern Illinois, Indiana, central Kentucky\nand Tennessee, and southeastern Texas, as shown on the shaded area of the\nmap, figure 20. This shrub is usually associated with swamps and bogs,\nand the most typical growth occurs along the margin of an area of wet\nacid soil.\n_Figure 21._--Small branch of poison sumac with six compound leaves.\n_Figure 22._--Fruit of poison sumac, one-third natural size. These fruits\nsomewhat resemble those of poison-ivy. They are always on drooping\nslender stems attached at the side of the small branches and are never\nterminal as in the species of sumac that are not poisonous.\nThe plants range in height from 5 or 6 feet to small trees that may\nattain a height of 25 feet. The poison sumac shrub shown in figure 19\nis growing on the edge of a swamp and is quite typical of the general\nappearance of the larger shrubs, which approach a treelike form. As a\nrule the shrubs do not have a symmetrical upright treelike appearance.\nThey are more or less inclined to lean and have branched stems with about\nthe same diameter from the ground level to the middle height of the shrub.\nOccasional isolated plants are found outside of swampy regions.\nApparently these plants are started from seed distributed by birds. The\nplants in dry soil usually do not become more than a few feet tall. They\nare likely to cause poisoning to unsuspecting individuals, as single\nisolated plants are not readily recognized, especially out of their usual\nregion.\nThe leaves of the poison sumac are divided into 7 to 13 leaflets,\narranged in pairs with a single leaflet at the end of the midrib (fig.\n_Figure 23._--_A_, Smooth sumac and dwarf sumac growing in a mixed stand.\nThese plants are not poisonous. _B_, Terminal fruiting spike of smooth\nsumac, about one-seventh natural size. This form of terminal fruiting\nspike is typical of all the species of sumac that are not poisonous.\nThe leaflets are an elongated oval shape without teeth or serrations on\nthe margins. They are 3 to 4 inches long and 1 to 2 inches wide, with a\nsmooth velvetlike texture and bright orange color when they first appear\nin spring. Later they become dark green and glossy on the upper surface\nand pale green on the lower and have scarlet midribs. Early in fall they\nturn to a brilliant red-orange or russet shade.\nThe small yellowish-green flowers are borne in clusters in slender stems\narising from the axis of leaves along the smaller branches. The slender\nclusters of flowers have much the general appearance of the poison-ivy\nflower, but hang in much longer clusters. The flowers mature into\nivory-white or green-colored fruits resembling those of poison-oak or\npoison-ivy, except that they are usually less compact and hang in loose\nclusters that may be 10 to 12 inches in length (fig. 22).\nCONFUSION OF POISONOUS AND HARMLESS SUMACS\nBecause of the same general appearance of several common species of\nsumac and the poison sumac, considerable confusion has occurred as to\nwhich one is poisonous. Throughout most of the range where poison sumac\ngrows, three other species are the only ones that are likely to be\nconfused. These are the smooth sumac (_Rhus glabra_), staghorn sumac (_R.\ntyphina_), and dwarf sumac (_R. copallina_). All the nonpoisonous species\nhave red fruits that together form a distinctive terminal seed head,\nas shown in figure 23. These are easily distinguished from the slender\nhanging clusters of white fruit of the poison sumac, as shown in figure\n22. Sometimes more than one species of the harmless sumac grow together,\nas shown in figure 23, _A_.\nWhen seed heads or flower heads occur on the plants it is easy to\ndistinguish the poisonous from the harmless plants; however, in many\nclumps of either kind, flowers or fruit may not develop. Fortunately,\nthe leaves have some rather distinct characteristics, which can be\neasily observed. Figure 24 shows leaves of the three harmless species as\ncompared with poison sumac.\nThe leaves of the smooth sumac (fig. 24, _A_) and of the staghorn sumac\n(fig. 24, _B_) have many leaflets, which are slender lance-shaped with a\ntoothed margin. In these species there are usually more than 13 leaflets.\nThe leaves of the dwarf sumac (fig. 24, _C_) and the poison sumac (fig.\n24, _D_) have fewer leaflets, and these are more oval-shaped, with smooth\nor even margins.\nThe dwarf sumac, however, may be readily distinguished from the poisonous\nsumac by the winged midrib of the leaf (fig. 24, _E_). There is\nconsiderable variation in the size of the wing margin along the midrib,\nwhich in some cases may be reduced almost to a line between the leaflets.\nThe winged midrib is more prominent near the terminal leaflet and can\nalways be detected. The midrib of the poison sumac is never winged. A\nlittle study of the fruit and the leaf characteristics of the poisonous\nand harmless species will make it possible to avoid the poisonous one and\nutilize the other, which has considerable value as an ornamental plant,\nas a source of commercial tannin, and for controlling erosion on waste\nhillsides.\n_Figure 24._--Leaves of species of sumac that are often confused: _A_,\nSmooth sumac; _B_, staghorn sumac; _C_, dwarf sumac; _D_, poison sumac;\n_E_, enlarged portion of dwarf sumac leaf from _C_, showing the wing\nmargin of the midrib. Poison sumac does not have the winged midrib.\nINTRODUCED POISONOUS SUMAC AND RELATED SPECIES\nThe small Japanese lacquer-tree, although uncommon in the United States,\nis an introduced species of sumac (_Rhus verniciflua_) that is quite\nsimilar to the native poison sumac. It is native to Japan and China and\nis the source of Japanese black lacquer. Cases of poisoning hare been\ntraced to contact with lacquered articles. Because of its poisonous\nproperties, this tree should never be planted.\nA native shrub or small tree called poison-wood, doctor gum, or coral\nsumac is commonly found in the pinelands and hummocks of extreme southern\nFlorida, the Keys, and the West Indies. It is much like the poison sumac\nand closely related to it. Most botanists name it _Metopium toxiferum_,\nalthough previously it was named _Rhus metopium_, and sometimes metopium\nis used as its common name. The small tree, or shrub, has the same\ngeneral appearance as poison sumac. The leaves have the same general\nappearance, except that there are usually only three to seven leaflets,\nwhich are more rounded. The fruits are borne in clusters in the same\nmanner as those of poison sumac (fig. 22), but individual fruits are\ntwo or three times as large and orange-colored. All parts of the plant\nare exceedingly poisonous to the touch and cause the same kind of skin\nirritation as poison-ivy or poison sumac.\nPOISONING\nThrough experience, many people know that they are susceptible to\npoisoning by poison-ivy, poison-oak, or poison sumac, while some others\neither have escaped contamination or have a certain degree of immunity.\nThe extent of immunity appears only relative, and absolute immunity to\nthe toxic principle apparently does not exist. Persons who have shown\na degree of immunity upon repeated contact with the plants may develop\npoisoning on subsequent exposure.\nThe skin irritant of poison-ivy, poison-oak, and poison sumac is the same\ntoxic agent. It is a nonvolatile phenolic substance called urushiol and\nis found in all parts of the plant, including roots and fruit. It occurs\nin great abundance in the plant sap. The danger of poisoning is greatest\nin spring and summer, when the sap is abundant, and least late in fall or\nin winter.\nPoisoning is usually caused by contact with some part of the plant. A\nvery small quantity of the poisonous substance is capable of producing\nsevere inflammation of the skin and can easily be transferred from one\nobject to another. Clothing may become contaminated and is often a source\nof such prolonged infection that it is likely to be judged as a case of\npoisoning difficult to cure. Dogs and cats frequently touch the plants\nand transmit the poison to unsuspecting persons. The poison may remain on\nthe fur of animals for a considerable period after they have walked or\nrun through poison-ivy plants. Smoke from burning plants will carry the\ntoxin and has been reported to cause severe cases of poisoning. Cases of\npoisoning of children from eating the fruit have been reported. A local\nbelief that eating a few leaves of these plants will develop immunity in\nthe individual is unfounded. It never should be attempted. No part of the\nplant should ever be taken internally, as it is a violent irritant and\npoisonous to man.\nCattle, horses, sheep, hogs, and other livestock apparently do not suffer\nfrom skin irritation caused by these plants, although they have been\nobserved to graze upon the foliage occasionally. Bees collect honey from\nthe flowers, though no reports are on record of any ill effects from the\nuse of the honey.\nThe time between contamination of the skin and the first symptoms\nvaries greatly with individuals and probably with conditions. The first\nsymptoms of itching or burning sensation may develop in a few hours\nor after 5 days or even more. The delay in development of symptoms\nis often confusing in attempting to determine the time or location\nwhen contamination occurred. The itching sensation and subsequent\ninflammation, which usually develops into water blisters under the skin,\nmay continue for several days from a single contamination. Persistence\nof symptoms over a long period is likely to be due to new contacts with\nplants or with previously contaminated clothing or animals. Severe\ninfection may produce more serious symptoms, which result in much pain\nthrough abscesses, enlarged glands, fever, or complicated constitutional\nmalfunction. Secondary infections are always a possibility in any break\nin the skin, such as is produced by breaking vesicles that have formed as\nlarge water blisters.\nPRECAUTIONS AGAINST POISONING\nThe most effective way to prevent poisoning from the plants is to avoid\ncontact with them. If it is necessary to work among them, some measure\nof prevention can be gained by wearing protective clothing, but it is\nnecessary to remember that the active poisonous principle can easily be\ntransferred. Some protection also may be obtained in advance by the use\nof protective creams or lotions. They prevent the poison from touching\nthe skin, or make the active principle easily removed, or neutralize it\nto a certain degree.\nVarious formulas containing ferric chloride and glycerin have been used\nmore or less effectively as a preventive measure, although there may\nbe some danger of pigmentation of the skin from the ferric chloride. A\ncommon formula is ferric chloride, 5 parts; glycerin, 25 parts; alcohol,\n25 parts; water. 50 parts.\nA lotion of this formula applied to the exposed skin prior to contact\nwith poisonous plants gives effective protection for many people. It\nis especially effective if followed by thorough washing with soap and\nwater. Such washing, even if no protective lotion has been used, is often\neffective in preventing poisoning. Proper precaution should be taken\nby repeated lathering with a strong alkali soap, followed by thorough\nrinsing and repeating the process several times. The water should be\nfrequently changed, and a shower or flowing water bath is preferable. The\nsoap probably only emulsifies the active principle, and thorough rinsing\nis necessary to avoid spreading the poison to other parts of the body.\nThe United States Public Health Service reports successful chemical\nprotection against ivy poisoning by use of an oxidizing agent--sodium\nperborate prepared and used fresh as an ointment. Following is a formula\ngiven for the ointment: Cetyl alcohol, 35.1 percent; stearyl alcohol,\n5.3; ceresin, 3.5; castor oil. 20.8; mineral oil, 21.9; Duponol WA pure,\n1.7; sodium perborate. 10.0; and boric acid, 1.7 percent.\nA more recent less oily formula recommended for both mechanical and\nchemical protection is given as follows: Shellac, 13 parts; isopropanol,\n31; linseed oil, 4; titanium oxide, 12; sodium perborate, 13; talcum, 20;\nand carbitol, 3 parts.\nSometimes cottonseed oil, olive oil, or petrolatum is applied as a\nprotective ointment when contamination is anticipated. Later the oil must\nbe completely removed by repeated washing.\nClothing, wearing apparel, and tools that have been contaminated are\noften difficult to handle without further danger of poisoning. Some\nwho are more or less immune to poisoning often contaminate others by\ncarelessness. Contamination on automobile door handles or on a steering\nwheel after a trip to the woods often causes prolonged cases of poisoning\nof persons who have not been near the plants. One of the most effective\nways for decontaminating articles is by thorough washing through several\nchanges of strong soap and water. Contaminated clothing should not be\nworn again until thoroughly washed. It should not be washed with other\nclothes, and care should be taken to rinse thoroughly any implements used\nin washing.\nDogs and cats can be decontaminated in the same manner; precaution should\nbe taken, however, to avoid being poisoned in doing the washing. It is\nlikely that most \"dry cleaning\" processes will remove any contaminant;\nbut there is always danger that clothing sent to commercial cleaners may\ncause poisoning to unsuspecting employees.\nCertain prophylactic inoculations for the prevention of ivy poisoning\nhave been developed and used with limited success; such treatment,\nhowever, should be administered by a physician only. The theory that\neating a few leaves of these poisonous plants will confer immunity is\nwithout foundation; it should not be attempted even as an experiment,\nbecause very serious poisoning is likely to result.\nTREATMENT FOR POISONING[1]\n[1] For a fuller description of treatments for poisoning see: United\nStates Public Health Service, ivy and sumac poisoning. Pub. Health\nRpts. Sup. 161 (rev.), 8 pp., 1943. For sale by the Superintendent of\nDocuments, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. Price, 10\ncents.\nThere seems to be no absolute quick cure for ivy poisoning for all\nindividuals, even though many studies have been made to devise\neffective remedies. Remedies may be helpful in removing the poisonous\nprinciple or rendering it inactive and for giving some relief from the\nirritation. Mild poisoning usually subsides within a few days, but if\nthe inflammation is severe or extensive a physician should be consulted.\nSelf-treatment also has other dangers, as the symptoms of ivy poisoning\nmay be confused with those of other conditions and harm may be done by\nimproper treatment. In all cases the safest procedure is to consult a\nphysician.\nSome tried remedies are effective on certain individuals and ineffective\non others. Sometimes a person will find one remedy effective and later,\nto his surprise, get very little relief from it. A large number of patent\nmedicine remedies of doubtful value are commonly offered for sale. The\nfollowing are more or less standard measures that have been advocated by\ndifferent individuals and found helpful in certain cases.\nThe United States Public Health Service recommends a 10 percent alcoholic\nsolution of tannic acid applied as a lotion. It is stated that in using\nit the tops of the blisters should be rubbed off with sterile gauze\nsaturated with the solution and that any large blisters should be opened\nwith a sterile instrument. The treatment should be repeated three or four\ntimes at 6-hour intervals. A modified form of this treatment recommends\nvigorous rubbing of the lesions with alcohol-soaked gauze to remove\nthe tops of blisters, followed by application of a 10 percent aqueous\nsolution of tannic acid as a lotion. Any treatment involving opening\nof blisters and the application of alcohol is severe, and many cases\nrequiring such treatment should be handled by physicians.\nOne of the oldest well-established remedies is a fresh solution of\none 5-grain tablet of potassium permanganate dissolved in 1 quart of\nwater; concentrations as much as 5 percent, however, have been used. The\npotassium permanganate is apparently active in neutralizing any poison\nthat may remain on the surface of the skin and it has some therapeutic\nproperties. This solution may be applied freely to the irritated or\ncontaminated skin, but the skin should be rinsed with water a few\nminutes after the stronger solutions are used. Applications should be\nrepeated every hour or two. The brown stain it causes on the skin will\nin time wear off, or it may be removed with lemon juice. It more or less\npermanently stains clothing.\nFerric chloride in combination with several other substances has been\nused effectively by many people. One of the most common formulas is that\ngiven under the discussion of precautions against poisoning (p. 22). To\nthis formula 1 to 3 percent of phenol is frequently added to reduce the\nitching; however, not more than 1 percent of phenol should ever be used\nwithout the advice of a physician, on account of the danger of systemic\nabsorption and poisoning. The solution should be freely applied to the\nirritated or contaminated skin every hour or two. Some instances of\npersistence of the brown discoloration of the skin have been reported.\nFor this reason its use is limited, but for most individuals the\ndiscoloration completely disappears after a few days. Stain on clothing\nis usually permanent.\nPhotographer's hypo solution has been used with good results in many\ncases. This is a 10-percent solution of sodium thiosulfate in water. The\nirritated or contaminated skin should be bathed in it every hour or two.\nIt does not stain skin or clothing.\nA calamine lotion with the addition of about 2 percent of phenol is often\nused and in many cases is effective. Frequent applications are necessary.\nFor some people it is effective in relieving the itching. The pink stain\nis not permanent.\nIt is better to leave inflamed areas exposed to the air rather than cover\nthem with dressings. If poisoning is so severe that dressings appear\nnecessary, a physician should be consulted before any home remedies are\napplied.\nERADICATION OF PLANTS\nPoison-ivy[2] can be killed either by mechanical means, such as digging,\nor by applying chemical herbicides. The best modern herbicides are so\ndeadly to plants that a single treatment kills all the leaves and 90\npercent or more of the roots. This is the easiest and least dangerous\nway to destroy these poisonous pests. There are places, however,\nwhere chemicals cannot be used, as in hedges and shrubbery where the\npoison-ivy is closely mixed with the valuable plants. In such situations,\nhand-pulling is the only satisfactory method. At times also chemicals and\nspraying equipment are not available, and then the mattock, scythe, or\nplow must be resorted to. Even with these simple tools some timing and\nhandling methods are better than others.\n[2] For brevity, the single designation poison-ivy is used under this\nheading to apply equally to all poison-ivies and to poison sumac.\nCHEMICAL WEED KILLERS\nBy using care poison-ivy can be destroyed with chemicals without danger\nof poisoning to the operator. Except in very heavy growth, one may stand\nat a distance from the plants and apply the herbicide without touching\nthe leaves. Most chemicals are applied as a spray solution, and many\nsprayers can be equipped with extension nozzles 2 feet or more in length.\nThe greatest danger of ivy poisoning occurs from careless handling of\ngloves, shoes, and clothing after finishing the work. Garments should be\nworn that can either be destroyed after use or washed thoroughly in hot\nsoda solution and soapsuds.\nThe chemicals thus far found most satisfactory on poison-ivy are,\nin approximate order of effectiveness, ammonium sulfamate, 2,4-D\n(2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), ammonium thiocyanate, borax, carbon\ndisulfide, coal-tar creosote oil, fuel oil and similar petroleum\ndistillates, sodium chlorate, and sodium arsenite. Less effective\nchemicals include common salt, kerosene, gasoline, calcium cyanamide,\nammonium sulfate, and iron sulfate.\nChemicals other than borax are best applied as a spray to the foliage.\nBorax is scattered dry on the soil around the plants. Any field or\ngarden spray machine or even a sprinkling can is useful for applying\nthe liquids, but a common knapsack sprayer holding about 2 gallons is\nconvenient and does not waste the solution, application should be as a\nfine spray under moderate pressure rather than a driving mist, since\nthe object is to wet the leaves of the poison-ivy and avoid wetting the\nleaves of desirable plants.\nMost chemicals used on poison-ivy are injurious to the foliage of all\nkinds of plants and must be applied with caution if the surrounding\nvegetation is valuable. During the early part of the growing season the\nleaves of the poisonous plants usually tend to stand conspicuously apart\nfrom those of adjacent plants and can be treated separately if sprayed\nwith care. Later the leaves become intermingled and injury to adjacent\nspecies is unavoidable. Chemicals other than oil are not injurious to the\nthick bark of an old tree, and poison-ivy clinging to the trunk can be\nsafely sprayed with them.\nChemical sprays can be used at any time when poison-ivy is in full leaf,\nJune and July being perhaps the best months. Ordinarily treatments should\nbegin not later than August 15, as poison-ivy then begins to go dormant\nand sprays are ineffective.\nBest results are obtained both with sprays and with dry chemicals when\nthe soil is moist but not wet at time of treatment. Borax can well be\napplied just before a rain, but sprayed chemicals are likely to be washed\noff if rain falls within 24 hours. One gallon of spray solution is\nsufficient to cover all the leaves on 1 square rod (272 square feet) of\ndense poison-ivy, or 2 to 4 square rods of a scattered stand.\nSprays give best results when applied in early morning or late afternoon\nwhen the air is cool and moist. Spraying in the middle of a dry, hot day\nis likely to be disappointing unless the plants are in deep shade.\nNo method of chemical eradication can be depended upon to kill all the\nplants in a stand of poison-ivy with one application. Three to four light\nretreatments made as soon as the new leaves are fully expanded are always\nnecessary (1) to destroy plants missed the first time, (2) to treat new\ngrowth from the old roots, and (3) to destroy seedlings. At least three\nand sometimes four treatments at intervals of 2 to 8 weeks are necessary\nbefore all plants are dead. These followup treatments do not require\nmuch time or material, but neglect of them may easily lead to serious\nreinfestation.\nPoison-ivy has an annoying habit of \"playing possum.\" Plants believed\ndead sometimes revive after many months. Thus an area under treatment\nmust be watched closely for at least a year if complete eradication is to\nbe assured.\nDead foliage and steins remaining after the plants have been killed with\nchemicals are only slightly poisonous, but to avoid difficulty the dead\nstems should be cut off and burned.\n=Ammonium sulfamate.=--This chemical, under a proprietory name, has come\non the market recently as a weed killer and has proved especially useful\nagainst poison-ivy. Ammonium sulfamate is not dangerous to use under\nordinary conditions, is not harmful to the soil, and is not flammable.\nIt is slowly corrosive to metals, and spray equipment should be washed\nthoroughly with a solution of lime or soda immediately after use. Like\nsalt, ammonium sulfamate absorbs moisture from the air and must be stored\nin a dry place.\nAmmonium sulfamate is dissolved in water at the rate of 12 ounces per\ngallon and sprayed on the leaves until they are wet but not dripping.\nThe foliage begins to wilt within 21 hours, but the action is slow,\nand a week or more may elapse before the leaves die. Some new growth\nmay be expected after 4 to 8 weeks, and this should be sprayed as soon\nas the new leaves are fully expanded. Two or occasionally three such\nretreatments are needed before the kill is complete.\n=2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid).=--This chemical under the\nabbreviated name 2,4-D, or DCP, is a recent addition to the list of\neffective weed killers and may become an important weapon for use against\npoison-ivy. It should not be confused with DDT or DD, two other new\nagricultural chemicals, the first an insecticide and the second used as\na soil fumigant. Under wartime restrictions the use of 2,4-D was very\nlimited, but its prospective value is so great that those interested in\nthe control of poison-ivy should be informed about it.\nThe chemical 2,4-D is one of the so-called \"plant hormones,\" or\n\"growth regulators.\" In minute quantities it stimulates some of the\nplant functions, but in slightly larger dosage it is toxic. A solution\nconsisting of one-seventh ounce in 1 gallon of water sprayed on\npoison-ivy foliage kills all leaves hit and may kill the roots. In the\nconcentration used in weed killing 2,4-D is not believed to be harmful\nto animal life, but until this point can be thoroughly clarified the\nchemical should be used with reasonable caution to avoid poisoning.\n2,4-D is not flammable and is not corrosive to spray machinery. If the\nsprayer is used also for insecticides and fungicides it must be washed\nvery thoroughly to remove the slightest trace of the 2,4-D. This is very\ndifficult, however; it is safer to use another sprayer.\nTo make a spray solution 2,4-D must be combined with other chemicals,\nas it is not soluble in water. A number of substances, including\npolyethelene glycols and naphthenic soaps, have been used for this\npurpose, but the best solvent has not yet been determined. Commercial\nweed killers containing 2,4-D are of varying composition.\n=Ammonium thiocyanate.=--This byproduct of the coal-gas industry is one\nof the newer herbicides. The crude commercial chemical is a pink or\nreddish salt, very soluble in water. It does not keep well, tends to\ndisintegrate into a red, sludgy mass, and is difficult and disagreeable\nto handle. A purer form in clean white crystals is available and is well\nworth the slight extra cost. In either form ammonium thiocyanate is\ninjurious to the skin and to leather articles, and in time it corrodes\nmetals. The spray solution is made by dissolving 1 to 1\u00bd pounds of\nammonium thiocyanate in 1 gallon of water.\nMost annual, plants and some perennials are killed by a single\napplication of ammonium thiocyanate. Poison-ivy usually requires three\nor four treatments. Ammonium thiocyanate has a high content of nitrogen,\nmuch of which remains in the soil and eventually becomes a fertilizer.\nThus an area treated with this chemical is likely to produce a profuse\ngrowth of annual weeds a month or two after treatment.\n=Borax.=--Common borax scattered on the soil is deadly to the roots of\nmany plants. Spread dry at the rate of 10 to 15 pounds per square rod, it\nkills poison-ivy slowly over a period of 6 to 8 weeks. A second somewhat\nlighter treatment 3 to 5 months later is usually necessary to kill all\nplants completely.\nBorax is easy to handle, nonpoisonous, and nonflammable, readily\nobtainable, and not expensive. It is one of the best chemicals to use\naround stone walls, rocky ledges, fences, and other inaccessible places.\nPlants differ greatly in their resistance to borax. Some species, as\nVirginia creeper and deep-rooted trees, do not seem to be injured, but\nothers, notably dogwood, are very sensitive to it. Until more complete\ninformation is available as to the effect of borax on other plants,\nit should be employed on poison-ivy only where possible damage to\nsurrounding vegetation is not objectionable.\n=Carbon disulfide.=--The fumes of this pungent, volatile liquid are very\npoisonous to plants, and the chemical is widely used in the West to kill\ndeep-rooted perennial weeds. When poison-oak, particularly, is growing\nin a mixture with wild morning-glory (bind-weed) or similar noxious\nweeds, both plants may often be killed at one operation by treating the\nsoil with carbon disulfide. Holes ordinarily 6 inches deep and 18 inches\napart in all directions are punched in the soil with a 1-inch iron bar,\nand 2 ounces of carbon disulfide are poured in each hole. The openings\nare closed immediately with a wooden club. This dosage equals 20 pounds\nof the chemical per square rod. Carbon disulfide is likely to be less\neffective on shallow-rooted than on deep-rooted plants and is therefore\nof limited value against poison-ivy, which is surface-rooted.\n  =Carbon disulfide is poisonous, and as it is also highly flammable it\n  should be handled as carefully as gasoline.=\n=Coal-tar creosote oil.=--In the fractional distillation of coal, many\noils and oillike substances are obtained, some of which are very toxic to\nplants. The most common and usually the cheapest is the creosote used for\nwood preservation. This substance has great penetrating power and is an\nexcellent herbicide on woody plants like poison-ivy. Ordinarily creosote\noil is too expensive to use alone and is therefore mixed with some\nkind of petroleum oil. A mixture of 75 percent fuel oil and 25 percent\ncreosote oil is almost as effective as straight creosote and is made at\none-third the cost. Two applications of this mixture at an interval of\nabout 6 weeks usually kill a high percentage of poison-ivy. Creosote is\nnot selective and kills all plants alike.\n_Fuel oil (Diesel and similar oils)._--Crude petroleum is refined into\nmany kinds of oil, and those corresponding to fuel oil. Diesel oil,\nstovetop oil, and orchard-heating oil are more injurious to plants\nthan crude oil itself or the higher distillates, such as gasoline\nand kerosene. Fuel oils are widely used for destroying vegetation,\nparticularly by highway departments in States having oil resources. When\nsprayed on poison-ivy, fuel oil brings about a slow but fairly sure death\nof the plants. Two or three applications may be necessary before the\nroots are killed. Fuel oil, like creosote, must be used with care around\nvaluable trees and shrubs because it penetrates the bark and kills or\ninjures all species. As used for poison-ivy spraying there is no injury\nto the soil. The oil-soaked vegetation is flammable.\n=Sodium chlorate.=--Sodium chlorate is the standard herbicide for killing\ndeep-rooted perennial weeds like bindweed, but when used as a spray, it\nis a dangerous fire hazard, and when applied dry, it sterilizes the soil\nfor 2 to 4 years. Where sterilization of the soil is desirable or not\nobjectionable, one application of the dry chemical, evenly at the rate of\n3 to 4 pounds per square rod, is sufficient for a complete kill.\nIf used as a foliage spray on poison-ivy, the chemical is dissolved in\nwater at the rate of 8 to 12 ounces per gallon. The leaves are killed\nwithin a few hours, but the plants are likely to make a strong new growth\nand may require as many as six treatments before they cease to produce\nnew leaves.\n  =Sodium chlorate mixed with wood, cloth, or other organic materials\n  is highly combustible and easily ignited. Shoes and clothing on which\n  chlorate solution has been allowed to dry are especially dangerous,\n  for they will ignite and burn with explosive fury. Contaminated\n  clothing should be kept wet until thoroughly washed in a large\n  volume of water. Chlorate should be stored only in original metal\n  containers, as any admixture of chlorate, wet or dry, with straw,\n  wood, dust, cloth, or leather has properties similar to those of\n  gunpowder or matches.=\n=Sodium arsenite.=--Sodium arsenite is one of the most powerful plant\npoisons known and is widely used for sterilizing soil on railroads,\nroadways, and other places where no vegetation of any kind is desired. It\nis relatively inexpensive. In normal times sodium arsenite is obtainable\nin both powder and liquid form. In weak solution (4 to 6 ounces per\ngallon of water) the chemical can be used as a spray to destroy\npoison-ivy. Like sodium chlorate spray, it kills the leaves but not the\nroots, and five or six treatments may be required. The solution kills the\nleaves of all plants impartially and will also kill the young tender bark\nof shrubs and trees. This may be either an advantage or a disadvantage,\ndepending upon circumstances.\n  =All compounds containing arsenic are deadly poisons if taken\n  internally. Arsenical sprays and chemicals should not be used where\n  there is any possibility that materials sprayed with them will be\n  eaten by animals or man. In some communities special permission must\n  be obtained before arsenical weed killers may be used.=\nERADICATION BY MECHANICAL MEANS\nPoison-ivy can be grubbed out by hand quite readily early in spring and\nlate in fall. When the ground is soft after rains the roots come out in\nlong pieces. Grubbing when the soil is dry and hard is almost futile,\nsince the roots break off in the ground, leaving large pieces that later\nsprout vigorously. Eradication by grubbing is permanent if well done.\nBecause of his close contact with the plants, the person doing the\ngrubbing should have a high degree of immunity to ivy-poisoning. Many\npeople are not so immune as they believe, and it is common sense to wear\nleather gloves with gauntlets and a shirt with long sleeves. If care\nis taken to prevent the poison-ivy from touching the face, and if the\nclothes, including the gloves, are burned or thoroughly washed after use,\nsevere poisoning may be avoided.\nPoison-ivy vines climbing on trees should be severed at the base and as\nmuch of the vine as possible pulled away from the tree. Often the roots\nof the tree and weed are so intertwined that grubbing is impossible\nwithout injury to the tree. Close mowing of the poison-ivy shoots at\nfrequent intervals is the only remedy. Roots and stems removed in\ngrubbing should be burned or otherwise destroyed, since the dry material\nis almost as poisonous as the fresh. Care must be taken to keep out of\nthe smoke.\nOld plants of poison-ivy produce an abundance of seeds, and these are\nfreely disseminated, especially by birds. A poison-ivy seedling 2 months\nold usually has a root that one mowing will not kill. Seedling plants at\nthe end of the first year have well-established underground runners that\nonly grubbing or chemicals will kill. Seedlings are a constant threat as\nlong as old poison-ivy is in the neighborhood.\nPlowing is of little value in combating poison-ivy unless followed by\npersistent stirring with a cultivator or harrow, to keep all roots\nloosened from the soil. Otherwise plowing merely propagates the weed.\nMowing with a scythe or sickle is a common method of attacking\npoison-ivy, but it has little effect on the roots unless frequently\nrepeated. The number of cuttings required to kill depends upon the age of\nthe plants and the size of the roots, but is seldom less than four. New\nshoots should be cut as soon as the first leaf on each stem is full size.\nCutting either earlier or later delays eradication.\nWeed burners are implements resembling oversize blowtorches. Two types\nare manufactured, one producing a short, hot, blue flame and the other a\nlong smoky-yellow flame. Both are useful for destroying foliage. Neither\nis likely to kill perennial plants like poison-ivy at one operation, even\nthough the flame is held on the weeds for a minute or more until leaves\nand stems are completely incinerated. The roots are not injured by this,\nand new leafy shoots soon develop. A better plan is to \"sear\" the plants\nby passing the flame slowly over the vines just long enough to sear or\nwilt the leaves, but not long enough to burn them. The roots appear to\nbe injured more by \"searing\" than completely burning the leaves, and the\noperation is quicker and cheaper. Three to four searings when the leaves\nreach full size usually kill the roots.\nFor sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing\nOffice, Washington 25, D. C.\nTranscriber Notes\nAll illustrations were moved so as to not split paragraphs.", "source_dataset": "gutenberg", "source_dataset_detailed": "gutenberg -  Poison-ivy, Poison-oak and Poison Sumac"},
{"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1932, "culture": " English\n", "content": "Produced by Alicia Williams and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team.\nBARKHAM\nBURROUGHS' ENCYCLOPAEDIA\nOF\nASTOUNDING FACTS\nAND\nUSEFUL INFORMATION\nFor Melba Conner\nUniversal Assistant and Treasure-House of Information to be Consulted\non Every Question That Arises in Everyday Life by Young and Old Alike!\nIncluding: 521 Recipes * 236 Remedies * 150 Themes for Debate * How to\nBe Handsome * Mother Shipton's Prophesy * The Cure for Baldness * How\nto Distinguish Death * PLUS 20,000 Things Worth Knowing, and Much Much\nMore.\n[Illustration: THE HIGHEST BUILDINGS IN THE WORLD.\n1. An imaginary tower, 1000 feet high. 2. Cathedral at Cologne, 501\nfeet. 3. Pyramid of Cheops, 480 feet. 4. Strasbourg Cathedral, 468\nfeet. 5. St. Peter's, Rome, 457 feet. 6. Pyramid of Cephren, 454 feet.\n7. St. Paul's, London, 365 feet. 8. Capitol at Washington, 287 feet.\n9. Trinity Church, N.Y., 286 feet. 10. Bunker Hill Monument, 221 feet.\n11. St. Marks, Philadelphia, 150 feet.]\nCONTENTS\n      HOW POOR BOYS BECOME SUCCESSFUL MEN, 6\n      THE ART OF PENMANSHIP, 7\n      ORNAMENTAL PENMANSHIP, 18\n      HOW TO WRITE A BUSINESS LETTER, 19\n      ELEMENTS OF SUCCESS IN BUSINESS, 28\n      DETECTING COUNTERFEIT MONEY, 32\n      HOW TO ADVERTISE, 37\n      HOW TO BE HANDSOME, 39\n      MULTUM IN PARVO. (110 MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS), 41\n      HOUSEHOLD RECIPES, 71\n      HOW TO DESTROY HOUSEHOLD PESTS, 73\n      ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES (236 ITEMS), 75\n      THE FAMILY PHYSICIAN, 83\n      LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS, 93\n      MASTERPIECES OF ELOQUENCE, 94\n      SUNDRY BRIEF ITEMS OF INTEREST, 95\n      PHYSICIAN'S DIGESTION TABLE, 95\n      THEMES FOR DEBATE (150), 95\n      COOKERY RECIPES (521), 98\n          HOW TO COOK FISH, 106\n          HOW TO CHOOSE AND COOK GAME, 108\n          HOW TO MAKE ICE CREAMS, WATER ICES AND JELLIES, 109\n          HOW TO SELECT AND COOK MEATS, 111\n          HOW TO MAKE PIES, 113\n          HOW TO MAKE PRESERVES, 114\n          HOW TO BOIL, BAKE AND STEAM PUDDINGS, 116\n          HOW TO PUT UP PICKLES AND MAKE CATSUPS, 119\n          HOW TO ROAST, BROIL OR BOIL POULTRY, 121\n          SAUCES FOR MEATS AND FISH, 121\n          HOW TO MAKE SOUPS AND BROTH, 123\n          HOW TO COOK VEGETABLES, 125\n      HOW TO CALCULATE, 128\n      20,000 THINGS WORTH KNOWING (20,000 ITEMS), 130\n[Illustration: How Poor Boys Become Successful Men]\nHOW POOR BOYS BECOME SUCCESSFUL MEN.\nYou want some good advice. Rise early. Be abstemious. Be frugal.\nAttend to your own business and never trust it to another. Be not\nafraid to work, and diligently, too, with your own hands. Treat every\none with civility and respect. Good manners insure success. Accomplish\nwhat you undertake. Decide, then persevere. Diligence and industry\novercome all difficulties. Never be mean--rather give than take the\nodd shilling. Never postpone till to-morrow what can be done to-day.\nNever anticipate wealth from any source but labor. Honesty is not only\nthe best policy, but the only policy. Commence at the first round and\nkeep climbing. Make your word as good as your bond. Seek knowledge to\nplan, enterprise to execute, honesty to govern all. Never overtrade.\nNever give too large credit. Time is money. Reckon the hours of\nthe day as so many dollars, the minutes as so many cents. Make few\npromises. Keep your secrets. Live within your income. Sobriety above\nall things. Luck is a word that does not apply to a successful\nman. Not too much caution--slow but sure is the thing. The highest\nmonuments are built piece by piece. Step by step we mount the\npyramids. Be bold--be resolute when the clouds gather, difficulties\nare surmounted by opposition. Self-confidence, self-reliance is your\ncapital. Your conscience the best monitor. Never be over-sanguine,\nbut do not underrate your own abilities. Don't be discouraged.\n[Transcriber's Note: The original text reads 'Ninty=nine'] Ninety-nine\nmay say no, the [Transcriber's Note: The original text reads\n'hundreth'] hundredth, yes: take off your coat: roll up your\nsleeves, don't be afraid of manual labor! America is large enough for\nall--strike out for the west. The best letter of introduction is your\nown energy. Lean on yourself when you walk. Keep good company. Keep\nout of politics unless you are sure to win--you are never sure to\nwin, so look out.\nTHE ART OF PENMANSHIP\n_How to Become a Handsome Writer._\nThe subject of the importance of good writing is as broad as its\nuse. Reaching out in every direction, and pervading every corner of\ncivilized society, from the humblest up to the highest employments,\nit is a servant of man, second only in importance to that of speech\nitself. In the world of business its value is seen, from the simplest\nrecord or memorandum, up to the parchment which conveys a kingdom.\nWithout it, the wheels of commerce could not move a single hour. At\nnight it has recorded the transactions of the Bank of England during\nthe day; of London; of the whole world.\nThrough the art of writing, the deeds of men live after them, and\nwe may surround ourselves with the companionship of philosophers,\nscientists, historians, discoverers and poets; and their discoveries,\nand reasonings and imaginings become ours. In the amenities of social\nlife, through the medium of the pen, heart speaks to heart, though\nocean rolls between. Thoughts of tenderness and affection live when\nwe are gone, and words and deeds of kindness are not preserved by\nmonuments alone. What fountains of grief or joy have been opened in\nthe hearts of those who have read the records of the pen! The pen\nhas recorded the rapturous emotions of love reciprocated. The pen has\nwritten the message of sadness which has covered life's pilgrimage\nwith gloom. The pen has traced the record of noble and useful lives,\nspent in humanity's cause. The songs of the poet, the beautiful tints\nof his imagination, the flights of the orator in the realms of fancy,\nand the facts of history, would all perish as the dew of morning,\nwithout this noble art of writing.\nAs a means of livelihood, there is perhaps no other department of\neducation which affords such universal and profitable employment, as\nwriting. From the mere copyist, up to the practical accountant, and\nonward into that department of penmanship designated as a fine art,\nthe remuneration is always very ample, considering the time and effort\nrequired in its acquisition.\nTeachers, editors, farmers, doctors and all persons should possess a\npractical and substantial knowledge of writing, and should be ready\nwith the pen. Business men must of course be ready writers, and hence,\nin a treatise on business, designed for the education and advancement\nof the youth of the country, it seems eminently fitting to first make\nthe way clear to a plain, practical handwriting. Neatness and accuracy\nshould characterize the hand-writing of every one. Botch-work and\nbungling are inexcusable, as well in writing as in the transaction\nof business. No person has a right to cause a tinge of shame to their\ncorrespondent, by sending a letter addressed in a stupid and awkward\nmanner, nor to consume the time of another in deciphering the\nillegible hooks and scrawls of a message. Every one should have the\nambition to _write_ respectably as well as to _appear_ respectable on\nany occasion.\nMATERIALS USED IN WRITING.\nHaving a suitable desk or table, arranged with reference to light, in\norder to learn to write, it is necessary to be provided with proper\nmaterials. Writing materials abundant and so cheap in these times that\nno excuse is afforded for using an inferior or worthless quality. The\nmaterials consist of _Pens, Ink_ and _Paper_.\nPENS.\nSteel pens are considered the best. Gold pens have the advantage of\nalways producing the same quality of writing, while steel pens, new or\nold, produce finer or courser lines. Notwithstanding this advantage in\nfavor of the gold pen, steel pens adhere to the paper, and produce a\nbetter line. The pen should be adapted to the hand of the writer. Some\npersons require a coarse pen, and some fine. Elastic pens in the hand\nof one writer may produce the best results, while a less flexible pen\nmay suit the hand of others best. Pens are manufactured of almost an\ninfinite grade and quality, in order to suit the requirements of all.\nAbout the only rule that can be given in selecting pens, is to write a\nfew lines, or a page, with each of the pens on trial, and then compare\nthe writing. If it be shaded too heavily, select a less flexible pen,\nif the hair lines are too delicate, select a coarser pen.\nINK.\nBlack ink is always preferable. That which is free from sediment and\nflows well, should be selected. Use an inkstand with broad base as\nbeing less liable to upset. With persons in learning to write it is\nperhaps best to have a quality of ink which is perfectly black when\nput on the paper, in order that they may see the results of their\nlabor at once. Business men and accountants prefer a fluid ink,\nhowever, which, although not black at first, continues to grow black,\nand becomes a very bright and durable black, notwithstanding the\naction of light and heat. Avoid the use of fancy colored inks,\nespecially the more gaudy, such as blue, red or green, in writing all\ndocuments which you desire to command attention and respect.\nPAPER.\nThere are almost as many grades of paper to be found in the stationery\nstores, as there are of pens. For practicing penmanship, nothing is\nmore suitable than foolscap, which may be easily sewed into book-form,\nwith cover of some different color, and thus serves every requirement.\nThe paper should have a medium surface, neither rough and coarse, or\ntoo fine and glazed. Have a few extra sheets beside the writing book,\nfor the purpose of practicing the movement exercises and testing the\npens. Be provided at all times with a large-sized blotter, and when\nwriting, keep this under the hand. Do not attempt to write with a\nsingle sheet of paper on a bare table or desk; there should be many\nsheets of paper underneath, in order to make an elastic surface.\nSTUDY WITH PRACTICE.\nAimless, indifferent, or careless practice, never made a good writer,\nand never will. In order to succeed in this, as in other things, there\nmust be will and determination to succeed, and then persevering and\nstudious effort. Study the models until their forms are fixed in the\nmind.\n[Illustration: Study gives form]\nNo one can execute that which he does not clearly conceive. The artist\nmust first see the picture on the white canvas, before he can paint\nit, and the sculptor must be able to see in the rough and uninviting\nstone, the outlines of the beautiful image which he is to carve. In\nwriting, a clear idea of the formation of the different letters,\nand their various proportions, must become familiar by proper study,\nexamination and analysis. Study precedes practice. It is, of course,\nnot necessary, nor even well, to undertake the mastery of all the\nforms in writing, by study, until some have been executed. It is\nbest that each form should, as it is taken up, be first measured and\nanalyzed and then practiced at once.\n[Illustration: Practice gives grace]\nIt is the act which crowns the thought. After study, careful and\nearnest practice can hardly fail to make a good writer of any one.\nSome persons secure a good style of penmanship with less labor than\nothers, and attain to the elegant, and beautiful formation. But it\nis only fair to presume that no greater diversity of talent exists\nin this direction than in the study of other things. All do not learn\narithmetic or history with like ease, but no one will assert that all\nwho will, may not learn arithmetic or history. And so, all who will\nput forth the proper exertion in study and practice may learn to write\na good business style, while many of the number will attain to the\nelegant. The conditions of practice in writing are, _Positions of the\nBody, Position of the Hand an Pen, and Movement_.\n[Illustration: Position of the Body]\nPOSITION of the BODY.\nSitting squarely fronting the desk, with feet placed firmly on the\nfloor, and both arms on the desk, is, as a rule, the best position for\npractice in writing, or correspondence. The right side, may, however,\nbe placed to the desk, with the right arm, only, resting thereon, and\nsome persons prefer this position. Avoid crossing the feet, sitting\non the edge of the chair, or assuming any careless attitude. The body\nshould be erect, but slightly inclined forward, in order that the eye\nmay follow the pen closely. This position will never cause curvature\nof the spine. The body should never be allowed to settle down into a\ncramped and unhealthy position with the face almost on the paper.\nBy thus compressing the lungs and the digestive organs they are soon\ninjured, and if the stomach lose its tone, the eyesight is impaired,\nthere is such a close sympathy between these organs of the body. The\npractice of writing should be, and properly is, a healthful exercise,\nand injurious effects result only from improper positions of the body,\nat variance with good writing as well as good health.\nWhen wearied by sitting and the effort at writing, lay aside paper and\npen, arise from the chair, and take exercise and rest by walking about\nthe room or in the open air. Then come back refreshed, and vigorous,\nfor the practice of writing.\nIn general, the light should fall on the paper from the left side,\nthus enabling a writer to clearly see the ruled lines, and render the\nlabor of writing easier and more rapid. If one writes left-handed, of\ncourse He will sit so as to get his light from the right side, or over\nthe right shoulder.\nSHADING.\nAs a beautifier of the handwriting, by causing a diversity of light\nand shade among the letters, shading has its value; but in the\npractical handwriting for business purposes, it should, as a rule, be\nclassed with flourishing, and left out. Requiring time and effort, to\nbring down the shades on letters, business men, clerks and telegraph\noperators find a uniform and regular style of writing, without shade,\nthe best, even though it may not be as artistic.\nUNIFORMITY.\nA most necessary element in all good penmanship is uniformity. In the\nslope of the letters and words which form a written page there must be\nno disagreement. With the letters leaning about in various directions,\nwriting is presented in its most ridiculous phase. Uniformity in the\nsize of letters, throughout the written page; how greatly it conduces\nto neatness and beauty. All letters resting on the line, and being of\nuniform hight, adds another condition towards good penmanship. This\nessential element of uniformity may be watched and guarded closely and\ncultivated by any learner in his own practice.\nSLANT OF WRITING.\nAs said before, it matters not so much what angle of slant is adopted\nin writing, provided it is made uniform, and all letters are required\nto conform exactly to the same slant. Writing which is nearest\nperpendicular is most legible, and hence is preferable for business\npurposes. The printed page of perpendicular type; how legible it is.\nBut for ease in execution, writing should slant. It follows then that\nwriting should be made as perpendicular as is consistent with ease of\nexecution. The slant of writing should not be less than sixty degrees\nfrom the horizontal.\n[Illustration: Position of Body While Standing]\nPOSITION of the BODY WHILE STANDING.\nThe practical book-keeper finds it advantageous to do his writing\nwhile standing; in fact, where large books are in use, and entries are\nto be transferred from one to another, the work of the book-keeper\ncan hardly be performed otherwise than in a standing position, free to\nmove about his office. Cumbrous books necessitate a different position\nat the desk, from that of the correspondent, or the learner. Since\nlarge books must lie squarely on the desk, the writer, in order to\nhave the proper position thereto, must place his left side to the\ndesk. The body thus has the same relative position, as if squarely\nfronting the desk with the paper or book placed diagonally. In other\nwords, the writer, while engaged in writing in large, heavy books,\nmust adjust himself to the position of the books. Should the\ncorrespondent or bill clerk perform his work while standing, he would\nassume the same as the sitting position--squarely fronting the desk.\nLEGIBILITY.\nChildren, in learning to write, are apt to sacrifice all other\ngood qualities of beauty, regularity and grace, for the quality of\nlegibility, or plainness. With some older persons this legibility is\nconsidered of very little consequence, and is obscured by all manner\nof meaningless flourishes, in which the writer takes pride. In the\nestimation of the business man, writing is injured by shades and\nflourishes. The demand of this practical time is a plain, regular\nstyle that can be written rapidly, and read at a glance.\n[Illustration]\nFINISH.\nBy a careless habit, which many persons allow themselves to fall into,\nthey omit to attend to the little things in writing. Good penmanship\nconsists in attention to small details, each letter and word correctly\nformed, makes the beautiful page. By inattention to the finish of one\nletter, or part of a letter of a word, oftentimes the word is mistaken\nfor another, and the entire meaning changed. Particular attention\nshould be devoted to the finish of some of the small letters, such as\nthe dotting of the i, or crossing of the t. Blending the lines which\nform a loop, often causes the letter to become a stem, similar to the\nt or d, or an e to become an i. In many of the capital letters, the\nwant of attention to the finish of the letter converts it into another\nor destroys its identity, such, for instance, as the small cross on\nthe capital F, which, if left off, makes the letter a T. The W often\nbecomes an M, or _vice versa_, and the I a J. Mistakes in this regard\nare more the result of carelessness and inattention than anything\nelse. By careful practice a person will acquire a settled habit of\ngiving a perfection to each letter and word, and then it is no longer\na task, but is performed naturally and almost involuntarily, while\nthe difference in the appearance of the written page, as well as the\nexactness and certainty of the meaning conveyed, may be incalculably\ngreat.\nWhile practicing penmanship, or while endeavoring to correct a\ncareless habit in writing, the mind must be upon the work in hand,\nand not be allowed to wander into fields of thought or imagination;\nby thus confining the attention, any defect or imperfection in the\nformation of letters may be soon mastered or corrected.\n[Illustration: Position of the Hand and Pen.]\nPOSITION OF THE HAND AND PEN\nThe right arm should rest on the muscles just below the elbow, and\nwrist should be elevated so as to move free from paper and desk. Turn\nthe hand so that the wrist will be level, or so that the back of\nthe hand will face the ceiling. The third and fourth fingers turned\nslightly underneath the hand will form its support, and the pen, these\nfingers and the muscles of the arm near the elbow form the only points\nof rest or contact on desk or paper. The pen should point over the\nshoulder, and should be so held that it may pass the root of the nail\non the second finger, and about opposite the knuckle of the hand. An\nunnatural or cramped position of the hand, like such a position of the\nbody, is opposed to good writing, and after many years of observation\nand study, all teachers concur in the one position above described,\nas being the most natural, easy and graceful for the writer, and as\naffording the most freedom and strength of movement.\nAvoid getting the hand in an awkward or tiresome position, rolling it\nover to one side, or drawing the fore finger up into a crooked shape.\nHold the pen firmly but lightly, not with a grip as if it were about\nto escape from service. Do not say, \"I can't\" hold the pen correctly.\nHabits are strong, but will may be stronger, and if you hold the pen\ncorrectly in spite of old habits, for a few lessons, all will then\nbe easy, and the pen will take its position at each writing exercise,\nwith no effort whatever. Everything being in readiness, and the proper\nposition assumed, the writer must now obtain complete control of hand\nand pen, by practice in movement.\n[Illustration]\nRAPIDITY.\nOne of the essentials of a practical business style of writing must be\nrapidity of execution, in order to be of any avail in the necessities\nand press of a business position. The demand of the merchant is, that\nhis clerk shall not only write well, but with rapidity, and the\nvolume of letters to be answered, bills to be made out, or items to be\nentered on the books of account, compel the clerk to move the pen\nwith dexterity and rapidity, as well as skill. While there is great\ndiversity among persons as to the rapidity as well as quality of their\npenmanship, some being naturally more alert and active than others,\nyet by securing the proper position of the hand, arm and body,\nfavorable to ease and freedom of execution, then following this with\ncareful practice in movement, until all the varied motions necessary\nin writing are thoroughly mastered, the person may, with suitable\neffort, acquire the quality of rapidity in writing, gradually\nincreasing the speed until the desired rate is accomplished.\nBEAUTY.\nIn the handwriting, as in other things, beauty is largely a matter\nof taste and education. To the man of business, the most beautiful\nhandwriting is that which is written with ease, and expresses plainly\nand neatly the thought of the writer. To the professional or artistic\ntaste, while such a hand may be regarded as \"a good business hand,\" it\nwould not be considered as beautiful, because it conforms to no rule\nas to proportion, shade, and spacing. In the practical art of writing,\nit is not very unfair to measure its beauty largely by its utility.\n[Illustration: Movement]\nMOVEMENT.\nFinger movement, or writing by the use of the fingers as the motive\npower, is entirely inadequate to the requirements of business. The\nfingers soon become tired, the hand becomes cramped, the writing shows\na labored effort, and lacks freedom and ease so essential to good\nbusiness penmanship. In the office or counting-room, where the clerk\nor correspondent must write from morning till night, the finger\nmovement of course cannot be used.\nWhat is designated by writing teachers as the Whole Arm, or Free Arm\nMovement, in which the arm is lifted free from the desk and completes\nthe letter with a dash or a swoop, is necessary in ornamental\npenmanship and flourishing, but has no place in a practical style of\nbusiness writing. The man of business would hardly stop, in the midst\nof his writing, to raise the arm, and execute an \"off-hand capital,\"\nwhile customers are waiting.\nBut adapted to the practical purposes of business is the _muscular\nmovement_, in which the arm moves freely on the muscles below the\nelbow, and in cases of precise writing, or in the more extended\nletters, such as f, is assisted by a slight movement of the fingers.\nThe third and fourth fingers may remain stationary on the paper,\nand be moved from time to time, or between words, where careful and\naccurate writing is desired, but in more rapid, free and flowing\npenmanship, the fingers should slide over the paper.\nMOVEMENT EXERCISES.\nHaving everything in readiness, the student may begin his practice on\nmovement exercises, the object of which is to obtain control of the\npen and train the muscles. Circular motion, as in the capital O,\nreversed as in the capital W, vertical movement as in f, long s and\ncapital J, and the lateral motion as in small letters, must each be\npracticed in order to be able to move the pen in any direction, up,\ndown, or sidewise.\nThe simplest exercise in movement. Try to follow around in the same\nline as nearly as possible. Do not shade.\n[Illustration: O O 8]\nThe same exercise, only with ovals drawn out and and slight shade\nadded to each down stroke.\n[Illustration: (coils)]\nSides of ovals should be even, forming as nearly a straight line as\npossible. Reverse the movement as in third form.\n[Illustration: (coils)]\nThe following three exercises embrace the essential elements in capital\nletters, and should at first be made large for purposes of movement:\nCapital O, down strokes parallel.\n[Illustration: O Q O Q O O Q O Q O]\nCapital stem. Down stroke a compound curve. Shade low. Finish with a\ndash.\n[Illustration: d d d d d d d d d]\nCapital loop. Curves parallel. First curve highest.\n[Illustration: O O O O (double overlapping loops)]\nHaving succeeded to some extent with these exercises, the learner may\nnext undertake the vertical movement. In order to obtain the lateral\nmovement, which enables one to write long words without lifting the\npen, and move easily and gracefully across the page, exercises like\nthe following should be practiced:\nDown strokes straight. Even and resting on line.\n[Illustration: uuuuuuuuuuu]\nIn all movement exercises the third and fourth fingers should slide\non the paper, and the finger movement should be carefully avoided. The\ndifferent movements having been practiced, they may now be combined in\nvarious forms.\n[Illustration: u u u u u n n n n n]\nLateral and rolling movement combined. Vertical movement and rolling\nmovement combined.\n[Illustration: t t t]\nDo not shade the circles. Lines should be parallel.\nMovement exercises may be multiplied almost indefinitely by studying\nthe forms used in writing and their combinations. Repeating many of\nthe small letters, such as m, u, e, r, s, a, d, h and c, also capitals\nD, J, P, etc., forms an excellent exercise for the learner.\nPRINCIPLES IN WRITING.\nIn order to enable the learner to examine, analyze and criticise\nhis writing, the following principles are given as his standards of\nmeasurements and form. By combining them in various ways the essential\npart of all letters in the alphabet may be formed.\n[Illustration: (eight common strokes)]\nThe principles must be first carefully studied, and separated into the\nprimary lines which compose them and the form of each principle well\nunderstood. The student may then form a scale like the one following, by\ndividing the distance between the blue lines on the paper into four\nequal spaces, with a lightly ruled line. The letters of the small\nalphabet should then be placed in the scale and the [Transcriber's Note:\nThe original text reads 'hight'] height of each letter fixed in the\nmind.\n[Illustration: (lowercase cursive alphabet)]\nNotice that the contracted letters, or those which occupy only one\nspace, as a, m, n, o, s, v, w and e, and that part of d, g, h, q and\ny, found in the first space, are all well rounded and developed.\nThese letters and parts of letters, found in the first space, form the\nessential part of all writing, and therefore deserve especial care.\nAlso notice that the loop letters, above the line, such as b, f, h, k\nand l, extend two and one-half spaces above the blue line, while\nthe loop below the line, such as g, f, j, q, y and z, extend one and\none-half spaces below the blue line, thus two and one-half and one and\none-half making the four spaces of the scale, and the upper loops on\none line will just meet the lower loops of the line above, but never\nconflict, to the destruction of neat body writing. Notice the type\nof the printer. The extensions above the shorter letters are quite\ninsignificant, and are only used to save the letter from resembling\nsome other letter of the alphabet. They never conflict, and how\nlegible they are.\n[Illustration: The Types. A Resemblance. An Absurdity.]\nBesides, to make long loops, requires more time, and more power with\nthe pen, while shorter loops are in every way easier to acquire,\nquicker, and better. Telegraph operators, some of whom are among our\nbest business penmen, make all extended letters very short, while\naccountants, and business men, favor the style of short loops, well\ndeveloped letters, and small capitals.\nApply the principles. Observe regularity. Muscular movement.\n[Illustration: (v and u strokes)]\nDown strokes straight. Up strokes curved.\n[Illustration: (n and m strokes)]\nPrinciple No. 1. Well formed loop.\n[Illustration: (e and c strokes)]\nThese exercises should be practiced with the muscular movement, until\nthey can be made with regularity and ease.\n4th principle. Let 3d and 4th fingers slide. Notice the top.\n[Illustration: (s and r strokes)]\nO closed at top. No retracing.\n[Illustration: (o and a strokes)]\nTwo spaces high. Down stroke straight.\n[Illustration: (l and d strokes)]\nA rule in writing may be laid down, that all small letters should\ncommence on the blue line, and end one space high.\nDiscover the principles. Avoid retracing.\n[Illustration: (g and q strokes)]\nNotice form. In w, last part narrow. Make without raising the pen.\n[Illustration: (v, w, and x strokes)]\nExtend two spaces above the line, and one below.\n[Illustration: p p pppppp pump paper prepared pen]\nRetracing is an error. The only exception to this is in d, t, p and x,\nwhere it becomes [Transcriber's Note: The original text reads 'neccessary']\nnecessary.\n[Illustration: b b b blending blooming k k kick kicking hurt hint hand\nheart head hundred hhh f find fund fame flame flowers fumigate]\nUpper loops have their crossing at the hight of one space, while lower\nloops cross at the blue line.\n[Illustration: y your youth y j journey joining rejoicing fs effs\nefffs afsure z zone zone zenith zzzzzz tune time tanner drum dime\ntttdddd]\nPlace the capital letters on the scale, analyze them according to\nprinciples 6, 7, and 8, and notice their relative proportions.\n[Illustration: (uppercase cursive alphabet)]\nIn order to practice capital letters to advantage, as well as to study\nthem, collect in a group or family all those letters which have\nsome one form or principle as an essential part. Take first the 6th\nprinciple, or oval, and we group the letters as follows:\n[Illustration: O. D. C. E. P. Q. R.]\nThe excellence of an oval depends largely on its fullness and\nroundness. No corners or flat sides.\nDown strokes parallel.\nCapital D is a Capital O with a knot on the lower corner.\n[Illustration: O Olean Orleans Ohio Delia David Dahlia]\n[Illustration: C Church Currency E Elucidate Economy]\n[Illustration: P Prince Prayer P R Regan R Raymond R]\nThe letters in which the capital stem, or 7th principle, forms a\nleading part, may be grouped as follows:\n[Illustration: H. K. F. T. S. S. G.]\nIn the H and K, the capital stem is almost straight on the down\nstroke, in the F and T it is little more of a wave line, and in S and\nL the line is much of a compound or double curve.\n[Illustration: H Hand Hunter Hinder K Kingdom Ky.]\n[Illustration: F Famine Fremont T Tenement Troy]\n[Illustration: S Sumpter St. S Sarimore G Grammar]\nThe capital I, and also the J, which is a modified I, are sometimes\nclassed among the capital stem letters, from the resemblance of the I\nto this principle in all but the top.\n[Illustration: Independence Jamestown Inkerman Judgment]\nThe capital loop, or 8th principle, is found as an essential element\nin:\n[Illustration: M. N. X. W. Q. Z. V. U. Y.]\nIn the capital loop, or 8th principle, another oval may be made within\nthe large turn at the top, but for practical purposes the letter is\nperhaps better without it, and may be simplified even more, as in the\nN below.\n[Illustration: M Monumental N Nathaniel X Xenophon]\n[Illustration: W Writing Q Quay Quack J J Jones J J]\n[Illustration: V Value Valuable U Union Y Youthful]\nFIGURES.\nMake figures small, neat, and of form exact. Each figure must show for\nitself, and cannot be known by those which precede or follow it, as\nis the case with letters. The common tendency is to make figures too\nlarge and coarse. Mind the ovals in figures and have them full and\nround. The chief excellence of the zero lies in its roundness; the\n3, 5, 6 or 9, without care in making the ovals, may degenerate into a\nstraight line, or simply a meaningless hook, which it would hardly\nbe safe to use in expressing sums of money, ordering goods, or the\ntransaction of other business.\n[Illustration: COPIES FOR PRACTICE.]\nCOPIES FOR PRACTICE\nHaving proceeded thus far in the study and practice of writing, and\nhaving obtained the proper control of the pen through the movement\nexercises, all that is necessary now in order to secure a good\nhandwriting, is continued and well-directed practice.\n[Illustration:\n           Due Henry Harrington, on order, Eleven\n      Hundred Dollars in Merchandise, value rec'd\n[Illustration: Ornamental Penmanship.]\nORNAMENTAL PENMANSHIP\nCharming and fascinating are the graceful and harmonious curves\nproduced, when, wielded by some trained and skillful hand, the pen\nbecomes an instrument of beauty. As by the power of speech, men may\npass from the common tone of conversation up to the melodious strains\nof music, or may soar in flights of oratory into the sublime, until\nthe multitude is entranced; so the capabilities of the pen are not\nlimited to the common uses of life, but may take on forms of beauty in\nelegant outlines of bird, or landscape, or graceful swan or bounding\nstag.\nOrnamental writing is not a practical art, and has no connection\nwhatever with the practical business of life. It is in the realm\nof poetry. The imagery of graceful outlines must first be seen by a\npoetic imagination. While the great masses may acquire a good style\nof plain, practical penmanship, few have the necessary conception\nof mind, combined with the skill and dexterity of hand to become\nsuccessful ornamental penmen.\nThe ornamental pages which follow are given, not as models for\nimitation or practice by the learner, but merely to show the\npossibilities of the pen in the hand of a master, and as a fitting\nclosing to this, our chapter on penmanship.\nTo any one who may have an artistic quality of mind, and delights\nin beautiful lines and harmonious curves, these pages of ornamental\npenmanship will serve as models for practice and imitation, and every\nattempt at such an exercise as the one on this, or the following\npages, will give greater strength and freedom of movement, and better\ncommand of the pen, so that it will conduce to an easy, flowing\nand elegant style of plain business writing, while affording a most\npleasant and profitable employment in the cultivation of the taste.\nVarious beautiful designs or pictures may be made with the pen, in the\nhands of one that possesses the skill of a penman and the eye of an\nartist.\n[Illustration]\n[Illustration: HOW TO WRITE A BUSINESS LETTER.]\nHOW TO WRITE A BUSINESS LETTER\nConsidering the vast amount of business transacted by correspondence\nbetween the parties, Letter Writing seems only second in importance to\nbookkeeping. The merchant of the smaller cities or towns, perhaps\nin the far west, desires to order articles of merchandise from the\nwholesale house in New York or Boston. Possibly a remittance is to\nbe sent. It may be that an error has occurred and needs correction.\nCredit is to be asked, references given, and a multitude of other\nmatters call for adjustment through correspondence. To write every\nconceivable variety and shade of meaning, expressing the proper\nthought in the most fitting and appropriate language, is indeed a rare\nand valuable accomplishment. And when the proper language takes on\nthe graceful and businesslike air of the well written letter, with its\nseveral parts harmoniously arranged, it is a combination of brain and\nskill which can hardly be overestimated.\n[Illustration]\nThis subject, therefore, naturally divides itself into two parts: _The\nMechanical Structure_, and the _Literature of a Letter_. The former of\nthese being the less difficult will be first considered.\nTHE STRUCTURE OF A BUSINESS LETTER.\nConsists in the arrangement of its several parts, with a view to the\nmost harmonious effect. Excellent penmanship is very desirable, but\nnot absolutely essential. The penmanship may indeed be poor, but the\narrangement of the several parts of the letter, the neatness, and\nfinish, may be such as to give it an attractive appearance, while\non the other hand, the letter may be clothed in the most elegant\npenmanship, and yet the construction be such as to stamp its author as\na careless and indifferent person, devoid of precision and order.\nNo one great thing, but many little things carefully watched, and\nattentively practiced, make up the structure and dress of a business\nletter, and give it a businesslike air. The penmanship should be a\nneat, strong hand, very plain and legible, and devoid of all flourish.\nPAPER AND ENVELOPE.\nThe paper and envelopes used in business correspondence should be of\na good, durable quality, and a white color is preferable. Cheap\nmaterials are not only unsatisfactory to the writer, but may give\nthe reader an unfavorable impression, which would be an injury far\nexceeding the cost of the best stationery for a life time. Persons\nform impressions from very little things sometimes.\nThe size of a letter sheet in business correspondence should be about\n8x10 inches. This sheet affords a sufficient space for a communication\nof ordinary length to be written on one side only, which is essential\nin case the letter is copied in a letter press. A sheet of paper, note\nsize, (5x8) is oftentimes used for brief communications of no special\nimportance, and not designed to be filed for future reference. Among\nprofessional men the commercial note sheet is more extensively used,\nbut with business men the letter size is considered preferable.\nThe envelope should correspond in size to that of the letter sheet,\nand should be a trifle longer than one-half the length of the sheet.\nThus in a sheet eight by ten inches, one-half the length of the sheet\nis five inches, and this requires the length of the envelope to be\nabout five and a quarter inches. Its width is usually about three\ninches. Avoid the use of fancy colored and fancy shaped paper and\nenvelopes. These may not be objectionable in social correspondence\namong ladies, but the gravity of business affairs does not admit of\nsuch display.\nTHE HEADING.\nWith most firms engaged in business it has become a custom to have the\nbusiness advertisement placed at the head of the letter page, together\nwith street, number and city. Thus leaving only the date to be\ninserted to complete the heading.\nIn case the heading of the letter is to be entirely written, it should\nbe placed so as to occupy the right hand half of the first two lines\nat the top of the page. If, however, the letter is to be a very brief\none, occupying only three or four lines, the heading may then be\nplaced lower down on the sheet, so as to bring the body of the letter\nabout the center of the sheet.\nWriting from a large city the heading should contain the street and\nnumber. Your correspondent, in directing his answer will rely on the\naddress given in the heading of your letter. Never be guilty of the\nblunder committed by ignorant persons of placing a part of the heading\nunder the signature.\n[Illustration:\n      765 Market Street,\n         Philadelphia, June 10, 1882.]\n[Illustration: DIAGRAM OF THE STRUCTURE OF A LETTER.]\nThe second line of the heading should begin a little farther to the\nright than the first line, as seen above.\nIf the writer has a box at the Post Office and wishes his mail\ndelivered there, he may head his letter, as on the following page:\n[Illustration:\n[Illustration:\n      Chas. A Roberts                Wm. J. Dennis\n            DEALERS IN FANCY AND STAPLE GROCERIES,\nWriting from the principal cities of the United States it is not\nnecessary to make the name of the state a part of the heading, as that\nis supposed to be known and understood, but with smaller cities the\nname of the state also, should be given. Thus, there is a Quincy\nin Illinois, and also in Massachusetts, and unless the state were\nmentioned a person answering a letter from Quincy, would not know\nwhich state to direct his reply to. In writing from an obscure town or\nvillage, not only the state should be given, but the county as well.\n[Illustration:\n      Ottawa, La Salle County, Ill.,\nThe punctuation of the heading and other parts of the letter, is\nof great importance in the estimation of cultivated persons, and\nsomething which can be learned by a little attention on the part of\nanyone, in examining the forms here given.\nMARGIN.\nA margin three-quarters of an inch in width should be left, on the\nside of the letter, as shown in the diagram. This is convenient for\nany mark or memorandum which your correspondent may desire to make\nconcerning anything contained in the letter, but its greater value\nlies in the open, airy, and cheerful dress which it imparts to the\nletter. A margin too narrow conveys the idea of stinginess, as if to\neconomize paper, while an irregular or zigzag margin conveys the idea\nof carelessness or want of precision. On a sheet of note paper the\nmargin may be only one-half inch in width, thus making its width\nproportionate to the size of the sheet.\nADDRESS.\nOn the next line below the heading, that is the third line from the\ntop of the sheet, and beginning at the left margin, should be placed\nthe _Address_, which consists of the name of the person to whom the\nletter is written, together with his titles, if any, and his place of\nresidence or business. The letter is not complete without all this, in\nthe estimation of the business man. It does not fully explain itself,\nif the place of residence is not down as well as the name, and in\npreserving a letter press copy, this is quite essential for future\nreference.\n[Illustration:\n      Messrs. Samuel Bliss Co.\n          Reading, Pa.\n        Gentlemen:]\nOr if the letter is written to a person living or doing business in a\nlarge city, thus:\n[Illustration:\n      Mr. James M. Cummings\n        645 Broadway, new York.\nThe names and residence should not be allowed to extend further to the\nright than about the center of the sheet, thus leaving an open space\nbetween this and the heading of your letter. In case the names or\nplace of residence should be so long as to require it, they may be\nplaced thus:\n[Illustration:\n      Messrs. Richards, Shaw, Fitch\n          & Winslow, Chicago.\n        Gentlemen:]\nThe words _Dear Sir_ or _Gentlemen_ are sometimes placed farther to\nthe left, as in the above example, but most business men in their\ncorrespondence place this complimentary address with reference to\nthe words above them, about three-quarters of an inch farther to the\nright, as shown below.\n[Illustration:\n      William D. Nelsen, Esq.,\n        177 Erie St., Boston,\nThe custom of placing the address beneath the body instead of at the\nbeginning of the letter, is not much in vogue in business circles\nin this country, most business men preferring to place the name and\naddress at the head of the sheet, and then write at it as if they were\ntalking to the person himself. When, however, the address is placed\nbelow the letter it should occupy the same position as to the margin,\netc., as if placed at the beginning. The custom is borrowed from the\nEnglish, and its use is confined mostly to government officials and\nprofessional men.\nBODY OF THE LETTER.\nThis constitutes the written message. It should begin on the same line\nwith the words _Dear Sir_, or _Gentlemen_ leaving after these words a\nsmall space. In case the place of residence or business is not written\nin the address, then the complimentary address of _Dear Sir_ or\n_Gentlemen_ will be placed on the next line under the name, or fourth\nline from the top of the sheet, and the letter will begin on the fifth\nline from the top, thus:\n[Illustration:\n      Mr. Henry L. Dunham,\n        Dear Sir:\n            In answer to your esteemed favor]\nSometimes for the sake of convenience, and the saving of time and\nlabor, the letter head has printed in the left corner, above the\naddress, a blank form of memorandum as follows:\n[Illustration:\n      Referring to\n      yours of...\n        In reply to\n      your favor of...,]\nand after this introduction the writer is able speedily to get at the\nmarrow of his letter, without acknowledging the receipt of a former\ncommunication.\nThe body of the letter should be divided into as many paragraphs as\nthere are distinct subjects in the letter, or a new paragraph should\nbe commenced at every change of the subject. The habit which some\npersons have of tacking one subject to the end of another, and thus\nmaking a letter one continuous paragraph of mixed up information,\ninstructions and requests, is extremely objectionable. It destroys the\nforce of what is said, instead of fixing each thought clearly on the\nmind of the reader; it leaves him confused, and he reads a second time\nand tries to get his ideas fixed and systematized, or he throws aside\nthe letter until he has more time in which to study it and get the\nmeaning clear.\nIf the letter is long and is really concerning only one subject, then\nit may properly be divided into paragraphs by separating the different\ndivisions of the subject, and giving a paragraph to each. These should\nbe arranged in their logical order. Wherever the letter is to contain\nnumerous paragraphs to avoid omitting any of the items, it is best to\njot them down on a slip of paper, then embody them in the letter in\ntheir natural order.\nThe first word of each paragraph should be indented, or moved in from\nthe margin, usually about the width of the margin. Thus if the margin\nis three-fourths of an inch in width, the paragraph should begin\nthree-fourths of an inch from the margin. Some writers, however,\nprefer to commence the first word of the paragraph an inch from the\nmargin, and it is really not so essential what the distance is, as\nthat it should be uniform, and all the paragraphs begin alike. A\nlittle attention is necessary here. In ordering goods make each\narticle a separate paragraph.\nCOMPLIMENTARY CLOSING AND SIGNATURE.\nThe complimentary closing consists of such words as _Yours truly_,\n_Respectfully_, etc., and should be placed on the next line beneath\nthe last one occupied by the body of the letter, commencing a little\nto the right of the middle. The signature should be placed underneath\nthe words of respect, and begin still a little farther to the right.\nThus the conclusion of the letter will correspond in position and\narrangement with the heading.\n[Illustration:\n      Yours truly,\n        John Maynard.]\nThe language of the complimentary closing should be governed by\nthe relation between the parties, and should correspond with the\ncomplimentary address. The first letter between strangers should\ncommence with _Sir_ and end with the word _Respectfully_. After the\nexchange of a few letters and a sort of business acquaintance may be\nsaid to exist between the correspondents, then _Dear Sir_, and _Yours\ntruly_, may properly be introduced. A little more cordial would be\nsuch a conclusion as the following:\n[Illustration:\n      Yours very truly,\n        Rinold, Constable & Co.]\nThe man of business is apt, however, to have one stereotyped beginning\nand ending to all his letters, and seldom stops to discriminate\nbetween strangers and old customers in this respect. Often the\nconclusion may be connected to the closing paragraph with perfect\ngrace and ease thus:\n[Illustration:\n        Hoping to receive the goods without delay,\n      I remain,\nIn the signature of a letter, especial care should be exercised.\nBear in mind that names of persons are not governed by the rules of\nspelling, and words which precede or follow, proper names will not aid\nus in deciphering them if they are poorly written.\n[Illustration: A MODEL BUSINESS LETTER.\n      Messrs. Arnold, Constable & Co.,\n        Broadway & 19th Sts, New York.\n          Gentlemen:  Inclosed please find\n      New York Exchange in settlement of your\n      Invoice of the 1st inst. less Cash discount.\n          Amount of Invoice,  $325.80\n          The goods have been received, and are\n      very satisfactory in both quality and price.\n      You may expect another order soon.\nThe young person who would learn to write a good business letter,\nshould, with pen, ink and suitable paper, sit down and practice\nfaithfully after the above model. Write and re-write it a dozen times\nor more, until your letter resembles it closely. Then take any of the\nmodels for letters given near the close of this chapter, and with this\nmatter, write a letter which will conform with the foregoing model in\nappearance and dress. Write the same matter over again, and improve\nit in its defects. Criticise each line and word. See that no words\nor letters are omitted, and that the punctuation is according to\nthe models in this book. Eliminate all ungainly letters, shorten the\nloops, see that each letter rests on the line, and that, withal your\npage is clean and regular.\nThe person who will thus devote a little earnest study and practice,\nmay early acquire the valuable accomplishment of writing a pleasing\nbusiness letter, so far as the mechanical structure goes.\nADDRESSING THE ENVELOPE.\nAfter the letter is finished, and while it yet lies open before you,\nthe Envelope should be addressed. As before stated, the directions\non the envelope must conform to the address at the beginning of the\nletter, hence the necessity for addressing the envelope before the\nletter is folded.\nThe first line of the address of the envelope should consist of the name\nof the person or firm to whom the letter is written, together with any\nappropriate titles, and should be written across or a little below the\nmiddle of the envelope, but never above it, beginning near the left\nedge. The space between this first line and the bottom of the envelope\nshould be about equally divided among the other lines, each of which\nbegins still farther to the right than the one above, thus:\n[Illustration:\n      Messrs. Arnold, Constable & Co.,\n        Cor. Broadway & 19th Sts.,\n          New York City.]\nWhen writing to a person in a large city the number and street should\nbe a part of the address, and may be placed as in the above form, or\nin the left hand lower corner as follows:\n[Illustration:\n        Lewis H. Taylor, Esq.,\nIn case the letter is addressed in care of any one this should be\nplaced in the lower left corner. If a letter of introduction, the\nwords _Introducing Mr. John Smith,_ or similar words, should be placed\nin this corner.\nLetters addressed to small towns or villages should bear the name of\nthe county as follows:\n[Illustration:\n      Mr. Henry D. Chambers,\n        Washington,\n          Porter County,\nOr the name of the county may be placed in the lower left corner. The\nPost Office box number is usually placed in the lower left corner.\nFOLDING A LETTER.\nHaving written an excellent letter, and faultlessly addressed the\nenvelope, all may be easily stamped as unbusiness-like, and spoiled,\nby improperly performing so simple a part as the folding. Remember\nthat excellent rule that, whatever is worth doing should be well done.\nWith the letter sheet lying before you, turn the bottom edge up\nso that it lies along with the top edge, thus making a fold in the\nmiddle, which press down with the thumb nail or with a paper folder.\nThen fold the right edge over so that it falls two-thirds the distance\nacross the sheet, and press down the edge. Next fold the left edge of\nthe sheet over to the right, breaking the fold at the edge of the part\nfolded over just before.\nIn case a check, note, draft, bill or currency is to be sent by\nletter, it should be placed on the upper half of the sheet as it lies\nopen, and then the letter should be folded the same as if it were not\nthere. This will fold the paper or document in the letter so that it\nwill be difficult to extract it while being transmitted in the mails,\nand so that it will not be dropped or lost in opening the letter.\nThe letter is now folded so that it will be of equal thickness in\nevery part of the envelope. Insert the last broken or folded edge in\nthe envelope first, with original edges of the sheet at the end of\nthe envelope which the stamp is on; when taken from the envelope the\nletter will then be proper side up.\nTHE LITERATURE OF A LETTER.\nTo be able to compose a letter requires more ability than to give it\nthe proper arrangement and mechanical dress. A mind well stored with\nuseful knowledge as well as command of language, is necessary in\nwriting a letter on general subjects. The strictly business letter\nrequires a thorough understanding of the facts concerning which\nthe letter is written, and these facts to be set forth in plain and\nunmistakable language. All display of rhetoric or flourish of words is\nentirely out of place in the sober, practical letter of business. The\nproper use of capital letters, punctuation, and correct spelling\nare essential to the well written letter, and with a little care and\nstriving may be easily acquired.\nARRANGEMENT OF ITEMS.\nAs stated before, each item or subject in a letter should be embraced\nin a separate paragraph. These should be arranged in the order in\nwhich they would naturally come, either in point of time, importance,\nor as regards policy. Never begin a letter abruptly with a complaint,\nbut rather bring in all unpleasant subjects toward the close. If\nan answer to a letter of inquiry, take up the questions as they are\nasked, indicate first what the question is, and then state clearly\nthe answer. The first paragraph should acknowledge the receipt of\nthe communication now to be answered, giving date and indicating its\nnature and contents, thus:\n[Illustration: Your letter of the 10th instant concerning damaged\ngoods is received, etc.]\nThe closing paragraph usually begins with such words as _Hoping,\nTrusting, Awaiting, Thanking_, or similar expressions, and is\ncomplimentary in its tone and designed as a courtesy.\nBREVITY.\nBusiness letters should be brief and to the point. The best letter\nstates clearly all the facts in the fewest words. Brevity is not\ninconsistent with a long letter, as so much may need to be said as\nto require a long letter, but all repetitions, lengthy statements and\nmultiplication of words should be avoided. Use short sentences, and\nmake every word mean something. Short sentences are more forcible, and\nmore easily understood or remembered, than long drawn out utterances.\nSTYLE.\nStyle refers to the tone, air, or manner of expression. Dignity and\nstrength should characterize the style of the business letter. No\nornament of expression or eloquence of language is necessary or\nappropriate in a correspondence between business men. Come to your\nmeaning at once. State the facts. Let every sentence bristle with\npoints.\nThe successful business man must possess energy, decision, and force,\nand these qualities should be conspicuous in his correspondence in\norder to command respect. Never use loose or slang expressions.\nThe business man should be a _gentleman_. Indulge in no display\nof superior knowledge or education, but temper each paragraph with\nrespect and deference to others. The learner who would aspire to write\na good letter, should, after having finished his attempt, go over\neach sentence carefully and wherever the pronoun I occurs, modify the\nexpression so as to leave this out.\nORDERING GOODS.\nIn ordering goods of any kind, care should be used to state very\nexplicitly the color, size, quality, and quantity of the articles\ndesired. If manufactured goods, the name of the manufacturer, or his\ntrade mark or brand should be given. Also state when you desire the\ngoods shipped and in what way. If by freight or express, state what\nFreight line or Express Company.\nSENDING MONEY BY LETTER.\nPaper currency should seldom be trusted to pass through the mails, as\nthe liability to loss is too great. Better send draft or P. O. money\norder, and in every case the amount of the remittance should be stated\nin the letter, and also whether by draft or otherwise sent. The letter\nmay become important evidence in regard to payment at some future\ntime.\nINSTRUCTIONS.\nIn giving instructions to agents, manufacturers and others, let each\norder occupy a separate paragraph. State in unmistakable language the\ninstructions desired to be conveyed. If possible a diagram or plan\nshould be enclosed in the letter. Cautions and complaints, if any,\nshould be clearly set forth in paragraphs near the close of the\nletter.\nA DUNNING LETTER.\nState when the debt was contracted, its amount, the fact of it having\nbeen long past due, the necessity for immediate payment, and any other\nfacts depending on the peculiarities of the case, which it may seem best\nto make use of, such as promises to pay, which have not been met;\nthe inconvenience as well as injury and distrust caused by such\nirregularities, etc.\nLETTERS OF INTRODUCTION.\nBe just and truthful, avoiding any stereotyped form in letters of\nintroduction. Never give a letter of introduction unless you have\nentire confidence in the person to whom it is given; it may reflect\non your character or be used against you. Be very guarded that no\nexpressions may be construed into a letter of credit, thus making the\nwriter liable for payment. Use no unfounded statements or assertions,\nover-estimating your friend, as these may prove untrue.\nWilling to extend a favor to a friend by giving a letter of\nintroduction, do not be guilty of introducing him to any one in whom\nhe may not place confidence, as he might be a loser by such.\nFORM OF A LETTER ORDERING GOODS.\n      Messrs. JONES & SMITH,\n              867 Market St., Philadelphia.\n      _Gentlemen:_ Please ship me by Fast Freight as soon\n      as possible the following goods:\n          3 hhds. N. O. Molasses.\n          1 bbl. Granulated Sugar.\n          5 chests English Breakfast Tea.\n          2 sacks Mocha Coffee, wanted not ground.\n          5 boxes Colgate's Toilet Soap.\n      I will remit the amount of the invoice immediately\n      upon the receipt of the goods.\nORDERING GOODS AND ENCLOSING PRICE.\n      Messrs. MARSHALL FIELD & Co.,\n          _Gentlemen:_ Please forward me by American Express at once\n      For which I inclose P.O. Money order.\n      Hoping to receive the goods without delay, I am,\nDESIRING TO OPEN AN ACCOUNT.\n      Messrs. HOLMES & WILSON,\n     _Gentlemen:_ Having recently established myself in the retail\n     Hardware trade in this city, with fair prospects of success,\n     and being in need of new goods from time to time, would like\n     to open an account with your highly respectable house.\n     My capital is small, but I have the satisfaction of knowing\n     that what little I possess is the fruit of my own industry and\n     saving. I can refer you to the well known firm of Smith, Day &\n     Co., of this city, as to my character and standing.\n     Should my reference prove satisfactory, please forward me at\n     once by U.S. Express,\n          2 Butchers' Bow Saws\n          1/2 doz. Mortise Locks, with Porcelain Knobs.\n     and charge to my account.\n     Hoping that my order may receive your usual prompt attention,\n      Yours respectfully,\n              HENRY M. BARROWS.\nLETTER OF CREDIT.\n      Messrs. DODGE, MANOR & DEVOE,\n     _Gentlemen:_ Please allow the bearer of this, Mr. James\n     Curtis, a credit for such goods as he may select, not\n     exceeding One Thousand dollars, and if he does not pay for\n     them, I will.\n     Please notify me in case he buys, of the amount, and when due,\n     and if the account is not settled promptly according to\n     agreement, write me at once.\n      Yours truly,\n              HIRAM DUNCAN.\nINCLOSING AN INVOICE.\n      SAMUEL D. PRENTICE, Esq.,\n     _Dear Sir:_ Inclosed please find invoice of goods amounting to\n     $218.60, shipped you this day by the B. & O. Express, as per\n     your order of the 11th inst.\n     Hoping that the goods may prove satisfactory, and that we may\n     be favored with further orders, we remain,\n      Yours truly,\n              SIBLEY, DUDLEY & CO.\nLETTER OF INTRODUCTION.\n      HENRY M. BLISS, Esq.,\n     _Dear Sir_: This will introduce to you the bearer, Mr. William\n     P. Hainline, of this city who visits Boston, for the purpose\n     of engaging in the Hat, Cap and Fur trade.\n     He is a young man of energy and ability, and withal, a\n     gentlemen in every sense.\n     Any assistance you may render him by way of introduction to\n     your leading merchants or otherwise, in establishing his new\n     enterprise will be duly appreciated by both himself and\n      Yours truly,\n              JAMES W. BROOKING.\nINCLOSING REMITTANCE.\n      Messrs. ARNOLD, CONSTABLE & Co.,\n     _Gentlemen:_ The goods ordered of you on the 3d inst. have\n     been received and are entirely satisfactory in both reality\n     and price.\n     Enclosed please find New York exchange for $816.23, the amount\n     of your bill.\n     Thanking you for your promptness in filling my order, I am,\n      Yours respectfully,\n              HENRY GOODFELLOW.\nINCLOSING DRAFT FOR ACCEPTANCE.\n      Messrs. WEBSTER & DUNN,\n     _Gentlemen:_ Inclosed we hand you Draft at 30 days for\n     acceptance for $928.15, the amount of balance due from you to\n     us to the present date. We shall feel obliged by your\n     accepting the same, and returning it by due course of mail.\n     Awaiting further favors, we are,\n      Very truly yours,\nINCLOSING A STATEMENT OF ACCOUNT.\n      CHICAGO, March 1, 18--.\n      Messrs. CHASE & HOWARD,\n          South Bend, Ind.\n     _Gentlemen_: Inclosed please find a statement of your account\n     for the past three months, which we believe you will find\n     correct.\n     We shall feel obliged by your examining the same at your\n     earliest convenience, and shall be happy to receive your check\n     for the amount or instructions to draw on you in the ordinary\n     course.\n      We are, gentlemen,\n        Yours truly,\nA DUNNING LETTER.\n      JAMES C. ADAMS, Esq.,\n            Great Bend, Kansas.\n     _Dear Sir_: Allow me to remind you that your account with me\n     has been standing for several months unsettled.\n     I should not even now have called your attention to it, were\n     it not that in a few days I must meet a heavy bill, and must\n     rely in part on your account to furnish me the means.\n     I would, therefore, esteem it a great favor if you would let\n     me have either the whole, or at least the greater part of your\n     account in the course of a week or ten days.\n     Thanking you for past favors, I remain, Sir,\n      Yours truly,\n        A.R. MORGAN.\nAN APPLICATION FOR A SITUATION IN BUSINESS.\n_Paste the Advertisement at the head of the sheet, and write as\nfollows_:\n      JOURNAL OFFICE,\n     _Dear Sir_: In reply to the above advertisement I would\n     respectfully offer my services.\n     I am 19 years of age, have a good education, and have had some\n     experience in business, having assisted my father in his\n     grocery store. I am not afraid of work, and never allow myself\n     to be idle when there is work to be done. I can refer you as\n     to my character, to Mr. J.H. Trout, president of the Gas\n     Company, who has known me all my life.\n     In reference to salary, I leave that with you, but feel\n     certain that I could earn five dollars per week for you.\n     Hoping to have the pleasure of an interview, I remain,\n      Respectfully,\n          HENRY OTIS.\nASKING PERMISSION TO REFER TO A PERSON.\n      J.H. TROUT, Esq.,\n     I beg to inform you that in applying for a situation this\n     morning, advertised in the _Journal_, I took the liberty of\n     using your name as a reference. The length of time I have been\n     honored with your acquaintance, and the words of encouragement\n     which you have given me heretofore, lead me to hope you would\n     speak favorably in this instance, adding this to the numerous\n     obligations already conferred upon\n      Your obedient servant,\n          HENRY OTIS.\nINQUIRING AS TO BUSINESS PROSPECTS.\n      Mr. J.D. SHAYLOR,\n     _My Dear Sir_: As I told you a year ago, I have been thinking\n     seriously of disposing of my small business here and locating\n     in some live and promising city out west, where I can grow up\n     with the country as you are doing.\n     Will you have the kindness to sit down and write me at your\n     convenience, full information in regard to the prospects of\n     business, price of rents, cost of living, etc., in your city,\n     and any other information, especially in regard to the\n     hardware trade.\n     If you will thus kindly give me the facts on which I can base\n     a calculation, and all is favorable, I will probably visit\n     Denver this fall, and eventually become your neighbor.\n      Yours very truly,\n          J.O. GOODRICH.\nLETTER OF RECOMMENDATION.\n      To WHOM IT MAY CONCERN:\n     Mr. Henry McPherson, who is now leaving our employ, has been\n     in our office for the past two years, during which time he has\n     faithfully attended to his duties, proving himself to be\n     industrious and thoroughly reliable. He is a good penman,\n     correct accountant, and acquainted with correspondence.\n     We shall at any time cheerfully respond to all applications we\n     may have regarding his character and abilities, and wish him\n     every success.\n      Yours truly,\nNOTICE OF DISSOLUTION OF A PARTNERSHIP.\n      JAS. L. BINGHAM & CO.,\n          Cedar Rapids, Ia.\n     _Gentlemen_: On the 1st of January next the partnership for\n     the past ten years existing between Geo. H. Clark and Henry\n     Webster, wholesale grocers in this City, will expire by\n     limitation of the contract.\n     The firm takes this opportunity to thank its customers and\n     friends for their generous patronage and support, whereby the\n     business of the house grew to such large proportions.\n     After the first of January the business will be carried on at\n     the old stand, Nos. 76 and 78 Main St., by Henry Webster and\n     Cyrus D. Bradford, under the firm name of Webster & Bradford.\n     We are, gentlemen,\n      Your obedient servants,\n          CLARK & WEBSTER.\nRECOMMENDING A SUCCESSOR IN BUSINESS.\n      TO THE PUBLIC:\n     It is with some feeling of regret that we announce our\n     retirement from the business on the beginning of the new year.\n     Our stock and premises will then be transferred to Messrs.\n     Franklin and Warren, whom we cheerfully present to your\n     notice, and feel it our duty to recommend them for a\n     continuance of that liberal confidence and patronage which you\n     have bestowed on us during the past twenty years.\n     Both these young gentlemen have been clerks of ours for\n     several years past, and are in every way efficient and capable\n     to continue the business.\n      We are\n          Respectfully,\n[Illustration: ELEMENTS OF SUCCESS IN BUSINESS.]\nELEMENTS OF SUCCESS IN BUSINESS\nIn order to succeed in business life, it is necessary to cultivate and\ndevelop certain qualities and traits of character. These are a portion\nof the capital of the successful man, and a more essential portion\nthan money or goods.\nHONESTY.\n\"Sharp practice\" may bring a temporary gain but in the long run of life\nthat man will be far ahead who deals squarely and honestly at all times.\nA thoroughly honest clerk will command a higher salary than one of\nequivocal habits, while the merchant who has a reputation for honesty\nand truthfulness in regard to the quality and value of his goods, will\non this account he favored with a considerable custom. The business man\nwhose \"word is as good as his bond\" can in any emergency, control large\namounts of capital, the use of which brings him a rich return, while the\nman who sells his neighbor's good opinion for a temporary gain, will\nfind that he has discounted his future success, but taking an advantage\nat the cost of ten tines its value.\nINDUSTRY.\nNo other quality can take the place of this, and no talents of mind,\nhowever excellent, will bring success without labor; persistent\nsystematic labor. The young man who expects to find some royal road\nto success with little or no effort, or who imagines that his mental\nabilities will compensate for a lack of application, cheats and ruins\nhimself. Horace Greeley probably never said a grander thing than this:\n\"The saddest hour in any man's career is that wherein he, for the\nfirst time, fancies there is an easier was of gaining a dollar than\nby squarely earning it.\" and Horace Greeley was himself an example of\nsuccess through industry.\n[Image: COUNSEL AND ADVICE.]\nIt is not genius, but the great mass of average people, who _work_,\nthat make the successes in life. Some toil with the brain, and others\ntoil with the hand, but all must toil. Industry applies to hours in\nbusiness and out of business. It means not only to perform all\nrequired work promptly, but to occupy spare moments usefully, not to\nidle evenings, and to rise early in the morning.\nAn [Transcriber's Note: The original text reads 'employe'] employee\nshould not confine himself to his mere obligatory duties. He should\nbe ready to work sometimes over hours or in other departments if it is\ndesired of him. Willingness to _work_ is one of the finest qualities\nin a character, and will compensate for many other deficiencies.\nMEMORY.\nThis faculty, always so useful, is pre-eminently so to the business\nman. It must be both retentive and quick. By proper training this\nfaculty may be so cultivated that names, dates and events to a\nsurprising number may be readily recalled. The ability to greet a\ncustomer by calling him by name is considered very valuable in any\nclass of business. It makes a very agreeable impression when a man who\nhas not seen us but once or twice, and who is not expecting us, meets\nus promptly as we enter his store, with, \"Why, Mr. ----, how do you\ndo? Glad to see you. When did you leave Newark?\" We feel as if we had\noccupied that man's thoughts since we saw him before. He appreciates\nus, and we feel like patronizing him. Whereas, on the other hand to\nmeet a customer with a blank, inquiring expression, and greet him with,\n\"Your face is familiar, but I can't recall your name.\" is unpleasant\nand tends to drive away custom. Every hotel keeper knows the value\nof this greeting of customers. Facts, figures and dates are very\nnecessary to remember in business, and these often form the basis of\na business transaction or venture by which large profits are made.\nSuperior ability in remembering prices and their fluctuations has been\nthe secret of more than one brilliant success.\nDesultory reading injures the memory, while close application to a\nsubject, recalling the various points therein, tends greatly to improve\nthis faculty. The clerk or employee [Transcriber's Note: The original\ntext reads 'employe'] in receiving instructions from his principal should\nendeavor to impress every point clearly on his mind, and retain them\nthere until they are carried out in action. Carelessness and\nforgetfulness often causes the discharge of otherwise worthy and\ncompetent young persons, as employers do not like to repeat their orders.\nPROMPTNESS.\nA very essential element in the character of the business man is\npromptness. Filling all engagements at exactly the appointed time,\nanswering letters or forwarding goods with promptness, the man of\nbusiness finds that much more can be accomplished and with far greater\naccuracy, than by a loose system of putting off till tomorrow, or\naccording to convenience. Not only so, but competition in business is\nsuch that the merchant or tradesman who does not deal with promptness\ncan hardly expect to hold his custom. Young men starting out in the\nworld should form the resolution of doing everything on time. Better\nto be ahead in the performance of duties than behind. This promptness\nthen acts as a stimulant in itself, and is oftentimes the means of\nwinning success in an enterprise.\nA thing that is worth the doing, ought to be done quickly when the\ntime is ripe for it. A prompt man or woman is valued, as he respects\nhis word and has due regard for the convenience of others.\nEXECUTIVE ABILITY.\nWavering, timid and uncertain, the man without executive ability never\nachieves distinction in active life. Intelligence to decide on any\nmeasure, firmness in adhering to the decision, and force of will in\ncarrying it out, constitute executive ability, and are as essential to\nthe business man as his stock in trade.\nThe timid man never makes up his mind until after the opportunity is\npast, or decides, then recalls his decision, and feels incapable\nof promptly estimating all the facts in the case. This weakness is\noftentimes natural, but more frequently it is a bad habit which should\nbe broken up.\nRashness is to decide and act without taking the trouble to weigh\nintelligently the facts in the case. This is inexcusable folly, and\nalways brings serious trouble sooner or later.\nThrough executive ability the labor or services of one man may be made\nto produce largely, or without proper direction such services may be\nalmost worthless; and in the case of many employees [Transcriber's Note:\nThe original text reads 'employes'] under one executive head, the results\nof this combined labor may be great success, or where executive ability\nis wanting, a great failure.\nThe successful farmer, merchant, manufacturer, banker, and professional\nman must have this combination of ability, firmness, and will power.\nPERSEVERANCE.\nThose who put their minds on their work, whatever kind that may be,\nand persist in its thorough execution; who get interested in something\nfor their own advancement, that they may become more capable as men\nand women of sense and tact; such persons have a lively appreciation\nof the fact that success is never more certain to be gained by any\nother course.\nThese people have a just pride in learning the best methods of giving\nexpression to the faculties and powers they possess, and which they\ndesire to make the most of. It is incumbent that they do all in their\npower for their own and other people's good. Feeling this, an ever\npresent incentive keeps them employed, and they are never idle.\n[Illustration]\nIf one does not succeed from persisting in doing the best he knows\nhow, he may conclude that the ministry of failure is better for him\nthan any worldly success would be.\nCIVILITY.\nGood behavior is an essential element of our civilization. It should\nbe displayed every day through courteous acts and becoming manners.\nPoliteness is said to be the poetry of conduct; and like poetry, it\nhas many qualities. Let not your politeness he too florid, but of that\ngentle kind which indicates a refined nature.\nIn his relations with others, one should never forget his good\nbreeding. It is a general regard for the feelings of others that\nsprings from the absence of all selfishness. No one should behave\nin the presence of others as though his own wishes were bound to be\ngratified or his will to control.\n[Illustration]\nIn the more active sphere of business, as in the larger localities\nwhere there is close competition, the small merchant frequently\noutstrips his more powerful rival by one element of success, which\nmay be added to any stock without cost, but cannot be withheld without\nloss. That element is civility. A kind and obliging manner carries\nwith it an indescribable charm. It must not be a manner that indicates\na mean, groveling, timeserving spirit, but a plain, open, and\nagreeable demeanor that seems to desire to oblige for the pleasure of\ndoing so, and not for the sake of squeezing an extra penny out of a\ncustomer's purse.\nINTEGRITY.\nThe sole reliance of a business man should be in the integrity of his\ntransactions, and in the civility of his demeanor. He should make it\nthe interest and the pleasure of a customer to come to his office or\nstore. If he does this, he will form the very best \"connections,\"\nand so long as he continues this system of business, they will never\ndesert him.\nNo real business man will take advantage of a customer's ignorance,\nnor equivocate nor misrepresent. If he sells goods, he will have\nbut one price and a small profit. He will ere long find all the most\nprofitable customers--the cash ones--or they will find him.\nIf such a man is ever deceived in business transactions, he will never\nattempt to save himself by putting the deception upon others; but\nsubmit to the loss, and be more cautious in future. In his business\nrelations, he will stick to those whom he finds strictly just in their\ntransactions, and shun all others even at a temporary disadvantage.\nThe word of a business man should be worth all that it expresses and\npromises, and all engagements should be met with punctilious concern.\nAn indifferent or false policy in business is a serious mistake. It\nis fatal to grasp an advantage at ten times its cost; and there is\nnothing to compensate for the loss of a neighbor's confidence or good\nwill.\nThe long-established customs and forms of business, which in these\ntimes are assumed to be legitimate, already have within them enough of\nthe elements of peculiarity, commonly termed \"tricks of trade,\" or, in\nthe sense of any particular business, \"tricks of the trade.\" Therefore\nit does not behoove any active man to make gratuitous additions of a\npeculiar nature to the law of business. On the contrary, all should\nstrive to render business transactions less peculiar than they are.\nECONOMY.\nOne may rest in the assurance that industry and economy will be sure\nto tell in the end. If in early life these habits become confirmed,\nno doubt can exist as to the ultimate triumph of the merchant in\nattaining a competency.\nThere should be no antagonism between economy and a generous business\npolicy. Narrow selfishness is to be avoided in the use of money or\nmeans. In buying goods, one should not take advantage of another's\nnecessities to beat him down to a figure which leaves him little or no\nprofit, perhaps a loss, because he must have money. This is against\nmanhood and is a ruinous policy, because it tends to picayunishness and\nchicanery. A sacred regard for the principles of justice forms the basis\nof every transaction, and regulates the conduct of the upright man of\nbusiness.\n[Illustration]\nIf economy is wealth, it is not so because of a niggardly and\nparsimonious policy. Perhaps the simplest, fewest and best rules for\neconomical business are these, by observance of which a noted\nmerchant amassed a large fortune: 1. Obtain the earliest and fullest\ninformation possible in regard to the matter in hand. 2. Act rapidly\nand promptly upon it. 3. Keep your intentions and means secret.\n4. Secure the best [Transcriber's Note: The original text reads\n'employes'] employees you can obtain, and reward them liberally.\nProprietors of institutions will early discover that order, and\nneatness, are necessary as economical agents in prosecuting a\nsuccessful business. And the youth who would grow up to become\nwell-to-do, to gain complete success, to be a valuable member and\nassume a position in society, should take pains to acquire habits of\ncleanliness, of order, and of business.\nTo this effect each one may early learn the simple rules of health\nand good order by paying reasonable attention to those so-called minor\ndetails, which pertain to the well-being of the person, and which must\nbe faithfully observed in order to avoid failure and win success.\nA person, young or old, in or out of business, may keep a\nmemorandum-book in his pocket, in which he notes every particular\nrelative to appointments, addresses, and petty cash matters. An\naccurate account of personal expenses should be kept, which should be\nbalanced each week. By this means each individual will be more careful\nand economical in his expenditures, and generally live within his\nincome. He must be reasonable in spending, or his memorandum or\nrecord-book, if it be honestly kept, will stand to his discredit.\nA well-kept memorandum-book is often very useful, as it is very\nconvenient, and sometimes serves to settle a troublesome query,\narising in other minds, by which the possessor is absolved from the\nprejudice of doubt. Young people who expect to labor with their\nhands for what they have of this world's goods, or rise by their own\nefforts, should by all means acquire habits of economy, learn to save,\nform correct habits, and no time will be required overcoming these. So\nsurely as they do this, so surely will they be in a situation to ask\nno special favors. Every man wants to learn to look out for himself\nand rely upon himself. Every man needs to feel that he is the peer\nof every other man, and he cannot do it if he is penniless. Money\nis power, and those who have it exert a wider influence than the\ndestitute. Hence it should be the ambition of all young men to acquire\nit, as well as to store their minds with useful knowledge.\nGETTING A SITUATION.\nIn seeking a situation, it is always best to appear in person if\npracticable. A business man who requires the services of a salesman or\nclerk, a bookkeeper, stenographer, or some one to remain in his employ\na considerable time, usually prefers to see an applicant and have a\nfew words with him about the work that is to be done.\nIf an application has to be made by letter, it should be done in the\nhandwriting of the applicant. It may be brief, and should include\nreferences.\nIt is best for a young man to learn a trade. In this country\nthe trades offer more stable means of subsistence than do other\ndepartments of active life. His knowledge of a trade will form no\nbar to any effort he may afterward make to rise to a higher or more\ncongenial calling.\nWhen a position has been obtained by an applicant, he should at once\nproceed to render himself indispensable to his employer by following\nup the details of his work in a conscientious and agreeable manner.\nThus he will gain confidence and grow in favor with men who are quick\nto recognize merit, and who respond to that which contributes to the\nsuccess of a meritorious man.\n[Illustration]\nThere is always room in every business for an honest, hard-worker. It\nwill not do to presume otherwise; nor should one sit down to grumble\nor concoct mischief. The most perilous hour of one's life is when he\nis tempted to despond. He who loses, his courage loses all. There are\nmen in the world who would rather work than be idle at the same price.\nImitate them. Success is not far off. An honorable and happy life is\nbefore you. Lay hold of it.\n[Illustration: DETECTING COUNTERFEIT MONEY.]\nDETECTING COUNTERFEIT MONEY\nThe desire to accumulate property is one of the noblest that nature\nhas implanted in man, and it is through the successful results of\nthis desire, we are enabled to point with unerring certainty to\nthe disembarking line, which so surely characterizes the advanced\neducated, refined and civilized man from that of the wild savage,\nwhose highest desire is to slay and rob his fellow men, and proudly\nexhibit their scalps, or the plunder he has acquired, as evidence of\nhis cunning or courage.\nIt is through this inborn desire to accumulate that man is willing to\nlabor, toil, suffer, and forego present gratifications for the hope\nof future greater satisfactions; that has resulted in the building and\nequiping the mighty ships of commerce, whose white, spreading canvas\ndots every sea where commerce may be known, or where the interests of\nGod's creatures may best be served. It is through this desire, coupled\nwith unremitting toil, that we owe everything of permanent enjoyment,\nof enlightenment and of prosperity. The millions of dollars of paper\nmoney which is handled every day as the natural fruit of toil and\nsaving through the many and diversified transactions in the vast,\nillimitable and ever rapidly developing field of commerce, is but the\nrepresentative of ownership of property.\nIf this representative is what it purports on its face to be, each\nand every one who receives it in exchange for services or commodities,\nowns not merely a piece of paper, with designs, words and promises\nprinted or engraved thereon, but an interest or an undivided whole in\na farm, a block of buildings or a store well stocked with merchandise,\nwhich, in his estimation, at least, is more desirable to him than the\nlabor or commodity for which he has voluntarily made the exchange;\nbut, if on the contrary, it is other than what it purports on its face\nto be, he finds that he is the owner of a piece of paper whose value\nis _nil_.\nThere is, at the present writing, 1884, nearly eight hundred million\ndollars of paper currency in the United States, consisting of\ngreenbacks and national currency, a great portion of which is in\nactual circulation, and it has been estimated by eminent authorities,\nwho occupy positions of trust in the various departments through\nwhich the financial machinery of this vast sea of paper money is daily\ncirculated, that there is in circulation nearly one-fifth of this\namount in counterfeit money, or about one hundred and sixty million\ndollars; and not one dollar of this counterfeit money owes its\ncirculation to any excellence of the work in its manufacture, but\nwholly to the general ignorance of those who handle it, as to what\nis required to constitute a genuine bill. The time will come when the\nUnited States will redeem all of its issue of paper money, when those\nwho are holding any of this counterfeit money will have to stand the\nloss to the extent of the sum in their possession. To all of those who\nare willing to take a small portion of their time each day for a few\nweeks in learning just what it takes to constitute a genuine bill,\nthere need be no necessity of ever losing anything by counterfeiters,\nas it is impossible for them to make bills which will in any way\napproach the beauty and exactness of the genuine ones. There is not at\nthe present time, nor has there ever been in the past, nor will there\never be in the future, a counterfeit bill made that cannot be detected\nat sight; and the positive knowledge of how to know at all times when\na bill is genuine and when not is within the reach of all those\nwho may have the privilege of reading the following information\nor infallible rules with a genuine desire to be benefited thereby.\nDEVICES AND FRAUDS.\nVarious devices are resorted to by a numerous gang or body of persons,\nto get on in the world without turning their attention to legitimate\nand useful employments. This class includes many that are not engaged\nin the practice of counterfeiting and putting forth bad money, but who\nmake themselves felt in various ways through vain tricks and schemes,\nwhich are, to all intents and purposes, frauds.\nBusiness men are generally apt at detecting and turning off petty\nschemes, but they find it best to have the means with which they\nmay deal successfully as against regular swindlers, forgers and\ncounterfeiters.\nCOUNTERFEIT AND GENUINE WORK.\n[Illustration: DETECTING COUNTERFEIT MONEY]\nAs indicated above, counterfeit notes are issued and put into the\nchannels of circulation in abundance every year by those engaged\nin the practice of counterfeiting. These notes are often such good\nimitations of the genuine that it is quite difficult to discern the\ndifference.\nThat he may protect himself, each business man should have some\ndefinite knowledge of a genuine bank-note.\nThe engraving of a genuine bank note, in most all of its parts, is\ndone by machinery, and it is more exact and perfect. On the contrary,\nmost all parts of counterfeit notes are done by hand.\nCounterfeiters cannot afford to purchase machinery, such as is used\nfor the production of genuine notes. The cost of such machinery is\nbetween $100,000, and $150,000, and if it were in wrong hands it would\nbe always liable to seizure and confiscation.\nIn order to prevent the forgery of bank-notes, a great deal of\ningenuity and art has been expended on their production. The principal\nfeatures of the manufacture are described as a peculiar kind of paper\nand water mark; an elaborate design, printed with a peculiar kind of\nink, and certain private marks, known only by the bank officials.\nThe work of counterfeiters can never equal that of the makers of\ngenuine notes, whose skill and facilities for producing the highest\ngrade of work known to the art, are the best that the world affords.\nUnless one is somewhat learned as to the quality of engraving, that he\nmay be able to distinguish a fine specimen of the art when he sees it,\nhe is likely to become a victim of the counterfeiter's operations.\nLATHE WORK.\nWhen the genuineness of a bank-note is doubted, the Lathe Work on\nthe note should first be closely scrutinized. The several letters\nof denomination, circles, ovals, and shadings between and around the\nletters in the words, etc., are composed of numberless extremely fine\nlines--inclusive of lines straight, curved and network. These are all\nregular and unbroken, never running into each other, and may be traced\nthroughout with a magnifying glass.\nWithout the skill or machinery, by which the genuine is produced, the\nsame quality of work cannot be done. Therefore, in a counterfeit, the\nlines are imperfect, giving the paper a dull or hazy aspect, that may\nbe all the better appreciated by comparing it with the genuine. The\nlines in the counterfeit will be found now and then irregular in size,\nand broken: not uniform in course, sometimes heavy, sometimes light:\nno two stamps or dies on the same note being exactly alike.\nThe fine, uniform, shade-lines, with which the letters on the genuine\nare embellished, are wrought by a machine that cannot be reproduced\nby counterfeiters, nor used for other than legitimate purposes, by\nauthority.\nGEOMETRICAL LATHE.\nThe fine line is the characteristic of the various and beautiful\nfigures which are seen on a genuine note. This line is produced\nby what is called the Geometrical Lathe. The patterns made by the\ngeometrical lathe are of every variety of form. They are not engraved\ndirectly upon the bank-note plate, but on pieces of soft steel plate,\nwhich are afterwards hardened. The impressions are then transferred\nto a soft steel roller, which, in its turn, is also hardened, and the\nimpressions remain there, in relief. This roller is then capable of\ntransferring the same designs to the bank-note plate by means of the\ntransfer press.\nIn counterfeit engraving, the design is made directly upon the plate,\nand not by transfer, as in the production of plates for genuine notes.\nThe essential difference between the two methods of production is, the\ncounterfeit is made by hand, and is inexact and imperfect, while the\ngenuine is made on geometrical principles, and is therefore exact,\nartistic and beautiful.\nIn all the government issues the geometric lathe work is liberally\nused. This should be studied carefully, as it constitutes the chief\ntest of genuineness.\nFine lines, of unerring exactness, never broken, are seen on the\ngenuine medallion heads, or shields, upon which the designation of\nthe note is sometimes stamped. This nicety cannot be given by hand, or\nwith the use of imperfect machinery. By close scrutiny the lines will\nbe found to break off in the pattern, or appear forked, irregular in\nsize, and not well defined throughout.\n[Illustration]\nOn most counterfeits the vignettes are not well engraved, and the\nportraits have a dull appearance; the letters are usually wanting in\nclearness; the printing is sometimes faulty, by which some features of\nthe note are obscured.\nRULING ENGINE WORK.\nIn Ruling Engine Work, as it is called, the fine line is present,\nalso. The engraving is produced and transferred in the same way as the\ngeometrical lathe work. In this they are parallel and not in circles.\nThose which constitute the shading of letters are so fine that they\nform a perfectly even gray shade. They may be printed so that the\nshading will appear darker, but the aspect will be uniform. The spaces\nbetween lines are exact, whether the lines be horizontal or diagonal.\nThe lines are also made crooked or wave-like, not absolutely parallel.\nRuling engine work is generally used for shading of names of banks,\nand also for the names of town, state, etc.\nVIGNETTES.\nWhile lathe work and that of the ruling engine are invariably\nmachine work, and therefore cannot be successfully reproduced by\ncounterfeiters, the Vignettes are chiefly the work of the hands. In\nall genuine work they are made by first class artists, who are well\npaid for their services, and who therefore have no incentive to\nexercise their skill for illegitimate purposes.\nSometimes water and sky are done with the ruling engine, and when they\nare, no counterfeiter can successfully imitate them. Fine vignettes\nare seldom seen on counterfeit notes. If the lathe and ruling engine\nwork be genuine, an ordinary vignette cannot make a note counterfeit,\nand if that be counterfeit, no vignette can make the note genuine.\nThe vignettes on genuine notes are executed by men at the head of\ntheir vocation, and are very life-like and beautiful. Counterfeit\nvignettes usually have a sunken and lifeless appearance. Genuine\nvignettes, as seen upon government issues, consist of out-door scenes,\nportraits, historical pictures, and allegorical figures. They are all\nexceedingly beautiful, and it is not likely that such work will ever\nbe successfully imitated.\nSOLID PRINT.\nThe lettering, or solid print, in genuine work is done by a\nfirst-class artist, who makes that kind of work his exclusive concern.\nThe name of the engraving company is always engraved with great pains\nand is very accurate. It will be seen on the upper and lower margin\nof the note. This, in counterfeits, is not quite uniform or even.\nThe words \"one dollar,\" as on the one dollar greenbacks, are to be\nconsidered as a sample of solid print.\nBANK-NOTE PAPER.\nBank-notes are printed upon paper composed of linen, the qualify of\nwhich is not always the same, and it varies in thickness. Therefore,\nthe paper is not always a sure test, but it is important. The\nmanufacture of this paper is a profound secret, as carefully kept as\nthe combinations to the great vaults where the government's millions\nlie awaiting further river and harbor bills. It is made only at\nthe Dalton mill, which dates back almost to colonial days. What its\ncombinations are nobody knows except those intimately connected with\nits manufacture. The secret of the paper-making is jealously guarded,\nas is also the paper itself. From the moment it is made until it gets\ninto the treasury vaults it is carefully guarded. It goes there in\nsmall iron safes, the sheets carefully counted, and all precautions\nagainst its loss being taken both by the government officials and by\nthe express companies which carry it.\nCOUNTERFEIT SIGNATURES.\nSometimes genuine notes are stolen before they are signed; then the\nonly thing about them made counterfeit is the signatures. Those who\nare familiar with the signatures of the officers of the bank where\nnotes are purloined, may not be lead into error, as such signatures\nusually appear more or less cramped or unsteady; but there is no sure\nprotection against a counterfeit of this kind for those who do not\nhave special knowledge of the signatures.\n[Illustration: UNITED STATES TREASURY BUILDING, WASHINGTON, D.C.]\nALTERED BANK-NOTES.\nBank-notes are altered in two ways, namely: raising the denomination,\nand changing the name of a broken to that of a responsible bank.\nFirst, in altering a note, it is scraped until thin: then figures of\nlarger denomination are pasted over. A pasted note may be detected by\nholding it up to the light, when the pasted parts will appear darker,\nas they are thicker.\nSecond, the denomination of a note is raised by taking out a low one\nwith an acid, and printing in a higher one with a counterfeit stamp.\nThe ink used in genuine bank-note printing is a peculiar kind, and\nnot easily to be obtained by counterfeiters: therefore, their printing\nwill not appear as clear and bright as that of the government, which\nis done with ink of the finest quality. If the ink is black, it gives\na clear and glossy impression, without any of that smutty appearance,\nas is sometimes seen in counterfeit bank-notes. It is almost\nimpossible to imitate the green ink that is used by the government,\nand it is nearly as difficult to imitate the red and other colors.\nCounterfeit inks look dull and muddy, while genuine inks have a glossy\nappearance.\nIn the case of a note altered by the use of acid, it may be\nnoticed that the acid, by spreading more than was intended by the\ncounterfeiter, has injured parts of other letters, and the paper will\nappear more or less stained by the acid.\nCOMPARING AND EXAMINING NOTES.\nA counterfeit should be compared with one that is genuine, in order\nto familiarize one's self with the distinguishing features which have\nalready been indicated.\nIt is best to acquire the habit of giving each note as received a\nsearching glance, turning it over to see the back, and if there be\nany defect, it will probably catch the eye. If there be the least\nsuspicion, a critical examination of all its parts should be made.\nIn case of doubt, the lathe work should be carefully examined, and it\nmay be compared with a perfectly good bill; then examine the shading\naround the letters, and search for any sign of alteration in the\ntitle or denomination of the note. If there are any medallion heads or\nshields, notice the lines; if there is any red letter work, designed\nto appear on both sides, look at the character of the work on the\nface, then turn the note and examine the back. If the printing is\nnot exactly alike on both sides, but varies in any part the note is\ncounterfeit. Then observe the vignettes and portraits, to see whether\ntheir style and perfection compare well with the work on genuine\nnotes. Then examine the solid print and engravers' names, as well as\nthe printing, ink, and paper. By such thorough examination, one can\nhardly be at a loss to determine the status of the note.\nGood magnifying glasses are necessary, in most instances, to bring out\nthe fine lines on bank-notes. Sometimes a microscope of great power is\nrequired to discern the genuine line.\nPIECING, ETC.\nCounterfeiters sometimes make ten bills of nine by what is termed\npiecing. Thus, a counterfeit note is cut into ten pieces by the\ncounterfeiter, and these pieces are used in piecing nine genuine\nbills, from each of which a piece has been cut. The nine genuine\npieces, thus obtained, are then pasted together, and with the tenth\ncounterfeit piece added, make a tenth bill, which is the gain.\nPiecing bank-bills is not a very successful practice. One who\npossesses such information as here given, can readily detect the\ndifference between the counterfeit and the genuine. This difference\nis, however, made less apparent by the counterfeiter, who defaces\nthe counterfeit part, so as to give the note a worn appearance.\nCounterfeiting is rendered very difficult in consequence of the\nremarkable excellence of the work on the government and national\ncurrency, as also from the difficulty of imitating the green. But this\ncurrency, if successfully imitated by counterfeiters, will repay large\noutlay and care, as the greenbacks pass anywhere in the nation, and a\ncounterfeit may be carried to other states or sections as it becomes\nknown in any particular locality. National bank currency may be\ncounterfeited by preparing a plate, and then with simple change in the\nname of the bank the counterfeit can be adapted to the various towns\nwhere banks are located. This much is written, not to lessen the value\nof or confidence in the issues of the government, but to admonish the\npublic against the dangers of a false security.\n[Illustration]\n[Illustration: HOW TO ADVERTISE]\nHOW TO ADVERTISE\nEMBRACING RULES, SUGGESTIONS, AND PRACTICAL HINTS ON THIS IMPORTANT\nSUBJECT.\n[Illustration]\nVolumes might be written on the necessity of, and the various methods\nemployed for, advertising. Many prosperous men owe their success\nin life to judicious and liberal advertising. In this age of strong\ncompetition in the various avenues of trade, he who does not advertise\nhis wares will probably be outdone by a more ambitious dealer, with\nperhaps a poorer article, who advertises liberally. People go where\nthey are invited, and the merchant who advertises freely, places his\nstore and windows in attractive order, and leaves the door open, will\ndo far more business than he who does not cater to the public, is\nindifferent about appearances, gruff, and complaining of hard times.\nHorace Greeley laid it down as a rule that a merchant should\nadvertise equal to his rent. This, like all good rules, ought to have\nexceptions. An old and well established business would not require\nso much, while a new enterprise would require more than this amount\nexpended judiciously in advertising. The merchant should decide at the\nbeginning of the year about, what amount he may expend in advertising\nduring the year, and then endeavor to place that amount in the best\npossible manner before the public.\nAn advertiser should not be discouraged too soon. Returns are often\nslow and inadequate. Time is required to familiarize the public with a\nnew article or new name. Some men have given up in despair, when just\non the eve of reaping a harvest of success by this means. Many of the\nmost prosperous and wealthy business men in this country have at times\nbeen driven hard to meet their advertising bills, but they knew that\nthis was their most productive outlay, and by persistently continuing\nit they weathered the storm.\nNEWSPAPER ADVERTISING.\nSelect the newspaper which circulates among the class of persons\ndesired to reach. Do not advertise a special article or business\ndesigned for a limited class of customers, in a general newspaper.\nAlmost all trades and occupations in these latter days have their\nspecial journals, and these afford the best means of reaching that\nclass of persons. The purpose of the advertiser then should be to\ndiscover, first, the character of a paper's circulation, and second,\nthe extent of its circulation. On these two essentials may then be\nbased an estimate of its value as an advertising medium. The character\nof a paper's circulation is easily determined by the quality of the\nreading matter which the paper contains, and the general tone imparted\nto it by its conductors. The extent of a paper's circulation bears\nchiefly on the rates of advertising, which, other things being equal,\nshould have a direct ratio to it. The extent of circulation is a\nmatter of almost constant misrepresentation on the part of publishers\nor their agents.\nAs a rule, the most prominent and costly part of the paper is the\nbest. In country weeklies the \"local items,\" or next to them, is\npreferable. In city journals containing a large amount of reading\nmatter, a well displayed advertisement on the outside pages is perhaps\nthe best for most classes of business.\nPlace the advertisement before the public at the proper time, just when\npeople are beginning to feel the need of such as the article advertised,\nas furs, when winter sets in. An advertisement may, however, profitably\nbe kept before the public constantly, and increased or diminished as\noccasion requires.\nCIRCULARS.\nThere are many well established firms who will not advertise in the\nnewspapers at all. They believe that the same amount of money spent\nin circulars, catalogues, etc., sent direct to the persons whom they\ndesire to reach, pays better than newspaper advertising. This is more\ndirect, and affords the advertiser the opportunity of setting forth\nhis claims more fully. Circulars, cards, catalogues, etc., also afford\na means for the display of taste in their typographical arrangement\nand appearance, and often times this has as much to do in making\nan impression on the person who receives it, as the reading matter\ncontained therein. The printed circular goes out to the public as the\nrepresentative of the house; it should, therefore, in order to command\nattention and respect, have about it, an air of appropriateness and\nattraction. Such a circular will perhaps be carefully preserved for\nyears, while another which was of not enough importance, apparently,\nto the proprietor or firm issuing it, to command their taste and\nskill, will soon be thrown aside as of no importance to the person\nreceiving it.\nSeveral circulars must often be sent in order to command the attention\nand secure the custom of a person. Where circulars referring to the\nsame article are repeatedly sent out, the attention of the person who\nreceives them is likely to be arrested at last, and his response may\nbe made in the form of an order.\nPerhaps thereafter he becomes a constant customer, buying himself, and\nrecommending his friends to do likewise.\nCHARTS, CALENDARS, ETC.\nAn important idea in advertising is to enlist the services of others,\nby making it to their interest to advertise your business. This is\noften done by sending out charts, calendars, etc., containing useful\ninformation, together with the advertisement. These, when properly\narranged and prepared in an attractive manner, will be placed in\na conspicuous place in the store, office, or home of the person\nreceiving them. Railway, insurance, and other corporations have vied\nwith each other in the elegance and attractiveness of their charts,\netc., until they have gone into the fine arts, and spared no expense\nto captivate the public.\nLETTERS.\nMore effectual than circulars, and nearest a personal interview, is a\npersonal letter. As an advertisement the letter impresses itself upon\nthe mind of the person receiving it, in an unusual way. A prominent\nfirm employed clerks, and had written several thousand letters, at\nmany times the cost of printed circulars, which they mailed throughout\nthe country, calling especial attention to their line of goods. Even\nthe two cent postage stamp, and the envelope being sealed, impresses\nthe person receiving it with the thought that it is of importance,\nand one of the largest dry goods houses in Chicago, when issuing any\ncircular which they regard as special, seal the envelope and place a\ntwo cent stamp thereon. They consider that this gives their circulars\na preference over ordinary printed matter. Certain it is, that the\npublic accept advertisements largely at the value and importance\nattached to them by their owners.\nDRUMMERS AND AGENTS.\nPersonal effort exceeds all other means of advertising, and\ncompetition in many branches of business has become so strong in these\ntimes, and the facilities for travel so excellent, that large numbers\nof solicitors and agents traverse the country. Good personal address,\na thorough understanding of the business, a knowledge of human nature,\ntogether with social qualities, constitute a good drummer.\nHOW TO WRITE AN ADVERTISEMENT.\nBefore writing an advertisement, one should always place before his\nmind what is the most important thing to impress upon the public. If\nhe is advertising an article of established trade, it is the name and\nlocation of the house selling it which must be the more prominent, or\nat least equally so with any other part; but if he be introducing some\nnew article, or seeking to extend the sale of something little known\nor rare, these items are of far less importance, and the name of the\narticle itself should be more prominent. The advertisement should be\nso constructed as to claim the attention of the reader, and retain\nthat attention until he has read it through. \"Excite but never\nsatisfy,\" is the principle pursued by many successful advertisers.\nThe advertisement should never contain anything repugnant to refined\ntaste, and nothing grotesque or ridiculous. The most meaning should be\ncondensed into the fewest possible words. The wording should often be\nchanged, and an attractive typography should be used. It is well to\nchoose an attractive heading, followed by fairly spaced paragraphs,\nwith appropriate sub-heads.\n[Illustration: HOW TO BE HANDSOME.]\nHOW TO BE HANDSOME\nWhere is the woman who would not be beautiful? If such there be--but\nno, she does not exist. From that memorable day when the Queen of\nSheba made a formal call on the late lamented King Solomon until the\nrecent advent of the Jersey Lily, the power of beauty has controlled\nthe fate of dynasties and the lives of men. How to be beautiful, and\nconsequently powerful, is a question of far greater importance to the\nfeminine mind than predestination or any other abstract subject.\nIf women are to govern, control, manage, influence and retain the\nadoration of husbands, fathers, brothers, lovers or even cousins, they\nmust look their prettiest at all times.\nAll women cannot have good features, but they can look well, and it\nis possible to a great extent to correct deformity and develop much of\nthe figure. The first step to good looks is good health, and the\nfirst element of health is cleanliness. Keep clean--wash freely, bathe\nregularly. All the skin wants is leave to act, and it takes care of\nitself. In the matter of baths we do not strongly advocate a plunge\nin ice-cold water; it takes a woman with clear grit and a strong\nconstitution to endure it. If a hot bath be used, let it come before\nretiring, as there is less danger of taking cold afterwards; and,\nbesides, the body is weakened by the ablution and needs immediate\nrest. It is well to use a flesh-brush, and afterwards rinse off the\nsoap-suds by briskly rubbing the body with a pair of coarse toilet\ngloves. The most important part of a bath is the drying. Every part of\nthe body should be rubbed to a glowing redness, using a coarse crash\ntowel at the finish. If sufficient friction can not be given, a small\namount of bay rum applied with the palm of the hand will be found\nefficacious. Ladies who have ample leisure and who lead methodical\nlives, take a plunge or sponge bath three times a week, and a vapor\nor sun bath every day. To facilitate this very beneficial practice, a\nsouth or east apartment is desirable. The lady denudes herself, takes\na seat near the window, and takes in the warm rays of the sun. The\neffect is both beneficial and delightful. If, however, she be of\na restless disposition, she may dance, instead of basking, in the\nsunlight. Or, if she be not fond of dancing, she may improve the\nshining hours by taking down her hair and brushing it, using sulphur\nwater, pulverized borax dissolved in alcohol, or some similar\ndressing. It would be surprising to many ladies to see her carefully\nwiping the separate locks on a clean, white towel until the dust\nof the previous day is entirely removed. With such care it is not\nnecessary to wash the head, and the hair under this treatment is\ninvariably good.\nOne of the most useful articles of the toilet is a bottle of ammonia,\nand any lady who has once learned its value will never be without it.\nA few drops in the water takes the place of the usual amount of soap,\nand cleans out the pores of the skin as well as a bleach will do.\nWash the face with a flesh-brush, and rub the lips well to tone their\ncolor. It is well to bathe the eyes before putting in the spirits, and\nif it is desirable to increase their brightness, this may be done by\ndashing soapsuds into them. Always rub the eyes, in washing, toward\nthe nose. If the eyebrows are inclined to spread irregularly, pinch\nthe hairs together where thickest. If they show a tendency to meet,\nthis contact may be avoided by pulling out the hairs every morning\nbefore the toilet.\nThe dash of Orientalism in costume and lace now turns a lady's\nattention to her eyelashes, which are worthless if not long and\ndrooping. Indeed, so prevalent is the desire for this beautiful\nfeature that hair-dressers and ladies' artists have scores of\ncustomers under treatment for invigorating their stunted eyelashes and\neyebrows. To obtain these fringed curtains, anoint the roots with a\nbalsam made of two drachms of nitric oxid of mercury mixed with one\nof leaf lard. After an application wash the roots with a camel's hair\nbrush dipped in warm milk. Tiny scissors are used, with which the\nlashes are carefully but slightly trimmed every other day. When\nobtained, refrain from rubbing or even touching the lids with the\nfinger-nails. There is more beauty in a pair of well-kept eyebrows\nand full, sweeping eyelashes than people are aware of, and a very\ninattractive and lusterless eye assumes new beauty when it looks out\nfrom beneath elongated fringes. Many ladies have a habit of rubbing\nthe corners of their eyes to remove the dust that will frequently\naccumulate there. Unless this operation is done with little friction\nit will be found that the growth of hair is very spare, and in that\ncase it will become necessary to pencil the barren corners. Instead\nof putting cologne water on the handkerchief, which has come to be\nconsidered a vulgarism among ladies of correct tastes, the perfume is\nspent on the eyebrows and lobes of the ears.\nIf commenced in youth, thick lips may be reduced by compression, and\nthin linear ones are easily modified by suction. This draws the blood\nto the surfaces, and produces at first a temporary and, later, a\npermanent inflation. It is a mistaken belief that biting the lips\nreddens them. The skin of the lips is very thin, rendering them\nextremely susceptible to organic derangement, and if the atmosphere\ndoes not cause chaps or parchment, the result of such harsh treatment\nwill develop into swelling or the formation of scars. Above all\nthings, keep a sweet breath.\nEverybody can not have beautiful hands, but there is no plausible\nreason for their being ill kept. Red hands may be overcome by soaking\nthe feet in hot water as often as possible. If the skin is hard and\ndry, use tar or oat-meal soap, saturate them with glycerine, and wear\ngloves in bed. Never bathe them in hot water, and wash no oftener than\nis necessary. There are dozens of women with soft, white hands who do\nnot put them in water once a month. Rubber gloves are worn in making\nthe toilet, and they are cared for by an ointment of glycerine and\nrubbed dry with chamois-skin or cotton flannel. The same treatment is\nnot unfrequently applied to the face with the most successful results.\nIf such methods are used, it would be just as well to keep the\nknowledge of it from the gentlemen. We know of one beautiful lady who\nhas not washed her face for three years, yet it is always clean, rosy,\nsweet and kissable. With some of her other secrets she gave it to her\nlover for safe keeping. Unfortunately, it proved to be her last gift\nto that gentleman, who declared in a subsequent note that \"I can not\nreconcile my heart and my manhood to a woman who can get along without\nwashing her face.\"\nSOME OF THE SECRETS OF BEAUTY.\nThere is as much a \"fashion\" in complexion as there is in bonnets\nor boots. Sometimes nature is the mode, sometimes art. Just now the\nlatter is in the ascendant, though, as a rule, only in that inferior\nphase which has not reached the \"concealment of art\"--the point\nwhere extremes meet and the perfection of artifice presents all the\nappearance of artlessness. No one of an observant turn of mind, who\nis accustomed to the sight of English maids and matrons, can deny\nthat making-up, as at present practiced, partakes of the amateurish\nelement. Impossible reds and whites grow still more impossibly red\nand white from week to week under the unskilled hands of the wearer of\n\"false colors,\" who does not like to ask for advice on so delicate a\nsubject, for, even were she willing to confess to the practice, the\nimputation of experience conveyed in the asking for counsel might be\nbadly received, and would scarcely be in good taste.\nThe prevalent and increasing short-sightedness of our times is,\nperhaps, partly the cause of the excessive use of rouge and powder.\nThe wielder of the powder puff sees herself afar off, as it were. She\nknows that she cannot judge of the effect of her complexion with her\nface almost touching its reflection in the glass, and, standing about\na yard off, she naturally accentuates her roses and lilies in a way\nthat looks very pleasing to her, but is rather startling to any one\nwith longer sight. Nor can she tone down her rouge with the powdered\nhair that softened the artificial coloring of her grandmother when she\nhad her day. Powder is only occasionally worn with evening dress,\nand it is by daylight that those dreadful bluish reds and whites look\ntheir worst.\nOn the other hand, there are some women so clever at making up their\nfaces that one feels almost inclined to condone the practice in\nadmiration of the result. These are the small minority, and are likely\nto remain so, for their secret is of a kind unlikely to be shared. The\nclosest inspection of these cleverly managed complexions reveals no\ntrace of art.\nNotwithstanding the reticence of these skilled artists, an occasional\nburst of confidence has revealed a few of their means of accomplishing\nthe great end of looking pretty. \"Do you often do that?\" said one of\nthose clever ones, a matron of 37, who looked like a girl of 19, to a\nfriend who was vigorously rubbing her cheeks with a course towel after\na plentiful application of cold water.\n\"Yes, every time I come in from a walk, ride or drive. Why?\"\n\"Well, no wonder you look older than you are. You are simply wearing\nyour face out!\"\n\"But I must wash?\"\n\"Certainly, but not like that. Take a leaf out of my book; never\nwash you face just before going out into the fresh air, or just after\ncoming in. Nothing is more injurious to the skin. Come to the glass.\nDo you notice a drawn look about your eyes and a general streakiness\nin the cheeks? That is the result of your violent assault upon your\ncomplexion just now. You look at this moment ten years older than you\ndid twenty minutes ago in the park.\"\n\"Well, I really do. I look old enough to be your mother; but then, you\nare wonderful. You always look so young and fresh!\"\n\"Because I never treat my poor face so badly as you do yours. I use\nrain-water, and if I cannot get that, I have the water filtered. When\nI dress for dinner I always wash my face with milk, adding just enough\nhot water to make it pleasant to use. A very soft sponge and very fine\ntowel take the place of your terrible huckaback arrangement.\"\nTwo or three years ago a lady of Oriental parentage on her father's\nside spent a season in London society. Her complexion was brown,\nrelieved by yellow, her features large and irregular, but redeemed\nby a pair of lovely and expressive eyes. So perfect was her taste in\ndress that she always attracted admiration wherever she went. Dressed\nin rich dark brown or dullest crimsons or russets, so that no one\never noticed much what she wore, she so managed that suggestions\nand hints--no more--of brilliant amber or [Transcriber's Note: The\noriginal text reads 'promegranate'] pomegranate scarlet should appear\njust where they imparted brilliancy to her deep coloring, and abstract\nthe yellow from her skin. A knot of old gold satin under the rim of\nher bonnet, another at her throat, and others in among the lace at her\nwrists, brightened up the otherwise subdued tinting of her costume, so\nthat it always looked as though it had been designed expressly for her\nby some great colorist. Here rouge was unnecessary. The surroundings\nwere arranged to suit the complexion, instead of the complexion to\nsuit the surroundings. There can be no doubt as to which is the method\nwhich best becomes the gentlewoman.\nIn addition to the disagreeable sensation of making-up, it must\nbe remembered that the use of some of the white powders eventually\ndestroys the texture of the skin, rendering it rough and coarse.\nRimmel, the celebrated perfumer, in his \"Book of Perfumes,\" says that\nrouge, being composed of cochineal and saffron, is harmless, but that\nwhite cosmetics consist occasionally of deleterious substances which\nmay injure the health. He advises actors and actresses to choose\ncosmetics, especially the white, with the greatest care, and women of\nthe world, who wish to preserve the freshness of their complexion, to\nobserve the following recipe: Open air, rest, exercise and cold water.\nIn another part of this pleasant book the author says that _schonada_,\na cosmetic used among the Arabs, is quite innocuous and at the same\ntime effectual. \"This cream, which consists of sublimated benzoin,\nacts upon the skin as a slight stimulant, and imparts perfectly\nnatural colors during some hours without occasioning the\ninconveniences with which European cosmetics may justly be\nreproached.\" It is a well-known fact that bismuth, a white powder\ncontaining sugar of lead, injures the nerve-centers when constantly\nemployed, and occasionally causes paralysis itself.\nIn getting up the eyes, nothing is injurious that is not dropped into\nthem. Tho use of _kohl_ or _kohol_ is quite harmless, and, it must be\nconfessed, very effective when applied--as the famous recipe for salad\ndressing enjoins with regard to the vinegar--by the hand of a miser.\nModern Egyptian ladies make their _kohol_ of the smoke produced by\nburning almonds. A small bag holding the bottle of _kohol_, and a pin,\nwith a rounded point with which to apply it, form part of the toilet\nparaphernalia of all the beauties of Cairo, who make the immense\nmistake of getting up their eyes in an exactly similar manner, thus\ntrying to reduce the endless variety of nature to one common pattern,\na mistake that may be accounted for by the fact that the Arabs believe\n_kohol_ to be a sovereign specific against ophthalmia. Their English\nsisters often make the same mistake without the same excuse. A hairpin\nsteeped in lampblack is the usual method of darkening the eyes in\nEngland, retribution following sooner or later in the shape of a total\nloss of the eyelashes. Eau de Cologne is occasionally dropped into\nthe eyes, with the effect of making them brighter. The operation is\npainful, and it is said that half a dozen drops of whisky and the\nsame quantity of Eau de Cologne, eaten on a lump of sugar, is quite as\neffective.\nHIGH-HEELED BOOTS.\nA lady looks infinitely taller and slimmer in a long dress than she\ndoes in a short costume, and there is always a way of showing the\nfeet, if desired, by making the front quite short, which gives,\nindeed, a more youthful appearance to a train dress. The greatest\nattention must, of course, be paid to the feet with these short\ndresses, and I may here at once state that high heels are absolutely\nforbidden by fashion. Doctors, are you content? Only on cheap shoes\nand boots are they now made, and are only worn by common people. A\ngood bootmaker will not make high heels now, even if paid double price\nto do so. Ladies--that is, real ladies--now wear flat-soled shoes and\nboots, _a la_ Cinderella. For morning walking, boots or high Moliere\nshoes are worn.\nIf you wear boots you may wear any stockings you like, for no one\nsees them. But if you wear shoes you must adapt your stockings to your\ndress. Floss silk, Scotch thread, and even cotton stockings are worn\nfor walking, silk stockings have returned into exclusively evening\nwear. Day stockings should be of the same color as the dress, but\nthey may be shaded, or stripped, or dotted, just as you please. White\nstockings are absolutely forbidden for day wear--no one wears them--no\none dares wear them under fashion's interdiction.\nHOW TO APPEAR GRACEFUL IN WALKING.\nThe whole secret of standing and walking erect consists in keeping\nthe chin well away from the breast. This throws the head upward and\nbackward, and the shoulders will naturally settle backward and\nin their true position. Those who stoop in walking generally look\ndownward. The proper way is to look straight ahead, upon the same\nlevel with your eyes, or if you are inclined to stoop, until that\ntendency is overcome, look rather above than below the level.\nMountaineers are said to be as \"straight as an arrow,\" and the reason\nis because they are obliged to look upward so much. It is simply\nimpossible to stoop in walking if you will heed and practice this\nrule. You will notice that all round-shouldered persons carry the chin\nnear the breast and pointed downward. Take warning in time, and heed\ngrandmother's advice, for a bad habit is more easily prevented than\ncured. The habit of stooping when one walks or stands is a bad habit\nand especially hard to cure.\n[Illustration: MULTUM IN PARVO.]\nMULTUM IN PARVO\nHISTORY OF THE BIBLES OF THE WORLD.\nThe Bibles of the world are the koran of the Mohammedans, the\ntripitaka of the Buddhists, the five kings of the Chinese, the three\nvedas of the Hindoos, the zendavesta of the Parsees and the scriptures\nof the Christians. The koran, says the Chicago Times, is the most\nrecent, dating from the seventh century after Christ. It is a compound\nof quotations from both the Old and the New Testaments and from the\ntalmud. The tripitaka contain sublime morals and pure aspirations.\nTheir author lived and died in the sixth century before Christ.\nThe sacred writings of the Chinese are called the five kings, the word\n\"king\" meaning web of cloth. From this it is presumed that they were\noriginally written on five rolls of cloth. They contain wise sayings\nfrom the sages on the duties of life, but they can not be traced\nfurther back than the eleventh century before our era. The vedas are\nthe most ancient books in the language of the Hindoos, but they do\nnot, according to late commentators, antedate the twelfth before the\nChristian era. The zendaveata of the Parsees, next to our Bible, is\nreckoned among scholars as being the greatest and most learned of\nthe sacred writings. Zoroaster, whose sayings it contains, lived and\nworked in the twelfth century before Christ. Moses lived and wrote\nthe pentateuch 1,500 years before the birth of Jesus, therefore that\nportion of our Bible is at least 300 years older than the most\nancient of other sacred writings. The eddas, a semi-sacred work of the\nScandinavians, was first given to the world in the fourteen century\nA.D.\nPRECIOUS STONES.\nARRANGED ACCORDING TO COLOR AND IN ORDER OF HARDINESS.\n  _Limpid_.--Diamond, Sapphire, Topaz, Rock-Crystal.\n  _Blue_.--Sapphire, Topaz, Indicolite, Turquoise, Spinel, Aquamarine,\n  Kaynite.\n  _Green_.--Oriental Emerald, Chrysoberyl, Amazon Stone, Malachite,\n  Emerald, Chrysoprase, Chrysolite.\n  _Yellow_.--Diamond, Topaz, Fire-Opal.\n  _Red_.--Sapphire-Ruby, Spinel-Ruby, Rubellite, Garnet,\n  Brazilian-Topaz, Hyacinth, Carnelian.\n  _Violet_.--Oriental-Amethyst, Amethyst.\n  _Black and Brown_.--Diamond, Tourmaline, Hyacinth, Garnet.\nHOW TO MEASURE CORN IN THE CRIB.\nRule: 1st. Measure the length, breadth and height of the crib inside\nthe rail; multiply them together and divide by two, the result is the\nnumber of bushels of shelled corn.\n2d. Level the corn so that it is of equal depth throughout, multiply\nthe length, breath and depth together, and this product by four,\nand cut off one figure to the right of the product; the other will\nrepresent the number of bushels of shelled corn.\n3d. Multiply length by height, and then by width, add two ciphers to\nthe result and divide by 124; this gives the number of bushels of ear\ncorn.\nHOME DRESSMAKING.\nThe art of dressmaking in America has been of late years so simplified\nthat almost anyone with a reasonable degree of executive ability can\nmanufacture a fashionable costume by using an approved pattern and\nfollowing the directions printed upon it, selecting a new pattern for\neach distinct style; while in Europe many ladies adhere to the old\nplan of cutting one model and using it for everything, trusting to\npersonal skill or luck to gain the desired formation. However, some\nuseful hints are given which are well worth offering after the paper\npattern has been chosen.\nThe best dressmakers here and abroad use silk for lining, but nothing\nis so durable or preserves the material as well as a firm slate twill.\nThis is sold double width and should be laid out thus folded: place\nthe pattern upon it with the upper part towards the cut end, the\nselvedge for the fronts. The side pieces for the back will most\nprobably be got out of the width, while the top of the back will fit\nin the intersect of the front. A yard of good stuff may be often saved\nby laying the pattern out and well considering how one part cuts into\nanother. Prick the outline on to the lining; these marks serve as a\nguide for the tacking.\nIn forming the front side plaits be careful and do not allow a fold\nor crease to be apparent on the bodice beyond where the stitching\ncommences. To avoid this, before beginning stick a pin through what\nis to be the top of the plait. The head will be on the right side, and\nholding the point, one can begin pinning the seam without touching the\nupper part of the bodice. To ascertain the size of the buttonholes put\na piece of card beneath the button to be used and cut it an eighth of\nan inch on either side beyond. Having turned down the piece in front\non the buttonhole side run a thread a sixteenth of an inch from the\nextreme edge, and again another the width of the card. Begin to cut\nthe first buttonhole at the bottom of the bodice; and continue at\nequal distances. The other side of the bodice is left wide enough to\ncome well under the buttonholes. The buttonholes must be laid upon it\nand a pin put through the center of each to mark where the button\nis to be placed. In sewing on the buttons put the stiches in\nhorizontally; if perpendicularly they are likely to pucker that side\nof the bodice so much that it will be quite drawn up, and the buttons\nwill not match the buttonholes.\nA WOMAN'S SKIRTS.\nObserve the extra fatigue which is insured to every woman in merely\ncarrying a tray upstairs, from the skirts of the dress. Ask any young\nwomen who are studying to pass examinations whether they do not find\nloose clothes a _sine qua non_ while poring over their books, and then\nrealize the harm we are doing ourselves and the race by habitually\nlowering our powers of life and energy in such a manner. As a matter\nof fact it is doubtful whether any persons have ever been found\nwho would say that their stays were at all tight; and, indeed, by a\nmuscular contraction they can apparently prove that they are not so by\nmoving them about on themselves, and thus probably believe what\nthey say. That they are in error all the same they can easily assure\nthemselves by first measuring round the waist outside the stays; then\ntake them off, let them measure while they take a deep breath, with\nthe tape merely laid on the body as if measuring for the quantity of\nbraid to go round a dress, and mark the result. The injury done by\nstays is so entirely internal that it is not strange that the maladies\ncaused by wearing them should be attributed to every reason under\nthe sun except the true one, which is, briefly, that all the internal\norgans, being by them displaced, are doing their work imperfectly and\nunder the least advantageous conditions: and are, therefore, exactly\nin the state most favorable to the development of disease, whether\nhereditary or otherwise.--_Macmillan's Magazine._\nTO MAKE THE SLEEVES.\nAs to sleeves. Measure from the shoulder to the elbow and again from\nelbow to the wrist. Lay these measurements on any sleeve patterns you\nmay have, and lengthen and shorten accordingly. The sleeve is cut in\ntwo pieces, the top of the arm and the under part, which is about an\ninch narrower than the outside. In joining the two together, if the\nsleeve is at all tight, the upper part is slightly fulled to the lower\nat the elbow. The sleeve is sewn to the armhole with no cordings now,\nand the front seam should be about two inches in front of the bodice.\nBodices are now worn very tight-fitting, and the French stretch the\nmaterial well on the cross before beginning to cut out, and in cutting\nallow the lining to be slightly pulled, so that when on, the outside\nstretches to it and insures a better fit. An experienced eye can tell\na French-cut bodice at once, the front side pieces being always on the\ncross. In dress cutting and fitting, as in everything else, there\nare failures and discouragements, but practice overrules these little\nmatters, and \"trying again\" brings a sure reward in success.\nA sensible suggestion is made in regard to the finish in necks of\ndresses for morning wear. Plain colors have rather a stiff appearance,\ntulle or crepe lisse frilling are expensive and frail, so it is a good\nidea to purchase a few yards of really good washing lace, about an\ninch and a half in depth; quill or plait and cut into suitable lengths\nto tack around the necks of dresses. This can be easily removed\nand cleaned when soiled. A piece of soft black Spanish lace, folded\nloosely around the throat close to the frillings, but below it, looks\nvery pretty; or you may get three yards of scarf lace, trim the ends\nwith frillings, place it around the neck, leaving nearly all the\nlength in the right hand, the end lying upon the left shoulder being\nabout half a yard long. Wind the larger piece twice around the throat,\nin loose, soft folds, and festoon the other yard and a half, and\nfasten with brooch or flower at the side.--_Philadelphia Times._\nDISCOVERY OF GOLD IN CALIFORNIA.\nIt was on the 19th day of January, 1848, that James W. Marshall, while\nengaged in digging a race for a saw-mill at Coloma, about thirty-five\nmiles eastward from Sutter's Fort, found some pieces of yellow metal,\nwhich he and the half-dozen men working with him at the mill supposed to\nbe gold. He felt confident that he had made a discovery of great\nimportance, but he knew nothing of either chemistry or gold-mining, so\nhe could not prove the nature of the metal nor tell how to obtain it in\npaying quantities. Every morning he went down to the race to look for\nthe bits of metal; but the other men at the mill thought Marshall was\nvery wild in his ideas, and they continued their labors in building the\nmill, and in sowing wheat and planting vegetables. The swift current of\nthe mill-race washed away a considerable body of earthy matter, leaving\nthe coarse particles of gold behind; so Marshall's collection of\nspecimens continued to accumulate, and his associates began to think\nthere might be something in his gold mines after all. About the middle\nof February, a Mr. Bennett, one of the party employed at the mill, went\nto San Francisco for the purpose of learning whether this metal was\nprecious, and there he was introduced to Isaac Humphrey, who had washed\nfor gold in Georgia. The experienced miner saw at a glance that he\nhad the true stuff before him, and, after a few inquiries, he was\nsatisfied that the diggings must be rich. He made immediate preparation\nto visit the mill, and tried to persuade some of his friends to go with\nhim; but they thought it would be only a waste of time and money, so he\nwent with Bennett for his sole companion.\nHe arrived at Coloma on the 7th of March, and found the work at the\nmill going on as if no gold existed in the neighborhood. The next day\nhe took a pan and spade, and washed some of the dirt in the bottom of\nthe mill-race in places where Marshall had found his specimens, and,\nin a few hours, Humphrey declared that these mines were far richer\nthan any in Georgia. He now made a rocker and went to work washing\ngold industriously, and every day yielded to him an ounce or two of\nmetal. The men at the mill made rockers for themselves, and all\nwere soon busy in search of the yellow metal. Everything else was\nabandoned; the rumor of the discovery spread slowly. In the middle of\nMarch Pearson B. Reading, the owner of a large ranch at the head of\nthe Sacramento valley, happened to visit Sutter's Fort, and hearing\nof the mining at Coloma, he went thither to see it. He said that if\nsimilarity of formation could be taken as a proof, there must be gold\nmines near his ranch; so, after observing the method of washing, he\nposted off, and in a few weeks he was at work on the bars of Clear\nCreek, nearly two hundred miles northwestward from Coloma. A few\ndays after Reading had left, John Bidwell, now representative of the\nnorthern district of the State in the lower House of Congress, came to\nColoma, and the result of his visit was that, in less than a month,\nhe had a party of Indians from his ranch washing gold on the bars of\nFeather River, twenty-five miles northwestward from Coloma. Thus the\nmines were opened at far distant points.\nThe first printed notice of the discovery of gold was given in the\nCalifornia newspaper published in San Francisco on the 10th of March.\nOn the 29th of May the same paper, announcing that its publication\nwould be suspended, says: \"The whole country, from San Francisco to\nLos Angeles, and from the seashore to the base of the Sierra Nevada,\nresound the sordid cry of _gold! gold! gold!_ while the field is left\nhalf planted, the house half built and everything neglected but the\nmanufacture of pick and shovels, and the means of transportation to\nthe spot where one man obtained one hundred and twenty-eight dollars'\nworth of the real stuff in one day's washing; and the average for all\nconcerned, is twenty dollars per diem. The first to commence quartz\nmining in California were Capt. Win. Jackson and Mr. Eliason, both\nVirginians, and the first machine used was a Chilian mill.\nThe Reid Mine, in North Carolina, was the first gold mine discovered\nand worked in the United States, and the only one in North America\nfrom which, up to 1825, gold was sent to the Mint.\nHOW TO MAKE ARTIFICIAL GOLD.\nThe following oroid or imitation gold is sometimes sold for the\ngenuine article which it closely resembles. Pure copper, 100 parts by\nweight, is melted in a crucible, and then 6 parts of magnesia, 3.6 of\nsal-ammoniac, 1.8 of quicklime and 9. of tartar are added separately\nand gradually in the form of powder. The whole is then stirred for\nabout half an hour, and 17 parts of zinc or tin in small grains are\nthrown in and thoroughly mixed. The [Transcriber's Note: The original\ntext reads 'cruicible'] crucible is now covered and the mixture kept\nmelted for half an hour longer, when it is skimmed and poured out.\nAny imitation of gold may be detected by its weight, which is not\none-half of what it should be, and by its dissolving in nitric acid\nwhile pure gold is untouched.\nHOW TO TELL ANY PERSON'S AGE.\nThere is a good deal of amusement in the following magical table of\nfigures. It will enable you to tell how old the young ladies are. Just\nhand this table to a young lady, and request her to tell you in which\ncolumn or columns her age is contained, and add together the figures\nat the top of the columns in which her age is found, and you have\nthe great secret. Thus, suppose her age to be 17, you will find that\nnumber in the first and fifth columns; add the first figures of these\ntwo columns.\nHere is the magic table:\nWHAT THE WHITE HOUSE COSTS.\nSalary of President, $50,000; additional appropriations are about\n$75,000. A total of $125,000. The President has the following corps\nof assistants: Private Secretary, $3,250; Assistant Private Secretary,\n$2,250; Stenographer, $1,800; five Messengers, $1,200 each, $6,000;\nSteward--; two Doorkeepers, $1,200 each, $2,400; two Ushers, $1,200,\n$1,400, $2,600; Night Usher, $1,200; Watchman, $900, and a few other\nminor clerks and telegraph operators.\nSUNDRIES.--Incidental expenses, $8,000; White House repairs--carpets\nand refurnishing, $12,500; fuel, $2,500; green-house, $4,000; gas,\nmatches and stable, $15,000.\nThese amounts, with others of minor importance, consume the entire\nappropriations.\nBUSINESS LAW.\nIgnorance of the law excuses no one. It is a fraud to conceal a fraud.\nThe law compels no one to do impossibilities. An agreement without\nconsideration is void. Signatures made with a lead pencil are good in\nlaw. A receipt for money paid is not legally conclusive. The acts of one\npartner bind all the others. Contracts made on Sunday cannot be\nenforced. A contract made with a minor is void. A contract made with a\nlunatic is void. Principals are responsible for the acts of their\nagents. Agents are responsible to their principals for errors. Each\nindividual in a partnership is responsible for the whole amount of the\ndebts of the firm. A note given by a minor is void. Notes bear interest\nonly when so stated. It is legally necessary to say on a note \"for value\nreceived.\" A note drawn on Sunday is void. A note obtained by fraud, or\nfrom a person in a state of intoxication, cannot be collected. If a note\nbe lost or stolen, it does not release the maker; he must pay it. An\nendorser of a note is exempt from liability if not served with notice of\nits dishonor within twenty-four hours of its non-payment.\nITEMS WORTH REMEMBERING.\nA sun bath is of more worth than much warming by the fire.\nBooks exposed to the atmosphere keep in better condition than if\nconfined in a book-case. Pictures are both for use and ornament. They\nserve to recall pleasant memories and scenes; they harmonize with the\nfurnishing of the rooms. If they serve neither of these purposes they\nare worse than useless; they only help fill space which would look\nbetter empty, or gather dust and make work to keep them clean.\nA room filled with quantities of trifling ornaments has the look of\na bazaar and displays neither good taste nor good sense. Artistic\nexcellence aims to have all the furnishings of a high order of\nworkmanship combined with simplicity, while good sense understands the\nfolly of dusting a lot of rubbish.\nA poor book had best be burned to give place to a better, or even to\nan empty shelf, for the fire destroys its poison, and puts it out of\nthe way of doing harm.\nBetter economize in the purchasing of furniture or carpets than scrimp\nin buying good books or papers.\nOur sitting-rooms need never be empty of guests or our libraries of\nsociety if the company of good books is admitted to them.\nREMARKABLE CALCULATIONS REGARDING THE SUN.\nThe sun's average distance from the earth is about 91,500,000 miles.\nSince the orbit of the earth is elliptical, and the sun is situated at\none of its foci, the earth is nearly 3,000,000 miles further from\nthe sun in aphelion than in perihelion. As we attempt to locate the\nheavenly bodies in space, we are immediately startled by the enormous\nfigures employed. The first number, 91,500,000 miles, is far beyond\nour grasp. Let us try to comprehend it. If there were air to convey a\nsound from the sun to the earth, and a noise could be made loud enough\nto pass that distance it would require over fourteen years for it to\ncome to us. Suppose a railroad could be built to the sun. An express\ntrain traveling day and night at the rate of thirty miles an hour,\nwould require 341 years to reach its destination. Ten generations\nwould be born and would die; the young men would become gray haired,\nand their great-grandchildren would forget the story of the beginning\nof that wonderful journey, and could find it only in history, as we\nnow read of Queen Elizabeth or of Shakespeare; the eleventh generation\nwould see the solar depot at the end of the route. Yet this enormous\ndistance of 91,500,000 miles is used as the unit for expressing\ncelestial distances--as the foot-rule for measuring space; and\nastronomers speak of so many times the sun's distance as we speak of\nso many feet or inches.\nSIGNS OF STORMS APPROACHING.--A ring around the sun or moon stands for\nan approaching storm, its near or distant approach being indicated by\nits larger or smaller circumference. When the sun rises brightly and\nimmediately afterward becomes veiled with clouds, the farmer distrusts\nthe day. Rains which begin early in the morning often stop by nine\nin place of \"eleven,\" the hour specified in the old saw, \"If it rains\nbefore seven.\"\nOn a still, quiet day, with scarcely the least wind afloat, the\nranchman or farmer can tell the direction of impending storm by cattle\nsniffing the air in the direction whence it is coming. Lack of dew in\nsummer is a rain sign. Sharp white frosts in autumn and winter precede\ndamp weather, and we will stake our reputation as a prophet that three\nsuccessive white frosts are an infallible sign of rain. Spiders do not\nspin their webs out of doors before rain. Previous to rain flies sting\nsharper, bees remain in their hives or fly but short distances, and\nalmost all animals appear uneasy.\nHOW TO DISTINGUISH GOOD MEAT FROM BAD MEAT.\n1st. It is neither of a pale pink color nor of a deep purple tint,\nfor the former is a sign of disease, and the latter indicates that the\nanimal has not been slaughtered, but has died with the blood in it, or\nhas suffered from acute fever.\n2d. It has a marked appearance from the ramifications of little veins\nof fat among the muscles.\n3d. It should be firm and elastic to the touch and should scarcely\nmoisten the fingers--bad meat being wet and sodden and flabby with the\nfat looking like jelly or wet parchment.\n4th. It should have little or no odor, and the odor should not be\ndisagreeable, for diseased meat has a sickly cadaverous smell, and\nsometimes a smell of physic. This is very discoverable when the meat\nis chopped up and drenched with warm water.\n5th. It should not shrink or waste much in cooking.\n6th. It should not run to water or become very wet on standing for a\nday or two, but should, on the contrary, dry upon the surface.\n7th. When dried at a temperature of 212 deg., or thereabouts, it\nshould not lose more than from 70 to 74 per cent. of its weight,\nwhereas bad meat will often lose as much as 80 per cent. The juice of\nthe flesh is alkaline or neutral to test paper.\nRAILROADS IN FINLAND.\nPeople who think of Finland as a sub-arctic country of bleak and\nforbidding aspect maybe surprised to hear that several railroads have\nalready made a large part of the region accessible. A new line, 160\nmiles long, has just been opened to the heart of the country in the\nmidst of great forests and perhaps the most wonderful lake region in\nthe world. Sportsmen are now within less than a day's journey from St.\nPetersburg of central Finland, where there is the best of hunting and\nfishing and twenty hours of sunlight every summer day. The most unique\nof railroads, however, is still the little line in Norway, north of\nthe arctic circle, carrying the product of far northern mines to the\nsea, and famous as the only railroad that has yet invaded the polar\nregions.\nCOMPARATIVE SIZE OF THE ARK AND THE GREAT EASTERN.\nThe following comparison between the size of Noah's ark and the Great\nEastern, both being considered in point of tonnage, after the old law\nfor calculating the tonnage of a vessel, exhibits a remarkable\nsimilarity. The cubit of the Bible, according to Sir Isaac Newton, is\n20-1/2 inches, or, to be exact, 20.625 inches. Bishop Wilkins makes the\ncubit 20.88 inches. According to Newton the dimensions of the ark were:\nLength between perpendiculars, 515.62 feet; breadth, 84.94 feet; depth,\n51.56 feet; keel, or length for tonnage, 464.08 feet. Tonnage, according\nto old law, 18,231 58-94. The measurements of the ark, according to\nWilkins' calculations were: Length, 54700 feet; breadth, 91.16 feet;\ndepth, 54.70 feet; keel, 492.31 feet. Tonnage, 21,761. Notice how\nsurprisingly near the Great Eastern came to being constructed after the\nsame plan: Length, 680 feet; breadth, 83 feet; depth, 60 feet; keel, 630\nfeet. Tonnage, 23,092.\nFINGER NAILS AS AN INDICATION OF CHARACTER.\nA white mark on the nail bespeaks misfortune.\nPale or lead-colored nails indicate melancholy people.\nBroad nails indicate a gentle, timid, and bashful nature.\nLovers of knowledge and liberal sentiments have round nails.\nPeople with narrow nails are ambitious and quarrelsome.\nSmall nails indicate littleness of mind, obstinacy and conceit.\nCholeric, martial men, delighting in war, have red and spotted nails.\nNails growing into the flesh at the points or sides indicate luxurious\ntastes.\nPeople with very pale nails are subject to much infirmity of the flesh\nand persecution by neighbors and friends.\nDANGERS OF CELLULOID.\nA curious accident, which happened recently in Paris, points out a\npossible danger in the wearing of combs and bracelets of celluloid. A\nlittle girl sat down before the fire to prepare her lessons. Her hair\nwas kept back by a semi-circle comb of celluloid. As her head was bent\nforward to the fire this became warm, and suddenly burst into flames.\nThe child's hair was partly burned off, and the skin of the head was\nso injured that several months after, though the burn was healed, the\ncicatrix formed a white patch on which no hair would grow. The burning\npoint of celluloid is about 180 degrees, and the comb worn by the girl\nhad attained that heat as it was held before the fire.\nODD FACTS ABOUT SHOES.\nGrecian shoes were peculiar in reaching to the middle of the legs.\nThe present fashion of shoes was introduced into England in 1633.\nIn the ninth and tenth centuries the greatest princes of Europe wore\nwooden shoes.\nSlippers were in use before Shakespeare's time, and were originally\nmade \"rights\" and \"lefts.\"\nShoes among the Jews were made of leather, linen, rush or wood;\nsoldiers' shoes were sometimes made of brass or iron.\nIn the reign of William Rufus of England, in the eleventh century,\na great beau, \"Robert, the Horned,\" used shoes with sharp points,\nstuffed with tow, and twisted like rams' horns.\nThe Romans made use of two kinds of shoes--the solea, or sandal, which\ncovered the sole of the foot, and was worn at home and in company, and\nthe calceus, which covered the whole foot and was always worn with the\ntoga when a person went abroad.\nIn the reign of Richard II., shoes were of such absurd length as\nto require to be supported by being tied to the knees with chains,\nsometimes of gold and silver. In 1463 the English parliament took the\nmatter in hand and passed an act forbidding shoes with spikes more\nthan two inches in length being worn and manufactured.\nTABLE SHOWING THE AVERAGE VELOCITIES OF VARIOUS BODIES.\nA man walks 3 miles per hour or 4 feet per second.\nA horse trots 7 miles per hour or 10 feet per second.\nA horse runs 20 miles per hour or 29 feet per second.\nSteamboat runs 20 miles per hour or 26 feet per second.\nSailing vessel runs 10 miles per hour or 14 feet per second.\nRapid rivers flow 3 miles per hour or 4 feet per second.\nA moderate wind blows 7 miles per hour or 10 feet per second.\nA storm moves 36 miles per hour or 52 feet per second.\nA hurricane moves 80 miles per hour or 117 feet per second.\nA rifle ball 1000 miles per hour or 1466 feet per second.\nSound 743 miles per hour or 1142 feet per second.\nLight, 192,000 miles per second.\nElectricity, 288,000 miles per second.\nQUANTITY OF OIL REQUIRED FOR DIFFERENT COLORS.\nHeath & Miligan quote the following figures. They are color\nmanufacturers:\n      100 parts (weight) White Lead require 12 parts of oil.\n      100 parts (weight) Zinc White require 14 parts of oil.\n      100 parts (weight) Green Chrome require 15 parts of oil.\n      100 parts (weight) Chrome Yellow require 19 parts of oil.\n      100 parts (weight) Vermilion require 25 parts of oil.\n      100 parts (weight) Light Red require 31 parts of oil.\n      100 parts (weight) Madder Lake require 62 parts of oil.\n      100 parts (weight) Yellow Ochre require 66 parts of oil.\n      100 parts (weight) Light Ochre require 72 parts of oil.\n      100 parts (weight) Camels Brown require 75 parts of oil.\n      100 parts (weight) Brown Manganese require 87 parts of oil.\n      100 parts (weight) Terre Verte require 100 parts of oil.\n      100 parts (weight) Parisian Blue require 106 parts of oil.\n      100 parts (weight) Burnt Terreverte require 112 parts of oil.\n      100 parts (weight) Berlin Blue require 112 parts of oil.\n      100 parts (weight) Ivory Black require 112 parts of oil.\n      100 parts (weight) Cobalt require 125 parts of oil.\n      100 parts (weight) Florentine Brown require 150 parts of oil.\n      100 parts (weight) Burnt Terra Sienna require 181 parts of oil.\n      100 parts (weight) Raw Terra Sienna require 140 parts of oil.\nAccording to this table, a hundred parts of the quick drying white lead\nare ground with 12 parts of oil, and on the other hand slow drying ivory\nblack requires 112 parts of oil.\nPAINTING.\n      1 gallon Priming Color will cover 50 superficial yards.\n      1 gallon White Zinc will cover 50 superficial yards.\n      1 gallon White Paint will cover 44 superficial yards.\n      1 gallon Lead Color will cover 50 superficial yards.\n      1 gallon Black Paint will cover 50 superficial yards.\n      1 gallon Stone Color will cover 44 superficial yards.\n      1 gallon Yellow Paint will cover 44 superficial yards.\n      1 gallon Blue Color will cover 45 superficial yards.\n      1 gallon Green Paint will cover 45 superficial yards.\n      1 gallon Bright Emerald Green will cover 25 superficial yards.\n      1 gallon Bronze Green will cover 45 superficial yards.\nOne pound of paint will cover about four superficial yards the first\ncoat, and about six yards each additional coat.\nRAPID PROCESS OF MARKING GOODS AT ANY DESIRED PER CENT. PROFIT.\nRetail merchants, in buying goods by wholesale, buy a great many\narticles by the dozen, such as boots and shoes, hats and caps, and\nnotions of various kinds; now the merchant, in buying, for instance,\na dozen hats, knows exactly what one of these hats will retail for in\nthe market where he deals; and unless he is a good accountant, it\nwill often take him some time to determine whether he can afford to\npurchase the dozen hats and make a living profit by selling them by\nthe single hat; and in buying his goods by auction, as the merchant\noften does, he has not time to make the calculation before the goods\nare bid off. He therefore loses the chance of making good bargains by\nbeing afraid to bid at random, or if he bids, and the goods are cried\noff, he may have made a poor bargain by bidding thus at a venture.\nIt then becomes a useful and practical problem to determine instantly\nwhat per cent. he would gain if he retailed the hat at a certain\nprice, to tell what an article should retail for to make a profit of\n20 per cent.\n_Rule.--Divide what the articles cost per dozen by 10. which is done\nby removing the decimal point one place to the left._\nFor instance, if hats cost $17.50 per dozen, remove the decimal point\none place to the left, making $1.75, what they should be sold for\napiece to gain 20 per cent, on the cost. If they cost $31.00 per\ndozen, they should be sold at $3.10 apiece, etc.\nTHE SEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLD.\nPyramids of Egypt.\nTower, Walls and Terrace Hanging Gardens of Babylon.\nStatue of Jupiter Olympus, on the Capitoline Hill, at Rome.\nTemple of Diana, at Ephesus.\nPharos, or watch-tower, at Alexandria, Egypt.\nColossus of Rhodes, a statue 105 feet high; overthrown by an\nearthquake 224 B.C.\nMausoleum at Halicarnassus, a Grecian-Persian city in Asia Minor.\nHEAT AND COLD.\nDegrees of heat above zero at which substances melt:--Wrought iron,\n3,980 degrees; cast iron, 3,479; platinum, 3,080; gold, 2,590; copper,\nantimony, 951; zinc, 740; lead, 594; tin, 421; arsenic, 365; sulphur,\n226; beeswax, 151; gutta percha, 145; tallow, 97; lard, 95; pitch, 91;\nice, 33. Degrees of heat above zero at which substances boil:--Ether,\n98 degrees; alcohol, 173; water, 212; petroleum, 306; linseed oil,\n640; blood heat, 98; eggs hatch, 104.\nQUANTITY OF SEED TO AN ACRE.\nWheat, 1-1/2 to 2 bu.; rye, 1-1/2 to 2 bu.; oats, 3 bu.; barley, 2\nbu.; buckwheat, 1/2 bu.; corn, broadcast, 4 bu.; corn, in drills, 2 to\n3 bu.; corn, in hills, 4 to 8 qts.; broom corn, 1/2 bu.; potatoes,\n10 to 15 bu.; rutabagas, 3/4 lbs.; millet, 1/4 bu.; clover, white, 4\nqts.; clover, red, 8 qts.; timothy, 6 qts.; orchard grass, 2 qts.;\nred top, 1 to 2 pks.: blue grass, 2 bu,; mixed lawn grass, 1/2 bu.;\ntobacco, 2 ozs.\nSOLUBLE GLASS FOR FLOORS.\nInstead of the old-fashioned method of using wax for polishing floors,\netc., soluble glass is now employed to great advantage. For this\npurpose the floor is first well cleaned, and then the cracks well\nfilled up with a cement of water-glass and powdered chalk or gypsum.\nAfterward, a water-glass of 60  to 65 , of the thickness of syrup, is\napplied by means of a stiff brush. Any desired color may be imparted\nto the floor in a second coat of the water-glass, and additional coats\nare to be given until the requisite polish is obtained. A still higher\nfinish may be given by pummicing off the last layer, and then putting\non a coating of oil.\nDURABILITY OF A HORSE.\nA horse will travel 400 yards in 4-1/2 minutes at a walk, 400 yards\nin 2 minutes at a trot, and 400 yards in minute at a gallop. The usual\nwork of a horse is taken at 22,500 lbs. raised 1 foot per minute, for\n8 hours per day. A horse will carry 250 lbs. 25 miles per day of 8\nhours. An average draught-horse will draw 1600 lbs. 23 miles per day\non a level road, weight of wagon included. The average weight of a\nhorse is 1000 lbs.; his strength is equal to that of 5 men. In a horse\nmill moving at 3 feet per second, track 25 feet diameter, he exerts\nwith the machine the power of 4-1/2 horses. The greatest amount a\nhorse can pull in a horizontal line is 900 lbs.; but he can only do\nthis momentarily, in continued exertion, probably half of this is\nthe limit. He attains his growth in 5 years, will live 25, average 16\nyears. A horse will live 25 days on water, without solid food, 17 days\nwithout eating or drinking, but only 5 days on solid food, without\ndrinking.\nA cart drawn by horses over an ordinary road will travel 1.1 miles\nper hour of trip. A 4-horse team will haul from 25 to 30 cubic feet\nof lime stone at each load. The time expended in loading, unloading,\netc., including delavs, averages 35 minutes per trip. The cost of\nloading and unloading a cart, using a horse cram at the quarry, and\nunloading by hand, when labor is $1.25 per day, and a horse 75 cents,\nis 25 cents per perch--24.75 cubic feet. The work done by an animal is\ngreatest when the velocity with which he moves is 1/8 of the greatest\nwith which he can move when not impeded, and the force then exerted\n.45 of the utmost force the animal can exert at a dead pull.\nCOMPARATIVE COST OF FREIGHT BY WATER AND RAIL.\nIt has been proved by actual test that a single tow-boat can transport\nat one trip from the Ohio to New Orleans 29,000 tons of coal, loaded\nin barges. Estimating in this way the boat and its tow, worked by a\nfew men, carries as much freight to its destination as 3,000 cars and\n100 locomotives, manned by 600 men, could transport.\nHINTS TO YOUNG HOUSEWIVES.\nGlycerine does not agree with a dry skin.\nIf you use powder always wash it off before going to bed.\nWhen you give your cellar its spring cleaning, add a little copperas\nwater and salt to the whitewash.\nA little ammonia and borax in the water when washing blankets keeps\nthem soft and prevents shrinkage.\nSprinkling salt on the top and at the bottom of garden walls is said\nto keep snails from climbing up or down.\nFor relief from heartburn or dyspepsia, drink a little cold water in\nwhich has been dissolved a teaspoonful of salt.\nFor hoarseness, beat a fresh egg and thicken it with fine white sugar.\nEat of it freely and the hoarseness will soon be relieved.\nIf quilts are folded or rolled tightly after washing, then beaten with\na rolling pin or potato masher, it lightens up the cotton and makes\nthem seem soft and new.\nChemists say that it takes more than twice as much sugar to sweeten\npreserves, sauce, etc., if put in when they begin to cook as it does\nto sweeten after the fruit is cooked.\nTar may be removed from the hands by rubbing with the outside of\nfresh, orange or lemon peel and drying immediately. The volatile oils\ndissolve the tar so that it can be rubbed off.\nMoths or any summer flying insects may be enticed to destruction by a\nbright tin pan half filled with kerosene set in a dark corner of the\nroom. Attracted by the bright pan, the moth will meet his death in the\nkerosene.\nIt may be worth knowing that water in which three or four onions have\nbeen boiled, applied with a gilding brush to the frames of pictures\nand chimney glasses, will prevent flies from lighting on them and will\nnot injure the frames.\nSUPERSTITIONS REGARDING BABIES.\nIt is believed by many that if a child cries at its birth and lifts up\nonly one hand, it is born to command. It is thought very unlucky not\nto weigh the baby before it is dressed. When first dressed the clothes\nshould not be put on over the head, but drawn on over the feet, for\nluck. When first taken from the room in which it was born it must\nbe carried up stairs before going down, so that it will rise in the\nworld. In any case it must be carried up stairs or up the street,\nthe first time it is taken out. It is also considered in England and\nScotland unlucky to cut the baby's nails or hair before it is twelve\nmonths old. The saying:\n     Born on Monday, fair in the face;\n     Born on Tuesday, full of God's grace;\n     Born on Wednesday, the best to be had;\n     Born on Thursday, merry and glad;\n     Born on Friday, worthily given;\n     Born on Saturday, work hard for a living;\n     Born on Sunday, shall never know want,\nis known with various changes all over the Christian world; one\ndeviation from the original makes Friday's child \"free in giving.\"\nThursday has one very lucky hour just before sunrise.\n     The child that is born on the Sabbath day\n     Is bonny and good and gay,\nWhile\n     He who is born on New Year's morn\n     Will have his own way as sure as you're born.\nAnd\n     He who is born on Easter morn\n     Shall never know care, or want, or harm.\nSECRET ART OF CATCHING FISH.\nPut the oil of rhodium on the bait, when fishing with a hook, and you\nwill always succeed.\nTO CATCH FISH.\nTake the juice of smallage or lovage, and mix with any kind of bait.\nAs long as there remain any kind of fish within yards of your hook,\nyou will find yourself busy pulling them out.\nCERTAIN CURE FOR DRUNKENNESS.\nTake of sulphate of iron 5 grains, magnesia 10 grains, peppermint\nwater 11 drachms, spirits of nutmeg 1 drachm. Administer this twice\na day. It acts as a tonic and stimulant and so partially supplies the\nplace of the accustomed liquor, and prevents that absolute physical\nand moral prostration that follows a sudden breaking off from the use\nof stimulating drinks.\nLADIES' STAMPING POWDER.\nFor use in stamping any desired pattern upon goods for needle work,\nembroidery, etc. Draw pattern upon heavy paper, and perforate with\nsmall holes all the lines with some sharp instrument, dust the powder\nthrough, remove the pattern and pass a warm iron over the fabric, when\nthe pattern will become fixed. Any desired color can be used, such as\nPrussian blue, chrome green, yellow, vermilion, etc. Fine white rosin,\n2 ounces; gum sandarach, 4 ounces; color, 2 ounces. Powder very fine,\nmix, and pass through a sieve.\nSALARIES OF THE UNITED STATES OFFICERS, PER ANNUM.\nPresident, Vice-President and Cabinet.--President, $50,000;\nVice-President, $8,000; Cabinet Officers, $8,000 each.\nUnited States Senators.--$5,000, with mileage.\nCongress.--Members of Congress, $5,000, with mileage.\nSupreme Court.--Chief Justice, $10,500; Associate Justices, $10,000.\nCircuit Courts.--Justices of Circuit Courts, $6,000.\nHeads of Departments.--Supt. of Bureau of Engraving and Printing,\n$4,500; Public Printer, $4,500; Supt. of Census, $5,000; Supt. of\nNaval Observatory, $5,000; Supt. of the Signal Service, $4,000;\nDirector of Geological Surveys, $6,000; Director of the Mint, $4,500;\nCommissioner of General Land Office, $4,000; Commissioner of Pensions,\n$3,600; Commissioner of Agriculture, $3,000; Commissioner of Indian\nAffairs, $3,000; Commissioner of Education $3,000; Commander of Marine\nCorps, $3,500; Supt. of Coast and Geodetic Survey, $6,000.\nUnited States Treasury.--Treasurer, $6,000; Register of Treasury,\n$4,000; Commissioner of Customs, $4,000.\nInternal Revenue Agencies.--Supervising Agents, $12 per day; 34 other\nagents, per day, $6 to $8.\nPostoffice Department, Washington.--Three Assistant\nPostmaster-Generals, $3,500; Chief Clerk, $2,200.\nPostmasters.--Postmasters are divided into four classes. First class,\n$3,000 to $4,000 (excepting New York City, which is $8,000); second\nclass, $2,000 to $3,000; third class, $1,000 to $2,000; fourth\nclass, less than $1,000. The first three classes are appointed by\nthe President, and confirmed by the Senate; those of fourth class are\nappointed by the Postmaster-General.\nDiplomatic appointments.--Ministers to Germany, Great Britain, France\nand Russia, $17,500; Ministers to Brazil, China, Austria-Hungary,\nItaly, Mexico, Japan and Spain, $12,000; Ministers to Chili, Peru and\nCentral Amer., $10,000; Ministers to Argentine Confederation, Hawaiian\nIslands, Belgium, Hayti, Columbia, Netherlands, Sweden, Turkey and\nVenezuela, $7,500; Ministers to Switzerland, Denmark, Paraguay,\nBolivia and Portugal, $5,000; Minister to Liberia, $4,000.\nArmy Officers.--General, $13,500; Lieut.-General, $11,000;\nMajor-General, $7,500; Brigadier-General, $5,500; Colonel, $3,500;\nLieutenant-Colonel, $3,000; Major, $2,500; Captain, mounted, $2,000;\nCaptain, not mounted, $1,800; Regimental Adjutant, $1,800; Regimental\nQuartermaster, $1,800; 1st Lieutenant, mounted, $1,600; 1st\nLieutenant, not mounted, $1,500; 2d Lieutenant, mounted, $1,500; 2d\nLieutenant, not mounted, $1,400; Chaplain, $1,500.\nNavy Officers.--Admiral, $13,000; Vice-Admiral, $9,000; Rear-Admirals,\n$6,000; Commodores, $5,000; Captains, $45,000; Commanders, $3,500;\nLieut.-Commanders, $2,800; Lieutenants, $2,400; Masters, $1,800;\nEnsigns, $1,200; Midshipmen, $1,000; Cadet Midshipmen, $500; Mates,\n$900; Medical and Pay Directors and Medical and Pay Inspectors and\nChief Engineers, $4,400; Fleet Surgeons, Fleet Paymasters and Fleet\nEngineers, $4,400; Surgeons and Paymasters, $2,800; Chaplains, $2,500.\nCHRONOLOGY OF IMPORTANT EVENTS.\nBEFORE CHRIST.\n      The Deluge: 2348\n      Babylon built: 2247\n      Birth of Abraham: 1993\n      Death of Joseph: 1635\n      Moses born: 1571\n      Athens founded: 1556\n      The Pyramids built: 1250\n      Solomon's Temple finished: 1004\n      Rome founded: 753\n      Jerusalem destroyed: 587\n      Babylon taken by Jews: 538\n      Death of Socrates: 400\n      Rome taken by the Gauls: 835\n      Paper invented in China: 170\n      Carthage destroyed: 146\n      Caesar landed in Britain: 55\n      Caesar killed: 44\n      Birth of Christ: 0\nAFTER CHRIST.\n      Death of Augustus: 14\n      Pilate, governor of Judea: 27\n      Jesus Christ crucified: 33\n      Claudius visited Britain: 43\n      St. Paul put to death: 67\n      Death of Josephus: 93\n      Jerusalem rebuilt: 131\n      The Romans destroyed 580,000 Jews and banished the rest\n      The Bible in Gothic: 373\n      Horseshoes made of iron: 481\n      Latin tongue ceased to be spoken: 580\n      Pens made of quills: 635\n      Organs used: 660\n      Glass in England: 663\n      Bank of Venice established: 1157\n      Glass windows first used for lights: 1180\n      Mariner's compass used: 1200\n      Coal dug for fuel: 1234\n      Chimneys first put to houses: 1236\n      Spectacles invented by an Italian: 1240\n      The first English House of Commons: 1258\n      Tallow candles for lights: 1200\n      Paper made from linen: 1302\n      Gunpowder invented: 1340\n      Woolen cloth made in England: 1341\n      Printing invented: 1436\n      The first almanac: 1470\n      America discovered: 1492\n      First book printed in England: 1507\n      Luther began to preach: 1517\n      Interest fixed at ten per cent. in England: 1547\n      Telescopes invented: 1549\n      First coach made in England: 1564\n      Clocks first made in England: 1568\n      Bank of England incorporated: 1594\n      Shakespeare died: 1616\n      Circulation of the blood discovered: 1619\n      Barometer invented: 1623\n      First newspaper: 1629\n      Death of Galileo: 1643\n      Steam engine invented: 1649\n      Great fire in London: 1666\n      Cotton planted in the United States: 1759\n      Commencement of the American war: 1775\n      Declaration of American Independence: 1776\n      Recognition of American Independence: 1782\n      Bank of England suspended cash payment: 1791\n      Napoleon I. crowned emperor: 1804\n      Death of Napoleon: 1820\n      Telegraph invented by Morse: 1832\n      First daguerreotype in France: 1839\n      Beginning of the American civil war: 1861\n      End of the American civil war: 1865\n      Abraham Lincoln died: 1865\n      Great Chicago Fire: 1871\n      Jas. A. Garfield died: 1881\nINTERESTING FACTS ABOUT OUR BODIES.\nThe weight of the male infant at birth is 7 lbs. avoirdupois; that of\nthe female is not quite 6-1/2 lbs. The maximum weight (140-1/2 lbs.)\nof the male is attained at the age of 40; that of the female (nearly\n124 lbs.) is not attained until 50; from which ages they decline\nafterward, the male to 127-1/4 lbs., the female to 100 lbs., nearly a\nstone. The full-grown adult is 20 times as heavy as a new-born\ninfant. In the first year he triples his weight, afterwards the growth\nproceeds in geometrical progression, so that if 50 infants in their\nfirst year weigh 1,000 lbs., they will in the second weigh 1,210 lbs.;\nin the third 1,331: in the fourth 1464 lbs.; the term remaining very\nconstant up to the ages of 11-12 in females, and 12-13 in males, where\nit must be nearly doubled; afterwards it may be continued, and will be\nfound very nearly correct up to the age of 18 or 19, when the growth\nproceeds very slowly. At an equality of age the male is generally\nheavier than the female. Towards the age of 12 years only an\nindividual of each sex has the same weight. The male attains the\nmaximum weight at about the age of 40, and he begins to lose it very\nsensibly toward 60. At 80 he loses about 13.2328 lbs., and the stature\nis diminished 2.756 inches. Females attain their maximum weight at\nabout 50. The mean weight of a mature man is 104 lbs., and of an\naverage woman 94 lbs. In old age they lose about 12 or 14 lbs. Men\nweigh most at 40, women at 50, and begin to lose weight at 60. The\nmean weight of both sexes in old age is that which they had at 19.\nWhen the male and female have assumed their complete development they\nweigh almost exactly 20 times as much as at birth, while the stature\nis about 3-1/2 times greater. Children lose weight during the first\nthree days after birth; at the age of a week they sensibly increase;\nafter one year they triple their weight; then they require six years\nto double their weight, and 13 to quadruple it.\nIt has been computed that nearly two years' sickness is experienced by\nevery person before he is 70 years old, and therefore that 10 days per\nannum is the average sickness of human life. Till 40 it is but half,\nand after 50 it rapidly increases. The mixed and fanciful diet of man\nis considered the cause of numerous diseases from which animals are\nexempt. Many diseases have abated with changes of diet, and others are\nvirulent in particular countries, arising from peculiarities.\nHuman Longevity.--Of 100,000 male and female children, in the first\nmonth they are reduced to 90,396, or nearly a tenth. In the second,\nto 87,936. In the third, to 86,175. In the fourth, to 84,720. In the\nfifth, to 83,571. In the sixth, to 82,526, and at the end of the first\nyear to 77,528, the deaths being 2 to 9. The next four years reduce\nthe 77,528 to 62,448, indicating 37,552 deaths before the completion\nof the fifth year.\nAt 25 years the 100,000 are half, or 49,995; at 52, one-third. At\n58-1/2, a fourth, or 25,000; at 67, a fifth; at 76, a tenth; at 81, a\ntwentieth, or 5,000; and ten attain 100. Children die in large\nproportions because their diseases cannot be explained, and because the\norgans are not habituated to the functions of life. The mean of life\nvaries in different countries from 40 to 45. A generation from father to\nson is about 30 years; of men in general five-sixths die before 70, and\nfifteen-sixteenths before 80. After 80 it is rather endurance than\nenjoyment. The nerves are blunted, the senses fail, the muscles are\nrigid, the softer tubes become hard, the memory fails, the brain\nossifies, the affections are buried, and hope ceases. The remaining\none-sixteenth die at 80; except a one-thirty-third, at 90. The remainder\ndie from inability to live, at or before 100.\nAbout the age of 36 the lean man usually becomes fatter and the fat\nman leaner. Again, between the years of 43 and 50 his appetite fails,\nhis complexion fades, and his tongue is apt to be furred on the least\nexertion of body or mind. At this period his muscles become flabby,\nhis joints weak; his spirits droop, and his sleep is imperfect and\nunrefreshing. After suffering under these complaints a year, or\nperhaps two, he starts afresh with renewed vigor, and goes on to 61 or\n62, when a similar change takes place, but with aggravated symptoms.\nWhen these grand periods have been successively passed, the gravity of\nincumbent years is more strongly marked, and he begins to boast of his\nage.\nIn Russia, much more than in any other country, instances of longevity\nare numerous, if true. In the report of the Holy Synod, in 1827,\nduring the year 1825, and only among the Greek religion, 848 men had\nreached upward of 100 years of age; 32 had passed their 120th year, 4\nfrom 130 to 135. Out of 606,818 men who died in 1826, 2,765 were above\n90; 1,432 above 95, and 848 above 100 years of age. Among this last\nnumber 88 were above 115; 24 more than 120; 7 above 125, and one 130.\nRiley asserts that Arabs in the Desert live 200 years.\nOn the average, men have their first-born at 30 and women at 28.\nThe greatest number of deliveries take place between 25 and 35. The\ngreatest number of deliveries take place in the winter months, and in\nFebruary, and the smallest in July, i.e., to February, as 4 to 5 in\ntowns and 3 to 4 in the country. The night births are to the day as 5\nto 4.\nHuman Strength.--In Schulze's experiments on human strength, he found\nthat men of five feet, weighing 126 lbs., could lift vertically 156\nlbs. 8 inches; 217 lbs. 1.2 inches. Others, 6.1 feet, weighing 183\nlbs., 156 lbs. 13 inches, and 217 lbs. 6 inches; others 6 feet 3\ninches, weighing 158 lbs., 156 lbs. 16 inches, and 217 lbs. 9 inches.\nBy a great variety of experiments he determined the mean human\nstrength at 30 lbs., with a velocity of 2.5 feet per second; or it is\nequal to the raising half a hogshead 10 feet in a minute.\nRULES FOR SPELLING.\nWords ending in _e_ drop that letter before the termination _able_,\nas in move, movable; unless ending in _ce_ or _ge_, when it is\nretained, as in change, changeable, etc.\nWords of one syllable, ending in a consonant, with a single vowel\nbefore it, double the consonants in derivatives; as, ship, shipping,\netc. But if ending in a consonant with a double vowel before it, they\ndo not double the consonant in derivatives; as, troop, trooper, etc.\nWords of more than one syllable, ending in a consonant preceded by a\nsingle vowel, and accented on the last syllable, double that consonant\nin derivatives; as, commit, committed; but except chagrin, chagrined.\nAll words of one syllable ending in _l_, with a single vowel before\nit, have _ll_ at the close; as mill, sell. All words of one syllable\nending in _l_, with a double vowel before it, have only one _l_ at the\nclose; as mail, sail.\nThe words foretell, distill, instill and fulfill, retain the _ll_\nof their primitives. Derivatives of dull, skill, will and full also\nretain the _ll_ when the accent falls on these words; as dullness,\nskillfull, willfull, fullness.\nWords of more than one syllable ending in _l_ have only one _l_ at the\nclose; as delightful, faithful; unless the accent falls on the last\nsyllable; as befall, etc.\nWords ending in _l_, double the letter in the termination _ly_.\nParticiples ending in _ing_, from verbs ending in _e_, lose the final\n_e_; as have, having; make, making, etc; but verbs ending in _ee_\nretain both; as see, seeing. The word dye, to color, however, must\nretain the _e_ before _ing_. All verbs ending in _ly_, and nouns\nending in _ment_, retain the _e_ final of the primitives; as brave,\nbravely; refine, refinement; except words ending in _dge_; as,\nacknowledge, acknowledgment.\nNouns ending in _y_, preceded by a vowel, form their plural by adding\n_s_; as money, moneys; but if _y_ is preceded by a consonant, it is\nchanged to _ies_ in the plural; as bounty, bounties.\nCompound words whose primitives end in _y_, change the _y_ into _i_;\nas beauty, beautiful.\nTHE USE OF CAPITALS.\nEvery entire sentence should begin with a capital.\nProper names, and adjectives derived from these, should begin with a\ncapital.\nAll appellations of the Deity should begin with a capital. Official\nand honorary titles should begin with a capital.\nEvery line of poetry should begin with a capital.\nTitles of books and the heads of their chapters and divisions are\nprinted in capitals.\nThe pronoun I and the exclamation O are always capitals.\nThe days of the week and the months of the year begin with capitals.\nEvery quotation should begin with a capital letter.\nNames of religious denominations begin with capitals.\nIn preparing accounts each item should begin with a capital.\nAny word of very special importance may begin with a capital.\nTWENTY CHOICE COURSE DINNER MENUS.\n1. Rice Soup, Baked Pike, Mashed Potatoes, Roast of Beef, Stewed Corn,\nChicken Fricassee, Celery Salad, Compote of Oranges, Plain Custard,\nCheese, Wafers, Coffee.\n2. Mutton Soup, Fried Oysters, Stewed Potatoes, Boiled Corn Beef,\nCabbage, Turnips, Roast Pheasants, Onion Salad, Apple Pie, White\nCustard, Bent's Water Crackers, Cheese, Coffee.\n3. Oyster Soup, Roast Mutton, Baked Potatoes, Breaded Veal Cutlets,\nTomato Sauce, Baked Celery, Cabbage Salad, Apple Custard, Sponge Cake,\nCheese, Coffee.\n4. Macaroni Soup, Boiled Chicken, with Oysters, Mutton Chops, Creamed\nPotatoes, Stewed Tomatoes, Pickled Beets, Peaches and Rice, Plain\nCake, Cheese, Coffee.\n5. Tapioca Soup, Boiled Halibut, Duchesse Potatoes, Roast Beef Tongue,\nCanned Peas, Baked Macaroni, with Gravy, Fried Sweet Potatoes, Beet\nSalad, Cornstarch Pudding, Jelly Tarts, Cheese, Wafers, Coffee.\n6. Vegetable Soup, Boiled Trout, Oyster Sauce, Roast Veal, with\nDressing, Boiled Potatoes, Stewed Tomatoes, Corn, Egg Salad, Snow\nCream, Peach Pie, Sultana Biscuit, Cheese, Coffee.\n7. Potato Soup, Oyster Patties, Whipped Potatoes, Roast Mutton, with\nSpinach, Beets, Fried Parsnips, Egg Sauce, Celery Salad, Boiled Custard,\nLemon Tarts, White Cake, Cheese, Coffee.\n8. Veal Soup, Boiled Shad, Caper Sauce, Porterhouse Steak, with\nMushrooms, Pigeon Pie, Mashed Potatoes, Pickles, Rice Sponge Cakes,\nCheese, Canned Apricots with Cream, Coffee.\n9. Giblet Soup, Scalloped Clams, Potato Cakes, Lamb Chops, Canned\nBeans, Tomatoes, Sweet Potatoes, Salmon Salad, Charlotte Rasse,\nApricot Tarts, Cheese, Coffee.\n10. Vermicelli Soup, Fried Small Fish, Mashed Potatoes, Roast Beef,\nMinced Cabbage, Chicken Croquettes, Beet Salad, Stewed Pears, Plain\nSponge Cake, Cheese, Coffee.\n11. Oxtail Soup, Fricasseed Chicken with Oysters, Breaded Mutton\nChops, Turnips, Duchesse Potatoes, Chow-chow Salad, Chocolate Pudding,\nNut Cake, Cheese, Coffee.\n12. Barley Soup, Boiled Trout, Creamed Potatoes, Roast Loin of Veal,\nStewed Mushrooms, Broiled Chicken, Lettuce Salad, Fig Pudding, Wafers,\nCheese, Coffee.\n13. Noodle Soup, Salmon, with Oyster Sauce, Fried Potatoes, Glazed\nBeef, Boiled Spinach, Parsnips, with Cream Sauce, Celery, Plain Rice\nPudding, with Custard Sauce, Current Cake, Cheese, Coffee.\n14. Lobster Soup, Baked Ribs of Beef, with Browned Potatoes, Boiled\nDuck, with Onion Sauce, Turnips, Stewed Tomatoes, Lettuce, Delmonico\nPudding, Cheese, Sliced Oranges, Wafers, Coffee.\n15. Chicken Broth, Baked Whitefish, Boiled Potatoes, Canned Peas,\nMutton Chops, Tomatoes, Beets, Celery Salad, Apple Trifle, Lady\nFingers, Cheese. Coffee.\n10. Sago Soup, Boiled Leg of Mutton, Caper Sauce, Stewed Potatoes,\nCanned Corn, Scalloped Oysters, with Cream Sauce, Celery and Lettuce\nSalad, Marmalade Fritters, Apple Custard, Cheese Cakes, Coffee.\n17. Vegetable Soup, Broiled Shad, Lyonnaise Potatoes, Pork Chops,\nwith Sage Dressing, Parsnip Fritters, Macaroni and Gravy, Cauliflower\nSalad, Rhubarb Tarts, Silver Cake, Cheese, Coffee.\n18. Chicken Soup, with Rice, Codfish, Boiled, with Cream Sauce, Roast\nVeal, Tomatoes, Oyster Salad, Boiled Potatoes, Asparagus, Orange\nJelly, White Cake, Cheese, Coffee.\n19. Macaroni Soup, Fried Shad, Tomato Sauce, Roast Mutton, Mashed\nPotatoes, Boiled Tongue, with Mayonnaise Dressing, Fried Parsnips,\nCanned Beans, Lemon Puffs, Cheese Cakes, Fruit, Coffee.\n20. Scotch Broth, Baked Halibut, Boiled Potatoes, Breaded Mutton\nChops, Tomato Sauce, Spinach, Bean Salad, Asparagus and Eggs, Peach\nBatter Pudding, with Sauce, Wafers, Cheese, Coffee.\nTERMS USED IN MEDICINE.\nAnthelmintics are medicines which have the power of destroying or\nexpelling worms from the intestinal canal.\nAntiscorbutics are medicines which prevent or cure the scurvy.\nAntispasmodics are medicines given to relieve spasm, or irregular and\npainful action of the muscles or muscular fibers, as in Epilepsy, St.\nVitus' Dance, etc.\nAromatics are medicines which have, a grateful smell and agreeable\npungent taste.\nAstringents are those remedies which, when applied to the body, render\nthe solids dense and firmer.\nCarminatives are those medicines which dispel flatulency of the\nstomach and bowels.\nCathartics are medicines which accelerate the action of the bowels, or\nincrease the discharge by stool.\nDemulcents are medicines suited to prevent the action of acrid and\nstimulating matters upon the mucous membranes of the throat, lungs,\netc.\nDiaphoretics are medicines that promote or cause perspirable discharge\nby the skin.\nDiuretics are medicines which increase the flow of urine by their\naction upon the kidneys.\nEmetics are those medicines which produce vomiting.\nEmmenagogues are medicines which promote the menstrual discharge.\nEmollients are those remedies which, when applied to the solids of the\nbody, render them soft and flexible.\nErrhines are substances which, when applied to the lining membrane of\nthe nostrils, occasion a discharge of mucous fluid.\nEpispastices are those which cause blisters when applied to the\nsurface.\nEscharotics are substances used to destroy a portion of the surface of\nthe body, forming sloughs.\nExpectorants are medicines capable of facilitating the excretion of\nmucous from the chest.\nNarcotics are those substances having the property of diminishing the\naction of the nervous and vascular systems, and of inducing sleep.\nRubefacients are remedies which excite the vessels of the skin and\nincrease its heat and redness.\nSedatives are medicines which have the power of allaying the actions\nof the systems generally, or of lessening the exercise of some\nparticular function.\nSialagogues are medicines which increase the flow of the saliva.\nStimulants are medicines capable of exciting the vital energy, whether\nas exerted in sensation or motion.\nTonics are those medicines which increase the tone or healthy action,\nor strength of the living system.\nRULES FOR THE PRESERVATION OF HEALTH.\nPure atmospheric air is composed of nitrogen, oxygen and a very small\nproportion of carbonic acid gas. Air once breathed has lost the chief\npart of its oxygen, and acquired a proportionate increase of carbonic\nacid gas. Therefore, health requires that we breathe the same air once\nonly.\nThe solid part of our bodies is continually wasting and requires to be\nrepaired by fresh substances. Therefore, food, which is to repair the\nloss, should be taken with due regard to the exercise and waste of the\nbody.\nThe fluid part of our bodies also wastes constantly; there is but one\nfluid in animals, which is water. Therefore, water only is necessary,\nand no artifice can produce a better drink.\nThe fluid of our bodies is to the solid in proportion as nine to one.\nTherefore, a like proportion should prevail in the total amount of\nfood taken.\nLight exercises an important influence upon the growth and vigor of\nanimals and plants. Therefore, our dwellings should freely admit the\nsun's rays.\nDecomposing animal and vegetable substances yield various noxious\ngases, which enter the lungs and corrupt the blood. Therefore, all\nimpurities should be kept away from our abodes, and every precaution\nbe observed to secure a pure atmosphere.\nWarmth is essential to all the bodily functions. Therefore, an equal\nbodily temperature should be maintained by exercise, by clothing or by\nfire.\nExercise warms, invigorates and purifies the body; clothing preserves\nthe warmth the body generates; fire imparts warmth externally.\nTherefore, to obtain and preserve warmth, exercise and clothing are\npreferable to fire.\nFire consumes the oxygen of the air, and produces noxious gases.\nTherefore, the air is less pure in the presence of candles, gas or\ncoal fire, than otherwise, and the deterioration should be repaired by\nincreased ventilation. The skin is a highly-organized membrane, full\nof minute pores, cells, blood-vessels, and nerves; it imbibes moisture\nor throws it off according to the state of the atmosphere or the\ntemperature of the body. It also \"breathes,\" like the lungs (though\nless actively). All the internal organs sympathize with the skin.\nTherefore, it should be repeatedly cleansed.\nLate hours and anxious pursuits exhaust the nervous system and produce\ndisease and premature death. Therefore, the hours of labor and study\nshould be short.\nMental and bodily exercise are equally essential to the general health\nand happiness. Therefore, labor and study should succeed each other.\nMan will live most happily upon simple solids and fluids, of which\na sufficient but temperate quantity should be taken. Therefore,\nover-indulgence in strong drinks, tobacco, snuff, opium, and all mere\nindulgences, should be avoided.\nSudden alternations of heat and cold are dangerous (especially to the\nyoung and the aged). Therefore, clothing, in quantity and quality,\nshould be adapted to the alternations of night and day, and of the\nseasons. And therefore, also, drinking cold water when the body is\nhot, and hot tea and soups when cold are productive of many evils.\nNever visit a sick person (especially if the complaint be of a\ncontagious nature) with an empty stomach, as this disposes the system\nmore readily to receive the contagion. And in attending a sick person,\nplace yourself where the air passes from the door or window to the bed\nof the diseased; not between the diseased person and any fire that is\nin the room, as the heat of the fire will draw the infectious vapor in\nthat direction.\nMOTHER SHIPTON'S PROPHECY.--The lines known as \"Mother Shipton's\nProphecy\" were first published in England in 1485, before the\ndiscovery of America, and, of course, before any of the discoveries\nand inventions mentioned therein. All the events predicted have come\nto pass except that in the last two lines.\n      Carriages without horses shall go,\n      And accidents fill the world with woe.\n      Around the world thoughts shall fly\n      In the twinkling of an eye.\n      Waters shall yet more wonders do,\n      Now strange, yet shall be true.\n      The world upside down shall be,\n      And gold be found at root of tree.\n      Through hills man shall ride,\n      And no horse nor ass be at his side.\n      Under water man shall walk,\n      Shall ride, shall sleep, shall talk.\n      In the air men shall be seen\n      In white, in black, in green.\n      Iron in the water shall float,\n      As easy as a wooden boat.\n      Gold shall be found 'mid stone,\n      In a land that's now unknown.\n      Fire and water shall wonders do,\n      England shall at last admit a Jew.\n      And this world to an end shall come\n      In eighteen hundred and eighty-one.\nCAPTAIN KIDD, a notorious American pirate, was born about 1650. In\n1696 he was entrusted by the British Government with the command of\na privateer, and sailed from New York, for the purpose of suppressing\nthe numerous pirates then infesting the seas. He went to the East\nIndies, where he began a career of piracy, and returned to New York in\n1698 with a large amount of booty. He was soon after arrested, sent to\nEngland for trial, and executed in 1701.\nVALUE OF OLD AMERICAN COINS.--1793--Half cent, 75 cents; one cent,\n$2. 1794--Half cent, 20 cents, one cent, 10 cents; five cents, $1.25;\nfifty cents, $3; one dollar, $10. 1795--Half cent, 5 cents; one cent,\n5 cents; five cents, 25 cents; fifty cents, 55 cents; one dollar,\n$1.25. 1796--Half cent, $5; one cent, 10 cents; five cents $1; ten\ncents, 50 cents; twenty-five cents, $1; fifty cents, $10; one dollar,\n$1.50. 1797--Half cent, 5 cents; one cent, 5 cents; five cents, 50\ncents; ten cents, $1; fifty cents, $10; one dollar, $1.50. 1798--One\ncent, 5 cents; ten cents, $1; one dollar, $1.50. 1799--One cent, $5;\none dollar, $1.60. 1800--Half cent, 5 cents; one cent, 3 cents; five\ncents, 25 cents; [Transcriber's Note: The original text reads 'ten\ncents 1'] ten cents, $1; one dollar, $1.10. 1801--One cent, 3 cents;\nfive cents, $1; ten cents, $1; fifty cents, $2; one dollar, $1.25.\n1802--Half cent, 50 cents; one cent, 2 cents; ten cents, $1; fifty\ncents, $2; one dollar, $1.25. 1803--Half cent, 2 cents; one cent, 2\ncents; five cents, $10; [Transcriber's Note: The original text reads\n'ten cents, 1'] ten cents, $1; one dollar, $1.10. 1804--Half cent, 2\ncents; one cent, $2; five cents, 75 cents; ten cents, $2; twenty-five\ncents, 75 cents; one dollar, $100. 1805--Half cent, 2 cents; one cent,\n3 cents; five cents, $1.50; ten cents, 25 cents. 1806--Half cent, 2\ncents; one cent, 3 cents. 1807--Half cent, 2 cents; one cent, 3 cents;\nten cents, 25 cents. 1808--Half cent, 2 cents; one cent, 5 cents.\n1809--Half cent, 1 cent; one cent, 25 cents; ten cents, 50 cents.\n1810--Half cent, 5 cents; one cent, 5 cents. 1811--Half cent, 25\ncents; one cent, 10 cents; ten cents, 50 cents. 1812--One cent, 2\ncents. 1813--One cent, 5 cents. 1815--Fifty cents, $5. 1821--One cent,\n5 cents. 1822--Ten cents, $1. 1823--One cent, 5 cents; twenty-five\ncents, $10. 1824--Twenty-five cents, 40 cents. 1825--Half cent, 2\ncents. 1826--Half cent, 2 cents; one cent, 50 cents. 1827--One cent,\n3 cents; twenty-five cents, $10. 1828--Half cent, 1 cent; twenty-five\ncents, 30 cents. 1829--Half cent, 2 cents. 1830--Half cent, 2 cents.\n1832-'33-'34--Half cent, 2 cents. 1835--Half cent, 1 cent. 1836--Fifty\ncents, $3; one dollar, $3. 1838--Ten cents, 25 cents. 1839--One\ndollar, $10. 1846--Five cents, 50 cents. 1849-'50--Half cent, 5\ncents. 1851--Half cent, 1 cent; twenty-five cents, 30 cents; one\ndollar, $10.90. 1852--Twenty-five cents, 30 cents; fifty cents,\n$2; one dollar, $10. 1853--Half cent, 1 cent; twenty cents (with\nno arrows), $2.50; one dollar, $1.25. 1854--Half cent, 2 cents;\none dollar, $2. 1855-'57--Half cent, 5 cents; one dollar, $1.50.\n1856--Half cent, 5 cents; one dollar. $1.50. 1858--One dollar, $10.\n1863-'4-'5--Three cents, 95 cents. 1866--Half cent, 6 cents; three\ncents, 25 cents; five cents, 10 cents; twenty-five cents, 30 cents.\n1867--Three cents, 25 cents; five cents, 10 cents. 1868-'9--Three\ncents, 25 cents. 1870--Three cents, 15 cents. 1871--Two cents, 10\ncents; three cents, 25 cents. 1873--Two cents, 50 cents; three cents.\n50 cents. 1877-'8--Twenty cents, $1.50. These prices are for good\nordinary coins without holes. Fine specimens are worth more.\nLEANING TOWER OF PISA.--The leaning tower of Pisa was commenced in\n1152, and was not finished till the fourteenth century. Tho cathedral\nto which this belongs was erected to celebrate a triumph of the Pisans\nin the harbor of Palermo in 1063, when allied with the Normans to\ndrive the Saracens out of Sicily. It is a circular building, one\nhundred feet in diameter and 179 feet in extreme height, and has\nfine mosaic pavements, elaborately carved columns, and numerous\nbas-reliefs. The building is of white marble. The tower is divided\ninto eight stories, each having an outside gallery of seven feet\nprojection, and the topmost story overhangs the base about sixteen\nfeet, though, as the center of gravity is still ten feet within the\nbase, the building is perfectly safe. It has been supposed that this\ninclination was intentional, but the opinion that the foundation\nhas sunk is no doubt correct. It is most likely that the defective\nfoundation became perceptible before the tower had reached one-half\nits height, as at that elevation the unequal length of the columns\nexhibits an endeavor to restore the perpendicular, and at about the\nsame place the walls are strengthened with iron bars.\nWhat causes the water to flow out of an artesian well?--The\ntheoretical explanation of the phenomenon is easily understood.\nThe secondary and tertiary geological formations often present the\nappearance of immense basins, the boundary or rim of the basin having\nbeen formed by an upheaval of adjacent strata. In these formations it\noften happens that a porous stratum, consisting of sand, sandstone,\nchalk or other calcareous matter, is included between two impermeable\nlayers of clay, so as to form a flat [Transcriber's Note: The original\ntext reads 'porus'] porous U tube, continuous from side to side of\nthe valley, the outcrop on the surrounding hills forming the mouth\nof the tube. The rain filtering down through the porous layer to the\nbottom of the basin forms there a subterranean pool, which, with the\nliquid or semi-liquid column pressing upon it, constitutes a sort\nof huge natural hydrostatic bellows. Sometimes the pressure on\nthe superincumbent crust is so great as to cause an upheaval or\ndisturbance of the valley. It is obvious, then, that when a hole is\nbored down through the upper impermeable layer to the surface of the\nlake, the water will be forced up by the natural law of water seeking\nits level to a height above the surface of the valley, greater or\nless, according to the elevation of the level in the feeding column,\nthus forming a natural mountain on precisely the same principle as\nthat of most artificial fountains, where the water supply comes from a\nconsiderable height above the jet.\nHOW MANY CUBIC FEET THERE ARE IN A TON OF COAL.--There is a difference\nbetween a ton of hard coal and one of soft coal. For that matter, coal\nfrom different mines, whether hard or soft, differs in weight, and\nconsequently in cubic measure, according to quality. Then there is a\ndifference according to size. To illustrate, careful measurements have\nbeen made of Wilkes-barre anthracite, a fine quality of hard coal,\nwith the following results:\nFor soft coal the following measures may be taken as nearly correct;\nit is simply impossible to determine any exact rule, even for\nbituminous coal of the same district: Briar Hill coal, 44.8 cubic\nfeet per ton of 2,240 pounds; Pittsburgh, 47.8; Wilmington, Ill., 47;\nIndiana block coal, 42 to 43 cubic feet.\nThe dimensions of the great wall of China and of what it is built.--It\nruns from a point on the Gulf of Liantung, an arm of the Gulf of\nPechili in Northeastern China, westerly to the Yellow River; thence\nmakes a great bend to the south for nearly 100 miles, and then runs\nto the northwest for several hundred miles to the Desert of Gobi. Its\nlength is variously estimated to be from 1,250 to 1,500 miles. For the\nmost of this distance it runs through a mountainous country, keeping\non the ridges, and winding over many of the highest peaks. In some\nplaces it is only a formidable rampart, but most of the way it is\ncomposed of lofty walls of masonry and concrete, or impacted lime and\nclay, from 12 to 16 feet in thickness, and from 15 to 30 or 35 feet\nin height. The top of this wall is paved for hundreds of miles, and\ncrowned with crenallated battlements, and towers 30 to 40 feet high.\nIn numerous places the wall climbs such steep declivities that its\ntop ascends from height to height in flights of granite steps. An army\ncould march on the top of the wall for weeks and even months, moving\nin some places ten men abreast.\nLimits of Natural Vision.--This question is too indefinite for a\nspecific answer. The limits of vision vary with elevation, conditions\nof the atmosphere, intensity of illumination, and other modifying\nelements in different cases. In a clear day an object one foot above\na level plain may be seen at the distance of 1.31 miles; one ten feet\nhigh, 4.15 miles; one twenty feet high, 5.86 miles; one 100 feet high,\n13.1 miles; one a mile high, as the top of a mountain, 95.23 miles.\nThis allows seven inches (or, to be exact, 6.99 inches) for the\ncurvature of the earth, and assumes that the size and illumination of\nthe object are sufficient to produce an image. Five miles may be taken\nas the extreme limit at which a man is visible on a flat plain to an\nobserver on the same level.\nTHE NIAGARA SUSPENSION BRIDGE.--For seven miles below the falls,\nNiagara river flows through a gorge varying in width from 200 to 400\nyards. Two miles below the falls the river is but 350 feet wide, and\nit is here that the great suspension bridge, constructed in 1855 by\nMr. Roebling, crosses the gorge, 245 feet above the water. The length\nof the span, from tower to tower, is 821 feet, and the total length of\nthe bridge is 2,220 feet. The length of the span, which is capable of\nsustaining a strain of 10,000 tons, is 821 feet from tower to tower,\nand the total length of the bridge is 2,220 feet. It is used both for\nrailway and wagon traffic, the wagon-road and foot-way being directly\nunder the railway bed. There is another suspension bridge across the\nNiagara river at a distance of only about fifty rods from the falls,\non the American side. This is only for carriages and foot travel. It\nwas finished in 1869. It is 1,190 feet long from cliff to cliff, 1,268\nfeet from tower to tower, and 190 feet above the river, which at this\npoint is a little over 900 feet in width.\nTHE SPEED OF SOUND.--It has been ascertained that a full human voice,\nspeaking in the open air, calm, can be heard at a distance of 400 feet;\nin an observable breeze a powerful human voice with the wind is audible\nat a distance of 15,840 feet; the report of a musket, 16,000 feet; a\ndrum, 10,560 feet; music, a strong brass band, 15,840 feet; very heavy\ncannonading, 575,000 feet, or 90 miles. In the Arctic regions\nconversation has been maintained over water a distance of 6,766 feet. In\ngases the velocity of sound increases with the temperature; in air this\nincrease is about two feet per second for each degree centigrade. The\nvelocity of sound in oxygen gas at zero C. is 1,040 feet; in carbonic\nacid, 858 feet; in hydrogen, 4,164 feet. In 1827 Colladon and Sturm\ndetermined experimentally the velocity of sound in fresh water; the\nexperiment was made in the Lake of Geneva, and it was found to be 4,174\nfeet per second at a temperature of 15 degrees C. The velocity of sound\nin alcohol at 20 degrees C. is 4,218 feet; in ether at zero, 3,801; in\nsea water at 20 degrees C., 4,768. By direct measurements, carefully\nmade, by observing at night the interval which elapses between the flash\nand report of a cannon at a known distance, the velocity of sound has\nbeen about 1,090 per second at the temperature of freezing water.\nDESCRIPTION OF THE YELLOWSTONE PARK.--The Yellowstone National Park\nextends sixty-five miles north and south, and fifty-five miles east\nand west, comprising 3,575 square miles, and is all 6,000 feet or more\nabove sea-level. Yellowstone Lake, twenty miles by fifteen, has an\naltitude of 7,788 feet. The mountain ranges which hem in the valleys\non every side rise to the height of 10,000 to 12,000 feet, and are\nalways covered with snow. This great park contains the most striking\nof all the mountains, gorges, falls, rivers and lakes in the whole\nYellowstone region. The springs on Gardiner's River cover an area of\nabout one square mile, and three or four square miles thereabout are\noccupied by the remains of springs which have ceased to flow. The\nnatural basins into which these springs flow are from four to six feet\nin diameter and from one to four feet in depth. The principal ones are\nlocated upon terraces midway up the sides of the mountain. The banks\nof the Yellowstone River abound with ravines and canons, which are\ncarved out of the heart of the mountains through the hardest of rocks.\nThe most remarkable of these is the canon of Tower Creek and Column\nMountain. The latter, which extends along the eastern bank of the\nriver for upward of two miles, is said to resemble the Giant's\nCauseway. The canon of Tower Creek is about ten miles in length and\nis so deep and gloomy that it is called \"The Devil's Den.\" Where\nTower Creek ends the Grand Canon begins. It is twenty miles in length,\nimpassable throughout, and inaccessible at the water's edge, except\nat a few points. Its rugged edges are from 200 to 500 yards apart, and\nits depth is so profound that no sound ever reaches the ear from the\nbottom. The Grand Canon contains a great multitude of hot springs of\nsulphur, sulphate of copper, alum, etc. In the number and magnitude\nof its hot springs and geysers, the Yellowstone Park surpasses all\nthe rest of the world. There are probably fifty geysers that throw a\ncolumn of water to the height of from 50 to 200 feet, and it is stated\nthat there are not fewer than 5,000 springs; there are two kinds,\nthose depositing lime and those depositing silica. The temperature of\nthe calcareous springs is from 160 to 170 degrees, while that of the\nothers rises to 200 or more. The principal collections are the upper\nand lower geyser basins of the Madison River, and the calcareous\nsprings on Gardiner's River. The great falls are marvels to which\nadventurous travelers have gone only to return and report that they\nare parts of the wonders of this new American wonderland.\nDESIGNATIONS OF GROUPS OF ANIMALS.--The ingenuity of the sportsman\nis, perhaps, no better illustrated than by the use he puts the English\nlanguage to in designating particular groups of animals. The following\nis a list of the terms which have been applied to the various classes:\nA covey of patridges, A nide of pheasants, A wisp of snipe, A flight\nof doves or swallows, A muster of peacocks, A siege of herons, A\nbuilding of rooks, A brood of grouse, A plump of wild fowl, A stand of\nplovers, A watch of nightingales, A clattering of choughs, A flock of\ngeese, A herd or bunch of cattle, A bevy of quails, A cast of hawks,\nA trip of dottrell, A swarm of bees, A school of whales, A shoal of\nherrings, A herd of swine, A skulk of foxes, A pack of wolves, A drove\nof oxen, A sounder of hogs, A troop of monkeys, A pride of lions, A\nsleuth of bears, A gang of elk.\nTHE BUNKER HILL MONUMENT.--The monument is a square shaft, built of\nQuincy granite, 221 feet high, 31 feet square at the base and 15 at\nthe top. Its foundations are inclosed 12 feet under ground. Inside the\nshaft is a round, hollow cone, 7 feet wide at the bottom and 4 feet\n2 inches at the top, encircled by a winding staircase of 224 stone\nsteps, which leads to a chamber immediately under the apex, 11 feet\nin diameter. The chamber has four windows, which afford a wide view of\nthe surrounding country, and contains two cannons, named respectively\nHancock and Adams, which were used in many engagements during the war.\nThe corner-stone of the monument was laid on the fiftieth anniversary\nof the battle, June 17, 1825, by Lafayette, who was then visiting\nAmerica, when Webster pronounced the oration. The monument was\ncompleted, and June 17, 1843, was dedicated, Webster again delivering\nthe oration.\nTHE SEVEN WISE MEN OF GREECE.--The names generally given are\nSolon, Chilo, Pittacus, Bias, Periander (in place of whom some give\nEpimenides), Cleobulus, and Thales. They were the authors of the\ncelebrated mottoes inscribed in later days in the Delphian Temple.\nThese mottoes were as follows:\n\"Know thyself.\"--Solon.\n\"Consider the end.\"--Chilo.\n\"Know thy opportunity.\"--Pittacus.\n\"Most men are bad.\"--Bias.\n\"Nothing is impossible to industry.\"--Periander.\n\"Avoid excesses.\"--Cleobulus.\n\"Suretyship is the precursor of ruin.\"--Thales.\nFIRST STEAMBOAT ON THE MISSISSIPPI.--Nicholas J. Roosevelt was the\nfirst to take a steamboat down the great river. His boat was built\nat Pittsburgh, in the year 1811, under an arrangement with Fulton and\nLivingston, from Fulton's plans. It was called the \"New Orleans,\" was\nabout 200 tons burden, and was propelled by a stern-wheel, assisted,\nwhen the wind was favorable, by sails carried on two masts. The hull\nwas 138 feet long, 30 feet beam, and the cost of the whole, including\nengines, was about $40,000. The builder, with his family, an engineer,\na pilot, and six \"deck hands,\" left Pittsburgh in October, 1811,\nreaching Louisville in about seventy hours (steaming about ten miles\nan hour), and New Orleans in fourteen days, steaming from Natchez.\nTHE EXPLORATIONS OF FREMONT.--- Among the earliest efforts of Fremont,\nafter he had tried and been sickened by the sea, were his experiences as\na surveyor and engineer on railroad lines from Charleston to Augusta,\nGa., and Charleston to Cincinnati. Then he accompanied an army\ndetachment on a military reconnoissance of the mountainous Cherokee\ncountry in Georgia, North Carolina and Tennessee, made in the depth of\nwinter. In 1838-9 he accompanied M. Nicollet in explorations of the\ncountry between the Missouri and the British line, and his first detail\nof any importance, after he had been commissioned by President Van\nBuren, was to make an examination of the river Des Moines, then on the\nWestern frontier. In 1841 he projected his first trans-continental\nexpedition, and left Washington May 2, 1842, and accomplished the object\nof his trip, examined the South Pass, explored the Wind River mountains,\nascended in August, the highest peak of that range, now known as\nFremont's Peak, and returned, after an absence of four months. His\nreport of the expedition attracted great attention in the United States\nand abroad. Fremont began to plan another and a second expedition. He\ndetermined to extend his explorations across the continent; and in May,\n1843, commenced his journey with thirty-nine men, and September 6, after\ntraveling over 1,700 miles, arrived at the Great Salt Lake; there made\nsome important discoveries, and then pushed on to the upper Columbia,\ndown whose valley he proceeded to Fort Vancouver, near its mouth. On\nNov. 10, he set out to return East, selecting a southeasterly course,\nleading from the lower part of the Columbia to the upper Colorado,\nthrough an almost unknown region, crossed by high and rugged mountains.\nHe and his party suffered incredible hardships in crossing from the\nGreat Basin to Sutter's Fort on the Sacramento; started from there March\n24, proceeded southward, skirted the western base of the Sierra Nevada,\ncrossed that range through a gap, entered the Great Basin; again visited\nthe Great Salt Lake, from which they returned through the South Pass to\nKansas, in July, 1844, after an absence of fourteen months. In the\nspring of 1845 Fremont set out on a third expedition to explore the\nGreat Basin and the maritime region of Oregon and California; spent the\nsummer examining the headwaters of the rivers whose springs are in the\ngrand divide of the continent; in October camped on the shores of the\nGreat Salt Lake: proceeded to explore the Sierra Nevada, which he again\ncrossed in the dead of winter; made his way into the Valley of the San\nJoaquin; obtained permission, at Monterey, from the Mexican authorities\nthere, to proceed with his expedition, which permission was almost\nimmediately revoked, and Fremont peremptorily ordered to leave the\ncountry without delay, but he refused, and a collision was imminent, but\nwas averted, and Fremont proceeded toward San Joaquin. Near Tlamath\nLake, Fremont met, May 9, 1846, a party in search of him, with\ndispatches from Washington, ordering him to watch over the interests of\nthe United States in California, as there was reason to believe that\nprovince would be transferred to Great Britain. He at once returned to\nCalifornia; General Castro was already marching against our settlements;\nthe settlers rose in arms, flocked to Fremont's camp, and, with him as\nleader, in less than a month, all Northern California was freed from\nMexican authority; and on July 4 Fremont was elected Governor of\nCalifornia by the American settlers. Later came the conflict between\nCommodore Stockton and General Kearney; and Fremont resigned his\ncommission as Lieutenant-Colonel, to which he had been promoted. In\nOctober, 1848, he started across the continent on a fourth expedition,\noutfitted at his own expense, to find a practicable route to California.\nIn attempting to cross the great Sierra, covered with snow, his guide\nlost his way, and the party encountered horrible suffering from cold and\nhunger, a portion of them being driven to cannibalism; he lost all his\nanimals (he had 120 mules when he started), and one-third of his men (he\nhad thirty-three) perished, and he had to retrace his steps to Santa Fe.\nHe again set out, with thirty men, and, after a long search, discovered\na secure route, which led to the Sacramento, where he arrived in the\nspring of 1840. He led a fifth expedition across the continent in 1853,\nat his own expense, and found passes through the mountains in the line\nof latitude 38 deg., 39 min., and reached California after enduring\ngreat hardships; for fifty days his party lived on horse-flesh, and for\nforty-eight hours at a time without food of any kind. These are the\nbarest outlines of five expeditions of which many volumes have been\nwritten, but will hint at Fremont's work in the West which entitled him\nto the name of the \"Pathfinder.\"\nCHINESE PROVERBS.--The Chinese are indeed remarkably fond of proverbs.\nThey not only employ them in conversation--and even to a greater\ndegree than the Spaniards, who are noted among Europeans for the\nnumber and excellence of their proverbial sayings--but they have a\npractice of adorning their reception rooms with these sententious\nbits of wisdom, inscribed on decorated scrolls or embroidered on rich\ncrapes and brocades. They carve them on door-posts and pillars, and\nemblazon them on the walls and ceilings in gilt letters. The following\nare a few specimens of this sort of literature: As a sneer at the\nuse of unnecessary force to crush a contemptible enemy, they say:\n\"He rides a fierce dog to catch a lame rabbit.\" Similar to this is\nanother, \"To use a battle-ax to cut off a hen's head.\" They say of\nwicked associates: \"To cherish a bad man is like nourishing a tiger;\nif not well-fed he will devour you.\" Here are several others mingling\nwit with wisdom: \"To instigate a villain to do wrong is like teaching\na monkey to climb trees;\" \"To catch fish and throw away the net,\"\nwhich recalls our saying, \"Using the cat's paw to pull the chestnuts\nout of the fire;\" \"To climb a tree to catch a fish\" is to talk much\nto no purpose; \"A superficial scholar is a sheep dressed in a tiger's\nskin;\" \"A cuckoo in a magpie's nest,\" equivalent to saying, \"he is\nenjoying another's labor without compensation;\" \"If the blind lead\nthe blind they will both fall into the pit;\" \"A fair wind raises no\nstorm;\" \"Vast chasms can be filled, but the heart of man is never\nsatisfied;\" \"The body may be healed, but the mind is incurable;\" \"He\nseeks the ass, and lo! he sits upon him;\" \"He who looks at the sun is\ndazzled; he who hears the thunder is deafened.\" i.e., do not come too\nnear the powerful; \"Prevention is better than cure;\" \"Wine and good\ndinners make abundance of friends, but in adversity not one of them is\nto be found.\" \"Let every man sweep the snow from before his own door,\nand not trouble himself about the frost on his neighbor's tiles.\" The\nfollowing one is a gem of moral wisdom: \"Only correct yourself on the\nsame principle that you correct others, and excuse others on the same\nprinciples on which you excuse yourself.\" \"Better not be, than be\nnothing.\" \"One thread does not make a rope; one swallow does not make\na summer.\" \"Sensuality is the chief of sins, filial duty the best of\nacts.\" \"The horse's back is not so safe us the buffalo's\"--the former\nis used by the politician, the latter by the farmer. \"Too much lenity\nmultiplies crime.\" \"If you love your son give him plenty of the rod;\nif you hate him cram him with dainties.\" \"He is my teacher who tells\nme my faults, he my enemy who speaks my virtues.\" Having a wholesome\ndread of litigation, they say of one who goes to law, \"He sues a flea\nto catch a bite.\" Their equivalent for our \"coming out at the little\nend of the horn\" is, \"The farther the rat creeps up (or into) the\ncow's horn, the narrower it grows.\" The truth of their saying that\n\"The fame of good deeds does not leave a man's door, but his evil\nacts are known a thousand miles off,\" is illustrated in our own daily\npapers every morning. Finally, we close this list with a Chinese\nproverb which should be inscribed on the lintel of every door\nin Christendom: \"The happy-hearted man carries joy for all the\nhousehold.\"\nMASON AND DIXON'S LINE.--Mason and Dixon's line is the concurrent\nState line of Maryland and Pennsylvania. It is named after two eminent\nastronomers and [Transcriber's Note: The original text reads\n'mathemeticians'] mathematicians, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon,\nwho were sent out from England to run it. They completed the survey\nbetween 1703 and 1707, excepting thirty-six miles surveyed in 1782 by\nColonel Alex. McLean and Joseph Neville. It is in the latitude of 39\ndeg. 43 min. 26.3 sec.\nGREAT FIRES OF HISTORY.--The loss of life and property in the willful\ndestruction by fire and sword of the principal cities of ancient\nhistory--Nineveh, Babylon, Persepolis, Carthage, Palmyra, and\nmany others--is largely a matter of conjecture. The following is a\nmemorandum of the chief conflagrations of the current era:\nIn 64, A. D., during the reign of Nero, a terrible fire raged in Rome\nfor eight days, destroying ten of the fourteen wards. The loss of life\nand destruction of property is not known.\nIn 70 A. D., Jerusalem was taken by the Romans and a large part of it\ngiven to the torch, entailing an enormous destruction of life and\nproperty.\nIn 1106 Venice, then a city of immense opulence, was almost, wholly\nconsumed by a fire, originating in accident or incendiarism.\nIn 1212 the greater part of London was burned.\nIn 1606 what is known as the Great Fire of London raged in the city\nfrom September 2 to 6, consuming 13,200 houses, with St. Paul's\nChurch, 86 parish churches, 6 chapels, the Guild Hall, the Royal\nExchange, the Custom House, 52 companies halls, many hospitals,\nlibraries and other public edifices. The total destruction of property\nwas estimated at $53,652,500. Six lives were lost, and 436 acres burnt\nover.\nIn 1679 a fire in Boston burned all the warehouses, eighty dwellings,\nand vessels in the dock-yards; loss estimated at $1,000,000.\nIn 1700 a large part of Edinburgh was burned; loss unknown. In 1728\nCopenhagen was nearly destroyed; 1,650 houses burned.\nIn 1736 a fire in St. Petersburg burned 2,000 houses.\nIn 1729 a fire in Constantinople destroyed 12,000 houses, and 7,000\npeople perished. The same city suffered a conflagration in 1745,\nlasting five days; and in 1750 a series of three appalling fires:\none in January, consuming 10,000 houses; another in April destroying\nproperty to the value of $5,000,000, according to one historian, and\naccording to another, $15,000,000; and in the latter part of the year\nanother, sweeping fully 10,000 houses more out of existence. It seemed\nas if Constantinople was doomed to utter annihilation.\nIn 1751 a fire in Stockholm destroyed 1,000 houses and another fire in\nthe same city in 1759 burned 250 houses with a loss of $2,420,000.\nIn 1752 a fire in Moscow swept away 18,000 houses, involving an\nimmense loss.\nIn 1758 Christiania suffered a loss of $1,250,000 by conflagration. In\n1760 the Portsmouth (England) dock yards were burned, with a loss of\nIn 1764 a fire in Konigsburg, Prussia, consumed the public buildings,\nwith a loss of $3,000,000; and in 1769 the city was almost totally\ndestroyed.\nIn 1763 a fire in Smyrna destroyed 2,600 houses, with a loss of\n$1,000,000; in 1772 a fire in the same city carried off 3,000\ndwellings and 3,000 to 4,000 shops, entailing a loss of $20,000,000;\nand in 1796 there were 4,000 shops, mosques, magazines, etc., burned.\nIn 1776, six days after the British seized the city, a fire swept off\nall the west side of New York city, from Broadway to the river.\nIn 1771 a fire in Constantinople burned 2,500 houses; another in 1778\nburned 2,000 houses; in 1782 there were 600 houses burned in February,\n7,000 in June, and on August 12 during a conflagration that lasted\nthree days, 10,000 houses, 50 mosques, and 100 corn-mills, with a\nloss of 100 lives. Two years later a fire, on March 13, destroyed\ntwo-thirds of Pera, the loveliest suburb of Constantinople, and on\nAugust 5 a fire in the main city, lasting twenty-six hours, burned\n10,000 houses. In this same fire-scourged city, in 1791, between March\nand July, there were 32,000 houses burned, and about as many more\nin 1795; and in 1799 Pera was again swept with fire, with a loss of\n13,000 houses, including many buildings of great magnificence.\nIn 1784 a fire and explosion in the dock yards, Brest, caused a loss\nBut the greatest destruction of life and property by conflagration, of\nwhich the world has anything like accurate records, must be looked for\nwithin the current century. Of these the following is a partial list\nof instances in which the loss of property amounted to $3,000,000 and\nupward:\n   Dates--Cities: Property destroyed.\n   1812--Moscow, burned five days; 30,800 houses destroyed: 150,000,000\n   1816--Constantinople, 12,000 dwellings, 3,000 shops: ----\n   1822--Canton nearly destroyed: ----\n   1838--Charleston, 1,158 buildings: 3,000,000\n   1842--Hamburg, 4,219 buildings, 100 lives lost: 35,000,000\n   1845--New York, 35 persons killed: 7,500,000\n   1845--Quebec, June 28, 1,300 dwellings: ----\n   1846--St. Johns, Newfoundland: 5,000,000\n   1848--Constantinople, 2,500 buildings: 15,000,000\n   1851--San Francisco, May 4 and 5, many lives lost: 10,000,000\n   1851--San Francisco, June: 3,000,000\n   1861--Mendoza destroyed by earthquake and fire, 10,000 lives lost: ----\n   1802--Troy, N. Y., nearly destroyed: ----\n   1862--Valparaiso almost destroyed: ----\n   1864--Novgorod, immense destruction of property: ----\n   1865--Constantinople,  2,800 buildings burned: ----\n   1806--Yokohama, nearly destroyed: ----\n   1865--Carlstadt, Sweden, all consumed but Bishop's residence, hospital\n         and jail; 10 lives lost: ----\n   1866--Portland, Me., half the city: 11,000,000\n   1866--Quebec, 2,500 dwellings, 17 churches: ----\n   1870--Constantinople, Pera, suburb: 26,000,000\n   1871--Chicago--250 lives lost, 17,430 buildings burned, on 2,124 acres:\n   1871--Paris, fired by the Commune: 160,000,000\n   1877--Pittsburgh, caused by riot: 3,260,000\nFrom the above it appears that the five greatest fires on record,\nreckoned by destruction of property, are:\nTaking into account, with the fires of Paris and Chicago, the great\nWisconsin and Michigan forest fires of 1871, in which it is estimated\nthat 1,000 human beings perished and property to the amount of\nover $3,000,000 was consumed, it is plain that in the annals of\nconflagrations that year stands forth in gloomy pre-eminence.\nWEALTH OF THE UNITED STATES PER CAPITA.--The following statistics\nrepresent the amount of taxable property, real and personal, in each\nState and Territory, and also the amount per capita:\nTABLE FOR MEASURING AN ACRE.--To measure an acre in rectangular form\nis a simple question in arithmetic. One has only to divide the total\nnumber of square yards in an acre, 4,840, by the number of yards in\nthe known side or breadth to find the unknown side in yards. By this\nprocess it appears that a rectangular strip of ground--\n       5 yards wide by 968 yards long is 1 acre.\n      10 yards wide by 484 yards long is 1 acre.\n      20 yards wide by 242 yards long is 1 acre.\n      40 yards wide by 121 yards long is 1 acre.\n      80 yards wide by 60-1/2 yards long is 1 acre.\n      70 yards wide by 69-1/2 yards long is 1 acre.\n      60 yards wide by 80-3/8 yards long is 1 acre.\nTHE LANGUAGE OF GEMS.--The language of the various precious stones is\nas follows:\n      Moss Agate--Health, prosperity and long life.\n      Amethyst--Prevents violent passions.\n      Bloodstone--Courage, wisdom and firmness in affection.\n      Chrysolite--Frees from evil passions and sadness.\n      Emerald--Insures true love, discovers false.\n      Diamonds--Innocence, faith and virgin purity, friends.\n      Garnet--Constancy and fidelity in every engagement.\n      Opal--Sharpens the sight and faith of the possessor.\n      Pearl--Purity; gives clearness to physical and mental sight.\n      Ruby--Corrects evils resulting from mistaken friendship.\n      Sapphire--Repentance; frees from enchantment.\n      Sardonyx--Insures conjugal felicity.\n      Topaz--Fidelity and friendship; prevents bad dreams.\n      Turquoise--Insures prosperity in love.\nGREAT SALT LAKE AND THE DEAD SEA.--Great Salt Lake is a shallow body\nof water, its average depth being but a little more than three feet,\nwhile in many parts it is much less. The water is transparent, but\nexcessively salt; it contains about 22 per cent of common salt,\nslightly mixed with other salts, and forming one of the purest and\nmost concentrated brines in the world. Its specific gravity is 1.17.\nThe water is so buoyant that a man may float in it at full length upon\nhis back, having his head and neck, his legs to the knee, and both\narms to the elbow, entirely out of water. If he assumes a sitting\nposture, with his arms extended, his shoulders will rise above the\nwater. Swimming, however, is difficult as the lower limbs tend to rise\nabove the surface, and the brine is so strong that to swallow even\na very little of it will cause strangulation. The waters of the Dead\nSea, on the other hand, are nearly black, and contain much sulphur and\nbitumen, as well as salt. It is also very deep, varying from thirteen\nfeet near the south end of the lake to more than 1,300 feet in the\nnorthern part. Its buoyancy is quite equal to that of Great Salt Lake,\nfor travelers say that a man can float prone upon the surface for\nhours without danger of sinking, and in a sitting position is held\nbreast-high above the water.\nSOME FAMOUS WAR SONGS.--The slavery war developed several Union\nsong-writers whose stirring verses have kept on singing themselves\nsince the close of that great struggle. Two among them are best\nremembered nowadays, both men who wrote the words and composed the\nmusic to their own verses. Chicago lays claim to one, Dr. George\nF. Root, and Boston to the other, Henry C. Work. The song \"Marching\nThrough Georgia,\" as every one knows, was written in memory of\nSherman's famous march from Atlanta to the sea, and words and music\nwere the composition of Henry C. Work, who died not many months ago\n(in 1884). The first stanza is as follows: Bring the good old bugle,\nboys, we'll sing another song--Sing it with spirit that will start\nthe world along--Sing it as we used to sing it, fifty thousand strong,\nWhile we were marching through Georgia.\nChorus--\"Hurrah! hurrah! we bring the jubilee! Hurrah! hurrah! the\nflag that makes you free!\" So we sang the chorus from Atlanta to the\nsea, While we were marching through Georgia.\nAmong the other songs of Work the following are best known: \"Kingdom\nComing,\" or \"Say, Darkey, Hab You Seen de Massa?\" \"Babylon is Fallen,\"\n\"Grafted into the Army\" and \"Corporal Schnapps.\" This record would be\nincomplete were we to fail to mention some of the many ringing songs\nof George F. Root, songs which have made the name of Root famous in\nthousands upon thousands of households in the West. Some of these\nsongs are: \"Battle Cry of Freedom,\" \"Tramp, Tramp, Tramp,\" \"On, on,\non, the Boys Came Marching,\" \"Just Before the Battle, Mother,\" \"Just\nAfter the Battle,\" \"Lay Me Down and Save the Flag,\" \"Stand Up for\nUncle Sam, My Boys.\" The well known song, \"Wrap the Flag Around Me,\nBoys,\" was composed by R. Stewart Taylor, and \"When Johnny Cones\nMarching Home\" by Louis Lambert.\nTHE COST OF ROYALTY IN ENGLAND.--Her Majesty:\n      Salaries of household:         131,260\n      Expenses of household:         172,500\nCrown Princess of Prussia:             8,000\nPrincess Christian of\nPrincess Louise (Marchioness of Lome): 6,000\nDuchess of Cambridge:                  6,000\nDuchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz:       3,000\nSOME GREAT RIVERS.--From Haswell's little work for engineers and\nmechanics the following figures are taken, showing the lengths of the\nlargest rivers on the various continents:\n      Name: Miles.\n      EUROPE.\n      Volga, Russia: 2,500\n      Yeneisy and Selenga: 3,580\n      Euphrates: 1,900\n      AFRICA.\n      SOUTH AMERICA.\n      Amazon and Beni: 4,000\n      Rio Madeira: 2,300\n      Magdalena: 900\n      NORTH AMERICA.\n      Mississippi and Missouri: 4,300\n      Mackenzie: 2,800\n      Ohio and Alleghany: 1,480\n      St. Lawrence: 1,450\nThe figures as to the length of the Nile are estimated. The Amazon,\nwith its tributaries (including the Rio Negro and Madeira), drains\nan area of 2,330,000 square miles; the Mississippi and Missouri,\n1,726,000 square miles; the Yeneisy (or Yenisei, as it is often\nwritten) drains about 1,000,000 square miles; the Volga, about\n500,000. In this group of great rivers the St. Lawrence is the most\nremarkable. It constitutes by far the largest body of fresh water in\nthe world. Including the lakes and streams, which it comprises in its\nwidest acceptation, the St. Lawrence covers about 73,000 square miles;\nthe aggregate, it is estimated, represents not less than 9,000 solid\nmiles--a mass of water which would have taken upward of forty years\nto pour over Niagara at the computed rate of 1,000,000 cubic feet in\na second. As the entire basin of this water system falls short of\n300,000 square miles, the surface of the land is only three times that\nof the water.\nHOW THE UNITED STATES GOT ITS LANDS.--The United States bought\nLouisiana, the vast region between the Mississippi River, the eastern\nand northern boundary of Texas (then belonging to Spain), and the\ndividing ridge of the Rocky Mountains, together with what is now\nOregon, Washington Territory, and the western parts of Montana and\nIdaho, from France for $11,250,000. This was in 1803. Before the\nprincipal, interest, and claims of one sort and another assumed by\nthe United States were settled, the total cost of this \"Louisiana\npurchase,\" comprising, according to French construction and our\nunderstanding, 1,171,931 square miles, swelled to $23,500,000, or\nalmost $25 per section--a fact not stated in cyclopedias and school\nhistories, and therefore not generally understood. Spain still held\nFlorida and claimed a part of what we understood to be included in the\nLouisiana purchase--a strip up to north latitude 31--and disputed our\nboundary along the south and west, and even claimed Oregon. We bought\nFlorida and all the disputed land east of the Mississippi and her\nclaim to Oregon, and settled our southwestern boundary dispute for the\nsum of $6,500,000. Texas smilingly proposed annexation to the United\nStates, and this great government was \"taken in\" December 29, 1845,\nTexas keeping her public lands and giving us all her State debts and\na three-year war (costing us $66,000,000) with Mexico, who claimed\nher for a runaway from Mexican jurisdiction. This was a bargain that\nout-yankeed the Yankees, but the South insisted on it and the North\nsubmitted. After conquering all the territory now embraced in New\nMexico, a part of Colorado, Arizona, Utah, Nevada and California, we\npaid Mexico $25,000,000 for it--$15,000,000 for the greater part of it\nand $10,000,000 for another slice, known as the \"Gadsden purchase.\"\nIn 1867 we bought Alaska from Russia for $7,200,000. All the several\namounts above named were paid long ago. As for all the rest of our\nlanded possessions, we took them with us when we cut loose from mother\nBritain's apron string, but did not get a clear title until we had\nfought ten years for it--first in the Revolutionary War, costing us in\nkilled 7,343 reported--besides the unreported killed--and over 15,000\nwounded, and $135,193,103 in money; afterward in the War of 1812-15,\ncosting us in killed 1,877, in wounded 3,737, in money $107,159,003.\nWe have paid everybody but the Indians, the only real owners, and,\nthanks to gunpowder, sword, bayonet, bad whisky, small-pox, cholera\nand other weapons of civilization, there are not many of them left to\ncomplain. Besides all the beads, earrings, blankets, pots, kettles,\nbrass buttons, etc., given them for land titles in the olden times, we\npaid them, or the Indian agents, in one way and another, in the ninety\nyears from 1791 to 1881, inclusive, $193,672,697.31, to say nothing\nof the thousands of lives sacrificed and many millions spent in Indian\nwars, from the war of King Philip to the last fight with the Apaches.\nILLUSTRIOUS MEN AND WOMEN.--It is not likely that any two persons would\nagree as to who are entitled to the first fifty places on the roll of\ngreat men and great women. Using \"great\" in the sense of eminence in\ntheir professions, of great military commanders the following are among\nthe chief: Sesostris, the Egyptian conqueror, who is represented as\nhaving subdued all Asia to the Oxus and the Ganges, Ethiopia, and a part\nof Europe; Cyrus the Great; Alexander the Great; Hannibal; Che-Hwanti,\nwho reduced all the kingdoms of China and Indo-China to one empire, and\nconstructed the Great Wall; C\u00e6sar; Genghis Khan, the Tartar chief, who\noverran all Asia and a considerable part of Europe; Napoleon Bonaparte;\nUlysses S. Grant, and General Von Moltke. Among the most illustrious\nbenefactors of mankind, as statesmen, lawgivers and patriots, stand\nMoses, David, Solon, Numa Pompilius, Zoroaster, Confucius, Justinian,\nCharlemagne, Cromwell, Washington and Lincoln. Eminent among the\nphilosophers, rhetoricians and logicians stand Socrates, Plato,\nAristotle, Seneca, the two Catos, and Lord Bacon; among orators,\nPericles, Demosthenes, Cicero, Mirabeau, Burke, Webster and Clay; among\npoets, Homer, Virgil, Dante, Milton, and Shakespeare; among painters and\nsculptors, Phidias, Parrhasius, Zenxis, Praxiteles, Scopas, Michael\nAngelo, Raphael and Rubens; among philanthropists, John Howard; among\ninventors, Archimedes, Watt, Fulton, Arkwright, Whitney and Morse; among\nastronomers, Copernicus, Galileo, Tycho Brahe, Newton, La Place and the\nelder Herschel. Here are sixty names of distinguished men, and yet the\ngreat religious leaders, excepting Moses and Zoroaster, have not been\nnamed. Among these stand Siddhartha or Buddha, Mahomet, Martin Luther,\nJohn Knox and John Wesley. Then the great explorers and geographers of\nthe world have not been noticed, among whom Herodotus, Strabo, Pliny,\nVasco de Gama, Columbus and Humboldt barely lead the van.\nOf eminent women there are Seling, wife of the Emperor Hwang-ti, B.\nC. 2637, who taught her people the art of silk-raising and weaving;\nSemiramis, the Assyrian Queen; Deborah, the heroic warrior prophetess\nof the Israelites; Queen Esther, who, with the counsel of her cousin,\nMordecai, not only saved the Jews from extermination, but lifted\nthem from a condition of slavery into prosperity and power; Dido, the\nfounder of Carthage; Sappho, the eminent Grecian poetess; Hypatia, the\neloquent philosopher; Mary, the mother of Christ; Zenobia, Queen of\nPalmyra; the mother of St. Augustine; Elizabeth of Hungary; Queen\nElizabeth of England; Queen Isabella of Spain; the Empress Maria\nTheresa; Margaret the Great of Denmark; Catherine the Great of Russia,\nQueen Victoria; Florence Nightingale; Mme. de Stael: Mrs. Fry, the\nphilanthropist; among authoresses, Mrs. Hemans, Mrs. Sigourney, Mrs.\nBrowning, \"George Sand,\" \"George Eliot,\" and Mrs. Stowe; and among\nartists, Rosa Bonheur, and our own Harriet Hosmer.\nTHE SUEZ CANAL.--The Suez Canal was begun in 1,858 and was formally\nopened in November, 1869. Its cost, including harbors, is estimated at\n$100,000,000. Its length is 100 miles, 75 of which were excavated; its\nwidth is generally 325 feet at the surface, and 75 feet at the bottom,\nand its depth 26 feet. The workmen employed were chiefly natives, and\nmany were drafted by the Khedive. The number of laborers is estimated\nat 30,000. The British government virtually controls the canal as it\nowns most of the stock.\nSENDING VESSELS OVER NIAGARA FALLS.--There have been three such\ninstances. The first was in 1827. Some men got an old ship--the\nMichigan--which had been used on lake Erie, and had been pronounced\nunseaworthy. For mere wantonness they put aboard a bear, a fox, a\nbuffalo, a dog and some geese and sent it over the cataract. The bear\njumped from the vessel before it reached the rapids, swam toward the\nshore, and was rescued by some humane persons. The geese went over\nthe falls, and came to the shore below alive, and, therefore, became\nobjects of great interest, and were sold at high prices to visitors at\nthe Falls. The dog, fox, and buffalo were not heard of or seen again.\nAnother condemned vessel, the Detroit, that had belonged to Commodore\nPerry's victorious fleet, was started over the cataract in the winter\nof 1841, but grounded about midway in the rapids, and lay there till\nknocked to pieces by the ice. A somewhat more picturesque instance was\nthe sending over the Canada side of a ship on fire. This occurred in\n1837. The vessel was the Caroline, which had been run in the interest\nof the insurgents in the Canadian rebellion. It was captured by\nColonel McNabb, an officer of the Canada militia, and by his orders\nit was set on fire then cut loose from its moorings. All in flames, it\nwent glaring and hissing down the rapids and over the precipice,\nand smothered its ruddy blaze in the boiling chasm below. Thia\nwas witnessed by large crowds on both sides of the falls, and was\ndescribed as a most magnificent sight. Of course there was no one on\nboard the vessel.\nOLD TIME WAGES IN ENGLAND.--The following rates of daily wages\n\"determined\" by the Justices of Somerset, in 1685, answer this\nquestion very fairly. Somerset; being one of the average shires of\nEngland. The orthography is conformed to original record:\n    Mowers per diem, findeing themselves:                       1   2\n    Men makeing hay per diem, findeing themselves:              0  10\n    Men reapeing corne per diem, findeing themselves:           1   2\n    Men reapinge corne at meate and drinke:                     0   8\n    Moweing an acre of grasse, findeing themselves:             1   2\n    Reapeinge and bindeinge an acre of wheate:                  3   0\n    Cuttinge and bindeinge an acre of beanes and hookinge:      2   0\nThe shilling is about 24 cents and the penny 2 cents.\nDECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE SIGNERS.--The following is the list of\nnames appended to that famous document, with the colony which each\nrepresented in Congress:\nNew Hampshire--Josiah Bartlett; William Whipple, Matthew Thornton.\nMassachusetts--John Hancock, John Adams, Samuel Adams, Robert Treat\nPaine.\nRhode Island--Elbridge Gerry, Stephen Hopkins, William Ellery.\nConnecticut--Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, William Williams,\nOliver Wolcott.\nNew York--William Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis\nMorris.\nNew Jersey--Richard Hockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkinson, John\nHart, Abraham Clark.\nPennsylvania--Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John\nMorton, George Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson,\nGeorge Ross.\nDelaware--Caesar Rodney, George Reed, Thomas McKean.\nMaryland--Samuel Chase, Thomas Stone, William Paca, Charles Carroll,\nof Carrollton.\nVirginia--George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin\nHarrison, Thomas Nelson, Jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton.\nNorth Carolina--William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn.\nSouth Carolina--Edward Rutledge, Thomas Heyward, Jr., Thomas Lynch,\nJr., Arthur Middleton.\nGeorgia--Button Gwinntet, Lyman Hall, George Walton.\nLIFE OF ETHAN ALLEN.--Colonel Ethan Allan was captured in an attack upon\nMontreal, September 25, 1775. He was sent as prisoner to Great Britain,\nostensibly for trial, but in a few months was sent back to America, and\nconfined in prison ships and jails at Halifax and New York till May 3,\n1778, when he was exchanged. During most of his captivity he was treated\nas a felon and kept heavily ironed, but during 1777 was allowed\nrestricted liberty on parole. After his exchange he again offered his\nservices to the patriot army, but because of trouble in Vermont was put\nin command of the militia in that State. The British authorities were at\nthat time making especial efforts to secure the allegiance of the\nVermonters, and it was owing to Allen's skillful negotiations that the\nquestion was kept open until the theater of war was changed, thus\nkeeping the colony on the American side, but avoiding the attacks from\nthe British that would certainly have followed an open avowal of their\npolitical preferences. Allen died at Burlington, Vt., February 13, 1789.\nBURIAL CUSTOMS.--Among the early Christians the dead were buried\nwith the face upward and the feet toward the east, in token of the\nresurrection at the coming again of the Sun of Righteousness. It\ncannot be said, however, that the custom was first used by the\nChristians. It was in practice among early pagan nations also, and is\nregarded as a survival of the ideas of the fire-worshipers. The sun,\nwhich was the impersonation of deity to many primitive races, had his\nhome in their mythology in the east, and out of respect for him the\ndead were placed facing this quarter, among certain tribes always in\na sitting posture. It may also be remarked that among other races the\nposition was reversed, the dead body being placed with its feet toward\nthe west, because the region of sunset was the home of the departed\nspirits.\nTHE SURRENDER OF LEE TO GRANT.--The surrender of General Lee was made\nat the house of a farmer named McLean, in Appomattox village, that\nhouse having been selected by General Lee himself at General Grant's\nrequest for the interview. General Grant went thither, and was met\nby General Lee on the threshold. The two went into the parlor of the\nhouse, a small room, containing little furnishing but a table and\nseveral chairs. About twenty Union officers besides General Grant\nwere present, among them the members of the General's staff. The only\nConfederate officer with General Lee was Colonel Marshall, who\nacted as his secretary. General Lee, as well as his aid, was in full\nuniform, and wore a burnished sword which was given him by the State\nof Virginia; General Grant was in plain uniform, without a sword.\nAfter a brief conversation, relative to the meeting of the two\ngenerals while soldiers in Mexico, General Lee adverted at once to the\nobject of the interview by asking on what terms the surrender of his\narmy would be received. General Grant replied that officers and men\nmust become prisoners of war, giving up of course all munitions,\nweapons and supplies, but that a parole would be accepted. General Lee\nthen requested that the terms should be put in writing, that he might\nsign them. General Badeau says that while General Grant was writing\nthe conditions of surrender he chanced to look up and his eye caught\nthe glitter of General Lee's sword, and that this sight induced him\nto insert the provision that the \"officers should be allowed to retain\ntheir side-arms, horses and personal property.\" This historian thinks\nthat General Lee fully expected to give up his sword, and that General\nGrant omitted this from the terms of surrender out of consideration\nfor the feelings of a soldier. Badeau says that General Lee was\nevidently much touched by the clemency of his adversary in this\nregard. The Confederate chief now wrote his acceptance of the terms\noffered and signed them. He further requested that the cavalry and\nartillery soldiers might be allowed to retain their horses as well\nas the officers, to which General Grant consented, and asked that\na supply train left at Danville might be allowed to pass on, as his\nsoldiers were without food. The reply of General Grant to this was\nan order that 25,000 rations should be immediately issued from the\ncommissariat of the National army to the Army of Northern Virginia.\nThe formal papers were now drawn up and signed, and the interview\nwhich ended one of the greatest wars of modern times was over.\nCOLORED POPULATION AT EACH CENSUS.--The following will show the\nwhite and colored population of the United States, from 1790 to 1880,\ninclusive:\n      Year     White.      Colored Free. Colored Slaves.\nARCTIC EXPLORATIONS.--From 1496 to 1857 there were 134 voyages and\nland journeys undertaken by governments and explorers of Europe and\nAmerica to investigate the unknown region around the North Pole. Of\nthese, sixty-three went to the northwest, twenty-nine via Behring\nStraits, and the rest to the northeast or due north. Since 1857 there\nhave been the notable expeditions of Dr. Hayes, of Captain Hall, those\nof Nordenskjold, and others sent by Germany, Russia and Denmark;\nthree voyages made by James Lament, of the Royal Geographical Society,\nEngland, at his own expense; the expeditions of Sir George Nares,\nof Leigh Smith, and that of the ill-fated Jeannette; the search\nexpeditions of the Tigress, the Juniata, and those sent to rescue\nLieutenant Greely; further, all the expeditions fitted out under the\nauspices of the Polar Commission--in which the Greely expedition was\nincluded--and a number of minor voyages, making a sum total of some\nsixty exploring journeys in these twenty-seven years.\nTHE BATTLE OF WATERLOO.--The battle of Waterloo was fought June 18,\n1815, between the allied British, Netherland and German troops under\nWellington and the French under Napoleon. On June 16 Napoleon had\nattacked the Prussians under Blucher at Ligny and forced them to retreat\ntoward Wavre, and Marshal Noy at the same time attacked the British and\nDutch forces at Quatre Bras, but was forced to retire after an\nengagement of five hours. Napoleon's object, however, which was to\nprevent a union of the Prussians with Wellington's main army, was\npartially gained. The latter commander, having learned the next morning\nof Blucher's repulse, moved on to Waterloo expecting that the Prussian\ncommander, according to previous arrangement, would join him there as\nspeedily as possible. On June 17 Napoleon also moved toward Waterloo\nwith the main body of his army, having directed Marshal Grouchy with\n34,000 men and ninety-six guns to pursue Blucher's command toward Wavre.\nBoth armies bivouacked on the field of Waterloo, and the next morning\nNapoleon, confident that Grouchy would prevent the arrival of the\nPrussians, delayed attack until the ground should become dry, a heavy\nshower having fallen on the day previous. The forces under Wellington\noccupied a semi-circular ridge a mile and a half in length, and the\nFrench were on an opposite ridge, the two being separated by a valley\nabout 500 yards wide. The plan of Napoleon was to turn the allied left,\nforce it back upon center, and gain possession of the enemy's line of\nretreat. To draw off Wellington's attention to his right, French troops\nwere sent about 11 o'clock to attack the chateau of Houguemont, which\nthe English had fortified. After a fight of more than two hours this was\nstill in the possession of its defenders. About 1 o'clock a Prussian\ncorps under Bulow was seen approaching on the French right, and\nNapoleon, finding it necessary to send 10,000 men to check their\nadvance, was obliged to change the plan of battle. He therefore ordered\na fierce attack upon the allied center. Wellington massed his troops\nthere, and the battle was obstinately maintained for five hours, with\nvarying success to the participants, both commanders hourly expecting\nre-enforcements. Wellington was waiting for Blucher and Napoleon for\nGrouchy. The French at last were gaining ground; the allied troops in\nthe center were wavering under Ney's impetuous onslaughts, General\nDurutte had forced back the left, and Bulow's troops on the right had\nbeen forced to yield the position they had taken. Now, however, there\nwere rumors that Blucher's army was approaching and the allies again\nrallied. At 7 o'clock Napoleon, despairing of the approach of Grouchy,\ndetermined to decide the day by a charge of the Old Guard, which had\nbeen held in reserve. At this stage the advance of Prussian horse on the\nallied left forced back General Durutte's troops, and the Old Guard\nformed in squares to cover this retreat. Ney's division surrounded, made\na gallant struggle--their brave leader still unwounded, though five\nhorses had been shot under him, heading them on foot, sword in hand--but\nwere forced to give way. The Old Guard held their ground against\noverwhelming numbers. Finally, when five squares were broken, the\nEmperor gave the order to \"fall back.\" The cry \"The Guard is repulsed\"\nspread consternation through the French army and threatened to turn\nretreat into precipitate flight. Napoleon, seeing this, reformed the\nGuard in order to give a rallying point for the fugitives. Failing in\nthis, he declared that he would die within the square, but Marshal Soult\nhurried him away. The heroic band, surrounded, was bidden to surrender.\n\"The Old Guard dies, but never surrenders\" is the reply popularly\nattributed to General Cambronne, and with the cry of \"Vive l'Empereur!\"\nthe remnant of the Guard made a last charge upon the enemy and perished\nalmost to a man. The forces of Blucher being now upon the field, the\nrout of the French was complete, and the Prussians pursued the fleeing\ntroops, capturing guns and men. There is no doubt that the failure of\nGrouchy to come upon the field caused Napoleon to lose his last great\nbattle. It was subsequently asserted that this marshal was bribed, but\nthere seems to be no real foundation for so base a charge. The trouble\nwas that he had been ordered by Napoleon to follow the Prussians toward\nWavre and thought it necessary to follow the strict letter of his\ninstructions. Before he reached the village the main body of the\nPrussian force was on its way to Waterloo, but one division had been\nleft there to occupy his attention. Engaged in skirmishing with this, he\npaid no attention to the advice of his subordinate generals who, hearing\nthe terrible cannonading at Waterloo, besought him to go to the aid of\nthe army there. Napoleon believing that he was either holding back\nBlucher's forces or was hotly pursuing them, did not recall him to the\nmain army, and the decisive battle was lost. Grouchy was summoned before\na council of war, but the court declared itself incompetent to decide\nhis case, and nothing further came of it.\nOUR NATIONAL CEMETERIES.--National Cemeteries for soldiers and sailors\nmay be said to have originated in 1850, the army appropriation bill of\nthat year appropriating money for a cemetery near the City of Mexico,\nfor the interment of the remains of soldiers who fell in the Mexican\nWar. The remains of Federal soldiers and sailors who fell in the war\nfor the Union have been buried in seventy-eight cemeteries exclusive\nof those interred elsewhere, a far greater number.\nIn the subjoined list are given the names and locations of the\nNational Cemeteries with the number therein buried, known and unknown.\nWe have no means of knowing what cemeteries also contain the bodies of\nSouthern soldiers:\n      (Location): Known; Unknown\n      Philadelphia, Pa.: 1,880; 28\n      London Park, Baltimore, Md.: 1,627; 168\n      Laurel, Baltimore, Md.: 232; 6\n      Ball's Bluff, Va.: 1; 24\n      Fredericksburg, Va.: 2,487; 12,770\n      Fort Harrison, Va.: 239; 575\n      Andersonville, Ga.: 12,878; 959\n      Brownsville, Texas: 1,409; 1,379\n      San Antonio, Texas: 307; 167\n      Fayetteville, Ark.: 431; 781\n      Fort Donelson, Tenn.: 158; 511\n      Pittsburg Landing, Tenn.: 1,229; 2,361\n      Cave Hill, Louisville, Ky.: 3,342; 583\n      Crown Hill, Indianapolis, Ind.: 686; 36\n      Rock Island, Ill.: 280; 9\n      Jefferson Barracks, Mo.: 8,569; 2,906\n      Jefferson City, Mo.: 348; 412\n      Fort Leavenworth, Kas.: 821; 913\n      Fort McPherson, Neb.: 149; 291\n      City of Mexico, Mexico: 254; 750\nTHE CATACOMBS OF PARIS.--The so-called catacombs of Paris were never\ncatacombs in the ancient sense of the word, and were not devoted to\npurposes of sepulture until 1784. In that year the Council of State\nissued a decree for clearing the Cemetery of the Innocents, and for\nremoving its contents, as well as those of other graveyards, into the\nquarries which had existed from the earlier times under the city\nof Paris and completely undermined the southern part of the city.\nEngineers and workmen were sent to examine the quarries and to prop up\ntheir roofs lest the weight of buildings above should break them in.\nApril 7, 1786, the consecration of the catacombs was performed with\ngreat solemnity, and the work of removal from the cemeteries was\nimmediately begun. This work was all performed by night; the bones\nwere brought in funeral cars, covered with a pall, and followed by\npriests chanting the service of the dead, and when they reached the\ncatacombs the bones were shot down the shaft. As the cemeteries were\ncleared by order of the government, their contents were removed to\nthis place of general deposit, and these catacombs further served as\nconvenient receptacles for those who perished in the revolution. At\nfirst the bones were heaped up without any kind of order except that\nthose from each cemetery were kept separate, but in 1810 a regular\nsystem of arranging them was commenced, and the skulls and bones were\nbuilt up along the wall. From the main entrance to the catacombs,\nwhich is near the barriers d'Enfer, a flight of ninety steps descends,\nat whose foot galleries are seen branching in various directions. Some\nyards distant is a vestibule of octagonal form, which opens into a\nlong gallery lined with bones from floor to roof. The arm, leg and\nthigh bones are in front, closely and regularly piled, and their\nuniformity is relieved by three rows of skulls at equal distances.\nBehind these are thrown the smaller bones. This gallery conducts to\nseveral rooms resembling chapels, lined with bones variously arranged.\nOne is called the \"Tomb of the Revolution.\" another the \"Tomb of\nVictims,\" the latter containing the relics of those who perished in\nthe early period of the revolution and in the \"Massacre of September.\"\nIt is estimated that the remains of 3,000,000 human beings lie in this\nreceptacle. Admission to these catacombs has for years been strictly\nforbidden on account of the unsafe condition of the roof. They are\nsaid to comprise an extent of about 3,250,000 square yards.\nHISTORY OF THE TELEPHONE.--The principle of the telephone, that sounds\ncould be conveyed to a distance by a distended wire, was demonstrated\nby Robert Hook in 1667, but no practical application was made of\nthe discovery until 1821, when Professor Wheatstone exhibited his\n\"Enchanted Lyre,\" in which the sounds of a music-box were conveyed\nfrom a cellar to upper rooms. The first true discoverer of the\nspeaking telephone, however, was Johaun Philipp Reis, a German\nscientist and professor in the institute at Friedrichsdorf. April 25,\n1861, Reis exhibited his telephone at Frankfort. This contained all\nthe essential features of the modern telephone, but as its commercial\nvalue was not at all comprehended, little attention was paid to it.\nReis, after trying in vain to arouse the interest of scientists in his\ndiscovery, died in 1874, without having reaped any advantage from it,\nand there is no doubt that his death was hastened by the distress of\nmind caused by his continual rebuffs. Meanwhile, the idea was being\nworked into more practical shape by other persons, Professor Elisha\nGray and Professor A.G. Bell, and later by Edison. There is little\ndoubt that Professor Gray's successful experiments considerably\nantedated those of the others, but Professor Bell was the first to\nperfect his patent. February 12, 1877, Bell's articulating telephone\nwas tested by experiments at Boston and Salem, Mass., and was found\nto convey sounds distinctly from one place to the other, a distance\nof eighteen miles. This telephone was exhibited widely in this\ncountry and in Europe during that year, and telephone companies\nwere established to bring it into general use. Edison's carbon\n\"loud-speaking\" telephone was brought out in 1878. It is not worth\nwhile to go into details of the suits on the subject of priority\nof invention. The examiner of patents at Washington, July 21, 1883,\ndecided that Professor Bell was the first inventor, because he was the\nfirst to complete his invention and secure a full patent. Since\n1878 there have been many improvements in the different parts of the\ntelephone, rendering it now nearly perfect in its working.\nSECESSION AND READMISSION OF REBEL STATES.--\nTHE EARTHQUAKE OF 1811-12.--The earthquake shocks felt on the shores\nof the Lower Mississippi in the years 1811-12 are recorded as among\nthe most remarkable phenomena of their kind. Similar instances where\nearth disturbances have prevailed, severely and continuously, far from\nthe vicinity of a volcano, are very rare indeed. In this instance,\nover an extent of country stretching for 300 miles southward from\nthe mouth of the Ohio river, the ground rose and sank in great\nundulations, and lakes were formed and again drained. The shocks were\nattended by loud explosions, great fissures--generally traveling\nfrom northeast to southwest, and sometimes more than half a mile in\nlength--were opened in the earth, and from these openings mud and\nwater were thrown often to the tops of the highest trees. Islands in\nthe Mississippi were sunk, the current of the river was driven back\nby the rising of its bed, and overflowed the adjacent lands. More than\nhalf of New Madrid county was permanently submerged. The inhabitants\nnoticed that these earth movements were sometimes vertical and\nsometimes horizontal, the former being by far the most serious\nin their effects. These disturbances ceased March 26, 1812,\nsimultaneously with the great earthquake which destroyed the city of\nCaracas, South America.\nTHE DARK DAYS IN NEW ENGLAND.--On May 19, 1780, there was a remarkable\ndarkening of the sky and atmosphere over a large part of New England,\nwhich caused much alarm among those who witnessed it. The darkness began\nbetween ten and eleven o'clock on the day named, and continued in\nsome places through the entire day, and was followed by an unusually\nintense degree of blackness during the ensuing night. This phenomenon\nextended from the northeastern part of New England westward as far as\nAlbany, and southward to the coast of New Jersey. The most intense and\nprolonged darkness, however, was confined to Massachusetts, especially\nto the eastern half of the State. It came up from the southwest, and\noverhung the country like a pall. It was necessary to light candles in\nall the houses, and thousands of good people, believing that the end\nof all things terrestrial had come, betook themselves to religious\ndevotions. One incident of the occasion has been woven into verse with\nexcellent effect by the poet Whittier. The Connecticut Legislature was\nin session on that day, and as the darkness came on and grew more and\nmore dense, the members became terrified, and thought that the day\nof judgment had come; so a motion was made to adjourn. At this, a\nMr. Davenport arose and said: \"Mr. Speaker, it is either the day of\njudgment, or it is not. If it is not, there is no need of adjourning.\nIf it is, I desire to be found doing my duty. I move that candles be\nbrought and that we proceed to business.\" Mr. Davenport's suggestion\nwas taken, candles were brought in, and business went on as usual.\nAs to the explanation of this phenomenon, scientists have been much\npuzzled. It was plain from the falling of the barometer that the air\nwas surcharged with heavy vapor. The darkness then, it might be said,\nwas only the result of a dense fog, but the question of the cause of\nso remarkable a fog was still unanswered. Omitting this unascertained\nprimary cause, then, Professor Williams, of Harvard College, who\nsubsequently made a thorough investigation of the matter, gave it as\nhis opinion that this unprecedented quantity of vapor had gathered\nin the air in layers so as to cut off the rays of light, by repeated\nrefraction, in a remarkable degree. He thought that the specific\ngravity of this vapor must have been the same as that of the air,\nwhich caused it to be held so long in suspension in the atmosphere. In\nthis case the extent of the darkness would coincide with the area of\nthe vapor, and it would continue until a change in the gravity of the\nair caused the vapors to ascend or descend. In some places when the\ndarkness cleared it was as if the vapor was lifted and borne away by\nthe wind like a dark pall, and in others, after a period of intense\ndarkness the atmosphere gradually lightened again. In our day, a\nphenomenon of this kind would be thoroughly investigated to its most\nremote possible cause; but then owing to the sparse settlement of the\ncountry and the difficulties of travel, the investigation of distant\ncauses could not be made. Large fires may have prevailed that spring\nin the forests of Western New York and Pennsylvania--a region then an\nabsolute wilderness--the smoke of which was borne through the upper\nregions of the atmosphere, to fall when it came to a locality of less\nbuoyant air, down to the lower strata. We say these fires may have\nrecently preceded this day, and served as its sufficient cause, but\nwe have only presumptive evidence that they did occur. Had Professor\nWilliams entertained a supposition of the previous existence of such\nfires, he had then no means of verifying it, and long before the\nadvent of railroads and telegraphs, or even of stage lines, the\nscientific theories of the dark day had passed from the general\nmemory.\nA SHORT HISTORY OF THE LIBERTY BELL.--In 1751 the Pennsylvania\nAssembly authorized a committee to procure a bell for their State\nHouse. November 1st of that year an order was sent to London for \"a\ngood bell of about 2,000 pounds weight.\" To this order were added the\nfollowing directions: \"Let the bell be cast by the best workmen and\nexamined carefully before it is shipped, with the following words well\nshaped in large letters around it, viz.: 'By order of the Assembly\nof the Province of Pennsylvania, for the State House, in the city of\nPhiladelphia, 1752.' And underneath, 'Proclaim Liberty Through All the\nLand Unto All the Inhabitants Thereof.--Levit. xxv. 10.'\" In due time,\nin the following year, the bell reached Philadelphia, but when it was\nhung, early in 1753, as it was being first rung to test the sound, it\ncracked without any apparent reason, and it was necessary to have it\nrecast. It was at first thought to be necessary to send it back to\nEngland for the purpose, but some \"ingenious workmen\" in Philadelphia\nwished to do the casting and were allowed to do so. In the first week\nof June, 1753, the bell was again hung in the belfry of the State\nHouse. On July 4, 1776, it was known throughout the city that the\nfinal decision on the question of declaring the colonies independent\nof Great Britain was to be made by the Continental Congress, in\nsession at the State House. Accordingly the old bellman had been\nstationed in the belfry on that morning, with orders to ring the bell\nwhen a boy waiting at the door of the State House below should signal\nto him that the bill for independence had been passed. Hour after\nhour the old man stood at his post. At last, at 2 o'clock, when he had\nabout concluded that the question would not be decided on that day at\nleast, the watchman heard a shout from below, and looking down saw\nthe boy at the door clapping his hands and calling at the top of his\nvoice: \"Ring! ring!\" And he did ring, the story goes, for two whole\nhours, being so filled with excitement and enthusiasm that he could\nnot stop. When the British threatened Philadelphia, in 1777, the\nprecious bell was taken down and removed to the town of Bethlehem for\nsafety. In 1778 it was returned to the State House and a new steeple\nbuilt for it. Several years after it cracked, for some unknown reason,\nunder a stroke of the clapper, and its tone was thus destroyed. An\nattempt was made to restore its tone by sawing the crack wider, but\nwithout success. This bell was sent to New Orleans during the winter\nto be exhibited in the World's Fair there. The Pullman Company gave\none of their handsomest cars for the transit. It was in the charge of\nthree custodians appointed by the Mayor of Philadelphia, who did not\nleave it night or day, and guarded it as fully as possible against\naccident. A pilot engine preceded the train carrying the bell over\nthe entire route. It left Philadelphia Jan. 24, 1885, and returned in\nJune.\nTHE ANTARCTIC POLAR REGIONS.--The climate of the southern polar regions\nis much more severe than that at the north pole, the icefields extending\nin degrees nearer the equator from the south than from the north. Within\nthe arctic circle there are tribes of men living on the borders of the\nicy ocean on both the east and west hemispheres, but within the\nantarctic all is one dreary, uninhabitable waste. In the extreme north\nthe reindeer and the musk-ox are found in numbers, but not a single land\nquadruped exists beyond 50 degrees of southern latitude. Flowers are\nseen in summer by the arctic navigator as far as 78 degrees north, but\nno plant of any description, not even a moss or a lichen, has been\nobserved beyond Cockburn Island, in 64 degrees 12 minutes south\nlatitude. In Spitzbergen, 79 degrees north, vegetation ascends the\nmountain slopes to a height of 3,000 feet, but on every land within or\nnear the antarctic circle the snow-line descends to the water's edge.\nThe highest latitude ever reached at the south is 78 degrees 10 minutes,\nwhile in the north navigators have penetrated to 84 degrees. The reason\nfor this remarkable difference is the predominance of large tracts of\nland in the northern regions, while in the south is a vast expanse of\nocean. In the north continental masses form an almost continuous belt\naround the icy sea, while in the southern hemisphere the continents\ntaper down into a broad extent of frigid waters. In the north the plains\nof Siberia and of the Hudson's Bay territories, warmed by the sunbeams\nof summer, become at that season centers of radiating heat, while the\nantarctic lands, of small extent, isolated in the midst of a polar ocean\nand chilled by cold sea winds, act at every season as refrigerators of\nthe atmosphere. Further in the north the cold currents of the polar sea,\nhaving but two openings of any estent through which they can convey\ndrift ice, have their chilly influence confined to comparatively narrow\nlimits, but the cold currents of the antarctic seas have scope to branch\nout freely on all sides and carry their ice even into temperate waters.\nFinally, at the northern hemisphere, the Gulf Stream conveys warmth even\nto the shores of Spitzbergen and Nova Zembla, while on the opposite\nregions of the globe no traces of warm currents have been observed\nbeyond 55 degrees of south latitude.\nTHE LANGUAGE USED BY CHRIST.--The language used by Christ was the\nAramaic, the dialect of Northern Syria. The Israelites were much in\ncontact with Aram\u00e6an populations, and some words from that tongue\nbecame incorporated into the Hebrew at a very early date. At the time\nof Hezekiah, Aramaic had become the official language of both Judea\nand Assyria: that is, the language spoken at the courts. After the\nfall of Samaria the Hebrew inhabitants of Northern Israel were largely\ncarried into captivity, and their place was taken by colonists from\nSyria, who probably spoke Aramaic as their mother tongue. The fall\nof the Jewish Kingdom hastened the decay of Hebrew as a spoken\nlanguage--not that the captives forgot their own language, as is\ngenerally assumed, but after the return to Judea the Jews found\nthemselves, a people few in number, among a large number of\nsurrounding populations using the Aramaic tongue. When the latest\nbooks of the Old Testament were written, Hebrew, though still the\nlanguage of literature, had been supplanted by Aramaic as the language\nof common life. From that time on the former tongue was the exclusive\nproperty of scholars, and has no history save that of a merely\nliterary language.\nHOW ANCIENT TEMPLES AND PYRAMIDS WERE BUILT.--This is beyond modern\nconjecture, so imperfect is our understanding of the extent of the\nmechanical knowledge of the ancients. Their appliances are believed\nto have been of the simplest order, and their implements exceedingly\ncrude, and yet they were able to convey these enormous blocks of\nstones for vast distances, over routes most difficult, and having\naccomplished this, to raise them to great height, and fit them in\nplace without the aid of either cement or mortar to cover up the\nerrors of the stonecutter. How all this was done is one of the enigmas\nof modern science. It has been generally believed that inclined planes\nof earth were used to enable the workmen to raise the huge stones\nto their places, the earth being cleared away afterward. But it is\npossible that the ancients had a more extended knowledge of mechanical\npowers than we usually give them credit for, and that they made use\nof machinery very like that employed by moderns for lifting great\nweights. Large cavities are found in some of the stones in the\npyramids, which may have been worn by the foot of a derrick turning in\nthem. That there were enormous numbers of men employed in the building\nof these ancient structures is well known; these results of their\ngreat aggregated strength we see, but they left no record of the means\nby which this strength was focused and brought most effectually to\nbear on their mighty tasks.\nTHE FIRST ATLANTIC CABLE.--As early as 1842 Professor Morse declared a\nsubmarine cable connection between America and Europe to be among the\npossibilities, but no attempt toward this great achievement was made\nuntil 1854, when Cyrus Field established a company, which secured\nthe right of landing cables in Newfoundland for fifty years. In 1858\nsoundings between Ireland and Newfoundland were completed, showing\na maximum depth of 4,400 meters. Having succeeded in laying a\ncable between Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, Mr. Field secured the\nco-operation of English capitalists in his enterprise. The laying\nof the cable was begun August 7, 1857, from the port of Valencia,\nIreland, but on the third day it broke, and the expedition had to\nreturn. Early in the following year another attempt was made.\nThe cable was laid from both ends at the same time, was joined in\nmid-ocean, but in lowering it was broken. Again, in the same year, the\nattempt was made, and this time connection was successfully made. The\nfirst message over the line was sent August 7, 1858. The insulation\nof this cable, however, was defective, and by September 4th had\nquite failed. Some time was now spent in experiments, conducted by\nscientists, to secure a more perfect cable. A new company was formed,\nand in 1865 the work again began. The Great Eastern was employed to\nlay the cable, but when it was partly laid serious defects in the line\nwere discovered and in repairing these it broke. The apparatus for\nrecovering the wire proving insufficient the vessel returned to\nEngland. A new company, called the Anglo-American, was formed in 1865,\nand again the Great Eastern was equipped for the enterprise. The plan\nof the new expedition was not only to lay a new cable, but also\nto take up the end of the old one and join it to a new piece, thus\nobtaining a second telegraph line. The vessel sailed from Valencia\nJuly 13, 1866, and July 27 the cable was completely laid to Heart's\nContent, Newfoundland, and a message announcing the fact sent over the\nwire to Lord Stanley. Queen Victoria sent a message of congratulation\nto President Buchanan on the 28th. September 2d the lost cable of 1865\nwas recovered and its laying completed at Newfoundland September 8,\nENGRAVING ON EGGS.--The art of engraving on eggs is very puzzling to\nthe uninitiated, but in reality it is very simple. It merely consists\nin writing upon the egg-shell with wax or varnish, or simply with\ntallow, and then immersing the egg in some weak acid, such, for\nexample, as vinegar, dilute hydrochloric acid, or etching liquor.\nWherever the varnish or wax has not protected the shell, the lime of\nthe latter is decomposed and dissolved in the acid, and the writing\nor drawing remains in relief. In connection with this art a curious\nincident is told in history. In the month of August, 1808, at the time\nof the Spanish war, there was found in a church in Lisbon an egg, on\nwhich was plainly foretold the utter destruction of the French, who\nthen had control of the city. The story of the wonderful prophecy\nspread through the town, causing the greatest excitement among the\nsuperstitious populace, and a general uprising was expected.\nThis, however, the French commander cleverly thwarted by causing\na counter-prophecy, directly denying the first, to be engrossed on\nseveral hundred eggs, which were then distributed in various parts of\nthe city. The astonished Portuguese did not know what to think of this\nnew phenomenon, but its \"numerousness,\" if we may so call it, caused\nit to altogether outweigh the influence of the first prediction, and\nthere were no further symptoms of revolt against the French.\nCAYENNE PEPPER.--The name of the plant genus from which cayenne pepper\nis obtained is capsicum, a name also given to the product of the\nplant. This genus belongs to the solanace\u00e6, or night shade family, and has\nno relation to the family piperace\u00e6, which produces the shrub yielding\nblack pepper. The plant which yields cayenne pepper is identical with\nthe common red pepper of our gardens. It is an annual, a native of\ntropical countries, where it thrives luxuriantly even in the dryest\nsoils, but it is also cultivated in other parts of the world. It grows\nto the height of two or three feet, and bears a fruit in the shape of\na conical pod or seed-vessel, which is green when immature, but bright\nscarlet or orange when ripe. This pod, with its seeds, has a very\npungent taste, and is used when green for pickling, and when ripe\nand dried is ground to powder to make cayenne pepper, or is used\nfor medicine. This powder has a strongly stimulating effect, and is\nbelieved to aid digestion. It is also employed externally to excite\nthe action of the skin.\nTHE BIG TREES OF CALIFORNIA.--There are several groves of Big Trees in\nCalifornia, the most famous of which are the Calaveras grove and the\nMariposa grove. The Calaveras grove occupies what may be described\nas a band or belt 3,200 feet long and 700 in width. It is between two\nslopes, in a depression in the mountains, and has a stream winding\nthrough it, which runs dry in the summer time. In this grove the Big\nTrees number ninety-three, besides a great many smaller ones, which\nwould be considered very large if it were not for the presence of\nthese monarchs of the forest. Several of the Big Trees have fallen\nsince the grove was discovered, one has been cut down, and one had\nthe bark stripped from it to the height 116 feet from the ground. The\nhighest now standing is the \"Keystone State,\" 325 feet high and 45\nfeet in circumference; and the largest and finest is the \"Empire\nState.\" There are four trees over 300 feet in height, and 40 to 61\nfeet in circumference. The tree which was cut down occupied five men\ntwenty-two days, which would be at the rate of one man 110 days, or\nnearly four months' work, not counting Sundays. Pump augers were used\nfor boring through the giant. After the trunk was severed from the\nstump it required five men with immense wedges for three days to\ntopple it over. The bark was eighteen inches thick. The tree would\nhave yielded more than 1,000 cords of four-foot wood and 100 cords of\nbark, or more than 1,100 cords in all. On the stump of the tree was\nbuilt a house, thirty feet in diameter, which the Rev. A.H. Tevis, an\nobservant traveler, says contains room enough in square feet, if it\nwere the right shape, for a parlor 12x10 feet, a dining-room 10x12,\na kitchen 10x12, two bed-rooms 10 feet square each, a pantry 4x8,\ntwo clothes-presses 1-1/2 feet deep and 4 feet wide, and still have\na little to spare! The Mariposa grove is part of a grant made by\nCongress to be set apart for public use, resort and recreation\nforever. The area of the grant is two miles square and comprises two\ndistinct groves about half a mile apart. The upper grove contains 365\ntrees, of which 154 are over fifteen feet in diameter, besides a great\nnumber of smaller ones. The average height of the Mariposa trees is\nless than that of the Calaveras, the highest Mariposa tree being 272\nfeet; but the average size of the Mariposa is greater than that of\nCalaveras. The \"Grizzly Giant,\" in the lower grove, is 94 feet in\ncircumference and 31 feet in diameter; it has been decreased by\nburning. Indeed, the forests at times present a somewhat unattractive\nappearance, as, in the past, the Indians, to help them in their\nhunting, burned off the chaparral and rubbish, and thus disfigured\nmany of these splendid trees by burning off nearly all the bark. The\nfirst branch of the \"Grizzly Giant\" is nearly two hundred feet from\nthe ground and is six feet in diameter. The remains of a tree, now\nprostrate, indicate that it had reached a diameter of about forty feet\nand a height of 400 feet; the trunk is hollow and will admit of the\npassage of three horsemen riding abreast. There are about 125 trees of\nover forty feet in circumference. Besides these two main groves there\nare the Tolumne grove, with thirty big trees; the Fresno grove, with\nover eight hundred spread over an area of two and a half miles long\nand one to two broad; and the Stanislaus grove, the Calaveras group,\nwith from 700 to 800. There should be named in this connection the\npetrified forest near Calitoga, which contains portions of nearly one\nhundred distinct trees of great size, scattered over a tract of three\nor four miles in extent: the largest of this forest is eleven feet in\ndiameter at the base and sixty feet long. It is conjectured that these\nprostrate giants were silicified by the eruption of the neighboring\nMount St. Helena, which discharged hot alkaline waters containing\nsilica in solution. This petrified forest is considered one of the\ngreat natural wonders of California.\nHISTORY OF THE CITY OF JERUSALEM.--The earliest name of Jerusalem\nappears to have been Jebus, or poetically, Salem, and its king in\nAbraham's time was Melchizedek. When the Hebrews took possession of\nCanaan, the city of Salem was burned, but the fortress remained in the\nhands of the Jebusites till King David took it by storm and made it the\ncapital of his kingdom. From that time it was called Jerusalem. During\nthe reigns of David and Solomon it attained its highest degree of power.\nWhen ten of the Jewish tribes seceded under Jeroboam they made Shechem\n(and later Samaria) the capital of their kingdom of Israel, and\nJerusalem remained the capital of the smaller but more powerful kingdom\nof Judah. The city was taken by Shishak, King of Egypt, in 971 B.C., was\nlater conquered and sacked by Joash, King of Israel, and in the time of\nAhaz, the King of Syria came against it with a large force, but could\nnot take it. The city was besieged in Hezekiah's reign, by the army of\nSennacherib, King of Assyria, but was saved by the sudden destruction of\nthe invading army. After the death of Josiah, the city was tributary for\nsome years to the King of Egypt, but was taken after repeated attempts\nby the Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar in 586 B.C., and was left a heap\nof ruins. The work of rebuilding it began by order of King Cyrus about\n538 B.C., who allowed the Jewish people who had been carried into\ncaptivity to return for this purpose. From this time Jerusalem enjoyed\ncomparative peace for several hundred years and grew to be an important\ncommercial city. When Alexander invaded Syria it submitted to him\nwithout resistance. After his death it belonged for a time to Egypt and\nin 198 B.C., passed with the rest of Judea under the rule of Syria.\nAntiochus the Great ruled it with mildness and justice, but the tyranny\nof his son, Antiochus Epiphanes, brought about the revolt, headed by the\nMaccabees, through which Jerusalem gained a brief independence. In 63\nB.C., Pompey the Great took the city, demolished the walls and killed\nthousands of the people, but did not plunder it. However, nine years\nlater Crassus robbed the temple of all its treasures. The walls were\nsoon after rebuilt under Antipater, the Roman procurator, but when Herod\ncame to rule over the city with the title of King, given him by the\nRoman Senate, he was resisted and only took possession after an\nobstinate siege, which was followed by the massacre of great numbers of\nthe people. Herod improved and enlarged the city, and restored the\ntemple on a more magnificent scale than in Solomon's time. Jerusalem is\nsaid at this time to have had a population of over 200,000. This period\nof wealth and prosperity was also rendered most, memorable for Jerusalem\nby the ministry and crucifixion of Christ. About A.D. 66, the Jews,\ngoaded to desperation by the tyranny of the Romans, revolted, garrisoned\nJerusalem, and defeated a Roman army sent against them. This was the\nbeginning of the disastrous war which ended with the destruction of the\ncity. It was taken by Titus, in the year 70, after a long siege, all the\ninhabitants were massacred, or made prisoners, and the entire city left\na heap of ruins. The Emperor Hadrian built on the site of Jerusalem a\nRoman city, under the name of Elia Capitolina, with a temple of Jupiter,\nand Jews were forbidden to enter the city under pain of death. Under\nConstantine it was made a place of pilgrimage for Christians, as the\nEmperor's mother, Helena, had with much pains located the various sites\nof events in the history of Christ. The Emperor Julian, on the contrary,\nnot only allowed the Jews to return to their city, but also made an\nattempt, which ended in failure, to rebuild their temple. In 614 the\nPersian Emperor Chosroes invaded the Roman empire. The Jews joined his\narmy, and after conquering the northern part of Palestine, the united\nforces laid siege to and took Jerusalem. The Jews wreaked vengeance on\nthe Christians for what they had been forced to endure, and 20,000\npeople were massacred. The Persians held rule in the city for fourteen\nyears; it was then taken by the Romans again, but in 636 the Caliph Omar\nbeseiged it. After four months the city capitulated. It was under the\nrule of the Caliphs for 400 years, until the Seljuk Turks in 1077\ninvaded Syria and made it a province of their empire. Christian pilgrims\nhad for many years kept up the practice of visiting the tomb of Christ,\nas the Caliphs did not interfere with their devotions any further than\nby exacting a small tribute from each visitor. But the cruelties\npracticed upon the pilgrims by the Turks were many, and report of them\nsoon roused all Europe to a pitch of indignation, and brought about that\nseries of holy wars, which for a time restored the holy sepulcher into\nChristian hands. Jerusalem was stormed and taken July 15, 1099, and\n50,000 Moslems were slaughtered by their wrathful Christian foes. The\nnew sovereignty was precariously maintained until 1187, when it fell\nbefore the power of Saladin. Jerusalem, after a siege of twelve days,\nsurrendered. Saladin, however, did not put his captives to death, but\ncontented himself with expelling them from the city. Jerusalem passed\ninto the hands of the Franks by treaty, in 1229, was retaken by the\nMoslems in 1239, once more restored in 1243, and finally conquered in\n1244 by a horde of Kharesmian Turks. In 1517 Palestine was conquered by\nSultan Selin I., and since then has been under the rule of the Ottoman\nEmpire, except for a brief period--from 1832 to 1840, when it was in the\nhands of Mahomet Ali Pasha of Egypt, and his son Ibrahim had his seat of\ngovernment in Jerusalem.\nTHE BLACK DEATH.--- This great plague, known as the \"Black Death,\" was\nthe most deadly epidemic ever known. It is believed to have been an\naggravated outburst of the Oriental plague, which from the earliest\nrecords of history has periodically appeared in Asia and Northern\nAfrica. There had been a visitation of the plague in Europe in 1342;\nthe Black Death, in terrible virulence, appeared in 1348-9; it also\ncame in milder form in 1361-2, and again in 1369. The prevalence and\nseverity of the pestilence during this century is ascribed to the\ndisturbed conditions of the elements that preceded it. For a number\nof years Asia and Europe had suffered from mighty earthquakes, furious\ntornadoes, violent floods, clouds of locusts darkening the air and\npoisoning it with their corrupting bodies. Whether these natural\ndisturbances were the cause of the plague is not certainly known, but\nmany writers on the subject regard the connection as both probable and\npossible. The disease was brought from the Orient to Constantinople,\nand early in 1347 appeared in Sicily and several coast towns of Italy.\nAfter a brief pause the pestilence broke out at Avignon in January,\n1348; advanced thence to Southern France, Spain and Northern Italy.\nPassing through France and visiting, but not yet ravaging, Germany, it\nmade its way to England, cutting down its first victims at Dorset, in\nAugust, 1348. Thence it traveled slowly, reaching London early in\nthe winter. Soon it embraced the entire kingdom, penetrating to every\nrural hamlet, so that England became a mere pest-house. The chief\nsymptoms of the disease are described as \"spitting, in some cases\nactual vomiting, of blood, the breaking out of inflammatory boils in\nparts, or over the whole of the body, and the appearance of those dark\nblotches upon the skin which suggested its most startling name. Some\nof the victims died almost on the first attack, some in twelve hours,\nsome in two days, almost all within the first three days.\" The utter\npowerlessness of medical skill before the disease was owing partly to\nthe physicians' ignorance of its nature, and largely to the effect of\nthe spirit of terror which hung like a pall over men's minds. After\nsome months had passed, the practice of opening the hard boils was\nadopted, with very good effect, and many lives were thus saved. But\nthe havoc wrought by the disease in England was terrible. It is said\nthat 100,000 persons died in London, nearly 60,000 in Norwich, and\nproportionate numbers in other cities. These figures seem incredible,\nbut a recent writer, who has spent much time in the investigation of\nrecords, asserts that at least half the population, or about 2,500,000\nsouls, of England perished in this outbreak. The ravages of the\npestilence over the rest of the world were no less terrible.\nGermany is said to have lost 1,244,434 victims; Italy, over half the\npopulation. On a moderate calculation, it may be assumed that there\nperished in Europe during the first appearance of the Black Death,\nfully 25,000,000 human beings. Concerning the Orient we have less\nreliable records, but 13,000,000 are said to have died in China, and\n24,000,000 in the rest of Asia and adjacent islands. The plague also\nravaged Northern Africa, but of its course there little is known.\nThe horrors of that dreadful time were increased by the fearful\npersecutions visited on the Jews, who were accused of having caused\nthe pestilence by poisoning the public wells. The people rose to\nexterminate the hapless race, and killed them by fire and torture\nwherever found. It is impossible for us to conceive of the actual\nhorror of such times.\nMIGHTY HAMMERS.--An authority on scientific subjects give the weights\nof the great hammers used in the iron works of Europe, and their date\nof manufacture, as follows: At the Terni Works, Italy, the heaviest\nhammer weighs 50 tons, and was made in 1873; one at Alexandrovski,\nRussia, was made the following year of like weight. In 1877, one was\nfinished at Creusot Works, France, weighing 80 tons; in 1885, one at\nthe Cockerill Works, Belgium, of 100 tons, and in 1880, at the Krupp\nWorks, Essen, Germany, one of 150 tons. The latter being the heaviest\nhammer in the world.\nASSASSINATION OF PRESIDENT GARFIELD.--July 2, 1881, at 9:25 A.M., as\nPresident Garfield was entering the Baltimore & Potomac Railroad depot\nat Washington, preparatory to taking the cars for a two weeks' jaunt in\nNew England, he was fired upon and severely wounded by Charles Jules\nGuitean, a native of Illinois, but of French descent. The scene of the\nassassination was the ladies' reception-room at the station. The\nPresident and Mr. Blaine, arm in arm, were walking slowly through the\naisle between two rows of benches on either side of the room; when\nGuitean entered by a side door on the left of the gentlemen, passed\nquickly around the back of the benches till directly behind the\nPresident, and fired the shot that struck his arm. Mr. Garfield walked\nabout ten feet to the end of the aisle, and was in the act of turning to\nface his assailant when the second shot struck him in the small of the\nback, and he fell. The assassin was immediately seized and taken to\njail. The wounded president was conveyed in an ambulance to the White\nHouse. As he was very faint, the first fear was of internal hemorrhage,\nwhich might cause speedy death. But as he rallied in a few hours, this\ndanger was thought to be averted and inflammation was now feared. But as\nsymptoms of this failed to appear, the surgeons in attendance concluded\nthat no important organ had been injured, that the bullet would become\nencysted and harmless, or might possibly be located and successfully\nremoved. By the 10th of July, the reports were so favorable, that the\npresident's recovery was regarded as certain, and public thanksgivings\nwere offered in several of the States, by order of the governors, for\nhis deliverance. The first check in the favorable symptoms occurred on\nJuly 18, and July 23 there was a serious relapse, attended with chills\nand fever. The wound had been frequently probed but without securing any\nfavorable result. The induction balance was used to locate the ball, and\nwas regarded as a success, though subsequently its indications were\nknown to have been altogether erroneous. The probings, therefore, in\nwhat was assumed to be the track of the ball, only increased the\nunfavorable symptoms. During the entire month of August these reports\nwere alternately hopeful and discouraging, the dangerous indications\nbeing generally on the increase. By August 25, his situation was\nunderstood to be very critical, though an apparent improvement on the\n26th and 28th again aroused hope. At his own earnest desire the\npresident was removed, September 6, to Elberon Park, near Long Branch.\nN.J., in the hope that the cooler air of the seaside might renew his\nstrength more rapidly. However, the improvement hoped for did not\nappear. On September 16, there was a serious relapse, with well-marked\nsymptoms of blood poisoning, and September 19, the president died. A\npost-mortem examination showed that the ball, after fracturing one of\nthe ribs, had passed through the spinal column, fracturing the body of\none of the vertebra, driving a number of small fragments of bone into\nthe soft parts adjacent, and lodging below the pancreas, where it had\nbecome completely encysted. The immediate cause of death was hemorrhage\nfrom one of the small arteries in the track of the ball, but the\nprincipal cause was the poisoning of the blood from suppuration.\nCOINS OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES.--The following carefully prepared summary\nindicates the coins in use in the various countries, taking their\nnames in alphabetical order:\nArgentine Republic--Gold coins: 20 peso piece, $19.94; 10 pesos,\n$9.97; 5 pesos, $4.98. Silver: 1 peso, 99 cents. The copper coin of\nthe country is the centisimo, 100 of which make a peso or dollar.\nAustria--Gold coins: 8 gulden piece, $3.86; 4 gulden, $1.93. Silver:\nMarie Theresa thaler, $1.02; 2 gulden, 96 cents; 1 gulden, 48 cents;\n1/4 gulden, 12 cents; 20 kreutzer, 10 cents; 10 kreutzer, 5 cents.\nOf the small copper coin current, known as the kreutzer, 100 make a\ngulden.\nBrazil--Gold coins: 20 milrei piece, $10.91; 10 milreis, $5.45.\nSilver: 2 milreis, $1.09; 1 milreis, 55 cents; 1/2 milreis, 27 cents.\nThe Portuguese rei is used for copper money, worth about 1/8 of a\ncent.\nChili--Gold coin: 10 pesos (or 1 condor), $9.10; 5 pesos, $4.55: 2\npesos, $1.82. Silver: 1 peso, 91 cents; 50 centavos, 45 cents; 20\ncentavos, 18 cents; 10 centavos, 9 cents; 5 centavos, 4 cents. The\ncopper coin is 1 centavo, 100th of a peso.\nColombia--Gold coins: Twenty peso piece, $19.30; 10 pesos, $9.65; 5\npesos, $4.82; 2 pesos, $1.93. Silver: 1 peso, 96 cents; 20 centavos,\n19 cents; 10 centavos, 10 cents; 5 centavos, 5 cents. The copper\ncentavo of Colombia is identical in value with our cent. (The currency\nof Coloumbia is also used in Venezuela.)\nDenmark--Gold coins: Twenty kroner piece, $5.36; 10 kroner, $2.68.\nSilver: Two kroner, 53 cents; 1 krone, 27 cents; 50 ore, 13 cents; 40\nore, 10 cents; 25 ore, 6-1/2 cents; 10 ore, 2-1/2 cents. One hundred\nof the copper ore make one krone.\nFrance--Gold coins: One hundred franc piece, $19.30; 50 francs. $9.65;\n20 francs, $3.85; 10 francs, $1.93; 5 francs, 96 cents. Silver: Five\nfrancs, 96 cents; 2 francs, 38 cents; 1 franc, 19 cents; 50 centimes,\n10 cents: 20 centimes, 4 cents. The copper coins are the sou, worth\nabout 9-1/2 mills, and the centime, 2 mills.\nGermany--Gold coins: Twenty-mark piece, $4.76; 10 marks, $2.38; 5\nmarks, $1.19. Silver: Five marks, $1.19; 2 marks, 48 cents; 1 mark, 24\ncents; 50 pfennige, 12 cents; 20 pfennige, 5 cents. One hundred copper\npfennige make one mark.\nGreat Britain--Gold coins: Pound or sovereign, $4.86; guinea, $5.12.\nSilver: Five shillings or crown, $1.25; half crown, 62-1/2 cents;\nshilling, 25 cents; sixpence, 12-1/2 cents. Also a three-penny piece\nand a four-penny piece, but the latter is being called in, and is\nnearly out of circulation. The copper coins of Great Britain are the\npenny, half-penny and farthing.\nIndia--Gold coins: Thirty rupees or double mohur, $14.58; 15 rupees or\nmohur, $7.29; 10 rupees, $4.86; 5 rupees, $2.43. Silver: One rupee, 48\ncents, and coins respectively of the value of one-half, one-fourth and\none-eighth rupee. In copper there is the pie, one-fourth of a cent;\nthe pice, 3/4 of a cent; the ana, 3 cents.\nJapan--Gold coins: Twenty yen, $19.94; 10 yen, $9.97; 5 yen, $4.98; 2\nyen, $1.99; 1 yen, 99 cents. Silver: The 50, 20, 10 and 5 sen pieces,\nanswering respectively to 50, 20, 10 and 5 cents. In copper there is\nthe sen, answering to 1 cent.\nMexico--Gold coins: Sixteen dollar piece, $15.74; 8 dollars, $7.87;\n4 dollars, $3.93; 2 dollars, $1.96; 1 dollar, 98 cents. Silver: 1\ndollar, 98 cents; 50-cent piece, 49 cents; 25 cents, 24 cents. The\nMexican cent, like our own, equals one-hundreth of a dollar.\nNetherlands--Gold coins: Ten-guilder piece, $4.02; 5 guilders, $2.01.\nSilver: 2-1/2 guilders, $1; 1 guilder, 40 cents; half-guilder, 20\ncents; 25 cents, 10 cents; 10 cents, 4 cents; 5 cents, 2 cents. The\nDutch copper cent is one-hundreth of the guilder.\nPeru--Gold coins: Twenty-sol piece, $19.30; 10 sol, $9.65; 5 sol,\ncentesimos, 48 cents; 20, 10 and 5 centesimos, worth respectively 19,\n10 and 5 cents. It will be noted that the Peruvian coinage is almost\nidentical with that of Colombia. It is also used in Bolivia.\nPortugal--Gold coin: Crown, $10.80; half-crown, $5.40; one-fifth\ncrown, $2.16; one-tenth crown, $1.08. These gold pieces are also\nknown respectively as 10, 5, 2 and 1 dollar [Transcriber's Note: The\noriginal text reads 'pices']v pieces. The silver coins are the 500,\n200, 100 [Transcriber's Note: The original text reads 'and 5'] and\n50 reis coins, worth respectively 54, 21, 11 and 5 cents. One thousand\nreis are equal to one crown.\nRussia--Gold coins: Imperial or 10-ruble piece, $7.72; 5 rubles,\n$3.86; 3 rubles, $2.31. Silver: ruble, 77 cents; half-ruble, 38 cents;\nquarter-ruble, 19 cents; 20 copecks, 15 cents; 10 copecks, 7 cents; 5\ncopecks, 4 cents; 100 copecks are worth 1 ruble.\nTurkey--Gold coins: Lira or medjidie, $4.40; half-lira, $2.20;\nquarter-lira, $1.10. The silver unit is the piastre, worth 4 cents\nof our currency, and silver coins of 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 piastres are\ncurrent.\nThe currency of Denmark is also in use in Norway and Sweden, these\nthree countries forming the Scandinavian Union. Belgium, France, Greece,\nItaly, Roumania, Servia, Spain and Switzerland are united in the Latin\nUnion, and use the French coinage. The units in the different States\nare, it is true, called by different names; as in France, Belgium\nand Switzerland, franc and centime; in Italy, lira and centesimo; in\nGreece, drachm and lepta; in Roumania, lei and bani: in Servia, dinar\nand para; in Spain, peseta and centesimo; but in all cases the value\nis the same.\nThe similarity in the coinage of different countries is worth notice.\nA very slight change in the percentage of silver used would render\nthe half-guilder of Austria, the krone of the Scandinavian Union, the\nfranc of the Latin Union, the mark of Germany, the half-guilder of\nHolland, the quarter-ruble of Russia, the 200-reis piece of Portugal,\nthe 5-piastre piece of Turkey, the half-milreis of Brazil and the\nhalf-rupee of India, all interchangeable with the English shilling,\nand all of them about the value of the quarter-dollar of North and\nSouth American coinage. With the exception of Brazil, the other South\nAmerican States, as well as Mexico and the Central American countries,\nare all rapidly approximating a uniform coinage, which the needs of\ncommerce will unquestionably soon harmonize with that of the United\nStates. Curiously enough, the great force that is assimilating the\nalien branches of the human race is not Christianity but trade.\nA HISTORY OF THE PANIC OF 1857.--The cause of the panic of 1857 was\nmainly the rage for land speculation which had run through the country\nlike an epidemic. Paper cities abounded, unproductive railroads were\nopened, and to help forward these projects, irresponsible banks were\nstarted, or good banks found themselves drawn into an excessive issue\nof notes. Every one was anxious to invest in real estate and become\nrich by an advance in prices. Capital was attracted into this\nspeculation by the prospect of large gains, and so great was the\ndemand for money that there was a remarkable advance in the rates of\ninterest. In the West, where the speculative fever was at its highest,\nthe common rates of interest were from 2 to 5 per cent. a month.\nEverything was apparently in the most prosperous condition, real\nestate going up steadily, the demand for money constant, and its\nmanufacture by the banks progressing successfully, when the failure\nof the \"Ohio Life and Trust Company,\" came, August 24, 1857, like\na thunderbolt from a clear sky. This was followed by the portentous\nmutterings of a terrible coming storm. One by one small banks in\nIllinois, Ohio, and everywhere throughout the West and South went\ndown. September 25-26 the banks of Philadelphia suspended payment, and\nthus wrecked hundreds of banks in Pennsylvania, Maryland and adjoining\nStates. October 13-14, after a terrible run on them by thousands of\ndepositors, the banks of New York suspended payment. October 14 all\nthe banks of Massachusetts went down, followed by a general wreckage\nof credit throughout New England. The distress which followed\nthese calamities was very great, tens of thousands of workmen being\nunemployed for months. The New York banks resumed payment again\nDecember 12, and were soon followed by the banks in other cities. The\ndarkest period of the crisis now seemed past, although there was\nmuch heart rending suffering among the poor during the winter which\nfollowed. The commercial reports for the year 1857 showed 5,123\ncommercial failures, with liabilities amounting to $291,750,000.\nTHE HISTORY OF PLYMOUTH ROCK.--A flat rock near the vicinity of New\nPlymouth is said to have been the one on which the great, body of the\nPilgrims landed from the Mayflower. The many members of the colony,\nwho died in the winter of 1620-21, were buried near this rock. About\n1738 it was proposed to build a wharf along the shore there. At this\ntime there lived in New Plymouth an old man over 90 years of ago named\nThomas Faunce, who had known some of the Mayflower's passengers when a\nlad, and by them had been shown the rock on which they had landed. On\nhearing that it was to be covered with a wharf the old man wept, and\nit has been said that his tears probably saved Plymouth Rock from\noblivion. After the Revolution it was found that the rock was quite\nhidden by the sand washed upon it by the sea. The sand was cleared\naway, but in attempting to take up the rock it was split in two. The\nupper half was taken to the village and placed in the town square.\nIn 1834 it was removed to a position in front of Pilgrim Hall and\nenclosed in an iron railing. In September, 1880, this half of the\nstone was taken back to the shore and reunited to the other portion.\nA handsome archway was then built over the rock, to protect it in part\nfrom the depredations of relic hunters.\nGRANT'S TOUR AROUND THE WORLD.--General Grant embarked on a steamer at\nthe Philadelphia wharf for his tour around the world May 17, 1877. He\narrived at Queenstown, Ireland, May 27. Thence he went to Liverpool,\nManchester, and on to London. He remained in that city several weeks,\nand was made the recipient of the most brilliant social honors. July\n5th he went to Belgium, and thence made a tour through Germany and\nSwitzerland, He then visited Denmark, and August 25 returned to Great\nBritain, and until October spent the time in visiting the various\ncities of Scotland and England. October 24th he started for Paris,\nwhere he remained a month, then went on to Lyons, thence to\nNaples, and subsequently with several friends he made a trip on the\nMediterranean, visiting the islands of Sicily, Malta and others.\nThence going to Egypt, the pyramids and other points of note were\nvisited, and a journey made up the Nile as far as the first cataract.\nThe programme of travel next included a visit to Turkey and the Holy\nLand, whence, in March, the party came back to Italy through Greece,\nrevisited Naples, went to Turin and back to Paris. After a few weeks\nspent in the social gayeties of that city, the Netherlands was chosen\nas the next locality of interest, and The Hague, Rotterdam, and\nAmsterdam were visited in turn. June 26, 1878, the General and his\nparty arrived in Berlin. After staying there some weeks they went to\nChristiana and Stockholm, then to St. Petersburg, Moscow and Warsaw,\nand back over German soil to Vienna. Another trip was now made through\nSwitzerland, and, then returning to Paris, a start was made for a\njourney through Spain and Portugal, in which Victoria, Madrid, Lisbon,\nSeville and other important towns were visited. A trip was also made\nfrom Cadiz to Gibraltar by steamer. After another brief visit to\nParis, General Grant went to Ireland, arriving at Dublin January 3,\n1879; visited several points of interest in that country, then, by way\nof London and Paris, went to Marseilles, whence he set sail by way of\nthe Mediterranean Sea and the Suez Canal for India. He reached Bombay\nFebruary 13th. Thence visited Allahabad, Agra and rode on an elephant\nto Amber; also went to Benares, Delhi. Calcutta and Rangoon, spent a\nweek in Siam, then went by steamer to China. After spending some time\nat Canton, Pekin and other places he went to Japan for a brief visit.\nHe went to Nagasaki, Tokio and Yokahama, and at last, September\n3, 1879, set sail from Tokio on his return to the United States.\nSeptember 20th he arrived in the harbor of San Francisco. After some\nweeks spent in visiting the points of interest in California and\nOregon he returned to his home in the Eastern States.\nHISTORY OF VASSAR COLLEGE.--- Vassar College is on the east bank of the\nHudson, near Poughkeepsie, N.Y. It was founded in 1861. In that year\nMatthew Vassar, a wealthy brewer of Poughkeepsie, gave to an\nincorporated board of trustees the sum of $108,000 and 200 acres of land\nfor the endowment of a college for women. The building was constructed\nfrom plans approved by him, at a cost of about $200,000. The college was\nopened in September, 1865, with eight professors and twenty other\ninstructors, and 300 students. The first president of the college was\nProfessor Milo P. Jewett; the second Dr. John H. Raymond; the third the\nRev. Samuel Caldwell. The college has a fine library, with scientific\napparatus and a museum of natural history specimens.\nTHE ORIGINS OF CHESS.--So ancient is chess, the most purely\nintellectual of games, that its origin is wrapped in mystery. The\nHindoos say that it wad the invention of an astronomer, who lived more\nthan 5,000 years ago, and was possessed of supernatural knowledge\nand acuteness. Greek historians assert that the game was invented by\nPalamedes to beguile the tedium of the siege of Troy. The Arab legend\nis that it was devised for the instruction of a young despot, by his\nfather, a learned Brahman, to teach the youth that a king, no\nmatter how powerful, was dependent upon his subjects for safety. The\nprobability is that the game was the invention of some military genius\nfor the purpose of illustrating the art of war. There is no doubt,\nthat it originated in India, for a game called by the Sanskrit name of\nCheturanga--which in most essential points strongly resembles modern\nchess, and was unquestionably the parent of the latter game--is\nmentioned in Oriental literature as in use fully 2,000 years before\nthe Christian area. In its gradual diffusion over the world the game\nhas undergone many modifications and changes, but marked resemblances\nto the early Indian game are still to be found in it. From India,\nchess spread into Persia, and thence into Arabia, and the Arabs took\nit to Spain and the rest of Western Europe.\nTHE DARK AGES.--The Dark Ages is a name often applied by historians to\nthe Middle Ages, a term comprising about 1,000 years, from the fall of\nthe Roman Empire in the fifth century to the invention of printing in\nthe fifteenth. The period is called \"dark\" because of the generally\ndepraved state of European society at this time, the subservience of\nmen's minds to priestly domination, and the general indifference\nto learning. The admirable civilization that Rome had developed and\nfostered, was swept out of existence by the barbarous invaders from\nNorthern Europe, and there is no doubt that the first half of the\nmedieval era, at least, from the year 500 to 1000, was one of the most\nbrutal and ruffianly epochs in history. The principal characteristic\nof the middle ages were the feudal system and the papal power. By\nthe first the common people were ground into a condition of almost\nhopeless slavery, by the second the evolution of just and equitable\ngovernments by the ruling clashes was rendered impossible through the\nintrusion of the pontifical authority into civil affairs. Learning\ndid not wholly perish, but it betook itself to the seclusion of the\ncloisters. The monasteries were the resort of many earnest scholars,\nand there were prepared the writings of historians, metaphysicians and\ntheologians. But during this time man lived, as the historian Symonds\nsays, \"enveloped in a cowl.\" The study of nature was not only ignored\nbut barred, save only as it ministered in the forms of alchemy and\nastrology to the one cardinal medieval virtue--- credulity. Still the\nperiod saw many great characters and events fraught with the greatest\nimportance to the advancement of the race.\nTHE GREATEST DEPTH OF THE OCEAN NEVER MEASURED.--The deepest verified\nsoundings are those made in the Atlantic Ocean, ninety miles off the\nisland of St. Thomas, in the West Indies, 3,875 fathoms, or 23,250\nfeet Deeper water has been reported south of the Grand Bank of\nNewfoundland, over 27,000 feet in depth, but additional soundings in\nthat locality did not corroborate this. Some years ago, it was claimed\nthat very deep soundings, from 45,000 to 48,000 feet, had been\nfound off the coast of South America, but this report was altogether\ndiscredited on additional investigation in these localities. The ship\nChallenger, which in 1872-74 made a voyage round the globe for the\nexpress purpose of taking deep sea soundings in all the oceans,\nfound the greatest depth touched in the Pacific Ocean less than 3,000\nfathoms, and the lowest in the Atlantic 3,875 fathoms, as given above.\nTHE ARMY OF THE REVOLUTION.--It is not positively known how many men\nfrom the colonies served in the war. The official tabular statement\nindicates a total off recorded years of enlistment and not a total of\nthe the men who served. Hence, a man who served from April 19, 1775,\nuntil the formal cessation of hostilities, April 19, 1783 counted\nas eight men in the aggregate. In this basis of enlisted years, the\nfollowing table gives the contribution various States: New Hampshire,\n12,497; Massachusetts, 69,907; Rhode Island, 5,908; Connecticut,\n31,939; New York, 17,781; New Jersey, 10,726; Pennsylvania, 25,678;\nDelaware, 2,386; Maryland, 13,912; Virginia, 26,678; North Carolina,\n7,263; South Carolina, 6,417; Georgia, 2,679; Total, 233,771.\nTHE WORLD'S DECISIVE BATTLES.--The fifteen decisive battles of the\nworld from the fifth century before Christ to the beginning of the\nnineteenth century of the present era, are as follows:\nThe battle of Marathon, in which the Persian hosts were defeated by\nthe Greeks under Miltiades, B.C. 490.\nThe defeat of the Athenians at Syracuse, B.C. 413.\nThe battle of Arhela, in which the Persians under Darius were defeated\nby the invading Greeks under Alexander the Great, B.C. 331.\nThe battle of the Metanrus, in which the Carthaginian forces under\nHasdrubal were overthrown by the Romans, B.C. 207. Victory of the\nGerman tribes under Arminins over the Roman legions under Varus,\nA.D. 9. (The battle was fought in what is now the province of Lippe,\nGermany, near the source of the river Ems.)\nBattle of Chalons, where Attila the terrible King of the Huns, was\nrepulsed by the Romans under Aetius, A.D. 451\nBattle of Tours, in which the Saracen Turks invading Western Europe\nwere utterly overthrown by the Franks under Charles Martel, A.D. 732.\nBattle of Hastings, by which William the Conqueror became the ruler of\nEngland, Oct. 14, 1066.\nVictory of the French under Joan of Arc over the English at Orleans,\nDefeat of the Spanish Armada by the English naval force, July 29 and\nBattle of Blenheim, in which the French and Bavarians were defeated\nby the allied armies of Great Britain and Holland under the Duke of\nMarlborough, Aug. 2, 1704.\nBattle of Pultowa, the Swedish army under Charles XII, defeated by the\nRussians under Peter the Great, July 8, 1709. Victory of the American\narmy under General Gates over the British under General Burgoyne at\nSaratoga, Oct. 17, 1777.\nBattle of Valmy where the allied armies of Prussia and Austria were\ndefeated by the French under Marshal Kellerman. Sept. 20, 1792.\nBattle of Waterloo, the allied forces of the British and Prussians\ndefeated the French under Napoleon, the final overthrow of the great\ncommander, June 18, 1815.\nThese battles are selected as decisive, because of the important\nconsequences that followed them. Few students of history, probably,\nwould agree with Prof. Creasy, in restricting the list as he does.\nMany other conflicts might be noted, fraught with great importance to\nthe human race, and unquestionably \"decisive\" in their nature; as,\nfor instance, the victory of Sobieski over the Turkish army at Vienna,\nSept. 12, 1683. Had the Poles and Austrians been defeated there, the\nTurkish general might readily have fulfilled his threat \"to stable his\nhorses in the Church of St. Peter's at Rome,\" and all Western Europe\nwould, no doubt, have been devastated by the ruthless and bloodthirsty\nOttomans. Of important and decisive battles since that of Waterloo\nwe may mention in our own Civil War those of Gettysburg, by which the\ninvasion of the North was checked, and at Chattanooga, Nov. 23 and 25,\n1863, by which the power of the Confederates in the southwest received\na deadly blow.\nTHE WANDERING JEW.--There are various versions of the story of \"The\nWandering Jew,\" the legends of whom have formed the foundation of\nnumerous romances, poems and tragedies. One version is that this\nperson was a servant in the house of Pilate, and gave the Master a\nblow as He was being dragged out of the palace to go to His death.\nA popular tradition makes the wanderer a member of the tribe of\nNaphtali, who, some seven or eight years previous to the birth of the\nChrist-child left his father to go with the wise men of the East whom\nthe star led to the lowly cot in Bethlehem. It runs, also, that the\ncause of the killing of the children can be traced to the stories this\nperson related when he returned to Jerusalem of the visit of the wise\nmen, and the presentation of the gifts they brought to the Divine\nInfant, when He was acknowledged by them to be the king of the Jews,\nHe was lost sight of for a time, when he appeared as a carpenter who\nwas employed in making the cross on which the Saviour was to be lifted\nup into the eyes of all men. As Christ walked up the way to Calvary,\nHe had to pass the workshop of this man, and when He reached its\ndoor, the soldiers, touched by the sufferings of the Man of Sorrows,\nbesought the carpenter to allow Him to rest there for a little, but\nhe refused, adding insult to a want of charity. Then it is said that\nChrist pronounced his doom, which was to wander over the earth until\nthe second coming. Since that sentence was uttered, he has wandered,\ncourting death, but finding it not, and his punishment, becoming more\nunbearable as the generations come and go. He is said to have appeared\nin the sixteenth, seventeenth, and even as recently as the eighteenth\ncentury, under the names of Cartaphilus, and Ahasuerus, by which the\nWandering Jew has been known. One of the legends described him as a\nshoemaker of Jerusalem, at whose door Christ desired to rest on the\nroad to Calvary, but the man refused, and the sentence to wander was\npronounced.\nSOME MEMORABLE DARK DAYS.--During the last hundred years there have\nbeen an unusually large number of dark days recorded. As has been\nsuggested by several writers, this may have been the result of the\ncareful scientific observations of modern times, as well as of the\nfrequency of these phenomena. The dark day in the beginning of this\ncentury about which so much has been said and written occurred Oct.\n21, 1816. The first day of the same month and year is also represented\nas \"a close dark day.\" Mr. Thomas Robie, who took observations at\nCambridge, Mass., has this to offer in regard to the phenomenon. \"On\nOct. 21 the day was so dark that people were forced to light candles\nto eat their dinners by; which could not he from an eclipse, the solar\neclipse being the fourth of that month.\" The day is referred to by\nanother writer as \"a remarkable dark day in New England and New York,\"\nand it is noted, quaintly by a third, that \"in October, 1816, a dark\nday occurred after a severe winter in New England.\" Nov. 26, 1816,\nwas a dark day in London, and is described \"in the neighborhood of\nWalworth and Camberwell so completely dark that some of the coachmen\ndriving stages were obliged to get down and lead their horses with\na lantern.\" The famous dark day in America was May 19, 1780. The\nphenomenon began about 10 o'clock in the forenoon. The darkness\nincreased rapidly, and \"in many places it was impossible to read\nordinary print.\" There was widespread fear. Many thought that the Day\nof Judgment was at hand. At that time the Legislature of Connecticut\nwas in session at Hartford. The House of Representatives, being unable\nto transact their business, adjourned. A proposal to adjourn the\ncouncil was under consideration. When the opinion of Colonel Davenport\nwas asked, he answered: \"I am against an adjournment. The day of\njudgment is approaching or it is not. If it is not, there is no cause\nfor adjournment: if it is, I choose to be found doing my duty. I wish,\ntherefore, that candles may be brought.\" In Whittier's \"Tent on the\nBeach\" is given a beautiful poetical version of this anecdote. It is\nsuggested by several authorities that the cause of the dark day in\n1780 should be attributed simply to the presence of ordinary clouds\nof very unusual volume and density. These instances are, of course,\ngrouped with phenomena of which not a great deal is known, and can in\nno way be classed with those occurrances occasioned by the smoke from\nextensive forest tires, volcanic eruptions, or fogs.\nTHE REMARKABLE STORY OF CHARLIE ROSS.--Charlie Ross was the son of\nChristian K. Ross of Germantown, Pa., and at the time of his\ndisappearance was a little over 4 years of age. The child and a brother\n6 years old were playing July 1, 1874, in the streets of Germantown,\nwhen a couple of men drove up in a buggy and persuaded the children,\nwith promises of toys and candies, to get in and ride with them in the\nvehicle. After driving around the place for a little time, the older\nbrother, Walter Ross, was put out of the conveyance, and the strangers\ngave him 25 cents, telling him to go to a store near at hand and buy\nsome candy and torpedoes for himself and Charlie. Walter did as he was\ntold, but when he came out of the store the men with Charlie and the\nvehicle had disappeared. It was believed at first by the relatives and\nfriends of the missing boy that he would be returned in a short time, as\nthey supposed he might have been taken by some drunken men. Time passed,\nhowever, but no trace of the child had been discovered. In a few weeks a\nletter was received by Mr. Ross to the effect that if he would pay\n$20,000 his son would be returned, but, that the parent need not search\nfor Charlie, as all efforts to find the abducted boy or his captors\nwould only be attended with failure; and it was stated that if this\namount was not paid, Charlie would be killed. The father answered this\nand a long correspondence ensued, while the search was prosecuted in all\ndirections. Mr. Ross wanted the child delivered at the time the money\nwas paid, but to this the abductors refused to agree. It is stated that\nmore than $50,000 were expended to recover the child. At one time two\ngentlemen were two days in Fifth Avenue Hotel, New York, with the\n$20,000 ransom money to be given to the child-thieves, but they did not\nappear. The search was continued, and the officers of the law were\nlooking up any and all evidence, until they had located the two men.\nThese were found Dec. 4, 1874, committing a burglary in the house of\nJudge Van Brunt, Bay Ridge, L. I.; the burglary was discovered, the\nburglars seen and shot by persons residing in an adjoining residence.\nOne of the men was killed instantly, the other lived several hours, and\nconfessed that he and his companion had abducted Charlie Ross, but that\nthe dead thief, Mosher by name, was the one who knew where the boy was\nsecreted. Walter Ross identified the burglars as the men who had enticed\nhim and Charlie into the buggy. There the case rested. No new fact has\nbeen developed. The missing child has never been found. Many times have\nchildren been reported who resembled Charlie, and Mr. Ross has traveled\nfar and near in his endless search, only to return sadly and report that\nhis boy was still missing. No case in recent years has excited such\nuniversal sympathy as that of Charlie Ross.\nTHE BLUE LAWS ON SMOKING.--There were some very stringent laws in\nMassachusetts against the use of tobacco in public, and while the\npenalties were not so heavy, yet they were apparently rigidly enforced\nfor a time. We quote from a law passed in October, 1632, as follows:\n\"It is ordered that noe person shall take any tobacco publiquely,\nunder paine of punishment; also that every one shall pay 1_d._ for every\ntime hee is convicted of takeing tobacco in any place, and that any\nAssistant shall have power to receave evidence and give order\nfor levyeing of it, as also to give order for the levyeing of the\nofficer's charge. This order to begin the 10th of November next.\"\nIn September, 1634, we discover another law on the same article:\n\"Victualers, or keepers of an Ordinary, shall not suffer any tobacco\nto be taken in their howses, under the penalty of 5_s._ for every\noffence, to be payde by the victuler, and 12_d._ by the party that\ntakes it. Further, it is ordered, that noe person shall take tobacco\npubliquely, under the penalty of 2_s._ 6_d._, nor privately, in his owne\nhouse, or in the howse of another, before strangers, and that two\nor more shall not take it togeather, anywhere, under the aforesaid\npenalty for every offence.\" In November, 1637, the record runs: \"All\nformer laws against tobacco are repealed, and tobacco is sett at\nliberty;\" but in September, 1638, \"the [General] Court, finding that\nsince the repealing of the former laws against tobacco, the same is\nmore abused then before, it hath therefore ordered, that no man shall\ntake any tobacco in the fields, except in his journey, or at meale\ntimes, under paine of 12_d._ for every offence; nor shall take any\ntobacco in (or so near) any dwelling house, barne, corne or hay rick,\nas may likely indanger the fireing thereof, upon paine of 10s. for\nevery offence; nor shall take any tobacco in any inne or common\nvictualing house, except in a private roome there, so as neither the\nmaster of the same house nor any other guests there shall take offence\nthereat, which if they do, then such person is fourthwith to forbeare,\nupon paine of 12_s._ 6_d._ for every offence. Noe man shall kindle fyre by\ngunpowder, for takeing tobacco, except in his journey, upon paine of\n12_d._ for every offence.\"\nTHE REMARKABLE CAVES--WYANDOTTE AND MAMMOTH.--Wyandotte Cave is in\nJennings township, Crawford county, Ind., near the Ohio river. It is\na rival of the great Mammoth Cave in grandeur and extent. Explorations\nhave been made for many miles. It excels the Mammoth Cave in the\nnumber and variety of its stalagmites and stalactites, and in the\nsize of several of its chambers. One of these chambers is 350 feet\nin length, 245 feet in height, and contains a hill 175 feet high, on\nwhich are three fine stalagmites. Epsom salts, niter and alum have\nbeen obtained from the earth of the cave. The Mammoth Cave is in\nEdmondson county, near Green River, about seventy-five miles from\nLouisville. Its entrance is reached by passing down a wild, rocky\nravine through a dense forest. The cave extends some nine miles. To\nvisit the portions already traversed, it is said, requires 150 to 200\nmiles of travel. The cave contains a succession of wonderful avenues,\nchambers, domes, abysses, grottoes, lakes, rivers, cataracts and other\nmarvels, which are too well known to need more than a reference. One\nchamber--the Star--is about 500 feet long, 70 feet wide, 70 feet high,\nthe ceiling of which is composed of black gypsum, and is studded with\ninnumerable white points, that by a dim light resemble stars, hence\nthe name of the chamber. There are avenues one and a half and even\ntwo miles in length, some of which are incrusted with beautiful\nformations, and present the appearance of enchanted palace halls.\nThere is a natural tunnel about three-quarters of a mile long, 100\nfeet wide, covered with a ceiling of smooth rock 45 feet high. There\nis a chamber having an area of from four to five acres, and there are\ndomes 200 and 300 feet high. Echo River is some three-fourths of a\nmile in length, 200 feet in width at some points, and from 10 to 30 in\ndepth, and runs beneath an arched ceiling of smooth rock about 15 feet\nhigh, while the Styx, another river, is 450 feet long, from 15 to 40\nfeet wide, and from 30 to 40 feet deep, and is spanned by a natural\nbridge. Lake Lethe has about the same length and width as the river\nStyx, varies in depth from 3 to 40 feet, lies beneath a ceiling some\n90 feet above its surface, and sometimes rises to a height of 60 feet.\nThere is also a Dead Sea, quite a somber body of water. There are\nseveral interesting caves in the neighborhood, one three miles long\nand three each about a mile in length.\nTHE SOUTH SEA BUBBLE.--The \"South Sea Bubble,\" as it is generally\ncalled, was a financial scheme which occupied the attention of\nprominent politicians, communities, and even nations in the early\npart of the eighteenth century. Briefly the facts are: In 1711 Robert\nHartley, Earl of Oxford, then Lord Treasurer, proposed to fund a\nfloating debt of about \u00a310,000,000 sterling, the interest, about\n$600,000, to be secured by rendering permanent the duties upon wines,\ntobacco, wrought silks, etc. Purchasers of this fund were to become\nalso shareholders in the \"South Sea Company,\" a corporation to have\nthe monopoly of the trade with Spanish South America, a part of the\ncapital stock of which was to be the new fund. But Spain, after the\ntreaty of Utrecht, refused to open her commerce to England, and the\nprivileges of the \"South Sea Company\" became worthless. There were\nmany men of wealth who were stockholders, and the company continued\nto flourish, while the ill success of its trading operations was\nconcealed. Even the Spanish War of 1718 did not shake the popular\nconfidence. Then in April, 1720, Parliament, by large majorities in\nboth Houses, accepted the company's plan for paying the national debt,\nand after that a frenzy of speculation seized the nation, and the\nstock rose to \u00a3300 a share, and by August had reached \u00a31,000 a share.\nThen Sir John Blunt, one of the leaders, sold out, others followed,\nand the stock began to fall. By the close of September the company\nstopped payment and thousands were beggared. An investigation ordered\nby Parliament disclosed much fraud and corruption, and many prominent\npersons were implicated, some of the directors were imprisoned, and\nall of them were fined to an aggregate amount of \u00a32,000,000 for the\nbenefit of the stockholders. A great part of the valid assets was\ndistributed among them, yielding a dividend of about 33 per cent.\nAREA OF NORTH AMERICA.--The following figures show the extent of\nthe United States as compared with the British possessions in\nNorth America: United States, 3,602,884 square miles. British\npossessions--Ontario, 121,260; Quebec, 210,020; Nova Scotia, 18,670;\nNew Brunswick, 27,037; British Columbia, 233,000; Manitoba, 16,000;\nN.W. and Hudson Bay Territories, 2,206,725; Labrador and Arctic Ocean\nIslands, make a total of 3,500,000.\n[Illustration: HOUSEHOLD RECIPES]\nHOUSEHOLD RECIPES\nMISCELLANEOUS.\nAXLE GREASE.--1. Water, 1 gallon; soda, 1/3 pound; palm oil, 10\npounds. Mix by heat, and stir till nearly cold.\n2. Water, rape oil, of each 1 gallon; soda, 1/3 pound; palm oil, 1/4\npound.\n3. Water, 1 gallon; tallow, 3 pounds; palm oil, 6 pounds; soda, 1/2\npound. Heat to 210 deg. Fahrenheit and stir until cool.\n4. Tallow, 8 pounds; palm oil, 10 pounds; plumbago, 1 pound. Makes a\ngood lubricator for wagon axles.\nHOW TO SHELL BEANS EASY.--Pour upon the pods a quantity of scalding\nwater, and the beans will slip very easily from the pod. By pouring\nscalding water on apples the skin may be easily slipped off, and much\nlabor saved.\nHOW TO CLEAN BED-TICKS.--Apply Poland starch, by rubbing it on thick\nwith a cloth. Place it in the sun. When dry, rub it if necessary. The\nsoiled part will be clean as new.\nHOW TO WASH CARPETS.--Shake and beat it well; lay it upon the floor\nand tack it firmly; then with a clean flannel wash it over with a\nquart of bullock's gall mixed with three quarts of soft, cold water,\nand rub it off with a clean flannel or house-cloth. Any particular\ndirty spot should be rubbed with pure gall.\nHOW TO CLEAN CARPETS.--Before proceeding to sweep a carpet a few\nhandfuls of waste tea-leaves should be sprinkled over it. A stiff hair\nbroom or brush should be employed, unless the carpet is very dirty,\nwhen a whisk or carpet-broom should be used, first followed by another\nmade of hair, to take off the loose dust. The frequent use of a stiff\ncarpet-broom soon wears off the beauty of the best carpet. An ordinary\nclothes brush is best adapted for superior carpets. When carpets are\nvery dirty they should be cleaned by shaking and beating.\nBeat it well with a stick in the usual manner until all the dust is\nremoved, then take out the stains, if any, with lemon or sorrel-juice.\nWhen thoroughly dry rub it all over with the crumb of a hot wheaten\nloaf, and if the weather is very fine, let hang out in the open air\nfor a night or two. This treatment will revive the colors, and make\nthe carpet appear equal to new.\nTO REMOVE SPOTS ON CARPETS.--A few drops of carbonate of ammonia,\nand a small quantity of warm rain water, will prove a safe and easy\nantacid, etc., and will change, if carefully applied, discolored spots\nupon carpets, and indeed, all spots, whether produced by acids or\nalkalies. If one has the misfortune to have a carpet injured by\nwhitewash, this will immediately restore it.\nHOW TO REMOVE INK SPOTS ON CARPETS.--As soon as the ink has been\nspilled, take up as much as you can with a sponge, and then pour on\ncold water repeatedly, still taking up the liquid; next rub the place\nwith a little wet oxalic acid or salt of sorrel, and wash it off\nimmediately with cold water, and then rub on some hartshorn.\nCLEANING AND SCOURING OF CLOTH.--The common method of cleaning cloth\nis by beating and brushing, unless when very dirty, when it undergoes\nthe operation of scouring. This is best done on the small scale, as\nfor articles of wearing apparel, etc., by dissolving a little curd\nsoap in water, and after mixing it with a little ox-gall, to touch\nover all the spots of grease, dirt, etc., with it, and to rub them\nwell with a stiff brush, until they are removed, after which the\narticle may be well rubbed all over with a brush or sponge dipped\ninto some warm water, to which the previous mixture and a little more\nox-gall has been added. When this has been properly done, it only\nremains to thoroughly rinse the article in clean water until the\nlatter passes off uncolored, when it must be hung up to dry. For dark,\ncolored cloths the common practice is to add some Fuller's-earth to\nthe mixture of soap and gall. When nearly dry the nap should be\nlaid right and the article carefully pressed, after which a brush,\nmoistened with a drop or two of olive oil, is passed several times\nover it, which will give it a superior finish.\nCloth may also be cleaned in the dry way, as follows: First remove the\nspots, as above, and when the parts have dried, strew clean, damp sand\nover it, and beat it in with a brush, after which brush the article\nwith a hard brush when the sand will readily come out, and bring the\ndirt with it. Black cloth which is very rusty should receive a coat of\nreviver after drying, and be hung up until the next day, when it\nmay be pressed and finished off as before. Scarlet cloth requires\nconsiderable caution. After being thoroughly rinsed, it should be\nrepeatedly passed through cold spring water, to which a tablespoonful\nor two of solution of tin has been added. If much faded, it should\nbe dipped in a scarlet dye-bath. Buff cloth is generally cleansed by\ncovering it with a paste made with pipe-clay and water, which, when\ndry,-is rubbed and brushed off.\nRENOVATION OF CLOTH.--The article undergoes the process of scouring\nbefore described, and, after being well rinsed and drained, it is put\non a board, and the thread-bare parts rubbed with a half-worn hatter's\ncard, filled with flocks, or with a teazle or a prickly thistle, until\na nap is raised. It is next hung up to dry, the nap laid the right\nway with a hard brush, and finished as before. When the cloth is much\nfaded, it is usual to give it a dip, as it is called, or to pass it\nthrough a dye-bath, to freshen up the color.\nHOW TO REVIVE THE COLOR OF BLACK CLOTH.--If a coat, clean it well,\nthen boil from two to four ounces of logwood in your copper, or\nboiler, for half an hour; dip your coat in warm water, and squeeze it\nas dry as you can, then put it into the copper and boil it for half an\nhour. Take it out, and add a piece of green copperas, about the size\nof a horse-bean; boil it another half hour, then draw it, and hang it\nin the air for an hour or two; take it down; rinse it in two or three\ncold waters; dry it, and let it be well brushed with a soft brush, over\nwhich a drop or two of the oil of olives has been rubbed, then stroke\nyour coat regularly over.\nHOW TO RESTORE CRAPE.--Skimmed milk and water, with a little bit of\nglue in it, made scalding hot, is excellent to restore rusty Italian\ncrape. If clapped and pulled dry like muslin, it will look as good\nas new; or, brush the veil till all the dust is removed, then fold\nit lengthwise, and roll it smoothly and tightly on a roller. Steam it\ntill it is thoroughly dampened, and dry on the roller.\nHOW TO CLEANSE FEATHER BEDS.--When feather beds become soiled and\nheavy they may be made clean and light by being treated in the\nfollowing manner: Rub them over with a stiff brush, dipped in hot\nsoap-suds. When clean lay them on a shed, or any other clean place\nwhere the rain will fall on them. When thoroughly soaked let them dry\nin a hot sun for six or seven successive days, shaking them up well\nand turning them over each day. They should be covered over with a\nthick cloth during the night; if exposed to the night air they will\nbecome damp and mildew. This way of washing the bed-ticking and\nfeathers makes them very fresh and light, and is much easier than\nthe old-fashioned way of emptying the beds and washing the feathers\nseparately, while it answers quite as well. Care must be taken to dry\nthe bed perfectly before sleeping on it. Hair mattresses that have\nbecome hard and dirty can be made nearly as good as new by ripping\nthem, washing the ticking, and picking the hair free from bunches and\nkeeping it in a dry, airy place several days. Whenever the ticking\ngets dry fill it lightly with the hair, and tack it together. HOW TO\nCUT UP AND CURE PORK.--Have the hog laid on his back on a stout, clean\nbench; cut off the head close to the base. If the hog is large, there\nwill come off a considerable collar, between head and shoulders,\nwhich, pickled or dried, is useful for cooking with vegetables.\nSeparate the jowl from the face at the natural joint; open the skull\nlengthwise and take out the brains, esteemed a luxury. Then with a\nsharp knife remove the back-bone the whole length, then the long\nstrip of fat underlying it, leaving about one inch of fat covering the\nspinal column.\nThe leaf lard, if not before taken out for the housewife's\nconvenience, is removed, as is also the tenderloin--a fishy-shaped\npiece of flesh--often used for sausage, but which makes delicious\nsteak. The middling or sides are now cut out, leaving the shoulders\nsquare-shaped and the hams pointed, or they may be rounded to your\ntaste. The spare-ribs are usually wholly removed from the sides, with\nbut little meat adhering. It is the sides of small, young hogs cured\nas hams that bear the name of breakfast bacon, The sausage meat comes\nchiefly in strips from the backbone, part of which may also be used as\nsteak. The lean trimmings from about the joints are used for sausage,\nthe fat scraps rendered up with the backbone lard.\nThe thick part of the backbone that lies between the shoulders, called\ngriskin or chine, is separated from the tapering, bony part, called\nbackbone by way of distinction, and used as flesh. The chines are\nsmoked with jowls, and used in late winter or spring.\nWhen your meat is to be pickled it should be dusted lightly with\nsaltpetre sprinkled with salt, and allowed to drain twenty-four hours;\nthen plunge it into pickle, and keep under with a weight. It is good\npolicy to pickle a portion of the sides. They, after soaking, are\nsweeter to cook with vegetables, and the grease fried from them is\nmuch more useful than that of smoked meat.\nIf your meat is to be dry salted, allow one teaspoonful of pulverized\nsaltpetre to one gallon of salt, and keep the mixture warm beside you.\nPut on a hog's ear as a mitten, and rub each piece of meat thoroughly.\nThen pack skin side down, ham upon ham, side upon side, strewing on\nsalt abundantly. It is best to put large and small pieces in different\nboxes for the convenience of getting at them to hang up at the\ndifferent times they will come into readiness. The weather has so much\nto do with the time that meat requires to take salt that no particular\ntime can be specified for leaving it in.\nThe best test is to try a medium-sized ham; if salt enough, all\nsimilar and smaller pieces are surely ready, and it is well to\nremember that the saltness increases in drying. Ribs and steaks should\nbe kept in a cold, dark place, without salting, until ready for use.\nIf you have many, or the weather is warm, they keep better in pickle\nthan dry salt. Many persons turn and rub their meat frequently. We\nhave never practiced this, and have never lost any.\nWhen the meat is ready for smoking, dip the hocks of the joints in\nground black pepper and dust the raw surface thickly with it. Sacks,\nafter this treatment, may be used for double security, and I think\nbacon high and dry is sweeter than packed in any substance. For\nsugar-cured hams we append the best recipe we have ever used, though\ntroublesome.\n_English Recipe for Sugar-Curing Hams_.--So soon as the meat comes\nfrom the butcher's hand rub it thoroughly with the salt. Repeat this\nfour days, keeping the meat where it can drain. The fourth day rub\nit with saltpetre and a handful of common salt, allowing one pound of\nsaltpetre to seventy pounds of meat. Now mix one pound of brown sugar\nand one of molasses, rub over the ham every day for a fortnight, and\nthen smoke with hickory chips or cobs. Hams should be hung highest\nin meat-houses, because there they are less liable to the attacks of\ninsects, for insects do not so much infest high places--unlike human\npests.\n_Pickle_.--Make eight gallons of brine strong enough to float an egg;\nadd two pounds of brown sugar or a quart of molasses, and four ounces\nof saltpetre; boil and skim clean, and pour cold on your meat. Meat\nintended for smoking should remain in pickle about four weeks. This\npickle can be boiled over, and with a fresh cup of sugar and salt\nused all summer. Some persons use as much soda as saltpetre. It will\ncorrect acidity, but we think impairs the meat.\nWASHING PREPARATION.--Take a 1/4 of a pound of soap, a 1/4 of a\npound of soda, and a 1/4 of a pound of quicklime. Cut up the soup and\ndissolve it in 1 quart of boiling water; pour 1 quart of boiling water\nover the soda, and 3 quarts of boiling water upon the quicklime.\nThe lime must be quick and fresh; if it is good it will bubble up\non pouring the hot water upon it. Each must be prepared in separate\nvessels. The lime must settle so as to leave the water on the\ntop perfectly clear; then strain it carefully (not disturbing the\nsettlings) into the washboiler with the soda and soap; let it scald\nlong enough to dissolve the soap, then add 6 gallons of soap water.\nThe clothes must be put to soak over night, after rubbing soap upon\nthe dirtiest parts of them. After having the above in readiness, wring\nout the clothes which have been put in soak, put them on to boil, and\nlet each lot boil half an hour; the same water will answer for the\nwhole washing. After boiling each lot half an hour drain them from\nthe boiling water put them in a tub and pour upon them two or three\npailsful of clear, hot water; after this they will want very little\nrubbing; then rinse through two waters, blueing the last. When dried\nthey will be a beautiful white. After washing the cleanest part of\nthe white clothes, take two pails of the suds in which they have been\nwashed, put it over the fire and scald, and this will wash all\nthe flannels and colored clothes without any extra soap. The white\nflannels, after being well washed in the suds, will require to be\nscalded by turning on a teakettle of boiling water.\nHOW TO DESTROY HOUSEHOLD PESTS\nHOW TO DESTROY ANTS.--Ants that frequent houses or gardens may he\ndestroyed by taking flower of brimstone half a pound and potash\nfour ounces; set them in an iron or earthen pan over the fire till\ndissolved and united; afterward beat them to a powder, and infuse a\nlittle of this powder in water; and wherever you sprinkle it the ants\nwill die or fly the place.\nHOW TO DESTROY BLACK ANTS.--A few leaves of green wormwood, scattered\namong the haunts of these troublesome insects, is said to be effectual\nin dislodging them.\nHOW TO DESTROY RED ANTS.--The best way to get rid of ants, is to set a\nquantity of cracked walnuts or shell-barks on plates, and put them in\nthe closet or places where the ants congregate. They are very fond of\nthese, and will collect on them in myriads. When they have collected\non them make a general _auto-da-fe_, by turning nuts and ants together\ninto the fire, and then replenish the plates with fresh nuts. After\nthey have become so thinned off as to cease collecting on plates,\npowder some camphor and put in the holes and crevices, whereupon the\nremainder of them will speedily depart. It may help the process of\ngetting them to assemble on shell-barks, to remove all edibles out of\ntheir way for the time.\nHOW TO DESTROY BLACK BEES.--Place two or three shallow vessels--the\nlarger kind of flower-pot saucers will do--half filled with water, on\nthe floors where they assemble, with strips of cardboard running from\nthe edge of the vessel to the floor, at a gentle inclination; these\nthe unwelcome guests will eagerly ascend, and so find a watery grave.\nHOW TO DESTROY BED-BUGS.--1. When they have made a lodgement in the\nwall, fill all the apertures with a mixture of soft soap and scotch\nsnuff. Take the bedstead to pieces, and treat that in the same way. 2.\nA strong decoction of red pepper applied to bedsteads will either kill\nthe bugs or drive them away. 3. Put the bedstead into a close room and\nset fire to the following composition, placed in an iron pot upon the\nhearth, having previously closed up the chimney, then shut the door,\nlet them remain a day: sulphur nine parts; saltpetre, powdered, one\npart. Mix. Be sure to open the door of the room five or six hours\nbefore you venture to go into it a second time. 4. Rub the bedstead\nwell with lampoil; this alone is good, but to make it more effectual,\nget ten cents worth of quicksilver and add to it. Put it into all the\ncracks around the bed, and they will soon disappear. The bedsteads\nshould first be scalded and wiped dry, then put on with a feather. 5.\nCorrosive sublimate, one ounce; muriatic acid, two ounces; water, four\nounces; dissolve, then add turpentine, one pint; decoction of tobacco,\none pint. Mix. For the decoction of tobacco boil one ounce of tobacco\nin a 1/2 pint of water. The mixture must be applied with a paint\nbrush. This wash is deadly poison. 6. Rub the bedsteads in the joints\nwith equal parts of spirits of turpentine and kerosene oil, and the\ncracks of the surbase in rooms where there are many. Filling up all\nthe cracks with hard soap is an excellent remedy.\nMarch and April are the months when bedsteads should be examined to\nkill all the eggs. 7. Mix together two ounces spirits of turpentine,\none ounce corrosive sublimate, and one pint alcohol. 8. Distilled\nvinegar, or diluted good vinegar, a pint; camphor one-half ounce;\ndissolve. 9. White arsenic, two ounces; lard, thirteen ounces;\ncorrosive sublimate, one-fourth ounce; venetian red, one-fourth ounce.\n(deadly poison.) 10. Strong mercurial ointment one ounce; soft soap\none ounce; oil of turpentine, a pint 11. Gasoline and coaloil are both\nexcellent adjuncts, with cleanliness, in ridding a bed or house of\nthese pests.\nHOW TO DESTROY CATERPILLARS.--Boil together a quantity of rue,\nwormwood, and any cheap tobacco (equal parts) in common water. The\nliquid should be very strong. Sprinkle it on the leaves and young\nbranches every morning and evening during the time the fruit is\nripening.\nHOW TO DESTROY COCKROACHES AND BEETLES.--1. Strew the roots of black\nhellebore, at night, in the places infested by these vermin, and they\nwill be found in the morning dead or dying. Black hellebore grows in\nmarshy grounds, and may be had at the herb shops. 2. Put about a quart\nof water sweetened with molasses in a tin wash basin or smooth glazed\nchina bowl. Set it at evening in a place frequented by the bugs.\nAround the basin put an old piece of carpet that the bugs can have\neasy access to the top. They will go down in the water, and stay\ntill you come. 3. Take pulverized borax, 4 parts, flour 1 part,\nmix intimately and distribute the mixture in cupboards which are\nfrequented by the roaches, or blow it, by means of a bellows, into the\nholes or cracks that are infested by them. 4. By scattering a handful\nof fresh cucumber parings about the house. 5. Take carbonic acid\nand powdered camphor in equal parts; put them in a bottle; they will\nbecome fluid. With a painter's brush of the size called a sash-tool,\nput the mixture on the cracks or places where the roaches hide; they\nwill come out at once. Then kill. 6. Mix up a quantity of fresh\nburned plaster of paris (gypsum, such as is used for making molds and\nornaments), with wheat flour and a little sugar, and distribute on\nshallow plates and box boards, and place in the corners of the kitchen\nand pantry where they frequent. In the darkness they will feast\nthemselves on it. Whether it interferes with their digestion or not,\nis difficult to ascertain, but after three or four nights renewal of\nthe preparation, no cockroaches will be found on the premises.\nHOW TO DESTROY CRICKETS.--Sprinkle a little quick lime near to the\ncracks through which they enter the room. The lime may be laid down\novernight, and swept away in the morning. In a few days they will most\nlikely all be destroyed. But care must be taken that the children do\nnot meddle with the lime, as a very small portion of it getting into\nthe eye, would prove exceedingly hurtful. In case of such an accident\nthe best thing to do would be to wash the eye with vinegar and water.\nHOW TO GET RID OF FLEAS.--Much of the largest number of fleas are\nbrought into our family circles by pet dogs and cats. The oil of\npennyroyal will drive these insects off: but a cheaper method, where\nthe herb flourishes, is to throw your cats and dogs into a decoction\nof it once a week. When the herb cannot be got, the oil can be\nprocured. In this case, saturate strings with it and tie them around\nthe necks of the dogs and cats. These applications should be repeated\nevery twelve or fifteen days. Mint freshly cut, and hung round\na bedstead, or on the furniture, will prevent annoyance from bed\ninsects; a few drops of essential oil of lavender will be more\nefficacious.\nHOW TO DESTROY FLIES.--1. Take an infusion of quassia, one pint;\nbrown sugar, four ounces, ground pepper, two ounces. To be well mixed\ntogether, and put in small shallow dishes where required. 2. Black\npepper (powdered), one drachm; brown sugar, one drachm; milk or cream,\ntwo drachms. Mix, and place it on a plate or saucer where the flies\nare most troublesome. 3. Pour a little simple oxymel (an article to be\nobtained at the druggists), into a common tumbler glass, and place in\nthe glass a piece of cap paper, made into the shape of the upper part\nof a funnel, with a hole at the bottom to admit the flies. Attracted\nby the smell, they readily enter the trap in swarms, and by the\nthousands soon collected prove that they have not the wit or the\ndisposition to return. 4. Take some jars, mugs, or tumblers, fill them\nhalf full with soapy water; cover them as jam-pots are covered, with\na piece of paper, either tied down or tucked under the rim. Let this\npaper be rubbed inside with wet sugar, molasses, honey, or jam, or any\nthing sweet; cut a small hole in the center, large enough for a fly\nto enter. The flies settle on the top, attracted by the smell of\nthe bait; they then crawl through the hole, to feed upon the sweets\nbeneath. Meanwhile the warmth of the weather causes the soapy water to\nferment, and produces a gas which overpowers the flies, and they drop\ndown into the vessel. Thousands may be destroyed this way, and the\ntraps last a long time.\nFLY PAPER.--Melt resin, and add thereto while soft, sufficient sweet\noil, lard, or lamp oil to make it, when cold about the consistency\nof honey. Spread on writing paper, and place in a convenient spot. It\nwill soon be filled with ants, flies, and other vermin.\nHOW TO EXPEL INSECTS.--All insects dread pennyroyal: the smell of\nit destroys some, and drives others away. At the time that fresh\npennyroyal cannot be gathered, get oil of pennyroyal; pour some into\na saucer, and steep in it small pieces of wadding or raw cotton, and\nplace them in corners, closet-shelves, bureau drawers, boxes, etc.,\nand the cockroaches, ants, or other insects will soon disappear. It is\nalso well to place some between the mattresses, and around the bed. It\nis also a splendid thing for brushing off that terrible little insect,\nthe seed tick.\nHOW TO DESTROY MICE.--1. Use tartar emetic mingled with some favorite\nfood. The mice will leave the premises.\n2. Take one part calomel,\nfive parts of wheat flour, one part sugar, and one-tenth of a part\nof ultramarine. Mix together in a fine powder and place it in a dish.\nThis is a most efficient poison for mice.\n3. Any one desirous of keeping seeds from the depredations of mice\ncan do so by mixing pieces of camphor gum in with the seeds. Camphor\nplaced in drawers or trunks will prevent mice from doing them injury.\nThe little animal objects to the odor and keeps a good distance from\nit. He will seek food elsewhere.\n4. Gather all kinds of mint and scatter about your shelves, and they\nwill forsake the premises.\nHOW TO DRIVE AWAY MOSQUITOES.--1. A camphor bag hung up in an\nopen casement will prove an effectual barrier to their entrance.\nCamphorated spirits applied as perfume to the face and hands will\nprove an effectual preventive; but when bitten by them, aromatic\nvinegar is the beat antidote.\n2. A small amount of oil of pennyroyal sprinkled around the room will\ndrive away the mosquitoes. This is an excellent recipe.\n3. Take of gum camphor a piece about half the size of an egg, and\nevaporate it by placing it in a tin vessel and holding it over a lamp\nor candle, taking care that it does not ignite. The smoke will soon\nfill the room and expel the mosquitoes.\nHOW TO PRESERVE CLOTHING FROM MOTHS.--1. Procure shavings of cedar\nwood and enclose in muslin bags, which should be distributed freely\namong clothes. 2. Procure shavings of camphor wood, and enclose in\nbags. 3. Sprinkle pimento (allspice) berries among the clothes. 4.\nSprinkle the clothes with the seeds of the musk plant. 5. An ounce of\ngum camphor and one of the powdered shell of red pepper are macerated\nin eight ounces of strong alcohol for several days, then strained.\nWith this tincture the furs or cloths are sprinkled over, and rolled\nup in sheets. 6. Carefully shake and brush woolens early in the\nspring, so as to be certain that no eggs are in them; then sew them up\nin cotton or linen wrappers, putting a piece of camphor gum, tied up\nin a bit of muslin, into each bundle, or into the chests and closets\nwhere the articles are to lie. No moth will approach while the smell\nof the camphor continues. When the gum is evaporated, it must be\nrenewed. Enclose them in a moth-proof box with camphor, no matter\nwhether made of white paper or white pine, before any eggs are laid on\nthem by early spring moths. The notion of having a trunk made of\nsome particular kind of wood for this purpose, is nonsense. Furs or\nwoolens, put away in spring time, before moth eggs are laid, into\nboxes, trunks, drawers, or closets even, where moths cannot enter,\nwill be safe from the ravages of moth-worms, provided none were\nin them that were laid late in the autumn, for they are not of\nspontaneous production.\nHOW TO KILL MOTHS IN CARPETS.--Wring a coarse crash towel out of clear\nwater, spread it smoothly on the carpet, iron it dry with a good hot\niron, repeating the operation on all parts of the carpet suspected of\nbeing infected with moths. No need to press hard, and neither the\npile nor color of the carpet will he injured, and the moths will be\ndestroyed by the heat and steam.\nHOW TO DESTROY RATS.--1. When a house is invested with rats which\nrefuse to be caught by cheese and other baits, a few drops of the\nhighly-scented oil of rhodium poured on the bottom of the cage will\nbe an attraction which they cannot refuse. 2. Place on the floor near\nwhere their holes are supposed to be a thin layer of moist caustic\npotash. When the rats travel on this, it will cause their feet to\nbecome sore, which they lick, and their tongues become likewise sore.\nThe consequence is, that they shun this locality, and seem to inform\nall the neighboring rats about it, and the result is that they soon\nabandon a house that has such mean floors. 3. Cut some corks as thin\nas wafers, and fry, roast, or stew them in grease, and place the\nsame in their track; or a dried sponge fried or dipped in molasses\nor honey, with a small quantity of bird lime or oil of rhodium, will\nfasten to their fur and cause them to depart. 4. If a live rat can be\ncaught and smeared over with tar or train oil, and afterwards allowed\nto escape in the holes of other rats, he will cause all soon to take\ntheir departure. 5. If a live rat be caught, and a small bell be\nfastened around his neck, and allowed to escape, all of his brother\nrats as well as himself will very soon go to some other neighbor's\nhouse. 6. Take a pan, about twelve inches deep, and half fill it with\nwater; then sprinkle some bran on the water and set the pan in a place\nwhere the rats most frequent. In the morning you will find several\nrats in the pan. 7. Flour, three parts; sugar, one-half part; sulphur,\ntwo parts, and phosphorus, two parts. Smear on meat, and place near\nwhere the rats are most troublesome. 8. Squills are an excellent\npoison for rats. The powder should be mixed with some fatty substance,\nand spread upon slices of bread. The pulp of onions is also very\ngood. Rats are very fond of either. 9. Take two ounces of carbonate of\nbarytes, and mix with one pound of suet or tallow, place a portion of\nthis within their holes and about their haunts. It is greedily eaten,\nproduces great thirst, and death ensues after drinking. This is a very\neffectual poison, because it is both tasteless and odorless. 10. Take\none ounce of finely powdered arsenic, one ounce of lard; mix these\ninto a paste with meal, put it about the haunts of rats. They will eat\nof it greedily. 11. Make a paste of one ounce of flour, one-half gill\nof water, one drachm of phosphorus, and one ounce of flour. Or, one\nounce of flour, two ounces of powdered cheese crumbs, and one-half\ndrachm of phosphorus; add to each of these mixtures a few drops of the\noil of rhodium, and spread this on thin pieces of bread like butter;\nthe rats will eat of this greedily, and it is a sure poison. 12. Mix\nsome ground plaster of paris with some sugar and indian meal. Set it\nabout on plates, and leave beside each plate a saucer of water. When\nthe rats have eaten the mixture they will drink the water and die. To\nattract them toward it, you may sprinkle on the edges of the plates\na little of the oil of rhodium. Another method of getting rid of rats\nis, to strew pounded potash on their holes. The potash gets into their\ncoats and irritates the skin, and the rats desert the place. 13. The\ndutch method: this is said to be used successfully in holland; we\nhave, however, never tried it. A number of rats are left together to\nthemselves in a very large trap or cage, with no food whatever; their\ncraving hunger will, at last, cause them to fight and the weakest will\nbe eaten by the others; after a short time the fight is renewed, and\nthe next weakest is the victim, and so it goes on till one strong\nrat is left. When this one has eaten the last remains of any of the\nothers, it is set loose; the animal has now acquired such a taste for\nrat-flesh that he is the terror of ratdom, going round seeking what\nrat he may devour. In an incredibly short time the premises are\nabandoned by all other rats, which will not come back before the\ncannibal rat has left or has died. 14. Catch a rat and smear him over\nwith a mixture of phosphorus and lard, and then let him loose. The\nhouse will soon be emptied of these pests.\nVERMIN, IN WATER.--Go to the river or pond, and with a small net (a\npiece of old mosquito bar will do) collect a dozen or more of the\nsmall fishes known as minnows, and put them in your cistern, and in\na short time you will have clear water, the wiggle-tails and\nreddish-colored bugs or lice being gobbled up by the fishes.\n[ILLUSTRATION: ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES AND HOW TO MEET THEM.]\nACCIDENTS AND INJURIES\nAND HOW TO MEET THEM\nAs accidents are constantly liable to occur, the importance of knowing\nhow best to meet the various emergencies that may arise can hardly be\nover-estimated. In all cases, and under all circumstances, the best\nhelp to assist a party in this trying moment is _presence of mind_.\nHARVEST BUG-BITES.--The best remedy is the use of benzine, which\nimmediately kills the insect. A small drop of tincture of iodine has\nthe same effect.\nBITES AND STINGS OF INSECTS.--Such as bees, wasps, hornets, etc.,\nalthough generally painful, and ofttimes causing much disturbance,\nyet are rarely attended with fatal results. The pain and swelling\nmay generally be promptly arrested by bathing freely with a strong\nsolution of equal parts of common salt and baking soda, in warm water;\nor by the application of spirits of hartshorn; or of volatile liniment\n(one part of spirits of hartshorn and two of olive oil). In the\nabsence of the other articles, warm oil may be used; or, if this is\nnot at hand, apply a paste made from fresh clay-earth. If the sting of\nthe insect is left in the wound, as is frequently the case, it should\nalways be extracted. If there is faintness, give some stimulant; as, a\ntablespoonful or two of brandy and water, or brandy and ammonia.\nMAD DOG BITES.--1. Take immediately warm vinegar or tepid water; wash\nthe wound clean therewith and then dry it; pour upon the wound, then,\nten or twelve drops of muriatic acid. Mineral acids destroy the poison\nof the saliva, by which means the evil effects of the latter are\nneutralized. 2. Many think that the only sure preventive of evil\nfollowing the bite of a rabid dog is to suck the wound immediately,\nbefore the poison has had time to circulate with the blood. If the\nperson bit cannot get to the wound to suck it, he must persuade or pay\nanother to do it for him. There is no fear of any harm following\nthis, for the poison entering by the stomach cannot hurt a person.\nA spoonful of the poison might be swallowed with impunity, but the\nperson who sucks the place should have no wound on the lip or\ntongue, or it might be dangerous. The precaution alluded to is a most\nimportant one, and should never be omitted prior to an excision\nand the application of lunar caustic in every part, especially the\ninterior and deep-seated portions. No injury need be anticipated if\nthis treatment is adopted promptly and effectively. The poison of\nhydrophobia remains latent on an average six weeks; the part heals\nover, but there is a pimple or wound, more or less irritable; it then\nbecomes painful; and the germ, whatever it is, ripe for dissemination\ninto the system, and then all hope is gone. Nevertheless, between\nthe time of the bite and the activity of the wound previous to\ndissemination, the caustic of nitrate of silver is a sure preventive;\nafter that it is as useless as all the other means. The best mode of\napplication of the nitrate of silver is by introducing it solidly into\nthe wound.\nSERPENTS BITES.--The poison inserted by the stings and bites of many\nvenomous reptiles is so rapidly absorbed, and of so fatal a description,\nas frequently to occasion death before any remedy or antidote can be\napplied; and they are rendered yet more dangerous from the fact that\nthese wounds are inflicted in parts of the country and world where\nprecautionary measures are seldom thought of, and generally at times\nwhen people are least prepared to meet them. 1. In absence of any\nremedies, the first best plan to adopt on being bitten by any of the\npoisonous snakes is to do as recommended above in Mad Dog Bites--viz.,\nto wash off the place immediately; if possible get the mouth to the\nspot, and forcibly suck out all the poison, first applying a ligature\nabove the wound as tightly as can be borne. 2. A remedy promulgated by\nthe Smithsonian Institute is to take 30 grs. iodide potassium, 30 grs.\niodine, 1 oz. water, to be applied externally to the wound by saturating\nlint or batting--the same to be kept moist with the antidote until the\ncure be effected, which will be in one hour, and sometimes instantly. 3.\nAn Australian physician has tried and recommends carbolic acid, diluted\nand administered internally every few minutes until recovery is certain.\n4. Another Australian Physician, Professor Halford, of Melbourne\nUniversity, has discovered that if a proper amount of dilute ammonia be\ninjected into the circulation of a patient suffering from snake-bite,\nthe curative effect is usually sudden and startling, so that, in many\ncases, men have thus been brought back, as it were, by magic, from the\nvery shadow of death.\nBLEEDING AT THE NOSE.--1. Roll up a piece of paper, and press it under\nthe upper lip. 2. In obstinate cases blow a little gum Arabic up the\nnostrils through a quill, which will immediately stop the discharge;\npowdered alum is also good. 3. Pressure by the finger over the small\nartery near the ala (wing) of the nose, on the side where the blood is\nflowing, is said to arrest the hemorrhage immediately.\nBLEEDING FROM THE LUNGS.--A NEW York physician has related a case\nin which inhalation of very dry persulphate of iron, reduced to a\npalpable powder, entirely arrested bleeding from the lungs, after all\nthe usual remedies, lead, opium, etc., had failed. A small quantity\nwas administered by drawing into the lungs every hour during part of\nthe night and following day.\nBLEEDING FROM THE BOWELS.--The most common cause of this, when not a\ncomplication of some disease, is hemorrhoids or piles. Should serious\nhemorrhage occur, rest and quiet, and cold water poured slowly over\nthe lower portion of the belly, or cloths wet with cold water, or\nbetter, with ice water applied over the belly and thighs, and to the\nlower end of the bowels, will ordinarily arrest it. In some cases it\nmay be necessary to use injections of cold water, or even put small\npieces of ice in the rectum.\nBLEEDING FROM THE MOUTH.--This is generally caused by some injury to\nthe cheeks, gums or tongue, but it sometimes occurs without any direct\ncause of this kind, and no small alarm may be caused by mistaking it\nfor bleeding from the lungs. Except when an artery of some size\nis injured, bleeding from the mouth can generally be controlled by\ngargling and washing the mouth with cold water, salt and water, or\nalum and water, or some persulphate of iron may be applied to the\nbleeding surface. Sometimes obstinate or even alarming bleeding may\nfollow the pulling of a tooth. The best remedy for this is to plug\nthe cavity with lint or cotton wet with the solution of persulphate of\niron, and apply a compress which may be kept in place by closing the\nteeth on it.\nBLEEDING FROM THE STOMACH.--_Vomiting blood_.--Hemorrhage from the\nstomach is seldom so serious as to endanger life; but as it may be a\nsymptom of some dangerous affection, it is always best to consult a\nphysician concerning it. In the meantime, as in all other varieties\nof hemorrhage, perfect quiet should be preserved. A little salt, or\nvinegar, or lemon juice, should be taken at intervals, in a small\nglass of fresh cool water, or ice-water, as ice may be swallowed in\nsmall pieces, and cloths wet with ice-water, or pounded ice applied\nover the stomach.\nBLEEDING FROM VARICOSE VEINS.--Serious and even fatal hemorrhage may\noccur from the bursting of a large varicose or \"broken\" vein. Should\nsuch an accident occur, the bleeding may be best controlled, until\nproper medical aid can be procured, by a tight bandage; or a \"stick\ntourniquet,\" remembering that the blood comes toward the heart in\nthe veins, and from it in the arteries. The best thing to prevent the\nrupture of varicose or broken veins is to support the limb by wearing\nelastic stockings, or a carefully applied bandage.\nBURNS AND SCALDS.--There is no class of accidents that cause such\nan amount of agony, and none which are followed with more disastrous\nresults.\n1. By putting the burned part under cold water, milk, or other\nbland fluid, instantaneous and perfect relief from all pain will be\nexperienced. On withdrawal, the burn should be perfectly covered\nwith half an inch or more of common wheaten flour, put on with a\ndredging-box, or in any other way, and allowed to remain until a\ncure is effected, when the dry, caked flour will fall off, or can be\nsoftened with water, disclosing a beautiful, new and healthy skin,\nin all cases where the burns have been superficial. 2. Dissolve white\nlead in flaxseed oil to the consistency of milk, and apply over the\nentire burn or scald every five minutes. It can be applied with a soft\nfeather. This is said to give relief sooner, and to be more permanent\nin its effects, than any other application. 3. Make a saturated\nsolution of alum (four ounces to a quart of hot water). Dip a cotton\ncloth in this solution and apply immediately on the burn. As soon as\nit becomes hot or dry, replace it by another, and continue doing so\nas often as the cloth dries, which at first will be every few minutes.\nThe pain will immediately cease, and after twenty-four hours of this\ntreatment the burn will be healed; especially if commenced before\nblisters are formed. The astringent and drying qualities of the alum\nwill entirely prevent their formation. 4. Glycerine, five ounces;\nwhite of egg, four ounces; tincture of arnica, three ounces. Mix the\nglycerine and white of egg thoroughly in a mortar, and gradually add\nthe arnica. Apply freely on linen rags night, and morning, washing\npreviously with warm castile soap-suds. 5. Take one drachm of finely\npowdered alum, and mix thoroughly with the white of two eggs and one\nteacup of fresh lard; spread on a cloth, and apply to the parts burnt.\nit gives almost instant relief from pain, and, by excluding the air,\nprevents excessive inflammatory action. The application should be\nchanged at least once a day. 6. M. Joel, of the Children's Hospital,\nLausanne, finds that a tepid bath, containing a couple of pinches of\nsulphate of iron, gives immediate relief to young children who have\nbeen extensively burned. In a case of a child four years old, a\nbath repeated twice a day--twenty minutes each bath--the suppuration\ndecreased, lost its odor, and the little sufferer was soon\nconvalescent. 7. For severe scalding, carbolic acid has recently been\nused with marked benefit. It is to be mixed with thirty parts of the\nordinary oil of lime water to one part of the acid. Linen rags satured\nin the carbolic emulsion are to be spread on the scalded parts, and\nkept moist by frequently smearing with the feather dipped in the\nliquid. Two advantages of this mode of treatment are, the exclusion of\nair, and the rapid healing by a natural restorative action without the\nformation of pus, thus preserving unmarred and personal appearance of\nthe patient--a matter of no small importance to some people.\nCHOKING.--In case of Choking, a violent slap with the open hand\nbetween the shoulders of the sufferer will often effect a dislodgment.\nIn case the accident occurs with a child, and the slapping process\ndoes not afford instant relief, it should be grasped by the feet, and\nplaced head downwards, and the slapping between the shoulders renewed;\nbut in case this induced violent suffocative paroxysms it must not\nbe repeated. If the substance, whatever it maybe, has entered the\nwindpipe, and the coughing and inverting the body fails to dislodge\nit, it is probable that nothing but cutting open the windpipe will\nbe of any avail; and for this the services of a surgeon should always be\nprocured. If food has stuck in the throat or gullet, the forefinger\nshould be immediately introduced; and if lodged at the entrance of the\ngullet, the substance may be reached and extracted, possibly, with the\nforefinger alone, or may be seized with a pair of pincers, if at hand,\nor a curling tongs, or anything of the kind. This procedure may be\nfacilitated by directing the person to put the tongue well out, in\nwhich position it may be retained by the individual himself, or a\nbystander by grasping it, covered with a handkerchief or towel. Should\nthis fail, an effort should be made to excite retching or vomiting\nby passing the finger to the root of the tongue, in hopes that the\noffending substance may in this way be dislodged; or it may possibly\nbe effected by suddenly and unexpectedly dashing in the face a basin\nof cold water, the shock suddenly relaxing the muscular spasm present,\nand the involuntary gasp at the same time may move it up or down. If\nthis cannot be done, as each instant's delay is of vital importance to\na choking man, seize a fork, a spoon, a penholder, pencil, quill, or\nanything suitable at hand, and endeavor to push the article down\nthe throat. If it be low down the gullet, and other means fail, its\ndislodgment may sometimes be effected by dashing cold water on the\nspine, or vomiting may be induced by an emetic of sulphate of zinc\n(twenty grains in a couple of tablespoonfuls of warm water), or of\ncommon salt and mustard in like manner, or it may be pushed into the\nstomach by extemporizing a probang, by fastening a small sponge to the\nend of a stiff strip of whalebone. If this cannot he done, a surgical\noperation will be necessary. Fish bones or other sharp substances,\nwhen they cannot be removed by the finger or forceps, may sometimes\nbe dislodged by swallowing some pulpy mass, as masticated bread,\netc. Irregularly shaped substances, a plate with artificial teeth for\ninstance, can ordinarily be removed only by surgical interference.\nCOLIC.--Use a hot fomentation over the abdomen, and a small quantity\nof ginger, pepermint or common tea. If not relieved in a few minutes,\nthen give an injection of a quart of warm water with twenty or thirty\ndrops of laudanum, and repeat it if necessary. A half teaspoonful of\nchloroform, in a tablespoonful of sweetened water, with or without a\nfew drops of spirits of lavender or essence of peppermint, will often\ngive prompt relief.\nCONVULSIONS.--In small children convulsions frequently happen from\nteething, sometimes from worms or from some irritating substance\nwithin the stomach or bowels, and sometimes from some affection of the\nbrain.\nWhen a child has convulsions, place it immediately in a warm or hot\nbath, and sponge its head with cold water. Then apply a hot mustard\nplaster to the wrists, ankles and soles of the feet, or, in case a\nplaster cannot be obtained, apply a cloth wrung out of hot mustard\nwater. Allow these to remain until the skin reddens, and use care that\nthe same do not blister. After the fit has subsided, use great care\nagainst its return by attention to the cause which gave rise to it.\nConvulsions in adults must be treated in accordance with the manner\nwhich gave rise to them. During the attack great care should be taken\nthat the party does not injure himself, and the best preventive is\na cork or a soft piece of wood, or other suitable substance, placed\nbetween the teeth to prevent biting the tongue and cheeks: tight\nclothing must be removed or loosened; mustard poultices should be\napplied to the extremities and over the abdomen; abundance of fresh\nair should be secured by opening windows and doors, and preventing\nunnecessary crowding of persons around; cold water may be dashed\non the face and chest; and if there be plethora, with full bounding\npulse, with evidence of cerebral or other internal congestion, the\nabstraction of a few ounces of blood may be beneficial.\nCRAMP.--Spasmodic or involuntary contractions of the muscles generally\nof the extremities, accompanied with great pain. The muscles of the\nlegs and feet are the most commonly affected with cramp, especially\nafter great exertion. The best treatment is immediately to stand\nupright, and to well rub the part with the hand. The application of\nstrong stimulants, as spirits of ammonia, or of anodines, as opiate\nliniments, has been recommended. When cramp occurs in the stomach,\na teaspoonful of sal volatile in water, or a dram glassful of good\nbrandy, should be swallowed immediately. When cramp comes on during\ncold bathing, the limb should be thrown out as suddenly and violently\nas possible, which will generally remove it, care being also taken\nnot to become flurried nor frightened, as presence of mind is very\nessential to personal safety on such an occasion. A common cause of\ncramp is indigestion, and the use of acescent liquors; these should be\navoided.\nCUTS.--In case the flow of blood is trifling, stop the bleeding by\nbringing the edges of the wound together, if the flow of blood is\ngreat, of a bright vermillion color, and flows in spurts or with a\njerk, an artery is severed, and at once should pressure be made on the\nparts by the finger (between the cut and the heart), until a compress\nis arranged by a tight ligature above the wounded part. Then the\nfinger may be taken off, and if the blood still flows, tighten the\nhandkerchief or other article that forms the ligature, until it\nceases. If at this point the attendance of a physician or surgeon\ncannot be secured, take strong silk thread, or wax together three or\nfour threads and cut them into lengths of about a foot long. Wash the\nparts with warm water, and then with a sharp hook or small pair of\npincers in your hand, fix your eye steadfastly upon the wound, and\ndirecting the ligature to be slightly released, you will see the mouth\nof the artery from which the blood springs. At once seize it, draw it\nout a little while an assistant passes a ligature round it, and ties\nit up tight with a double knot. In this way take up in succession\nevery bleeding vessel you can see or get hold of. If the wound is too\nhigh up in a limb to apply the ligature do not lose your presence of\nmind. If it is the thigh, press firmly on the groin; if in the arm,\nwith the band-end or ring of a common door-key make pressure above the\ncollar bone, and about its middle, against its first rib, which\nlies under it. The pressure should be continued until assistance is\nprocured and the vessel tied up. If the wound is on the face, or other\nplace where pressure cannot effectually be made, place a piece of ice\ndirectly over the wound allowing it to remain there until the blood\ncoagulates, when it may be removed, and a compress and bandage be\napplied.\nAfter the bleeding is arrested the surrounding blood should be cleared\naway, as well as any extraneous matter then bring the sides of the\nwound into contact throughout the whole depth, in order that they may\ngrow together as quickly as possible, retaining them in their position\nby strips of adhesive plaster. If the wound be deep and extensive,\nthe wound itself and the adjacent parts must be supported by proper\nbandages. The position of the patient should be such as will relax\nthe skin and muscles of the wounded part. Rest, low and unstimulating\ndiet, will complete the requirements necessary to a speedy recovery.\nHOW TO DISTINGUISH DEATH.--As many instances occur of parties being\nburied alive, they being to all appearance dead, the great importance of\nknowing how to distinguish real from imaginary death need not be\nexplained. The appearances which mostly accompany death, are an entire\nstoppage of breathing, of the heart's action; the eyelids are partly\nclosed, the eyes glassy, and the pupils usually dilated; the jaws are\nclenched, the fingers partially contracted, and the lips and nostrils\nmore or less covered with frothy mucus, with increasing pallor and\ncoldness of surface, and the muscles soon become rigid and the limbs\nfixed in their position. But as these same conditions may also exist in\ncertain other cases of suspended animation, great care should be\nobserved, whenever there is the least doubt concerning it, to prevent\nthe unnecessary crowding of the room in which the corpse is, or of\nparties crowding around the body; nor should the body be allowed to\nremain lying on the back without the tongue being so secured as to\nprevent the glottis or orifice of the windpipe being closed by it; nor\nshould the face be closely covered; nor rough usage of any kind be\nallowed. In case there is great doubt, the body should not be allowed to\nbe inclosed in the coffin, and under no circumstances should burial be\nallowed until there are unmistakable signs of decomposition.\nOf the numerous methods proposed as signs for real death, we select\nthe following: 1. So long as breathing continues, the surface of\na mirror held to the mouth and nostrils will become dimmed with\nmoisture. 2. If a strong thread or small cord be tied tightly round\nthe finger of a living person, the portion beyond the cord or thread\nwill become red and swollen--if dead, no change is produced. 3. If the\nhand of a living person is held before a strong light a portion of the\nmargin or edges of the fingers is translucent--if dead, every part of\nit is opaque. 4. A coal of fire, a piece of hot iron, or the flame of\na candle, applied to the skin, if life remains, will blister--if dead\nit will merely sear. 5. A bright steel needle introduced and allowed\nto remain for half an hour in living flesh will be still bright--if\ndead, it will be tarnished by oxydation. 6. A few drops of a solution\nof atropia (two grains to one-half ounce of water) introduced into the\neye, if the person is alive, will cause the pupils to dilate--if dead,\nno effect will be produced. 7. If the pupil is already dilated, and\nthe person is alive, a few drops of tincture of the calabar bean will\ncause it to contract--if dead, no effect will be produced.\nDISLOCATIONS.--These injuries can mostly be easily recognized; 1.\nBy the deformity that the dislocation gives rise to by comparing the\nalteration in shape with the other side of the body. 2. Loss of some\nof the regular movements of the joints. 3. In case of dislocation,\nsurgical aid should be procured at once. While waiting the arrival of\na physician, the injured portion should be placed in the position most\ncomfortable to the patient, and frequent cold bathing or cloths wrung\nout of cold water, applied to the parts affected, so as to relieve\nsuffering and prevent inflammation.\nFOREIGN BODIES IN EARS.--Great care should be taken in removing\nforeign bodies from the ear, as serious injury may be inflicted. Most\nforeign bodies, especially those of small size, can be easily removed\nby the use of a syringe with warm water, and in most cases no other\nmeans should be used. Should the first efforts fail, repeat the\noperation. A syringe throwing a moderately small and continuous stream\nis the best adapted for the purpose, and the removal may generally\nbe facilitated by inclining the ear downward while using the syringe.\nSevere inflammation may be excited, and serious injury done, by\nrash attempts to seize a foreign body in the ear, with a forceps or\ntweezers, or trying to pick it out with a pin or needle, or with an\near scoop. Should it be necessary from any cause to use instruments,\ngreat care should be observed, and but very little force exerted. It\nhas lately been recommended, when foreign bodies cannot be removed by\nsyringing the ear, to introduce a small brush or swab of frayed linen\nor muslin cloth, or a bit of sponge, moistened with a solution of\nglue, and keep it in contact with the foreign body until the glue\nadheres, when the body may be easily removed.\nINSECTS IN THE EAR.--Insects in the ear may be easily killed by\npouring oil in the ear, after which remove by syringing. (See foreign\nbodies in ear.)\nTO REMOVE HARDENED EAR WAX.--Hardened ear wax may be softened by\ndropping into the ear some oil or glycerine, and then syringing. (See\nforeign bodies in ear.)\nFOREIGN BODIES IN EYE.--To remove small particles from the eye, unless\nthey have penetrated the globe, or become fixed in the conjunctiva, do\nas follows:\nGrasp the upper lid between the thumb and forefinger, lift it from the\neyeball, and having drawn it down as far as possible outside the lower\nlid, let it slide slowly back to its place, resting upon the lower\nlid as it goes back; and then wipe the edges of the lids with a soft\nhandkerchief to remove the foreign substance. This may be repeated a\nnumber of times, if necessary, without injury. Should this means\nfail, evert the lids and remove the foreign substance, by touching it\nlightly with the fold of a handkerchief, or with the point of a roll\nof paper made like a candle-lighter; or, if necessary, with a small\npair of forceps. A drop of sweet oil instilled in the eye, while\nperfectly harmless, provokes a flow of tears that will frequently wash\naway any light substance.\nBits of metal, sharp pieces of sand, etc. sometimes penetrate the\nglobe of the eye, and, unless removed, may excite so much inflammation\nas to destroy the eye. They should he removed by a competent surgeon.\nFAINTING.--Lay the person who has fainted in a current of air, or in\nsuch a position that the air from an open window or door will have\nfull play upon the face. Do not allow parties to crowd closely around,\nbut give the sufferer plenty of room. Recovery will take place in a\nfew minutes. The clothes also may be opened, and cold water sprinkled\nupon the face, hands and chest; and some pungent substance, as\nsmelling salts, camphor, aromatic vinegar, etc., may be applied to\nthe nostrils; and as soon as able to swallow, a little fresh water, or\nspirits and water, may be given. Persons who faint easily should avoid\ncrowded rooms and places where the air is close.\nFITS.--See Convulsions.\nCLOTHING ON FIRE.--If a woman's clothes catch on fire, let her\ninstantly roll herself over and over on the ground. In case any one be\npresent, let them throw her down and do the like, and then wrap her up\nin a table-cloth, rug, coat, or the first woolen article that can be\nfound.\nFRACTURES.--As we can only give general rules for treating the various\nfractures, we would advise any one suffering from such to immediately\napply to the nearest surgeon, and not rely upon an inexperienced\nparty.\nFROST-BITE.--Place the party suffering in a room without fire, and\nrub the frozen or frosted parts with snow, or pour ice-water over them\nuntil sensation begins to return. As soon as a stinging pain is felt,\nand a change of color appears, then cease the rubbing, and apply\nclothes wet with ice-water, and subsequently, if active inflammation\nfollow and suppuration results, a solution of carbolic acid in water,\none part to thirty, should be applied. If mortification set in,\namputation is generally necessary. Where persons suffer from the\nconstitutional effects of cold, hot stimulants should be given\ninternally, and the body rubbed briskly with the hands and warm\nflannel.\nPOISONS, THEIR SYMPTOMS AND ANTIDOTES.--When a person has taken poison,\nthe first thing to do is to compel the patient to vomit, and for that\npurpose give any emetic that can be most readily and quickly obtained,\nand which is prompt and energetic, but safe in its action. For this\npurpose there is, perhaps, nothing better than a large teaspoonful of\nground mustard in a tumblerful of warm water, and it has the advantage\nof being almost always at hand. If the dry mustard is not to be had, use\nmixed mustard from the mustard pot. Its operation may generally be\nfacilitated by the addition of a like quantity of common table salt. If\nthe mustard is not at hand, give two or three teaspoonfuls of powdered\nalum in syrup or molasses, and give freely of warm water to drink; or\ngive ten to twenty grains of sulphate of zinc (white vitriol), or twenty\nto thirty grains of ipecac, with one or two grains of tartar emetic, in\na large cup of warm water, and repeat every ten minutes until three or\nfour doses are given, unless free vomiting is sooner produced. After\nvomiting has taken place, large draughts of warm water should be given\nthe patient, so that the vomiting will continue until the poisonous\nsubstances have been thoroughly evacuated, and then suitable antidotes\nshould be given. If vomiting cannot be produced, the stomach-pump should\nbe used. When it is known what particular kind of poison has been\nswallowed, then the proper antidote for that poison should be given, but\nwhen this cannot be ascertained, as is often the case, give freely of\nequal parts of calcined magnesia, pulverized charcoal, and sesquioxide\nof iron, in sufficient quantity of water. This is a very harmless\nmixture, and is likely to be of great benefit, as the ingredients,\nthough very simple, are antidotes for the most common and active\npoisons. In case this mixture cannot be obtained, the stomach should be\nsoothed and protected by the free administration of demulcent,\nmucilaginous or oleaginous drinks, such as the whites of eggs, milk,\nmucilage of gum arabic, or slippery elm bark, flaxseed tea, starch,\nwheat, flour, or arrow-root mixed in water, linseed or olive oil, or\nmelted butter or lard. Subsequently the bowels should be moved by some\ngentle laxative, as a tablespoonful or two of castor oil, or a\nteaspoonful of calcined magnesia; and pain or other evidence of\ninflammation must be relieved by the administration of a few drops of\nlaudanum, and the repeated application of hot poultices, fomentations\nand mustard plasters. The following are the names of the articles that\nmay give rise to poisoning, most commonly used, and their antidote:\nMINERAL ACIDS--SULPHURIC ACID (OIL OF VITRIOL), NITRIC ACID (AQUA\nFORTIS), MURIATIC ACID (SPIRITS OF SALTS).--Symptoms: Acid, burning\ntaste in the mouth, acute pain in the throat, stomach and bowels;\nfrequent vomiting, generally bloody, mouth and lips excoriated,\nshriveled, white or yellow; hiccough, copious stools, more or less\nbloody, with great tenderness in the abdomen; difficult breathing,\nirregular pulse, excessive thirst, while drink increases the pain and\nrarely remains in the stomach; frequent but vain efforts to urinate;\ncold sweats, altered countenance; convulsions generally preceding\ndeath; nitric acid causes yellow stains; sulphuric acid, black ones.\nTreatment: Mix calcined magnesia in milk or water to the consistence\nof cream, and give freely to drink a glassful every couple of minutes,\nif it can be swallowed. Common soap (hard or soft), chalk, whiting, or\neven mortar from the wall mixed in water, may be given, until\nmagnesia can be obtained. Promote vomiting by tickling the throat,\nif necessary, and when the poison is got rid of, flaxseed or elm tea,\ngruel, or other mild drinks. The inflammation which always follows\nwants good treatment to save the patient's life.\nVEGETABLE ACIDS--ACETIC, CITRIC, OXALIC, TARTARIC.--Symptoms: Intense\nburning pain of mouth, throat and stomach; vomiting blood which is\nhighly acid, violent purging, collapse, stupor, death.\nOXALIC ACID is frequently taken in mistake for Epsom salts, to which\nin shops it often bears a strong resemblance. Treatment: Give chalk\nor magnesia in a large quantity of water, or large draughts of lime\nwater. If these are not at hand, scrape the wall or ceiling, and give\nthe scrapings, mixed with water.\nPRUSSIC OR HYDROCYANIC ACID--LAUREL WATER, CYANIDE OF POTASSIUM,\nBITTER ALMOND OIL, ETC.--Symptoms: In large doses almost invariably\ninstantaneously fatal, when not immediately fatal, sudden loss of\nsense and control of the voluntary muscles; the odor of the poison\ngenerally susceptible on the breath. Treatment: Chlorine, in the\nform of chlorine water, in doses of from one to four fluid drachms,\ndiluted. Weak solution of chloride lime of soda; water of ammonia\n(spirits of hartshorn) largely diluted may be given, and the vapor\nof it cautiously inhaled. Cold affusion, and chloroform in half\nto teaspoonful doses in glycerine or mucilage, repeated every few\nminutes, until the symptoms are ameliorated. Artificial respiration.\nACONITE--MONKSHOOD, WOLFSBANE.--Symptoms: Numbness and tingling in the\nmouth and throat, and afterwards in other portions of the body, with\nsore throat, pain over the stomach, and vomiting; dimness of vision,\ndizziness, great prostration, loss of sensibility and delirium.\nTreatment: An emetic and then brandy in tablespoonful doses, in\nice-water, every half hour; spirits of ammonia in half teaspoonful\ndoses in like manner; the cold douche over the head and chest, warmth\nto the extremities, etc.\nALKALIES AND THEIR SALTS--CONCENTRATED LYE, WOODASH LYE, CAUSTIC\nPOTASH, AMMONIA, HARTSHORN.--Symptoms: Caustic, acrid taste, excessive\nheat in the throat, stomach and [Transcriber's Note: The original text\nreads 'intenstines'] intestines; vomiting of bloody matter, cold sweats,\nhiccough, purging of bloody stools.--Treatment: The common vegetable acids.\nCommon vinegar being always at hand, is most frequently used. The fixed\noils, as castor, flaxseed, almond and olive oils form soaps with the\nalkalies and thus also destroy their caustic effect. They should be given\nin large quantity.\nALCOHOL, BRANDY, AND OTHER SPIRITUOUS LIQUORS.--Symptoms: Confusion of\nthought, inability to walk or stand, dizziness, stupor, highly flushed\nor pale face, noisy breathing.--Treatment: After emptying the stomach,\npour cold water on the head and back of the neck, rub or slap the\nwrists and palms, and the ankles and soles of the feet, and give\nstrong, hot coffee, or aromatic spirits of hartshorn, in teaspoonful\ndoses in water. The warmth of the body must be sustained.\nANTIMONY, AND ITS PREPARATIONS. TARTAR EMETIC, ANTIMONIAL WINE,\nKERME'S MINERAL.--Symptoms: Faintness and nausea, soon followed by\npainful and continued vomiting, severe diarrhoea, constriction and\nburning sensation in the throat, cramps, or spasmodic twitchings, with\nsymptoms of nervous derangement, and great prostration of strength,\noften terminating in death.--Treatment: If vomiting has not\nbeen produced, it should be effected by tickling the fauces, and\nadministering copious draughts of warm water. Astringment infusions,\nsuch as of gall, oak bark, Peruvian bark, act as antidotes, and should\nbe given promptly. Powdered yellow bark may be used until the infusion\nis prepared, or very strong green tea should be given. To stop the\nvomiting, should it continue, blister over the stomach by applying a\ncloth wet with strong spirits of hartshorn, and then sprinkle on the\none-eighth to one-fourth of a grain of morphia.\nARSENIC AND ITS PREPARATIONS--RATSBANE, FOWLER'S SOLUTION,\nETC.--Symptoms: Generally within an hour pain and heat are felt in the\nstomach, soon followed by vomiting, with a burning dryness of the throat\nand great thirst; the matters vomited are generally colored, either\ngreen yellow, or brownish, and sometimes bloody. Diarrhoea or\ndysentery ensues, while the pulse becomes small and rapid, yet\nirregular. Breathing much oppressed; difficulty in vomiting may occur,\nwhile cramps, convulsions, or even paralysis often precede death,\nwhich sometimes takes place within five or six hours after arsenic\nhas been taken.--Treatment: Give a prompt emetic, and then hydrate of\nperoxide of iron (recently prepared) in tablespoonful doses every\nten or fifteen minutes until the urgent symptoms are relieved. In the\nabsence of this, or while it is being prepared, give large draughts of\nnew milk and raw eggs, limewater and oil, melted butter, magnesia in a\nlarge quantity of water, or even if nothing else is at hand, flour and\nwater, always, however, giving an emetic the first thing, or causing\nvomiting by tickling the throat with a feather, etc. The inflammation\nof the stomach which follows must be treated by blisters, hot\nfomentations, mucilaginous drinks, etc., etc.\nBELLADONNA OR DEADLY NIGHT SHADE.--Symptoms: Dryness of the mouth\nand throat, great thirst, difficulty of swallowing, nausea, dimness,\nconfusion or loss of vision, great enlargement of the pupils,\ndizziness, delirium and coma.--Treatment: There is no known antidote.\nGive a prompt emetic and then reliance must be placed on continual\nstimulation with brandy, whisky, etc., and to necessary artificial\nrespiration. Opium and its preparations, as morphia, laudanum, etc.,\nare thought by some to counteract the effect of belladonna, and may\nbe given in small and repeated doses, as also strong black coffee and\ngreen tea.\nBLUE VITRIOL, OR BLUE STONE.--See Copperas.\nCANTHARIDES (SPANISH OR BLISTERING FLY) AND MODERN POTATO\nBUG.--Symptoms: Sickening odor of the breath, sour taste, with burning\nheat in the throat, stomach, and bowels; frequent vomiting, often\nbloody; copious bloody stools, great pain in the stomach, with burning\nsensation in the bladder and difficulty to urinate, followed with\nterrible convulsions, delirium and death.--Treatment excite vomiting\nby drinking plentifully of sweet oil or other wholesome oils, sugar\nand water, milk. Or slippery elm tea; give injections of castor oil\nand starch, or warm milk. The inflammatory symptoms which generally\nfollow must, be treated by a medical man. Camphorated oil or\ncamphorated spirits should be rubbed over the bowels, stomach and\nthighs.\nCAUSTIC POTASH.--See Alkalies.\nCOBALT, OR FLY-POWDER.--Symptoms: Heat and pain in the. Throat and\nstomach, violent retching and vomiting, cold and clammy skin,\nsmall and feeble pulse, hurried and difficult breathing, diarrhoea,\netc.--Treatment: An emetic, followed by the free administration of\nmilk, eggs, wheat flour and water, and mucilaginous drinks.\nCOPPER--BLUE VITRIOL, VERDIGRIS OR PICKLES OR FOOD COOKED IN SOUL\nCOPPER VESSELS.--Symptoms: General inflammation of the alimentary\ncanal, suppression of urine; hiccough, a disagreeable metallic taste,\nvomiting, violent colic, excessive thirst, sense of tightness of the\nthroat, anxiety; faintness, giddiness, and cramps and convulsions\ngenerally precede death.--Treatment: Large doses of simple syrup as\nwarm as can be swallowed, until the stomach rejects the amount it\ncontains. The whites of eggs and large quantities of milk. Hydrated\nperoxide of iron.\nCOPPERAS.--See Iron.\nCREOSOTE.--CARBOLIC ACID.--Symptoms: Burning pain. Acrid, pungent\ntaste, thirst, vomiting, purging, etc.--Treatment: An emetic, and\nthe free administration of albumen, as the whites of eggs, or in the\nabsence of these, milk, or flour and water.\nCORROSIVE SUBLIMATE.--See Mercury.\nDEADLY NIGHT-SHADE.--See Belladonna.\nFOX-GLOVE, OR DIGITALIS.--Symptoms: Loss of strength, feeble,\nfluttering pulse, faintness, nausea, and vomiting and stupor; cold\nperspiration, dilated pupils, sighing, irregular breathing, and\nsometimes convulsions.--Treatment: After vomiting, give brandy and\nammonia in frequently repeated doses, apply warmth to the extremities,\nand if necessary resort to artificial respiration.\nGASES--CARBONIC ACID, CHLORINE, CYANOGEN, HYDROSULPHURIC ACID,\nETC.--Symptoms: Great drowsiness, difficult respiration, features\nswollen, face blue as in strangulation.--Treatment: Artificial\nrespirations, cold douche, frictions with stimulating substances to\nthe surface of the body. Inhalation of steam containing preparations\nof ammonia. Cupping from nape of neck. Internal use of chloroform.\nGREEN VITRIOL.--See Iron.\nHELLEBORE, OR INDIAN POKE.--Symptoms: Violent vomiting and purging,\nbloody stools, great anxiety, tremors, vertigo, fainting, sinking\nof the pulse, cold sweets and convulsions.--Treatment: Excite speedy\nvomiting by large draughts of warm water, molasses and water, tickling\nthe throat with the finger or a feather, and emetics; give oily and\nmucilaginous drinks, oily purgatives, and clysters, acids, strong\ncoffee, camphor and opium.\nHEMLOCK (CONIUM).--Symptoms: Dryness of the throat, tremors,\ndizziness, difficulty of swallowing, prostration and faintness,\nlimbs powerless or paralyzed, pupils dilated, pulse rapid and feeble;\ninsensibility and convulsions sometimes precede death.--Treatment:\nEmpty the stomach and give brandy in tablespoonful doses, with half\nteaspoonful of spirits of Ammonia, frequently repeated, and if much\npain and vomiting, give bromide of ammonium in five-grain doses every\nhalf hour. Artificial respiration may be required.\nHENBANE OR HYOSCYAMUS.--Symptoms: Muscular twitching, inability to\narticulate plainly, dimness of vision and stupor; later, vomiting\nand purging, small, intermittent pulse, convulsive movement of the\nextremities and coma. Treatment: Similar to Opium Poisoning, which\nsee.\nIODINE.--Symptoms: Burning pain in throat, lacerating pain in the\nstomach, fruitless effort to vomit, excessive tenderness of the\nepigastrium. Treatment: Free emesis, prompt administration of starch,\nwheat flour, or arrowroot, beat up in water.\nLEAD.--ACETATE OF LEAD, SUGAR OF LEAD, DRY WHITE LEAD, RED LEAD,\nLITHARGE, OR PICKLES, WINE, OR VINEGAR, SWEETENED BY LEAD.--Symptoms:\nWhen taken in large doses, a sweet but astringent metallic taste exists,\nwith constriction in the throat, pain in the region of the stomach,\npainful, obstinate, and frequently bloody vomitings, hiccough,\nconvulsions or spasms, and death. When taken in small but long-continued\ndoses, it produces colic, called painter's colic; great pain, obstinate\nconstipation, and in extreme cases paralytic, symptoms, especially\nwrist-drop, with a blue line along the edge of the gums. Treatment: To\ncounteract the poison, give alum in water, one and a half ounce to a\nquart; or, better still, Epsom salts or Glauber salts, an ounce of\neither in a quart of water; or dilute sulphuric acid, a teaspoonful in a\nquart of water. If a large quantity of sugar of lead has been recently\ntaken, empty the stomach by an emetic of sulphate of zinc (one drachm in\na quart of water), giving one-fourth to commence, and repeating smaller\ndoses until free vomiting is produced; castor oil should be given to\nclear the bowels, and injections of oil and starch freely administered.\nIf the body is cold, use the warm bath.\nMEADOW SAFFRON.--See Belladonna.\nLAUDANUM.--See Opium.\nLUNAR CAUSTIC.--See Silver.\nLOBELIA.--Indian Poke.--Symptoms: Excessive vomiting and purging,\npains in the bowels, contraction of the pupils, delirium, coma, and\nconvulsions. Treatment: Mustard over the stomach, and brandy and\nammonia.\nMERCURY.--CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE (bug poisons frequently contain this\npoison), RED PRECIPITATE, CHINESE OR ENGLISH VERMILLION.--Symptoms:\nAcrid, metallic taste in the mouth, immediate constriction and burning\nin the throat, with anxiety and tearing pains in both stomach\nand bowels, sickness, and vomiting of various colored fluids, and\nsometimes bloody and profuse diarrhoea, with difficulty and pain\nin urinating; pulse quick, small and hard; faint sensations, great\ndebility, difficult breathing, cramps, cold sweats, syncope and\nconvulsions. Treatment: If vomiting does not already exist, emetics\nmust be given immediately--albumen of eggs in continuous large doses,\nand infusion of catechu afterwards, sweet milk, mixtures of flour and\nwater in successive cupfuls, and to check excessive salivation put a\nhalf ounce of chlorate of potash in a tumbler of water, and use freely\nas a gargle, and swallow a tablespoonful every hour or two.\nMONKSHOOD.--See Arnica.\nMORPHINE.--See Opium.\nNITRATE OF SILVER (LUNAR CAUSTIC.)--Symptoms: Intense pain and\nvomiting and purging of blood; mucus and shreds of mucus membranes;\nand if these stand they become dark. Treatment: Give freely of a\nsolution of common salt in water, which decomposes the poison, and\nafterwards flax-seed or elm bark tea, and after a while a dose of\ncastor oil.\nNUX VOMICA.--See Strychnine.\nOPIUM AND ALL ITS PREPARATIONS--MORPHINE, LAUDANUM, PAREGORIC,\nETC.--Symptoms: Giddiness, drowsiness, increasing to stupor, and\ninsensibility; pulse usually, at first, quirk and irregular,\nand breathing hurried, and afterwards pulse slow and feeble, and\nrespiration slow and noisy; the pupils are contracted and the eyes and\nface congested, and later, as death approaches, the extremities become\ncold, the surface is covered with cold, clammy perspiration, and\nthe sphincters relax. The effects of opium and its preparations,\nin poisonous doses, appear in from a half to two hours from its\nadministration. Treatment: Empty the stomach immediately with an\nemetic or with the stomach pump. Then give very strong coffee without\nmilk; put mustard plasters on the wrist and ankles; use the cold\ndouche to the head and chest, and if the patient is cold and sinking\ngive brandy, or whisky and ammonia. Belladonna is thought by many to\ncounteract the poisonous effects of opium, and may be given in\ndoses of half to a teaspoonful of the tincture, or two grains of\nthe extract, every twenty minutes, until some effect is observed in\ncausing the pupils to expand. Use warmth and friction, and if possible\nprevent sleep for some hours, for which purpose the patient should be\nwalked about between two persons, and if necessary a bunch of\nswitches may be freely used. Finally, as a last resort, use artificial\nrespiration, and a persistance in it will sometimes be rewarded with\nsuccess in apparently hopeless cases. Galvanism should also be tried.\nOXALIC ACID.--See Acids.\nPHOSPHORUS--FOUND IN LUCIFER MATCHES AND SOME RAT POISONS.--Symptoms:\nSymptoms of irritant poisoning; pain in the stomach and bowels;\nvomiting; diarrhoea; tenderness and tension of the abdomen. Treatment:\nAn emetic is to be promptly given; copious draughts containing\nmagnesia in suspension: mucilaginous drinks. General treatment for\ninflammatory symptoms.\nPOISONOUS FISH.--Symptoms: In an hour or two--often in much shorter\ntime--after the fish has been eaten, a weight at the stomach comes\non, with slight vertigo and headache; sense of heat about the head\nand eyes; considerable thirst, and often an eruption of the skin.\nTreatment: After full vomiting, an active purgative should be given\nto remove any of the noxious matter from the intestines. Vinegar and\nwater may be drunk after the above remedies have operated, and the\nbody may be sponged with the same. Water made very sweet with sugar,\nwith aromatic spirits of ammonia added, may be drunk freely as a\ncorrective. A solution of cholorate of potash, or of alkali, the\nlatter weak, may be given to obviate the effect of the poison. If\nspasms ensue after evacuation, laudanum in considerable doses it\nnecessary. If inflammation should occur, combat in the usual way.\nPOISONOUS MUSHROOMS.--- Symptoms: Nausea, heat and pains in the\nstomach and bowels; vomiting and purging, thirst, convulsions and\nfaintings, pulse small and frequent, dilated pupil and stupor, cold\nsweats and death.\nTreatment: The stomach and bowels are to be cleared by an emetic of\nground mustard or sulphate of zinc, followed by frequent doses of\nGlauber of Epsom salts, and large stimulating clysters. After the\npoison is evacuated, either may be given with small quantities of\nbrandy and water. But if inflammatory symptoms manifest themselves,\nsuch stimuli should be avoided, and these symptoms appropriately\ntreated.\nPOTASH.--See Alkali.\nPRUSSIC ACID, HYDROCYANIC.--See Acids.\nPOISON IVY.--Symptoms. Contact with, and with many persons the\nnear approach to the vine, gives rise to violent erysipelatous\ninflammation, especially of the face and hands, attended with itching,\nredness, burning and swelling, with watery blisters.\nTreatment: Give saline laxatives, and apply weak lead and laudanum,\nor limewater and sweet oil, or bathe the parts freely with spirits of\nnitre. Anointing with oil will prevent poisoning from it.\nSALTPETRE, NITRATE OF POTASH.--Symptoms. Only poisonous in large\nquantities, and then causes nausea, painful vomiting, purging,\nconvulsions, faintness, feeble pulse, cold feet and hands, with\ntearing pains in stomach and bowels.\nTreatment: Treat just as is directed for arsenic, for there is no\nantidote known, and emptying the stomach and bowels with mild drinks\nmust be relied on.\nSAVINE.--Symptoms: Sharp pains in the bowels, hot skin, rapid pulse,\nviolent vomiting and sometimes purging, with great prostration.\nTreatment: Mustard and hot fomentations over the stomach and bowels,\nand ice only allowed in the stomach until the inflammation ceases. If\nprostration comes on, food and stimulants must be given by injection.\nSTRAMONIUM, THORN-APPLE OR JAMESTOWN WEED.--Symptoms: Vertigo,\nheadache, perversion of vision, slight delirium, sense of suffocation,\ndisposition to sleep, bowels relaxed and all secretions augmented.\nTreatment: Same as Belladonna.\nSTRYCHNINE AND NUX VOMICA.--Symptoms: Muscular twitching, constriction\nof the throat, difficult breathing and oppression of the chest; violent\nmuscular spasms then occur, continuous in character like lock-jaw, with\nthe body bent backwards, sometimes like a bow. Treatment: Give, if\nobtainable, one ounce or more of bone charcoal mixed with water, and\nfollow with an active emetic; then give chloroform in teaspoonful doses,\nin flour and water or glycerine, every few minutes while the spasms\nlast, and afterwards brandy and stimulants, and warmth of the\nextremities if necessary. Recoveries have followed the free and prompt\nadministration of oils or melted butter or lard. In all cases empty the\nstomach if possible.\nSULPHATE OF ZINC, WHITE VITRIOL.--See Zinc.\nTIN--CHLORIDE OF TIN, SOLUTION OF TIN (USED BY DYERS), OXIDE OF TIN\nOR PUTTY POWDER.--Symptoms: Vomiting, pains in the stomach, anxiety,\nrestlessness, frequent pulse, delirium, etc. Treatment: Empty the\nstomach, and give whites of eggs in water, milk in large quantities,\nor flour beaten, up in water, with magnesia or chalk.\nTARTAR EMETIC.--See Antimony.\nTOBACCO.--Symptoms: Vertigo, stupor, fainting, nausea, vomiting,\nsudden nervous debility, cold sweat, tremors, and at times fatal\nprostration. Treatment: After the stomach is empty apply mustard\nto the abdomen and to the extremities, and give strong coffee, with\nbrandy and other stimulants, with warmth to the extremities.\nZINC--OXIDE OF ZINC, SULPHATE OF ZINC, WHITE VITRIOL, ACETATE OF\nZINC.--Symptoms: Violent vomiting, astringent taste, burning pain in\nthe stomach, pale countenance, cold extremities, dull eyes, fluttering\npulse. Death seldom ensues, in consequence of the emetic effect.\nTreatment: The vomiting may be relieved by copious draughts of warm\nwater. Carbonate of soda, administered in solution, will decompose the\nsulphate of zinc. Milk and albumen will also act as antidotes. General\nprinciples to be observed in the subsequent treatment.\nWOORARA.--Symptoms: When taken into the stomach it is inert; when\nabsorbed through a wound it causes sudden stupor and insensibility,\nfrothing at the mouth and speedy death. Treatment: Suck the wound\nimmediately, or cut it out and tie a cord around the limb between the\nwound and the heart. Apply iodine, or iodide of potassium, and give it\ninternally, and try artificial respiration.\nSCALDS.--See Burns and Scalds.\nSPRAINS.--The portions most frequently implicated are the wrist and\nankle; no matter which portion it may be, however, rest and quietness\nis a very important part of the treatment, and, when possible, in an\nelevated position. If the wrist is sprained it should be carried in a\nsling; if the ankle, it should be supported on a couch or stool. Cold\nlotions (see Bruises) should be freely applied, and irrigation by\npouring water from a pitcher or tea-kettle resorted to several times a\nday to prevent inflammation. Later, frictions with opodeldoc, or with\nsome stimulating liniment, and supporting the parts by pressure made\nwith a flannel roller, or laced stocking when the ankle is involved,\nwill be useful to restore tone; or strips of adhesive plaster properly\napplied will be useful for the same purpose. Recovery from severe\nsprains is always tedious. It is an old saying \"that a bad sprain is\nworse than a broken bone.\"\nSTINGS OF BEES AND WASPS.--See Bites and Stings.\nSUFFOCATION FROM NOXIOUS GASES, FOUL AIR, FIRE DAMP, ETC.--Remove to\nfresh air and dash cold water over the head, neck and chest; carefully\napply hartshorn, or smelling salts to the nostrils, and when the\nbreathing is feeble or has ceased, resort immediately to artificial\nrespiration (see Asphyxia and Drowning). Keep up the warmth of the\nbody, and as soon as the patient can swallow give stimulants in small\nquantities.\nSUNSTROKE.--This is caused by long exposure in great heat, especially\nwhen accompanied with great fatigue and exhaustion. Though generally\nhappening from exposure to the sun's rays, yet precisely similar\neffects may be and are produced from any undue exposure to great and\nexhaustive heat, such as workmen are exposed to in foundries, gas\nfactories, bakeries, and other similar employments. Its first symptom\nis pain in the head and dizziness, quickly followed by loss of\nconsciousness, and resulting in complete prostration: sometimes,\nhowever, the attack is sudden, as in apoplexy. The head is generally\nburning hot, the face, dark and swollen, the breathing labored and\nsnoring, and the feet and hands cold. Remove the patient at once to a\ncool and shady place, and lay him down with his head a little raised;\napply ice or iced water to the head and face; loosen all cloths around\nthe neck or waist; bathe the chest with cold water, apply mustard\nplasters, or cloths wetted with turpentine, to the calves and soles of\nthe feet, and as soon as the patient can swallow, give weak brandy or\nwhisky and water.\n     There is no easy road to success--I Thank God for it . . . .\n     A trained man will make his life tall. Without training, you\n     are left on a sea of luck, where thousands go down, while one\n     meets with success.\n[Illustration: THE FAMILY PHYSICIAN]\nTHE FAMILY PHYSICIAN\nThe following receipts written by DR. J. H. Gunn will be found of\ngreat value, especially in emergencies:\nASTHMA.--Take hyssop water and poppy water, of each ten ounces; oxymel\nof squills, six ounces; syrup of maiden hair, two ounces. Take one\nspoonful when you find any difficulty in breathing.\nAGUE IN THE BREAST.--Take one part of gum camphor, two parts yellow\nbees-wax, three parts clean lard; let all melt slowly, in any vessel\n[earthen best], on stove. Use either cold or warm; spread very thinly\non cotton or linen cloths, covering those with flannel. No matter if\nthe breast is broken, it will cure if persevered in. Do not, no matter\nhow painful, cease from drawing milk from the breast that is affected.\nAGUE, MIXTURE.--Mix twenty grains quinine with one pint diluted gin or\nport wine, and add ten grains subcarbonate of iron. Dose, a wine-glass\neach hour until the ague is broken, and then two or three times a day\nuntil the whole has been used.\n2. Take Peruvian bark, two ounces; wild cherry tree bark, 1 ounce;\ncinnamon, one drachm; powdered capsicum, one teaspoonful; sulphur,\none ounce; port wine, two quarts. Let it stand a day or two. Dose, a\nwine-glassful every two or three hours until the disease is broken,\nand then two or three times a day until all is taken.\nSPRAINED ANKLE.--Wash the ankle frequently with cold salt and water,\nwhich is far better than warm vinegar or decoctions of herbs. Keep\nyour foot as cold as possible to prevent inflammation, and sit with it\nelevated on a cushion. Live on very low diet, and take every day some\ncooling medicine. By obeying these directions only, a sprained ankle\nhas been cured in a few days.\nAPOPLEXY.--Occurs only in the corpulent or obese, and the gross or\nhigh livers. To treat, raise the head to a nearly upright position;\nunloose all tight clothes, strings, etc., and apply cold water to the\nhead and warm water and warm cloths to the feet. Have the apartment\ncool and well ventilated. Give nothing by the mouth until the\nbreathing is relieved, and then only draughts of cold water.\nPREPARATION FOR THE CURE OF BALDNESS.--Rum, one pint; alcohol, one\nounce; distilled water, one ounce, tincture of cantharides, a half\ndrachm; carbonate of potash, a half drachm; carbonate of ammonia, one\ndrachm. Mix the liquids after having dissolved the salts, and filter.\nAfter the skin of the head has been wetted with this preparation for\nseveral minutes, it should be washed with water.\nBILIOUS COLIC.--Mix two tablespoonfuls of Indian meal in half a pint\nof cold water; drink it at two draughts.\nBILIOUS COMPLAINTS.--Take the root and branch of dandelion, and\nsteep it in soft water a sufficient length of time to extract all\nthe essence; then strain the liquor and simmer until it becomes quite\nthick. Dose: From one to three glasses a day may be taken with good\neffect.\nBLACKBERRY CORDIAL.--To one quart blackberry juice add one pound white\nsugar, one tablespoonful each cloves, allspice, cinnamon and nutmeg.\nBoil together fifteen minutes, and add a wine-glass of whisky, brandy\nor rum. Bottle while hot, cork tight and seal. Used in diarrhea and\ndysentery. Dose, a wine-glassful for an adult, half that quantity\nfor a child. It can be taken three or four times a day if the case is\nsevere.\nBLISTERS.--- On the feet, occasioned by walking, are cured by drawing\na needleful of worsted thread through them; clip it off at both ends\nand leave it till the skin peals off.\nRAISING BLOOD.--Make a tea of white oak bark, and drink freely during\nthe day; or take half a pound of yellow dock root, boil in new milk,\nsay one quart: drink one gill three times a day, and take one pill of\nwhite pine pitch every day.\nHOW TO STOP BLOOD.--Take the fine dust of tea, or the scrapings of the\ninside of tanned leather. Bind it upon the wound closely, and blood\nwill soon cease to flow.\nBOILS.--Make a poultice of ginger and flour, and lay it on the boil.\nThis will soon draw it to a head.\nSWELLED BOWELS IN CHILDREN.--Bathe the stomach of the child with\ncatnip steeped, mixed with fresh butter and sugar.\nCHILBLAINS.--Dr. Fergus recommends sulphurous acid in this affection.\nIt should be applied with a camel's hair brush, or by means of a spray\nproducer. One application of this effects a cure. The acid should be\nused pure. A good wash for hands or feet affected with chilblains is\nsulphurous acid, three parts; glycerine, one part, and water one\npart. The acid will be found particularly useful in the irritating,\ntormenting stage of chilblains.\nCHILBLAINS AND CHAPPED HANDS.--When chilblains manifest themselves, the\nbest remedy not only for preventing their ulcerating, but overcoming the\ntingling, itching pain, and stimulating the circulation of the part to\nhealthy action, is the liniment of belladona, two drachms; the liniment\nof aconite, one drachm; carbolic acid, ten drops; collodion flexile, one\nounce; painted with a camel's hair pencil over their surface. When the\nchilblains vesicate, ulcerate or slough, it is better to omit the\naconite and apply the other components of the liniment without it. The\ncollodion flexile forms a coating or protecting film, which excludes the\nair, while the sedative liniments allay the irritation, generally of no\ntrivial nature. For chapped hands we advise the free use of glycerine\nand good oil, in the proportion of two parts of the former to four of\nthe latter; after this has been well rubbed into the hands and allowed\nto remain for a little time, and the hands subsequently washed with\nCastile soap and water, we recommend the belladonna and collodion\nflexile to be painted on, and the protective film allowed to remain\npermanently. These complaints not unfrequently invade persons of languid\ncirculation and relaxed habit, who should be put on a generous regimen,\nand treated with ferruginous tonics. Obstinate, cases are occasionally\nmet with which no local application will remedy, unless some disordered\nstate of the system is removed, or the general condition of the\npatient's health improved. Chapped lips are also benefited by the\nstimulating form of application we advocate, but the aconite must not be\nallowed to get on the lips, or a disagreeable tingling results.\nCHILBLAIN BALM.--Boil together ten fluid ounces olive oil, two fluid\nounces Venice turpentine, and one ounce yellow wax; strain, and while\nstill warm add, constantly stirring, two and a half drachms balsam of\nPeru and ten grains camphor.\nCURE FOR CHILBLAIN.--Make a strong lye by boiling wood ashes in water.\nPut your feet in a small tub and cover them with the lye as hot as you\ncan bear it. Gradually add more lye, hotter and hotter. Keep them in\nhalf an hour, bathing and rubbing them continually, and being very\ncareful to keep the lye hot.\nCHILBLAIN LOTION.--Dissolve one ounce muriate of ammonia in one-half\npint cider vinegar, and apply frequently. One-half pint of alcohol may\nbe added to this lotion with good effects.\nCHILBLAIN OINTMENT.--Take mutton tallow and lard, of each\nthree-fourths of a pound avoirdupois; melt, in an iron vessel, and add\nhydrated oxide of iron, two ounces, stirring continually with an iron\nspoon until the mass is of a uniform black color; when nearly cool\nadd Venice turpentine, two ounces; Armenian bole, one ounce; oil of\nbergamot, one drachm; rub up the bole with a little olive oil before\nputting it in. Apply several times daily by putting it upon lint or\nlinen. It heals the worst cases in a few days.\nRUSSIAN REMEDY FOR CHILBLAINS.--Slices of the rind of fully ripe\ncucumbers, dried with the soft parts attached. Previous to use they\nare softened by soaking them in warm water, and are then bound on the\nsore parts with the inner side next them, and left on all night.\nThis treatment is said to be adopted for both broken and unbroken\nchilblains. HOW TO CURE ITCHING CHILBLAINS.--Take hydrochloric acid,\none part, and water, eight parts; mix. Apply on going to bed. This\nmust not be used if the skin is broken. Sal ammoniac, two ounces; rum,\none pint; camphor, two drachms. The affected part is wetted night and\nmorning, and when dry is touched with a little simple ointment of any\nkind--cold cream or pomatum.\nOil of turpentine, four ounces; camphor, six drachms; oil of cajeput,\ntwo drachms. Apply with friction.\nHOW TO CURE BROKEN CHILBLAINS.--Mix together four fluid ounces\ncollodion, one and a half fluid ounces Venice turpentine, and one\nfluid ounce castor oil.\nHOW TO CURE CORNS.--Take equal parts of mercurial and galbanum\nointments; mix them well together, spread on a piece of soft leather,\nand apply it to the corns morning and evening. In a few days benefit\nwill be derived. Take two ounces of gum ammoniac, two ounces of yellow\nwax, and six ounces of verdigris; melt them together, and spread the\ncomposition on soft leather; cut away as much of the corn as you can,\nthen apply the plaster, and renew it every fortnight till the corn\nis away. Get four ounces of white diachylon plaster, four ounces of\nshoemaker's wax, and sixty drops of muriatic acid or spirits of salt.\nBoil them for a few minutes in an earthen pipkin, and when cold roll\nthe mass between the hands, and apply it on a piece of white leather.\nSoak the feet well in warm water, then with a sharp instrument pare\noff as much of the corn as can be done without pain, and bind up the\npart with a piece of linen or muslin thoroughly saturated with sperm\noil, or, which is better, the oil which floats upon the surface of\nthe herring or mackerel. After three or four days the dressing may\nbe removed by scraping, when the new skin will be found of a soft and\nhealthy texture, and less liable to the formation of a new corn than\nbefore. Corns may be prevented by wearing easy shoes. Bathe the feet\nfrequently in lukewarm water, with a little salt or potashes dissolved\nin it. The corn itself will be completely destroyed by rubbing it\noften with a little caustic solution of potash till the soft skin is\nformed. Scrape to a pulp sufficient Spanish garlic, and bind on the\ncorn over night, after first soaking it well in warm water, and scrape\noff as much as possible of the hardened portion in the morning. Repeat\nthe application as required.\nHOW TO CURE SOFT CORNS.--Scrape a piece of common chalk, and put a\npinch to the soft corn, and bind a piece of linen rag upon it.\nHOW TO CURE TENDER CORNS.--A strong solution of tannic acid is said to\nbe an excellent application to tender feet as well as a preventive of\nthe offensive odor attendant upon their profuse perspiration. To those\nof our readers who live far away in the country, we would suggest a\nstrong decoction of oak bark as a substitute.\nCAUSTIC FOR CORNS.--Tincture of iodine, four drachms: iodide of iron,\ntwelve grains; chloride of antimony, four drachms; mix, and apply with\na camel's hair brush, after paring the corn. It is said to cure in\nthree times.\nHOW TO RELIEVE CORNS.--Bind them up at night with a cloth wet\nwith tincture of arnica, to relieve the pain, and during the day\noccasionally moisten the stocking over the corn with arnica if the\nshoe is not large enough to allow the corn being bound up with a piece\nof linen rag.\nREMEDY FOR CORNS.--1. The pain occasioned by corns may be greatly\nalleviated by the following preparation: Into a one-ounce vial put\ntwo drachms of muriatic acid and six drachms of rose-water. With this\nmixture wet the corns night and morning for three days. Soak the feet\nevery evening in warm water without soap. Put one-third of the acid\ninto the water, and with a little picking the corn will be dissolved.\n2. Take a lemon, cut off a small piece, then nick it so as to let in\nthe toe with the corn, tie this on at night so that it cannot move,\nand in the morning you will find that, with a blunt knife, you\nmay remove a considerable portion of the corn. Make two or three\napplications, and great relief will be the result.\nHOW TO CURE SOLVENT CORNS.--Expose salt of tartar (pearlash) in a\nwide-mouth vial in a damp place until it forms an oil-like liquid, and\napply to the corn.\nHOW TO CURE CHOLERA.--Take laudanum, tincture cayenne, compound\ntincture rhubarb, peppermint, and camphor, of each equal parts. Dose,\nten to thirty drops. In plain terms, take equal parts tincture of\nopium, red pepper, rhubarb, peppermint and camphor, and mix them for\nuse. In case of diarroea, take a dose of ten to twenty drops in three\nor four teaspoonfuls of water. No one who has this by him, and takes\nit in time, will ever have the cholera.\nSIGNS OF DISEASE IN CHILDREN.--In the case of a baby not yet able to\ntalk, it must cry when it is ill. The colic makes a baby cry loud, long,\nand passionately, and shed tears--stopping for a moment and beginning\nagain.\nIf the chest is affected, it gives one sharp cry, breaking off\nimmediately, as if crying hurt it.\nIf the head is affected, it cries in sharp, piercing shrieks, with low\nmoans and wails between. Or there may be quiet dozing, and startings\nbetween.\nIt is easy enough to perceive, where a child is attacked by disease,\nthat there has some change taken place; for either its skin will be\ndry and hot, its appetite gone; it is stupidly sleepy, or fretful or\ncrying; it is thirsty, or pale and languid, or in some way betrays\nthat something is wrong. When a child vomits, or has a diarrhoea, or\nis costive and feverish, it is owing to some derangement, and needs\nattention. But these various symptoms may continue for a day or two\nbefore the nature of the disease can be determined. A warm bath, warm\ndrinks, etc., can do no harm, and may help to determine the case. On\ncoming out of the bath, and being well rubbed with the hand, the\nskin will show symptoms of rash, if it is a skin disease which has\ncommenced. By the appearance of the rash, the nature of the disease\ncan be learned. Measles are in patches, dark red, and come out first\nabout the face. If scarlet fever is impending, the skin will look a\ndeep pink all over the body, though most so about the neck and face.\nChicken-pox shows fever, but not so much running at the nose, and\nappearances of cold, as in measles, nor is there as much of a cough.\nBesides, the spots are smaller, and do not run much together, and are\nmore diffused over the whole surface of the skin; and enlarge into\nblisters in a day or two.\nHOW TO CURE CONSUMPTION.--Take one tablespoonful of tar, and the yolks\nof three hen's eggs, beat them well together. Dose, one tablespoonful\nmorning, noon and night.\nCROUP, REMEDY FOR IN ONE MINUTE.--This remedy is simply alum. Take\na knife or grater, and shave or grate off in small particles about a\nteaspoonful of alum; mix it with about twice its quantity of sugar, to\nmake it palatable, and administer as quickly as possible. Its\neffects will be truly magical, as almost instantaneous relief will be\nafforded.\nCHOLERA REMEDY, HARTSHORNE'S.--Take of chloroform, tincture of opium,\nspirits of camphor, and spirits of aromatic ammonia, each one and\none-half fluid drachms; creosote, three drops; oil of cinnamon,\neight drops; brandy, two fluid drachms. Dilute a teaspoonful with a\nwine-glass of water, and give two teaspoonfuls every five minutes,\nfollowed by a lump of ice.\nCURE FOR DANDRUFF.--Good mild soap is one of the safest remedies, and\nis sufficient in ordinary cases; carbonate of potash or soda is too\nalkaline for the skin. Every application removes a portion of the\ncuticle, as you may observe by the smoothness of the skin of your\nhands after washing them with it. Borax is recommended; but this\nis also soda combined with a weak acid, boracic acid, and may by\nprotracted use also injuriously act on the scalp. Soap is also soda or\npotash combined with the weak, fatty acids; and when the soap contains\nan excess of the alkalies or is sharp, it is as injurious as the\ncarbonate of potash. All that injures the scalp injures the growth of\nthe hair. One of the best applications from the vegetable kingdom is\nthe mucilaginous decoction of the root of the burdock, called bardane\nin French (botanical name, _Lappa Minor_). In the mineral kingdom the\nbest remedy is a solution of flowers of sulphur in water, which may be\nmade by the addition of a very small portion of sulphide of potassium,\nsay ten or twenty grains to the pint. This solution is shaken up with\nthe sulphur, and the clear liquid remaining on the top is used. This\nrecipe is founded on the fact that sulphur is a poison for inferior\nvegetable or animal growth, like dandruff, itch, etc., and is not at\nall a poison for the superior animal like man.\nHOW TO CURE DIPHTHERIA.--A French physician expresses his preference\nfor lemon juice, as a local application in diphtheria, to chlorate of\npotash, nitrate of silver, perchloride of lime water. He uses it by\ndipping a little plug of cottonwood, twisted around a wire, in the\njuice, and pressing it against the diseased surface four or five times\ndaily.\nHOW TO CURE BAD BREATH.--Bad or foul breath will be removed by taking\na teaspoonful of the following mixture after each meal: One ounce\nliquor of potassa, one ounce chloride of soda, one and one-half ounces\nphosphate of soda, and three ounces of water.\n2. Chlorate of potash, three drachms; rose-water, four ounces. Dose, a\ntablespoonful four or five times daily.\nHOW TO CURE BUNIONS.--A bunion is a swelling on the ball of the great\ntoe, and is the result of pressure and irritation by friction. The\ntreatment for corns applies also to bunions; but in consequence of\nthe greater extension of the disease, the cure is more tedious. When\na bunion is forming it may be stopped by poulticing and carefully\nopening it with a lancet.\nHOW TO CURE BURNS AND SCALDS.--Take half a pound of powdered alum,\ndissolve it in a quart of water; bathe the burn or scald with a linen\nrag, wetted with this mixture, then bind the wet rag on it with\na strip of linen, and moisten the bandage with the alum water\nfrequently, without removing it during two or three days.\nTEA LEAVES FOR BURNS.--Dr. Searles, of Warsaw, Wis., reports\nthe immediate relief from pain in severe burns and scalds by the\napplication of a poultice of tea leaves.\nHOW TO CURE CANCER.--Boil down the inner bark of red and white oak to\nthe consistency of molasses; apply as a plaster, shifting it once a\nweek; or, burn red-oak bark to ashes; sprinkle it on the sore till it\nis eaten out; then apply a plaster of tar; or, take garget berries and\nleaves of stramonium; simmer them together in equal parts of neatsfoot\noil and the tops of hemlock; mix well together, and apply it to the\nparts affected; at the same time make a tea of winter-green (root and\nbranch); put a handful into two quarts of water; add two ounces of\nsulphur and drink of this tea freely during the day.\nCASTOR OIL MIXTURE.--Castor oil, one dessert spoonful; magnesia, one\ndessert spoonful. Rub together into a paste. By this combination, the\ntaste of the oil is almost entirely concealed, and children take it\nwithout opposition. HOW TO DISGUISE CASTOR OIL.--Rub up two drops oil\nof cinnamon with an ounce of glycerine and add an ounce of castor oil.\nChildren will take it as a luxury and ask for more.\nCASTOR OIL EMULSIONS.--Take castor oil and syrup, each one ounce; the\nyolk of an egg, and orange flower water, one-half ounce. Mix. This\nmakes a very pleasant emulsion, which is readily taken by adults as\nwell as children. HOW TO CURE CATARRH.--Take the bark of sassafras\nroot, dry and pound it, use it as a snuff, taking two or three pinches\na day.\nHOW TO CURE CHILBLAINS.--Wash the parts in strong alum water, apply as\nhot as can be borne.\nHOW TO CURE COLD.--Take three cents' worth of liquorice, three of rock\ncandy, three of gum arabic, and put them into a quart of water; simmer\nthem till thoroughly dissolved, then add three cents' worth paregoric,\nand a like quantity of antimonial wine.\nHOW TO CURE CORNS.--Boil tobacco down to an extract, then mix with\nit a quantity of white pine pitch, and apply it to the corn; renew it\nonce a week until the corn disappears.\nGOOD COUGH MIXTURE.--Two ounces ammonia mixture; five ounces camphor\nmixture; one drachm tincture of digitalis (foxglove); one-half ounce\neach of sweet spirits of nitre and syrup of poppies; two drachms\nsolution of sulphate of morphia. A tablespoonful of this mixture is to\nbe taken four times a day.\n2. Tincture of blood-root, one ounce; sulphate of morphia, one and a\nhalf grains; tincture of digitalis, one-half ounce; wine of antimony,\none-half ounce; oil of wintergreen, ten drops. Mix. Dose from twenty\nto forty drops twice or three times a day. Excellent for a hard, dry\ncough.\n3. Common sweet cider, boiled down to one-half, makes a most,\nexcellent syrup for colds or coughs for children, is pleasant to the\ntaste, and will keep for a year in a cool cellar. In recovering from\nan illness, the system has a craving for some pleasant drink. This\nis found in cider which is placed on the fire as soon as made, and\nallowed to come to a boil, then cooled, put in casks, and kept in a\ncool cellar.\n4. Roast a large lemon very carefully without burning; when it is\nthoroughly hot, cut and squeeze into a cup upon three ounces of sugar\ncandy. Finely powdered: take a spoonful whenever your cough troubles\nyou. It is as good as it is pleasant.\nCURE FOR DEAFNESS.--Take ant's eggs and union juice. Mix and drop them\ninto the ear. Drop into the ear, at night, six or eight drops of hot\nsweet oil.\nREMEDIES FOR DIARRHOEA.--1. Take one teaspoonful of salt, the same\nof good vinegar, and a tablespoonful of water; mix and drink. It acts\nlike a charm on the system, and even one dose will generally cure\nobstinate cases of diarrhoea, or the first stages of cholera. If the\nfirst does not bring complete relief, repeat the dose, as it is quite\nharmless. 2. The best rhubarb root, pulverized, 1 ounce; peppermint\nleaf, 1 ounce, capsicum, 1/8 ounce; cover with boiling water and\nsteep thoroughly, strain, and add bicarbonate of potash and essence\nof cinnamon, of each 1/2 ounce; with brandy (or good whisky); equal in\namount to the whole, and loaf sugar, four ounces. Dose--for an adult,\n1 or 2 tablespoons; for a child, 1 to 2 teaspoons, from 3 to 6\ntimes per day, until relief is obtained. 3. To half a bushel of\nblackberries; well mashed, add a quarter of a pound of allspice, 2\nounces of cinnamon, 2 ounces of cloves; pulverize well, mix and boil\nslowly until properly done; then strain or squeeze the juice through\nhome-spun or flannel, and add to each pint of the juice 1 pound of\nloaf sugar, boil again for some time, take it off, and while cooling,\nadd half a gallon of the best Cognac brandy.\nCURE FOR CHRONIC DIARRHOEA. Rayer recommends the association of\ncinchona, charcoal and bismuth in the treatment of chronic diarrhoea,\nin the following proportions: Subnitrate of bismuth, one drachm;\ncinchona, yellow, powdered, one-half drachm; charcoal, vegetable, one\ndrachm. Make twenty powders and take two or three a day during the\nintervals between meals.\nCURES FOR DYSENTERY.--Tincture rhubarb, tincture of capsicum, tincture\nof camphor, essence of ginger and laudanum, equal parts. Mix; shake\nwell and take from ten to twenty drops every thirty minutes, until\nrelief is obtained. This is a dose for an adult. Half the amount for\na child under twelve years of age. 2. Take some butter off the churn,\nimmediately after being churned, just as it is, without being salted\nor washed: clarify it over the fire like honey. Skim off all the milky\nparticles when melted over a clear fire. Let the patient (if an adult)\ntake two tablespoonfuls of the clarified remainder, twice or thrice\nwithin the day. This has never failed to effect a cure, and in many\ncases it has been almost instantaneous. 3. In diseases of this kind\nthe Indians use the roots and leaves of the blackberry bush--- a\ndecoction of which, in hot water, well boiled down, is taken in doses\nof a gill before each meal, and before retiring to bed. It is\nan almost infallible cure. 4. Beat one egg in a teacup; add one\ntablespoonful of loaf sugar and half a teaspoonful of ground spice;\nfill the cup with sweet milk. Give the patient one tablespoonful once\nin ten minutes until relieved. 5. Take one tablespoonful of common\nsalt, and mix it, with two tablespoonfuls of vinegar and pour upon it\na half pint of water, either hot or cold (only let it be taken cool.)\nA wine glass full of this mixture in the above proportions, taken\nevery half hour, will he found quite efficacious in curing dysentery.\nIf the stomach be nauseated, a wine-glass full taken every hour will\nsuffice. For a child, the quantity should be a teaspoonful of salt and\none of vinegar in a teacupful of water.\nDROPSY.--Take the leaves of a currant bush and make into tea, drink\nit.\nCURE FOR DRUNKENNESS.--- The following singular means of curing\nhabitual drunkenness is employed by a Russian physician. Dr.\nSchreiber, of Brzese Litewski: It consists in confining the drunkard\nin a room, and in furnishing him at discretion with his favorite\nspirit diluted with two-thirds of water; as much wine, beer and coffee\nas he desires, but containing one-third of spirit: all the food--the\nbread, meat, and the legumes are steeped in spirit and water. The poor\ndevil is continually drunk and dort. On the fifth day of this regime\nhe has an extreme disgust for spirit; he earnestly requests other\ndiet: but his desire must not be yielded to until the poor wretch\nno longer desires to eat or drink: he is then certainly cured of his\npenchant for drunkenness. He acquires such a disgust for brandy or\nother spirits that he is ready to vomit at the very sight of it.\nCURE FOR DYSPEPSIA.--1. Take bark of white poplar root, boil it thick,\nand add a little spirit, and then lay it on the stomach.\n2. Take wintergreen and black cherry-tree bark and yellow dock: put\ninto two quarts of water; boil down to three pints; take two or three\nglasses a day.\nHere are two remedies for dyspepsia, said by those who \"have tried\nthem\" to be infallible. 1. Eat onions. 2. Take two parts of well-dried\nand pounded pods of red pepper, mixed with one part of ground mustard,\nand sift it over everything you eat or drink.\nHOW TO CURE EARACHE.--Take a small piece of cotton batting or cotton\nwool, make a depression in the center with the finger, and then fill\nit up with as much ground pepper as will rest on a five-cent piece;\ngather it into a ball and tie it up; dip the ball into sweet oil and\ninsert it in the ear, covering the latter with cotton wool, and use a\nbandage or cap to retain it in its place. Almost instant relief will\nbe experienced; and the application is so gentle that an infant, will\nnot get injured by it, but experience relief as well as adults. Roast\na piece of lean mutton, squeeze out the juice and drop it info the ear\nas hot as it can be borne. Roast an onion and put into the ear as hot\nas it can be borne.\nHOW TO CURE ERYSIPELAS.--Dissolve five ounces of salt in one pint of\ngood brandy and take two tablespoonfuls three times per day.\nCURE FOR INFLAMED EYES.--Pour boiling water on alder flowers, and steep\nthem like tea; when cold, put three or four drops of laudanum into a\nsmall glass of the alder-tea, and let the mixture run into the eyes two\nor three times a day, and the eyes will become perfectly strong in the\ncourse of a week.\nCURE FOR WEEPING EYES.--Wash the eyes in chamomile tea night and\nmorning.\nEYES, GRANULAR INFLAMMATION.--A prominent oculist says that the\ncontagious Egyptian or granular inflammation of the eyes is spreading\nthroughout the country, and that he has been able in many, and indeed\nin a majority of cases, to trace the disease to what are commonly\ncalled rolling towels. Towels of this kind are generally found in\ncountry hotels and the dwellings of the working classes, and, being\nthus used by nearly every one, are made the carriers of one of the\nmost troublesome diseases of the eye. This being the case, it\nis urgently recommended that the use of these rolling towels be\ndiscarded, and thus one of the special vehicles for the spread of\na most dangerous disorder of the eyes--one by which thousands of\nworkingmen are annually deprived of their means of support--will no\nlonger exist.\nCURE FOR STY IN EYE.--Bathe frequently with warm water. When the sty\nbursts, use an ointment composed of one part of citron ointment and\nfour of spermaceti, well rubbed together, and smear along the edge of\nthe eye-lid.\nCURE FOR FELONS.--1. Stir one-half teaspoonful of water into an ounce\nof Venice turpentine until the mixture appears like granulated honey.\nWrap a good coating of it around the finger with a cloth. If the felon\nis only recent, the pain will be removed in six hours.\n2. As soon as the part begins to swell, wrap it with a cloth saturated\nthoroughly with the tincture of lobelia. An old physician says, that\nhe has known this to cure scores of cases, and that it never fails if\napplied in season.\nCURE FOR FEVER AND AGUE.--Take of cloves and cream of tartar each\none-half ounce, and one ounce of Peruvian bark. Mix in a small\nquantity of tea, and take it on well days, in such quantities as the\nstomach will bear.\nCURE FOR FEVER SORES.--Take of hoarhound, balm, sarsaparilla, loaf\nsugar, aloes, gum camphor, honey, spikenard, spirits of turpentine,\neach two ounces. Dose, one tablespoonful, three mornings, missing\nthree; and for a wash, make a strong tea of sumach, washing the\naffected parts frequently, and keeping the bandage well wet.\nCURE FOR FITS.--Take of tincture of fox-glove, ten drops at each time\ntwice a day, and increase one drop at each time as long as the stomach\nwill bear it, or it causes a nauseous feeling.\nGLYCERINE CREAM.--Receipt for chapped lips: Take of spermaceti, four\ndrachms; white wax, one drachm; oil of almonds, two troy ounces;\nglycerine, one troy ounce. Melt the spermaceti, wax and oil together,\nand when cooling stir in glycerine and perfume.\nGLYCERINE LOTION.--For softening the skin of the face and hands,\nespecially during the commencement of cold weather, and also for\nallaying the irritation caused by the razor: Triturate, four and a\nhalf grains of cochineal with one and a half fluid ounces of boiling\nwater, adding gradually; then add two and a half fluid ounces of\nalcohol. Also make an emulsion of eight drops of ottar of roses with\nthirty grains of gum arabic and eight fluid ounces of water; then\nadd three fluid ounces of glycerine, and ten fluid drachms of quince\nmucilage. Mix the two liquids.\nFLESHWORMS.--These specks, when they exist in any number, are a cause\nof much unsightliness. They are minute corks, if we may use the term,\nof coagulated lymp, which close the orifices of some of the pores or\nexhalent vessels of the skin. On the skin immediately adjacent to them\nbeing pressed with the finger nails, these bits of coagulated lymph\nwill come from it in a vermicular form. They are vulgarly called\n\"flesh worms,\" many persons fancying them to be living creatures.\nThese may be got rid of and prevented from returning, by washing with\ntepid water, by proper friction with a towel, and by the application\nof a little cold cream. The longer these little piles are permitted\nto remain in the skin the more firmly they become fixed; and after a\ntime, when they lose their moisture they are converted into long bony\nspines as dense as bristles, and having much of that character.\nThey are known by the name of spotted achne. With regard to local\ntreatment, the following lotions are calculated to be serviceable: 1.\nDistilled rose water, 1 pint; sulphate of zinc, 20 to 60 grains.\nMix. 2. Sulphate of copper, 20 grains; rosewater, 4 ounces; water, 12\nounces. Mix. 3. Oil of sweet almonds, 1 ounce; fluid potash, 1 drachm.\nShake well together and then add rose-water, 1 ounce; pure water, 6\nounces. Mix. The mode of using these remedies is to rub the pimples\nfor some minutes with a rough towel, and then dab them with the\nlotion. 4. Wash the face twice a day with warm water, and rub dry with\na coarse towel. Then with a soft towel rub in a lotion made of two\nounces of white brandy, one ounce of cologne, and one-half ounce of\nliquor potassa.\nHOW TO REMOVE FRECKLES.--Freckles; so persistently regular in their\nannual return, have annoyed the fair sex from time immemorial, and\nvarious means have been devised to eradicate them, although thus far\nwith no decidedly satisfactory results. The innumerable remedies in\nuse for the removal of these vexatious intruders, are either simple\nand harmless washes, such as parsley or horseradish water, solutions\nof borax, etc., or injurious nostrums, consisting principally of lead\nand mercury salts.\nIf the exact cause of freckles were known, a remedy for them might\nbe found. A chemist in Moravia, observing the bleaching effect\nof mercurial preparations, inferred that the growth of a local\nparasitical fungus was the cause of the discoloration of the skin,\nwhich extended and ripened its spores in the warmer season. Knowing\nthat sulpho-carbolate of zinc is a deadly enemy to all parasitic\nvegetation (itself not being otherwise injurious), he applied this\nsalt for the purpose of removing the freckles. The compound consists\nof two parts of sulpho-carbolate of zinc, twenty-five parts of\ndistilled glycerine, twenty-five parts of rose-water, and five parts\nof scented alcohol, and is to be applied twice daily for from half an\nhour to an hour, then washed off with cold water. Protection against\nthe sun by veiling and other means is recommended, and in addition,\nfor persons of pale complexion, some mild preparation of iron.\nGRAVEL.--1. Make a strong tea of the low herb called heart's ease,\nand drink freely. 2. Make of Jacob's ladder a strong tea, and drink\nfreely. 3. Make of bean leaves a strong tea, and drink freely.\nWASH FOR THE HAIR.--Castile soap, finely shaved, one teaspoonful;\nspirits of hartshorn, one drachm; alcohol, five ounces; cologne water\nand bay rum, in equal quantities enough to make eight ounces. This\nshould be poured on the head, followed by warm water (soft water); the\nresult will be, on washing, a copious lather and a smarting sensation\nto the person operated on. Rub this well into the hair. Finally, rinse\nwith warm water, and afterwards with cold water. If the head is very\nmuch clogged with dirt, the hair will come out plentifully, but the\nscalp will become white and perfectly clean.\nHAIR RESTORATIVE.--Take of castor oil, six fluid ounces; alcohol,\ntwenty-six fluid ounces. Dissolve. Then add tincture of cantharides\n(made with strong alcohol), one fluid ounce; essence of jessamine (or\nother perfume), one and a half fluid ounces.\nCURE FOR HEARTBURN.--Sal volatile combined with camphor is a splendid\nremedy.\nSICK HEADACHE.--Take a teaspoonful of powdered charcoal in molasses\nevery morning, and wash it down with a little tea, or drink half a\nglass of raw rum or gin, and drink freely of mayweed tea.\nHEADACHE.--Dr. Silvers, of Ohio, in the Philadelphia _Medical and\nSurgical Reporter_, recommends ergot in headache, especially the\nnervous or sick headache. He says it will cure a larger proportion\nof cases than any other remedy. His theory of its action is that it\nlessens the quantity of blood in the brain by contracting the muscular\nfibres of the arterial walls. He gives ten to twenty drops of the\nfluid extract, repeated every half hour till relief is obtained, or\nfour or five doses used. In other forms of disease, where opium\nalone is contra-indicated, its bad effects are moderated, he says, by\ncombining it with ergot.\nHEADACHE DROPS.--For the cure of nervous, sun, and sick headache,\ntake two quarts of alcohol, three ounces of Castile soap, one ounce\ncamphor, and two ounces ammonia. Bathe forehead and temples.\nHIVE SYRUP.--Put one ounce each of squills and seneca snake-root into\none pint of water; boil down to one-half and strain. Then add\none-half pound of clarified honey containing twelve grains tartrate of\nantimony. Dose for a child, ten drops to one teaspoonful, according to\nage. An excellent remedy for croup.\nHOW TO CLEAN THE HAIR.--From the too frequent use of oils in the hair,\nmany ladies destroy the tone and color of their tresses. The Hindoos\nhave a way of remedying this. They take a hand basin filled with cold\nwater, and have ready a small quantity of pea flour. The hair is in\nthe first place submitted to the operation of being washed in cold\nwater, a handful of the pea flour is then applied to the head and\nrubbed into the hair for ten minutes at least, the servant adding\nfresh water at short intervals, until it becomes a perfect lather.\nThe whole head is then washed quite clean with copious supplies of the\naqueous fluid, combed, and afterwards rubbed dry by means of coarse\ntowels. The hard and soft brush is then resorted to, when the hair\nwill be found to be wholly free from all encumbering oils and other\nimpurities, and assume a glossy softness, equal to the most delicate\nsilk. This process tends to preserve the tone and natural color of\nthe hair, which is so frequently destroyed by the too constant use of\ncaustic cosmetics.\nHOW TO SOFTEN HANDS.--After cleansing the hands with soap, rub them\nwell with oatmeal while wet.\nHOW TO REMOVE STAINS FROM HANDS.--Damp the hands first in water, then\nrub them with tartaric acid, or salt of lemons, as you would with\nsoap; rinse them and rub them dry. Tartaric acid, or salt of lemons,\nwill quickly remove stains from white muslin or linen. Put less than\nhalf a teaspoonful of salt or acid into a tablespoonful of water; wet\nthe stain with it, and lay it in the sun for an hour; wet it once or\ntwice with cold water during the time; if this does not quite remove\nit, repeat the acid water, and lay it in the sun.\nHOW TO WHITEN HANDS.--1. Stir 1/4 of a pound of Castile soap, and\nplace it in a jar near the fire, pour over it 1/2 pint of alcohol;\nwhen the soap is dissolved and mixed with the spirit, add 1 ounce of\nglycerine, the same of oil of almonds, with a few drops of essence of\nviolets, or ottar of roses, then pour it into moulds to cool for use.\n2. A wineglassful of eau-de-cologne, and one of lemon-juice, two cakes\nof broken Windsor soap, mixed well together, when hard, will form an\nexcellent substance.\nHOW TO CURE SCURF IN THE HEAD.--A simple and effectual remedy. Into a\npint of water drop a lump of fresh quick lime, the size of a walnut;\nlet it stand all night, then pour the water off clear from the\nsediment or deposit, add 1/4 of a pint of the best vinegar, and wash\nthe head with the mixture. Perfectly harmless; only wet the roots of\nthe hair.\nHOW TO CURE CHAPPED LIPS.--Take 2 ounces of white wax, 1 ounce of\nspermaceti, 4 ounces of oil of almonds, 2 ounces of honey, 1/4 of an\nounce of essence of bergamot, or any other scent. Melt the wax and\nspermaceti; then add the honey, and melt all together, and when hot add\nthe almond oil by degrees, stirring till cold. 2. Take oil of almonds 3\nounces; spermaceti 1/2 ounce; virgin rice, 1/2 ounce. Melt these\ntogether over a slow fire, mixing with them a little powder of alkane\nroot to color it. Keep stirring till cold, and then add a few drops of\nthe oil of rhodium. 3. Take oil of almonds, spermaceti, white wax, and\nwhite sugar candy, equal parts. These form a good, white lip salve.\nHOW TO REMOVE MOTH PATCHES.--Wash the patches with solution of common\nbicarbonate of soda and water several times during the day for two\ndays, or until the patches are removed, which will usually be in\nforty-eight hours. After the process wash with some nice toilet soap,\nand the skin will be left nice, smooth and clear of patches. HOW TO\nTAKE CARE OF THE NAILS.--The nails should be kept clean by the daily\nuse of the nail brush and soap and water. After wiping the hands, but\nwhile they are still soft from the action of the water, gently push\nback the skin which is apt to grow over the nails, which will not only\npreserve them neatly rounded, but will prevent the skin from cracking\naround their roots (nail springs), and becoming sore. The points of\nthe nail should be pared at least once a week; biting them should be\navoided.\nHOW TO CURE HICCOUGH.--A convulsive motion of the diaphragm and parts\nadjacent. The common causes are flatuency, indigestion, acidity\nand worms. It may usually be removed by the exhibition of warm\ncarminatives, cordials, cold wafer, weak spirits, camphor julep,\nor spirits of sal volatile. A sudden fright or surprise will often\nproduce the like effect. An instance is recorded of a delicate young\nlady that was troubled with hiccough for some months, and who\nwas reduced to a state of extreme debility from the loss of sleep\noccasioned thereby, who was cured by a fright, after medicines and\ntopical applications had failed. A pinch of snuff, a glass of\ncold soda-water, or an ice-cream, will also frequently remove this\ncomplaint.\nHOW TO CURE HOARSENESS.--Make a strong tea of horse-radish and yellow\ndock root, sweetened with honey and drink freely.\nREMEDIES FOR HOARSENESS.--Take one drachm of freshly scraped\nhorse-radish root, to be infused with four ounces of water in a\nclose vessel for three hours, and made into a syrup, with double its\nquantity of vinegar. A teaspoonful has often proved effectual.\nHOW TO CURE HUMORS.--Take equal parts of saffron and seneca snake\nroot, make a strong tea, drink one half-pint a day, and this will\ndrive out all humors from the system.\nHOW TO CURE HYSTERICS.--Take the leaves of motherwort and\nthoroughwort, and the bark of poplar root; equal parts. Mix them in\nmolasses, and take four of them when the first symptoms of disorder\nare felt, and they will effectually check it.\nHOW TO CURE BARBER'S ITCH.--Moisten the parts affected with saliva\n(spittle) and rub it over thoroughly three times a day with the ashes of\na good Havana cigar. This is a simple remedy, yet it has cured the most\nobstinate cases.\nITCH OINTMENT.--1. Take lard, one pound; suet, one pound; sugar of\nlead, eight ounces; vermillion, two ounces. Mix. Scent with a little\nbergamot. 2. Take bichloride of mercury, one ounce; lard, one pound;\nsuet, one pound; hydrochloride acid, one and a half ounces. Melt and\nwell mix, and when perfectly cold, stir in essence of lemon, four\ndrachms; essence of bergamot, one drachm. 3. Take powdered chloride of\nlime, one ounce; lard, one pound. Mix well, then add essence of lemon,\ntwo drachms. 4. Take bichloride of mercury, one part; lard, fifteen\nparts. Mix well together. 5. Take white precipitate, one part; lard,\ntwelve parts. Mix. A portion of either of these ointments must be well\nrubbed on the parts affected, night and morning.\nHOW TO CURE SEVEN-YEAR ITCH.--1. Use plenty of castile soap and water,\nand then apply freely iodide of sulphur ointment; or take any given\nquantity of simple sulphur ointment and color it to a light brown or\nchocolate color with the subcarbonate of iron, and then perfume it.\nApply this freely, and if the case should be a severe one, administer\nmild alteratives in conjunction with the outward application. 2.\nThe sulphur bath is a good remedy for itch or any other kind of skin\ndiseases. Leprosy (the most obstinate of all) has been completely\ncured by it, and the common itch only requires two or three\napplications to completely eradicate it from the system. 3. Benzine,\nit is said, will effect a complete cure for scabies in the course of\nhalf to three-quarters of an hour, after which the patient should take\na warm bath from twenty to thirty minutes.\nHOW TO CURE JAUNDICE.--1. Take the whites of two hen's eggs, beat them\nup well in a gill of water; take of this a little every morning; it\nwill soon do good. It also creates an appetite, and strengthens the\nstomach. 2. Take of black cherry-tree bark, two ounces; blood root and\ngold thread, each half an ounce; put in a pint of brandy. Dose, from a\nteaspoonful to a tablespoonful morning and night.\nHOW TO CURE STIFFENED JOINTS.--Take of the bark of white oak and sweet\napple trees, equal parts; boil them down to a thick substance,\nand then add the same quantity of goose-grease or oil, simmer all\ntogether, and then rub it on the parts warm.\nHOW TO CURE KIDNEY DISEASE.--Equal parts of the oil of red cedar and\nthe oil of spearmint.\nHOW TO CURE LAME BACK.--Take the berries of red cedar and allow them\nto simmer in neatsfoot oil, and use as an ointment.\nHOW TO KILL LICE.--All kinds of lice and their nits may be got rid\nof by washing with a simple decoction of stavesacre (_Delphinium\nstaphisagria_), or with a lotion made with the bruised seed in\nvinegar, or with the tincture, or by rubbing in a salve made with\nthe seeds and four times their weight of lard very carefully beaten\ntogether. The acetic solution and the tincture are the cleanliest\nand most agreeable preparations, but all are equally efficacious in\ndestroying both the creatures and their eggs, and even in relieving\nthe intolerable itching which their casual presence leaves behind on\nmany sensitive skins. The alkaloid delphinia may also be employed, but\npossesses no advantage except in the preparation of an ointment, when\nfrom any reason that form of application should be preferred.\nRHEUMATIC LINIMENT.--Olive oil, spirits of camphor and chloroform, of\neach two ounces; sassafras oil, 1 drachm. Add the oil of sassafras\nto the olive oil, then the spirits of camphor, and shake well before\nputting in the chloroform; shake when used, and keep it corked, as\nthe chloroform evaporates very fast if it is left open. Apply three or\nfour times daily, rubbing in well, and always toward the body.\nSORE THROAT LINIMENT.--Gum camphor, two ounces; castile soap, shaved\nfine, one drachm; oil of turpentine and oil of origanum, each one-half\nounce; opium, one-fourth of an ounce; alcohol, one pint. In a week or\nten days they will be fit for use. Bathe the parts freely two or three\ntimes daily until relief is obtained.\nA WONDERFUL LINIMENT.--Two ounces oil of spike, two ounces origanum,\ntwo ounces hemlock, two ounces wormwood, four ounces sweet oil, two\nounces spirit of ammonia, two ounces gum camphor, two ounces spirits\nturpentine. Add one quart strong alcohol. Mix well together, and\nbottle tight. This is an unequaled horse liniment, and of the best\never made for human ailments such as rheumatism, sprains, etc.\nHOW TO CURE SORE LIPS.--Wash the lips with a strong tea, made from the\nbark of the white oak.\nLIVER COMPLAINT.--Make a strong tea of syrup of burdock, wormwood and\ndandelion, equal parts, and drink freely.\nLOCK JAW.--It is said that the application of warm lye, made of ashes\nas strong as possible, to a wounded part, will prevent a locked jaw;\nif a foot or hand, immerse in it; if another part of the body, bathe\nwith flannels wrung out of the warm lye.\nMUMPS.--This disease, most common among children, begins with soreness\nand stiffness in the side of the neck. Soon a swelling of the parotid\ngland takes place, which is painful, and continues to increase for\nfour or five days, sometimes making it difficult to swallow, or open\nthe mouth. The swelling sometimes comes on one side at a time, but\ncommonly upon both. There is often heat, and sometimes fever, with a\ndry skin, quick pulse, furred tongue, constipated bowls, and scanty\nand high-colored urine. The disease is contagious. The treatment\nis very simple--a mild diet, gentle laxative, occasional hot\nfomentations, and wearing a piece of flannel round the throat.\nHOW TO PREVENT INGROWING NAILS.--If the nail of your toe be hard, and\napt to grow round, and into the corners of your toe, take a piece of\nbroken glass and scrape the top very thin; do this whenever you cut\nyour nails, and by constant use it makes the corners fly up and grow\nflat, so that it is impossible they should give you any pain.\nHOW TO WHITEN NAILS.--The best wash for whitening the nails is two\ndrachms of diluted sulphuric acid, one drachm of tincture of myrrh,\nadded to four ounces of spring water; first cleanse the hands, and\nthen apply the wash.\nSURE CURE FOR NEURALGIA.--1. Fill a tight-top thimble with cotton\nwool, and drop on it a few drops of strong spirits of hartshorn. The\nopen mouth of the thimble is then applied over the seat of pain for\na minute or two, until the skin is blistered. The skin is then\nrubbed off, and upon the denuded surface a small quantity of morphia\n(one-fourth grain) is applied. This affords almost instant relief. A\nsecond application of the morphia, if required, is to be preceded by\nfirst rubbing off the new formation that has sprung up over the former\nblistered surface.\n2. Dr. J. Knox Hodge recommends the following as an application which\nwill relieve facial or any other neuralgia almost instantaneously:\nAlbumen of egg, one drachm; rhigolene, four ounces; oil of peppermint,\ntwo ounces; colodion and chloroform, each one ounce. Mix. Agitate\noccasionally for twenty-four hours, and by gelatinization a beautiful\nand semi-solidified, opodeldoc-looking compound results, which will\nretain its consistency and hold the ingredients intimately blended for\nmonths. Apply by smart friction with the hand, or gently with a soft\nbrush or mop along the course of the nerve involved.\n3. Mix one and one-half drachms iodide of potash, fifteen grains of\nquinine and one ounce ginger syrup, and two and a half ounces water.\nDose, a tablespoonful every three hours.\n4. OF THE STOMACH.--Take of distilled water of cherry laurel, five\nparts; muriate of morphia, one-tenth part. Mix and dissolve. One drop\non a lump of sugar immediately before meals.\nOINTMENT FOR SORE NIPPLES.--Glycerine, rose water and tannin, equal\nweights, rubbed together into an ointment, is very highly recommended\nfor sore or cracked nipples.\nGLYCERINE OINTMENT.--Melt together spermaceti, two drachms; white\nwax, one-half drachm; oil of sweet almonds, two ounces, and then\nadd glycerine, one ounce, and stir briskly until cool. An admirable\napplication for chapped hands, etc.\nOINTMENT FOR ITCH.--White precipitate, fifteen grains; saltpetre,\none-half drachm; flour of sulphur, one drachm; Mix well with lard, two\nounces. Long celebrated for the cure of itch.\nSULPHUR OINTMENT.--Flour of sulphur, eight ounces; oil of bergamot,\ntwo drachms; lard, one pound. Rub freely three times a day, for itch.\nOINTMENT FOR PILES.--Tannin, two drachms; water, two fluid drachms;\ntriturate together, and add lard, one and a half drachms. An excellent\napplication for piles.\nOINTMENT FOR HEMORRHOIDS.--Sulphate of morphia, three grains; extract\nof stramonia, thirty grains; olive oil, one drachm; carbonate of lead,\nsixty grains; lard, three drachms.\nPAINS.--1. Steep marigold in good cider vinegar and frequently wash\nthe affected parts. This will afford speedy relief.\n2. Take half a pound of tar and the same quantity of tobacco, and boil\nthem down separately to a thick substance; then simmer them together.\nSpread a plaster and apply it to the affected parts, and it will\nafford immediate relief.\nPAINTERS' COLIC.--Make of tartaric acid a syrup similar to that of\nlemon syrup; add a sufficient quantity of water, and drink two or\nthree glasses a day.\nINSTANTANEOUS PAIN-KILLER.--Another and even more instant cure of pain\nis made as follows: Take aqua-ammonia, sulphuric ether and alcohol,\nequal parts, and apply over the pain.\nHOW TO CURE PIMPLES.--Take a teaspoonful of the tincture of gum\nguaiacum and one teaspoonful of vinegar; mix well and apply to the\naffected parts.\nPOOR MAN'S PLASTER.--Melt together beeswax, one ounce; tar, three\nounces; resin, three ounces, and spread on paper or muslin.\nRHEUMATIC PLASTER.--One-fourth pound of resin and one-fourth pound of\nsulphur; melt by a slow fire, and add one ounce of Cayenne pepper\nand one-fourth of an ounce of camphor gum; stir well till mixed, and\ntemper with neatsfoot oil.\nSTRENGTHENING PLASTER.--Litharge plasters, twenty-four parts; white\nresin, six parts; yellow wax and olive oil, of each three parts, and\nred oxide of iron, eight parts. Let the oxide be rubbed with the\noil, and the other ingredients added melted, and mix the whole well\ntogether. The plaster, after being spread over the leather, should be\ncut into strips two inches wide and strapped firmly around the joint.\nMUSTARD PLASTERS.--It is stated that in making a mustard plaster, no\nwater whatever should be used, but the mustard mixed with the white of\nan egg; the result will be a plaster that will \"draw\" perfectly, but\nwill not produce a blister even upon the skin of an infant, no matter\nhow long it is allowed to remain upon the part.\nBREAD AND MILK POULTICE.--Take stale bread in crumbs, pour boiling\nsweet milk, or milk and water over it, and simmer till soft, stirring\nit well; then take it from the fire, and gradually stir in a little\nglycerine or sweet oil, so as to render the poultice pliable when\napplied.\nLINSEED POULTICE.--Take of linseed, powdered, four ounces; hot\nwater sufficient, mix and stir well with a spoon, until of suitable\nconsistence. A little oil should be added, and some smeared over\nthe surface as well, to prevent its getting hard. A very excellent\npoultice, suitable for many purposes.\nSPICE POULTICE.--Powdered cinnamon, cloves and Cayenne pepper, of each\ntwo ounces; rye meal, or flour, spirits and honey, of each sufficient\nto make of suitable consistence.\nQUINSY.--This is an inflammation\nof the tonsils, or common inflammatory sore throat; commences with\na slight feverish attack, with considerable pain and swelling of the\ntonsils, causing some difficulty in swallowing; as the attack advances\nthese symptoms become more intense, there is headache, thirst, a\npainful sense of tension, and acute darting pains in the ears. The\nattack is generally brought on by exposure to cold, and lasts from\nfive to seven days, when it subsides naturally, or an abscess may\nform in tonsils and burst, or the tonsil may remain enlarged, the\ninflammation subsiding.\nTREATMENT.--The patient should remain in a warm room, the diet chiefly\nmilk and good broths, some cooling laxative and diaphoretic medicine\nmay be given; but the greatest relief will be found in the frequent\ninhalation of the steam of hot water through an inhaler, or in the\nold-fashioned way, through the spout of a teapot.\nOTHER REMEDIES FOR RHEUMATISM.--1. Bathe the parts affected with\nwater in which potatoes have been boiled, as hot as can be borne,\njust before going to bed; by morning it will be much relieved, if\nnot removed. One application of this simple remedy has cured the most\nobstinate of rheumatic pains. 2. Half an ounce of pulverized salt\npetre put in half a pint of sweet oil; bathe the parts affected, and\na sound cure will be speedily effected. 3. Rheumatism has frequently\nbeen cured by a persistent use of lemon juice, either undiluted or\nin the form of lemonade. Suck half a lemon every morning before\nbreakfast, and occasionally during the day, and partake of lemonade\nwhen thirsty in preference to any other drink. If severely afflicted\na physician should be consulted, but, in all cases, lemon juice will\nhasten the cure. 4. By the valerian bath, made simply by taking one\npound of valerian root, boiling it gently for about a quarter of an\nhour in one gallon of water, straining and adding the strained liquid\nto about twenty gallons of water in an ordinary bath. The temperature\nshould be about ninety-eight degrees, and the time of immersion from\ntwenty minutes to half an hour. Pains must be taken to dry the patient\nperfectly upon getting out of the bath. If the inflammation remain\nrefractory in any of the joints, linseed meal poultices should be\nmade with a strong decoction of valerian root and applied.\nHOW TO CURE RING-WORM.--To one part sulphuric acid, add sixteen to\ntwenty parts water. Use a brush and feather, and apply it to the parts\nnight and morning. A few dressings will generally cure. If the solution\nis too strong and causes pain, dilute it with water, and if the\nirritation is excessive, rub on a little oil or other softening\napplication, but always avoid the use of soap.\nOr, wash the head with soft soap every morning, and apply the\nfollowing lotion every night: One-half drachm of sub-carbonate of soda\ndissolved in one gill of vinegar.\nHEALING SALVE.--Sweet oil, three quarts; resin, three ounces; beeswax,\nthree ounces. Melt together; then add powdered red lead, two pounds;\nheat all these together and when nearly cold add a piece of camphor as\nlarge as a nutmeg. Good for burns, etc.\nSALT RHEUM.--1. Make a strong tea of elm root bark; drink the tea\nfreely, and wash the affected part in the same. 2. Take one ounce of\nblue flag root, steep it in half a pint of gin; take a teaspoonful\nthree times a day, morning, noon and night, and wash with the same. 3.\nTake one ounce of oil of tar, one drachm of oil of checker berry; mix.\nTake from five to twenty drops morning and night as the stomach will\nbear.\nBLEEDING OF THE STOMACH.--Take a teaspoonful of camomile tea every ten\nminutes until the bleeding stops.\nSICKNESS OF STOMACH.--Drink three or four times a day of the steep\nmade from the bark of white poplar roots.\nSUNBURN AND TAN.--1. Take two drachms of borax, one drachm of Roman\nalum, one drachm of camphor, half an ounce of sugar candy, and a pound\nof ox-gall. Mix, and stir well for ten minutes or so, and repeat this\nstirring three or four times a day for a fortnight, till it appears\nclear and transparent. Strain through blotting paper, and bottle up for\nuse. 2. Milk of almonds made thus: Take of blanched bitter almonds half\nan ounce, soft water half a pint; make an emulsion by beating the\nalmonds and water together, strain through a muslin cloth, and it is\nmade. 3. A preparation composed of equal parts of olive oil and lime\nwater is also an excellent remedy for sunburn.\nTO PRODUCE SWEAT.--Take of nitre, one-half drachm; snake's head (herb),\nsaffron, camphor, snake-root, seneca, bark of sassafras root, each one\nounce; ipecac, and opium, each one half ounce; put the above in three\nquarts of Holland gin, and take a tablespoonful in catnip tea every few\nminutes, till a sweat is produced.\nTEETHING.--Young children whilst cutting their first set of teeth\noften suffer severe constitutional disturbance. At first there is\nrestlessness and peevishness, with slight fever, but not infrequently\nthese are followed by convulsive fits, as they are commonly called,\nwhich depends on the brain becoming irritated; and sometimes under\nthis condition the child is either cut off suddenly, or the foundation\nof serious mischief to the brain is laid. The remedy, or rather the\nsafeguard, against these frightful consequences is trifling, safe, and\nalmost certain, and consists merely in lancing the gum covering the\ntooth which is making its making its way through. When teething is\nabout it may be known by the spittle constantly driveling from the\nmouth and wetting the frock. The child has its fingers in its month,\nand bites hard any substance it can get hold of. If the gums be\ncarefully looked at, the part where the tooth is pressing up is\nswollen and redder than usual; and if the finger be pressed on it the\nchild shrinks and cries, showing that the gum is tender. When these\nsymptoms occur, the gum should be lanced, and sometimes the tooth\ncomes through the next day, if near the surface; but if not so far\nadvanced the cut heals and a scar forms, which is thought by some\nobjectionable, as rendering the passage of the tooth more difficult.\nThis, however, is untrue, for the scar will give way much more easily\nthan the uncut gum. If the tooth does not come through after two or\nthree days, the lancing may be repeated; and this is more especially\nneeded if the child be very fractious, and seems in much pain. Lancing\nthe gums is further advantageous, because it empties the inflamed part\nof its blood, and so relieves the pain and inflammation. The relief\nchildren experience in the course of two or three hours from the\noperation is often very remarkable, as they almost immediately become\nlively and cheerful.\nWASH FOR TEETH AND GUMS.--The teeth should be washed night and\nmorning, a moderately small and soft brush being used; after the\nmorning ablution, pour on a second tooth-brush, slightly dampened, a\nlittle of the following lotion: Carbolic acid, 20 drops; spirits of\nwine, 2 drachms; distilled water, 6 ounces. After using this lotion a\nshort time the gums become firmer and less tender, and impurity of the\nbreath (which is most commonly caused by bad teeth), will be removed.\nIt is a great mistake to use hard tooth-brushes, or to brush the teeth\nuntil the gums bleed.\nTETTER.--After a slight feverish attack, lasting two or three days,\nclusters of small, transparent pimples, filled sometimes with a\ncolorless, sometimes with a brownish lymph, appear on the cheeks or\nforehead, or on the extremities, and at times on the body. The pimples\nare about the size of a pea, and break after a few days, when a brown\nor yellow crust is formed over them, which falls off about the tenth\nday, leaving the skin red and irritable. The eruption is attended with\nheat; itching, tingling, fever, and restlessness, especially at night.\nRingworm is a curious form of tetter, in which the inflamed patches\nassume the form of a ring.\nTREATMENT--Should consist of light diet, and gentle laxatives. If the\npatient be advanced in life, and feeble, a tonic will be desirable.\nFor a wash, white vitriol, 1 drachm; rose-water, 3 ounces, mixed; or\nan ointment made of alder-flower ointment, 1 ounce; oxide of zinc,\n1 drachm.\nTO REMOVE TAN.--Tan may be removed from the face by mixing\nmagnesia in soft water to the consistency of paste, which should then\nbe spread on the face and allowed to remain a minute or two. Then wash\noff with Castile soap suds, and rinse with soft water.\nCARE OF THE TEETH.--The mouth has a temperature of 98 degrees, warmer\nthan is ever experienced in the shade in the latitude of New England.\nIt is well known that if beef, for example, be exposed in the shade\nduring the warmest of our summer days, it will very soon decompose. If\nwe eat beef for dinner, the particles invariably find their way into\nthe spaces between the teeth. Now, if these particles of beef are\nnot removed, they will frequently remain till they are softened by\ndecomposition. In most mouths this process of decomposition is in\nconstant progress. Ought we to be surprised that the gums and teeth\nagainst which these decomposing or putrefying masses lie should become\nsubjects of disease?\nHow shall our teeth be preserved? The answer is very simple--keep\nthem very clean. How shall they be kept clean? Answer--By a toothpick,\nrinsing with water, and the daily use of a brush.\nThe toothpick should be a quill, not because the metalic picks injure\nthe enamel, but because the quill pick is so flexible it fits into all\nthe irregularities between the teeth. Always after using the toothpick\nthe mouth should be thoroughly rinsed. If warm water be not at hand,\ncold may be used, although warm is much better. Closing the lips, with\na motion familiar to all, everything may be thoroughly rinsed from the\nmouth.\nEvery morning (on rising), and every evening (on going to bed), the\ntooth-brush should be used, and the teeth, both outside and inside,\nthoroughly brushed.\nMuch has been said _pro_ and _con_., upon the use of soap with the\ntooth-brush. My own experience and the experience of members of my\nfamily is highly favorable to the regular morning and evening use of\nsoap. Castile or other good soap will answer this purpose. (Whatever is\ngood for the hands and face is good for the teeth.) The slightly\nunpleasant taste which soap has when we begin to use it will soon be\nunnoticed.\nTOOTH POWDERS.--Many persons, while laudably attentive to the\npreservation of their teeth, do them harm by too much officiousness.\nThey daily apply to them some dentifrice powder, which they rub so\nhard as not only to injure the enamel by excessive friction, but\nto hurt the gums even more than by the abuse of the toothpick. The\nquality of some of the dentifrice powders advertised in newspapers is\nextremely suspicious, and there is reason to think that they are not\naltogether free from a corrosive ingredient. One of the safest\nand best compositions for the purpose is a mixture of two parts of\nprepared chalk, one of Peruvian bark, and one of hard soap, all finely\npowdered, which is calculated not only to clean the teeth without\nhurting them, but to preserve the firmness of the gums.\nBesides the advantage of sound teeth for their use in mastication,\na proper attention to their treatment conduces not a little to the\nsweetness of the breath. This is, indeed, often affected by other\ncauses existing in the lungs, the stomach, and sometimes even in the\nbowels, but a rotten state of the teeth, both from the putrid smell\nemitted by carious bones and the impurities lodged in their cavities,\nnever fails of aggravating an unpleasant breath wherever there is a\ntendency of that kind.\nREMEDIES FOR TOOTHACHE.--1. One drachm of alum reduced to an\nimpalpable powder, three drachms of nitrous spirits of ether--mix,\nand apply them to the tooth on cotton. 2. Mix a little salt and alum,\nequal portions, grind it fine, wet a little lock of cotton, fill it\nwith the powder and put it in your tooth. One or two applications\nseldom fail to cure. 3. To one drachm of collodion add two drachms of\nCalvert's carbolic acid. A gelatinous mass is precipitated, a\nsmall portion of which, inserted in the cavity of an aching tooth,\ninvariably gives immediate relief. 4. Saturate a small bit of\nclean cotton wool with a strong solution of ammonia, and apply it\nimmediately to the affected tooth. The pleasing contrast immediately\nproduced in some cases causes fits of laughter, although a moment\nprevious extreme suffering and anguish prevailed. 5. Sometimes a sound\ntooth aches from sympathy of the nerves of the face with other nerves.\nBut when toothache proceeds from a decayed tooth either have it taken\nout, or put hot fomentations upon the face, and hot drinks into the\nmouth, such as tincture of cayenne.\nTO CURE WARTS.--Warts are formed by the small arteries, veins, and\nnerves united together, taking on a disposition to grow by extending\nthemselves upward, carrying the scarf-skin along with them, which,\nthickening, forms a wart. Corns are a similar growth, brought about\nby the friction of tight boots and shoes. 1. Take a piece of diachylon\nplaster, cut a hole in the centre the size of the wart, and stick it\non, the wart protruding through. Then touch it daily with aquafortis,\nor nitrate of silver. They may be removed by tying a string tightly\naround them. 2. Take a blacksmith's punch, heat it red hot and burn\nthe warts with the end of it. When the burn gets well the warts will\nbe gone forever. 3. Scrape down enough dry cobwebs to make a ball\nlarge enough to, or a little more than, cover the wart and not touch\nthe flesh around the same; lay it on top of the wart, ignite it and\nlet it be until it is all burnt up. The wart will turn white, and in\na few days come out. 4. Pass a pin through the wart; apply one end\nof the pin to the flame of a lamp; hold it there until the wart\nfries under the action of the heat. A wart so treated will leave. 5.\nDissolve as much common washing soda as the water will take up; wash\nthe warts with this for a minute or two, and let them dry without\nwiping. Keep the water in a bottle and repeat the washing often, and\nit will take away the largest warts. 6. They may be cured surely by\nparing them down until the blood comes slightly and then rubbing them\nwith lunar caustic. It is needless to say this hurts a little, but it\nis a sure cure. The hydrochlorate of lime applied in the same way will\ncure after several applications and some patience; so will strong\ngood vinegar, and so it is said will milk weed. The cures founded\nupon superstitious practices, such as muttering some phrases over the\nexcrescence, stealing a piece of beef, rubbing the wart therewith and\nthen burying it under the leaves to await its decay, etc., etc.,\nare all the remnants of a past state of ignorance and are of no use\nwhatever. Warts are generally only temporary and disappear as their\npossessors grow up.\nHOW TO CURE WHITE SWELLING.--Draw a blister on the inside of the leg\nbelow the knee; keep it running with ointment made of hen manure,\nby simmering it in hog's lard with onions; rub the knee with the\nfollowing kind of ointment: Bits of peppermint, oil of sassafras,\ncheckerberry, juniper, one drachm each; simmer in one-half pint\nneatsfoot oil, and rub on the knee three times a day.\nHOW TO CURE WOUNDS.--Catnip steeped, mixed with fresh butter and\nsugar.\nHOW TO CURE WHOOPING-COUGH.--Take a quart of spring water, put in it\na large handful of chin-cups that grow upon moss, a large handful of\nunset hyssop; boil it to a pint, strain it off, and sweeten it with\nsugar-candy. Let the child, as often as it coughs, take two spoonfuls\nat a time.\nHOW TO CURE WORMS IN CHILDREN.--1. Take one ounce of powdered\nsnake-head (herb), and one drachm each of aloes and prickly ash\nbark; powder these, and to one-half teaspoonful of this powder add a\nteaspoonful of boiling water and a teaspoonful of molasses. Take\nthis as a dose, night or morning, more or less, as the symptoms may\nrequire. 2. Take tobacco leaves, pound them up with honey, and lay\nthem on the belly of the child or grown person, at the same time\nadministering a dose of some good physic. 3. Take garden parsley,\nmake it into a tea and let the patient drink freely of it. 4. Take the\nscales that will fall around the blacksmith's anvil, powder them fine,\nand put them in sweetened rum. Shake when you take them, and give a\nteaspoonful three times a day.\nSCALDING OF THE URINE.--Equal parts of the oil of red cedar, and the\noil of spearmint.\nURINARY OBSTRUCTIONS.--Steep pumpkin seeds in gin, and drink about\nthree glasses a day; or, administer half a drachm uva ursi every\nmorning, and a dose of spearmint.\nFREE PASSAGE OF URINE.--The leaves of the currant bush made into a\ntea, and taken as a common drink.\nVENEREAL COMPLAINTS.--Equal parts of the oil of red cedar, combined\nwith sarsaparilla, yellow dock and burdock made into a syrup; add to\na pint of this syrup an ounce of gum guiaicum. Dose, from a\ntablespoonful to a wine-glass, as best you can bear.\nHOW TO CURE SORE THROAT.--\"One who has tried it\" communicates the\nfollowing sensible item about curing sore throat: Let each one of your\nhalf million readers buy at any drug store one ounce of camphorated\noil and five cents' worth of chloride of potash. Whenever any soreness\nappears in the throat, put the potash in half a tumbler of water, and\nwith it gargle the throat thoroughly; then rub the neck thoroughly\nwith the camphorated oil at night before going to bed, and also pin\naround the throat a small strip of woolen flannel. This is a simple,\ncheap and sure remedy.\nLANGUAGE OF FLOWERS\n      Acacia--Concealed love.\n      Adonis Vernalis--Sorrowful remembrances.\n      Almond--Hope.\n      Aloe--Religious superstition.\n      Alyssum, Sweet--Worth beyond beauty.\n      Ambrosia--Love returned.\n      Apple Blossom--Preference.\n      Arbor Vit\u00e6--Unchanging friendship.\n      Bachelor's button--Hope in love.\n      Balsam--Impatience.\n      Begonia--Deformity.\n      Bellflower--Gratitude.\n      Belvidere, Wild (Licorice)--I declare against you.\n      Blue Bell--I will be constant.\n      Box--Stoical indifference.\n      Briers--Envy.\n      Burdock--Touch me not.\n      Cactus--Thou leavest not.\n      Camellia--Pity.\n      Candytuft--Indifference.\n      Canterbury Bell--Gratitude.\n      Cape Jessamine--Ecstasy; transport.\n      Calla Lily--Feminine beauty.\n      Carnation (Yellow)--Disdain.\n      Cedar--I live for thee.\n      China Aster--I will see about it.\n      Chrysanthemum Rose--I love.\n      Cowslip--Pensiveness.\n      Cypress--Mourning.\n      Crocus--Cheerfulness.\n      Cypress and Marigold--Despair.\n      Daffodil--Chivalry.\n      Dahlia--Forever thine.\n      Daisy (Garden)--I partake your sentiment.\n      Daisy (Wild)--I will think of it.\n      Dandelion--Coquetry.\n      Dead Leaves--Sadness.\n      Dock--Patience.\n      Dodder--Meanness.\n      Dogwood--Am I indifferent to you?\n      Ebony--Hypocrisy.\n      Eglantine--I wound to heal.\n      Elder--Compassion.\n      Endive--Frugality.\n      Evening Primrose--Inconstancy.\n      Evergreen--Poverty.\n      Everlasting--Perpetual remembrance.\n      Fennel--Strength.\n      Filbert--Reconciliation.\n      Fir-tree--Elevation.\n      Flux--I feel your kindness.\n      Forget-me-not--True love; remembrance.\n      Fox-glove--Insincerity.\n      Furze--Anger.\n      Fuchsia--Taste.\n      Gentian--Intrinsic worth.\n      Geranium, Ivy--Your hand for the next dance.\n      Geranium, Nutmeg--I expect a meeting.\n      Geranium, Oak--Lady, deign to smile.\n      Geranium, Rose--Preference.\n      Geranium, Silver leaf--Recall.\n      Gilliflower--Lasting beauty.\n      Gladiolus--Ready; armed.\n      Golden Rod--Encouragement.\n      Gorse--Endearing affection.\n      Gass--Utility.\n      Harebell--Grief.\n      Hawthorn--Hope.\n      Hazel--Recollection.\n      Hartsease--Think of me.\n      Heliotrope--Devotion.\n      Henbane--Blemish.\n      Holly--Foresight.\n      Hollyhock--Fruitfulness.\n      Hollyhock, White--Female ambition.\n      Honeysuckle--Bond of Love.\n      Honeysuckle, Coral--The color of my fate.\n      Hyacinth--Jealousy.\n      Hyacinth, Blue--Constancy.\n      Hyacinth, Purple--Sorrow.\n      Hydrangea--Heartlessness.\n      Ice plant--Your looks freeze me.\n      Iris--Message.\n      Ivy--Friendship; matrimony.\n      Jessamine, Cape--Transient joy; ecstasy.\n      Jessamine, White--Amiability.\n      Jessamine, Yellow--Grace; elegance.\n      Jonquil--I desire a return of affection.\n      Juniper--Asylum; shelter.\n      Justitia--Perfection of loveliness.\n      Kalmia (Mountain Laurel)--Treachery.\n      Kannedia--Mental beauty.\n      Laburnum--Pensive beauty.\n      Lady's Slipper--Capricious beauty.\n      Larch--Boldness.\n      Larkspur--Fickleness.\n      Laurel--Glory.\n      Lavender--Distrust.\n      Lettuce--Cold-hearted.\n      Lilac--First emotion of love.\n      Lily--Purity; modesty.\n      Lily of the Valley--Return of happiness.\n      Lily, Day--Coquetry,\n      Lily, Water--Eloquence.\n      Lily, Yellow--Falsehood.\n      Locust--Affection beyond the grave.\n      Love in a Mist--You puzzle me.\n      Love Lies Bleeding--Hopeless, not heartless.\n      Lupine--Imagination.\n      Mallow--Sweetness; mildness.\n      Maple--Reserve.\n      Marigold--Cruelty.\n      Marjoram--Blushes.\n      Marvel of Peru (Four O'clocks)--Timidity.\n      Mint--Virtue.\n      Mignonette--Your qualities surpass your charms.\n      Mistletoe--I surmount all difficulties.\n      Mock Orange (Syringa)--Counterfeit.\n      Morning Glory--Coquetry.\n      Maiden's Hair--Discretion.\n      Magnolia, Grandiflora--Peerless and proud.\n      Magnolia, Swamp--Perseverance.\n      Moss--Maternal love.\n      Motherwort--Secret love.\n      Mourning Bride--Unfortunate attachment.\n      Mulberry, Black--I will not survive you.\n      Mulberry, White--Wisdom.\n      Mushroom--Suspicion.\n      Musk-plant--Weakness.\n      Myrtle--Love faithful in absence.\n      Narcissus--Egotism.\n      Nasturtium--Patriotism.\n      Nettle--Cruelty; slander.\n      Night Blooming Cereus--Transient beauty.\n      Nightshade--Bitter truth.\n      Oak--Hospitality.\n      Oats--Music.\n      Oleander--Beware.\n      Olive-branch--Peace.\n      Orange-flower--Chastity.\n      Orchis--Beauty.\n      Osier--Frankness.\n      Osmunda--Dreams.\n      Pansy--Think of me.\n      Parsley--Entertainment; feasting.\n      Passion-flower--Religious fervor; susceptibility.\n      Pea, Sweet--Departure.\n      Peach Blossom--This heart is thine.\n      Peony--Anger.\n      Pennyroyal--Flee away.\n      Periwinkle--Sweet remembrances.\n      Petunia--Less proud than they deem thee.\n      Phlox--Our souls are united.\n      Pimpernel--Change.\n      Pink--Pure affection.\n      Pink, Double Red--Pure, ardent love.\n      Pink, Indian--Aversion.\n      Pink, Variegated--Refusal.\n      Pink, White--You are fair.\n      Pomegranite--Fully.\n      Poppy--Consolation.\n      Primrose--Inconstancy.\n      Rhododendron--Agitation.\n      Rose, Austrian--Thou art all that's lovely.\n      Rose, Bridal--Happy love.\n      Rose, Cabbage--Ambassador of love.\n      Rose, China--Grace.\n      Rose, Damask--Freshness.\n      Rose, Jacqueminot--Mellow love.\n      Rose, Maiden's Blush--If you _do_ love me, you will find me out.\n      Rose, Moss--Superior merit.\n      Rose, Moss Rosebud--Confession of love.\n      Rose, Sweet-briar--Sympathy.\n      Rose, Tea--Always lovely.\n      Rose, White--I am worthy of you.\n      Rose, York and Lancaster--War.\n      Rose, Wild--Simplicity.\n      Rue--Disdain.\n      Saffron--Excess is dangerous.\n      Sardonia--Irony.\n      Sensitive Plant--Timidity.\n      Snap-Dragon--Presumption.\n      Snowball--Thoughts of Heaven.\n      Snowdrop--Consolation.\n      Sorrel--Wit ill (poorly) timed.\n      Spearmint--Warm feelings.\n      Star of Bethlehem--Reconciliation.\n      Strawberry--Perfect excellence.\n      Sumac--Splendor.\n      Sunflower, Dwarf--Your devout admirer.\n      Sunflower, Tall--Pride.\n      Sweet William--Finesse.\n      Syringa--Memory.\n      Tansy--I declare against you.\n      Teazel--Misanthropy.\n      Thistle--Austerity.\n      Thorn Apple--Deceitful charms.\n      Touch-me-not--Impatience.\n      Trumpet-flower--Separation.\n      Tuberose--Dangerous pleasures.\n      Tulip--Declaration of love.\n      Tulip, Variegated--Beautiful eyes.\n      Tulip, Yellow--Hopeless love.\n      Venus' Flytrap--Have I caught you at last.\n      Venus' Looking-glass--Flattery.\n      Verbena--Sensibility.\n      Violet, Blue--Love.\n      Violet, White--Modesty.\n      Wallflower--Fidelity.\n      Weeping Willow--Forsaken.\n      Woodbine--Fraternal love.\n      Yew--Sorrow.\n      Zenn\u00e6--Absent friends.\nMASTERPIECES OF ELOQUENCE\nThe following masterpieces of elegiac eloquence are unsurpassed in\nthe repertory of the English classics, for lofty and noble sentiment,\nexquisite pathos, vivid imagery, tenderness of feeling, glowing power\nof description, brilliant command of language, and that immortal and\nseldom attained faculty of painting in the soul of the listener or\nreader a realistic picture whose sublimity of conception impresses\nthe understanding with awe and admiration, and impels the mind to\nrise involuntarily for the time to an elevation out of and above the\ninconsequent contemplation of the common and sordid things of life.\nAT HIS BROTHER'S GRAVE.\nThe following grand oration was delivered by Hon. Robert G. Ingersoll\non the occasion of the funeral of his brother, Hon. Eben C. Ingersoll,\nin Washington, June 2:\n\"My friends, I am going to do that which the dead oft promised he\nwould do for me. The loved and loving brother, husband, father,\nfriend, died where manhood's morning almost touches noon, and while\nthe shadows were still falling towards the west. He had not passed on\nlife's highway the stone that marks the highest point, but being weary\nfor a moment he lay down by the wayside, and using his burden for a\npillow fell into that dreamless sleep that kisses down the eyelids.\nStill, while yet in love with life and raptured with the world, he\npassed to silence and pathetic dust. Yet, after all, it may be best,\njust in the happiest, sunniest hour of all the voyage, while eager\nwinds are kissing every sail, to dash against the unseen rock and in\nan instant to hear the billows roar, 'A sunken ship;' for whether in\nmid-sea or among the breakers of the farther shore, a wreck must mark\nat last the end of each and all, and every life, no matter if its\nevery hour is rich with love, and every moment jeweled with a joy,\nwill at its close become a tragedy as sad and deep and dark as can be\nwoven of the warp and woof of mystery and death. This brave and tender\nman in every storm of life was oak and rock, but in the sunshine he\nwas vine and flower. He was the friend of all heroic souls. He\nclimbed the heights and left all superstitions far below, while on\nhis forehead fell the golden dawning of a grander day. He loved the\nbeautiful, and was with color, form and music touched to tears. He\nsided with the weak, and with a willing hand gave alms. With loyal\nheart, and with the purest hand he faithfully discharged all public\ntrusts. He was a worshiper of liberty and a friend of the oppressed.\nA thousand times I have heard him quote the words, 'For Justice all\nplace temple, and all seasons summer.' He believed that happiness\nwas the only good, reason the only torch, justice the only worshiper,\nhumanity the only religion, and love the priest. He added to the sum\nof human joy, and were everyone for whom he did some loving service\nto bring a blossom to his grave, he would sleep to-night beneath a\nwilderness of flowers. Life is a narrow vale between the cold and\nbarren peaks of two eternities. We strive in vain to look beyond the\nheights. We cry aloud, and the only answer is the echo of our wailing\ncry. From the voiceless lips of the unreplying dead there comes no\nword, but the light of death. Hope sees a star, and listening love can\nhear the rustic of a wing, he who sleeps here when dying, mistaking\nthe approach of death for the return of health, whispered with his\nlatest breath, 'I am better now.' Let us believe, in spite of doubts\nand dogmas, and tears and fears, that these dear words are true of all\nthe countless dead. And now, to you who have been chosen from among\nthe many men he loved to do the last sad office for the dead, we give\nhis sacred dust. Speech cannot contain our love. There was, there is,\nno gentler, stronger, manlier man.\"\nAT THE GRAVE OF A CHILD.\nColonel Ingersoll upon one occasion was one of a little party of\nsympathizing friends who had gathered in a drizzling rain to assist\nthe sorrowing friends of a young boy--a bright and stainless flower,\ncut off in the bloom of its beauty and virgin purity by the ruthless\nnorth winds from the Plutonian shades--in the last sad office of\ncommitting the poor clay to the bosom of its mother earth. Inspired\nby that true sympathy of the great heart of a great man, Colonel\nIngersoll stepped to the side of the grave and spoke as follows:\n\"My friends, I know how vain it is to gild grief with words, and yet I\nwish to take from every grave its fear. Here in this world, where life\nand death are equal king, all should be brave enough to meet what all\nthe dead have met. The future has been filled with fear, stained and\npolluted by the heartless past. From the wondrous tree of life the buds\nand blossoms fall with ripened fruit, and in the common bed of earth the\npatriarchs and babes sleep side by side. Why should we fear that which\nwill come to all that is? We cannot tell; we do not know which is the\ngreater blessing--life or death. We cannot say that death is not a good;\nwe do not know whether the grave is the end of this life or the door of\nanother, or whether the night here is not somewhere else a dawn. Neither\ncan we tell which is the more fortunate, the child dying in its mother's\narms, before its lips have learned to form a word, or he who journeys\nall the length of life's uneven road, taking the last slow steps\npainfully with staff and crutch. Every cradle asks us 'whence,' and\nevery coffin 'whither?' The poor barbarian, weeping above his dead, can\nanswer these questions as intelligently and satisfactorily as the robed\npriest of the most authentic creed. The tearful ignorance of the one is\njust as good as the learned and unmeaning words of the other. No man,\nstanding where the horizon of life has touched a grave, has any right to\nprophesy a future filled with pain and tears. It may be that death gives\nall there is of worth to live. If those we press and strain against our\nhearts could never die, perhaps that love would wither from the earth.\nMay be this common fate treads from out the paths between our hearts the\nweeds of selfishness and hate, and I had rather live and love where\ndeath is king, than have eternal life where love is not. Another life is\nnaught, unless we know and love again the ones who love us here. They\nwho stand with breaking hearts around this little grave need have no\nfear. The larger and the nobler faith in all that is and is to be, tells\nus that death, even at its worst, is only perfect rest. We know that\nthrough the common wants of life, the needs and duties of each hour,\ntheir grief will lessen day by day, until at last these graves will be\nto them a place of rest and peace, almost of joy. There is for them this\nconsolation, the dead do not suffer. If they live again, their lives\nwill surely be as good as ours. We have no fear; we are all the children\nof the same mother, and the same fate awaits us all. We, too, have our\nreligion, and it is this: 'Help for the living; hope for the dead.'\"\nSUNDRY BRIEF ITEMS OF INTEREST.\nIn 1492 America was discovered.\nIn 1848 gold was found in California.\nInvention of telescopes, 1590.\nElias Howe, Jr., invented sewing machines, in 1846.\nIn 1839 envelopes came into use.\nSteel pens first made in 1830.\nThe first watch was constructed in 1476.\nFirst manufacture of sulphur matches in 1829.\nGlass windows introduced into England in the eighth century.\nFirst coaches introduced into England in 1569.\nIn 1545 needles of the modern style first came into use.\nIn 1527 Albert Durer first engraved on wood.\n1559 saw knives introduced into England.\nIn the same year wheeled carriages were first used in France.\nIn 1588 the first newspaper appeared in England.\nIn 1629 the first printing press was brought to America.\nThe first newspaper advertisement appeared in 1652.\nEngland sent the first steam engine to this continent in 1703.\nThe first steamboat in the United States ascended the Hudson in 1807.\nLocomotive first used in the United States in 1830.\nFirst horse railroad constructed in 1827.\nIn 1830 the first iron steamship was built.\nCoal oil first used for illuminating purposes in 1836.\nLooms introduced as a substitute for spinning wheels in 1776.\nThe velocity of a severe storm is 36 miles an hour; that of a\nhurricane, 80 miles an hour.\nNational ensign of the United States formally adopted by Congress in\nA square acre is a trifle less than 209 feet each way.\nSix hundred and forty acres make a square mile.\nA \"hand\" (employed in measuring horses' height) is four inches.\nA span is 10-7/8 inches.\nSix hundred pounds make a barrel of rice.\nOne hundred and ninety-six pounds make a barrel of flour.\nTwo hundred pounds make a barrel of pork.\nFifty-six pounds make a firkin of butter.\nThe number of languages is 2,750.\nThe average duration of human life is 31 years.\nPHYSICIANS' DIGESTION TABLE.\nSHOWING THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE DIGESTION OF THE ORDINARY\nARTICLES OF FOOD.\nSoups.--Chicken, 3 hours; mutton, 3-1/2 hours; oyster, 3-1/2 hours;\nvegetable, 4 hours.\nFish.--Bass, broiled, 3 hours; codfish, boiled, 2 hours; oysters, raw,\n3 hours; oysters, roasted, 3-1/4 hours; oysters, stewed, 3-1/2 hours;\nsalmon (fresh), boiled, 1-3/4 hours; trout, fried, 1-1/2 hours.\nMeats.--Beef, roasted, 3 hours; beefsteak, broiled, 3 hours; beef\n(corned), boiled, 4-1/4 hours; lamb, roast, 2-1/2 hours; lamb, boiled,\n3 hours; meat, hashed, 2-1/2 hours; mutton, broiled, 3 hours; mutton,\nroast, 3-1/4 hours; pig's feet, soused, 1 hour; pork, roast, 5-1/4\nhours; pork, boiled, 4-1/2 hours; pork, fried, 4-1/4 hours; pork,\nbroiled, 3-1/4 hours; sausage, fried, 4 hours; veal, broiled, 4 hours;\nveal, roast, 4-1/2 hours.\nPoultry and game.--Chicken, fricasseed, 3-3/4 hours; duck (tame),\nroasted, 4 hours; duck (wild), roasted, 4-3/4 hours; fowls (domestic),\nroasted or boiled, 4 hours; goose (wild), roasted, 2-1/2 hours; goose\n(tame), roasted, 2-1/4 hours; turkey, boiled or roasted, 2-1/2 hours;\nvenison, broiled or roasted, 1-1/2 hours.\nVegetables.--Asparagus, boiled, 2-1/2 hours; beans (Lima), boiled,\n2-1/2 hours, beans (string), boiled, 3 hours; beans, baked (with\npork), 4-1/2 hours; beets (young), boiled, 3-3/4 hours; beets (old)\nboiled, 4 hours; cabbage, raw, 2 hours; cabbage, boiled, 4-1/2 hours;\ncauliflower, boiled, 2-1/2 hours; corn (green), boiled, 4 hours;\nonions, boiled, 3 hours; parsnips, boiled, 3 hours; potatoes, boiled\nor baked, 3-1/2 hours; rice, boiled, 1 hour; spinach, boiled, 2-1/2\nhours; tomatoes, raw or stewed, 2-1/2 hours; turnips, boiled, 3-1/2\nhours.\nBread, Eggs, Milk, etc.--Bread, corn, 3-1/4 hours; bread, wheat, 3-1/2\nhours; eggs, raw, 2 hours; cheese, 3-1/2 hours; custard, 2-3/4 hours;\neggs, soft-boiled, 3 hours; eggs, hard-boiled or fried, 3-1/2 hours;\ngelatine, 2-1/2 hours; tapioca, 2 hours.\nTHEMES FOR DEBATE.\nFollowing are one hundred and fifty topics for debate. The more\nusual form in their presentation is that of a direct proposition or\nstatement, rather than that of a question. The opponents then debate\nthe \"affirmative\" and \"negative\" of the proposition. It is well to\nbe very careful, in adopting a subject for a debate, to so state\nor explain it that misunderstandings may be mutually avoided, and\nquibbles on the meaning of words prevented.\nTHEMES FOR DEBATE.\nWhich is the better for this nation, high or low import tariffs?\nIs assassination ever justifiable?\nWas England justifiable in interfering between Egypt and the Soudan\nrebels?\nIs the production of great works of literature favored by the\nconditions of modern civilized life?\nIs it politic to place restrictions upon the immigration of the Chinese\nto the United States?\nWill coal always constitute the main source of artificial heat?\nHas the experiment of universal suffrage proven a success? Was Grant\nor Lee the greater general?\nIs an income-tax commendable?\nOught the national banking system to be abolished?\nShould the government lease to stockgrowers any portion of the public\ndomain?\nIs it advisable longer to attempt to maintain both a gold and silver\nstandard of coinage?\nWhich is the more important to the student, physical science or\nmathematics?\nIs the study of current politics a duty?\nWhich was the more influential congressman, Blaine or Garfield?\nWhich gives rise to more objectionable idioms and localisms of\nlanguage, New England or the West?\nWas the purchase of Alaska by this government wise?\nWhich is the more important as a continent, Africa or South America?\nShould the government interfere to stop the spread of contagious\ndiseases among cattle?\nWas Caesar or Hannibal the more able general?\nIs the study of ancient or modern history the more important to the\nstudent?\nShould aliens be allowed to acquire property in this country?\nShould aliens be allowed to own real estate in this country? Do the\nbenefits of the signal service justify its costs?\nShould usury laws be abolished?\nShould all laws for the collection of debt be abolished?\nIs labor entitled to more remuneration than it receives?\nShould the continuance of militia organizations by the several States\nbe encouraged?\nIs an untarnished reputation of more importance to a woman than to a\nman?\nDoes home life promote the growth of selfishness?\nAre mineral veins aqueous or igneous in origin?\nIs the theory of evolution tenable?\nWas Rome justifiable in annihilating Carthage as a nation?\nWhich has left the more permanent impress upon mankind, Greece or\nRome?\nWhich was the greater thinker, Emerson or Bacon?\nWhich is the more important as a branch of education, mineralogy or\nastronomy?\nIs there any improvement in the quality of the literature of to-day\nover that of last century?\nShould the \"Spoils System\" be continued in American politics?\nShould the co-education of the sexes be encouraged?\nWhich should be the more encouraged, novelists or dramatists?\nWill the African and Caucasian races ever be amalgamated in the United\nStates?\nShould the military or the interior department have charge over the\nIndians in the United States?\nWhich is of more benefit to his race, the inventor or the explorer?\nIs history or philosophy the better exercise for the mind?\nCan any effectual provision be made by the State against \"hard times\"?\nWhich is of the more benefit to society, journalism or the law?\nWhich was the greater general, Napoleon or Wellington?\nShould the volume of greenback money be increased?\nShould the volume of national bank circulation be increased?\nShould the railroads be under the direct control of the government?\nIs the doctrine of \"State rights\" to be commended?\nIs the \"Monroe doctrine\" to be commended and upheld?\nIs the pursuit of politics an honorable avocation?\nWhich is of the greater importance, the college or the university?\nDoes the study of physical science militate against religious belief?\nShould \"landlordism\" in Ireland be supplanted by home rule?\nIs life more desirable now than in ancient Rome?\nShould men and women receive the same amount of wages for the same\nkind of work?\nIs the prohibitory liquor law preferable to a system of high license?\nHas any State a right to secede?\nShould any limit be placed by the constitution of a State upon its\nability to contract indebtedness?\nShould the contract labor system in public prisons be forbidden?\nShould there be a censor for the public press?\nShould Arctic expeditions be encouraged?\nIs it the duty of the State to encourage art and literature as much as\nscience?\nIs suicide cowardice?\nHas our Government a right to disfranchise the polygamists of Utah?\nShould capital punishment be abolished?\nShould the law place a limit upon the hours of daily labor for\nworkingmen?\nIs \"socialism\" treason?\nShould the education of the young be compulsory?\nIn a hundred years will republics be as numerous as monarchies?\nShould book-keeping be taught in the public schools?\nShould Latin be taught in the public schools?\nDo our methods of government promote centralization?\nIs life worth living?\nShould Ireland and Scotland be independent nations?\nShould internal revenue taxation be abolished?\nWhich is of greater benefit at the present day, books or newspapers?\nIs honesty always the best policy?\nWhich has been of greater benefit to mankind, geology or chemistry?\nWhich could mankind dispense with at least inconvenience, wood or\ncoal?\nWhich is the greater nation, Germany or France?\nWhich can support the greater population in proportion to area, our\nNorthern or Southern States?\nWould mankind be the loser if the earth should cease to produce gold\nand silver?\nIs the occasional destruction of large numbers of people, by war and\ndisaster, a benefit to the world?\nWhich could man best do without, steam or horse power?\nShould women be given the right of suffrage in the United States?\nShould cremation be substituted for burial?\nShould the government establish a national system of telegraph?\nWill the population of Chicago ever exceed that of New York?\nShould the electoral college be continued?\nWill the population of St. Louis ever exceed that of Chicago?\nShould restrictions be placed upon the amount of property inheritable?\nWhich is more desirable as the chief business of a city--commerce or\nmanufactures?\nWhich is more desirable as the chief business of a\ncity--transportation by water or by rail?\nShould the rate of taxation be graduated to a ratio with the amount of\nproperty taxed?\nWill a time ever come when the population of the earth will be limited\nby the earth's capacity of food production?\nIs it probable that any language will ever become universal?\nIs it probable that any planet, except the earth, is inhabited?\nShould the State prohibit the manufacture and sale of alcoholic\nliquors?\nShould the government prohibit the manufacture and sale of alcoholic\nliquors?\nShould the guillotine be substituted for the gallows?\nWas Bryant or Longfellow the greater poet?\nShould the jury system be continued?\nShould the languages of alien nations be taught in the public schools?\nShould a right to vote in any part of the United States depend upon a\nproperty qualification?\nCan a horse trot faster in harness, or under saddle?\nShould the pooling system among American railroads be abolished by\nlaw?\nIs dancing, as usually conducted, compatible with a high standard of\nmorality?\nShould the grand jury system of making indictments be continued?\nWhich should be the more highly remunerated, skilled labor or the work\nof professional men?\nWhich is the more desirable as an occupation, medicine or law?\nShould the formation of trade unions be encouraged?\nWhich has been the greater curse to man, war or drunkenness?\nWhich can man the more easily do without, electricity or petroleum?\nShould the law interfere against the growth of class distinctions in\nsociety?\nWhich was the greater genius, Mohammed or Buddha?\nWhich was the more able leader, Pizarro or Cortez?\nWhich can to-day wield the greater influence, the orator or the\nwriter?\nIs genius hereditary?\nIs Saxon blood deteriorating?\nWhich will predominate in five hundred years, the Saxon or Latin\nraces?\nShould American railroad companies be allowed to sell their bonds in\nother countries?\nShould Sumner's civil rights bill be made constitutional by an\namendment?\nDoes civilization promote the happiness of the world?\nShould land subsidies be granted to railroads by the government?\nWhich is the stronger military power, England or the United States?\nWould a rebellion in Russia be justifiable?\nShould the theater be encouraged?\nWhich has the greater resources, Pennsylvania or Texas?\nIs agriculture the noblest occupation?\nCan democratic forms of government be made universal?\nIs legal punishment for crime as severe as it should be?\nShould the formation of monopolies be prevented by the State?\nHas Spanish influence been helpful or harmful to Mexico as a people?\nWhich is of more importance, the primary or the high school?\nWill the tide of emigration ever turn eastward instead of westward?\nShould the art of war be taught more widely than at present in the\nUnited States?\nWas slavery the cause of the American civil war?\nIs life insurance a benefit?\nHOW TO MAKE 32 KINDS OF SOLDER.--1. Plumbers' solder.--Lead 2 parts,\ntin I part. 2. Tinmen's solder.--Lead 1 part, tin 1 part. 3. Zinc\nsolder.--Tin 1 part, [Transcriber's Note: The original text reads\n'lead 1 to parts'] lead 1 to 2 parts. 4. Pewter solder. Lead 1 part,\nbismuth 1 to 2 parts. 5. [Transcriber's Note: The original text reads\n'Spelter soldier'] Spelter's solder.--Equal parts copper and\nzinc. 6. Pewterers' soft solder.--Bismuth 2, lead 4, tin 3 parts.\n7. Another.--Bismuth 1, lead I, tin 2 parts. 8. Another pewter\nsolder.--Tin 2 parts, lead 1 part. 9. Glaziers' solder.--Tin 3 parts,\nlead 1 part. 10. Solder for copper.--Copper 10 parts, zinc 9 parts.\n11. Yellow solder for brass or copper.--- Copper 32 lbs., zinc 29\nlbs., tin 1 lb. 12. Brass solder.--Copper 61.25 parts, zinc 38.75\nparts. 13. Brass solder, yellow and easily fusible.--Copper 45, zinc\n55 parts. 14. Brass solder, white.--Copper 57.41 parts, tin 14.60\nparts, zinc 27.99 parts. 15. Another solder for copper.--Tin 2 parts,\nlead 1 part. When the copper is thick heat it by a naked fire, if thin\nuse a tinned copper tool. Use muriate or chloride of zinc as a flux.\nThe same solder will do for iron, cast iron, or steel; if the pieces\nare thick, heat by a naked fire or immerse in the solder. 16. Black\nsolder.--Copper 2, zinc 3, tin 2 parts. 17. Another.--Sheet brass 20\nlbs., tin 6 lbs., zinc 1 lb. 18. Cold brazing without fire or lamp.\n--Fluoric acid 1 oz., oxy muriatic acid 1 oz., mix in a lead bottle.\nPut a chalk mark each side where you want to braze. This mixture will\nkeep about G months in one bottle. 19. Cold soldering without fire or\nlamp.--Bismuth 1/4 oz., quicksilver 1/4 oz., block tin filings 1 oz.,\nspirits salts 1 oz., all mixed together. 20. To solder iron to steel\nor either to brass.--Tin 3 parts, copper 39-1/2 parts, zinc 7-1/2\nparts. When applied in a molten state it will firmly unite metals\nfirst named to each other. 21. Plumbers' solder.--Bismuth 1, lead 5,\ntin 3 parts, is a first-class composition. 22. White solder for raised\nBritannia ware.--Tin 100 lbs., hardening 8 lbs., antimony 8 lbs.\n23. Hardening for Britannia.--(To be mixed separately from the other\ningredients.) Copper 2 lbs., tin 1 lb. 21. Best soft solder for cast\nBritannia ware.--Tin 8 lbs., lead 5 lbs. 25. Bismuth solder.--Tin\n1, lead 3, bismuth 3 parts. 26. Solder for brass that will stand\nhammering.--Brass 78.26 parts, zinc 17.41 parts, silver 4.33 parts,\nadd a little chloride of potassium to your borax for a flux. 27.\nSolder for steel joints.--Silver 19 parts, copper 1 part, brass 2\nparts, Melt all together. 28. Hard solder.--Copper 2 parts, zinc 1\npart. Melt together. 29. Solder for brass.--- Copper 3 parts, zinc\n1 part, with borax. 30. Solder for copper.--- Brass 6 parts, zinc 1\npart, tin 1 part, melt all together well and pour out to cool. 31.\nSolder for platina--Gold with borax. 32. Solder for iron.--The best\nsolder for iron is good tough brass with a little borax.\nN. B.--In soldering, the surfaces to be joined are made perfectly\nclean and smooth, and then covered with sal. ammoniac, resin or other\nflux, the solder is then applied, being melted on and smoothed over by\na tinned soldering iron.\n[Illustration: COOKERY RECIPES]\nCOOKERY RECIPES\nALE TO MULL.--Take a pint of good strong ale, and pour it into a\nsaucepan with three cloves and a little nutmeg; sugar to your taste.\nSet it over the fire, and when it boils take it off to cool. Beat up\nthe yolks of four eggs exceedingly well; mix them first with a little\ncold ale, then add them to the warm ale, and pour it in and out of the\npan several times. Set it over a slow fire, beat it a little, take it\noff again; do this three times until it is hot, then serve it with dry\ntoast.\nALE, SPICED.--Is made hot, sweetened with sugar and spiced with grated\nnutmeg, and a hot toast is served in it. This is the wassail drink.\nBEEF TEA.--Cut a pound of fleshy beef in thin slices; simmer with\na quart of water twenty minutes, after it has once boiled and been\nskimmed. Season if approved.\nBEEF TEA.--To one pound of lean beef add one and one-half tumblers\nof cold water; cut the beef in small pieces, cover, and let it boil\nslowly for ten minutes, and add a little salt after it is boiled.\nExcellent.\nBEEF TEA.--Cut lean, tender beef into small pieces, put them into a\nbottle, cork and set in a pot of cold water, then put on the stove and\nboil for one hour. Season to taste.\nBLACK CURRANT CORDIAL.--To every four quarts of black currants, picked\nfrom the stems and lightly bruised, add one gallon of the best whisky;\nlet it remain four months, shaking the jar occasionally, then drain\noff the liquor and strain. Add three pounds of loaf sugar and a\nquarter of a pound of best cloves, slightly bruised; bottle well and\nseal.\nBOSTON CREAM (A SUMMER DRINK).--Make a syrup of four pounds of white\nsugar with four quarts of water; boil; when cold add four ounces of\ntartaric acid, one and a half ounces of essence of lemon, and the\nwhites of six eggs beaten to a stiff froth; bottle. A wine-glass of\nthe cream to a tumbler of water, with sufficient carbonate of soda to\nmake it effervesce.\nCHAMPAGNE CUP.--One quart bottle of champagne, two bottles of\nsoda-water, one liqueur-glass of brandy, two tablespoons of powdered\nsugar, a few thin strips of cucumber rind; make this just in time for\nuse, and add a large piece of ice.\nCHOCOLATE.--Scrape Cadbury's chocolate fine, mix with a little cold\nwater and the yolks of eggs well beaten; add this to equal parts of\nmilk and water, and boil well, being careful that it does not burn.\nSweeten to the taste, and serve hot.\nCOFFEE.--Is a tonic and stimulating beverage, of a wholesome nature.\nUse the best. For eight cups use nearly eight cups of water; put in\ncoffee as much as you like, boil a minute and take off, and throw in a\ncup of cold water to throw the grounds to the bottom; in five minutes\nit will be very clear.\nOr, beat one or two eggs, which mix with ground coffee to form a ball;\nnearly fill the pot with cold water, simmer gently for half an hour,\nhaving introduced the ball; _do not boil_, or you will destroy the\naroma.\nCOFFEE.--The following is a delicious dish either for summer breakfast\nor dessert: Make a strong infusion of Mocha coffee; put it in a\nporcelain bowl, sugar it properly and add to it an equal portion of\nboiled milk, or one-third the quantity of rich cream. Surround the\nbowl with pounded ice.\nCURRANT WINE.--One quart currant juice, three pounds of sugar,\nsufficient water to make a gallon.\nEGG GRUEL.--Boil eggs from one to three hours until hard enough to\ngrate; then boil new milk and thicken with the egg, and add a little\nsalt. Excellent in case of nausea.\nLEMON SYRUP.--Pare off the yellow rind of the lemon, slice the lemon\nand put a layer of lemon and a thick layer of sugar in a deep plate;\ncover close with a saucer, and set in a warm place. This is an\nexcellent remedy for a cold.\nLEMONADE.--Take a quart of boiling water, and add to it five ounces\nof lump-sugar, the yellow rind of the lemon rubbed off with a bit of\nsugar, and the juice of three lemons. Stir all together and let it\nstand till cool. Two ounces of cream of tartar may be used instead of\nthe lemons, water being poured upon it.\nRASPBERRY VINEGAR.--Fill a jar with red raspberries picked from the\nstalks. Pour in as much vinegar as it will hold. Let it stand ten\ndays, then strain it through a sieve. Don't press the berries, just\nlet the juice run through. To every pint add one pound loaf sugar.\nBoil it like other syrup; skim, and bottle when cold.\nSUMMER DRINK.--Boil together for five minutes two ounces of tartaric\nacid, two pounds white sugar, three lemons sliced, two quarts of\nwater; when nearly cold add the whites of four eggs beaten to a froth,\none tablespoonful of flour and half an ounce of wintergreen. Two\ntablespoonfuls in a glass of water make a pleasant drink; for those\nwho like effervescence add as much soda as a ten-cent piece will hold,\nstirring it briskly before drinking.\nBLACKBERRY SYRUP.--To one pint of juice put one pound of white sugar,\none-half ounce of powdered cinnamon, one-fourth ounce mace, and two\nteaspoons cloves; boil all together for a quarter of an hour, then\nstrain the syrup, and add to each pint a glass of French brandy.\nTEA.--When the water in the teakettle begins to boil, have ready a tin\ntea-steeper; pour into the tea-steeper just a very little of the boiling\nwater, and then put in tea, allowing one teaspoon of tea to each person.\nPour over this boiling water until the steeper is a little more than\nhalf full; cover tightly and let it stand where it will keep hot, but\nnot to boil. Let the tea infuse for ten or fifteen minutes, and then\npour into the tea-urn, adding more boiling water, in the proportion of\none cup of water for every teaspoon of dry tea which has been infused.\nHave boiling water in a water-pot, and weaken each cup of tea as\ndesired. Do not use water for tea that has been boiled long. Spring\nwater is best for tea, and filtered water next best.\nICED TEA A LA RUSSE.--To each glass of tea add the juice of half a\nlemon, fill up the glass with pounded ice, and sweeten.\nGENERAL DIRECTIONS FOR MAKING BREAD.--In the composition of good\nbread, there are three important requisites: Good flour, good yeast,\n[and here let us recommend Gillett's Magic Yeast Cakes. They keep good\nfor one year in any climate, and once used you will not do without it.\nAll grocers keep it] and strength to knead it well. Flour should be\nwhite and dry, crumbling easily again after it is pressed in the hand.\nA very good method of ascertaining the quality of yeast will be to add\na little flour to a very small quantity, setting it in a warm place.\nIf in the course of ten or fifteen minutes it raises, it will do to\nuse.\nWhen you make bread, first set the sponge with warm milk or water,\nkeeping it in a warm place until quite light. Then mold this sponge,\nby adding flour, into one large loaf, kneading it well. Set this to\nrise again, and then when sufficiently light mold it into smaller\nloaves, let it rise again, then bake. Care should be taken not to get\nthe dough too stiff with flour; it should be as soft as it can be to\nknead well. To make bread or biscuits a nice color, wet the dough\nover top with water just before putting it into the oven. Flour should\nalways be sifted.\nBROWN BREAD, for those who can eat corn-meal: Two cups Indian meal\nto one cup flour; one-half teacup syrup, 2-1/2 cups milk; 1 teaspoon\nsalt; 3 teaspoons of Gillett's baking powder. Steam an hour and a\nhalf. To be eaten hot. It goes very nicely with a corn-beef dinner.\nBROWN BREAD.--Stir together wheat meal and cold water (nothing else,\nnot even salt) to the consistency of a thick batter. Bake in small\ncircular pans, from three to three and a half inches in diameter,\n(ordinary tin pattypans do very well) in a quick, hot oven. It is\nquite essential that it be baked in this sized cake, as it is upon\nthis that the raising depends. [In this article there are none of the\ninjurious qualities of either fermented or superfine flour bread;\nand it is so palpably wholesome food, that it appeals at once to the\ncommon sense of all who are interested in the subject.]\nBROWN BREAD--Take part of the sponge that has been prepared for your\nwhite bread, warm water can be added, mix it with graham flour (not\ntoo stiff).\nBOSTON BROWN BREAD.--To make one loaf:--Rye meal unsifted, half a\npint; Indian meal sifted, one pint; sour milk, one pint; molasses,\nhalf a gill. Add a teaspoonful of salt, one teaspoonful of soda\ndissolved in a little hot water; stir well, put in a greased pan, let\nit rise one hour, and steam four hours.\nBOSTON BROWN BREAD.--One and one-half cups of graham flour, two cups\nof corn meal, one-half cup of molasses, one pint of sweet milk, and\none-half a teaspoon of soda; steam three hours.\nCORN BREAD.--One-half pint of buttermilk, one-half pint of sweet milk;\nsweeten the sour milk with one-half teaspoon of soda; beat two eggs,\nwhites and yolks together; pour the milk into the eggs, then thicken\nwith about nine tablespoons of sifted corn meal. Put the pan on the\nstove with a piece of lard the size of an egg; when melted pour it in\nthe batter; this lard by stirring it will grease the pan to bake in;\nadd a teaspoon of salt.\nEXCELLENT BREAD.--Four potatoes mashed fine, four teaspoons of salt,\ntwo quarts of lukewarm milk, one-half cake Gillett's magic yeast\ndissolved in one-half cup of warm water, flour enough to make a\npliable dough; mold with hands well greased with lard; place in pans,\nand when sufficiently light, it is ready for baking.\nFRENCH BREAD.--With a quarter of a peck of fine flour mix the yolks of\nthree and whites of two eggs, beaten and strained, a little salt,\nhalf a pint of good yeast that is not bitter, and as much milk, made a\nlittle warm, as will work into a thin light dough. Stir it about, but\ndon't knead it. Have ready three quart wooden dishes, divide the dough\namong them, set to rise, then turn them out into the oven, which must\nbe quick. Rasp when done.\nGRAHAM BREAD.--For one loaf, take two cups of white bread sponge, to\nwhich add two tablespoons of brown sugar, and graham flour to make a\nstiff batter; let it rise, after which add graham flour sufficient to\nknead, but not very stiff; then put it in the pan to rise and bake.\nITALIAN BREAD.--Make a stiff dough, with two pounds of fine flour, six\nof white powdered sugar, three or four eggs, a lemon-peel grated, and\ntwo ounces of fresh butter. If the dough is not firm enough, add more\nflour and sugar. Then turn it out, and work it well with the hand, cut\nit into round long biscuits, and glaze them with white of egg.\nRICE AND WHEAT BREAD.--Simmer a pound of rice in two quarts of water\ntill soft; when it is of a proper warmth, mix it well with four pounds\nof flour, and yeast, and salt as for other bread; of yeast about four\nlarge spoonfuls; knead it well; then set to rise before the fire. Some\nof the flour should be reserved to make up the loaves. If the rice\nshould require more water, it must be added, as some rice swells more\nthan others.\nSAGO BREAD.--Boil two lbs. of sago in three pints of water until\nreduced to a quart, then mix with it half a pint of yeast, and pour\nthe mixture into fourteen lbs. of flour. Make into bread in the usual\nway.\nSTEAMED BREAD.--Two cups corn meal; 1 cup graham flour; 1/2 cup N. O.\nmolasses; salt and teaspoonful of soda. Mix soft with sour milk, or\nmake with sweet milk and Gillett's baking powder. Put in tight mold in\nkettle of water; steam three hours or more. This is as nice as Boston\nbrown bread.\nUse this receipt with flour instead of graham; add a cup of beef suet,\nand it makes a nice pudding in the winter. Eat with syrup or cream.\nBISCUITS.--Mix a quart of sweet milk with half a cup of melted butter;\nstir in a pinch of salt, two teaspoonfuls of baking powder and flour\nenough for a stiff batter. Have the oven at a brisk heat. Drop the\nbatter, a spoonful in a place, on buttered pans. They will bake in\nfifteen minutes.\nCREAM BISCUITS.--Three heaping tablespoons of sour cream; put in a\nbowl or vessel containing a quart and fill two-thirds full of sweet\nmilk, two teaspoons cream tartar, one teaspoon of soda, a little salt;\npour the cream in the flour, mix soft and bake in a quick oven.\nFRENCH BISCUITS.--Two cups of butter, two cups of sugar, one egg (or\nthe whites of two), half a cup of sour milk, half a teaspoon of soda;\nflour to roll; sprinkle with sugar.\nRYE BISCUITS.--Two cups of rye meal, one and a half cups flour,\none-third cup molasses, one egg, a little salt, two cups sour milk,\ntwo even teaspoons saleratus.\nSODA BISCUITS.--To each quart of flour add one tablespoon of shortening,\none-half teaspoon of salt, and three and a half heaping teaspoons of\nGillett's baking powder; mix baking powder thoroughly through the flour,\nthen add other ingredients. Do not knead, and bake quickly. To use cream\ntartar and soda, take the same proportions without the baking powder,\nusing instead two heaping teaspoons cream tartar and one of soda. If\ngood they will bake in five minutes.\nTEA BISCUITS.--One cup of hot water, two of milk, three tablespoons of\nyeast; mix thoroughly; after it is risen, take two-thirds of a cup of\nbutter and a little sugar and mold it; then let it rise, and mold it\ninto small cakes.\nBANNOCKS.--One pint corn meal, pour on it boiling water to thoroughly\nwet it. Let it stand a few minutes; add salt and one egg and a little\nsweet cream, or a tablespoon melted butter. Make into balls and fry in\nhot lard.\nBREAKFAST CAKES.--One cup milk, one pint flour, three eggs, piece\nbutter size of an egg, two teaspoons cream tartar, one teaspoon soda,\none tablespoon butter.\nBUCKWHEAT CAKES.--One quart buckwheat flour, four tablespoons\nyeast, one tablespoon salt, one handful Indian meal, two tablespoons\nmolasses, not syrup. Warm water enough to make a thin batter; beat\nvery well and set in a warm place. If the batter is the least sour in\nthe morning, add a little soda.\nQUICK BUCKWHEAT CAKES.--One quart of buckwheat flour, one-half a\nteacup of corn meal or wheat flour, a little salt, and two tablespoons\nof syrup. Wet these with cold or warm water to a thin batter, and add,\nlastly, four good-tablespoons of Gillett's baking powder.\nSPANISH BUNS.--Five eggs well beaten; cut up in a cup of warm new\nmilk half a pound of good butter, one pound of sifted flour, and a\nwineglassful of good yeast; stir these well together; set it to rise\nfor an hour, in rather a warm place; when risen, sift in half a pound\nof white sugar, and half a grated nutmeg; add one wineglass of wine\nand brandy, mixed, one wineglass of rose-water, and one cupful of\ncurrants, which have been cleaned thoroughly. Mix these well, pour it\ninto pans, and set it to rise again for half an hour. Then bake one\nhour. Icing is a great improvement to their appearance.\nBATH BUNS.--- Take 1 lb. of flour, put it in a dish, and make a hole\nin the middle, and pour in a dessert spoonful of good yeast; pour upon\nthe yeast half a cupful of warm milk, mix in one-third of the flour,\nand let it rise an hour. When it has risen, put in 6 ozs. of cold\nbutter, 4 eggs, and a few caraway seeds; mix all together with the\nrest of the flour. Put it in a warm place to rise. Flatten it with the\nhand on a pasteboard. Sift 6 ozs. of loaf sugar, half the size of a\npea; sprinkle the particles over the dough; roll together to mix the\nsugar; let it rise in a warm place about 20 minutes. Make into buns,\nand lay on buttered tins; put sugar and 9 or 10 comfits on the tops,\nsprinkle them with water; bake in a pretty hot oven.\nGRAHAM GEMS.--One quart of sweet milk, one cup syrup, one teaspoon\nsoda, two teaspoons cream tartar, little salt; mix cream tartar in\ngraham flour, soda in milk, and make it as stiff with the flour as\nwill make it drop easily from the spoon into muffin rings.\nBROWN GRIDDLE CAKES.--Take stale bread, soak in water till soft, drain\noff water through colander, beat up fine with fork, to one quart of\nthe crumb batter, add one quart each milk and flour, and four eggs\nwell beaten. Mix, bake in a griddle.\nWHEAT GEMS.--One pint milk, two eggs, flour enough to make a batter\nnot very stiff, two large spoons melted butter, yeast to raise them, a\nlittle soda and salt. Bake in gem irons.\nJOHNNIE CAKE.--- One pint of corn meal, one teacup of flour, two eggs,\none pint of sweet milk, one tablespoon of molasses, one tablespoon of\nmelted butter, a little salt, one teaspoon of soda, one teaspoon of\ncream of tartar; bake in square tins.\nMUSH.--Indian or oatmeal mush is best made in the following manner:\nPut fresh water in a kettle over the fire to boil, and put in some\nsalt; when the water boils, stir in handful by handful corn or oatmeal\nuntil thick enough for use. In order to have excellent mush, the meal\nshould be allowed to cook well, and long as possible while thin, and\nbefore the final handful is added.\nFRIED MUSH.--When desired to be fried for breakfast, turn into an\nearthen dish and set away to cool. Then cut in slices when you wish to\nfry; dip each piece in beaten eggs and fry on a hot griddle.\nMUFFINS.--One tablespoonful of butter, two tablespoons sugar, two\neggs--stir altogether; add one cup of sweet milk, three teaspoons of\nbaking powder, flour to make a stiff batter. Bake twenty minutes in a\nquick oven.\nENGLISH PANCAKES.--Make a batter of two teacups of flour, four eggs, and\none quart of milk. Add, as a great improvement, one tablespoonful of\nbrandy with a little nutmeg scraped in. Make the [Transcriber's Note:\nThe original text reads 'sixe'] size of frying pan. Sprinkle a little\ngranulated sugar over the pancake, roll it up, and send to the table\nhot.\nPOP OVERS.--Three cups of milk and three cups flour, three eggs, a\nlittle salt, one tablespoon melted butter put in the last thing; two\ntablespoons to a puff.\nROLLS.--To the quantity of light bread-dough that you would take for\ntwelve persons, add the white of one egg well beaten, two tablespoons\nof white sugar, and two tablespoons of butter; work these thoroughly\ntogether; roll out about half an inch thick; cut the size desired, and\nspread one with melted butter and lay another upon the top of it. Bake\ndelicately when they have risen.\nFRENCH ROLLS.--One quart flour, add two eggs, one half-pint milk,\ntablespoon of yeast, kneed it well; let rise till morning. Work in one\nounce of butter, and mold in small rolls. Bake immediately.\nRUSKS.--Milk enough with one-half cup of yeast to make a pint; make\na sponge and rise, then add one and a half cups of white sugar, three\neggs, one-half cup of butter; spice to your taste; mold, then put in\npan to rise. When baked, cover the tops with sugar dissolved in milk.\nWAFFLES.--One quart of sweet or sour milk, four eggs, two-thirds of\na cup of butter, half a teaspoonful of salt, three teaspoonfuls of\nbaking-powder; flour enough to make a nice batter. If you use\nsour milk leave out the baking-powder, and use two teaspoons soda.\nSplendid.\nYEAST.--In reference to yeast, we advise the use of Magic Yeast Cakes;\nit keeps good a year, and works quicker and better than other yeasts.\nSUGGESTIONS IN MAKING CAKE.--It is very desirable that the materials\nbe of the finest quality. Sweet, fresh butter, eggs, and good flour\nare the first essentials. The process of putting together is also\nquite an important feature, and where other methods are not given in\nthis work by contributors, it would be well for the young housekeeper\nto observe the following directions:\nNever allow the butter to oil, but soften it by putting in a\nmoderately warm place before you commence other preparations for your\ncake; then put it into an earthen dish--tin, if not new, will discolor\nyour cake as you stir it--and add your sugar; beat the butter and\nsugar to a cream, add the yolks of the eggs, then the milk, and lastly\nthe beaten whites of the eggs and flour. Spices and liquors may be\nadded after the yolks of the eggs are put in, and fruit should be put\nin with the flour.\nThe oven should be pretty hot for small cakes, and moderate for\nlarger. To ascertain if a large cake is sufficiently baked, pierce it\nwith a broom-straw through the center; if done, the straw will come\nout free from dough; if not done, dough will adhere to the straw. Take\nit out of the tin about fifteen minutes after it is taken from the\noven (not sooner), and do not turn it over on the top to cool.\nFROSTING.--One pint granulated sugar, moisten thoroughly with water\nsufficient to dissolve it when heated; let it boil until it threads\nfrom the spoon, stirring often; while the sugar is boiling, beat the\nwhites of two eggs till they are firm; then when thoroughly beaten,\nturn them into a deep dish, and when the sugar is boiled, turn it\nover the whites, beating all rapidly together until of the right\nconsistency to spread over the cake. Flavor with lemon, if preferred.\nThis is sufficient for two loaves.\nFROSTING, FOR CAKE.--One cup frosting-sugar, two tablespoons of water\nboiled together; take it off the stove, and stir in the white of one\negg beaten to a stiff froth; stir all together well, then frost your\ncake with it, and you will never want a nicer frosting than this.\nCHOCOLATE FROSTING.--Whites of two eggs, one and one-half cups of fine\nsugar, six great spoons of grated chocolate, two teaspoons of vanilla;\nspread rather thickly between layers and on top of cake. Best when\nfreshly made. It should be made like any frosting.\nICING.--The following rules should be observed where boiled icing is\nnot used:\nPut the whites of your eggs in a shallow earthern dish, and allow at\nleast a quarter of a pound or sixteen tablespoons of the finest white\nsugar for each egg. Take part of the sugar at first and sprinkle over\nthe eggs; beat them for about half an hour, stirring in gradually\nthe rest of the sugar; then add the flavor. If you use the juice of\na lemon, allow more sugar. Tartaric and lemon-juice whitens icing. It\nmay be shaded a pretty pink with strawberry-juice or cranberry syrup,\nor colored yellow by putting the juice and rind of a lemon in a thick\nmuslin bag, and squeezing it hard into the egg and sugar.\nIf cake is well dredged with flour after baking, and then carefully\nwiped before the icing is put on, it will not run, and can be spread\nmore smoothly. Put frosting on to the cake in large spoonfuls,\ncommencing over the center; then spread it over the cake, using a\nlarge knife, dipping it occasionally in cold water. Dry the frosting\non the cake in a cool, dry place.\nICE-CREAM ICING, FOR WHITE CAKE.--Two cups pulverized white sugar,\nboiled to a thick syrup; add three teaspoons vanilla; when cold, add\nthe whites of two eggs well beaten, and flavored with two teaspoons of\ncitric acid.\nICING, FOR CAKES.--Take ten whites of eggs whipped to a stiff froth,\nwith twenty large spoonfuls of orange-flower water. This is to be laid\nsmoothly on the cakes after they are baked. Then return them to the\noven for fifteen minutes to harden the icing.\nICING.--One pound pulverized sugar, pour over one tablespoon cold\nwater, beat whites of three eggs a little, not to a stiff froth;\nadd to the sugar and water, put in a deep bowl, place in a vessel\nof boiling water, and heat. It will become thin and clear, afterward\nbegin to thicken. When it becomes quite thick, remove from the fire\nand stir while it becomes cool till thick enough to spread with a\nknife. This will frost several ordinary-sized cakes.\nALMOND CAKE.--Take ten eggs, beaten separately, the yolks from the\nwhites; beat the yolks with half a pound of white sugar; blanch a\nquarter of a pound of almonds by pouring hot water on them, and remove\nthe skins; pound them in a mortar smooth; add three drops of oil of\nbitter almonds; and rose-water to prevent the oiling of the almonds.\nStir this also into the eggs. Half a pound of sifted flour stirred\nvery slowly into the eggs; lastly, stir in the whites, which must\nhave been whipped to a stiff froth. Pour this into the pans, and bake\nimmediately three-quarters of an hour.\nCOCOANUT CAKE.--Whip the whites of ten eggs, grate two nice cocoanuts,\nand add them; sift one pound of white sugar into half a pound of\nsifted flour; stir this well; add a little rose-water to flavor; pour\ninto pans, and bake three-fourths of an hour.\nCOCOANUT DROPS.--One pound each grated cocoanut and sugar; four well\nbeaten eggs; four tablespoonfuls of flour, mix well, drop on pan, and\nbake.\nCOCOANUT JUMBLES.--Take one cup butter, two cups sugar, three eggs\nwell whipped, one grated cocoanut, stirred in lightly with the flour,\nwhich must be sufficient to stiffen to the required consistency. Bake\none to know when enough flour is added.\nCOFFEE CAKE.--Take three eggs, two cups brown sugar, one cup strong\ncoffee, quarter of cup of butter, three cups flour, one teaspoonful\ncream tartar, half teaspoonful each soda and ground cinnamon and\ncloves, half a nutmeg grated, one cup of raisins, stoned; beat butter\nand sugar to a cream, then add eggs beaten, coffee, flour sifted,\nand cream tartar, well mixed with it. Spices and raisins, then soda\ndissolved in sufficient warm water to absorb it. Thoroughly mix, and\nbake in round tins.\nCOOKIES.--Two cups bright brown sugar, one cup butter, half cup sweet\nmilk, two eggs, one teaspoonful soda, flour enough to roll out.\nCOMPOSITION CAKE.--Five eggs, three cups sugar, two cups butter, five\ncups flour, one wine-glass brandy, one nutmeg grated, half pound each\nraisins and currants, three teaspoonfuls Gillett's baking powder.\nCORN STARCH CAKE.--Two cups pulverized sugar, one cup butter, cup corn\nstarch, two cups sifted flour, seven eggs (whites beaten very light),\none teaspoon soda, two teaspoons cream tartar (or two teaspoons\ncaking powder instead of soda and cream tartar), flavor with lemon.\nIn putting this together, beat butter and sugar to a light cream,\ndissolve corn starch in a cup of sweet milk, leaving enough of the\nmilk to dissolve the soda if it is used, put cream of tartar or baking\npowder in the flour, beat the whites of the eggs separate when the\nbutter and sugar are ready, put all the ingredients together first,\nleaving the eggs and flour to the last.\nCREAM CAKE.--Half pint cream, one tablespoon butter rubbed into one\ntablespoon flour. Put the cream on the fire. When it boils stir in the\nbutter and flour mixed, add half a tea cup sugar, two eggs very light,\nflavor with vanilla. Spread between cakes, and frost or sugar top of\ncake to please fancy.\nCINNAMON CAKE.--Take two cups of brown sugar, one cup of butter,\nthree-quarters cup of milk, half cup of vinegar, four eggs, large\ntablespoon of cinnamon, four cups of flour, one teaspoon of soda,\ntwo teaspoons cream tartar, mix all but vinegar and soda, then add\nvinegar, then soda, bake in large tin or patty pans.\nCURRANT CAKE.--Take two pounds of flour, half a pound of butter rubbed\nin the flour, half a pound of moist sugar, a few caraway seeds, three or\nfour tablespoonfuls of yeast, and a pint of milk made a little warm. Mix\nall together, and let it stand an hour or two at the fire to rise; then\nbeat it up with three eggs and a half pound of currants. Put it into a\ntin, and bake two hours in a moderate oven.\nCUP CAKE.--Cream half a cup of butter, and four cups of sugar by\nbeating; stir in five well-beaten eggs; dissolve one teaspoonful of\nsoda in a cup of good milk or cream, and six cups of sifted flour;\nstir all well together, and bake in tins.\nDELICATE CAKE.--Mix two cups of sugar, four of flour, half cup butter,\nhalf cup sweet milk, the whites of seven eggs, two teaspoons cream\ntartar, one teaspoon soda, rub the cream tartar in the flour and other\ningredients, and flavor to suit the taste.\nDELICIOUS SWISS CAKE.--Beat the yolks of five eggs and one pound of\nsifted loaf sugar well together; then sift in one pound of best flour,\nand a large spoonful of anise seed; beat these together for twenty\nminutes; then whip to a stiff froth the five whites, and add them;\nbeat all well; then roll out the paste an inch thick, and cut them\nwith a molded cutter rather small; set them aside till the next\nmorning to bake. Rub the tins on which they are baked with yellow wax;\nit is necessary to warm the tins to receive the wax; then let them\nbecome cool, wipe them, and lay on the cakes. Bake a light brown.\nDOUGHNUTS.--One and a half cup of sugar; half cup sour milk, two\nteaspoons soda, little nutmeg, four eggs, flour enough to roll out.\nDROP CAKE.--- To one pint cream, three eggs, one pinch of salt,\nthicken with rye till a spoon will stand upright in it, then drop on a\nwell buttered iron pan which must be hot in the oven.\nDROP COOKIES.--Whites of two eggs, one large cup of milk, one cup of\nsugar, one-half cup of butter, two teaspoonfuls baking-powder, flavor\nwith vanilla, rose, or nutmeg; flour enough for thick batter, beat\nthoroughly, drop in buttered pans, dust granulated sugar on top, and\nbake with dispatch.\nFRUIT CAKE.--Take one pint each of sour milk and sugar, two eggs, half\npint melted butter, two teaspoons even full of soda, dissolve in milk\nflour enough to roll out into shape, and fry in hot lard.\nFRIED CAKES.--Three eggs, one cup of sugar, one pint of new milk,\nsalt, nutmeg, and flour enough to permit the spoon to stand upright in\nthe mixture; add two teaspoonfuls of Gillett's baking powder and beat\nuntil very light. Drop by the dessert-spoonful into boiling lard.\nThese will not absorb a bit of fat, and are the least pernicious of\nthe doughnut family.\nFRUIT CAKE.--Take four pounds of brown sugar, four pounds of good\nbutter, beaten to cream; put four pounds of sifted flour into a pan;\nwhip thirty-two eggs to a fine froth, and add to the creamed butter\nand sugar; then take six pounds of cleaned currants, four pounds\nof stoned raisins, two pounds of cut citron, one pound of blanched\nalmonds, crushed, but not pounded, to a paste--a large cup of\nmolasses, two large spoonfuls of ground ginger, half an ounce of\npounded mace, half an ounce of grated nutmeg, half an ounce of pounded\nand sifted cloves, and one of cinnamon. Mix these well together, then\nadd four large wineglasses of good French brandy, and lastly, stir\nin the flour; beat this well, put it all into a stone jar, cover very\nclosely, for twelve hours; then make into six loaves, and bake in\niron pans. These cakes will keep a year, if attention is paid to their\nbeing put in a tin case, and covered lightly in an airy place. They\nimprove by keeping.\nGINGER DROP CAKE.--Cup each sugar, molasses, lard and boiling water,\none teaspoon soda, half teaspoon cream tartar, stir in flour until it\nis as thick as cake, add sugar and salt.\nGINGER SNAPS.--Take one cup each of sugar, molasses, butter, half cup\nsour milk, two teaspoons cream tartar, one teaspoon soda, flour enough\nto roll out, cut into size desired and bake.\nGINGER SNAPS.--Two cups of New Orleans molasses, one cup of sugar,\none of butter, one teaspoonful of soda, one of cloves, one of black\npepper, and two tablespoons of ginger. These will keep good a month if\nyou wish to keep them.\nGRAHAM CAKES.--Half a cup of butter, one-half cup sugar, one egg,\none teacup sour milk, one-half teaspoon soda. Make a stiff batter by\nadding graham flour.\nGOOD GRAHAM CAKES.--Two cups sweet milk, one cup sweet cream, the\nwhite of one egg beaten to froth, half a spoonful of salt, dessert\nspoonful baking powder, stir in stiffened graham flour until quite\nthick, bake in muffin-rings or gem-tins, until well browned on top.\nINDIAN BREAKFAST PATTIES.--To one pint of Indian meal add one egg, and\na little salt, pour boiling water upon it, and fry brown immediately\nin pork fat. Cut open and put butter between, and send to the table\nhot.\nJUMBLES.--Stir together till of a light brown color, one pound sugar,\none-half pound butter, then add eight eggs beaten to a froth, add\nflour enough to make them stiff enough to roll out, flavor with lemon,\ncut in rings half an inch thick, bake in quick oven.\nKISSES.--Beat the whites of four eggs to a froth, stir into them half\npound powdered white sugar; flavor with lemon, continue to beat it\nuntil it will be in a heap; lay the mixture on letter-paper, in the\nsize and shape of half an egg, an inch apart, then lay the paper on\nhard wood and place in the oven without closing it, when they begin to\nlook yellowish take them out and let them cool three or four minutes,\nthen slip a thin knife carefully under and turn them into your left\nhand, take another and join the two by the sides next the paper, then\nlay them in a dish handling them gently. They may be batted a little\nharder, the soft inside taken out and jelly substituted.\nLIGHT FRUIT CAKE.--Take one cup butter, two cups sugar, four of flour,\nfour eggs, one teaspoon cream tartar, half teaspoon soda, one cup\nsweet milk, one pound currants, half pound citron.\nMARBLE CAKE, LIGHT PART.--One and a half cups white sugar, half cup\nbutter, half cup sweet milk, one teaspoon cream tartar, half teaspoon\nsoda, whites of four eggs, two and half cups flour.\nDARK PART.--One cup brown sugar, half cup each molasses, butter and\nsour milk, one teaspoon cream tartar, one teaspoon soda, two and a\nhalf cups flour, yolks four eggs, half teaspoon cloves, allspice and\ncinnamon.\nMOLASSES COOKIES.--Three cups New Orleans molasses, one cup butter,\none-half cup lard, one heaped teaspoon soda, one tablespoon ginger,\none cup hot water. Roll thick. Better after standing.\nMUFFINS.--Take two cups flour, one cup milk, half cup sugar, four\neggs, one-half teaspoon each of soda and cream tartar, one tablespoon\nbutter. Bake in rings.\nGRAHAM MUFFINS.--Mix one pint sweet milk, sift your flour, then take\nhalf pound each Graham and wheat flour, five or six spoonfuls melted\nbutter, two half spoons baking powder. Bake in rings in very quick\noven.\nNUT CAKE.--Mix each two tablespoons of butter and sugar, two eggs, one\ncup milk, three cups flour, one teaspoon cream tartar, half teaspoon\nsoda, pint of nuts or almonds. Nuts may be sliced or not as suits\ntaste.\nOAT CAKES.--Mix fine and coarse oatmeal in equal proportions; add\nsugar, caraway-seeds, a dust of salt to three pounds of meal, a\nheaping teaspoonful of carbonate of soda; mix all thoroughly together,\nthen add enough boiling water to make the whole a stiff paste; roll\nout this paste quite thin, and sprinkle meal on a griddle. Lay the\ncakes on to bake, or toast them quite dry in a Dutch oven in front of\nthe fire; they should not scorch, but gradually dry through.\nORANGE CAKE, THE MOST DELICATE AND DELICIOUS CAKE THERE IS.--Grated\nrind of one orange; two cups sugar; whites of four eggs and yolks\nof five; one cup sweet milk; one cup butter; two large teaspoonfuls\nbaking powder, to be sifted through with the flour; bake quick in\njelly tins. Filling: Take white of the one egg that was left; beat\nto a froth, add a little sugar and the juice of the orange, beat\ntogether, and spread between the layers. If oranges are not to be had,\nlemons will do instead.\nPLAIN FRUIT CAKE.--One pound each butter beaten to a cream, sifted\nsugar, sifted flour, twelve eggs, whites and yolks, beaten separately.\nTwo pounds currants, three pounds of stoned raisins chopped, one\nnutmeg, a little cinnamon and other spices, half pint wine and brandy\nmixed, one pound citron cut in slices and stuck in the batter after\nit is in the tin. Bake slowly two to three hours. PLAIN CAKE.--Flour,\nthree-quarters of a pound; sugar, the same quantity; butter, four\nounces; one egg and two tablespoonfuls of milk. Mix all together and\nbake.\nPUFFS.--Two eggs beaten very light; one cup of milk, one cup of flour,\nand a pinch of salt. The gems should be heated while making the puffs,\nwhich are then placed in a quick oven.\nPLUM CAKE.--Six eggs well beaten, one pound of sugar, the same\nof flour, butter and currants, four ounces of candied peel, two\ntablespoonfuls of mixed spice. When it is all mixed, add one\nteaspoonful of carbonate of soda, and one of tartaric acid. Beat it\nall up quickly and bake directly.\nPOUND CAKE.--Take four and a half cups flour, 3 cups each butter and\nsugar. Ten eggs, yolks and whites beaten separately. Mix.\nPORK CAKE.--Take one pound salt pork chopped fine, boil a few minutes\nin half pint water, one cup molasses, two cups sugar, three eggs, two\nteaspoons soda, cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg to taste, one pound raisins\nchopped fine, flour to make a stiff batter.\nRICH SHORTBREAD.--Two pounds of flour, one pound butter, and quarter\npound each of the following ingredients:--Candied orange and lemon\npeel, sifted loaf sugar, blanched sweet almonds and caraway comfits.\nCut the peel and almonds into thin slices, and mix them with one pound\nand a half of flour and the sugar. Melt the butter, and when cool,\npour it into the flour, mixing it quickly with a spoon. Then with the\nhands mix it, working in the remainder of the flour; give it one roll\nout till it is an inch thick, cut it into the size you wish, and pinch\nround the edges. Prick the top with a fork, and stick in some caraway\ncomfits; put it on white paper, and bake on tins in a slow oven.\nSEED CAKE.--Take half a pound of butter and three-fourths of a pound\nof sugar, creamed; three eggs, beaten lightly, and two tablespoonfuls\nof picked and bruised caraway seed; dissolve half a teaspoonful of\nsoda in a cup of new milk; mix these well together until they are\nabout the consistency of cream; then sift in two pounds of flour, mix\nwell with a knife, and roll them out into thin cakes, about an inch in\nthickness. Bake in a quick oven.\nSPONGE CAKE.--Take sixteen eggs; separate the whites from the yolks;\nbeat them very lightly; sift into the yolks one pound of flour, adding\na few drops of essence of almond or lemon, to flavor with; then add\none pound and a quarter of pulverized loaf sugar; beat this well with\na knife; then add the whites whipped to a stiff froth. Have ready the\npans, and bake.\nSPONGE CAKE, WHITE.--One and one-third coffee cups of sugar; one\ncoffee cup flour; whites of ten eggs; beat eggs and sugar as if for\nfrosting; add flour by degrees and bake.\nSNOW CAKE.--Take one pound arrow-root, half pound white sugar, half\npound butter, the whites of six eggs, flavor with lemon, beat the\nbutter to a cream, stir in the sugar and arrow-root, whisk the whites\nof the eggs to a stiff froth, beat for twenty minutes. Bake one hour.\nWASHINGTON CAKE.--One cup of sugar; 1/2 cup of butter; 1/2 cup sweet\nmilk; 2 eggs; 2 cups flour; 2 teaspoons baking powder. Bake in layers\nas jelly cake. Jelly part: One pint of grated apples; 1 egg; 1 cup\nof sugar; grated rind and juice of one lemon; put in a vessel of some\nkind, and boil; put it on the cakes hot.\nWAFFLES.--Take one quart milk, two eggs; beat the whites and yolks\nseparately; four tablespoons melted butter, two teaspoons Gillett's\nbaking powder, flour to make a stiff batter. Bake in waffle irons.\nALPINE SNOW.--Wash cup of rice, cook till tender in a covered dish to\nkeep it white, when nearly done add cup rich milk, salt to taste, stir\nin the beaten yolks of two eggs, allow it to simmer for a moment, then\nplace in a dish, beat the whites in two tablespoons fine sugar. Put\nthe rice in little heaps upon the tin, intermingling with pieces of\nred jelly, eat with fine sugar and cream.\nAPPLE CHARLOTTE.--Take two pounds of apples, pare and core and slice\nthem into a pan and add one pound loaf sugar, juice of three lemons\nand the grated rind of one, let these boil until they become a thick\nmass. Turn into a mould and serve it cold with thick custard or cream.\nAPPLE CREAM.--One cup thick cream, one cup sugar, beat till very\nsmooth; then beat the whites of two eggs and add; stew apples in water\ntill soft; take them from the water with a fork; steam them if you\nprefer. Pour the cream over the apples when cold.\nAPPLE CUSTARD.--Pare tart apples, core them, put them into a deep dish\nwith a small piece of butter, and one teaspoon of sugar and a little\nnutmeg, in the opening of each apple, pour in water enough to cook\nthem, when soft cool them and pour over an unbaked custard so as to\ncover them and bake until the custard is done.\nAPPLE FANCY.--Pare and core apples, stew with sugar and lemon peels,\nbeat four eggs to a froth, add a cupful of grated bread crumbs, a\nlittle sugar and nutmeg, lay the apples in the bottom of a dish and\ncover with the bread crumbs, laying a few pieces of butter over the\ntop, bake in a quick oven, when done turn out upside down on a flat\ndish, scatter fine sugar over the top of apples, boil potatoes and\nbeat fine with cream, large piece butter and salt, drop on tin, make\nsmooth on top, score with knife, lay a thin slice of butter on top,\nthen put in oven till brown.\nAPPLE FRITTERS.--One pint milk, three eggs, salt to taste, as much\nflour as will make a batter, beat yolks and whites of eggs separately,\nadd yolks to milk, stir in the whites when mixing the batter, have\ntender apples, pare, core, and cut in large thin slices, around the\napple, to be fried in hot lard, ladle batter into spider, lay slice of\napple in centre of each quantity of batter, fry light brown.\nAPPLE SNOW BALLS.--Pare six apples, cut them into quarters, remove the\ncores, reconstruct the position of the apples, introduce into the\ncavities one clove and a slice of lemon peel, have six small pudding\ncloths at hand and cover the apples severally in an upright position\nwith rice, tying them up tight, then place them in a large saucepan of\nscalding water and boil one hour, on taking them up open the top and add\na little grated nutmeg with butter and sugar.\nARROW-ROOT BLANC-MANGE.--Put two tablespoonfuls of arrow-root to a\nquart of milk, and a pinch of salt. Scald the milk, sweeten it, and\nstir in the arrow-root, which must first be wet up with some of the\nmilk. Boil up once. Orange-water, rose-water or lemon-peel may be used\nto flavor it. Pour into molds to cool.\nARROW-ROOT CUSTARD.--Arrow-root, one tablespoonful; milk, 1 pint;\nsugar, 1 tablespoonful, and 1 egg. Mix the arrow-root with a little of\nthe milk, cold; when the milk boils, stir in the arrow-root, egg and\nsugar, previously well beaten together. Let it scald, and pour into\ncups to cool. To flavor it, boil a little ground cinnamon in the milk.\nARROW-ROOT JELLY.--To a dessert-spoonful of the powder, add as much\ncold water as will make it into a paste, then pour on half a pint of\nboiling water, stir briskly and boil it a few minutes, when it will\nbecome a clear smooth jelly; a little sugar and sherry wine may\nbe added for debilitated adults; but for infants, a drop or two of\nessence of caraway seeds or cinnamon is preferable, wine being very\nliable to become acid in the stomachs of infants, and to disorder\nthe bowels. Fresh milk, either alone or diluted with water, may be\nsubstituted for the water.\nBAKED APPLES.--Take a dozen tart apples, pare and core them, place\nsugar and small lump of butter in centre of each, put them in a pan\nwith half pint of water, bake until tender, basting occasionally with\nsyrup while baking, when done, serve with cream.\nCHOCOLATE CREAM CUSTARD.--Scrape quarter pound chocolate, pour on it\none teacup boiling water, and stand it by fire until dissolved, beat\neight eggs light, omitting the whites of two, and stir them by\ndegrees into a quart of milk alternately with the chocolate and three\ntablespoons of white sugar, put the mixture into cups and bake 10\nminutes.\nCHARLOTTE RUSSE.--Whip one quart rich cream to a stiff froth, and\ndrain well on a nice sieve. To one scant pint of milk add six eggs\nbeaten very light; make very sweet; flavor high with vanilla. Cook\nover hot water till it is a thick custard. Soak one full ounce Coxe's\ngelatine in a very little water, and warm over hot water. When the\ncustard is very cold, beat in lightly the gelatine and the whipped\ncream. Line the bottom of your mold with buttered paper, and the sides\nwith sponge cake or ladyfingers fastened together with the white of an\negg. Fill with the cream, put in a cold place or in summer on ice.\nTo turn out dip the mold for a moment in hot water. In draining the\nwhipped cream, all that drips through can be re-whipped.\nCOCOA SNOW.--Grate the white part of a cocoanut and mix it with white\nsugar, serve with whipped cream, or not, as desired.\nCREAM AND SNOW.--Make a rich boiled custard, and put it in the bottom\nof a dish; take the whites of eight eggs, beat with rose-water, and a\nspoonful of fine sugar, till it be a strong froth; put some milk and\nwater into a stew-pan; when it boils take the froth off the eggs, and\nlay it on the milk and water; boil up once; take off carefully and lay\nit on the custard.\nBAKED CUSTARDS.--Boil a pint of cream with some mace and cinnamon; and\nwhen it is cold, take four yolks and two whites of eggs, a little rose\nand orange-flower water, sack, nutmeg, and sugar to your palate. Mix\nthem well, and bake it in cups.\nOr, pour into a deep dish, with or without lining or rim of paste;\ngrate nutmeg and lemon peel over the top, and bake in a slow oven\nabout thirty minutes.\nGOOSEBERRY CREAM.--Boil them in milk till soft; beat them, and strain\nthe pulp through a coarse sieve. Sweeten cream with sugar to your\ntaste; mix with the pulp; when cold, place in glasses for use.\nIMPERIAL CREAM.--Boil a quart of cream with the thin rind of a lemon;\nstir till nearly cold; have ready in a dish to serve in, the juice of\nthree lemons strained with as much sugar as will sweeten the cream;\npour it into the dish from a large tea-pot, holding it high, and\nmoving it about to mix with the juice. It should be made from 6 to 12\nhours before it is served.\nJUMBALLS.--Flour, 1 lb.; sugar, 1 lb.; make into a light paste with\nwhites of eggs beaten fine; add 1/2 pint of cream; 1/2 lb. of\nbutter, melted; and 1 lb. of blanched almonds, well beaten; knead all\ntogether, with a little rose-water; cut into any form; bake in a slow\noven. A little butter may be melted with a spoonful of white wine and\nthrow fine sugar over the dish.\nLEMON PUFFS.--Beat and sift 1 pound of refined sugar; put into a bowl\nwith the juice of two lemons, and mix them together; beat the white of\nan egg to a high froth; put it into the bowl; put in 3 eggs with two\nrinds of lemon grated; mix it well up, and throw sugar on the\nbuttered papers; drop on the puffs in small drops, and bake them in a\nmoderately heated oven.\nLEMON TARTS.--Pare the rinds of four lemons, and boil tender in two\nwaters, and beat fine. Add to it 4 ounces of blanched almonds, cut\nthin, 4 ozs. of lump sugar, the juice of the lemons, and a little\ngrated peel. Simmer to a syrup. When cold, turn into a shallow tin\ntart dish, lined with a rich thin puff paste, and lay bars of the same\nover, and bake carefully.\nMACAROONS.--Blanch 4 ozs. of almonds, and pound with 4 spoonfuls of\norange-flower water; whisk the whites of four eggs to a froth, then\nmix it, and 1 lb. of sugar, sifted with the almonds to a paste; and\nlaying a sheet of wafer-paper on a tin, put it on in different little\ncakes, the shape of macaroons.\nOATMEAL CUSTARD.--Take two teaspoons of the finest Scotch oatmeal,\nbeat it up into a sufficiency of cold water in a basin to allow it to\nrun freely. Add to it the yoke of a fresh egg, well worked up; have\na pint of scalding new milk on the fire, and pour the oatmeal mixture\ninto it, stirring it round with a spoon so as to incorporate the\nwhole. Add sugar to your taste, and throw in a glass of sherry to the\nmixture, with a little grated nutmeg. Pour it into a basin, and take\nit warm in bed. It will be found very grateful and soothing in cases\nof colds or chills. Some, persons scald a little cinnamon in the milk\nthey use for the occasion.\nORANGE CRUMPETS.--Cream, 1 pint; new milk, 1 pint; warm it, and put in\nit a little rennet or citric acid; when broken, stir it gently; lay\nit on a cloth to drain all night, and then take the rinds of three\noranges, boiled, as for preserving, in three different waters; pound\nthem very fine, and mix them with the curd, and eight eggs in a\nmortar, a little nutmeg, the juice of a lemon or orange, and sugar to\nyour taste; bake them in buttered tin pans. When baked put a little\nwine and sugar over them.\nORANGE CUSTARDS.--Boil the rind of half a Seville orange very tender;\nbeat it very fine in a mortar; add a spoonful of the best brandy, the\njuice of a Seville orange, 4 ozs. loaf sugar, and the yolks of four\neggs; beat all together ten minutes; then pour in gradually a pint of\nboiling cream; keep beating them until they are cold; put them into\ncustard cups, and set them in an earthen dish of hot water; let them\nstand until they are set, take out, and stick preserved oranges on the\ntop, and serve them hot or cold.\nPOMMES AU RIZ.--Peel a number of apples of a good sort, take out\nthe cores, and let them simmer in a syrup of clarified sugar, with\na little lemon peel. Wash and pick some rice, and cook it in milk,\nmoistening it therewith little by little, so that the grains may\nremain whole. Sweeten it to taste; add a little salt and a taste of\nlemon-peel. Spread the rice upon a dish, mixing some apple preserve\nwith it, and place the apples upon it, and fill up the vacancies\nbetween the apples with some of the rice. Place the dish in the oven\nuntil the surface gets brown, and garnish with spoonfuls of bright\ncolored preserve or jelly.\nRASPBERRY CREAM.--Mash the fruit gently, and let it drain; then\nsprinkle a little sugar over, and that will produce more juice; put it\nthrough a hair sieve to take out the seeds; then put the juice to some\ncream, and sweeten it; after which, if you choose to lower it with\nsome milk, it will not curdle; which it would if put to the milk\nbefore the cream; but it is best made of raspberry jelly, instead of\njam, when the fresh fruit cannot be obtained.\nRICE FRITTERS.--One pint of cooked rice, half cup of sweet milk, two\neggs, a tablespoon of flour, and a little salt. Have the lard hot in\nthe skillet, allow a tablespoon to each fritter, fry brown on each\nside, then turn same as griddle cakes. If you find the rice spatters\nin the fat, add a very little more flour. You can judge after frying\none.\nRICE CROQUETTES.--Make little balls or oblong rolls of cooked rice;\nseason with salt, and pepper if you like; dip in egg; fry in hot lard.\nRICE CUSTARDS.--Boil 3 pints of new milk with a bit of lemon-peel,\ncinnamon, and three bay leaves; sweeten; then mix a large spoonful of\nrice flour into a cup of cold milk, very smooth; mix it with the yolks\nof four eggs well beaten. Take a basin of the boiling milk, and\nmix with the cold that has the rice in it; add the remainder of the\nboiling milk; stir it one way till it boils; pour immediately into a\npan; stir till cool, and add a spoonful of brandy, or orange-flower\nwater.\nRICE FLUMMERY.--Boil with a pint of new milk, a bit of lemon-peel, and\ncinnamon; mix with a little cold milk, as much rice flour as will\nmake the whole of a good consistence, sweeten and add a spoonful of\npeach-water, or a bitter almond beaten; boil it, observing it does not\nburn; pour it into a shape or a pint basin, taken out the spice. When\ncold, turn the flummery into a dish, and serve with cream, milk, or\ncustard round; or put a teacupful of cream into half a pint of new\nmilk, a glass of white wine, half a lemon squeezed, and sugar.\nROCK CREAM.--Boil a teacupful of rice till quite soft in new milk and\nthen sweeten it with sugar, and pile it on a dish, lay on it current\njelly or preserved fruit, beat up the whites of five eggs with a\nlittle powdered sugar and flour, add to this when beaten very stiff\nabout a tablespoon of rich cream and drop it over the rice.\nSTRAWBERRY AND APPLE SOUFFLE.--Stew the apple with a little\nlemon-peel; sweeten them, then lay them pretty high round the inside\nof a dish. Make a custard of the yolks of two eggs, a little cinnamon,\nsugar and milk. Let it thicken over a slow fire, but not boil; when\nready, pour it in the inside of the apple. Beat the whites of the eggs\nto a strong froth, and cover the whole. Throw over it a good deal\nof pounded sugar, and brown it to a fine brown. Any fruit made of a\nproper consistence does for the walls, strawberries, when ripe, are\ndelicious.\nSTRAWBERRY SHORT-CAKE.--First prepare the berries by picking; after\nthey have been well washed--the best way to wash them is to hold the\nboxes under the faucet and let a gentle stream of water run over and\nthrough them, then drain, and pick them into an earthen bowl; now\ntake the potato-masher and bruise them and cover with a thick layer of\nwhite sugar; now set them aside till the cake is made. Take a quart of\nsifted flour; half a cup of sweet butter; one egg, well beaten; three\nteaspoonfuls of baking-powder, and milk enough to make a rather stiff\ndough; knead well, and roll with a rolling-pin till about one inch\nthick; bake till a nice brown, and when done, remove it to the\ntable; turn it out of the pan; with a light, sharp knife, cut it down\nlengthwise and crossways; now run the knife through it, and lay it\nopen for a few moments, just to let the steam escape (the steam ruins\nthe color of the berries); then set the bottom crust on the platter;\ncover thickly with the berries, an inch and a half deep; lay the top\ncrust on the fruit; dust thickly with powdered sugar, and if any berry\njuice is left in the bowl, pour it round the cake, not over it, and\nyou will have a delicious short-cake.\nSNOW CREAM.--To a quart of cream add the whites of three eggs, cut\nto a stiff froth, add four spoonfuls of sweet wine, sugar to taste,\nflavor with essence of lemon. Whip all to a froth, and as soon as it\nforms take it off and serve in glasses.\nSTEWED FIGS.--Take four ounces of fine sugar, the thin rind of a large\nlemon, and a pint of cold water, when the sugar is dissolved, add one\npound turkey figs, and place the stew-pan over a moderate fire where\nthey may heat and swell slowly, and stew gently for two hours, when\nthey are quite tender, add the juice of one lemon, arrange them in a\nglass dish and serve cold.\nSPANISH CREAM.--Dissolve in 1/2 pint of rose-water, 1 oz. of isinglass\ncut small; run it through a hair sieve; add the yolks of three or\nfour eggs, beaten and mixed with half a pint of cream, and two sorrel\nleaves. Pour it into a deep dish, sweeten with loaf sugar powdered.\nStir it till cold, and put it into molds. Lay rings round in different\ncolored sweetmeats. Add, if you like, a little sherry, and a lump\nor two of sugar, rubbed well upon the rind of a lemon to extract the\nflavor.\nWHIPPED CREAM.--To one quart of good cream, put a few drops of\nbergamot water, a little orange-flower water, and 1/2 lb. of sugar.\nWhen it is dissolved, whip the cream to a froth, and take it up with\na skimmer; drain on a sieve, and if for icing, let it settle half an\nhour before you put it into cups or glasses. Use that which drops\ninto the dish under the sieve, to make it froth the better, adding two\nwhites of eggs. Colored powdered sugar may, if you like, be sprinkled\non the top of each.\nASPARAGUS OMELET.--Boil a dozen of the largest and finest asparagus\nheads you can pick; cut off all the green portion, and chop it in thin\nslices; season with a small teaspoonful of salt, and about one-fourth\nof that quantity of soluble cayenne. Then beat up six eggs in a\nsufficient quantity of new milk to make a stiffish batter. Melt in\nthe frying-pan a quarter of a pound of good, clean dripping, and just\nbefore you pour on the batter place a small piece of butter in the\ncenter of the pan. When the dripping is quite hot, pour on half your\nbatter, and as it begins to set, place on it the asparagus tops, and\ncover over with the remainder. This omelet is generally served on a\nround of buttered toast, with the crusts removed. The batter is richer\nif made of cream.\nBUTTERED EGGS.--Beat four or five eggs, yolks and whites together, put a\nquarter of a pound of butter in a basin, and then put that in boiling\nwater, stir it till melted, then pour the butter and the eggs into a\nsauce-pan; keep a basin in your hand, just hold the sauce-pan in the\nother over a slow part of the fire, shaking it one way, as it begins to\nwarm; pour it into a basin, and back, then hold it again over the fire,\nstirring it constantly in the saucepan, and pouring it into the basin,\nmore perfectly to mix the egg and butter until they shall be hot without\nboiling.\nServe on toasted bread; or in a basin, to eat with salt fish, or red\nherrings.\nCORN-OYSTERS.--Take a half dozen ears of sweet corn (those which are\nnot too old); with a sharp knife split each row of the corn in the\ncenter of the kernel lengthwise; scrape out all the pulp; add one egg,\nwell beaten, a little salt, one tablespoonful of sweet milk; flour\nenough to make a pretty stiff batter. Drop in hot lard, and fry a\ndelicate brown. If the corn is quite young, omit the milk, using as\nlittle flour as possible.\nCHEESE OMELET.--Mix to a smooth batter three tablespoonfuls of fine\nflour, with half a pint of milk. Beat up well the yolks and whites\nof four eggs, a little salt, and a quarter of a pound of grated old\nEnglish cheese. Add these to the flour and milk, and whisk all the\ningredients together for half an hour. Put three ounces of butter into\na frying-pan, and when it is boiling pour in the above mixture, fry it\nfor a few minutes, and then turn it carefully; when it is sufficiently\ncooked on the other side, turn it on to a hot dish and serve.\nIRISH STEW.--Take a loin of mutton, cut it into chops, season it with\na very little pepper and salt, put it into a saucepan, just cover it\nwith water, and let it cook half an hour. Boil two dozen of potatoes,\npeel and mash them, and stir in a cup of cream while they are hot;\nthen line a deep dish with the potatoes, and lay in the cooked mutton\nchops, and cover them over with the rest of the potatoes; then set it\nin the oven to bake. Make some gravy of the broth in which the chops\nwere cooked. This is a very nice dish.\nIRISH STEW.--Cut off the fat of part of a loin of mutton, and cut it\ninto chops. Pare, wash, and slice very thin some potatoes, two onions,\nand two small carrots; season with pepper and salt. Cover with water\nin a stew-pan, and stew gently till the meat is tender, and the\npotatoes are dissolved in the gravy. It may be made of beef-steaks, or\nmutton and beef mixed.\nMACARONI, DRESSED SWEET.--Boil 2 ozs. in a pint of milk, with a bit of\nlemon peel, and a good bit of cinnamon, till the pipes are swelled to\ntheir utmost size without breaking. Lay them on a custard-dish, and\npour a custard over them hot. Serve cold.\nMACARONI, AS USUALLY SERVED.--Boil it in milk, or a weak veal broth,\nflavored with salt. When tender, put it into a dish without the\nliquor, with bits of butter and grated cheese, and over the top grate\nmore, and put a little more butter. Put the dish into a Dutch oven, a\nquarter of an hour, and do not let the top become hard.\nOMELET.--Six eggs beaten separately, beaten hard, two teaspoons of\ncorn starch, two tablespoons milk, whites of eggs, put in slow at\nlast. Fry in butter.\nRUMBLED EGGS.--This is very convenient for invalids, or a light dish\nfor supper. Beat up three eggs with two ounces of fresh butter, or\nwell-washed salt butter; add a teaspoonful of cream or new milk. Put\nall in a saucepan and keep stirring it over the fire for nearly five\nminutes, until it rises up like scuffle, when it should be immediately\ndished on buttered toast.\nPOACHED EGGS.--Break an egg into a cup, and put it gently into boiling\nwater; and when the white looks quite set, which will be in about\nthree or four minutes, take it up with an egg slice, and lay it on\ntoast and butter, or spinach. Serve them hot; if fresh laid, they will\npoach well, without breaking.\nSAVORY POTATO-CAKES.--Quarter of a pound of grated ham, one pound of\nmashed potatoes, and a little suet, mixed with the yolks of two eggs,\npepper, salt and nutmeg. Roll it into little balls, or cakes, and\nfry it a light brown. Sweet herbs may be used in place of ham. Plain\npotato cakes are made with potatoes and eggs only.\nTOMATO TOAST.--Remove the stem and all the seeds from the tomatoes;\nthey must be ripe, mind, not _over ripe_; stew them to a pulp, season\nwith butter, pepper and salt; toast some bread (not new bread), butter\nit, and then spread the tomato on each side, and send it up to table,\ntwo slices on each dish, the slices cut in two; and the person who\nhelps it must serve with two half-slices, not attempt to lift the top\nslice, otherwise the appearance of the under slice will be destroyed.\nHOW TO COOK FISH OF DIFFERENT KINDS\nHOW TO CHOOSE ANCHOVIES.--They are preserved in barrels, with\nbay-salt; no other fish has the fine flavor of the anchovy. The best\nlook red and mellow, and the bones moist and oily; the flesh should be\nhigh flavored, the liquor reddish, and have a fine smell.\nBAKED BLACK BASS.--Eight good-sized onions chopped fine; half that\nquantity of bread crumbs; butter size of hen's egg; plenty of pepper\nand salt; mix thoroughly with anchovy sauce until quite red. Stuff\nyour fish with this compound and pour the rest over it, previously\nsprinkling it with a little red pepper. Shad, pickerel and trout are\ngood the same way. Tomatoes can be used instead of anchovies, and are\nmore economical. If using them, take pork in place of butter, and chop\nfine.\nBOILED WHITE FISH.--Lay the fish open; put it in a dripping pan\nwith the back down; nearly cover with water; to one fish put two\ntablespoons salt, cover tightly and simmer (not boil) one-half hour;\ndress with gravy, butter and pepper; garnish with sliced eggs.\nFor sauce use a piece of butter the size of an egg, one tablespoon of\nflour, one half pint boiling water; boil a few minutes, and add three\nhard boiled eggs, sliced.\nFRESH BROILED WHITE FISH.--Wash and drain the fish: sprinkle with\npepper and lay with the inside down upon the gridiron, and broil over\nfresh bright coals. When a nice brown, turn for a moment on the other\nside, then take up and spread with butter. This is a very nice way of\nbroiling all kinds of fish, fresh or salted. A little smoke under the\nfish adds to its flavor. This may be made by putting two or three cobs\nunder the gridiron.\nTO BOIL CODFISH.--If boiled fresh, it is watery; but it is excellent\nif salted, and hung for a day, to give it firmness. Wash and clean\nthe fish well, and rub salt inside of it; tie it up, and put it on the\nfire in cold water; throw a handful of salt into the fish-kettle. Boil\na small fish 15 minutes; a large one 30 minutes. Serve it without the\nsmallest speck and scum; drain. Garnish it with lemon, horseradish,\nthe milt, roe, and liver. Oyster or shrimp sauce may be used.\nCHOWDER.--Five pounds of codfish cut in squares; fry plenty of salt pork\ncut in thin slices; put a layer of pork in your kettle, then one of\nfish; one of potatoes in thick slices, and one of onions in slices;\nplenty of pepper and salt; repeat as long as your materials last, and\nfinish with a layer of Boston crackers or crusts of bread. Water\nsufficient to cook with, or milk if you prefer. Cook one-half hour and\nturn over on your platter, disturbing as little as possible. Clams and\neels the same way.\nCLAM FRITTERS.--Twelve clams chopped or not, one pint milk, three\neggs, add liquor from clams; salt and pepper, and flour enough for\nthin batter. Fry in hot lard. CLAM STEW.--Lay the clams on a gridiron\nover hot coals, taking them out of the shell as soon as open, saving\nthe juice; add a little hot water, pepper, a very little salt and\nbutter rolled in flour sufficient for seasoning; cook for five minutes\nand pour over toast.\nEELS, TO STEW.--Of the above fish, that of the \"silver\" kind is\npreferable to its congener, and, therefore, ought to be procured for\nall cuisine purposes. Take from three to four pounds of these eels,\nand let the same be thoroughly cleansed, inside and out, rescinding\nthe heads and tails from the bodies. Cut them into pieces three inches\nin length each, and lay them down in a stew pan, covering them with\na sufficiency of sweet mutton gravy to keep them seething over a slow\nfire, when introduced into the pan, for twenty minutes. Add to the\nliquor, before you place your eels into it, a quarter of an ounce of\nwhole black pepper, quarter of an ounce of allspice, with one or two\npieces of white ginger. Thicken with a light admixture of flour and\nbutter, stirring it carefully round, adding thereto, at the same\ntime, one gill of good port wine, and half a gill of sweet ketchup.\nLemon-peel and salt may be added in accordance with your taste.\nHOW TO KEEP FISH SOUND.--To prevent meat, fish, etc., going bad, put a\nfew pieces of charcoal into the sauce-pan wherein the fish or flesh is\nto be boiled.\nHOW TO RENDER BOILED FISH FIRM.--Add a little saltpetre to the salt in\nthe water in which the fish is to be boiled; a quarter of an ounce to\none gallon.\nFISH BALLS.--Bone, cooked fresh, or salt fish, add double the quantity\nof mashed potatoes, one beaten egg, a little butter, pepper and salt\nto taste. Make in cakes or balls; dredge with flour and fry in hot\nlard.\nPOTTED FISH.--Take out the back-bone of the fish; for one weighing two\npounds take a tablespoon of allspice and cloves mixed; these spices\nshould be put into bags of not too thick muslin; put sufficient salt\ndirectly upon each fish; then roll in cloth, over which sprinkle a\nlittle cayenne pepper; put alternate layers of fish, spice and sago\nin an earthen jar; cover with the best cider vinegar; cover the jar\nclosely with a plate and over this put a covering of dough, rolled\nout to twice the thickness of pie crust. Make the edges of paste, to\nadhere closely to the sides of the jar, so as to make it air-tight.\nPut the jar into a pot of cold water and let it boil from three to\nfive hours, according to quantity. Ready when cold.\nHOW TO BROIL OR ROAST FRESH HERRINGS.--Scale, gut and wash; cut off\nthe heads; steep them in salt and vinegar ten minutes; dust them with\nflour, and broil them over or before the fire, or in the oven. Serve\nwith melted butter and parsley.\nHerrings are nice _jarred_, and done in the oven, with pepper, cloves,\nsalt, a little vinegar, a few bay-leaves, and a little butter.\nHOW TO FRY FRESH HERRINGS.--Slice small onions, and lay in the pan\nwith the herrings; add a little butter, and fry them. Perhaps it is\nbetter to fry the onions separately with a little parsley, and butter\nor drip.\nHOW TO POT HERRINGS.--Clean, cut off the heads, and lay them close\nin an earthen pot. Strew a little salt between every layer; put in\ncloves, mace, whole pepper, cayenne and nutmeg; fill up the jar with\nvinegar, water, and a quarter of a pint of sherry, cover, tie down;\nbake in an oven, and when cold pot it for use. A few anchovies and bay\nleaves intermixed will improve the flavor much.\nBUTTERED LOBSTERS.--Pick the meat out, cut it, and warm with a little\nbrown gravy, nutmeg, salt, pepper and butter, with a little flour. If\ndone white, a little white gravy and cream.\nCURRY OF LOBSTER.--Take them from the shells, and lay into a pan, with\na small piece of mace, three or four spoonfuls of veal gravy, and\nfour of cream; rub smooth one or two teaspoonfuls of curry-powder, a\nteaspoonful of flour, and an ounce of butter, simmer an hour; squeeze\nhalf a lemon in, and add salt.\nLOBSTER CHOWDER.--Four or five pounds of lobster, chopped fine; take\nthe green part and add to it four pounded crackers; stir this into\none quart of boiling milk; then add the lobster, a piece of butter\none-half the size of an egg, a little pepper and salt, and bring it to\na boil.\nHOW TO BOIL MACKEREL.--Rub them with vinegar; when the water boils,\nput them in with a little salt, and boil gently 15 minutes. Serve\nwith fennel and parsley chopped, boil, and put into melted butter, and\ngooseberry sauce.\nSALT MACKEREL.--Soak the fish for a few hours in lukewarm water,\nchanging the water several times; then put into cold water loosely\ntied in cloths, and let the fish come to a boil, turning off the water\nonce, and pouring over the fish hot water from the tea-kettle; let\nthis just come to a boil, then take them out and drain them, lay them\non a platter, butter and pepper them, and place them for a few moments\nin the oven. Serve with sliced lemons, or with any fish sauce.\nHOW TO FRY OYSTERS.--Use the largest and best oysters; lay them in\nrows upon a clean cloth and press another upon them, to absorb the\nmoisture; have ready several beaten eggs; and in another dish some\nfinely crushed crackers: in the frying pan heat enough butter to\nentirely cover the oysters; dip the oysters first into the eggs, then\ninto the crackers, rolling it or them over, that they may become well\nincrusted; drop into the frying pan and fry quickly to a light brown.\nServe dry and let the dish be warm. A chafing dish is best.\nOYSTER PATTIES.--Make some rich puff paste and bake it in very small\ntin patty pans; when cool, turn them out upon a large dish; stew some\nlarge fresh oysters with a few cloves, and a little mace and nutmeg;\nthen add the yolk of one egg, boiled hard and grated; add a little\nbutter, and as much of the oyster liquor as will cover them. When\nthey have stewed a little while, take them off the pan and set them to\ncool. When quite cold, lay two or three oysters in each shell of puff\npaste.\nOYSTERS, STEWED.--In all cases, unless shell oysters, wash and drain;\nmix half a cup of butter and a tablespoon of corn starch; put with the\noysters in a porcelain kettle; stir until they boil; add two cups of\ncream or milk; salt to taste; do not use the liquor of the oysters in\neither stewing or escaloping.\nOYSTERS STEWED.--Scald the oysters in their own liquor, then take them\nout, beard them, and strain the liquor carefully from the grit. Put into\na stewpan an ounce of butter, with sufficient flour dredged in to dry it\nup; add the oyster liquor, and a blade of pounded mace, a little\ncayenne, and a very little salt to taste; stir it well over a brisk fire\nwith a wooden spoon, and when it comes to the boil, throw in your\noysters, say a dozen and a half or a score, and a good tablespoonful of\ncream, or more, if you have it at hand. Shake the pan over the fire, and\nlet it simmer for one or two minutes, but not any longer, and do not let\nit boil, or the fish will harden. Serve in a hot dish, garnished with\nsippets of toasted bread. Some persons think that the flavor is improved\nby boiling a small piece of lemon-peel with the oyster liquor, taking it\nout, however, before the cream is added.\nOYSTERS SCOLLOPED.--Beard and trim your oysters, and strain the\nliquor. Melt in a stewpan, with a dredging of flour sufficient to dry\nit up, an ounce of butter, and two tablespoonfuls of white stock, and\nthe same of cream; the strained liquor and pepper, and salt to taste.\nPut in the oysters and gradually heat them through, but be sure not to\nlet them boil. Have your scallop-shells buttered, lay in the oysters,\nand as much liquid as they will hold; cover them well over with\nbread-crumbs, over which spread, or drop, some tiny bits of butter.\nBrown them in the oven, or before the fire, and serve while very hot.\nOYSTERS, TO PICKLE.--Take two hundred of the plumpest, nicest oysters\nto be had, open them, saving the liquor, remove the beards, put\nthem, with the liquor, into a stewpan, and let them simmer for twenty\nminutes over a very gentle fire, taking care to skim them well. Take\nthe stewpan off the fire, take out the oysters, and strain the liquor\nthrough a fine cloth, returning the oysters to the stewpan. Add to\na pint of the hot liquor half an ounce of mace, and half an ounce of\ncloves; give it a boil, and put it in with the oysters, stirring the\nspice well in amongst them. Then put in about a spoonful of salt,\nthree-quarters of a pint of white-wine vinegar, and one ounce of whole\npepper, and let the oysters stand until they are quite cold. They will\nbe ready for use in about twelve or twenty-four hours; if to be kept\nlonger they should be put in wide-mouthed bottles, or stone jars, and\nwell drawn down with bladder. It is very important that they should be\nquite cold before they are put into the bottles, or jars.\nSALMON, TO BOIL.--Clean it carefully, boil it gently with salt and a\nlittle horse radish; take it out of the water as soon as done. Let\nthe water be warm if the fish be split. If underdone it is very\nunwholesome. Serve with shrimp, lobster, or anchovy sauce, and fennel\nand butter.\nSALMON, TO MARINATE.--Cut the salmon in slices; take off the skin and\ntake out the middle bone; cut each slice asunder; put into a saucepan\nand season with salt, pepper, 6 cloves, a sliced onion, some whole\nchives, a little sweet basil, parsley, and a bay leaf; then squeeze in\nthe juice of three lemons, or use vinegar. Let the salmon lie in the\nmarinate for two hours; take it out; dry with a cloth; dredge with\nflour, and fry brown in clarified butter; then lay a clean napkin in a\ndish; lay the slices upon it; garnish with fried parsley.\nSALT COD, TO DRESS.--Soak the cod all night in 2 parts water, and one\npart vinegar. Boil; and break into flakes on the dish; pour over it\nboiled parsnips, beaten in a mortar, and then boil up with cream, and\na large piece of butter rolled in a bit of flour. It may be served\nwith egg-sauce instead of parsnip, or boiled and served without\nflaking with the usual sauce.\nAll _Salt Fish_ may be done in a similar way. Pour egg-sauce over it,\nor parsnips, boiled and beaten fine with butter and cream.\nHOW TO BOIL STURGEON--Water, 2 quarts; vinegar, 1 pint; a stick of\nhorseradish; a little lemon-peel, salt, pepper, a bay leaf. In this\nboil the fish; when the fish is ready to leave the bones, take it up;\nmelt 1/2 lb. of butter; add an anchovy, some mace, a few shrimps, good\nmushroom ketchup, and lemon juice; when it boils, put in the dish;\nserve with the sauce; garnish with fried oysters, horseradish and\nlemon.\nHOW TO BROIL STURGEON.--Cut slices, rub beaten eggs over them, and\nsprinkle them with crumbs of bread, parsley, pepper and salt; wrap\nthem in white paper, and broil gently. Use for sauce, butter, anchovy\nand soy.\nHOW TO DRESS FRESH STURGEON.--Cut slices, rub egg over them, then\nsprinkle with crumbs of bread, parsley, pepper, salt; fold them in\npaper, and broil gently. Sauce; butter, anchovy and soy.\nHOW TO ROAST STURGEON.--Put a piece of butter, rolled in flour, into\na stewpan with four cloves, a bunch of sweet herbs, two onions, some\npepper and salt, half a pint of water and a glass of vinegar. Set it\nover the fire till hot; then let it become lukewarm, and steep the\nfish in it an hour or two. Butter a paper well, tie it round, and\nroast it without letting the spit run through. Serve with sorrel and\nanchovy sauce.\nTROUT, A-LA-GENEVOISE--Clean the fish well; put it into the stewpan,\nadding half champagne and half sherry wine. Season it with pepper,\nsalt, an onion, a few cloves stuck in it, and a small bunch of parsley\nand thyme; put in it a crust of French bread; set it on a quick fire.\nWhen done take the bread out, bruise it and thicken the sauce: add\nflour and a little butter, and boil it up. Lay the fish on the dish,\nand pour the sauce over it. Serve it with sliced lemon and fried\nbread.\nHOW TO BROIL TROUT--Wash, dry, tie it, to cause it to keep its shape;\nmelt butter, add salt, and cover the trout with it. Broil it gradually\nin a Dutch oven, or in a common oven. Cut an anchovy small, and chop\nsome capers. Melt some butter with a little flour, pepper, salt,\nnutmeg, and half a spoonful of vinegar. Pour it over the trout and\nserve it hot.\nHOW TO CHOOSE AND COOK GAME\nHOW TO CHOOSE DUCKS--A young duck should have supple feet, breast and\nbelly hard and thick. A tame duck has dusky yellow feet. They should\nbe picked dry, and ducklings scalded.\nHOW TO ROAST DUCKS.--Carefully pick, and clean the inside. Boil two or\nthree onions in two waters; chop them very small. Mix the onions with\nabout half the quantity of sage leaves, bread crumbs finely powdered,\na spoonful of salt, and a little cayenne paper; beat up the yolk of an\negg, and rub the stuffing well together. With a brisk fire roast about\n35 minutes. Serve with gravy sauce.\nHOW TO STEW DUCKS.--Lard two young ducks down each side the breast;\ndust with flour; brown before the fire; put into a stewpan with a\nquart of water, a pint of port wine, a spoonful of walnut ketchup,\nthe same of browning, one anchovy, a clove of garlick, sweet herbs and\ncayenne pepper. Stew till they are tender, about half an hour; skim\nand strain, and pour over the duck.\nHOW TO HASH PARTRIDGE.--Cut up the partridges as for eating; slice\nan onion into rings; roll a little butter in flour; put them into\nthe tossing pan, and shake it over the fire till it boils; put in\nthe partridge with a little port wine and vinegar; and when it is\nthoroughly hot, lay it on the dish with sippets round it; strain the\nsauce over the partridge, and lay on the onion in rings.\nHOW TO POT PARTRIDGE.--Clean them nicely; and season with mace,\nallspice, white pepper and salt, in fine powder. Rub every part well;\nthen lay the breast downward in a pan, and pack the birds as closely as\nyou possibly can. Put a good deal of butter on them; then cover\n[Transcriber's note: the original reads \"he pan\"] the pan with a coarse\nflour paste and a paper over, tie it close, and bake. When cold, put the\nbirds into pots, and cover with butter.\nHOW TO ROAST PARTRIDGE.--Roast them like a turkey, and when a little\nunder roasted, dredge them with flour, and baste them with butter; let\nthem go to table with a fine froth; put gravy sauce in the dish, and\nbread sauce on the table.\nHOW TO STEW PARTRIDGE.--Truss as for roasting; stuff the craws, and\nlard them down each side of the breast; roll a lump of butter in\npepper, salt and beaten mace, and put them inside; sew up the vents;\ndredge them well and fry a light brown; put them into a stewpan with\na quart of good gravy, a spoonful of sherry wine, the same of mushroom\nketchup, a teaspoonful of lemon pickle, and a little mushroom powder,\none anchovy, half a lemon, a sprig of sweet marjoram; cover the pan\nclose, and stew half an hour; take out, and thicken the gravy; boil a\nlittle, and pour it over the partridge, and lay round them artichoke\nbuttons, boiled, and cut in quarters, and the yolks of four hard eggs,\nif agreeable.\nHOW TO ROAST PHEASANT.--Roast them as turkey; and serve with a fine\ngravy (into which put a very small bit of garlic) and bread sauce.\nWhen cold, they may be made into excellent patties, but their flavor\nshould not be overpowered by lemon.\nHOW TO ROAST PLOVERS.--Roast the _green_ ones in the same way as\nwoodcocks and quails, without drawing, and serve on a toast. _Grey_\nplovers may be either roasted or stewed with gravy, herbs and spice.\nHOW TO FRICASSEE QUAILS.--Having tossed them up in a sauce-pan with\na little melted butter and mushrooms, put in a slice of ham, well\nbeaten, with salt, pepper, cloves and savory herbs; add good gravy,\nand a glass of sherry; simmer over a slow fire; when almost done,\nthicken the ragout with a good cullis, (i. e. a good broth, strained,\ngelatined, etc.) or with two or three eggs, well beaten up in a little\ngravy.\nHOW TO ROAST QUAILS.--Roast them without drawing and serve on toast.\nButter only should be eaten with them, as gravy takes off the fine\nflavor. The thigh and the back are the most esteemed.\nHOW TO ROAST RABBITS.--Baste them with butter, and dredge them with\nflour; half an hour will do them at a brisk fire; and if small, twenty\nminutes. Take the livers with a bunch of parsley, boil them, and chop\nthem very fine together; melt some butter, and put half the liver and\nparsley into the butter; pour it into the dish, and garnish the dish\nwith the other half; roast them to a fine light brown.\nHOW TO MAKE RABBIT TASTE LIKE A HARE.--Choose one that is young, but\nfull grown; hang it in the skin three or four days; then skin it, and\nlay it, without washing, in a seasoning of black pepper and allspice\nin a very fine powder, a glass of port wine, and the same quantity of\nvinegar. Baste it occasionally for 40 hours, then stuff it and roast\nit as a hare, and with the same sauce. Do not wash off the liquor that\nit was soaked in.\nHOW TO ROAST SNIPES--Do not draw them. Split them; flour them, and\nbaste with butter. Toast a slice of bread brown; place it in the dish\nunder the birds for the trail to drop on. When they are done enough,\ntake up, and lay them on the toast; put good gravy in the dish. Serve\nwith butter, and garnish with orange or lemon.\nSNIPE PIE--Bone 4 snipes, and truss them. Put in their inside\nfinely chopped bacon, or other forcemeat; put them in the dish with\nthe breast downwards, and put forcemeat balls around them. Add gravy\nmade of butter, and chopped veal and ham, parsley, pepper and shalots.\nCover with nice puff paste; close it well to keep in the gravy. When\nnearly done, pour in more gravy, and a little sherry wine. Bake two or\nthree hours.\nHOW TO FRY VENISON--Cut the meat into slices, and make a gravy of the\nbones; fry it of a light brown, and keep it hot before the fire; put\nbutter rolled in flour into the pan, and stir it till thick and brown;\nadd 1/2 lb. of loaf sugar powdered, with the gravy made from the\nbones, and some port wine. Let it be as thick as cream; squeeze in a\nlemon; warm the venison in it; put it in the dish, and pour the sauce\nover it.\nHOW TO MAKE ICE CREAMS WATER-ICE AND JELLIES\nTO MOLD ICES--Fill your mold as quickly as possible with the frozen\ncream, wrap it up in paper, and bury it in ice and salt, and let\nit remain for an hour or more to harden. For dishing, have the dish\nready, dip the mold in hot water for an instant, wipe it, take off the\ntop and bottom covers, and turn it into the dish. This must be done\nexpeditiously. In molding ices, it is advisable not to have the cream\ntoo stifly frozen before putting it into the mold.\nICE CREAM--Take two quarts milk, one pint cream, three eggs beaten\nvery light, and two teaspoons of arrowroot; boil in one-half pint\nmilk, strain eggs, arrow-root, and flavor to suit, then freeze.\nGINGER ICE CREAM--Bruise six ounces of the best preserved ginger in a\nmortar; add the juice of one lemon, half a pound of sugar, one pint of\ncream. Mix well; strain through a hair sieve; freeze. One quart.\nITALIAN ICE CREAM--Rasp two lemons on some sugar, which, with their\njuice, add to one pint of cream, one glass of brandy, half a pound of\nsugar; freeze. One quart.\nLEMON ICE CREAM--Take one pint of cream, rasp two lemons on sugar;\nsqueeze them, and add the juice with half a pound of sugar. Mix;\nfreeze. One quart.\nPINE-APPLE ICE CREAM--Take one pound of pineapple, when peeled,\nbruise it in a marble mortar, pass it through a hair sieve, add\nthree-quarters of a pound of powdered sugar, and one pint of cream.\nFreeze.\nRASPBERRY AND CURRANT ICE CREAM--Take one pound of raspberries, half\na pound of red currants, three-quarters of a pound of sugar, and one\npint of cream. Strain, color and freeze. One quart.\nSTRAWBERRY ICE CREAM--Take two pounds of fresh strawberries, carefully\npicked, and, with a wooden spoon, rub them through a hair sieve, and\nabout half a pound of powdered sugar, and the juice of one lemon;\ncolor with a few drops of prepared cochineal; cream, one pint; then\nfreeze. This will make a reputed quart. When fresh strawberries are\nnot in season take strawberry jam, the juice of two lemons, cream,\nto one quart. Color, strain, and freeze. Milk may be substituted for\ncream, and makes good ices. If too much sugar is used, the ices will\nprove watery, or, perhaps not freeze at all.\nVANILLA ICE CREAM--Pound one stick of vanilla, or sufficient to flavor\nit to palate, in a mortar, with half a pound of sugar; strain through\na sieve upon the yolks of two eggs, put it into a stewpan, with half a\npint of milk; simmer over a slow fire, stirring all the time, the\nsame as custard; when cool add one pint of cream and the juice of one\nlemon; freeze. One quart.\nCHERRY WATER-ICE--One lb. cherries, bruised in a mortar with the stones;\nadd the juice of two lemons, half a pint of water, one pint of clarified\nsugar, one glass of noyeau, and a little color; strain; freeze. One\nquart.\nLEMON WATER-ICE.--Take two lemons, and rasp them on sugar, the juice\nof six lemons, the juice of one orange, one pint of clarified sugar,\nand half a pint of water. Mix; strain through a hair sieve; freeze.\nOne quart.\nMELON WATER-ICE.--Half a lb. of ripe melon pounded in a mortar, two\nounces of orange-flower water, the juice of two lemons, half a pint of\nwater and one pint of clarified sugar; strain; freeze. One quart.\nSTRAWBERRY OR RASPBERRY WATER-ICE.--One pound of scarlet strawberries\nor raspberries, half a pound currants, half a pint of water, one pint\nof clarified sugar, and a little color; strain and freeze. One quart.\nAPPLE JELLY.--Cut the apples and boil in water to cover, boil down,\nthen strain, and take a pound of sugar to a pint of juice, then boil\nfifteen minutes hard.\nAPPLE JELLY.--Cut off all spots and decayed places on the apples;\nquarter them, but do not pare or core them; put in the peel of as many\nlemons as you like, about two to six or eight dozen of the apples;\nfill the preserving-pan, and cover the fruit with spring water; boil\nthem till they are in pulp, then pour them into a jelly-bag; let them\nstrain all night, do not squeeze them. To every pint of juice put one\npound of white sugar; put in the juice of the lemons you had before\npared, but strain it through muslin. You may also put in about a\nteaspoonful of essense of lemon; let it boil for at least twenty\nminutes; it will look redder than at first; skim it well at the time.\nPut it either in shapes or pots, and cover it the next day. It ought\nto be quite stiff and very clear.\nAPPLE JELLY.--Prepare twenty golden pippins; boil them in a pint and\na half of water from the spring till quite tender; then strain the\nliquor through a colander. To every pint put a pound of fine sugar;\nadd cinnamon, grated orange or lemon; then boil to a jelly.\nANOTHER.--Prepare apples as before, by boiling and straining; have\nready half an ounce of isinglass boiled in half a pint of water to a\njelly; put this to the apple-water and apple, as strained through\na coarse sieve; add sugar, a little lemon-juice and peel; boil all\ntogether, and put into a dish. Take out the peel.\nCALF'S FOOT LEMON JELLY--Boil four quarts of water with three calf's\nfeet, or two cow heels, till half wasted; take the jelly from the fat\nand sediment, mix with it the juice of a Seville orange and twelve\nlemons, the peels of three ditto, the whites and shells of twelve\neggs, sugar to taste, a pint of raisin wine, 1 oz. of coriander seeds,\n1/4 oz. of allspice, a bit of cinnamon, and six cloves, all bruised,\nafter having mixed them cold. The jelly should boil fifteen minutes\nwithout stirring; then clear it through a flannel bag.\nCHERRY JELLY.--Cherries, 5 lbs.; stone them; red currants, 2 lbs.;\nstrain them, that the liquor may be clear; add 2 lbs. of sifted loaf\nsugar, and 2 ozs. of isinglass.\nCHOCOLATE CARAMEL--One pint milk, half pound butter, half pound\nCadbury's chocolate, three pounds sugar, two spoons vanilla. Boil\nslowly until brittle.\nCURRANT JELLY, RED OR BLACK--Strip the fruit, and in a stone jar stew\nthem in a saucepan of water or on the fire; strain off the liquor, and\nto every pint weigh 1 lb. of loaf sugar; put the latter in large lumps\ninto it, in a stone or China vessel, till nearly dissolved; then put\nit into a pre-serving-pan; simmer and skim. When it will jelly on a\nplate put it in small jars or glasses.\nGREEN GOOSEBERRY JELLY--Place the berries in hot water on a slow fire\ntill they rise to the surface; take off; cool with a little water, add\nalso a little vinegar and salt to green them. In two hours drain, and\nput them in cold water a minute; drain, and mix with an equal weight\nof sugar; boil slowly 20 minutes; sieve, and put into glasses.\nICELAND MOSS JELLY--Moss, 1/2 to 1 oz.; water, 1 quart. Simmer down to\n1/2 pint. Add fine sugar and a little lemon juice. It may be improved\nwith 1/4 ounce of isinglass. The moss should first be steeped in cold\nwater an hour or two. ISINGLASS JELLY--Boil one ounce of isinglass in\na quart of water, with 1/4 ounce of Jamaica pepper-corns or cloves,\nand a crust of bread, till reduced to a pint. Add sugar. It keeps\nwell, and may be taken in wine and water, milk, tea, soup, etc.\nLEMON JELLY CAKE--Take four eggs, one cup sugar, butter the size of an\negg, one and a half cups flour, half cup sweet milk, two teaspoons of\nbaking powder. Jelly.--One grated lemon, one grated apple, one egg,\none cup sugar, beat all together, put in a tin and stir till boils.\nLEMON JELLY--Take one and a half packages of gelatine, one pint cold\nwater, soak two hours, then add two teacups sugar, one pint boiling\nwater; stir all together, add the juice of two lemons or one wineglass\nwine, strain through a cloth, and put in a mold.\nORANGE JELLY--It may be made the same as lemon jelly, which see. Grate\nthe rind of two Seville and of two China oranges, and two lemons;\nsqueeze the juice of three of each, and strain, and add to the juice\na quarter of a pound of lump sugar, a quarter of a pint of water, and\nboil till it almost candies. Have ready a quart of isinglass jelly\nmade with two ounces; put to it the syrup, boil it once up; strain off\nthe jelly, and let it stand to settle as above, before it is put into\nthe mold.\nQUINCE JELLY--Cut in pieces a sufficient quantity of quinces; draw off\nthe juice by boiling them in water, in which they ought only to swim,\nno more. When fully done drain, and have ready clarified sugar, of\nwhich put one spoonful to two of the juice; bring the sugar to the\n_souffle_; add the juice, and finish. When it drops from the skimmer\nit is enough; take it off, and pot it.\nJELLY OF SIBERIAN CRABS--Take off the stalks, weigh and wash the\ncrabs. To each one and a half pounds, add one pint of water. Boil them\ngently until broken, but do not allow them to fall to a pulp. Pour\nthe whole through a jelly-bag, and when the juice is quite transparent\nweigh it; put it into a clean preserving-pan, boil it quickly for ten\nminutes, then add ten ounces of fine sugar to each pound of juice;\nboil it from twelve to fifteen minutes, skim it very clean, and pour\ninto molds.\nSIBERIAN CRAB-APPLE JELLY--Mash the crab apples, take off steins and\nheads, put in pot, cover with water, let them boil to a pulp, then\nturn them in a flannel bag, and leave all night to strain, then add\none pound of sugar to a pint of juice, boil ten to fifteen minutes,\nskim and put in jelly glasses.\nSIBERIAN CRAB JELLY--Fill a large flannel bag with crabs. Put the bag\nin a preserving-pan of spring water, and boil for about seven hours;\nthen take out the bag, and fill it so that all the syrup can run\nthrough, and the water that remains in the pan; and to each pint of\nsyrup add one pound of loaf sugar, and boil for about an hour, and it\nwill be a clear, bright red jelly.\nTelegraph wires have to be renewed every five or seven years. The\nWestern Union Telegraph Company exchange about one thousand tons of\nold wire for new every year. The new wire costs from seven to eight\ncents per pound, and for the old about one-eighth of a cent a pound is\nallowed.\nHOW TO SELECT AND COOK MEATS\nHOW TO DRESS BACON AND BEANS--When you dress beans and bacon, boil the\nbacon by itself, and the beans by themselves, for the bacon will spoil\nthe color of the beans. Always throw some salt into the water and some\nparsley nicely picked. When the beans are done enough, which you will\nknow by their being tender, throw them into a colander to drain. Take\nup the bacon and skin it; throw some raspings of the bread over the\ntop, and if you have a salamander, make it red hot, and hold it over\nit to brown the top of the bacon; if you have not one, set it before\nthe fire to brown. Lay the beans in the dish, and the bacon in the\nmiddle on the top, and send them to table, with butter in a tureen.\nCORNED BEEF--Make the following pickle: Water, 2 gallons; salt,\n2-1/2 lbs.; molasses, 1/2 lb.; sugar, 1 lb.; saltpetre, 1-1/2 ozs.;\npearlash, 1/4 oz. Boil all together; skim, and pour the pickle on\nabout 25 lbs. of beef. Let it stay in a few days. Boil in plenty\nof water when cooked to remove the salt, and eat with it plenty of\nvegetables. It is nice to eat cold, and makes excellent sandwiches.\nROLLED BEEF--Hang three ribs three or four days; take out the bones\nfrom the whole length, sprinkle it with salt, roll the meat tight and\nroast it. Nothing can look nicer. The above done with spices, etc.,\nand baked as hunters' beef is excellent.\nBEEF, ROLLED TO EQUAL HARE--Take the inside of a large sirloin,\nsoak it in a glass of port wine and a glass of vinegar mixed, for\nforty-eight hours; have ready a very fine stuffing, and bind it up\ntight. Roast it on a hanging spit; and baste it with a glass of port\nwine, the same quantity of vinegar, and a teaspoonful of pounded\nallspice. Larding it improves the look and flavor; serve with a rich\ngravy in the dish; currant-jelly and melted butter in tureens.\nROUND OF BEEF--Should be carefully salted and wet with the pickle\nfor eight or ten days. The bone should be cut out first, and the beef\nskewered and tied up to make it quite round. It may be stuffed with\nparsley, if approved, in which case the holes to admit the parsley\nmust be made with a sharp pointed knife, and the parsley coarsely cut\nand stuffed in tight. As soon as it boils, it should be skimmed: and\nafterwards kept boiling very gently.\nBEEF STEAK, STEWED--Peel and chop two spanish onions, cut into\nsmall parts four pickled walnuts, and put them at the bottom of a\nstewpan; add a teacupful of mushroom ketchup, two teaspoonfuls of\nwalnut ditto, one of shalot, one of chile vinegar, and a lump of\nbutter. Let the rump-steak be cut about three-quarters of an inch\nthick, and beat it flat with a rolling-pin, place the meat on the top\nof the onions, etc., let it stew for one hour and a half, turning it\nevery twenty minutes. Ten minutes before serving up, throw a dozen\noysters with the liquor strained.\nBEEF STEAK AND OYSTER SAUCE--Select a good, tender rump-steak, about\nan inch thick, and broil it carefully. Nothing but experience and\nattention will serve in broiling a steaks; one thing, however, is\nalways to be remembered, never malt or season broiled meat until\ncooked. Have the gridiron clean and hot, grease it with either butter,\nor good lard, before laying on the meat, to prevent its sticking or\nmarking the meat; have clear, bright coals, and turn it frequently.\nwhen cooked, cover tightly, and have ready nicely stewed oysters; then\nlay the steak in a hot dish and pour over some of the oysters. Serve\nthe rest in a tureen. Twenty-five oysters will make a nice sauce for a\nsteak.\nFRICASSEE OF COLD ROAST BEEF--Cut the beef into very thin slices;\nshred a handful of parsley very small, cut an onion into quarters,\nand put all together into a stewpan, with a piece of butter, and some\nstrong broth; season with salt and pepper, and simmer very gently a\nquarter of an hour; then mix into it the yolks of two eggs, a glass\nof port wine, and a spoonful of vinegar; stir it quickly, rub the dish\nwith shalot, and turn the fricassee into it.\nBRAWN--Clean a pig's head, and rub it over with salt and a little\nsaltpetre, and let it lie two or three days; then boil it until the\nbones will leave the meat; season with salt and pepper, and lay the\nmeat hot in a mold, and press and weigh it down for a few hours. Boil\nanother hour, covering. Be sure and cut the tongue, and lay the slices\nin the middle, as it much improves the flavor.\nCALF'S LIVER AND BACON--Cut the liver into slices, and fry it first,\nthen the bacon; lay the liver in the dish, and the bacon upon it;\nserve it up with gravy, made in the pan with boiling water, thickened\nwith flour and butter, and lemon juice; and, if agreeable, a little\nparsley and onion may be chopped into it, or a little boiled parsley\nstrewed over the liver. Garnish with slices of lemon.\nNICE FORM OF COLD MEATS--Remains of boiled ham, mutton, roast beef,\netc., are good chopped fine with hard boiled eggs, two heads of\nlettuce, a bit of onion, and seasoned with mustard, oil, vinegar, and,\nif needed, more salt. Fix it smoothly in a salad dish, and adorn the\nedges with sprigs of parsley or leaves of curled lettuce. Keep by the\nice or in a cool place until wanted.\nFRIED HAM AND EGGS--Cut thin slices, place in the pan, and fry\ncarefully. Do not burn. When done break the eggs into the fat; pepper\nslightly; keep them whole; do not turn them.\nHam rushers may be served with spinach and poached eggs.\nTO COOK HAM--Scrape it clean. Do not put into cold nor boiling water.\nlet the water become warm; then put the ham in. Simmer or boil\nlightly for five or six hours; take out, and shave the rind off. Rub\ngranulated sugar into the whole surface of the ham, so long as it can\nbe made to receive it. Place the ham in a baking-dish with a bottle of\nchampagne or prime cider. Baste occasionally with the juice, and let\nit bake an hour in a gentle heat.\nA slice from a nicely cured ham thus cooked is enough to animate the\nribs of death.\nOr, having taken off the rind, strew bread crumbs or raspings over\nit, so as to cover it; set it before the fire, or in the oven till\nthe bread is crisp and brown. Garnish with carrots, parsley, etc. The\nwater should simmer all the time, and never boil fast.\nHAM AND CHICKEN, IN JELLY--This is a nice dish for supper or luncheon.\nmake with a small knuckle of veal some good white stock. When cold, skim\nand strain it; melt it, and put a quart of it into a saucepan with the\nwell beaten whites of three eggs; a dessert-spoonful of chili, or a\ntablespoonful of tarragon vinegar, and a little salt. Beat the mixture\nwell with a fork till it boils; let it simmer till it is reduced to a\nlittle more than a pint; strain it; put half of it into a mold; let it\nnearly set. Cut the meat of a roast chicken into small thin pieces;\narrange it in the jelly with some neat little slices of cold boiled ham,\nand sprinkle chopped parsley between the slices. When it has got quite\ncold, pour in the remainder of the jelly, and stand the mold in cold\nwater, or in a cool place, so that it sets speedily. Dip the mold in\nboiling water to turn it out. Do not let it remain in the water more\nthan a minute, or it will spoil the appearance of the dish. Garnish with\na wreath of parsley.\nLEG OF LAMB--Should be boiled in a cloth to look as white as possible;\nthe loin fried in steaks and served round, garnished with dried\nor fried parsley; spinach to eat with it; or dressed separately or\nroasted.\nLOIN OF MUTTON--Take off the skin, separate the joints with the\nchopper; if a large size, cut the chine-bone with a saw, so as to\nallow it to be carved in smaller pieces; run a small spit from one\nextremity to the other, and affix it to a larger spit, and roast it\nlike the haunch. A loin weighing six pounds will take one hour to\nroast.\nOBSERVATIONS ON MEAT--In all kinds of provisions, the best of the kind\ngoes the farthest; it cuts out with most advantage, and affords most\nnourishment. Round of beef, fillet of veal, and leg of mutton, are\njoints of higher price; but as they have more solid meat, they deserve\nthe preference. But those joints which are inferior may be dressed as\npalatably.\nIn loins of meat, the long pipe that runs by the bone should be\ntaken out, as it is apt to taint; as also the kernels of beef. Do not\npurchase joints bruised by the blows of drovers.\nSave shank bones of mutton to enrich gravies or soups.\nWhen sirloins of beef, or loins of veal or mutton, come in, part of\nthe suet may be cut off for puddings, or to clarify.\nDripping will baste anything as well as butter; except fowls and game;\nand for kitchen pies, nothing else should be used.\nThe fat of a neck or loin of mutton makes a far lighter pudding than\nsuet.\nFrosted meat and vegetables should be soaked in _cold water_ two or\nthree hours before using.\nIf the weather permit, meat eats much better for hanging two or three\ndays before it is salted.\nRoast-beef bones, or shank bones of ham, make fine peas-soup; and\nshould be boiled with the peas the day before eaten, that the fat may\nbe taken off.\nBOILED LEG OF MUTTON--Soak well for an hour or two in salt and water;\ndo not use much salt. Wipe well and boil in a floured cloth. Boil from\ntwo hours to two hours and a half. Serve with caper sauce, potatoes,\nmashed turnips, greens, oyster sauce, etc.\n--> To preserve the gravy in the\nleg, do not put it in the water till it boils; for the sudden contact\nwith water causes a slight film over the surface, which prevents the\nescape of the gravy, which is abundant when carved.\nHOW TO HASH MUTTON.--Cut thin slices of dressed mutton, fat and lean;\nflour them; have ready a little onion boiled in two or three spoonfuls\nof water; add to it a little gravy and the meat seasoned, and make\nit hot, but not to boil. Serve in a covered dish. Instead of onion, a\nclove, a spoonful of current jelly, and half a glass of port wine will\ngive an agreeable flavor of venison, if the meat be fine.\nPickled cucumber, or walnut cut small, warm in it for change.\nHOW TO PREPARE PIG'S CHEEK FOR BOILING.--Cut off the snout, and clean\nthe head; divide it, and take out the eyes and the brains; sprinkle\nthe head with salt, and let it drain 24 hours. Salt it with common\nsalt and saltpetre; let it lie nine days if to be dressed without\nstewing with peas, but less if to be dressed with peas, and it must be\nwashed first, and then simmer till all is tender.\nPIG'S FEET AND EARS.--Clean carefully, and soak some hours, and boil\nthem tender; then take them out; boil some vinegar and a little salt\nwith some of the water, and when cold put it over them. When they are\nto be dressed, dry them, cut the feet in two, and slice the ears; fry,\nand serve with butter, mustard and vinegar. They may be either done in\nbatter, or only floured.\nPORK, LOIN OF.--Score it, and joint it, that the chops may separate\neasily; and then roast it as a loin of mutton. Or, put it into\nsufficient water to cover it; simmer till almost enough; then peel off\nthe skin, and coat it with yolk of egg and bread crumbs, and roast for\n15 or 20 minutes, till it is done enough.\nHOW TO PICKLE PORK.--Cut the pork in such pieces as will lie in the\npickling tub; rub each piece with saltpetre; then take one part bay\nsalt, and two parts common salt, and rub each piece well; lay them\nclose in the tub, and throw salt over them.\nSome use a little sal prunnella, and a little sugar.\nPORK PIE, TO EAT COLD.--Raise a common boiled crust into either a\nround or oval form, which you choose, have ready the trimmings and\nsmall bits of pork cut off a sweet bone, when the hog is killed, beat\nit with a rolling-pin, season with pepper and salt, and keep the fat\nand lean separate, put it in layers quite close to the top, lay on the\nlid, cut the edge smooth, round, and pinch it; bake in a slow-soaking\noven, as the meat is very solid. Observe, put no bone or water in the\npork pie; the outside pieces will be hard if they are not cut small\nand pressed close.\nHOW TO ROAST A LEG OF PORK.--Choose a small leg of fine young pork;\ncut a slit in the knuckle with a sharp knife; and fill the space with\nsage and onion chopped, and a little pepper and salt. When half done,\nscore the skin in slices, but don't cut deeper than the outer rind.\nApple sauce and potatoes should be served to eat with it.\nPORK, ROLLED NECK OF.--Bone it; put a forcemeat of chopped sage, a\nvery few crumbs of bread, salt, pepper and two or three berries of\nallspice over the inside; then roll the meat as tight as you can, and\nroast it slowly, and at a good distance at first.\nCHINE OF PORK.--Salt three days before cooking. Wash it well; score\nthe skin, and roast with sage and onions finely shred. Serve with\napple sauce.--the chine is often sent to the table boiled.\nHOW TO COLLAR PORK.--Bone a breast or spring of pork; season it with\nplenty of thyme, parsley and sage; roll it hard; put in a cloth, tie\nboth ends, and boil it; then press it; when cold, take it out of the\ncloth, and keep it in its own liquor.\nPORK AS LAMB.--Kill a young pig of four or five months old: cut up the\nforequarter for roasting as you do lamb, and truss the shank close.\nThe other parts will make delicate pickled pork; or steaks, pies, etc.\nPORK SAUSAGES.--Take 6 lbs. of young pork, free from gristle, or fat;\ncut small and beat fine in a mortar. Chop 6 lbs. of beef suet very\nfine; pick off the leaves of a hand-full of sage, and shred it fine;\nspread the meat on a clean dresser, and shake the sage over the meat;\nshred the rind of a lemon very fine, and throw it, with sweet herbs,\non the meat; grate two nutmegs, to which put a spoonful of pepper,\nand a large spoonful of salt: throw the suet over, and mix all well\ntogether. Put it down close in the pot; and when you use it, roll it\nup with as much egg as will make it roll smooth.\nSAUSAGE ROLLS.--One pound of flour, half a pound of the best lard,\nquarter of a pound of butter, and the yolks of three eggs well beaten.\nPut the flour into a dish, make a hole in the middle of it, and rub\nin about one ounce of the lard, then the yolks of the eggs, and enough\nwater to mix the whole into a smooth paste. Roll it out about an inch\nthick; flour your paste and board. Put the butter and lard in a lump\ninto the paste, sprinkle it with flour, and turn the paste over it;\nbeat it with a rolling-pin until you have got it flat enough to roll;\nroll it lightly until very thin; then divide your meat and put it into\ntwo layers of paste, and pinch the ends. Sausage rolls are now usually\nmade small. Two pounds of sausage meat will be required for this\nquantity of paste, and it will make about two and a half dozen of\nrolls. Whites of the eggs should be beaten a little, and brushed over\nthe rolls to glaze them. They will require from twenty minutes to\nhalf an hour to bake, and should be served on a dish covered with a\nneatly-folded napkin.\nSPICED BEEF.--Take a round of an ox; or young heifer, from 20 to 40\nlbs. Cut it neatly, so that the thin flank end can wrap nearly round.\nTake from 2 to 4 ounces salpetre, and 1 ounce of coarse sugar, and two\nhandfuls of common salt. mix them well together and rub it all over.\nthe next day salt it well as for boiling. Let it lie from two to three\nweeks, turning it every two or three days. Take out of the pickle,\nand wipe it dry. then take cloves, mace, well powdered, a spoonful\nof gravy, and rub it well into the beef. Roll it up as tightly as\npossible; skewer it, and tie it up tight. Pour in the liquor till the\nmeat is quite saturated, in which state it must be kept.\nSTEWED BEEF.--Take five pounds of buttock, place it in a deep dish;\nhalf a pint of white wine vinegar, three bay leaves, two or three\ncloves, salt and pepper; turn it over twice the first day, and every\nmorning after for a week or ten days. Boil half a pound or a quarter\nof a pound of butter, and throw in two onions, chopped very small,\nfour cloves, and some pepper-corns; stew five hours till tender and a\nnice light brown.\nHOW TO BOIL TONGUE.--If the tongue be a dry one, steep in water\nall night. Boil it three hours. If you prefer it hot, stick it with\ncloves. Clear off the scum, and add savory herbs when it has boiled\ntwo hours; but this is optional. Rub it over with the yolk of an egg;\nstrew over it bread crumbs; baste it with butter; set it before the\nfire till it is of a light brown. When you dish it up, pour a little\nbrown gravy, or port wine sauce mixed the same way as for venison. Lay\nslices of currant jelly around it.\nHOW TO FRICASSEE TRIPE.--Cut into small square pieces. Put them into\nthe stewpan with as much sherry as will cover them, with pepper,\nginger, a blade of mace, sweet herbs and an onion. Stew 15 minutes.\ntake out the herbs and onion, and put in a little shred of parsley,\nthe juice of a small lemon, half an anchovy cut small, a gill of cream\nand a little butter, or yolk of an egg. Garnish with lemon.\nHOW TO FRY TRIPE.--Cut the tripe into small square pieces; dip them in\nyolks of eggs, and fry them in good dripping, till nicely brown; take\nout and drain, and serve with plain melted butter.\nVEAL CUTLETS, MAINTENON.--Cut slices about three quarters of an inch\nthick, beat them with a rolling-pin, and wet them on both sides\nwith egg; dip them into a seasoning of bread crumbs, parsley, thyme,\nknotted marjoram, pepper, salt and a little nutmeg grated; then put\nthem in papers folded over, and broil them; and serve with a boat of\nmelted butter, with a little mushroom ketchup.\nVEAL CUTLETS.--Another way.--Prepare as above, and fry them; lay into\na dish, and keep them hot; dredge a little flour, and put a bit of\nbutter into the pan; brown it, then pour some boiling water into it\nand boil quickly; season with pepper, salt and ketchup and pour over\nthem.\nANOTHER WAY.--Prepare as before, and dress the cutlets in a dutch\noven; pour over them melted butter and mushrooms.\nFILLET OF VEAL.--Veal requires a good, bright fire for roasting.\nbefore cooking, stuff with a force-meat, composed of 2 ozs. of\nfinely-powdered bread crumbs, half a lemon-peel chopped fine, half a\nteaspoonful of salt, and the same quantity of mixed mace and cayenne\npepper, powdered parsley, and some sweet herbs; break an egg, and mix\nall well together. Baste your joint with fresh butter, and send it\nto table well browned. A nice bit of bacon should be served with the\nfillet of veal, unless ham is provided.\nVEAL PATTIES.--Mince some veal that is not quite done with a little\nparsley, lemon-peel, a scrape of nutmeg, and a bit of salt; add a\nlittle cream and gravy just to moisten the meat; and add a little ham.\ndo not warm it till the patties are baked.\nVEAL PIE.--Take some of the middle, or scrag, of a small neck; season\nit; and either put to it, or not, a few slices of lean bacon or ham.\nIf it is wanted of a high relish, add mace, cayenne, and nutmeg, to\nthe salt and pepper; and also force-meat and eggs; and if you choose,\nadd truffles, morels, mushrooms, sweet-bread, cut into small bits, and\ncocks'-combs blanched, if liked. Have a rich gravy ready, to pour\nin after baking. It will be very good without any of the latter\nadditions.\nCOMMON VEAL PIE.--Cut a breast of veal into pieces; season with pepper\nand salt, and lay them in the dish. Boil hard six or eight yolks of\neggs, and put them into different places in the pie; pour in as much\nwater as will nearly fill the dish; put on the lid, and bake. _Lamb\nPie_ may be done this way.\nSTEWED VEAL.--Cut the veal as for small cutlets; put into the bottom of\na pie-dish a layer of the veal, and sprinkle it with some finely-rubbed\nsweet basil and chopped parsley, the grated rind of one lemon with the\njuice, half a nut-meg, grated, a little salt and pepper; and cut into\nvery small pieces [Transcriber's note: the original text reads 'peices']\na large spoonful of butter; then another layer of slices of veal, with\nexactly the same seasoning as before; and over this pour one pint of\nLisbon wine and half a pint of cold water; then cover it over very\nthickly with grated stale bread; put this in the oven and bake slowly\nfor three-quarters of an hour, and brown it. Serve it in a pie-dish hot.\nBREAST OF VEAL STUFFED--Cut off the gristle of a breast of veal, and\nraise the meat off the bones, then lay a good force-meat, made of\npounded veal, some sausage-meat, parsley, and a few shalots chopped\nvery fine, and well seasoned with pepper, salt, and nutmeg; then roll\nthe veal tightly, and sew it with fine twine to keep it in shape, and\nprevent the force-meat escaping; lay some slices of fat bacon in a\nstew-pan, and put the veal roll on it; add some stock, pepper,\nsalt, and a bunch of sweet herbs; let it stew three hours, then cut\ncarefully out the twine, strain the sauce after skimming it well,\nthicken it with brown flour; let it boil up once, and pour it over the\nveal garnish with slices of lemon, each cut in four. A fillet of veal\nfirst stuffed with force-meat can be dressed in the same manner,\nbut is must first be roasted, so as to brown it a good color; and\nforce-meat balls, highly seasoned, should be served round the veal.\nHOW TO MAKE PIES\nOF VARIOUS KINDS\nBEEF-STEAK PIE--Prepare the steaks as stated under _Beefsteaks_, and\nwhen seasoned and rolled with fat in each, put them in a dish with puff\npaste round the edges; put a little water in the dish, and cover it with\na good crust.\nCHICKEN PIE--Cut the chicken in pieces, and boil nearly\ntender. Make a rich crust with an egg or two to make it light and\npuffy. Season the chicken and slices of ham with pepper, salt, mace,\nnutmeg, and cayenne. Put them in layers, first the ham, chicken,\nforce-meat balls, and hard eggs in layers. Make a gravy of knuckle of\nveal, mutton bones, seasoned with herbs, onions, pepper, etc. Pour it\nover the contents of the pie, and cover with paste. Bake an hour.\nCOCOANUT PIE--Take a teacup of cocoanut, put it into a coffee-cup,\nfill it up with sweet milk, and let it soak a few hours. When ready\nto bake the pie, take two tablespoonfuls of flour, mix with milk, and\nstir in three-fourths of a cup of milk (or water); place on the stove,\nand stir until it thickens. Add butter the size of a walnut, while\nwarm. When cool, add a little salt, two eggs, saving out the white\nof one for the top. Sweeten to taste. Add the cocoanut, beating well.\nFill the crust and bake. When done, have the extra white beaten ready\nto spread over the top. Return to the oven and brown lightly.\nCREAM PIE--Take eight eggs, eight ounces pounded sugar, eight ounces\nflour, put all together into a stew-pan with two glasses of milk, stir\nuntil it boils, then add quarter pound of butter, and quarter pound of\nalmonds, chopped fine; mix well together, make paste, roll it out half\nan inch thick, cut out a piece the size of a teaplate, put in a baking\ntin, spread out on it the cream, and lay strips of paste across each\nway and a plain broad piece around the edge, egg and sugar the top and\nbake in a quick oven.\nFISH PIE--Pike, perch and carp may be made into very savory pies if\ncut into fillets, seasoned and baked in paste, sauce made of veal\nbroth, or cream put in before baking.\nGAME PIE--Divide the birds, if large, into pieces or joints. They may\nbe pheasants, partridges, etc. Add a little bacon or ham. Season well.\nCover with puff paste, and bake carefully. Pour into the pie half a\ncupful of melted butter, the juice of a lemon, and a glass of sherry,\nwhen rather more than half baked.\nGIBLET PIE--Clean the giblets well; stew with a little water, onion,\npepper, salt, sweet herbs, till nearly done. Cool, and add beef, veal\nor mutton steaks. Put the liquor of the stew to the giblets. Cover\nwith paste, and when the pie is baked, pour into it a large teacupful\nof cream. LAMB PASTY--Bone the lamb, cut it into square pieces; season\nwith salt, pepper, cloves, mace, nutmeg, and minced thyme; lay in some\nbeef suet, and the lamb upon it, making a high border about it; then\nturn over the paste close, and bake it. When it is enough, put in some\nclaret, sugar, vinegar, and the yolks of eggs, beaten, together. To\nhave the sauce only savory, and not sweet, let it be gravy only, or\nthe baking of bones in claret.\nSALMON PIE.--Grate the rind of one small lemon, or half a large one;\nbeat the yolks of 2 eggs; 4 tablespoons of sugar; beat all together;\nadd to this 1/2 pint of cold water, with 1-1/2 tablespoons of flour in\nit; rub smooth so there will be no lumps; beat the whites of two eggs\nto a stiff froth; stir this in your pie-custard before you put it in\nthe pan. Bake with one crust, and bake slowly.\nSALMON PIE--Grate the rind of a lemon into the yolks of three fresh\neggs; beat for five minutes, adding three heaping tablespoonfuls of\ngranulated sugar; after squeezing in the juice of the lemon add half a\nteacupful of water; mix all thoroughly, and place in a crust the\nsame as made for custard pie; place in oven and bake slowly. Take\nthe whites of the three eggs, and beat to a stiff froth, adding two\ntablespoonfuls of pulverized sugar, and juice of half a lemon; after\nthe pie bakes and is cool, place the frosting on top, and put into a\nhot oven to brown.\nMINCE-MEAT--There are various opinions as to the result of adding\nmeat to the sweet ingredients used in making this favorite dish. Many\nhousewives think it an improvement, and use either the under-cut of\na well-roasted surloin of beef or a boiled fresh ox-tongue for the\npurpose. Either of these meats may be chosen with advantage, and one\npound, after it has been cooked, will be found sufficient; this\nshould be freed from fat, and well minced. In making mince-meat, each\ningredient should be minced separately and finely before it is added\nto the others. For a moderate quantity, take two pounds of raisins\n(stoned), the same quantity of currants, well washed and dried, ditto\nof beef suet, chopped fine, one pound of American apples, pared and\ncored, two pounds of moist sugar, half a pound of candied orange-peel,\nand a quarter of a pound of citron, the grated rinds of three lemons,\none grated nutmeg, a little mace, half an ounce of salt, and one\nteaspoonful of ginger. After having minced the fruit separately, mix\nall well together with the hand; then add half a pint of French brandy\nand the same of sherry. Mix well with a spoon, press it down in jars,\nand cover it with a bladder.\nGOOD MINCE PIES.--Six pounds beef; 5 pounds suet; 5 pounds sugar;\n2 ounces allspice; 2 ounces cloves; 3/4 pound cinnamon; 1/2 pint\nmolasses; 1-1/4 pounds seedless raisins; 2 pounds currants; 1/2 pound\ncitron chopped fine; 1 pound almonds, chopped fine; 2 oranges; 1\nlemon-skin, and all chopped fine; 2 parts chopped apples to one of\nmeat; brandy and cider to taste.\nMOCK MINCE PIES.--One teacup of bread; one of vinegar; one of water;\none of raisins; one of sugar; one of molasses; one half-cup of butter;\none teaspoon of cloves; one of nutmeg; one of cinnamon. The quantity\nis sufficient for three pies. They are equally as good as those made\nin the usual way.\nPOTATO PASTY.--Boil and peel and mash potatoes as fine as possible;\nmix them with salt, pepper, and a good bit of butter. Make a paste;\nroll it out thin like a large puff, and put in the potato; fold over\none half, pinching the edges. Bake in a moderate oven.\nPOTATO PIE.--Skin some potatoes and cut them in slices; season them;\nand also some mutton, beef, pork or veal, and a lump of butter. Put\nlayers of them and of the meat. A few eggs boiled and chopped fine\nimproves it.\nVEAL AND HAM PIE.--Cut about one pound and a half of veal into thin\nslices, as also a quarter of a pound of cooked ham; season the veal\nrather highly with white pepper and salt, with which cover the bottom\nof the dish; then lay over a few slices of ham, then the remainder of\nthe veal, finishing with the remainder of the ham; add a wineglassful\nof water, and cover with a good paste, and bake; a bay-leaf will be an\nimprovement.\nVINEGAR PIE.--Five tablespoons vinegar, five sugar, two flour, two\nwater, a little nutmeg. Put in dish and bake.\nHOW TO MAKE PRESERVES\nOF VARIOUS KINDS\nAPPLE JAM.--Fill a wide jar nearly half full of water; cut the apples\nunpeeled into quarters, take out the core, then fill the jar with the\napples; tie a paper over it, and put it into a slow oven. When quite\nsoft and cool, pulp them through a sieve. To each pound of pulp put\nthree-quarters of a pound of crushed sugar, and boil it gently until it\nwill jelly. Put it into large tart dishes or jars. It will keep for five\nor more years in a cool, dry place. If for present use, or a month\nhence, half a pound of sugar is enough.\nAPPLE MARMALADE.--Scald apples till they will pulp from the core; then\ntake an equal weight of sugar in large lumps, just dip them in water,\nand boil it till it can be well skimmed, and is a thick syrup, put to\nit the pulp, and simmer it on a quick fire a quarter of an hour. Grate\na little lemon-peel before boiled, but if too much it will be bitter.\nBARBERRY JAM.--The barberries for this preserve should be quite ripe,\nthough they should not be allowed to hang until they begin to decay.\nStrip them from the stalks; throw aside such as are spotted, and for\none pound of fruit allow eighteen ounces well-refined sugar; boil\nthis, with about a pint of water to every four pounds, until it\nbecomes white, and falls in thick masses from the spoon; then throw in\nthe fruit, and keep it stirred over a brisk fire for six minutes only;\ntake off the scum, and pour it into jars or glasses. Sugar four and\na half pounds; water a pint and a quarter, boil to candy height;\nbarberries four pounds; six minutes.\nHOW TO PRESERVE BLACK CURRANTS.--Get the currants when they are dry,\nand pick them; to every 1-1/4 lbs. of currants put 1 lb. of sugar into\na preserving pan, with as much juice of currants as will dissolve it;\nwhen it boils skim it, and put in the currants, and boil them till\nthey are clear; put them into a jar, lay brandy paper over them, tie\nthem down, and keep in a dry place. A little raspberry juice is an\nimprovement.\nCHERRY JAM.--Pick and stone 4 lbs. of May-duke cherries; press them\nthrough a sieve; then boil together half a pint of red currant or\nraspberry juice, and 3/4 lb. of white sugar, put the cherries into\nthem while boiling; add 1 lb. of fine white sugar. Boil quickly 35\nminutes, jar, and cover well.\nCHERRY MARMALADE.--Take some very ripe cherries; cut off the stalks\nand take out the stones; crush them and boil them well; put them into\na hand sieve, and force them through with a spatula, till the whole is\npressed through and nothing remains but the skins; put it again upon\nthe fire to dry; when reduced to half weigh it, and add an equal\nweight of sugar; boil again; and when it threads between the fingers,\nit is finished.\nHOW TO PRESERVE CURRANTS FOR TARTS.--Let the currants be ripe, dry and\nwell picked. To every 1-1/4 lbs. of currants put 1 lb. of sugar into\na preserving pan with as much juice of currants as will dissolve it;\nwhen it boils skim it, and put in the currants; boil till clear; jar,\nand put brandy-paper over; tie down; keep in a dry place.\nHOW TO PRESERVE GRAPES.--Into an air-tight cask put a layer of bran\ndried in an oven; upon this place a layer of grapes, well dried, and\nnot quite ripe, and so on alternately till the barrel is filled; end\nwith bran, and close air-tight; they will keep 9 or 10 months. To\nrestore them to their original freshness, cut the end off each bunch\nstalk, and put into wine, like flowers. Or,\nBunches of grapes may be preserved through winter by inserting the end\nof the stem into a potato. The bunches should be laid on dry straw,\nand turned occasionally.\nHOW TO PRESERVE GREEN GAGES.--Choose the largest when they begin to\nsoften; split them without paring; strew upon them part of the sugar.\nBlanch the kernels with a sharp knife. Next day pour the syrup from\nthe fruit, and boil it with the other sugar six or eight minutes\ngently; skim and add the plums and kernels. Simmer till clear, taking\noff the scum; put the fruit singly into small pots, and pour the syrup\nand kernels to it. To candy it, do not add the syrup, but observe the\ndirections given for candying fruit; some may be done each way.\nGREEN GAGE JAM.--Peel and take out the stones. To 1 lb. of pulp put\n3/4 lb. loaf sugar; boil half an hour; add lemon juice.\nTRANSPARENTLY BEAUTIFUL MARMALADE.--Take 3 lbs. bitter oranges; pare\nthem as you would potatoes; cut the skin into fine shreds, and put\nthem into a muslin bag; quarter all the oranges; press out the juice.\nBoil the pulp and shreds in three quarts of water 2-1/2 hours, down to\nthree pints; strain through a hair sieve. Then put six pounds of sugar\nto the liquid, the juice and the shreds, the outside of two lemons\ngrated, and the insides squeezed in; add three cents worth of\nisinglass. Simmer altogether slowly for 15 or 20 minutes.\nTOMATO MARMALADE.--Take ripe tomatoes in the height of the season;\nweigh them, and to every pound of tomatoes add one pound of sugar.\nPut the tomatoes into a large pan or small tub, and scald them with\nboiling water, so as to make the skin peel off easily; When you have\nentirely removed the skin, put the tomatoes (without any water) into\na preserving kettle, wash them, and add the sugar, with one ounce of\npowdered ginger to every three pounds of fruit, and the juice of\ntwo lemons, the grated rind of three always to every three pounds of\nfruit. Stir up the whole together, and set it over a moderate fire.\nBoil it gently for two or three hours; till the whole becomes a thick,\nsmooth mass, skimming it well, and stirring it to the bottom after\nevery skimming. When done, put it warm into jars, and cover tightly.\nThis will be found a very fine sweetmeat.\nHOW TO PRESERVE GREEN PEAS.--Shell, and put them into a kettle of\nwater when it boils; give them two or three warms only, and pour\nthem in a colander. Drain, and turn them out on a cloth, and then\non another to dry perfectly. When dry bottle them in wide mouthed\nbottles; leaving only room to pour clarified mutton suet upon them an\ninch thick, and for the cork. Rosin it down; and keep in the cellar,\nor in the earth, as directed for gooseberries. When they are to be\nused, boil them till tender, with a bit of butter, a spoonful of\nsugar, and a bit of mint.\nHOW TO PRESERVE GREEN PEAS FOR WINTER USE.--Carefully shell the peas;\nthen place them in the canister, not too large ones; put in a small\npiece of alum, about the size of a horse-bean to a pint of peas. When\nthe canister is full of peas, fill up the interstices with water,\nand solder on the lid perfectly air-tight, and boil the canisters for\nabout twenty minutes; then remove them to a cool place, and by the\ntime of January they will be found but little inferior to fresh,\nnew-gathered peas. Bottling is not so good; at least, we have not\nfound it so; for the air gets in, the liquid turns sour, and the peas\nacquire a bad taste.\nHOW TO KEEP PRESERVES.--Apply the white of an egg, with a brush, to\na single thickness of white tissue paper, with which covers the jars,\nlapping over an inch or two. It will require no tying, as it will\nbecome, when dry, inconceivably tight and strong, and impervious to\nthe air.\nQUINCES FOR THE TEA-TABLE.--Bake ripe quinces thoroughly; when cold,\nstrip off the skins, place them in a glass dish, and sprinkle with\nwhite sugar, and serve them with cream. They make a fine looking dish\nfor the tea-table, and a more luscious and inexpensive one than the\nsame fruit made into sweetmeats. Those who once taste the fruit thus\nprepared, will probably desire to store away a few bushels in the\nfall to use in the above manner.\nPICKLED PEARS.--Three pounds of sugar to a pint of vinegar, spice in a\nbag and boil, then cook the pears in the vinegar till done through.\nBOILED PEARS.--Boil pears in water till soft, then add one pound of\nsugar to three pounds of fruit.\nPICKLED CITRON.--One quart vinegar, two pounds sugar, cloves and\ncinnamon each one tablespoon, boil the citron tender in water, take\nthem out and drain, then put them in the syrup and cook till done.\nHOW TO PRESERVE RASPBERRIES.--Take raspberries that are not too ripe,\nand put them to their weight in sugar, with a little water. Boil\nsoftly, and do not break them; when they are clear, take them up, and\nboil the syrup till it be thick enough; then put them in again, and\nwhen they are cold, put them in glasses or jars.\nRASPBERRY JAM.--One pound sugar to four pounds fruit, with a few\ncurrants.\nSPICED CURRANTS.--Six pounds currants, four pounds sugar, two\ntablespoons cloves and two of cinnamon, and one pint of vinegar; boil\ntwo hours until quite thick.\nSTEWED PEARS--Pare and halve or quarter a dozen pears, according to\ntheir size; carefully remove the cores, but leave the sloths on. Place\nthem in a clean baking-jar, with a closely fitting lid; add to them\nthe rind of one lemon, cut in strips, and the juice of half a lemon,\nsix cloves, and whole allspice, according to discretion. Put in just\nenough water to cover the whole, and allow half a pound of loaf-sugar\nto every pint. Cover down close, and bake in a very cool oven for five\nhours, or stew them very gently in a lined saucepan from three to four\nhours. When done, lift them out on a glass dish without breaking them;\nboil up the syrup quickly for two or three minutes; let it cool\na little, and pour it over the pears. A little cochineal greatly\nenhances the appearance of the fruit; you may add a few drops of\nprepared cochineal; and a little port wine is often used, and much\nimproves the flavor.\nHOW TO PRESERVE WHOLE STRAWBERRIES--Take equal weights of the fruit\nand refined sugar, lay the former in a large dish, and sprinkle half\nthe sugar in fine powder over, give a gentle shake to the dish that\nthe sugar may touch the whole of the fruit; next day make a thin syrup\nwith the remainder of the sugar, and instead of water allow one pint\nof red currant juice to every pound of strawberries; in this simmer\nthem until sufficiently jellied. Choose the largest scarlets, or\nothers when not dead ripe.\nHOW TO PRESERVE STRAWBERRIES IN WINE--Put\na quantity of the finest large strawberries into a gooseberry-bottle,\nand strew in three large spoonfuls of fine sugar; fill up with Madeira\nwine or fine sherry.\nPRESERVED TOMATOES--One pound of sugar to one pound of ripe tomatoes\nboiled down; flavor with lemon.\nHOW TO BOIL, BAKE AND STEAM\nPUDDINGS\nAMBER PUDDING--Put a pound of butter into a saucepan, with three\nquarters of a pound of loaf sugar finely powdered; melt the butter,\nand mix well with it; then add the yolks of fifteen eggs well beaten,\nand as much fresh candied orange as will add color and flavor to\nit, being first beaten to a fine paste. Line the dish with paste for\nturning out; and when filled with the above, lay a crust over, as you\nwould a pie, and bake in a slow oven. It is as good cold as hot.\nBAKED APPLE PUDDING--Pare and quarter four large apples; boil them\ntender with the rind of a lemon, in so little water, that when done,\nnone may remain; beat them quite fine in a mortar; add the crumbs of\na small roll, four ounces of butter melted, the yolks of five, and\nwhites of three eggs, juice of half a lemon, and sugar to taste: beat\nall together, and lay it in a dish with paste to turn out.\nBOILED APPLE PUDDING--Suet, 5 ozs.; flour, 8 ozs.; chop the suet very\nfine, and roll it into the flour. Make it into a light paste with water.\nRoll out. Pare and core 8 good sized apples; slice them; put them on\nthe paste, and scatter upon them 4 lb. of sugar; draw the paste round\nthe apples, and boil two hours or more, in a well floured cloth. Serve\nwith melted butter sweetened.\nSWISS APPLE PUDDING--Butter a deep dish; put into it a layer of bread\ncrumbs; then a layer of finely chopped suet; a thick layer of finely\nchopped apples, and a thick layer of sugar. Repeat from the first\nlayer till the dish is full, the last layer to be finger biscuits\nsoaked in milk. Cover it till nearly enough; then uncover, till the\ntop is nicely browned. Flavor with cinnamon, nutmeg, etc., as you\nplease. Bake from 30 to 40 minutes.\nAPPLE AND SAGO PUDDING--Boil a cup of sago in boiling water with a\nlittle cinnamon, a cup of sugar, lemon flavoring; cut apples in thin\nslices, mix them with the sago; after it is well boiled add a small\npiece of butter: pour into a pudding dish and bake half an hour.\nAPPLE PUDDING--Pare and stew three pints of apples, mash them, and add\nfour eggs, a quarter of a pound of butter, sugar and nutmeg, or grated\nlemon. Bake it on a short crust.\nAPPLE POTATOE PUDDING.--Six potatoes boiled and mashed fine, add a\nlittle salt and piece of butter, size of an egg, roll this out with\na little flour, enough to make a good pastry crust which is for the\noutside of the dumpling, into this put peeled and chopped apples, roll\nup like any apple dumpling, steam one hour, eat hot with liquid sauce.\nARROW-ROOT PUDDING.--Take 2 teacupfuls of arrowroot, and mix it with\nhalf a pint of old milk; boil another half pint of milk, flavoring it\nwith cinnamon, nutmeg or lemon peel, stir the arrowroot and milk into\nthe boiling milk. When cold, add the yolks of 3 eggs beaten into 3\nozs. of sugar. Then add the whites beaten to a stiff broth, and bake\nin a buttered dish an hour. Ornament the tops with sweetmeats, or\ncitron sliced.\nAUNT NELLY'S PUDDING--Half a pound of flour, half pound of treacle,\nsix ounces of chopped suet, the juice and peel of one lemon, 4\ntablespoonfuls of cream, two or three eggs. Mix and beat all together.\nBoil in a basin (previously well buttered) four hours.--For\nsauce, melted butter, a wine-glassful of sherry, and two or three\ntablespoonfuls of apricot jam.\nBAKED INDIAN PUDDING.--Two quarts sweet milk; 1 pint New Orleans\nmolasses; 1 pint Indian meal: 1 tablespoonful butter; nutmeg or\ncinnamon. Boil the milk; pour it over the meal and molasses; add salt\nand spice; bake three hours. This is a large family pudding.\nBATTER, TO BE USED WITH ALL SORTS OF ROASTING MEAT.--Melt good butter;\nput to it three eggs, with the whites well beaten up, and warm them\ntogether, stirring them continually. With this you may baste any\nroasting meat, and then sprinkle bread crumbs thereon; and so continue\nto make a crust as thick as you please.\nBATTER, FOR FRYING FRUIT, VEGETABLES, ETC.--Cut four ounces of fresh\nbutter into small pieces, pour on it half a pint of barley water, and\nwhen dissolved, add a pint of cold water; mix by degrees with a pound of\nfine dry flour, and a small pinch of salt. Just before it is used, stir\ninto it the whites of two eggs beaten to a solid froth; use quickly,\nthat the batter may be light.\nBEEF STEAK PUDDING.--Take some fine rump steaks; roll them with fat\nbetween; and if you approve a little shred onion. Lay a paste of suet\nin a basin, and put in the chopped steaks; cover the basin with a suet\npaste, and pinch the edges to keep the gravy in. Cover with a cloth\ntied close, let the pudding boil slowly for two hours.\nBAKED BEEF STEAK PUDDING.--Make a batter of milk, two eggs and\nflour, or, which is much better, potatoes boiled and mashed through\na colander; lay a little of it at the bottom of the dish; then put in\nthe steaks very well seasoned; pour the remainder of the batter over\nthem, and bake it.\nBEEF STEAK PUDDING.--Prepare a good suet crust, and line a cake-tin\nwith it; put in layers of steak with onions, tomatoes, and mushrooms,\nchopped fine, a seasoning of pepper, salt and cayenne, and half a\ncup of water before you close it. Bake from an hour and a half to two\nhours, according to the size of the pudding and serve very hot.\nBLACK CAP PUDDING..--Make a batter with milk, flour and eggs; butter a\nbasin; pour in the batter, and 5 or 6 ounces of well-cleaned currants.\nCover it with a cloth well floured, and tie the cloth very tight.\nBoil nearly one hour. The currants will have settled to the bottom;\ntherefore dish it bottom upwards. Serve with sweet sauce and a little\nrum.\nOSWEGO BLANC MANGE.--Four tablespoonfuls or three ounces of Oswego\nprepared corn to one quart of milk. Dissolve the corn to some of\nthe milk. Put into the remainder of the milk four ounces of sugar,\na little salt, apiece of lemon rind, or cinnamon stick, and heat\nto _near_ boiling. Then add the mixed corn, and boil (stirring it\nbriskly) four minutes; take out the rind, and pour into a mold or cup,\nand keep until cold. When turned out, pour round it any kind of stewed\nor preserved fruits, or a sauce of milk and sugar.\nNICE BLANC-MANGE.--Swell four ounces of rice in water; drain and boil\nit to a mash in good milk, with sugar, a bit of lemon peel, and a\nstick of cinnamon. Take care it does not burn, and when quite soft\npour it into cups, or into a shape dipped into cold water. When cold\nturn it out, garnish with currant jelly, or any red preserved fruit.\nServe with cream or plain custard.\nBOILED BATTER PUDDING.--Three eggs, one ounce of butter, one pint of\nmilk, three tablespoonfuls of flour, a little salt. Put the flour into\na basin, and add sufficient milk to moisten it; carefully rub down all\nthe lumps with a spoon, then pour in the remainder of the milk, and\nstir in the butter, which should be previously melted; keep beating\nthe mixture, add the eggs and a pinch of salt, and when the batter\nis quite smooth, put into a well-buttered basin, tie it down very\ntightly, and put it into boiling water; move the basin about for a few\nminutes after it is put into the water, to prevent the flour settling\nin any part, and boil for one hour and a quarter. This pudding may\nalso be boiled in a floured cloth that has been wetted in hot water;\nit will then take a few minutes less than when boiled in a basin.\nSend these puddings very quickly to table, and serve with sweet sauce,\nwine-sauce, stewed fruit, or jam of any kind; when the latter is used,\na little of it may be placed round the dish in small quantities, as a\ngarnish.\nBREAD AND BUTTER PUDDING..--Butter a dish well, lay in a few slices of\nbread and butter, boil one pint of milk, pour out over two eggs well\nbeaten, and then over the bread and butter, bake over half hour.\nSIMPLE BREAD PUDDING.--Take the crumbs of a stale roll, pour over it\none pint of boiling milk, and set it by to cool. When quite cold, beat\nit up very fine with two ounces of butter, sifted sugar sufficient\nto sweeten it; grate in Haifa nutmeg, and add a pound of well-washed\ncurrants, beat up four eggs separately, and then mix them up with the\nrest, adding, if desired, a few strips of candied orange peel. All the\ningredients must be beaten up together for about half an hour, as the\nlightness of the pudding depends upon that. Tie it up in a cloth, and\nboil for an hour. When it is dished, pour a little white wine sauce\nover the top.\nCHRISTMAS PLUM PUDDING.--Suet, chopped small, six ounces; raisins,\nstoned, etc., eight ounces; bread crumbs, six ounces; three eggs, a\nwine glass of brandy, a little nutmeg and cinnamon pounded as fine as\npossible, half a teaspoonful of salt, rather less than half pint milk,\nfine sugar, four ounces; candied lemon, one ounce; citron half an\nounce. Beat the eggs and spice well together; mix the milk by degrees,\nthen the rest of the ingredients. Dip a fine, close, linen cloth into\nboiling water, and put in a sieve (hair), flour it a little, and tie\nup close. Put the pudding into a saucepan containing six quarts of\nboiling water; keep a kettle of boiling water alongside, and fill up\nas it wastes. Be sure to keep it boiling at least six hours. Serve\nwith any sauce; or arrow-root with brandy.\nCHRISTMAS PUDDING.--Suet 1-1/2 lbs., minced small; currants, 1-1/2\nlbs., raisins, stoned, 1/4 lb.; sugar, 1 lb.; ten eggs, a grated\nnutmeg; 2 ozs. citron and lemon peel; 1 oz. of mixed spice, a\nteaspoonful of grated ginger, 1/2 lb. of bread crumbs, 1/2 lb. of\nflour, 1 pint of milk, and a wine glassful of brandy. Beat first the\neggs, add half the milk, beat all together, and gradually stir in all\nthe milk, then the suet, fruit, etc., and as much milk to mix it very\nthick. Boil in a cloth six or seven hours.\nCOTTAGE PUDDING.--One pint sifted flour, three tablespoons melted\nbutter, 2 eggs, one cup sweet milk, two teaspoonfuls cream tartar, one\nteaspoon soda, mix and bake.\nCREAM PUDDING.--Cream, 1 pint; the yolks of seven eggs, seven\ntablespoonfuls of flour, 2 tablespoonfuls of sugar, salt, and a small\nbit of soda. Rub the cream with the eggs and flour; add the rest, the\nmilk last, just before baking, and pour the whole into the pudding\ndish. Serve with sauce of wine, sugar, butter, flavored as you like.\nCRUMB PUDDING.--The yolks and whites of three eggs, beaten separately,\none ounce moist sugar, and sufficient bread crumbs to make it into\na thick but not stiff mixture; a little powdered cinnamon. Beat all\ntogether for five minutes, and bake in a buttered tin. When baked,\nturn it out of the tin, pour two glasses of boiling wine over it, and\nserve. Cherries, either fresh or preserved, are very nice mixed in the\npudding.\nDAMSON PUDDING.--Four or five tablespoonfuls of flour, three eggs\nbeaten, a pint of milk, made into batter. Stone 1-1/2 lbs., of\ndamsons, put them and 6 ozs. of sugar into the batter, and boil in a\nbuttered basin for one hour and a half.\nEGG PUDDING.--It is made chiefly of eggs. It is nice made thus:--Beat\nwell seven eggs; mix well with 2 ozs. of flour, pint and a half of\nmilk, a little salt; flavor with nutmeg, lemon juice, and orange-flour\nwater. Boil 1-1/4 hours in a floured cloth. Serve with wine sauce\nsweetened.\nEXCELLENT FAMILY PLUM PUDDING.--Grate three-quarters of a pound of a\nstale loaf, leaving out the crusts; chop very fine three-quarters of a\npound of firm beef suet (if you wish your pudding less rich, half a\npound will do); mix well together with a quarter of a pound of flour;\nthen add a pound of currants, well washed and well dried; half a pound\nof raisins, stoned, and the peel of a lemon, very finely shred and cut;\nfour ounces of candied peel, either lemon, orange or citron, or all\nmingled (do not cut your peel too small or its flavor is lost); six\nounces of sugar, a small teaspoonful of salt, three eggs, well beaten;\nmix all thoroughly together with as much milk as suffices to bring the\npudding to a proper consistency, grate in a small nutmeg, and again stir\nthe mixture vigorously. If you choose, add a small glass of brandy.\nButter your mold or basin, which you must be sure to fill quite full, or\nthe water will get in and spoil your handiwork; have your pudding cloth\nscrupulously clean and sweet, and of a proper thickness; tie down\nsecurely, and boil for seven or even eight hours.\nEXTRA PUDDING.--Cut light bread into thin slices. Form into the shape\nof a pudding in a dish. Then add a layer of any preserve, then a slice\nof bread, and repeat till the dish is full. Beat four or five eggs,\nand mix well with a pint of milk; then pour it over the bread and\npreserve, having previously dusted the same with a coating of rice\nflour. Boil twenty-five minutes.\nFIG PUDDING.--Procure one pound of good figs, and chop them very fine,\nand also a quarter of a pound of suet, likewise chopped as fine as\npossible; dust them both with a little flour as you proceed--it\nhelps to bind the pudding together; then take one pound of fine bread\ncrumbs, and not quite a quarter of a pound of sugar; beat two eggs in\na teacupful of milk, and mix all well together. Boil four hours. If\nyou choose, serve it with wine or brandy sauce, and ornament your\npudding with blanched almonds. Simply cooked, however, it is better\nwhere there are children, with whom it is generally a favorite. We\nforgot to say, flavor with a little allspice or nutmeg, as you like;\nbut add the spice before the milk and eggs.\nGELATINE PUDDING.--Half box gelatine dissolved in a large half pint\nboiling water, when cold stir in two teacups sugar, the juice of three\nlemons, the whites of four eggs beaten to a froth, put this in a mold\nto get stiff, and with the yolks of these four eggs, and a quart of\nmilk make boiled custard, flavor with vanilla, when cold pour the\ncustard round the mold in same dish.\nGOOSEBERRY PUDDING.--One quart of scalded gooseberries; when cold rub\nthem smooth with the back of a spoon. Take six tablespoonfuls of the\npulp, half a pound of sugar, quarter of a pound of melted butter,\nsix eggs, the rind of two lemons, a handful of grated bread, two\ntablespoonfuls of brandy. Half an hour will bake it.\nGROUND RICE PUDDING.--Boil one pint of milk with a little piece of\nlemon peel, mix quarter pound of rice, ground, with half pint milk,\ntwo ounces sugar, one ounce butter, add these to the boiling milk.\nKeep stirring, take it off the fire, break in two eggs, keep stirring,\nbutter a pie dish, pour in the mixture and bake until set.\nICE PUDDING.--Put one quart of milk in a stew pan with half pound of\nwhite sugar, and stick of vanilla, boil it ten minutes, mix the yolks\nof ten eggs with a gill of cream, pour in the milk, then put it back\nagain into the stew pan, and stir till it thickens (do not let it\nboil), strain it into a basin and leave it to cool. Take twelve pounds\nof ice, add two pounds of salt, mix together, cover the bottom of a\npail, place the ice pot in it and build it around with the ice and\nsalt, this done pour the cream into the pot, put on the cover, and do\nnot cease turning till the cream is thick, the mold should be cold,\npour in the cream, 3 or 4 pieces of white paper, wetted with cold\nwater, are placed on it before the cover is placed on. Cover with ice\ntill wanted, dip in cold water and turn out, fruit may be put in when\nput in the mold.\nINDIAN PUDDING.--Indian meal, a cupful, a little salt, butter, 1 oz.;\nmolasses 3 ozs., 2 teaspoonfuls of ginger, or cinnamon. Put into a\nquart of boiling milk. Mix a cup of cold water with it; bake in a\nbuttered dish 50 minutes.\nKIDNEY PUDDING.--If kidney, split and soak it, and season that or the\nmeat. Make a paste of suet, flour and milk; roll it, and line a basin\nwith some; put the kidney or steak in, cover with paste, and pinch\nround the edge. Cover with a cloth and boil a considerable time.\nLEMON DUMPLINGS.--Two tablespoonfuls of flour; bread crumbs, 1/2 lb.;\nbeef suet, 6 ozs.; the grated rind of a large lemon, sugar, pounded, 4\nozs.; 4 eggs well beaten, and strained, and the juice of three lemons\nstrained. Make into dumplings, and boil in a cloth one hour.\nLEMON PUDDING.--Three tablespoons powdered crackers, eight tablespoons\nsugar, six eggs, one quart milk, butter size of an egg, the juice of\none lemon and grated rind. Stir it first when put in oven.\nMACARONI PUDDING.--Take an equal quantity of ham and chicken, mince\nfine, half the quantity of macaroni which must be boiled tender in\nbroth, two eggs beaten, one ounce butter, cayenne pepper and salt to\ntaste, all these ingredients to be mixed thoroughly together, put in\nmolds and boil two hours.\nMARROW PUDDING.--Pour a pint of cream boiling hot on the crumbs of a\npenny loaf, or French roll; cut 1 lb. of beef marrow very thin; beat 4\neggs well; add a glass of brandy, with sugar and nutmeg to taste,\nand mix all well together. It may be either boiled or baked 40 or 50\nminutes; cut 2 ozs. of citron very thin, and stick them all over it\nwhen you dish it up.\n_Another way._--Blanch 1/2 lb. of almonds; put them in cold water all\nnight; next day beat them in a mortar very fine, with orange or rose\nwater. Take the crumbs of a penny loaf, and pour on the whole a pint\nof boiling cream; while it is cooling, beat the yolks of four eggs,\nand two whites, 15 minutes; a little sugar and grated nutmeg to your\npalate. Shred the marrow of the bones, and mix all well together, with\na little candied orange cut small; bake, etc.\nMEAT AND POTATO PUDDING.--Boil some mealy potatoes till ready to\ncrumble to pieces; drain; mash them very smooth. Make them into a\nthickish batter with an egg or two, and milk, placing a layer of\nsteaks or chops well-seasoned with salt and pepper at the bottom of\nthe baking dish; cover with a layer of batter, and so alternately,\ntill the dish is full, ending with batter at the top. Butter the dish\nto prevent sticking or burning. Bake of a fine brown color.\nNESSELRODE PUDDING.--Prepare a custard of one pint of cream, half a pint\nof milk, the yolks of six eggs, half a stick of vanilla, one ounce of\nsweet almonds, pounded, and half a pound of sugar; put them in a stewpan\nover a slow fire, and stir until the proper consistence, being careful\nnot to let it boil; when cold, add a wine-glass of brandy; partially\nfreeze, and add two ounces of [Transcriber's Note: The original text\nreads 'rasins'] raisins and half a pound of preserved fruits, cut small.\nMix well, and mold. (Basket shape generally used.)\nPOTATO PUDDING.--Take 1/2 lb. of boiled potatoes, 2 ozs. of butter,\nthe yolks and whites of two eggs, a quarter of a pint of cream, one\nspoonful of white wine, a morsel of salt, the juice and rind of a\nlemon; beat all to a froth; sugar to taste. A crust or not, as you\nlike. Bake it. If wanted richer, put 3 ozs. more butter, sweetmeats\nand almonds, and another egg.\nPRINCE OF WALES PUDDING.--Chop four ounces of apples, the same quantity\nof bread crumbs, suet, and currants, well washed and picked; two ounces\nof candied lemon, orange, and citron, chopped fine; five ounces pounded\nloaf sugar; half a nutmeg, grated. Mix all together with four eggs.\nButter well and flour a tin, put in the mixture, and place a buttered\npaper on the top, and a cloth over the paper. If you steam it the paper\nis sufficient. It will take two hours boiling. When you dish it, stick\ncut blanched almonds on it, and serve with wine sauce.\nPUDDING.--One cup sugar, half cup milk, one egg, two tablespoons\nmelted butter, two cups flour, two teaspoons baking powder, a little\nnutmeg, bake in a dish and when sent to the table, put raspberry jam\nunder same with wine sauce.\nBAKED PUDDING.--Three tablespoonfuls of Oswego Prepared Corn to one\nquart of milk. Prepare, and cook the same as Blanc-Mange. After it is\ncool, stir up with it _thoroughly_ two or three eggs well beaten, and\nbake half an hour. It is very good.\nBOILED PUDDING.--Three tablespoonfuls of Oswego Prepared Corn to one\nquart of milk. Dissolve the corn in some of the milk, and mix with it\ntwo or three eggs, well beaten, and a little salt. Heat the remainder\nof the milk to near boiling, add the above preparation, and boil four\nminutes, stirring it briskly. To be eaten warm with a sauce. It is\ndelicious.\nQUEEN PUDDING.--One pint of bread crumbs, one quart milk, one cup\nsugar, yolks four eggs, a little butter, bake half an hour, then put\nover the top a layer of fruit, then white of eggs beaten to a froth\nwith sugar; to be eaten cold with cream.\nPLAIN RICE PUDDING.--Wash and pick some rice; throw among it some\npimento finely pounded, but not much; tie the rice in a cloth and\nleave plenty of room for it to swell. When done, eat it with butter\nand sugar, or milk. Put lemon peel if you please.\nIt is very good without spice, and eaten with salt and butter.\nANOTHER.--Put into a very deep pan half a pound of rice washed and\npicked; two ounces of butter, four ounces of sugar, a few allspice\npounded, and two quarts of milk. Less butter will do, or some suet.\nBake in a slow oven.\nRICH RICE PUDDING--Boil 1/2 lb. of rice in water, with a bit of salt,\ntill quite tender; drain it dry; mix it with the yolks and whites of\nfour eggs, a quarter of a pint of cream, with 2 ozs. of fresh butter\nmelted in the latter; 4 ozs. of beef suet or marrow, or veal suet\ntaken from a fillet of veal, finely shred, 3/4 lb. of currants, two\nspoonfuls of brandy, one of peach-water, or ratafia, nutmeg, and a\ngrated lemon peel. When well mixed, put a paste round the edge,\nand fill the dish. Slices of candied orange, lemon, and citron, if\napproved. Bake in a moderate oven.\nRICE PUDDING WITH FRUIT--Swell the rice with a very little milk over\nthe fire; then mix fruit of any kind with it (currants, gooseberries,\nscalded, pared, and quartered apples, raisins, or black currants); put\none egg into the rice to bind it; boil it well, and serve with sugar.\nROMAN PUDDING--Oil a plain tin mold, sprinkle it with vermicelli, line\nit with a thin paste; have some boiled macaroni ready cut in pieces\nan inch long; weigh it, and take the same weight of Parmesan cheese,\ngrated; boil a rabbit, cut off all the white meat in slices, as thin\nas paper, season with pepper, salt, and shalot; add cream sufficient\nto moisten the whole, put it into the mold, and cover it with paste;\nbake in a moderate oven for an hour, turn the pudding out of the mold,\nand serve it with a rich brown gravy.\nSAGO PUDDING--Boil 4 ozs. of sago in water a few minutes; strain,\nand add milk, and boil till tender. Boil lemon peel and cinnamon in\na little milk, and strain it to the sago. Put the whole into a basin;\nbreak 8 eggs; mix it well together, and sweeten with moist sugar; add\na glass of brandy, and some nutmeg; put puff paste round the rim of\nthe dish, and butter the bottom. Bake three quarters of an hour.\nSPANISH PUDDING--To one pint of water, put two ounces of butter, and\na little salt, when it boils add as much flour as will make it the\nconsistency of hasty pudding. Keep it well stirred, after it is taken\noff the fire and has stood till quite cold, beat it up with three\neggs, add a little grated lemon peel and nutmeg, drop the butter with\na spoon into the frying pan with boiling lard, fry quickly, put sugar\nover them when sent to the table.\nSUET DUMPLINGS--Shred 1 lb. of suet; mix with 1-1/4 lbs. flour, 2 eggs\nbeaten separately, a little salt, and as little milk as will make it.\nMake it into two small balls. Boil 20 minutes. The fat of loins or\nnecks of mutton finely shred makes a more delicate dumpling than suet.\nSUET PUDDING--Take six spoonfuls of flour, 1 lb. of suet, shred small,\n4 eggs, a spoonful of beaten ginger, a spoonful of salt, and a quart\nof milk. Mix the eggs and flour with a pint of milk very thick, and\nwith the seasoning, mix in the rest of the milk with the suet. Boil\ntwo hours.\nTAPIOCA PUDDING.--Put 1/4 lb. of tapioca into a sauce pan of cold\nwater; when it boils, strain it to a pint of new milk; boil till it\nsoaks up all the milk, and put it out to cool. Beat the yolks of four\neggs, and the whites of two, a tablespoonful of brandy, sugar, nutmeg,\nand 2 ounces of butter. Mix all together; put a puff paste round the\ndish, and send it to the oven. It is very good boiled with melted\nbutter, wine and sugar.\nVERMICELLI PUDDING.--Boil 4 ounces of vermicelli in a pint of new milk\ntill soft, with a stick or two of cinnamon. Then put in half a pint of\nthick cream, 1/4 lb. of butter, the same of sugar, and the yolks of 4\neggs. Bake without paste in an earthen dish.\nAnother.--Simmer 2 ounces of vermicelli in a cupful of milk till\ntender; flavor it with a stick or two of cinnamon or other spice. Beat\nup three eggs, 1 ounce of sugar, half a pint of milk and a glass of\nwine. Add to the vermicelli. Bake in a slow oven.\nHOW TO PUT UP PICKLES AND MAKE CATSUPS\nHOW TO PICKLE BEET ROOTS.--Beet roots are a very pretty garnish\nfor made dishes, and are thus pickled. Boil the roots till they are\ntender, then take off the skins, cut them in slices, gimp them in the\nshape of wheels, or what form you please, and put them into a jar.\nTake as much vinegar as you think will cover them, and boil it with\na a little mace, a race of ginger sliced, and a few slices of\nhorseradish. Pour it hot upon your roots and tie them down.\nCHOW-CHOW.--Two quarts of small white onions, two quarts of gherkins,\ntwo quarts of string beans, two small cauliflowers, half a dozen ripe,\nred peppers, one-half pound mustard seed, one-half pound whole pepper,\none pound ground mustard, and, as there is nothing so adulterated as\nground mustard, it's better to get it at the druggist's; twenty or\nthirty bay leaves (not bog leaves, as some one of the ladies facetiously\nremarked), and two quarts of good cider, or wine vinegar. Peel the\nonions, halve the cucumbers, string the beans, and cut in pieces the\ncauliflower. Put all in a wooden tray, and sprinkle well with salt. In\nthe morning wash and drain thoroughly, and put all into the cold\nvinegar, except the red peppers. Let boil twenty minutes slowly,\nfrequently turning over. Have wax melted in a deepish dish, and, as you\nfill and cork, dip into the wax. The peppers you can put in to show to\nthe best advantage. If you have over six jars full, it's good to put the\nrest in a jar and eat from it for every dinner. Some add a little\nturmeric for the yellow color.\nCORN, GREEN, PICKLING.--When the corn is a little past the tenderest\nroasting ear state, pull it, take off one thickness of the husk, tie\nthe rest of the husk down at the silk end loosely, place the ears in\na clean cask compactly together, and put on a brine to cover them of\nabout two-thirds the strength of meat pickle. When ready to use in\nwinter, soak in cold water over night, and if this does not appear\nsufficient, change the water and freshen still more. Corn, prepared\nin this way, is excellent, very much resembling fresh corn from the\nstalk.\nINDIAN PICKLE.--One gallon of the best vinegar, quarter of a pound of\nbruised ginger, quarter of a pound of shalots, quarter of a pound of\nflour of mustard, quarter of a pound of salt, two ounces of mustard\nseed, two ounces of turmeric, one ounce of black pepper, ground fine,\none ounce of cayenne. Mix all together, and put in cauliflower sprigs,\nradish pods, French beans, white cabbage, cucumber, onions, or any\nother vegetable; stir it well two or three days after any fresh\nvegetable is added, and wipe the vegetable with a dry cloth. The\nvinegar should not be boiled.\nHOW TO PICKLE MUSHROOMS.--Buttons must be rubbed with a bit of flannel\nand salt; and from the larger take out the _red_ inside, for when they\nare black they will not do, being too old. Throw a little salt over,\nand put them into a stewpan with some mace and pepper; as the liquor\ncomes out, shake them well, and keep them over a gentle fire till all\nof it be dried into them again; then put as much vinegar into the pan\nas will cover them, give it one warm, and turn all into a glass or\nstone jar. They will keep two years, and are delicious.\nPICKLE SAUCE.--Slice green tomatoes, onions, cabbage, cucumbers, and\ngreen peppers. Let all stand covered with salt over night. Wash, drain\nand chop fine. Be careful to keep as dry as possible. To two quarts\nof the hash, add four tablespoons of American mustard seed and two of\nEnglish; two tablespoonfuls ground allspice, one of ground cloves, two\nteaspoonfuls of ground black pepper, one teaspoonful of celery seed.\nCover with sharp vinegar, and boil slowly an hour. Put away in stone\njar, and eat when wanted.\nPICKLED EGGS.--At the season of the year when eggs are plentiful,\nboil some four or six dozen in a capacious saucepan, until they become\nquite hard. Then, after carefully removing the shells, lay them in\nlarge-mouthed jars, and pour over them scalding vinegar, well seasoned\nwith whole pepper, allspice, a few races of ginger, and a few cloves\nor garlic. When cold, bung down closely, and in a month they are fit\nfor use. Where eggs are plentiful, the above pickle is by no means\nexpensive, and is a relishing accompaniment to cold meat.\nHOW TO PICKLE RED CABBAGE.--Slice it into a colander, and sprinkle\neach layer with salt; let it drain two days, then put it into a jar,\nwith boiling vinegar enough to cover it, and put in a few slices of\nbeet-root. Observe to choose the purple red-cabbage. Those who like\nthe flavor of spice will boil some pepper-corns, mustard-seed, or\nother spice, _whole_, with the vinegar. Califlower in branches, and\nthrown in after being salted, will color a beautiful red.\nANOTHER.--Choose a sound large cabbage; shred it finely, and sprinkle\nit with salt, and let it stand in a dish a day and night. Then boil\nvinegar (from a pint) with ginger, cloves, and cayenne popper. Put the\ncabbage into jars, and pour the liquor upon it when cold.\nSPICED TOMATOES.--Eight pounds tomatoes, four pounds of sugar, one\nquart vinegar, one tablespoon each of cloves, cinnamon and allspice,\nmake a syrup of the sugar and vinegar. Tie the spice in a bag and put,\nin syrup, take the skins off the tomatoes, and put them in the syrup,\nwhen scalded through skim them out and cook away one-half, leave the\nspices in, then put in your tomatoes again and boil until the syrup is\nthick.\nTOMATO LILLY.--Prepare one peck of green tomatoes by slicing and\nlaying them in a jar over night, with a little salt, than chop them\nand cook in water until you think them sufficiently tender then take\nthem up in a colander and drain nicely, then take two large cabbages,\nchop and cook same as tomatoes, then chop six green peppers and add\none quart vinegar, put all in kettle together and boil a short time;\nadd fresh vinegar and spice with one ounce each cinnamon and cloves,\none pound sugar and half pint molasses. Onions can be used instead of\ncabbage if preferred.\nHOW TO PICKLE WALNUTS.--When a pin will go into them, put a brine of\nsalt and water boiled, and strong enough to bear an egg, being quite\ncold first. Let them soak six days; then change the brine, let them\nstand six more; then drain, and pour over them in a jar a pickle of the\nbest vinegar, with plenty of pepper, pimento, ginger, mace, cloves,\nmustard-seed and horseradish; all boiled together, but cold. To every\nhundred of walnuts put six spoonfuls of mustard-seed, and two or three\nheads of garlic or shalot, but the latter is least strong. In this way\nthey will be good for several years, if closely covered. They will not\nbe fit to eat under six months. This pickle makes good ketchup.\nA GOOD KETCHUP.--Boil one bushel of tomatoes until soft enough to\nrub through a sieve. Then add to the liquid a half gallon of vinegar,\n1-1/2 pints salt, 2 ounces of cloves, 1/4 pound allspice, 3 ounces\ngood cayenne pepper, five heads of garlic, skinned and separated, 1\npound of sugar. Boil slowly until reduced to one-half. It takes about\none day. Set away for a week, boil over once, and, if too thick, thin\nwith vinegar; bottle and seal as for chow-chow. HOW TO KEEP KETCHUP\nTWENTY YEARS.--Take a gallon of strong stale beer, 1 lb. of anchovies,\nwashed from the pickle; 1 lb. of shalots, 1/2 oz. of mace, 1/2 oz.\nof cloves, 1/4 oz. whole pepper, 1/2 oz. of ginger, 2 quarts of large\nmushroom flaps, rubbed to pieces; cover all close, and simmer till it\nis half wasted, strain, cool, then bottle. A spoonful of this ketchup\nis sufficient for a pint of melted butter.\nMUSHROOM KETCHUP.--Sprinkle mushroom flaps, gathered in September,\nwith common salt, stir them occasionally for two or three days; then\nlightly squeeze out the juice, and add to each gallon bruised cloves\nand mustard seed, of each, half an ounce; bruised allspice, black\npepper, and ginger, of each, one ounce; gently heat to the boiling\npoint in a covered vessel, macerate for fourteen days, and strain;\nshould it exhibit any indication of change in a few weeks, bring it\nagain to the boiling point, with a little more spice.\nOYSTER KETCHUP:--Beard the oysters; boil them up in their liquor;\nstrain, and pound them in a mortar; boil the beards in spring water, and\nstrain it to the first oyster liquor; boil the pounded oysters in the\nmixed liquors, with beaten mace and pepper. Some add a very little\nmushroom ketchup, vinegar, or lemon-juice; but the less the natural\nflavor is overpowered the better; only spice is necessary for its\npreservation. This oyster ketchup will keep perfectly good longer than\noysters are ever out of season.\nTOMATO KETCHUP.--Put them over the fire crushing each one as you drop\nit into the pot; let them boil five minutes; take them off, strain\nthrough a colander, and then through a sieve, get them over the fire\nagain as soon as possible, and boil down two-thirds, when boiled down\nadd to every gallon of this liquid one ounce of cayenne pepper, one\nounce of black pepper, one pint vinegar, four ounces each of cinnamon\nand mace, two spoonfuls salt.\nVERY FINE WALNUT KETCHUP.--Boil a gallon of the expressed juice\nof green tender walnuts, and skim it well; then put in 2 lbs. of\nanchovies, bones and liquor, 2 lbs. shalots, 1 oz. each of cloves,\nmace, pepper, and one clove of garlic. Let all simmer till the shalots\nsink; then put the liquor into a pan till cold; bottle and divide\nthe spice to each. Cork closely, and tie a bladder over. It will keep\ntwenty years, but is not good the first. Be very careful to express\nthe juice at home; for it is rarely unadulterated, if bought.\nHOW TO ROAST, BOIL, OR BROIL\nPOULTRY\nHOW TO ROAST CHICKENS.--Pluck carefully, draw and truss them, and put\nthem to a good fire; singe, dust, and baste them with butter. Cover\nthe breast with a sheet of buttered paper; remove it ten minutes\nbefore it is enough; that it may brown. A chicken will take 15 to 20\nminutes. Serve with butter and parsley.\nHOW TO BOIL CHICKENS.--Fasten the wings and legs to the body by\nthreads tied round. Steep them in skim milk two hours. Then put them\nin cold water, and boil over a slow fire. Skim clean. Serve with white\nsauce or melted butter sauce, or parsley and butter.--Or melt 1 oz. of\nbutter in a cupful of milk; add to it the yolk of an egg beat up with\na little flour and cream; heat over the fire, stirring well.\nGEESE (A LA MODE).--Skin and bone the goose; boil and peel a dried\ntongue, also a fowl; season with pepper, salt and mace, and then roll\nit round the tongue; season the goose in the same way, and lay the\nfowl and tongue on the goose, with slices of ham between them. Beef\nmarrow rolled between the fowl and the goose, will greatly enrich it.\nPut it all together in a pan, with two quarts of beef gravy, the bones\nof the goose and fowl, sweet herbs and onion; cover close, and stew an\nhour slowly; take up the goose; skim off the fat, strain, and put in\na glassful of good port wine, two tablespoonfuls of ketchup, a veal\nsweetbread cut small, some mushrooms, a piece of butter rolled in\nflour, pepper and salt; stew the goose half an hour longer; take up\nand pour the ragout over it. Garnish with lemon.\nHOW TO ROAST PIGEONS.--Take a little pepper and salt, a piece of\nbutter, and parsley cut small; mix and put the mixture into the\nbellies of the pigeons, tying the necks tight; take another string;\nfasten one end of it to their legs and rumps, and the other to a\nhanging spit, basting them with butter; when done, lay them in a dish,\nand they will swim with gravy.\nHOW TO BOIL PIGEONS.--Wash clean; chop some parsley small; mix it with\ncrumbs of bread, pepper, salt and a bit of butter; stuff the pigeons,\nand boil 15 minutes in some mutton broth or gravy. Boil some rice soft\nin milk; when it begins to thicken, beat the yolks of two or three\neggs, with two or three spoonfuls of cream, and a little nutmeg; mix\nwell with a bit of butter rolled in flour.\nHOW TO BROIL PIGEONS.--After cleaning, split the backs, pepper and\nsalt them, and broil them very nicely; pour over them either stewed or\npickled mushrooms, in melted butter, and serve as hot as possible.\nSCALLOPED COLD CHICKENS..--Mince the meat very small, and set it over\nthe fire, with a scrape of nutmeg, a little pepper and salt, and a\nlittle cream, for a few minutes, put it into the scallop shells, and\nfill them with crumbs of bread, over which put some bits of butter,\nand brown them before the fire. Veal and ham eat well done the same\nway, and lightly covered with crumbs of bread, or they may be put on\nin little heaps.\nHOW TO ROAST TURKEY.--The sinews of the legs should be drawn whichever\nway it is dressed. The head should be twisted under the wing; and in\ndrawing it, take care not to tear the liver, nor let the gall touch\nit.\nPut a stuffing of sausage-meat; or, if sausages are to be served in a\ndish a bread stuffing. As this makes a large addition to the size\nof the bird, observe that the heat of the fire is constantly to that\npart; for the breast is often not done enough. A little strip of paper\nshould be put on the bone to hinder it from scorching while the other\nparts roast. Baste well and froth it up. Serve with gravy in the dish,\nand plenty of bread-sauce in a sauce-tureen. Add a few crumbs, and a\nbeaten egg to the stuffing of sausage-meat.\nSAUCES FOR MEATS, FISH, ETC.\nANCHOVY SAUCE.--Chop one or two anchovies, without washing, put to them\nsome flour and butter, and a little water; stir it over the fire till it\nboils once or twice. If the anchovies are good, they will dissolve.\nESSENCE OF ANCHOVIES.--Take two dozen of anchovies, chop them, and\nwithout the bone, but with some of their liquor strained, add to them\nsixteen large spoonfuls of water; boil gently till dissolved, which\nwill be in a few minutes--when cold, strain and bottle it.\nAPPLE SAUCE..--Pare, core, and quarter half a dozen good sized apples,\nand throw them into cold water to preserve their whiteness. Boil them\nin a saucepan till they are soft enough to mash--it is impossible to\nspecify any particular time, as some apples cook much more speedily\nthan others. When done, bruise them to a pulp, put in a piece of\nbutter as large as a nutmeg, and sweeten them to taste. Put into\nsaucepan only sufficient water to prevent them burning. Some persons\nput the apples in a stone jar placed in boiling water; there is then\nno danger of their catching.\nAPPLE SAUCE FOR GOOSE OR ROAST PORK.--Pare, core, and slice some\napples, and put them in a strong jar, into a pan of water. When\nsufficiently boiled, bruise to a pulp, adding a little butter, and a\nlittle brown sugar.\nA SUBSTITUTE FOR CREAM.--Beat up the whole of a fresh egg in a basin,\nand then pour boiling tea over it gradually to prevent its curdling;\nit is difficult from the taste, to distinguish it from rich cream.\nBECHAMEL SAUCE.--Put a few slices of ham into a stew-pan, a few\nmushrooms, two or three shalots, two cloves, also a bay leaf and a bit\nof butter. Let them stand a few hours. Add a little water, flour and\nmilk or cream; simmer forty minutes. Scalded parsley, very fine may be\nadded.\nBREAD SAUCE.--Break three-quarters of a pound of stale bread into small\npieces, carefully excluding any crusty and outside bits, having\npreviously simmered till quite tender, an onion, well peeled and\nquartered in a pint of milk. Put the crumbs into a very clean saucepan,\nand, if you like the flavor, a small teaspoonful of sliced onion,\nchopped, or rather minced, as finely as possible. Pour over the milk,\ntaking away the onion simmered in it, cover it up, and let it stand for\nan hour to soak. Then, with a fork, beat it quite smooth, and seasoned\nwith a very little powdered mace, cayenne and salt to taste, adding one\nounce of butter; give the whole a boil, stirring all the time, and it is\nready to serve. A small quantity of cream added at the last moment,\nmakes the sauce richer and smoother. Common white pepper may take the\nplace of cayenne, a few peppercorns may be simmered in the milk, but\nthey should be extracted before sending to table.\nBREAD SAUCE.--Grate some old bread into a basin; pour boiling new milk\nover it; add an onion with five cloves stuck in it, with pepper and\nsalt to taste. Cover it and simmer in a slow oven. When enough,\ntake out the onion and cloves; beat it well, and add a little melted\nbutter. The addition of cream very much improves this sauce.\nCAPER SAUCE.--Melt some butter, chop the capers fine, boil them with\nthe butter. An ounce of capers will be sufficient for a moderate size\nsauce-boat. Add, if you like, a little chopped parsley, and a little\nvinegar. More vinegar, a little cayenne, and essence of anchovy, make\nit suitable for fish.\nAs a substitute for capers, some use chopped pickled gherkins.\nESSENCE OF CELERY.--Soak the seeds in spirits of wine or brandy; or\ninfuse the root in the same for 24 hours, then take out, squeezing\nout all the liquor, and infuse more root in the same liquor to make it\nstronger. A few drops will [Transcriber's Note: The original text reads\n'flvor'] flavor broth, soup, etc.\nCELERY SAUCE.--Wash well the inside leaves of three heads of celery; cut\nthem into slices quarter inch thick, boil for six minutes, and drain;\ntake a tablespoonful of flour, two ounces of butter, and a teacupful of\ncream; beat well, and when warm, put in the celery and stir well over\nthe fire about twelve minutes. The sauce is very [Transcriber's Note:\nThe original text reads 'goood'] good for boiled fowl, etc.\nCOCOA SAUCE.--Scrape a portion of the kernel of a Cocoa nut, adding\nthe juice of three lemons, a teaspoonful of the tincture of cayenne\npepper, a teaspoonful of shallot vinegar, and half a cupful of water.\nGently simmer for a few hours.\nEGG SAUCE.--Boil two eggs hard, half chop the whites, put in the\nyolks, chop them together, but not very fine, put them with 1/4 lb. of\ngood melted butter.\nEGG SAUCE.--Four eggs boiled twelve minutes, then lay them in fresh\nwater, cold, pull off the shells, chop whites and yolks separately,\nmix them lightly, half pint melted butter, made in proportion of\nquarter pound of butter, to a large tablespoon flour, four of milk and\nhot water, add powdered mace or nutmeg, to be eaten with pork, boiled,\nor poultry, use chicken gravy or the water the chicken were boiled in.\nHORSERADISH SAUCE.--Perhaps a good receipt for horseradish sauce,\nwhich is so excellent with both hot and cold beef, but which we do not\nalways see served up with either. Two tablespoonfuls of mustard, the\nsame of vinegar, three tablespoonfuls of cream or milk and one of\npounded white sugar, well beaten up together with a small quantity of\ngrated horseradish. This is, of course, to be served up cold.\nMINT SAUCE.--Pick, mash and chop fine green spearmint, to two\ntablespoons of the minced leaves, put eight of vinegar, adding a\nlittle sugar. Serve cold.\nMINT SAUCE.--Wash fresh gathered mint; pick the leaves from the\nstalks; mince them very fine, and put them into a sauce-boat with a\nteaspoonful of sugar and four tablespoonfuls of vinegar. It may also\nbe made with dried mint or with mint vinegar.\nONION SAUCE.--Peel the onions, and boil them tender; squeeze the\nwater from them, then chop them, and add to them butter that has been\nmelted, rich and smooth, as will be hereafter directed, but with a\nlittle good milk instead of water; boil it up once, and serve it for\nboiled rabbits, partridge, scrag, or knuckle of veal, or roast mutton.\nA turnip boiled with the onions makes them milder.\nQUIN'S FISH SAUCE.--Half a pint of mushroom pickle, the same of\nwalnut, six long anchovies pounded, six cloves of garlic, three of\nthem pounded; half a spoonful of cayenne pepper; put them into a\nbottle, and shake well before using. It is also good with beefsteaks.\nSAUCE FOR COLD PARTRIDGES, MOOR-GAME, ETC.--Pound four anchovies and\ntwo cloves of garlic in a mortar; add oil and vinegar to the taste.\nMince the meat, and put the sauce to it as wanted.\nSAUCE FOR DUCKS.--Serve a rich gravy in the dish; cut the breast into\nslices, but don't take them off; cut a lemon, and put pepper and salt\non it, then squeeze it on the breast, and pour a spoonful of gravy\nover before you help.\nSAUCE FOR FOWL OF ANY SORT.--Boil some veal\ngravy, pepper, salt, the juice of a Seville orange and a lemon, and a\nquarter as much of port wine as of gravy; pour it into the dish or a\nboat.\nSAUCE FOR HOT OR COLD ROAST BEEF.--Grate, or scrape very fine, some\nhorseradish, a little made mustard, some pounded white sugar and four\nlarge spoonfuls of vinegar. Serve in a saucer.\nSAUCE FOR SALMON.--Boil a bunch of fennel and parsley chop them small,\nand put into it some good melted butter. Gravy sauce should be served\nwith it; put a little brown gravy into a saucepan, with one anchovy,\na teaspoonful of lemon pickle, a tablespoonful of walnut pickle,\ntwo spoonfuls of water in which the fish was boiled, a stick of\nhorseradish, a little browning, and salt; boil them four minutes;\nthicken with flour and a good lump of butter, and strain through a\nhair sieve.\nSAUCE FOR SAVOURY PIES.--Take some gravy, one anchovy, a sprig of\nsweet herbs, an onion, and a little mushroom liquor; boil it a little,\nand thicken it with burnt butter, or a bit of butter rolled in flour;\nadd a little port wine, and open the pie, and put it in. It will serve\nfor lamb, mutton, veal or beef pies.\nSAUCE FOR A TURKEY.--Open some oysters into a basin, and wash them in\ntheir own liquor, and as soon as settled pour into a saucepan; add a\nlittle white gravy, a teaspoonful of lemon pickle; thicken with flour\nand butter; boil it three or four minutes; add a spoonful of thick\ncream, and then the oysters; shake them over the fire till they are\nhot, but do not let them boil.\nSAUCE FOR WILD FOWL.--Simmer a teacupful of port wine, the same\nquantity of good meat gravy, a little shalot, a little pepper, salt,\na grate of nutmeg and a bit of mace, for ten minutes; put in a bit of\nbutter and flour, give it all one boil, and pour it through the birds.\nIn general they are not stuffed as tame, but may be done so if liked.\nFRENCH TOMATO SAUCE.--Cut ten or a dozen tomatoes into quarters, and put\nthem into a saucepan, with four onions, sliced, a little parsley, thyme,\na clove, and a quarter of a pound of butter; then set the saucepan on\nthe fire, stirring occasionally for three-quarters of an hour; strain\nthe sauce through a horse-hair sieve, and serve with the directed\narticles.\nTOMATO SAUCE.--Take 12 tomatoes, very red and ripe; take off the\nstalks, take out the seeds, and press out the water. Put the expressed\ntomatoes into a stewpan, with 1-1/2 ozs. of butter, a bay leaf, and\na little thyme; put it upon a moderate fire, stir it into a pulp; put\ninto it a good cullis, or the top of broth, which will be better. Rub\nit through a search, and put it into a stewpan with two spoonfuls of\ncullis; put in a little salt and cayenne.\nANOTHER.--Proceed as above with the seeds and water. Put them into\na stewpan, with salt and cayenne, and three tablespoonfuls of beef\ngravy. Set them on a slow stove for an hour, or till properly melted.\nStrain, and add a little good stock; and simmer a few minutes.\nWHITE SAUCE.--One pound of knuckle of veal, or any veal trimmings, or\ncold white meat, from which all brown skin has been removed; if meat\nhas been cooked, more will be required. It is best to have a little\nbutcher's meat fresh, even if you have plenty of cold meat in the\nlarder; any chicken bones greatly improve the stock. This should\nsimmer for five hours, together with a little salt, a dozen white\npeppercorns, one or two small onions stuck with cloves, according to\ntaste, a slice or two of lean ham, and a little shred of celery and a\ncarrot (if in season) in a quart of water. Strain it, and skim off\nall the fat; then mix one dessert-spoonful of flour in a half pint of\ncream; or, for economy's sake, half milk and half cream, or even\nall good new milk; add this to the stock, and if not salt enough,\ncautiously add more seasoning. Boil all together very gently for ten\nminutes, stirring all the time, as the sauce easily burns and very\nquickly spoils. This stock, made in large quantities, makes white\nsoup; for this an old fowl, stewed down, is excellent, and the liquor\nin which a young turkey has been boiled is as good a foundation as can\nbe desired.\nECONOMICAL WHITE SAUCE.--Cut up fine one carrot, two small onions, and\nput them into a stewpan with two ounces of butter, and simmer till the\nbutter is nearly absorbed. Then mix a small teacupful of flour in a\npint of new milk, boil the whole quietly till it thickens, strain\nit, season with salt and white pepper or cayenne, and it is ready to\nserve. Or mix well two ounces of flour with one ounce of butter; with\na little nutmeg, pepper and salt; add a pint of milk, and throw in\na strip of lemon peel; stir well over the fire till quite thick, and\nstrain.\nWINE SAUCE.--One and 1/2 cups sugar, three quarters cup of wine, a\nlarge spoonful flour, and a large piece of butter.\nHOW TO MAKE SOUPS\n ... AND BROTHS\nARTICHOKE SOUP.--Take Jerusalem artichokes according to the quantity\nof soup required to be made, cut them in slices, with a quarter of\na pound of butter, two or three onions and turnips, sliced into a\nstewpan, and stew over a very slow fire till done enough, and thin it\nwith good veal stock. Just before you serve, at the last boil, add a\nquarter of a pint of good cream. This is an excellent soup. Season\nto taste with a little salt and cayenne. As it is necessary to vary\nsoups, we shall give you a few to choose from according to season and\ntaste. All brown soups must be clear and thin, with the exception of\nmock turtle, which must be thickened with flour first browned with\nbutter in a stewpan. If the flour is added without previous browning,\nit preserves a raw taste that by no means improves the flavor.\nASPARAGUS SOUP.--Three or four pounds of veal cut fine, a little salt\npork, two or three bunches of asparagus and three quarts of water.\nBoil one-half of the asparagus with the meat, leaving the rest in\nwater until about twenty minutes before serving; then add the rest\nof the asparagus and boil just before serving; add one pint of milk;\nthicken with a little flour, and season. The soup should boil about\nthree hours before adding the last half of the asparagus.\nBEEF BROTH.--Put two pounds of lean beef, one pound of scrag of veal,\none pound of scrag of mutton, sweet herbs, and ten peppercorns, into a\nnice tin saucepan, with five quarts of water; simmer to three quarts,\nand clear from the fat when cold. Add one onion, if approved.\nSoup and broth made of different meats are more supporting, as well as\nbetter flavored.\nTo remove the fat, take it off, when cold, as clean as possible; and\nif there be still any remaining, lay a bit of clean blotting or\ncap paper on the broth when in the basin, and it will take up every\nparticle.\nBEEF SOUP.--Cut all the lean off the shank, and with a little beef\nsuet in the bottom of the kettle, fry it to a nice brown; put in the\nbones and cover with water; cover the kettle closely; let it cook\nslowly until the meat drops from the bones; strain through a colander\nand leave it in the dish during the night, which is the only way to\nget off all the fat. The day it is wanted for the table, fry as brown\nas possible a carrot, an onion, and a very small turnip sliced thin.\nJust before taking up, put in half a tablespoonful of sugar, a\nblade of mace, six cloves, a dozen kernels of allspice, a small\ntablespoonful of celery seed. With the vegetables this must cook\nslowly in the soup an hour; then strain again for the table. If you\nuse vermicelli or pearl barley, soak in water.\nDR. LIEBIG'S BEEF TEA.--When one pound of lean beef, free from fat,\nand separated from the bones, in a finely-chopped state in which it is\nused for mince-meat, or beef-sausages, is uniformly mixed with its\nown weight of cold water, slowly heated till boiling, and the liquid,\nafter boiling briskly for a minute or two, is strained through the\ntowel from the coagulated albumen and the fibrine, now become hard and\nhorny, we obtain an equal weight of the most aromatic soup, of such\nstrength as cannot be obtained even by boiling for hours from a piece\nof flesh. When mixed with salt and the other additions by which soup\nis usually seasoned, and tinged somewhat darker by means of roasted\nonions, or burnt bread, it forms the very best soup which can, in any\nway, be prepared from one pound of flesh.\nBROWN GRAVY SOUP.--Shred a small plate of onions, put some dripping\ninto a frying-pan and fry the onions till they are of a dark brown;\nthen, having about three pounds of beef cut up in dice, without fat or\nbone, brown that in a frying-pan. Now get a sauce-pan to contain about\na gallon, and put in the onions and meat, with a carrot and a turnip\ncut small, and a little celery, if you have it; if not, add two seeds\nof celery; put three quarts, or three and a half quarts of water to\nthis, and stir all together with a little pepper and salt; simmer very\nslowly, and skim off what rises; in three or four hours the soup will\nbe clear. When served, add a little vermicelli, which should have\npreviously been boiled in water; the liquid should be carefully\npoured off through a sieve. A large quantity may be made in the same\nproportions. Of course, the meat and onions must be stirred whilst\nfrying, and constantly turned; they should be of a fine brown, not\nblack, and celery-seed will give a flavor, it is so strong.\nCARROT SOUP.--Put some beef bones, with four quarts of the liquor in\nwhich a leg of mutton or beef has been boiled, two large onions, a\nturnip, pepper and salt into a sauce-pan, and stew for three hours. Have\nready six large carrots, scraped and cut thin, strain the soup on them,\nand stew them till soft enough to pulp through a hair sieve or coarse\ncloth, then boil the pulp with the soup, which is to be as thick as\npea-soup. Use two wooden spoons to rub the carrots through. Make the\nsoup the day before it is to be used. Add cayenne. Pulp only the red\npart of the carrot, and not the yellow.\nCLAM SOUP.--Cut salt pork in very small squares and fry light brown;\nadd one large or two small onions cut very fine, and cook about ten\nminutes; add two quarts water and one quart of raw potatoes, sliced;\nlet it boil; then add one quart of clams. Mix one tablespoonful of\nflour with water, put it with one pint of milk, and pour into the\nsoup, and let it boil about five minutes. Butter, pepper, salt.\nWorcestershire sauce to taste.\n[Transcriber's Note: The original text reads 'GROUTONS']\nCROUTONS.--These are simply pieces of bread fried brown and crisp, to be\nused in soups.\nGAME SOUPS.--Cut in pieces a partridge, pheasant, or rabbit; add\nslices of veal, ham, onions, carrots, etc. Add a little water, heat a\nlittle on slow fire, as gravy is done; then add some good broth, boil\nthe meat gently till it is done. Strain, and stew in the liquor what\nherbs you please.\nGAME SOUP.--In the season for game, it is easy to have good game soup\nat very little expense, and very nice. Take the meat from off the\nbones of any cold game left, pound it in a mortar and break up the\nbones, and pour on them a quart of any good broth, and boil for an\nhour and a half. Boil and mash six turnips, and mix with the pounded\nmeat, and then pass them through a sieve. Strain the broth, and stir\nin the mixture of meat and turnips which has been strained through the\nsieve; keep the soup-pot near the fire, but do not let it boil. When\nready to dish the soup for table, beat the yolks of five eggs very\nlightly, and mix with them half a pint of good cream. Set the soup on\nto boil, and, as it boils, stir in the beaten eggs and cream, but be\ncareful that it does not boil after they are stirred in, as the egg\nwill curdle. Serve hot.\nJULIENNE SOUP.--Put a piece of butter the size of an egg into the\nsoup-kettle; stir until melted. Cut three young onions small; fry\nthem a nice brown; add three quarts of good clear beef-stock, a little\nmace, pepper and salt; let it boil an hour; add three young carrots\nand three turnips cut small, a stalk of celery cut fine, a pint of\nFrench beans, a pint of green peas; let this boil two hours; if not\na bright, clear color, add a spoonful of soy. This is a nice summer\nsoup.\nLOBSTER SOUP.--One large lobster or two small ones; pick all the meat\nfrom the shell and chop fine; scald one quart of milk and one pint\nof water, then add the lobster, one pound of butter, a teaspoonful of\nflour, and salt and red pepper to taste. Boil ten minutes and serve\nhot.\nMOCK TURTLE SOUP.--One soup-bone, one quart of turtle beans, one large\nspoonful of powdered cloves, salt and pepper. Soak the beans over\nnight, put them on with the soup-bone in nearly six quarts of water,\nand cook five or six hours. When half done, add the cloves, salt and\npepper; when done, strain through a colander, pressing the pulp of the\nbeans through to make the soup the desired thickness, and serve with\na few slices of hard-boiled egg and lemon sliced very thin. The turtle\nbeans are black and can only be obtained from large groce.\nOYSTER SOUP.--Take one quart of water, one teacup of butter, one pint\nof milk, two teaspoons of salt, four crackers rolled fine, and one\nteaspoon of pepper; bring to full boiling heat as soon as possible,\nthen add one quart of oysters; let the whole come to boiling heat\nquickly and remove from the fire.\nOYSTER SOUP.--Pour one quart of boiling water into a skillet; then one\nquart of good rich milk; stir in one teacup of rolled cracker crumbs;\nseason with pepper and salt to taste. When all come to boil, add one\nquart of good fresh oysters; stir well, so as to keep from scorching;\nthen add a piece of good sweet butter about the size of an egg; let it\nboil up once, then remove from the fire immediately; dish up and send\nto table.\nOX TAIL SOUP.--Take two ox tails and two whole onions, two carrots, a\nsmall turnip, two tablespoonfuls of flour, and a little white pepper;\nadd a gallon of water, let all boil for two hours; then take out the\ntails and cut the meat into small pieces, return the bones to the pot\nfor a short time, boil for another hour, then strain the soup, and\nrinse two spoonfuls of arrow-root to add to it with the meat cut from\nthe bones, and let all boil for a quarter of an hour.\nSCOTCH BROTH.--Take one-half teacup barley, four quarts cold water;\nbring this to the boil and skim; now put in a neck of mutton and boil\nagain for half an hour, skim well the sides of the pot also; have\nready two carrots, one large onion, a small head of cabbage, one\nbunch parsley, one sprig of celery top; chop all these fine, add your\nchopped vegetables, pepper and salt to taste. This soup takes two\nhours to cook.\nSOUP AND BOUILLE.--Stew a brisket of beef with some turnips, celery,\nleeks and onions, all finely cut. Put the pieces of beef into the\npot first, then the roots, and half a pint of beef gravy, with a few\ncloves. Simmer for an hour. Add more beef gravy, and boil gently for\nhalf an hour.\nROYAL SOUP.--Take a scrag or knuckle of veal, slices of undressed\ngammon of bacon, onions, mace, and a small quantity of water; simmer\ntill very strong, and lower it with a good beef broth made the\nday before, and stewed till the meat is done to rags. Add cream,\nvermicelli, almonds and a roll.\nVARIOUS SOUPS.--Good soups may be made from fried meats, where the fat\nand gravy are added to the boiled barley; and for that purpose, fat\nbeef steaks, pork steaks, mutton chops, etc. should be preferred, as\ncontaining more of the nutritious principle. When nearly done frying,\nadd a little water, which will produce a gravy to be added to the\nbarley broth; a little wheat flour should be dredged in also; a\nquantity of onions, cut small, should also be fried with the fat,\nwhich gives the soup a fine flavor, assisted by seasoning, etc.\nSoups may be made from broiled meats. While the fat beef steak is\ndoing before the fire, or mutton chop, etc., save the drippings on\na dish, in which a little flour, oatmeal, with cut onions, etc., are\nput.\nGRAND CONSOMME SOUP.--Put into a pot two knuckles of veal, a piece\nof a leg of beef, a fowl, or an old cock, a rabbit, or two old\npartridges; add a ladleful of soup, and stir it well; when it comes\nto a jelly, put in a sufficient quantity of stock, and see that it is\nclear; let it boil, skimming and refreshing it with water; season it\nas the above; you may add, if you like, a clove of garlic; let it then\nboil slowly or simmer four or five hours; put it through a towel, and\nuse it for mixing in sauces or clear soups.\nJULIENNE SOUP.--Take some carrots and turnips, and turn them\nriband-like; a few heads of celery, some leeks and onions, and cut\nthem in lozenges, boil them till they are cooked, then put them into\nclear gravy soup. Brown thickening.--N.B. You may, in summer time, add\ngreen peas, asparagus tops, French beans, some lettuce or sorrel.\nSOUP AND SOUPS.--It is not at all necessary to keep a special fire for\nfive hours every day in order to have at dinner a first course of\nsoup. Nor need a good, savory, nutritious soup for a family of five\ncost more than 10 cents. There is no use hurling any remarks about\n\"swill-pails.\" Every housekeeper who knows anything of her kitchen and\ndining-room affairs, knows there are usually nice clean fragments of\nroasts and broils left over, and that broth in which lamb, mutton,\nbeef, and fowls have been boiled is in existence, and that twice a\nweek or so there is a bowl of drippings from roasted meats. All these\nwhen simmered with rice, macaroni, or well-chosen vegetables, and\njudiciously seasoned, make good soups, and can be had without a\nspecial fire, and without sending to the butcher's for special meats.\nWe name a few of the soups we make, and beg leave to add that they\nare pretty well received. We make them in small quantities, for nobody\nwith three additional courses before him wants to eat a _quart_ of\nsoup, you know!\n1.--One pint of good gravy, three cups boiling water, a slice of\nturnip, and half an onion cut in small bits, two grated crackers.\nSimmer half an hour.\n2.--On ironing day cut off the narrow ends from two or three sirloin\nsteaks, chop them into morsels and put in a stewpan with a little\nsalt, a tablespoonful of rice and a pint of cold water, and simmer\nslowly for three hours. Then add water enough to make a quart of soup,\na tablespoonful of tomato catsup, and a little browned flour mixed\nwith the yolk of an egg.\n3.--Pare and slice very thin four good sized potatoes, pour over them\ntwo cups of boiling water, and simmer gently until the potatoes are\ndissolved. Add salt, a lump of nice butter, and a pint of sweet milk\nwith a dust of pepper. Let it boil up once, and serve. You wouldn't\nthink it, but it is real good, and children cry for it.\n4.--One pint meat broth, one pint boiling water, slice in an onion,\nor a parsnip, or half a turnip--or all three if liked--boil until the\nvegetables are soft, add a little salt if needed, and a tablespoonful\nof Halford sauce.\n5.--Let green corn, in the time of green corn, be grated, and to a\npint of it put a pint of rich milk, a pint of water, a little butter,\nsalt and pepper. Boil gently for fifteen or twenty minutes.\nSPLIT PEA SOUP.--Take beef bones or any cold meats, and two pounds of\ncorned pork; pour on them a gallon of hot water, and let them simmer\nthree hours, removing all the scum. Boil one quart of split peas two\nhours, having been previously soaked, as they require much cooking:\nstrain off the meat and mash the peas into the soup; season with black\npepper, and let it simmer one hour; fry two or three slices of bread a\nnice brown, cut into slices and put into the bottom of the tureen, and\non them pour the soup.\nTOMATO SOUP.--Boil chicken or beef four hours; then strain; add to the\nsoup one can of tomatoes and boil one hour. This will make four quarts\nof soup.\nTOMATO SOUP WITHOUT MEAT.--One quart of tomatoes, one quart of water,\none quart of milk. Butter, salt and pepper to taste. Cook the tomatoes\nthoroughly in the water, have the milk scalding (over water to prevent\nscorching). When the tomatoes are done add a large teaspoonful of\nsalaratus, which will cause a violent effervescence. It is best to\nset the vessel in a pan before adding it to prevent waste. When the\ncommotion has ceased add the milk and seasoning. When it is possible\nit is best to use more milk than water, and cream instead of butter.\nThe soup is eaten with crackers and is by some preferred to oyster\nsoup. This recipe is very valuable for those who keep abstinence days.\nTURKEY SOUP.--Take the turkey bones and cook for one hour in water\nenough to cover them; then stir in a little dressing and a beaten egg.\nTake from the fire, and when the water has ceased boiling add a little\nbutter with pepper and salt.\nVEAL GRAVY.--Put in the stewpan bits of lard, then a few thin slices\nof ham, a few bits of butter, then slices of fillet of veal, sliced\nonions, carrots, parsnips, celery, a few cloves upon the meat, and two\nspoonfuls of broth; set it on the fire till the veal throws out its\njuices; then put it on a stronger fire till the meat catches to\nthe bottom of the pan, and is brought to a proper color; then add a\nsufficient quantity of light broth, and simmer it upon a slow fire\ntill the meat is well done. A little thyme and mushrooms may be added.\nSkim and sift it clear for use.\nVEAL SOUP.--To a knuckle of veal of 6 pounds, put 7 or 9 quarts of\nwater; boil down one-half; skim it well. This is better to do the day\nbefore you prepare the soup for the table. Thicken it by rubbing flour,\nbutter, and water together. Season with salt and mace. When done\n[Transcriber's Note: The original text reads 'and'] add one pint new\nmilk; let it just come to a boil; then pour into a soup dish, lined with\nmacaroni well cooked.\nVEGETABLE SOUP.--Pare and slice five or six cucumbers; and add to\nthese as many cos lettuces, a sprig or two of mint, two or three\nonions, some pepper and salt, a pint and a half of young peas and a\nlittle parsley. Put these, with half a pound of fresh butter, into\na saucepan, to stew in their own liquor, near a gentle fire, half an\nhour, then pour two quarts of boiling water to the vegetables, and\nstew them two hours; rub down a little flour into a teacupful of\nwater, boil it with the rest twenty minutes, and serve it.\nVERMICELLI SOUP.--Boil tender 1/2 lb. of vermicelli in a quart of rich\ngravy; take half of it out, and add to it more gravy; boil till\nthe vermicelli can be pulped through a sieve. To both put a pint of\nboiling cream, a little salt, and 1/4 lb. of Parmesan cheese. Serve\nwith rasped bread. Add two or three eggs, if you like.\nBROWN VERMICELLI SOUP.--Is made in the same manner, leaving out the\neggs and cream, and adding one quart of strong beef gravy.\nHOW TO COOK VEGETABLES\nHOW TO BOIL ARTICHOKES.--If the artichokes are very young, about an\ninch of the stalk can be left; but should they be full grown, the\nstalk must be cut quite close. Wash them well and put them into strong\nsalt and water to soak for a couple of hours. Pull away a few of the\nlower leaves, and snip off the points of all. Fill a saucepan with\nwater, throw some salt into it, let it boil up, and then remove the\nscum from the top; put the artichokes in, with the stalks upward, and\nlet them boil until the leaves can be loosened easily; this will take\nfrom thirty to forty minutes, according to the age of the artichokes.\nThe saucepan should not be covered during the time they are boiling.\nRich, melted butter is always sent to the table with them.\nNEW MODE TO DRESS ASPARAGUS.--Scrape the grass, tie it up in bundles,\nand cut the ends off an even length. Have ready a saucepan, with boiling\nwater, and salt in proportion of a heaped saltspoonful to a quart of\nwater. Put in the grass, standing it on the bottom with the green heads\nout of the water, so that they are not liable to be boiled off. If the\nwater boils too fast, dash in a little cold water. When the grass has\nboiled a quarter of an hour it will be sufficiently done; remove it from\nthe saucepan, cut off the ends down to the edible part, arrange it on a\ndish in a round pyramid, with the heads toward the middle of the dish,\nand boil some eggs hard; cut them in two, and place them round the dish\nquite hot. Serve melted butter in a sauce-tureen; and those who like it\nrub the yoke of a hard egg into the butter, which makes a delicious\nsauce to the asparagus.\nHOW TO BOIL ASPARAGUS.--Scrape the asparagus; tie them in small\nbunches; boil them in a large pan of water with salt in it; before\nyou dish them up toast some slices of bread, and then dip them in\nthe boiling water; lay the asparagus on the toasts; pour on them rich\nmelted butter, and serve hot.\nRAGOUT OF ASPARAGUS.--Cut small asparagus like green peas; the best\nmethod is to break them off first; then tie them in small bunches\nto cut, boil them till half done; then drain them, and finish with\nbutter, a little broth, herbs, two cloves, and a sprig of savory. When\ndone, take out the cloves, herbs, etc., mix two yolks of eggs, with\na little flour, and broth, to garnish a first course dish. But if you\nintend to serve it in a second course mix cream, a little salt, and\nsugar.\nFRENCH BEANS, A LA CREME.--Slice the beans and boil them in water with\nsalt. When soft, drain. Put into a stewpan two ounces of fresh butter,\nthe yolks of three eggs, beaten up into a gill of cream, and set over\na slow fire. When hot, add a spoonful of vinegar, simmer for five\nminutes.\nTO PRESERVE FRENCH BEANS FOR WINTER.--Pick them young, and throw into\na little wooden keg a layer of them three inches deep; then sprinkle\nthem with salt, put another layer of beans, and do the same as high as\nyou think proper, alternately with salt, but not too much of this. Lay\nover them a plate, or cover of wood, that will go into the keg, and\nput a heavy stone on it. A pickle will rise from the beans and salt.\nIf they are too salt, the soaking and boiling will not be sufficient\nto make them pleasant to the taste.\nSTEWED BEANS.--Boil them in water in which a lump of butter has been\nplaced; preserve them as white as you can; chop a few sweet herbs with\nsome parsley very fine; then stew them in a pint of the water in which\nthe leaves have been boiled, and to which a quarter of a pint of cream\nhas been added; stew until quite tender, then add the beans, and stew\nfive minutes, thickening with butter and flour.\nHOW TO BOIL BROCCOLI.--Peel the thick skin of the stalks, and boil for\nnearly a quarter of an hour, with a little bit of soda, then put in\nsalt, and boil five minutes more. Broccoli and savoys taste better\nwhen a little bacon is boiled with them.\nHOW TO BOIL CABBAGE.--Cut off the outside leaves, and cut it in\nquarters; pick it well, and wash it clean; boil it in a large quantity\nof water, with plenty of salt in it; when it is tender and a fine\nlight green, lay it on a sieve to drain, but do not squeeze it, it\nwill take off the flavor; have ready some very rich melted butter, or\nchop it with cold butter. Greens must be boiled the same way. Strong\nvegetables like turnips and cabbage, etc., require much water.\nCABBAGE SALAD.--Three eggs well beaten, one cup of vinegar, two\ntablespoons of mustard, salt and pepper, one tablespoon of butter; let\nthis mixture come to a boil, when cool add seven tablespoons of cream,\nhalf a head of cabbage shaved fine.\nHOW TO BOIL CAULIFLOWERS.--Strip the leaves which you do not intend to\nuse, and put the cauliflowers into salt and water some time to force\nout snails, worms, etc. Boil them twelve minutes on a drainer in\nplenty of water, then add salt, and boil five or six minutes longer.\nSkim well while boiling. Take out and drain. Serve with melted butter,\nor a sauce made of butter, cream, pepper and salt.\nHOW TO FRY CAULIFLOWERS.--Wash as before. Boil twenty or thirty\nminutes; cut it into small portions, and cool. Dip the portions twice\ninto a batter made of flour, milk and egg, and fry them in butter.\nServe with gravy.\nCUCUMBERS FOR IMMEDIATE USE.--Slice, sprinkle with salt; let them\nstand several hours, drain, and then put to them sliced onions,\nvinegar to cover them, and salt, pepper, etc. Cayenne pepper and\nground mustard render them wholesome.\nSTEWED CELERY.--Wash and clean six or eight heads of celery, let them\nbe about three inches long; boil tender and pour off all the water;\nbeat the yolks of four eggs, and mix with half a pint of cream, mace\nand salt; set it over the fire with the celery, and keep shaking until\nit thickens, then serve hot.\nCOLD SLAW.--Half a head of cabbage cut very fine, a stalk of celery\ncut fine--or teaspoon of celery seed--or, a tablespoon of celery\nessence, four hard-boiled eggs, whites chopped very fine, a teaspoon\nof mustard, a tablespoon of butter and the yolks of the boiled eggs,\nsalt and pepper, mix well; take an egg well beaten and stir in a cup\nof boiling vinegar, pour over and cover for a few minutes.\nEGG-PLANT.--Slice the egg-plant an eighth of an inch in thickness,\npare it, and sprinkle salt over it an hour before cooking; then drain\noff all the water, beat up the yolk of an egg, clip the slices first\nin the egg, and then in crumbs of bread; fry a nice brown. Serve hot,\nand free from fat.\nHOW TO COOK EGG-PLANT.--Cut the egg-plant in slices half an inch\nthick, sprinkle a thin layer of salt between the slices, and lay them\none over the other; and let them stand an hour. This draws out the\nbitter principal from the egg-plant, and also a part of the water.\nThen lay each slice in flour, put in hot fat and fry it brown on both\nsides. Or boil the egg-plant till tender, remove the skin, mash fine,\nmix with an equal quantity of bread or cracker crumbs, and salt,\npepper and bake half an hour. This makes a delightful dish, and a very\ndigestible one, as it has so little oily matter in it.\nHOW TO BROIL MUSHROOMS.--Pare some large, open mushrooms, leaving the\nstalks on, paring them to a point; wash them well, and turn them on\nthe back of a drying sieve to drain. Put into a stewpan two ounces of\nbutter, some chopped parsley, and shalots, then fry them for a minute\non the fire; when melted, place your mushroom stalks upward on a\nsaucepan, then pour the butter and parsley over all the mushrooms;\npepper and salt them well with black pepper put them in the oven to\nbroil; when done, put a little good stock to them, give them a boil\nand dish them, pour the liquor over them, adding more gravy, but let\nit be put in hot.\nHOW TO PICKLE ONIONS.--Take two quarts of the small white round\nonions. Scald them in very strong salt and water. Just let them boil.\nStrain, peel, place in jars; cover them with the best white wine\nvinegar. In two days pour all the vinegar off, and boil it half\nan hour, with a teaspoonful of cayenne pepper, 1 oz. of ginger, 16\ncloves, 1/2 oz. ground mustard, 2 ozs. mustard seed. When cold, pour\nupon the onions. Some persons prefer the vinegar boiling hot.\nHOW TO FRICASSEE PARSNIPS.--Boil in milk till they are soft, then cut\nthem lengthwise in bits two or three inches long, and simmer in a white\nsauce, made of two spoonfuls of broth, and a bit of mace, half a cupful\nof cream, a bit of butter, and some flour, pepper and salt.\nHOW TO MASH PARSNIPS.--Boil them tender, scrape then mash them in a\nstewpan with a little cream, a good piece of butter, and pepper and\nsalt.\nHOW TO STEW PARSNIPS.--Boil them tender; scrape and cut into slices;\nput them into a saucepan with cream enough; for sauce, a piece of\nbutter rolled in flour, and a little salt; shake the saucepan often,\nwhen the cream boils, pour them into a dish.\nHOW TO BOIL PEAS.--Peas should not be shelled long before they are\nwanted, nor boiled in much water; when the water boils, put them in\nwith a little salt (some add a little loaf sugar, but if they are\nsweet of themselves, it is superfluous); when the peas begin to dent\nin the middle they are boiled enough. Strain, and put a piece of\nbutter in the dish, and stir. A little mint should be boiled with the\npeas.\nPUREE OF POTATOES.--This differs from mashed potatoes only in the\nemployment of more milk and butter, and in the whole being carefully\nreduced to a perfectly smooth, thick, cream-like mixture. Where\neconomy is a great object, and where rich dishes are not desired, the\nfollowing is an admirable mode of mashing potatoes: Boil them till\nthoroughly done, having added a handful of salt to the water, then dry\nthem well, and with two forks placed back to back beat the whole up\nuntil no lumps are left. If done rapidly, potatoes thus cooked are\nextremely light and digestible.\nHOW TO BOIL POTATOES.--Boil in a saucepan without lid, with only\nsufficient water to cover them; more would spoil them, as the potatoes\ncontain much water, and it requires to be expelled. When the water\nnearly boils pour it off, and add cold water, with a good portion of\nsalt. The cold water sends the heat from the surface to the center of\nthe potato, and makes it mealy. Boiling with a lid on often produces\ncracking.\nNEW POTATOES.--Should be cooked soon after having been dug; wash well,\nand boil.\nThe Irish, who boil potatoes to perfection, say they should always\nbe boiled in their _jackets_; as peeling them for boiling is only\noffering a premium for water to run through the potato, and rendering\nit sad and unpalatable; they should be well washed, and put into cold\nwater.\nNEW POTATOES.--Have them as freshly dug as may be convenient; the\nlonger they have been out of the ground the less well-flavored they\nare. Well wash them, rub off the skins with a coarse cloth or brush,\nand put them into boiling water, to which has been added salt, at\nthe rate of one heaped teaspoonful to two quarts. Let them boil till\ntender--try them with a fork; they will take from ten or fifteen\nminutes to half an hour, according to size. When done, pour away the\nwater, and set by the side of the fire, with the lid aslant. When they\nare quite dry, have ready a hot vegetable dish, and in the middle\nof it put a piece of butter the size of a walnut--some people like\nmore--heap the potatoes round it and over it, and serve immediately.\nWe have seen very young potatoes, no larger than a marble, parboiled,\nand then fried in cream till they are of a fine auburn color; or else,\nwhen larger, boiled till nearly ready, then sliced and fried in cream,\nwith pepper, salt, a very little nutmeg, and a flavoring of lemon\njuice. Both make pretty little supper dishes.\nPOTATOES ROASTED UNDER THE MEAT.--These are very good; they should\nbe nicely browned. Half boil large mealy potatoes; put into a baking\ndish, under the meat roasting; ladle the gravy upon them occasionally.\nThey are best done in an oven.\nPOTATO RIBBONS.--Cut the potatoes into slices, rather more than half\nan inch thick, and then pare round and round in very long ribbons.\nPlace them in a pan of cold water, and a short time before wanted\ndrain them from the water. Fry them in hot lard, or good dripping,\nuntil crisp and browned; dry them on a soft cloth, pile them on a hot\ndish, and season with salt and cayenne.\nPOTATO ROLLS.--Boil three lbs. of potatoes; crush and work them with\ntwo ozs. of butter and as much milk as will cause them to pass through\na colander; take half a pint of yeast and half a pint of warm water;\nmix with the potatoes; pour the whole upon 5 lbs. of flour; add salt;\nknead it well; if too thick, put to it a little more milk and warm\nwater; stand before the fire for an hour to rise; work it well and\nmake it into rolls. Bake it half an hour.\nPOTATO RISSOLES.--Boil the potatoes floury; mash them, seasoning them\nwith salt and a little cayenne; mince parsley very fine, and work up\nwith the potatoes, adding eschalot, also chopped small. Bind with yolk\nof egg, roll into balls, and fry with fresh butter over a clear fire.\nMeat shred finely, bacon or ham may be added.\nPOTATO SAUTEES.--These are even more agreeable with meat than fried\npotatoes. Cold boiled potatoes are sliced up, and tossed up in a\nsaucepan with butter, mixed with a little chopped parsley, till they\nare lightly browned. Pure goose or other dripping is by many cooks\npreferred to butter for this purpose.\nPOTATO SOUFFLES.--The delicious blistered potatoes are prepared as\nfollows: The potatoes, if small, are simply cut in halves; if large,\ncut in three or more slices; these are fried in the usual way, but are\ntaken out before they are quite done, and set aside to get cold; when\nwanted they are fried a second time, but only till they are of a light\ngolden color, not brown.\nTOMATOES.--Cut ripe tomatoes into slices, put them in a buttered\ndish with some bread crumbs, butter, pepper and salt, and bake till\nslightly brown on top.\nFORCED TOMATOES.--Prepare the following forcemeat: Two ounces of\nmushrooms, minced small, a couple of shalots, likewise minced, a small\nquantity of parsley, a slice of lean ham, chopped fine, a few savory\nherbs, and a little cayenne and salt. Put all these ingredients into\na saucepan with a lump of butter, and stew all together until quite\ntender, taking care that they do not burn. Put it by to cool, and then\nmix with them some bread crumbs and the well beaten yolks of two eggs.\nChoose large tomatoes, as nearly of the same size as possible, cut a\nslice from the stalk end of each, and take out carefully the seeds\nand juice; fill them with the mixture which has already been prepared,\nstrew them over with bread and some melted butter, and bake them in\na quick oven until they assume a rich color. They are a good\naccompaniment to veal or calf's head.\nTO MASH TURNIPS.--Boil them very tender. Strain till no water is left.\nPlace in a saucepan over a gentle fire, and stir well a few minutes.\nDo not let them burn. Add a little cream, or milk, or both, salt\nbutter and pepper. Add a tablespoonful of fine sugar. Stir and simmer\nfive minutes longer.\nTO BOIL OR STEW VEGETABLE MARROW.--This excellent vegetable may be\nboiled as asparagus. When boiled, divide it lengthways into two, and\nserve it upon a toast accompanied by melted butter; or when nearly\nboiled, divide it as above, and stew gently in gravy like cucumbers.\nCare should be taken to choose young ones not exceeding six inches in\nlength.\n[Illustration: How to Calculate]\nHOW TO CALCULATE.\nPRACTICAL RULES, SHORT METHODS, AND PROBLEMS USED IN BUSINESS\nCOMPUTATIONS.\nRapidity and accuracy in making estimates and in figuring out the\nresult of business transactions is of the greatest necessity to the\nman of business. A miscalculation may involve the loss of hundreds\nor thousands of dollars, in many cases, while a slow and tedious\ncalculation involves loss of time and the advantage which should have\nbeen seized at the moment. It is proposed in the following pages\nto give a few brief methods and practical rules for performing\ncalculations which occur in every-day transactions among men,\npresuming that a fair knowledge of the ordinary rules of arithmetic\nhas previously been attained.\nADDITION.\nTo be able to add up long columns of figures rapidly and correctly is\nof great value to the merchant. This requires not only a knowledge\nof addition, but in order to have a correct result, one that can be\nrelied upon, it requires concentration of the mind. Never allow other\nthoughts to be flitting through the mind, or any outside matter\nto disturb or draw it away from the figures, until the result is\nobtained. Write the tens to be carried each time in a smaller figure\nunderneath the units, so that afterwards any column can be added\nover again without repeating the entire operation. By the practice of\naddition the eye and mind soon become accustomed to act rapidly, and\nthis is the art of addition. Grouping figures together is a valuable\naid in rapid addition, as we group letters into words in reading.\nThus, in the above example, we do not say 3 and 4 are 7 and 8 are 15\nand 2 are 17, but speak the sum of the couplet, thus 7 and 10 are 17,\nand in the second column, 12 and 9 are 21. This method of grouping\nthe figures soon becomes easy and reduces the labor of addition about\none-half, while those somewhat expert may group three or more figures,\nstill more reducing the time and labor, and sometimes two or more\ncolumns may be added at once, by ready reckoners.\nAnother method is to group into tens when it can be conveniently done,\nand still another method in adding up long columns is to add from the\nbottom to the top, and whenever the numbers make even 10, 20, 30, 40\nor 50, write with pencil a small figure opposite, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, and\nthen proceed to add as units. The sum of these figures thus set out\nwill be the number of tens to be carried to the next column.\nSHORT METHODS OF MULTIPLICATION.\nFor certain classes of examples in multiplication short methods may be\nemployed and the labor of calculation reduced, but of course for the\ngreat bulk of multiplications no practical abbreviation remains. A\nperson having much multiplying to do should learn the table up to\ntwenty, which can be done without much labor.\nTo multiply any number by 10, 100, or 1000, simply annex one, two, or\nthree ciphers, as the case may be. If it is desired to multiply by\n20, 300, 5000, or a number greater than one with any number of ciphers\nannexed, multiply first by the number and then annex as many ciphers\nas the multiplier contains.\n     5 cents equal 1/20 of a dollar.\n     10 cents equal 1/10 of a dollar.\n     12-1/2 cents equal 1/8 of a dollar.\n     16-2/3 cents equal 1/6 of a dollar.\n     20 cents equal 1/5 of a dollar.\n     25 cents equal 1/4 of a dollar.\n     33-1/3 cents equal 1/3 of a dollar.\n     50 cents equal 1/2 of a dollar.\nArticles of merchandise are often bought and sold by the pound, yard,\nor gallon, and whenever the price is an equal part of a dollar, as\nseen in the above table, the whole cost may be easily found by adding\ntwo ciphers to the number of pounds or yards and dividing by the\nequivalent in the table.\n_Example_. What cost 18 dozen eggs at 16-2/3c per dozen?\n_Example_. What cost 10 pounds butter at 25c per pound?\nOr, if the pounds are equal parts of one hundred and the price is\nnot, then the same result may be obtained by dividing the price by the\nequivalent of the quantity as seen in the table; thus, in the above\ncase, if the price were 10c and the number of pounds 25, it would be\nworked just the same.\n_Example_. Find the cost of 50 yards of gingham at 14c a yard.\nWhen the price is one dollar and twenty-five cents, fifty cents, or\nany number found in the table, the result may be quickly found by\nfinding the price for the extra cents, as in the above examples, and\nthen adding this to the number of pounds or yards and calling the\nresult dollars.\n_Example_. Find the cost of 20 bushels potatoes at $1.12-1/2 per\nbushel.\nIf the price is $2 or $3 instead of $1, then the number of bushels\nmust first be multiplied by 2 or 3, as the case may be.\n_Example_. Find the cost of 6 hats at $4.33-1/3 apiece.\nWhen 125 or 250 are multipliers add three ciphers and divide by 8 and\n4 respectively.\nTo multiply a number consisting of two figures by 11, write the sum of\nthe two figures between them.\n_Example_. Multiply 53 by 11. Ans. 583.\nIf the sum of the two numbers exceeds 10 then the units only must\nbe placed between and the tens figure carried and added to the next\nfigure to the left.\n_Example_. Multiply 87 by 11. Ans. 957.\nFRACTIONS.\nFractional parts of a cent should never be despised. They often make\nfortunes, and the counting of all the fractions may constitute the\ndifference between the rich and the poor man. The business man readily\nunderstands the value of the fractional part of a bushel, yard, pound,\nor cent, and calculates them very sharply, for in them lies perhaps\nhis entire profit.\nTO REDUCE A FRACTION TO ITS SIMPLEST FORM.\nDivide both the numerator and denominator by any number that will\nleave no remainder and repeat the operation until no number will\ndivide them both.\n_Example_. The simplest form of 36/45 is found by dividing by 9 = 4/5.\nTo reduce a whole number and a fraction, as 4-1/2, to fractional form,\nmultiply the whole number by the denominator, add the numerator and\nwrite the result over the denominator. Thus, 4 X 2 = 8 + = 9 placed\nover 2 is 9/2.\nTO ADD FRACTIONS.\nReduce the fractions to like denominators, add their numerators and\nwrite the denominator under the result.\n_Example_. Add 2/3 to 3/4.\nTO SUBTRACT FRACTIONS.\nReduce the fractions to like denominators, subtract the numerators and\nwrite the denominators under the result.\n_Example_. Find the difference between 4/5 and 3/4.\nTO MULTIPLY FRACTIONS.\nMultiply the numerators together for a new numerator and the\ndenominators together for a new denominator.\n_Example_. Multiply 7/8 by 5/6.\nTO DIVIDE FRACTIONS.\nMultiply the dividend by the divisor inverted.\n_Example_. Divide 7/8 by 5/6.\n7/8 X 6/5 = 42/40. Reduced to simple form by dividing by 2 is 21/20 =\n[Transcriber's Note: The original text reads '1^{1}'] 1-1/20. Ans.\nTO MULTIPLY MIXED NUMBERS.\nWhen two numbers are to be multiplied, one of which contains a\nfraction, first multiply the whole numbers together, then multiply the\nfraction by the other whole number, add the two results together for\nthe correct answer.\n_Example_. What cost 5-1/3 yards at 18c a yard?\nWhen both numbers contain a fraction,\nFirst, multiply the whole numbers together,\nSecond, multiply the, lower whole number by the upper fraction;\nThird, multiply the upper whole number by the lower fraction;\nFourth, multiply the fractions together;\nFifth, add all the results for the correct answer.\n_Example_. What cost 12-2/3 pounds of butter at 18-3/4c per pound?\nCommon fractions may often be changed to decimals very readily, and\nthe calculations thereby made much easier.\nTO CHANGE COMMON FRACTIONS TO DECIMALS.\nAnnex one or more ciphers to the numerator and divide by the\ndenominator.\n_Example_. Change 3/4 to a decimal. Ans. .75.\nWe add two ciphers to the 3, making it 300, and divide by 4, which\ngives us.75. In the same way 1/2 =.5, or 3/4 =.75, and so on. When a\nquantity is in dollars and fractions of a dollar, the fractions should\nalways be thus reduced to cents and mills.\nTWENTY THOUSAND THINGS WORTH KNOWING.\nRELATIVE HARDNESS OF WOODS.\nTaking shell bark hickory as the highest standard of our forest trees,\nand calling that 100, other trees will compare with it for hardness as\nfollows:\n      Shell Bark Hickory    100\n      Pignut Hickory         96\n      [Transcriber's Note: The original text reads 'Chesnut']\n      [Transcriber's Note: The original text reads 'Buternut']\nTimber intended for posts is rendered almost proof against rot by\nthorough seasoning, charring and immersion in hot coal tar.\nThe slide of Alpnach, extending from Mount Pilatus to Lake Lucerne,\na distance of 8 miles, is composed of 25,000 trees, stripped of their\nbark, and laid at an inclination of 10 to 18 degrees. Trees placed in\nthe slide rush from the mountain into the lake in 6 minutes.\nThe Alps comprise about 180 mountains, from 4,000 to 15,732 feet high,\nthe latter being the height of Mount Blanc, the highest spot in Europe.\nThe summit is a sharp ridge, like the roof of a house, consisting of\nnearly vertical granite rocks. The ascent requires 2 days, 6 or 8 guides\nare required, and each guide is paid 100 francs ($20.00). It was\nascended by two natives, Jacques Belmat and Dr. Packard, August 8, 1786,\nat 6 a.m. They staid up 30 minutes, with the thermometer at 14 degrees\nbelow the freezing point. The provisions froze in their pockets; their\nfaces were frost-bitten, lips swollen, and their sight much weakened,\nbut they soon recovered on their descent. De Saussure records in his\nascent August 2, 1760, that the color of the sky was deep blue; the\nstars were visible in the shade; the barometer sunk to 16.08 inches\n(being 27.08 in Geneva) the thermometer was 26-1/2 degrees, in the sun\n29 degrees (being 87 degrees at Geneva). The thin air works the blood\ninto a high fever, you feel as if you hardly touched the ground, and you\nscarcely make yourself heard. A French woman, Mademoiselle d'Angeville,\nascended in September, 1840, being dragged up the last 1,200 feet by\nguides, and crying out: \"If I die, carry me to the top.\" When there, she\nmade them lift her up, that she might boast she had been higher than any\nman in Europe. The ascent of these awful solitudes is most perilous,\nowing to the narrow paths, tremendous ravines, icy barriers, precipices,\netc. In many places every step has to be cut in the ice, the party being\ntied to each other by ropes, so that if one slips he may be held up by\nthe rest, and silence is enforced, lest the noise of talking should\ndislodge the avalanches of the Aiguille du Midi. The view from the\nmountain is inexpressibly grand. On the Alps the limit of the vine is an\nelevation of 1,600 feet; below 1,000 feet, figs, oranges and olives are\nproduced. The limit of the oak is 3,800 feet, of the [Transcriber's Note:\nThe original text reads 'chesnut'] chestnut 2,800 feet,of the pine 6,500\nfeet, of heaths and furze to 8,700 and 9,700 feet; and perpetual snow\nexists at an elevation of 8,200 feet.\nOn the Andes, in lat. 2 degrees, the limit of perpetual snow is 14,760\nfeet; in Mexico, lat. 19 degrees, the limit is 13,800 feet; on the\npeak of Teneriffe, 11,454 feet; on Mount Etna, 9,000 feet; on the\nCaucasus, 9,900 feet; in the Pyrenees, 8,400 feet; in Lapland,\n3,100 feet; in Iceland, 2,890 feet. The walnut ceases to grow at an\nelevation of 3,600 feet; the yellow pine at 6,200 feet; the ash at\n4,800 feet, and the fir at 6,700 feet. The loftiest inhabited spot\non the globe is the Port House of Ancomarca, on the Andes, in\nPeru, 16,000 feet above the level of the sea. The 14th peak of the\nHimalayas, in Asia, 25,659 feet high, is the loftiest mountain in the\nworld.\nLauterbrunnen is a deep part of an Alpine pass, where the sun hardly\nshines in winter. It abounds with falls, the most remarkable of which\nis the Staubbach, which falls over the Balm precipice in a drizzling\nspray from a height of 925 feet; best viewed in the morning sun or by\nmoonlight. In general, it is like a gauze veil, with rainbows dancing\nup and down it, and when clouds hide the top of the mountain, it seems\nas poured out of the sky.\nIn Canada, the falls of Montmorenci are 250 feet high, the falls of\nNiagara (the Horse Shoe Falls) are 158 feet high and 2,000 feet wide,\nthe American Falls arc 164 feet high and 900 feet wide. The Yosemite\nValley Falls are 2,600 feet high, and the Ribbon Falls of the Yosemite\nare 3,300 feet high. The waterfall of the Arve, in Bavaria, is 2,000\nfeet.\nTHE PERIODS OF GESTATION are the same in the horse and ass or eleven\nmonths each, camel 12 months, elephant 2 years, lion 5 months, buffalo\n12 months, in the human female 9 months, cow 9 months, sheep 5 months,\ndog 9 weeks, cat 8 weeks, sow 16 weeks, she wolf from 90 to 95 days.\nThe goose sits 30 days, swans 42, hens 21, ducks 30, peahens and\nturkeys 28, canaries 14, pigeons 14, parrots 40 days.\nAGES OF ANIMALS, ETC.--Elephant 100 years and upward, Rhinoceros 20,\nCamel 100, Lion 25 to 70, Tigers, Leopards, Jaguars and Hyenas (in\nconfinement) about 25 years, Beaver 50, deer 20, wolf 20, Fox 14 to\n16, Llamas 15, Chamois 25, Monkeys and Baboons 16 to 18 years, Hare 8,\nSquirrel 7, Rabbit 7, Swine 25, Stag under 50, Horse 30, Ass 30, Sheep\nunder 10, Cow 20, Ox 30, Swans, Parrots and Ravens 200, Eagle 100,\nGeese 80, Hens and Pigeons 10 to 16, Hawks 36 to 40, Cranes 24,\nBlackbird 10 to 12, Peacock 20, Pelican 40 to 50, Thrush 8 to 10, Wren\n2 to 3, Nightingale 15, Blackcap 15, Linnet 14 to 23, Goldfinch 20 to\n24, Redbreast 10 to 12, Skylark 10 to 30, Titlark 5 to 6, Chaffinch\n20 to 24, Starling 10 to 12, Carp 70 to 150, Pike 30 to 40, Salmon 16,\nCodfish 14 to 17, Eel 10, Crocodile 100, Tortoise 100 to 200, Whale\nestimated 1,000, Queen Bees live 4 years, Drones 4 months, Working\nBees 6 months.\nThe melody of singing birds ranks as follows: The nightingale first,\nthen the linnet, titlark, sky lark and wood lark. The mocking bird has\nthe greatest powers of imitation, the robin and goldfinch are superior\nin vigorous notes.\nThe condor of Peru has spread wings 40 feet, feathers 20 feet, quills\n8 inches round.\nIn England, a quarter of wheat, comprising 8 bushels, yields 14\nbushels 2-1/2 pecks, divided into seven distinct kinds of flour, as\nfollows: Fine flour, 5 bushels 3 pecks; bran, 3 bushels; twenty-penny,\n3 bushels; seconds, 2 pecks; pollard, 2 bushels; fine middlings, 1\npeck; coarse ditto, 1 peck.\nThe ancient Greek phalanx comprised 8,000 men, forming a square\nbattalion, with spears crossing each other, and shields united.\nThe Roman legion was composed of 6,000 men, comprising 10 cohorts of\n600 men each, with 300 horsemen.\nThe ancient battering ram was of massive timber, 60 to 100 feet long,\nfitted with an iron head. It was erected under shelter to protect the\n60 or 100 men required to work it. The largest was equal in force to a\n36-lb. shot from a cannon.\nPile Driving on Sandy Soils.--The greatest force will not effect a\npenetration exceeding 15 feet.\nVarious Sizes of Type.--It requires 205 lines of Diamond type to make\n12 inches, of Pearl 178, of Ruby 166, of Nonpareil 143, of Minion 128,\nof Brevier 112-1/2, of Bourgeois 102-1/2, of Long Primer 89, of Small\nPica 83, of Pica 71-1/2, of English 64.\nWire ropes for the transmission of power vary in size from 3/8 to 7/8\ninch diam. For from 3 to 300 horse power; to promote flexibility, the\nrope, made of iron, steel, or copper wire, as may be preferred, is\nprovided with a core of hemp, and the speed is 1 mile per minute, more\nor less, as desired. Tho rope should run on a well-balanced, grooved,\ncast iron wheel, of from 4 to 15 feet diam., according as the\ntransmitted power ranges from 3 to 300 horse; the groove should be\nwell cushioned with soft material, as leather or rubber, for the\nformation of a durable bed for the rope. With good care the rope will\nlast from 3 to 5 years.\nCannon balls go furthest at an elevation of 30 degrees, and less as\nthe balls are less; the range is furthest when fired from west to east\nin the direction of the earth's motion, which for the diurnal rotation\non its axis, is at the rate of 1,037 miles per hour, and in its orbit,\nThe air's resistance is such that a cannon ball of 3 lbs. weight,\ndiameter, 2.78 ins. Moving with a velocity of 1,800 feet per second,\nis resisted by a force equal to 156 lbs.\nBricklayers ascend ladders with loads of 90 lbs., 1 foot per second.\nThere are 484 bricks in a cubic yard, and 4,356 in a rod.\nA power of 250 tons is necessary to start a vessel weighing 3,000 tons\nover greased slides on a marine railway, when in motion, 150 tons only\nis required.\nA modern dredging machine, 123 ft. long, beam 26 ft., breadth over\nall, 11 ft., will raise 180 tons of mud and clay per hour, 11 feet\nfrom water-line.\nIn tanning, 4 lbs. of oak bark make 1 lb. of leather.\nFlame is quenched in air containing 3 per cent, of carbonic acid; the\nsame percentage is fatal to animal life.\n100 parts of oak make nearly 23 of charcoal; beech 21, deal 19, apple\n23.7, elm 23, ash 25, birch 24, maple 22.8, willow 18, poplar 20, red\npine 22.10, white pine 23. The charcoal used in gunpowder is made from\nwillow, alder, and a few other woods. The charred timber found in the\nruins of Herculaneum has undergone no change in 1,800 years.\nFour volumes of nitrogen and one of oxygen compose atmospheric air in\nall localities on the globe.\nAir extracted from pure water, under an air pump, contains 34.8 per\ncent. of oxygen. Fish breathe this air, respiring about 35 times per\nminute. The oxhydrogen lime light may be seen from mountains at the\ndistance of 200 miles round.\nLightning is reflected 150 to 200 miles.\n1,000 cubic feet of 13 candle gas is equivalent to over 7 gals. of sperm\noil, 52.9 lbs. of tallow candles, and over 44 lbs. of sperm candles.\nThe time occupied by gas in traveling from a gas well (in\nPennsylvania) through 32 miles of pipe was 22 minutes, pressure at the\nwell was 55 lbs. per inch, pressure at discharge 49 lbs.\nAt birth, the beats of the pulse are from 165 to 104, and the\ninspirations of breath from 70 to 23. From 15 to 20, the pulsations\nare from 90 to 57, the inspirations, from 24 to 16; from 29 to 50, the\npulsations are 112 to 56, the inspirations 23 to 11. In usual states\nit is 4 to 1. The action of the heart distributes 2 ozs. of blood from\n70 to 80 times in a minute.\nThe mean heat of the human body is 98 degs. and of the skin 90 degs.\nTea and coffee are usually drank at 110 degs. The deepest coal mine\nin England is at Killingworth, near Newcastle, and the mean annual\ntemperature at 400 yards below the surface is 77 degrees, and at 300\nyards 70 degrees, while at the surface it is but 48 degrees, being 1\ndegree of increase for every 15 yards. This explains the origin of hot\nsprings, for at 3,300 yards the heat would be equal to boiling water,\ntaking 20 yards to a degree. The heat of the Bath waters is 116\ndegrees, hence they would appear to rise 1,320 yards.\nPeron relates that at the depth of 2,144 feet in the sea the\nthermometer falls to 45 degrees, when it is 86 degrees at the surface.\nSwemberg and Fourier calculate the temperature of the celestial spaces\nat 50 degrees centigrade below freezing.\nIn Northern Siberia the ground is frozen permanently to the depth of\n660 feet, and only thaws to the extent of 3 or 4 feet in summer. Below\n660 feet internal heat begins.\nRiver water contains about 30 grs. of solid matter in every cubic\nfoot. Fresh water springs of great size abound under the sea. Perhaps\nthe most remarkable springs exist in California, where they are noted\nfor producing sulphuric acid, ink, and other remarkable products.\nSt. Winifred's Well, in England, evolves 120 tons of water per minute,\nfurnishing abundant water power to drive 11 mills within little more\nthan a mile.\nThe French removed a red granite column 95 feet high, weighing 210\ntons, from Thebes, and carried it to Paris. The display of costly\narchitectural ruins at Thebes is one of the most astonishing to be\nseen anywhere in the world. The ruins and costly buildings in old\nEastern countries, are so vast in their proportions and so many in\nnumber that it would require volumes to describe them.\nBabel, now called Birs Nimroud, built at Babylon by Belus, was used as\nan observatory and as a temple of the Sun. It was composed of 8\nsquare towers, one over the other, in all 670 feet high, and the same\ndimensions on each side on the ground.\nThe Coliseum at Rome, built by Vespasian for 100,000 spectators, was\nin its longest diameter 615-5 feet, and in the shortest 510, embraced\n5-1/2 acres, and was 120 feet high. Eight aqueducts supplied ancient\nRome with water, delivering 40 millions of cubit feet daily. That\nof Claudia was 47 miles long and 100 feet high, so as to furnish the\nhills. Martia was 41 miles, of which 37 were on 7,000 acres 70 feet\nhigh. These vast erections would never have been built had the Romans\nknown that water always rises to its own level.\nThe Temple of Diana, at Ephesus, was 425 feet long and 225 feet broad,\nwith 127 columns, 60 feet high, to support the roof. It was 220 years\nin building.\nSolomon's Temple, built B.C. 1014, was 60 cubits or 107 feet in\nlength, the breadth 20 cubits or 36 feet, and the height 30 cubits or\n54 feet. The porch was 36 feet long and 18 feet wide.\nThe largest one of the Egyptian pyramids is 543 feet high, 693 feet on\nthe sides, and its base covers 11 acres. The layers of stones are 208\nin number. Many stones are over 30 feet long, 4 broad and 3 thick.\nThe Temple of Ypsambul, in Nubia, is enormously massive and cut out of\nthe solid rock. Belzoni found in it 4 immense figures, 65 feet high,\n25 feet over the shoulders, with a face of 7 feet and the ears over 3\nfeet.\nSesostris erected in the temple in Memphis immense statues of himself\nand his wife, 50 feet high, and of his children, 28 feet.\nIn the Temple of the Sun, at Baalbec, are stones more than 60 feet\nlong, 24 feet thick and 16 broad, each embracing 23,000 cubic feet,\ncut, squared, sculptured, and transported from neighboring quarries.\nSix enormous columns are each 72 feet high, composed of 3 stones 7\nfeet in diameter. Sesostris is credited with having transported from\nthe mountains of Arabia a rock 32 feet wide and 240 feet long.\nThe engineering appliances used by the ancients in the movement of\nthese immense masses are but imperfectly understood at the present\nday.\nDuring modern times, a block of granite weighing 1,217 tons, now used\nas the pedestal of the equestrian statute of Peter the Great, at St.\nPetersburg, was transported 4 miles by land over a railway, and 13\nmiles in a vast caisson by water. The railway consisted of two lines\nof timber furnished with hard metal grooves; between these grooves\nwere placed spheres of hard brass about 6 inches in diameter. On these\nspheres the frame with its massive load was easily moved by 60 men,\nworking at capstans with treble purchase blocks.\nIn 1716 Swedenborg contrived to transport (on rolling machines of his\nown invention) over valleys and mountains, 2 galleys, 5 large boats\nand 1 sloop, from Stromstadt to Iderfjol (which divides Sweden from\nNorway on the South), a distance of 14 miles, by which means Charles\nXII. was able to carry on his plans, and under cover of the galleys\nand boats to transport on pontoons his heavy artillery to the very\nwalls of Frederickshall.\nBelzoni considered the tract between the first and second cataract of\nthe Nile as the hottest on the globe, owing to there being no rain.\nThe natives do not credit the phenomenon of water falling from above.\nHence it is that all monuments are so nicely preserved. Buckingham\nfound a building left unfinished about 4,000 years ago, and the chalk\nmarks on the stones were still perfect.\nPompey's Pillar is 92 feet high, and 27-1/2 round at the base.\nWater is the absolute master, former and secondary agent of the power\nof motion in everything terrestrial. It is the irresistible power\nwhich elaborates everything, and the waters contain more organized\nbeings than the land.\nRivers hold in suspension 100th of their volume (more or less) of mud,\nso that if 36 cubic miles of water (the estimated quantity) flow daily\ninto the sea, 0.36 cubic miles of soil are daily displaced. The Rhine\ncarries to the sea every day 145,980 cubic feet of mud. The Po carries\nout the land 228 feet per annum, consequently Adria which 2,500 years\nago was on the sea, is now over 20 miles from it.\nThe enormous amount of alluvium deposited by the Mississippi is almost\nincalculable, and constantly renders necessary extensive engineering\noperations in order to remove the impediments to navigation.\nAs an exponent of the laws of friction, it may be stated that a square\nstone weighing 1,080 lbs. which required a force of 758 lbs. to drag\nit along the floor of a quarry, roughly chiseled, required only a\nforce of 22 lbs. to move it when mounted on a platform and rollers\nover a plank floor.\nThe flight of wild ducks is estimated at 90 miles per hour, that of the\nswift at 200 miles, carrier pigeons 38 miles, swallows 60 miles,\nmigratory birds have crossed the Mediterranean at a speed of 120 miles\nper hour.\nThe Nile has a fall of 6 ins. in 1,000 miles. The rise of the river\ncommences in June, continuing until the middle of August, attaining\nan elevation of from 24 to 26 feet, and flowing the valley of Egypt 12\nmiles wide. In 1829 it rose to 26 cubits, by which 30,000 persons were\ndrowned. It is a terrible climate to live in, owing to the festering\nheat and detestable exhalations from the mud, etc., left on the\nretiring of the Nile, which adds about 4 inches to the soil in a\ncentury, and encroaches on the sea 16 feet every year. Bricks have\nbeen found at the depth of 60 feet, showing the vast antiquity of the\ncountry. In productiveness of soil it is excelled by no other in the\nworld.\nHow to Splice a Belt in Order to Make it Run Like an Endless\nBelt.--Use the toughest yellow glue prepared in the ordinary way,\nwhile hot, stirring in thoroughly about 20 per cent of its weight of\ntannic acid, or extract of tan bark. Apply to the splice and quickly\nclamp together. The splice should be made of scarfed edges extending\n3 to 6 inches back, according to thickness of belt. The surface to be\nperfectly clean and free from oil.\nHow Many Pounds of Coal it Requires to Maintain Steam of One-Horse\nPower per Hour.--Anthracite 1-1/2 to 5 pounds, according to the\neconomy of boiler and engine. Bituminous and anthracite coal are very\nnearly equal for equal qualities. They both vary from 7 to 10 pounds\nof water evaporated per pound of coal from a temperature of 212\ndegrees.\nA Formula for Collodio-bromide Emulsion that is Rapid.--Ether s.g.\n0.720, 4 fluid ounces; alcohol s.g. 0.820, 2-1/2 fluid ounces;\npyroxyline, 40 grains; castile soap dissolved in alcohol, 30 grains;\nbromide of ammonium and cadmium, 56 grains.\nHow to Deaden the Noise of Steam While Blowing off Through a Wrought\nIron Stand Pipe.--The sound may be much modified by enlarging the end\nof the pipe like a trumpet or cone; which should be long, 20 or 30\ntimes the diameter of the pipe, opening to 4 or 5 times its initial\nsize.\nWhy Fusible Plugs are Put in the Crown Sheet of Locomotive\nBoilers.--To save the crown sheet from burning in case of low water,\nwhen the plug melts and lets the steam and water into the fire chamber\nto dampen and put out the fire as well as to make an alarm. They\nmay also be employed on other forms of boilers, and are much used in\nconnection with whistles for low-water alarms only. Boilers should not\nbe blown out for cleaning with fire under them or while the walls\n(if set in brick) are hot enough to do damage to the iron shell.\nLocomotive boilers may be blown out very soon after the fire is\nentirely removed. All brick-set boilers should be left several hours\nafter the fire is drawn before blowing off for cleaning.\nHow to Lace a Quarter Turn Belt so as to Have an Equal Strain on Both\nEdges of the Belt.--Begin on the outside of the belt at the middle,\npass one end of the lacing through one end of the belt and bring\nit out through the corresponding hole of the other end of the belt,\nlaying it diagonally off to the left. Now pass the other end of the\nlacing through the hole last used, and carry it over the first strand\nof the lacing on the inside of the belt, passing it through the first\nhole used, and lay it diagonally off to the right. Now proceed to pass\nthe lacing through the holes of the belt in a zigzag course, leaving\nall the strands inside the belt parallel with the belt, and all the\nstrands outside the belt oblique. Pass the lace twice through the\nholes nearest the edge of the belt, then return the lace in the\nreverse order toward the center of the belt, so as to cross all the\noblique strands, and make all the inside strands double. Finally\npass the end of the lacing through the first hole used, then outward\nthrough an awl hole, then hammering it down to cause it to hold. The\nleft side is to be laced in a similar way.\nA Useful Hint to Draughtsmen.--To strain drawing paper on a board, cut\nthe paper to the size required, lay it on the board face downwards and\nthoroughly wet the surface with a damp sponge or brush, then turn it\nover and wet the face in the same way; roll it up tightly and let\nit stay so for five or six minutes, unroll it, and turn up the edges\nabout an inch all around. Take liquid glue (Jackson's is the best) and\napply it carefully to the edges, then turn them down, and with a paper\nknife press them to the board all around. Put the board in an inclined\nposition where it is not too dry or warm, or the paper will dry too\nfast and tear. If it is allowed to dry slowly the surface will be\nperfectly even and smooth, and a pleasure to draw upon.\nJoints for Hot Water Pipes.--Sal-ammoniac, 2 oz.; sublimed sulphur,\n1 oz.; cast-iron filings, 1 lb. Mix in a mortar, and keep the powder\ndry. When it is to be used, mix it with twenty times its weight of\nclean iron filings, and grind the whole in a mortar. Wet with water\nuntil it becomes of convenient consistence. After a time it becomes as\nhard and strong as any part of the metal.\nWhen the Process of Galvanizing Iron was First Known.--A. The process\nof coating iron with zinc, or zinc and tin, is a French invention, and\nwas patented in England in 1837.\nA Timber Test.--The soundness of timber may be ascertained by placing\nthe ear close to one end of the log, while another person delivers a\nsuccession of smart blows with a hammer or mallet upon the opposite\nend, when a continuance of the vibrations will indicate to an\nexperienced ear even the degree of soundness. If only a dull thud\nmeets the ear, the listener may be certain that unsoundness exists.\nUseful Hints and Recipes.--Following is a comparative statement of the\ntoughness of various woods.--Ash, 100; beech, 85; cedar of Lebanon,\n84; larch, 83; sycamore and common walnut, each, 68; occidental plane,\n66; oak, hornbeam and Spanish mahogany, each, 62; teak and acacia,\neach, 58; elm and young chestnut, 52.\nAn [Transcriber's Note: The original text reads 'ingenius'] ingenious\ndevice for stretching emery cloth for use in the workshop consists of a\ncouple of strips of wood about 14 in. long, hinged longitudinally, and\nof round, half-round, triangular, or any other shape in cross section.\nOn the inside faces of the wood strips are pointed studs, fitting into\nholes on the opposite side. The strip of emery cloth is laid on to one\nset of the studs, and the file, as it is called, closed, which fixes the\nstrip on one side. It is then similarly fixed on the other side, and\nthus constitutes what is called an emery file and which is a handy and\nconvenient arrangement for workshop use.\nMethod of making Artificial Whetstones.--Gelatine of good quality is\ndissolved in its own weight of water, the operation being conducted in\na dark room. To the solution one and a half per cent. of bichromate\nof potash is added, which has previously been dissolved in a little\nwater. A quantity of very fine emery, equal to nine times the weight\nof the gelatine, is [Transcriber's Note: The original text reads\n'itimately'] intimately mixed with the gelatine solution.\nPulverized flint may be substituted for emery. The mass is molded into\nany desired shape, and is then consolidated by heavy pressure. It is\ndried by exposure to strong sunlight for several hours.\nHow to Toughen Paper.--A plan for rendering paper as tough as wood or\nleather has been recently introduced; it consists in mixing chloride of\nzinc with the pulp in the course of manufacture. It has been found that\nthe greater the degree of concentration of the zinc solution, the\ngreater will be the toughness of the paper. It can be used for making\nboxes and for roofing.\nHow to Mend a Broken File.--There is no tool so easily broken as the\nfile that the machinist has to work with, and is about the first thing\nthat snaps when a kit of tools gets upset upon the cross-beam of a\nmachine or a tool board from the bed of an engine lathe. It cannot\neven be passed from one workman to another without being broken, if\nthe file is a new one or still good for anything, if an apprentice has\ngot anything to do with it, and they are never worth mending, however\ngreat may be their first cost, unless the plaster of Paris and lime\ntreatment can make a perfect weld without injuring the steel or\ndisturbing the form of the teeth. Steel that is left as hard as a file\nis very brittle, and soft solder can hold as much on a steady pull\nif it has a new surface to work from. Take a file, as soon as it is\nbroken, and wet the break with zinc dissolved in muriatic acid, and\nthen tin over with the soldering iron. This must be done immediately\nas soon as the file is broken, as the break begins to oxydize when\nexposed to the air. And in an hour or two will gather sufficient to\nmake it impossible for the parts to adhere. Heat the file as warm as\nit will bear without disturbing its temper as soon as well tinned,\nand press the two pieces firmly together, squeezing out nearly all the\nsolder, and hold in place until the file cools. This can be done\nwith very little to trim off, and every portion of the break fitting\naccurately in place. Bring both pieces in line with each other, and,\nfor a file, it is as strong in one place as in another, and is all\nthat could be asked for under the very best of welding treatment.\nWhat will Fasten Pencil Markings, to Prevent Blurring.--Immerse paper\ncontaining the markings to be preserved in a bath of clear water, then\nflow or immerse in milk a moment; hang up to dry. Having often had\nrecourse to this method, in preserving pencil and crayon drawings, I\nwill warrant it a sure cure.\nHow to Transfer Newspaper Prints to Glass.--First coat the glass with\ndammar varnish, or else with Canada balsam, mixed with an equal volume\nof oil of turpentine, and let it dry until it is very sticky, which\ntakes half a day or more. The printed paper to be transferred should\nbe well soaked in soft water, and carefully laid upon the prepared\nglass, after removing surplus water with blotting paper, and pressed\nupon it, so that no air bubbles or drops of water are seen underneath.\nThis should dry a whole day before it is touched; then with wetted\nfingers begin to rub off the paper at the back. If this be skillfully\ndone, almost the whole of the paper can be removed, leaving simply the\nink upon the varnish. When the paper has been removed, another coat of\nvarnish will serve to make the whole more transparent. This recipe is\nsold at from $3 to $5 by itinerants.\nA Liquid Cement for Cementing Leather, that Will Not be Affected by\nthe Action of Water.--A good cement for splicing leather is gutta\npercha dissolved in carbon disulphide, until it is of the thickness\nof treacle; the parts to be cemented must first be well thinned down,\nthen pour a small quantity of the cement on both ends, spreading it\nwell so as to fill the pores of the leather; warm the parts over a\nfire for about half a minute, apply them quickly together, and hammer\nwell. The bottle containing the cement should be tightly corked, and\nkept in a cool place.\nThe Quickest and Best Way to Drill Holes for Water Pipes in Rough\nPlate Glass.--Use a hardened (file temper) drill, with spirits of\nturpentine and camphor to make the drill bite. A broken file in a\nbreast brace will do good work if a power drill is not obtainable.\nA Recipe for Making Printers' Inks.--For black ink: Take of balsam of\ncopaiba (pure), 9 ounces; lamp black, 3 ounces; indigo and Prussian\nblue, of each half an ounce; Indian red, 3/4 ounce; yellow soap (dry),\n3 ounces; grind the mixture to an impalpable smoothness by means of\na stone and muller. Canada balsam may be substituted for balsam of\ncopaiba where the smell of the latter is objectionable, but the ink\nthen dries very quickly. The red inks are similarly made by using such\npigments as carmine, lakes, vermilion, chrome yellow, red lead, orange\nred, Indian red and Venetian red.\nA Cement to Stick White Metal Tops on Glass Bottles.--One of the best\ncap cements consists of resin, 5 ounces; beeswax, 1 ounce; red ocher\nor Venetian red in powder, 1 ounce. Dry the earth thoroughly on\na stove at a temperature above 212\u00a1 Fah. Melt the wax and resin\ntogether, and stir in the powder by degrees. Stir until cold, lest the\nearthy matter settle to the bottom.\nThe Correct Meaning of the Tonnage of a Vessel.--The law defines very\ncarefully how the tonnage of different vessels shall be calculated.\nAn approximate rule for finding the gross tonnage is to multiply the\nlength of keel between perpendiculars by the breadth of vessel and\ndepth of hold, all in feet, and dividing the product by 100. It is\ngenerally assumed that 40 cubic feet shall constitute a ton, and the\ntonnage of a vessel is considered to be the multiple of this ton,\nwhich most closely corresponds with the internal capacity of the\nvessel.\nA Recipe for Re-inking Purple Type Ribbons.--Use: Aniline violet, 1/4\nounce; pure alcohol, 15 ounces; concentrated glycerine, 15 ounces.\nDissolve the aniline in the alcohol, and add the glycerine.\nThe Process of Giving a Tempered-Blue Color to the Steel Plate and\nMalleable Iron Castings of a Roller Skate.--In order to obtain an even\nblue, the work must have an even finish, and be made perfectly clean.\nArrange a cast-iron pot in a fire so as to heat it to the temperature\nof melted lead, or just below a red heat. Make a flat bottom basket of\nwire or wire cloth to sit in the iron box, on which place the work\nto be blued, as many pieces as you may find you can manage, always\nputting in pieces of about the same thickness and size, so that they\nwill heat evenly. Make a bail to the basket, so that it can be easily\nhandled. When the desired color is obtained, dip quickly in hot water\nto stop the progress of the bluing, for an instant only, so that\nenough heat may be retained to dry the articles. A cover to the iron\nbox may sometimes be used to advantage to hasten the heating. Another\nway, much used, is to varnish the work with ultramarine varnish, which\nmay be obtained from the varnish makers.\nCement to Mend Iron Pots and Pans.--Take two parts of sulphur and one\npart, by weight, of fine black lead; put the sulphur in an old iron\npan, holding it over the fire until it begins to melt, then add the\nlead; stir well until all is mixed and melted; then pour out on an\niron plate or smooth stone. When cool, break into small pieces. A\nsufficient quantity of this compound being placed upon the crack of\nthe iron pot to be mended, can be soldered by a hot iron in the same\nway a tinsmith solders his sheets. If there is a small hole in the\npot, drive a copper rivet in it, and then solder over it with\nthis cement.\nThe Best Method of Rendering Basement Walls Damp-Proof.--Construct on\nthe outside an area wall so that the earth does not rest directly\nagainst the main wall of the house, but only against the outside wall or\ncasing of the area. To form such an area, build a wall half or one brick\nthick parallel to and some 2 or 3 inches from the main wall, and form at\nthe bottom a channel or gutter connected with the drains, so that any\nmoisture or water finding its way in through the outer casing may be\nconducted away and will not therefore penetrate into the building.\nThoroughly ventilate the areas by means of air bricks or other suitable\nconnections with the outer air, and connect with one another by making\nthrough connections underneath the floor joists. Be very careful that\nthe main wall is laid on a good and efficient damp course. The top of\nthe space between the area and main walls may be covered in all around\nthe building with bricks--ornamented or otherwise, as preferred--on a\nline just above the ground. Another plan of effecting the same object is\nto dispense with the area wall and in building the brick work to cover\nthe whole of the work on the outside with a thick layer of bituminous\nasphalt. The plaster on the inside is in this case often rendered in\nnearly neat Portland cement.\nHow to Caseharden Large Pieces of Steel.--A box of cast or wrought\niron should be provided large enough to hold one or two of the pieces,\nwith sufficient room all around to pack well with the casehardening\nmaterials, which may be leather scrap, hoof shavings, or horn\nshavings, slightly burned and pulverized, which may be mixed with\nan equal quantity of pulverized charcoal. Pack the pieces to be\ncasehardened in the iron box so as not to touch each other or the box.\nPut an iron cover on the box and lute with clay. Heat gradually in\na furnace to a full red, keep at an even temperature for from 2 to\n4 hours, raise the heat to a cherry red during the last hour, then\nremove the cover and take out the pieces and plunge endwise vertically\nin water at shop temperature; 2 per cent. of hydrochloric acid in the\nwater improves its tempering qualities and gives the metal an even\ngray color.\nA Good and Cheap Preparation to Put on Friction Matches.--The igniting\ncomposition varies with different makers. The following recipes may\nbe taken as fairly representative, the first being the best: 1.\nPhosphorus by weight, 1/2 part; potassium chlorate, 4 parts; glue,\n2 parts; whiting, 1 part; finely powdered glass, 4 parts; water, 11\nparts. 2. Phosphorus by weight, 2 parts; potassium chlorate, 5 parts;\nglue, 3 parts; red lead, 1-1/2 parts; water, 12 parts. 3. A German\nmixture for matches. Potassium chlorate, 7.8 parts; lead hyposulphite,\n2.6 parts; gum arabic, 1 part.\nTo Find How Much Tin Vessels Will Hold.--For the contents of\ncylinders: Square the diameter, and multiply the product by 0.7854.\nAgain, multiply by the height (all in inches). Divide the product by\n231 for gallons. For the frustum of a cone: Add together the squares\nof the diameters of large and small ends; to this add the product of\nthe diameter of the two ends. Multiply this sum by 0.7854. Multiply\nthis product by the height (all in inches). Then divide by 231 for the\nnumber of gallons.\nA Useful Recipe.--For stopping the joints between slates or shingles,\netc., and chimneys, doors, windows, etc., a mixture of stiff\nwhite-lead paint, with sand enough to prevent it from running, is\nvery good, especially if protected by a covering of strips of lead or\ncopper, tin, etc., nailed to the mortar joints of the chimneys, after\nbeing bent so as to enter said joints, which should be scraped out for\nan inch in depth, and afterward refilled. Mortar protected in the same\nway, or even unprotected, is often used for the purpose, but it is\nnot equal to the paint and sand. Mortar a few days old (to allow\nrefractory particles of lime to slack), mixed with blacksmith's\ncinders and molasses, is much used for this purpose, and becomes very\nhard and effective.\nTest for Hard or Soft Water.--Dissolve a small quantity of good soap\nin alcohol. Let a few drops fall into a glass of water. If it turns\nmilky, it is hard; if not, it is soft.\nTest for Earthy Matters or Alkali in Water.--Take litmus paper dipped\nin vinegar, and if, on immersion, the paper returns to its true shade,\nthe water does not contain earthy matter or alkali. If a few drops of\nsyrup be added to a water containing an earthy matter, it will turn\ngreen.\nTest for Carbonic Acid in Water.--Take equal parts of water and\nclear lime water. If combined or free carbonic acid is present, a\nprecipitate is seen, to which, if a few drops of muriatic acid be\nadded, an effervescence commences.\nTest for Magnesia in Water.--Boil the water to a twentieth part of\nits weight, and then drop a few grains of neutral carbonate of ammonia\ninto a glass of it, and a few drops of phosphate of soda. If magnesia\nbe present, it will fall to the bottom.\nTest for Iron in Water.--1. Boil a little nutgall and add to the\nwater. If it turns gray or slate, black iron is present. 2. Dissolve\na little prussiate of potash, and, if iron is present, it will turn\nblue.\nTest for Lime in Water.--Into a glass of water put two drops of oxalic\nacid and blow upon it. If it gets milky, lime is present.\nTest for Acid in Water.--Take a piece of litmus paper. If it turns\nred, there must be acid. If it precipitates on adding lime water, it\nis carbonic acid. If a blue sugar paper is turned red, it is a mineral\nacid.\nValue of Manufactured Steel.--A pound of very fine steel wire to make\nwatch springs of, is worth about $4; this will make 17,000 springs,\nHorses in Norway have a very sensible way of taking their food, which\nperhaps might be beneficially followed here. They have a bucket of\nwater put down beside their allowance of hay. It is interesting to\nsee with what relish they take a sip of the one and a mouthful of\nthe other alternately, sometimes only moistening their mouths, as\na rational being would do while eating a dinner of such dry food. A\nbroken-winded horse is scarcely ever seen in Norway, and the\nquestion is if the mode of feeding has not something to do with the\npreservation of the animal's respiratory organs.\nThe Process of Fastening Rubber Rolls on Clothes Wringer.--1. Clean\nshaft thoroughly between the shoulders or washers, where the rubber goes\non, 2. Give the shaft a coat of copal varnish, between the shoulders,\nand let it dry. 3. Give shaft coat of varnish and wind shaft tightly as\npossible with five-ply jute twine at once, while varnish is green, and\nlet it dry for about six hours. 4. Give shaft over the twine a coat of\nrubber cement, and let it dry for about six hours. 5. Give shaft over\nthe twine a second coat of rubber cement, and let it dry for about six\nhours. 6. Remove washer on the short end of shaft, also the cogwheel if\nthe shaft has cogs on both ends. 7. See that the rubber rolls are always\nlonger than the space between the washers where the rubber goes on, as\nthey shrink or take up a little in putting on the shaft. 8. Clean out\nthe hole or inside of roll with benzine, using a small brush or swab. 9.\nPut the thimble or pointer on the end of shaft that the washer has been\nremoved from, and give shaft over the twine and thimble another coat of\ncement, and stand same upright in a vise. 10. Give the inside or hole of\nroll a coat of cement with a small rod or stick. 11. Pull or force the\nroll on the shaft as quickly as possible with a jerk, then rivet the\nwasher on with a cold chisel. 12. Let roll stand and get dry for two or\nthree days before using same. Cement for use should be so thick that it\nwill run freely; if it gets too thick, thin it with benzine or naphtha.\nHow to Make Effervescing Solution of Citrate of Magnesia.--Dissolve\ncitric acid 400 grains in water 2,000 grains, add carbonate of\nmagnesia 200 grains; stir until dissolved. Filter into a 12-ounce\nbottle containing syrup of citric acid 1,200 grains. Add boiled\nand filtered water to fill bottle, drop in bicarbonate of potash in\ncrystals 30 grains and immediately cork. Shake until bicarbonate of\npotash is dissolved. The syrup of citric acid is made from citric acid\n8 parts, water 8 parts, spirit of lemon 4 parts, syrup 980 parts.\nA Receipt for Making the Black Cement that is Used for Filling Letters\nafter They are Cut out in Brass.--Mix asphaltum, brown japan and\nlampblack into a putty-like mass, fill in the spaces, and finally\nclean the edges with turpentine.\nUseful Workshop Hints.--Clean and oil leather belts without taking\nthem off their pulleys. If taken off they will shrink. Then a piece\nmust be put into them and removed again after the belt has run a few\ndays. The decay of stone, either in buildings or monuments, may be\narrested by heating and treating with paraffin mixed with a little\ncreosote. A common \"paint burner\" may be used to heat the stone. Set\nan engine upon three or four movable points, as upon three cannon\nballs. Connect with steam, and exhaust by means of rubber hose. If the\nengine will run up to speed without moving itself back and forth,\nthen that engine will run a long time with little repair. If it shakes\nitself around the room, then buy another engine. Safely moving a tall\nmill chimney has been accomplished several times. Chimneys which have\nbeen caused to lean slightly through settling of the foundation may\nbe straightened up again by sawing out the mortar between courses of\nbrick at the base. A chimney 100 ft. high and 12 ft. square at the\nbase will be varied over 8 in. at the top by the removal of 1 in. at\nthe base. When you begin to fix up the mill for cold weather, don't\nforget to put a steam trap in each and every steam pipe which can be\nopened into the atmosphere for heating purposes. For leading steam\njoints, mix the red lead or litharge with common commercial glycerine,\ninstead of linseed oil. Put a little carbolic acid in your glue or\npaste pot. It will keep the contents sweet for a long time. Look well\nto the bearings of your shafting engine and machines. Sometimes 25,\n30, 40 and even 50 per cent. of your power is consumed through lack of\ngood oil. When you buy a water wheel, be sure to buy one small enough\nto run at full gate while the stream is low during the summer months.\nIf you want more power than the small wheel will give, then put in two\nor more wheels of various sizes. When it becomes necessary to trim a\npiece of rubber, it will be found that the knife will cut much more\nreadily if dipped in water. When forging a chisel or other cutting\ntool, never upset the end of the tool. If necessary cut it off,\nbut don't try to force it back into a good cutting edge. In tubular\nboilers the handholes should be often opened, and all collections\nremoved from over the fire. When boilers are fed in front, and are\nblown off through the same pipe, the collection of mud or sediment in\nthe rear end should be often removed. Nearly all smoke may be consumed\nwithout special apparatus, by attending with a little common sense to\na few simple rules. Suppose we have a battery of boilers, and \"soft\ncoal\" is the fuel. Go to the first boiler, shut the damper nearly up,\nand fire up one-half of the furnace, close the door, open damper, and\ngo to the next boiler and repeat the firing. By this method nearly,\nif not quite, all the smoke will be consumed. A coiled spring inserted\nbetween engine and machinery is highly beneficial where extreme\nregularity of power is required. It is well known that a steam engine,\nin order to govern itself, must run too fast and too slow in order\nto close or open its valves; hence an irregularity of power is\nunavoidable.\nA \"Paste\" Metal Polish for Cleaning and Polishing Brass.--Oxalic acid\n1 part, iron peroxide 15 parts, powdered rottenstone 20 parts, palm\noil 60 parts, petrolatum 4 parts. See that solids are thoroughly\npulverized and sifted, then add and thoroughly incorporate oil and\npetrolatum.\nCough Candy or Troches.--Tincture of squills 2 ounces,\ncamphorated tincture of opium and tincture of tolu of each 1/4 ounce,\nwine of ipecac 1/2 ounce, oil of gautheria 4 drops, sassafras 3 drops,\nand of anise seed oil 2 drops. The above mixture is to be put into 5\npounds of candy which is just ready to take from the fire; continue\nthe boiling a little longer, so as to form into sticks.\nHow to Oxidize Silver.--For this purpose a pint of sulphide of\npotassium, made by intimately mixing and heating together 2 parts\nof thoroughly dried potash and 1 part of sulphur powder, is used.\nDissolve 2 to 3 drachms of this compound in 1-3/4 pints of water, and\nbring the liquid to a temperature of from 155 degrees to 175 degrees\nFah., when it is ready for use. Silver objects, previously freed from\ndust and grease with soda lye and thorough rinsing in water, plunged\ninto this bath are instantly covered with an iridescent film of silver\nsulphide, which in a few seconds more becomes blue black. The objects\nare then removed, rinsed off in plenty of fresh water, scratch\nbrushed, and if necessary polished.\nUseful Household Recipes.--To purify water in glass vessels and\naquariums, it is recommended to add to every 100 grammes of water four\ndrops of a solution of one gramme of salicylic acid in 300 grammes of\nwater. The _Norsk Fiskeritidende_, published at Bergen, Norway, says\nthat thereby the water may be kept fresh for three months without\nbeing renewed. A cement recommended as something which can hardly\nbe picked to pieces is made as follows:--Mix equal parts of lime\nand brown sugar with water, and be sure the lime is thoroughly\nair-slacked. This mortar is equal to Portland cement, and is of\nextraordinary strength. For a few weeks' preservation of organic\nobjects in their original form, dimensions and color, Professor\nGrawitz recommends a mixture composed of two and a half ounces of\nchloride of sodium, two and three-quarters drachms of saltpetre, and\none pint of water, to which is to be added three per cent. of boric\nacid. To varnish chromos, take equal quantities of linseed oil and oil\nof turpentine; thicken by exposure to the sun and air until it becomes\nresinous and half evaporated; then add a portion of melted beeswax.\nVarnishing pictures should always be performed in fair weather, and\nout of any current of cold or damp air. A fireproof whitewash can be\nreadily made by adding one part silicate of soda (or potash) to\nevery five parts of whitewash. The addition of a solution of alum to\nwhitewash is recommended as a means to prevent the rubbing off of the\nwash. A coating of a good glue size made by dissolving half a pound of\nglue in a gallon of water is employed when the wall is to be papered.\nThe most nourishing steam bath that can be applied to a person who is\nunable to sweat and can take but little food in the stomach:--Produce\nthe sweating by burning alcohol under a chair in which the person\nsits, with blanket covering to hold the heat. Use caution and but\nlittle alcohol. Fire it in a shallow iron pan or old saucer.\nOwn Your Own Homes.--Every man, whether he is a working man in the\ncommon acceptation of the word or not, feels a deep interest in the\nmanagement of the affairs of the city, county and State in which he\nlives whenever he owns a home. He is more patriotic, and in many ways is\na better citizen than the man who simply rents, and who has but little\nif any assurance of how long it will be before he can be ordered to\nmove; to which may be added in many cases the saving of more money. Of\ncourse it requires some economy to lay up a sufficient amount of money\nto purchase and pay for a home; but this very fact, if properly carried\nout after the home is acquired, may be the instrument of furnishing the\nmeans to commence and prosecute a business upon your own responsibility.\nTrue, in some cases it will require more economy, perhaps, than we are\nnow practicing. But the question with every man, and especially if he is\nthe head of a family, is, Can he afford it? That is, can he afford to\nlive up his wages as fast as he earns them, without laying up anything\nfor the future? If he is the head of a family, he is obliged to pay\nrent, and it does not require very many years of rent paying to make up\nan amount sufficient to purchase and pay for a comfortable home. You\nhave to pay the rent. This you say you cannot avoid and be honest. Well,\nyou cannot be honest with your family unless you make a reasonable\nattempt to provide them a home of their own in case anything should\nhappen to you. And the obligation to do this should be as strong as the\none to pay rent or provide the other necessaries for the comfort of your\nfamily. When you own a home you feel a direct interest in public affairs\nthat otherwise you might consider were of little interest.\nA Formula for Nervous Headache.--Alcohol dilut., 4 ounces; Olei\ncinnamon, 4 minims; Potas. bromid., 5 drachms; Extr. hyoscyam., fl.,\n1-1/2 drachms; Fiat lotio. One to two teaspoonfuls, if required.\nHow Beeswax is Refined and Made Nice and Yellow.--Pure white wax is\nobtained from the ordinary beeswax by exposure to the influence of\nthe sun and weather. The wax is sliced into thin flakes and laid on\nsacking or coarse cloth, stretched on frames, resting on posts to\nraise them from the ground. The wax is turned over frequently and\noccasionally sprinkled with soft water if there be not dew and rain\nsufficient to moisten it. The wax should be bleached in about four\nweeks. If, on breaking the flakes, the wax still appears yellow\ninside, it is necessary to melt it again and flake and expose it a\nsecond time, or even oftener, before it becomes thoroughly bleached,\nthe time required being mainly dependent upon the weather. There is a\npreliminary process by which, it is claimed, much time is saved in the\nsubsequent bleaching; this consists in passing melted wax and steam\nthrough long pipes, so as to expose the wax as much as possible to the\naction of the steam; thence into a pan heated by a steam bath, where\nit is stirred thoroughly with water and then allowed to settle. The\nwhole operation is repeated a second and third time, and the wax is\nthen in condition to be more readily bleached.\nHow to Remove a Wart From the Hand.--Take of salicylic acid, 30\ngrains; ext. cannabis indic., 10 grains; collodion, 1/2 ounce. Mix and\napply.\nRecipe for Making Camphor Ice in Small Quantities for Home Use.--Melt\ntogether over a water bath white wax and spermaceti, each 1 ounce;\ncamphor, 2 ounces, in sweet almond oil, 1 pound; then triturate until\nthe mixture has become homogeneous, and allow one pound of rosewater\nto flow in slowly during the operation.\nRecipe for Making Instantaneous Ink and Stain Extractor.--Take of\nchloride of lime 1 pound, thoroughly pulverized, and four quarts\nsoft water. The foregoing must be thoroughly shaken when first put\ntogether. It is required to stand twenty-four hours to dissolve the\nchloride of lime; then strain through a cotton cloth, after which add\na teaspoonful of acetic acid to every ounce of the chloride of lime\nwater.\nRemoving Paint Spots From Wood.--To take spots of paint off wood, lay\na thick coating of lime and soda mixed together over it, letting it\nstay twenty-four hours; then wash off with warm water, and the spot\nwill have disappeared.\nPolishing Plate Glass.--To polish plate glass and remove slight\nscratches, rub the surface gently, first with a clean pad of fine\ncotton wool, and afterwards with a similar pad covered over with\ncotton velvet which has been charged with fine rouge. The surface will\nacquire a polish of great brilliancy, quite free from any scratches.\nRecipe for a Good Condition Powder.--Ground ginger 1 pound, antimony\nsulphide 1 pound, powdered sulphur 1 pound, saltpetre. Mix altogether\nand administer in a mash, in such quantities as may be required.\nRecipe to Make Violet Ink.--Ordinary aniline violet soluble in water,\nwith a little alcohol and glycerine, makes an excellent ink.\nRecipe to Make Good Shaving Soap.--Either 66 pounds tallow and 34\npounds cocoanut oil, or 33 pounds of tallow and the same quantity of\npalm oil and 34 pounds cocoanut oil, treated by the cold process, with\n120 pounds caustic soda lye of 27 deg. Baume, will make 214 pounds of\nshaving soap.\nHow to Make a Starch Enamel for Stiffening Collars, Cuffs, etc.--Use a\nlittle gum arabic thoroughly dissolved in the starch.\nA Good Cough Syrup.--Put 1 quart hoarhound to 1 quart water, and\nboil it down to a pint; add two or three sticks of licorice and a\ntablespoonful of essence of lemon. The Cause of the Disease Called\n\"Hives,\" also Its Cure.--The trouble is caused by a perversion of the\ndigestive functions, accompanied by a disturbance of the circulation.\nIt is not attended with danger, and is of importance only from the\nannoyance which it causes. Relief may be obtained in most instances\nby the use of cream tartar daily to such extent as to move the bowels\nslightly. Make a strong solution, sweeten it pleasantly, and take a\nteaspoonful, say after each meal, until the effect above mentioned\nis produced, and continue the treatment until the hives cease to be\ntroublesome.\nA Bedbug Poison.--Set in the center of the room a dish containing\n4 ounces of brimstone. Light it, and close the room as tight as\npossible, stopping the keyhole of the door with paper to keep the\nfumes of the brimstone in the room. Let it remain for three or four\nhours, then open the windows and air thoroughly. The brimstone will\nbe found to have also bleached the paint, if it was a yellowish white.\nMixtures such as equal parts of turpentine and kerosene oil are used;\nfilling up the cracks with hard soap is an excellent remedy. Benzine\nand gasoline will kill bedbugs as fast as they can reach them. A weak\nsolution of zinc chloride is also said to be an effectual banisher of\nthese pests.\nA Preparation by Which You can Take a Natural Flower and Dip It\nin, That Will Preserve It.--Dip the flowers in melted paraffine,\nwithdrawing them quickly. The liquid should only be just hot enough to\nmaintain its fluidity and the flowers should be dipped one at a time,\nheld by the stalks, and moved about for an instant to get rid of\nair bubbles. Fresh cut specimens free from moisture make excellent\nspecimens in this way.\nWhat Causes Shaking Asp Leaves to be always in a Quiver?--The wind or\nvibration of the air only causes the quiver of the aspen leaf.\nWhat is \"Sozodont\" is Composed of.--Potassium carbonate, 1/2 ounce;\nhoney, 4 ounces; alcohol, 2 ounces; water, 10 ounces; oil of wintergreen\nand oil of rose, to flavor, sufficient.\nWhat is Used to Measure Cold below 35 Degrees Fahrenheit?--Metallic\nthermometers are used to measure lowest temperatures, alcohol being\nquite irregular.\nIs the Top Surface of Ice on a Pond, the Amount of Water let in and\nout being the Same Day by Day, on a Level with the Water Surface or\nabove it?--Ice is slightly elastic, and when fast to the shore the\ncentral portion rises and falls with slight variations in water level,\nthe proportion above and below water level being as is the weight of\nice to the weight of water it displaces.\nOf the Two Waters, Hard and Soft, Which Freezes the Quicker; and in\nice Which Saves the Best in Like Packing?--Soft water freezes the\nquickest and keeps the best.\nDoes Water in Freezing Purify Itself?--It clears itself from\nchemicals; does not clear itself from mechanical mixtures as mud and\nclay.\nA Receipt to Remove Freckles from the Face without Injury to\nthe Skin.--A commonly used preparation for this purpose is:\nSulpho-carbolate of zinc, 2 parts; distilled glycerine, 25 parts; rose\nwater, 25 parts; scented alcohol, 5 parts. To be applied twice daily\nfor from half an hour to an hour, and then washed off with cold water.\nWhat will Remove Warts Painlessly?--Touch the wart with a little\nnitrate of silver, or with nitric acid, or with aromatic vinegar. The\nsilver salt will produce a black, and the nitric acid a yellow stain,\neither of which will wear off in a short while. The vinegar scarcely\ndiscolors the skin. A Good Receipt to Prevent Hair Coming Out.--Scald\nblack tea, 2 ounces, with I gallon of boiling water, strain and add 3\nounces glycerine, tincture cantharides 1/2 ounce, bay rum 1 quart. Mix\nwell and perfume. This is a good preparation for frequent use in its\neffect both on the scalp and hair, but neither will be kept in good\ncondition without care and attention to general health.\nDeaths from Diphtheria per 100,000 Inhabitants in the Chief Cities of\nthe World.--Amsterdam, 265; Berlin, 245; Madrid, 225; Dresden,\n184; Warsaw, 167; Philadelphia, 163; Chicago, 146; Turin, 127; St.\nPetersburg, 121; Bucharest, 118; Berne, 115; Munich, 111; Stockholm,\n107; Malines, 105; Antwerp, 104; New York, 91; Paris, 85; Hamburg,\n76; Naples, 74; Lisbon, 74; Stuttgart, 61; Rome, 56; Edinburgh, 50;\nBuda-Pesth, 50; The Hague, 45; Vienna, 44; London, 44; Christiania,\n43; Copenhagen, 42; Suburbs of Brussels, 36; City of Brussels, 35.\nA Receipt for Marshmallows, as Made by Confectioners.--Dissolve\none-half pound of gum arabic in one pint of water, strain, and add\none-half pound of fine sugar, and place over the fire, stirring\nconstantly until the syrup is dissolved, and all of the consistency\nof honey. Add gradually the whites of four eggs well beaten. Stir\nthe mixture until it becomes somewhat thin and does not adhere to\nthe finger. Flavor to taste, and pour into a tin slightly dusted with\npowdered starch, and when cool divide into small squares.\nA Receipt for Making Compressed Yeast.--This yeast is obtained by\nstraining the common yeast in breweries and distilleries until a moist\nmass is obtained, which is then placed in hair bags, and the rest of\nthe water pressed out until the mass is nearly dry. It is then sewed\nup in strong linen bags for transportation.\nHow to Tell the Age of Eggs.--We recommend the following process\n(which has been known for some time, but has been forgotten) for\nfinding out the age of eggs, and distinguishing those that are fresh\nfrom those that are not. This method is based upon the decrease in the\ndensity of eggs as they grow old. Dissolve two ounces of kitchen salt\nin a pint of water. When a fresh-laid egg is placed in this solution\nit will descend to the bottom of the vessel, while one that has been\nlaid on the day previous will not quite reach the bottom. If the egg\nbe three days old it will swim in the liquid, and if it is more than\nthree days old it will float on the surface, and project above the\nlatter more and more in proportion as it is older.\nA Recipe for Making Court Plaster.--Isinglass 125 grains, alcohol\n1-3/4 fluid ounces, glycerine 12 minims, water and tincture of benzoin\neach sufficient quantity. Dissolve the isinglass in enough water to\nmake the solution weigh four fluid ounces. Spread half of the latter\nwith a brush upon successive layers of taffeta, waiting after each\napplication until the layer is dry. Mix the second half of the\nisinglass solution with the alcohol and glycerine, and apply in\nthe same manner. Then reverse the taffeta, coat it on the back with\ntincture of benzoin, and allow it to become perfectly dry. There are\nmany other formulas, but this is official. The above quantities are\nsufficient to make a piece of court plaster fifteen inches square.\nOne of the Very Best Scouring Pastes Consists of--Oxalic acid, 1 part;\nIron peroxide, 15 parts; Powdered rottenstone, 20 parts; Palm oil, 60\nparts; Petrolatum, 4 parts. Pulverize the oxalic acid and add rouge\nand rottenstone, mixing thoroughly, and sift to remove all grit; then\nadd gradually the palm oil and petrolatum, incorporating thoroughly.\nAdd oil of myrbane, or oil of lavender to suit. By substituting your\nred ashes from stove coal, an inferior representative of the foregoing\npaste will be produced.\nHow to Manufacture Worcestershire Sauce.--A. Mix together 1-1/2\ngallons white wine vinegar, 1 gallon walnut catsup, 1 gallon mushroom\ncatsup, 1/2 gallon Madeira wine, 1/2 gallon Canton soy, 2-1/2 pounds\nmoist sugar, 19 ounces salt, 3 ounces powdered capsicum, 1-1/2 ounces\neach of pimento and coriander, 1-1/2 ounces chutney, 3/4 ounce each of\ncloves, mace and cinnamon, and 6-1/2 drachms assafoetida dissolved in\npint brandy 20 above proof. Boil 2 pounds hog's liver for twelve\nhours in 1 gallon of water, adding water as required to keep up the\nquantity, then mix the boiled liver thoroughly with the water, strain\nit through a coarse sieve. Add this to the sauce.\nA Good Receipt for Making Honey, Without Using Honey as One of the\nIngredients,--5 lbs. white sugar, 2 lbs. water, gradually bring to\na boil, and skim well. When cool add 1 lb. bees' honey, and 4 drops\npeppermint. To make of better quality add less water and more real\nhoney.\nWhat the Chemical Composition of Honey is.--Principally of saccharine\nmatter and water, about as follows: Levulose 33-1/2 to 40 per cent.,\ndextrose 31-3/4 to 39 per cent., water 20 to 30 per cent., besides\nash and other minor constituents.\nHow to Clean Carpets on the Floor to Make Them Look Bright.--To a\npailful of water add three pints of oxgall, wash the carpet with\nthis until a lather is produced, which is washed off with clean water.\nHow to Take Out Varnish Spots from Cloth.--Use chloroform or benzine,\nand as a last resource spirits of turpentine, followed after drying by\nbenzine.\nFlour Paste for all Purposes.--Mix 1 pound rye flour in lukewarm\nwater, to which has been added one teaspoonful of pulverized alum;\nstir until free of lumps. Boil in the regular way, or slowly pour on\nboiling water, stirring all the time until the paste becomes stiff.\nWhen cold add a full quarter pound of common strained honey, mix well\n(regular bee honey, no patent mixture).\nHow to Make Liquid Glue.--Take a wide mouthed bottle, and dissolve in\nit 8 ounces beet glue in 1/2 pint water, by setting it in a vessel\nof water, and heating until dissolved. Then add slowly 2-1/2 ounces\nstrong nitric acid 36 deg. Baume, stirring all the while. Effervescence\ntakes place, with generation of fumes. When all the acid has been added,\nthe liquid is allowed to cool. Keep it well corked, and it will be ready\nfor use at any time.\nHow the World is Weighed and Its Density and Mass Computed.--The\ndensity, mass, or weight of the earth was found by the observed force\nof attraction of a known mass of lead or iron for another mass; or\nof a mountain by the deflection of a torsion thread or plumb line. In\nthis manner the mean density of the earth has been found to be from\n4.71 to 6.56 times the weight of water, 5.66 being accredited as the\nmost reliable. The weight of a cubic foot of water being known, and\nthe contents of the earth being computed in cubic feet, we have but to\nmultiply the number of cubic feet by 5.66 times the weight of 1 cubic\nfoot of water to obtain the weight of the earth in pounds, or units of\ngravity at its surface, which is the unit usually used. Another method\nof determining the mean density of the earth is founded on the change\nof the intensity of gravity in descending deep mines.\nA Theory as to the Origin of Petroleum.--Professor Mendelejef has\nrecently advanced the theory that petroleum is of purely mineral origin\nand that the formation of it is going on every day. He has, moreover,\nsucceeded in producing artificial petroleum by a reaction that he\ndescribes, and he states that it is impossible to detect any difference\nbetween the natural product and the manufactured article. His theory is\nas follows: [Transcriber's Note: The original text reads 'Infilration']\nInfiltration of water, reaching a certain depth, come into contact with\nincandescent masses of carburets of metals, chiefly of iron, and are at\nonce decomposed into oxygen and hydrogen. The oxygen unites with the\niron, while the hydrogen seizes on the carbon and rises to an upper\nlevel, where the vapors are condensed in part into mineral oil, and the\nrest remains in a state of natural gas. The petroleum strata are\ngenerally met with in the vicinity of mountains, and it may be granted\nthat geological upheavals have dislocated the ground in such a way as to\npermit of the [Transcriber's Note: The original text reads 'admistoin']\nadmission of water to great depths. If the center of the earth contains\ngreat masses of metallic carburets, we may, in case this theory is\nverified, count upon an almost inexhaustible source of fuel for the day\nwhen our coal deposits shall fail us.\nHow Vaseline is Purified.--The residuum from which vaseline is made\nis placed in settling tanks heated by steam, in order to keep their\ncontents in a liquid state. After the complete separation of the fine\ncoke it is withdrawn from these tanks and passed through the bone\nblack cylinders, during which process the color is nearly all removed,\nas well as its empyreumatic odor.\nThe Latest and Best Process Employed by Cutters and Others in Etching\nNames and Designs on Steel.--Take copper sulphate, sulphate of alum\nand sodium chloride, of each 2 drachms, and strong acetic acid 1-1/2\nounces, mixed together. Smear the metal with yellow soap and write\nwith a quill pen without a split.\nThe History of the Discovery of Circulation of the Blood recapitulated,\ndivides itself naturally into a series of epoch-making periods: 1. The\nstructure and functions of the valves of the heart, Erasistratus, B.C. 304.\n2. The arteries carry blood during life, not air, Galen, A.D. 165.\n3. The pulmonary circulation, Servetus, 1553. 4. The systemic circulation,\nC\u00e6salpinus, 1593. 5. The pulmonic and systemic circulations, Harvey, 1628.\n6. The capillaries, Malpighi, 1661.\nHow to Make Hand Fire Grenades.--Make your hand grenades. Fill\nordinary quart wine bottles with a saturated solution of common salt,\nand place them where they will do the most good in case of need. They\nwill be found nearly as serviceable as the expensive hand grenades\nyou buy. Should a fire break out, throw them with force sufficient to\nbreak them into the center of the fire. The salt will form a\ncoating on whatever object the water touches, and make it nearly\nincombustible, and it will prove effectual in many cases, where a fire\nis just starting, when the delay in procuring water might be fatal.\nHow the Kind of White Metal is Made That is Used in the Manufacture\nof Cheap Table Ware.--How same can be hardened and still retain its\ncolor? The following are formulas for white metal. Melt together: (a)\nTin 82, lead 18, antimony 5, zinc 1, copper 4 parts. (b) Brass 32,\nlead 2, tin 2, zinc 1 part. For a hard metal, not so white, melt\ntogether bismuth 6 parts, zinc 3 parts, lead 13 parts. Or use type\nmetal--lead 3 to 7 parts, antimony 1 part.\nWhat Metal Expands Most, for the Same Change in Temperature?--For one\ndegree Centigrade the following are coefficients of linear expansion:\nHeavy Timbers.--There are sixteen species of trees in America, whose\nperfectly dry wood will sink in water. The heaviest of these is the\nblack iron wood (confalia feriea) of Southern Florida, which is more\nthan 30 per cent. heavier than water. Of the others, the best known\nare lignum vit\u00e6 (gualacum sanctum) and mangrove (chizphora mangle).\nAnother is a small oak (quercus gsisea) found in the mountains of\nTexas, Southern New Mexico and Arizona, and westward to the Colorado\ndesert, at an elevation of 5,000 to 10,000 feet. All the species in\nwhich the wood is heavier than water belong to semi-tropical Florida\nor the arid interior Pacific region.\nHighest Point Reached by Man was by balloon 27,000 feet. Travelers\nhave rarely exceeded 20,000 feet, at which point the air from its\nrarity is very debilitating.\nHas a Rate of Speed Equal to Ninety Miles an Hour, ever Been Attained\nby Railroad Locomotive?--It is extremely doubtful if any locomotive\never made so high a speed. A mile in 48 seconds is the shortest time\nwe have heard of. A rate of 70 to 75 miles per hour has been made on\na spurt, on good straight track. The Grant Locomotive Works could make\nsuch an engine. Sixty miles an hour for a train is considered a very\nhigh rate of speed, and is seldom attained in practice for more than a\nshort run.\nThe Fastest Boat in the World.--Messrs. Thornycroft & Co., of\nChiswick, in making preliminary trials of a torpedo boat built by them\nfor the Spanish navy, have obtained a speed which is worthy of special\nrecord. The boat is twin-screw, and the principal dimensions are:\nLength 147 ft. 6 in., beam 14 ft. 6 in., by 4 ft. 9 in. draught. On a\ntrial at Lower Hope, on April 27, the remarkable mean speed of 26.11\nknots was attained, being equal to a speed of 30.06 miles an hour,\nwhich is the highest speed yet attained by any vessel afloat.\nStaining and Polishing Mahogany.--Your best plan will be to scrape off\nall the old polish, and well glass paper; then oil with linseed oil both\nold and new parts. To stain the new pieces, get half an ounce of\nbichromate of potash, and pour a pint of boiling water over it; when\ncold bottle it. This, used with care, will stain the new or light parts\nas dark as you please, if done as follows:--wipe off the oil clean, and\napply the solution with a piece of rag, held firmly in the hand, and\njust moistened with the stain. Great care is required to prevent the\nstain running over the old part, for any place touched with it will show\nthe mark through the polish when finished. You can vary the color by\ngiving two or more coats if required. Then repolish your job altogether\nin the usual way. Should you wish to brighten up the old mahogany, use\npolish dyed with Bismarck brown as follows:--Get three pennyworth of\nBismarck brown, and put it into a bottle with enough naphtha or\nmethylated spirits to dissolve it. Pour a few drops of this into your\npolish, and you will find that it gives a nice rich red color to the\nwork, but don't dye the polish too much, just tint it.\nValue of Eggs for Food and Other Purposes.--Every element that is\nnecessary to the support of man is contained within the limits of an\negg shell, in the best proportions and in the most palatable form.\nPlain boiled, they are wholesome. It is easy to dress them in more\nthan 500 different ways, each method not only economical, but salutary\nin the highest degree. No honest appetite ever yet rejected an egg in\nsome guise. It is nutriment in the most portable form, and in the most\nconcentrated shape. Whole nations of mankind rarely touch any\nother animal food. Kings eat them plain as readily as do the humble\ntradesmen. After the victory of Muhldorf, when the Kaiser Ludwig sat\nat a meal with his burggrafs and great captains, he determined on a\npiece of luxury--\"one egg to every man, and two to the excellently\nvaliant Schwepperman.\" Far more than fish--for it is watery diet--eggs\nare the scholar's fare. They contain phosphorus, which is brain food,\nand sulphur, which performs a variety of functions in the economy. And\nthey are the best of nutriment for children, for, in a compact form,\nthey contain everything that is necessary for the growth of the\nyouthful frame. Eggs are, however, not only food--they are medicine\nalso. The white is the most efficacious of remedies for burns, and the\noil extractable from the yolk is regarded by the Russians as an\nalmost miraculous salve for cuts, bruises and scratches. A raw egg, if\nswallowed in time, will effectually detach a fish bone fastened in\nthe throat, and the white of two eggs will render the deadly corrosive\nsublimate as harmless as a dose of calomel. They strengthen the\nconsumptive, invigorate the feeble, and render the most susceptible\nall but proof against jaundice in its more malignant phase. They\ncan also be drunk in the shape of that \"egg flip\" which sustains the\noratorical efforts of modern statesmen. The merits of eggs do not even\nend here. In France alone the wine clarifiers use more than 80,000,000\na year, and the Alsatians consume fully 38,000,000 in calico printing\nand for dressing the leather used in making the finest of French kid\ngloves. Finally, not to mention various other employments for eggs in\nthe arts, they may, of course, almost without trouble on the farmer's\npart, be converted in fowls, which, in any shape, are profitable to\nthe seller and welcome to the buyer. Even egg shells are valuable, for\naliopath and homeopath alike agree in regarding them as the purest of\ncarbonate of lime.\nHistory of Big Ships.--In the history of mankind several vessels\nof extraordinary magnitude have been constructed, all distinctively\nstyled great, and all unfortunately disastrous, with the honorable\nexception of Noah's Ark. Setting aside this antediluvian craft,\nconcerning the authenticity of whose dimensions authorities differ,\nand which, if Biblical measures are correct, was inferior in size to\nthe vessel of most importance to modern shipowners, the great galley,\nconstructed by the great engineer Archimedes for the great King Hiero\nII., of Syracuse, is the first illustration. This ship without a name\n(for history does not record one) transcended all wonders of ancient\nmaritime construction. It abounded statues and painting, marble and\nmosaic work. It contained a gymnasium, baths, a garden, and arbored\nwalks. Its artillery discharged stones of 3 cwt., and arrows 18 ft. in\nlength. An Athenian advertising poet, who wrote a six-line puff of its\nglories, received the royal reward of six thousand bushels of corn.\nLiterary merit was at a higher premium in the year 240 B.C., than it\nis to-day. The great ship of antiquity was found to be too large for\nthe accommodation of the Syracusan port, and famine reigning in Egypt,\nHiero, the charitably disposed, embarked a cargo of ten thousand\nhuge jars of salted fish, two million pounds of salted meat, twenty\nthousand bundles of different clothes, filled the hold with corn, and\nconsigned her to the seven mouths of the Nile, and since she weighed\nanchor nothing more has been heard of her fate. The next great\nship worthy of mention is the mythical Saracen encountered in the\nMediterranean Sea by the crusading fleet of Richard C\u00cfur de Lion, Duke\nof Guienne and King of England, which, after much slaughter and\ndamage incident to its infidel habit of vomiting Greek fire upon its\nadversaries, was captured and sunk. Next in rotation appears the Great\nHarry, built by Henry VIII., of England, and which careened in harbor\nduring the reign of his successor, under similar circumstances\nto those attending the Royal George in 1782--a dispensation that\nmysteriously appears to overhang a majority of the ocean-braving\nconstructions which, in defiance of every religious sailor's\nsuperstition that the lumber he treads is naturally female, are\nchristened by a masculine or neutral title. In the year 1769, Mark\nIsambard Brunel, the Edison of his age, as his son was the Ericsson\nof that following, permitted himself to be born at Hacqueville; near\nRouen, France, went to school, to sea, and into politics; compromised\nhimself in the latter profession, and went to America in 1794, where\nhe surveyed the canal now connecting Lake Champlain with the Hudson\nRiver at Albany, N.Y. There he turned architect, then returned to\nEurope, settled, married, and was knighted in England. He occupied\neighteen years of his life in building an unproductive tunnel beneath\nthe river Thames at London; invented a method of shuffling cards\nwithout using the hands, and several of her devices for dispensing\nwith labor, which, upon completion, were abandoned from economical\nmotives. On his decease, his son and heir, I.K. Brunel, whose\npractical experience in the Thames Tunnel job, where his biographers\nassert he had occasion more than once to save his life by swimming,\nqualified him to tread in his father's shoes, took up his trade.\nBrunel, Jr., having demonstrated by costly experiments, to the\nsuccessful proof, but thorough exasperation, of his moneyed backers,\nthat his father's theory for employing carbonic acid gas as a motive\npower was practicable enough, but too expensive for anything but the\ndissipation of a millionaire's income, settled down to the profession\nof engineering science, in which he did as well as his advantages of\neducation enabled him. Like all men in advance of their time, when he\nconsidered himself the victim of arbitrary capitalists ignoring the\nbent of his genius, he did his best work in accordance with their\nstipulations. He designed the Great Western, the first steamship\n(paddle-wheel) ever built to cross the Atlantic; and the Great\nBritain, the original ocean screw steamer. Flushed with these\nsuccesses, Brunel procured pecuniary support from speculative fools,\nwho, dazzled by the glittering statistical array that can be adduced in\nsupport of any chimerical venture, the inventor's repute, and their\nunbaked experience, imagined that the alluring Orient was ready to\nyield, like over-ripe fruit, to their shadowy grasp; and tainted as he\nevidently was with hereditary mania, Brunel resolved to seize the\nillusionary immortality that he fondly imagined to be within his reach.\nThere was not much the matter with the brain of Brunel, Jr., but that\nlittle was enough; a competent railroad surveyor, a good bridge builder,\nhe needed to be held within bounds when handling other people's funds;\nfor the man's ambition would have lead him to undertake to bridge the\nAtlantic. He met with the speculators required in this very instance of\nthe constructors of the Great Eastern. This monstrous ship has been\ndescribed so often, that it would be a cruelty to our readers to inflict\nthe story upon them again.\nNatural Gas the Fuel of the Future.--The house of the near future will\nhave no fireplace, steam pipes, chimneys, or flues. Wood, coal oil,\nand other forms of fuel are about to disappear altogether in\nplaces having factories. Gas has become so cheap that already it is\nsupplanting fuels. A single jet fairly heats a small room in cold\nweather. It is a well known fact that gas throws off no smoke, soot,\nor dirt. In a brazier filled with chunks of colored glass, and several\njets placed beneath, the glass soon became heated sufficiently to\nthoroughly warm a room 10x30 feet in size. This design does away with\nthe necessity for chimneys, since there is no smoke; the ventilation\nmay be had at the window. The heat may be raised or lowered by simply\nregulating the flow of gas. The colored glass gives all the appearance\nof fire; there are black pieces to represent coal, red chunks for\nflames, yellowish white glass for white heat, blue glass for blue\nflames, and hues for all the remaining colors of spectrum. Invention\nalready is displacing the present fuels for furnaces and cooking\nranges and glass, doing away with delay and such disagreeable objects\nas ashes, kindling wood, etc. It has only been within the past few\nyears that natural gas has been utilized to any extent, in either\nPennsylvania, New York or Ohio. Yet its existence has been known since\nthe early part of the century. As far back as 1821, gas was struck\nin Fredonia, Chautauqua county, N.Y., and was used to illuminate the\nvillage inn when Lafayette passed through the place some three years\nlater. Not a single oil well of the many that have been sunk in\nPennsylvania has been entirely devoid of gas, but even this frequent\ncontact with what now seems destined to be the fuel of the future bore\nno fruit of any importance until within the past few years. It had\nbeen used in comparatively small quantities previous to the fall of\n1884, but it was not until that time that the fuel gave any indication\nof the important role it was afterward to fill. At first ignored, then\nexperimented with, natural gas has been finally so widely adopted that\nto-day, in the single city of Pittsburgh, it displaces daily 10,000\ntons of coal, and has resulted in building cities in Ohio and the\nremoval thereto of the glass making industries of the United States.\nThe change from the solid to the gaseous fuel has been made so\nrapidly, and has effected such marked results in both the processes\nof manufacture and the product, that it is no exaggeration to say\nthat the eyes of the entire industrial world are turned with envious\nadmiration upon the cities and neighborhoods blessed with so unique\nand valuable a fuel. The regions in which natural gas is found are\nfor the most part coincident with the formations producing petroleum.\nThis, however, is not always the case; and it is worthy of notice that\nsome districts which were but indifferent oil-producers are now famous\nin gas records. The gas driller, therefore, usually confines himself\nto the regions known to have produced oil, but the selection of the\nparticular location for a well within these limits appears to be\neminently fanciful. The more scientific generally select a spot\neither on the anticlinal or synclinal axis of the formation, giving\npreference to the former position. Almost all rock formations have\nsome inclination to the horizon, and the constant change of this\ninclination produces a series of waves, the crests of which are known\nas anticlines, and the troughs as synclines. Many drillers suppose\nthat the gas seeks the anticlines and the oil the synclines, but\nothers, equally long-headed, discard entirely all theory of this kind,\nand drill wherever it may be most convenient or where other operators\nhave already demonstrated the existence of gas. It will surprise many\nof our readers to know that the divining rod, that superstitious relic\nof the middle ages, is still frequently called upon to relieve the\noperator of the trouble of a rational decision. The site having been\nselected, the ordinary oil-drilling outfit is employed to sink a\nhole of about six inches in diameter until the gas is reached. In the\nneighborhood of Pittsburgh, this is usually found at a depth of 1,300\nto 1,500 feet, in what is known as the Third Oil Sand, a sandstone of\nthe Devonian period. Where the gas comes from originally is an open\nquestion. When the driller strikes gas, he is not left in any doubt of\nthe event, for if the well be one of any strength, the gas manifests\nitself by sending the drill and its attachments into the air, often\nto a height of a hundred feet or more. The most prolific wells are\nappropriately called \"roarers.\" During the progress of the drilling,\nthe well is lined with iron piping. Occasionally this is also blown\nout, but as a rule the gas satisfies itself with ejecting the drill.\nWhen the first rush of gas has thrown everything movable out of its\nway, the workmen can approach, and chain the giant to his work. The\nplant at the well is much simpler than one would suppose. An elbow\njoint connects the projecting end of the well piping with a pipe\nleading to a strong sheet-iron tank. This collects the salt water\nbrought up with the gas. Ordinarily, about half a barrel accumulates\nin twenty four hours. A safety valve, a pressure indicator, and a\nblow-off complete the outfit. When the pressure exceeds a prescribed\nlimit, the valve opens, and the gas escapes into the blow-off. This\nis usually 30 feet high or more, and the gas issuing from the top is\neither ignited or permitted to escape into the atmosphere. The\npipe line leading from the tank to the city is of course placed\nunderground. Beyond a little wooden house, the blow-off, and a\nderrick, the gas farms differ little in appearance from those\nproducing less valuable crops. The pressure of the gas at the wells\nvaries considerably. It is generally between 100 and 325 pounds. As\nmuch as 750 pounds per square inch has been measured, and in many\ncases the actual pressure is even greater than this, but, as a rule,\nit is not permitted to much exceed 20 atmospheres in any receiver or\npipe. The best investment for parties of small means that we know of\nis in town lots in North Baltimore, Ohio. It is on the main line\nof the B. & O. Railroad and the center of the oil and natural gas\ndiscoveries in Ohio. Property is bound to double in value. For further\ninformation, address, W.A. Rhodes, North Baltimore, Ohio.\nHints on House Building.--Gas pipes should be run with a continuous\nfall towards the meter, and no low places. The gas meter should be\nset in a cool place, to keep it from registering against you; but if\na \"water meter,\" it should be protected from freezing. Cupboards,\nwardrobes, bookcases, etc., generally afford receptacles for dust\non their tops. This may be avoided by carrying them clear up to the\nceiling. When this is not done, their tops should be sheeted over\nflush with the highest line of their cornices, so that there may be no\nsunken lodging-place for dust. Furring spaces between the furring and\nthe outer walls should be stopped off at each floor line with brick and\nmortar \"fire stops;\" and the same with hollow interior partition walls.\nSoil pipes should never have \"T\" branches; always curves, or \"Y\"\nbranches. Water pipes should be run in a continuous grade, and have a\nstop and waste cock at the lowest point, so as to be entirely emptied\nwhen desired. Furnaces should have as few joints as possible, and the iron\nfire-pot is better lined with fire-brick. There should be no damper in\nthe smoke pipe; but the ash-door should shut air-tight when desired.\nThere should be provision for the evaporation of water in the hot-air\npipe. \"Air boxes\" should never be of wood. All air boxes should be\naccessible from one end to the other, to clean them of dust, cobwebs,\ninsects, etc. Horizontal hot-air flues should not be over 15 feet\nlong. Parapets should be provided with impervious coping-stones to\nkeep water from descending through the walls. Sewer pipes should not\nbe so large as to be difficult to flush. The oval sections (point\ndown) are the best. Soil-pipes should have a connection with the upper\nair, of the full diameter of the pipe to be ventilated. Stationary\nwash-tubs of wood are apt to get soaked up with organic matter and\nfilth. Stationary washstands in bedrooms should have small traps;\nunderneath each should be a leaden tray to protect ceilings in case\nof leakage, breakage or accidental overflow. This tray should have an\noverflow, and this overflow should be trapped, if connected with the\nfoul-pipe system (which it should _not_ be if possible to arrange it\notherwise). Flues should have a smooth parging or lining, or they will\nbe apt to draw with difficulty. Gas pipes of insufficient diameter\ncause the flames to burn with unsteady, dim light. Made ground is\nseldom fit for immediate building; and never for other than isolated\nstructures. Ashes, street-sweepings, garbage, rotten vegetation, and\nhouse refuse are unfit filling for low ground on which it is intended\nto build. Cobble pavements are admirably adapted to soaking-up and\nafterwards emitting unwholesome matters. Asphalt has none of this\nfault. Wood is pernicious in this respect. \"Gullies\" in cellar floors\nshould be properly trapped; and this does _not_ mean that they shall\nhave bell-traps nor siphon-traps with shallow water-seal. Cellar\nwindows should be movable to let in air, and should have painted\nwire-screens to keep out cats, rats, etc. New walls are always damp.\nWindow sills should project well out beyond the walls, and should be\ngrooved underneath so as to throw the water clear of the walls. Cracks\nin floors, between the boards, help the accumulation of dirt and\ndust, and may harbor vermin. Narrow boards of course have narrower\ninterstitial cracks than wide boards do. \"Secret nailing\" is best\nwhere it can be afforded. Hot-air flues should never be carried close\nto unprotected woodwork. Electric bells, when properly put up and\ncared for, are a great convenience in a house; but when they\ndon't work, they are about as aggravating as the law allows. Cheap\npushbuttons cause a great deal of annoyance. Silver-plated faucets and\ntrimmings blacken with illuminating and sewer gases. Nickel-plating\nis perhaps a less pleasing white, but is cheaper and does not discolor\nreadily. Windows are in most respects a great blessing; but there may\nbe too much of a good thing. It is unreasonable to expect that one\ngrate or stove or furnace can heat a whole county. Don't attempt it.\nIf you have too many windows on the \"cold side\" of a house, give\nthem double sashes (_not_ double panes), and \"weather-strip\" them.\nUnpainted trimmings should be of hardwood. Yellow pine finishes up\nwell. Butternut is brighter than walnut. Cherry makes a room cheerful.\nWalnut is dull and dismal.\nThe Forests of the World.--The rapid exhaustion of the forests of the\nworld, and more particularly of the once great reserves of timber in\nthe United States and Canada, renders it inevitable that, in a very\nfew years indeed, iron must supersede wood for a variety of uses. The\ndrain upon the world's resources in timber is prodigious. Every year\n92,000,000 railway sleepers are used in America alone, while to supply\nfirewood for the whole of the States, fourteen times the quantity of\nwood consumed by the railways is annually required. At the computation\nof the most recent statistics there were 441,000,000 of acres of\nwoodland in the United States; but since over 50,000,000 of acres are\ncut down yearly, this great area of timber will be non-existent in\nless than twenty years, unless replanting upon a very extensive\nscale be at once undertaken. Already efforts are being made in this\ndirection, and not long since some 4,000,000 of saplings were planted\nin a single day in Kansas and the neighboring States. But since the\ndaily consumption is even greater than this, it is obvious that the\nwork of replanting must be undertaken systematically if it is to keep\npace, even approximately, with the destruction. In France and Germany,\nwhere the forests are national property, forestry has been elevated\nto the status of an exact science; but the timber lands of those\ncountries are small indeed compared with those in the United States.\nA Church Built from a Single Tree.--A redwood tree furnished all the\ntimber for the Baptist church in Santa Rosa, one of the largest church\nedifices in the country. The interior of the building is finished in\nwood, there being no plastered walls. Sixty thousand shingles were\nmade from the tree after enough was taken for the church. Another\nredwood tree, cut near Murphy's Mill, about ten years ago, furnished\nshingles that required the constant labor of two industrious men for\ntwo years before the tree was used up.\nTrees That Sink.--Of the more than four hundred species of trees\nfound in the United States there are said to be sixteen species whose\nperfectly dry wood will sink in water. The heaviest of these is the\nblack ironwood of southern Florida, which is more than thirty per\ncent. heavier than water. Of the others, the best known are the lignum\nvit\u00e6 and mangrove; another is a small oak found in the mountains\nof western Texas, southern New Mexico, and Arizona, and westward to\nColorado, at an elevation of 5,000 to 10,000 feet.\nArtificial Wood.--You can produce an artificial fire and waterproof\nwood in the following manner. More or less finely divided wood\nshavings, straw, tan, etc., singly or mixed, are moistened with a weak\nsolution of zinc chloride of about 1.026 sp. gr., and allowed to dry.\nThey are then treated with a basic solution of magnesium chloride of\n1.725 to 1.793 sp. gr., and pressed into moulds. The materials remain\nten to twelve hours under pressure, during which time they harden\nwhile becoming heated. After being dried for several days in a warm,\nairy place, they are placed for ten or twelve hours into a strong\nsolution of zinc chloride of about 1.205 sp. gr., and finally dried\nagain. The product is stated to be workable like hardwood, and to be\ncapable of taking a fine polish after being tooled. It is fireproof\nand inpermeable to water, and weak acid or alkaline solutions, and\nnot affected by the humidity of the atmosphere, being well suited to\ndecorative purposes, as it will not warp and fly like wood, but retain\nits form.\nHow to Stain Wood.--The following are recipes for staining wood, which\nare used in large establishments with great success: Light\nWalnut--Dissolve 3 oz. permanganate of potash in six pints of water, and\npaint the wood twice with the solution. After the solution has been left\non the wood for from five to ten minutes, the wood is rinsed, dried,\noiled, and finally polished. Light Mahogany--1 oz. finely cut alkanet\nroot, 2 ozs. powdered aloe, and 2 ozs. powdered dragon's blood are\ndigested with 26 ozs. of strong spirits of wine in a corked bottle, and\nleft in a moderately warm place for four days. The solution is then\nfiltered off, and the clear filtrate is ready for use. The wood which is\nto be stained is first passed through nitric acid, then dried, painted\nover with the alcoholic extract, dried, oiled and polished. Dark\nWalnut.--3 ozs. permanganate of potash are dissolved in six pints of\nwater, and the wood is painted twice with this solution. After five\nminutes the wood is washed, and grained with acetate of iron (the\nordinary iron liquor of the dyer) at 20\u00a1 Tw. Dry, oil and polish as\nusual. Gray--1 oz. nitrate of silver is dissolved in 45 ozs. water, and\nthe wood painted twice with the solution; afterwards the wood is\nsubmitted to the action of hydrochloric acid, and finally washed with\nammonia. It is then dried in a dark place, oiled and polished. This is\nsaid to give remarkably good results on beech, pitch pine and poplar.\nBlack--7 ozs. logwood are boiled with three pints of water, filtered,\nand the filtrate mixed with a solution containing 1 oz. of sulphate of\ncopper (blue copperas). The mixture is left to clear, and the clear\nliquor decanted while still hot. The wood is placed in this liquor for\ntwenty-four hours; it is then exposed to the air for twenty-four hours,\nand afterwards passed through a hot bath of nitrate of iron of 6\u00a1 Tw. If\nthe black, after this treatment, should not be sufficiently developed,\nthe wood has to be passed again through the first logwood bath.\nThe Highest Chimney in the World.--The highest chimney in the world is\nsaid to be that recently completed at the lead mines in Mechernich.\nIt is 134 meters (439 ft. 6 in.) high, was commenced in 1884, and\nwas carried up 23 meters before the frost set in; building was\nagain resumed on the 14th of last April, and it was completed last\nSeptember. The foundation, which is of dressed stone, is square,\nmeasuring 11 meters (33 ft.) on each side, and is 3.50 meters (11 ft.\n6 in.) deep; the base is also square, and is carried up 10 meters (33\nft.) above the ground. The chimney-stack is of circular section, 7.50\nmeters (24 ft. 6 in.) diameter at the bottom, and tapering to 3.50\nmeters diameter (11 ft. 6 in.) at the top, and is 120.50 meters (395\nft.) high.\nHow to Measure Round Tanks.--Square the diameter of the tank, and\nmultiply by.7854, which gives the area; then multiply area by depth\nof tank, and the cubic contents will be found. Allow 6-1/4 gallons for\neach cubic foot.\nThe Largest Buildings in the World.--Where is the largest building in\nthe world situated? The answer to this question must depend upon what\nthe term \"building\" is held to represent. The Great Wall of China,\n1,280 miles in length, wide enough to allow six horsemen to ride\nabreast along it, and with an average height of 20 ft., may fairly be\ncalled a building; so, too, may be called the Great Pyramid of Egypt.\nThe question, however, was not meant to include such works as these.\nSome have supposed that the Vatican at Rome, with its eight grand\nstaircases, 200 smaller staircases, 20 courts, and 11,000 apartments,\nis the largest building in the world; but surely this is a collection\nof palaces rather than a single building. The same objection applies\nto the famous monastery of the Escurial in the province of Madrid,\nwith its seven towers, fifteen gateways, and 12,000 windows and doors,\nand to many other vast piles. For the largest single building extant,\nwe must look to St. Peter's at Rome, within which our great cathedral,\nSt. Paul's, could easily stand. St. Peter's occupies a space of\n240,000 sq. ft., its front is 400 ft. broad, rising to a height of 180\nft.; the length of the interior is 600 ft., its breadth 442 ft. It\nis capable of holding 54,000 people, while its piazza, in its widest\nlimits, holds 624,000. It is only by degrees that one is able to\nrealize its vast size. St. Peter's holds 54,000 persons; Milan\nCathedral, 37,000; St. Paul's, Rome, 32,000; St. Paul's, London,\n25,600; St. Petronio, Bologna, 24,400; Florence Cathedral, 24,300;\nAntwerp Cathedral, 24,000; St. Sophia, Constantinople, 23,000; Notre\nDame, Paris, 21,000; Pisa Cathedral, 13,000; St. Stephen's, Vienna,\n12,400; Auditorium, Chicago, 12,000; St. Mark's, Venice, 7,000.\nThe Biggest Bell in the World.--There is a bell in the Temple of\nClars, at Kinto, Japan, which is larger than the great bell of Moscow,\nor any other. It is covered with Chinese and Sanskrit characters which\nJapanese scholars have not yet succeeded in translating. There is no\nrecord of its casting. Its height is 24 ft., and at the rim it has a\nthickness of 16 in. It has no clapper, but is struck on the outside by\na kind of wooden battering-ram. We are unable to obtain any more exact\nparticulars as to the dimensions of this bell in order to determine\nwhether or no it really does excel the \"Monarch\" of Moscow, which\nweighs about 193 tons, is 19 ft. 3 in. in height, 60 ft. 9 in. in\ncircumference, and 2 ft. thick. There is another huge bell at Moscow,\nand those at Amazapoora, in Burmah, and at Pekin are far bigger than\nany we have in this country. Our biggest bell is \"Great Paul,\" which\nwas cast at Loughborough in 1881, and which weighs 17-1/2 tons. Taking\npurity, volume, and correctness of note into account, it is probably\nthe finest bell in Europe.\nThe Oldest Cities in the World.--They are the following:--Argos,\nAthens and Thebes, in Greece; Crotona and Rome, in Italy; Cadiz and\nSaguntum, in Spain; Constantinople, in Turkey, and Marseilles, in\nFrance, which was founded by a colony of Greeks 580 B.C. The age of\nthese cities varies from twenty-four to twenty-seven centuries.\nHow to Manufacture Oil of Apple, or Essence of Apple.--The essence of\napple is composed of aldehyde 2 parts; chloroform, acetic ether and\nnitrous ether and oxalic acid each 1 part; glycerin 4 parts;\n[Transcriber's note: the original text reads: \"amyl valerianice ther10\nparts\"] amyl valerianic ether 10 parts.\nA Formula for the Manufacture of Artificial Cider.--Imitation cider\nconsists of 25 gallons soft water, 25 pounds New Orleans sugar; 1 pint\nyeast; two pounds tartaric acid. Put all the ingredients into a clean\ncask, and stir them up well after standing twenty-four hours with the\nbung out. Then bung the cask up tight, add 3 gallons spirits, and let it\nstand forty-eight hours, after which time it will be ready for use.\nChampagne cider can be prepared by taking 10 gallons of cider, old and\nclear. Put this in a strong, iron-bound cask pitched inside (like beer\ncasks); add 2-1/2 pints clarified white plain syrup; then dissolve in it\n5 ounces tartaric acid; keep the bung ready in hand, then add 7-1/2\nounces of potassium bicarbonate; bung it as quickly and as well as\npossible.\nRecipe for Making Instantaneous Ink and Stain Extractor.--Take of\nchloride of lime 1 pound, thoroughly pulverized, and 4 quarts\nsoft water. The foregoing must be thoroughly shaken when first put\ntogether. It is required to stand twenty-four hours to dissolve the\nchloride of lime; then strain through a cotton cloth, after which add\na teaspoonful of acetic acid to every ounce of the chloride of lime\nwater.\nWood, which is a more unyielding material, acts with tremendous force\nwhen wetted, and advantage has been taken of this fact in splitting\nblocks of granite. This process is largely adopted in Dartmoor. After a\nmass of granite has been rent from the mountain by blasting, it is\nmeasured in every direction to see how best to divide it into smaller\nblocks. These are traced out by straight lines on the surface, and a\nseries of holes are drilled at short intervals along this line. Wedges\nof dry wood are then tightly driven into the holes and wetted, and the\ncombined action of the swelling wood splits the block in the direction\nrequired, and without any destructive violence. The same process is then\ncarried out upon the other faces, and the roughly-shapen block finished\nwith the hammer and chisel.\nThe Weight and Value of a Cubic Foot of\nSolid Gold or Silver.--A cubic foot of gold weighs about 19,300 ounces,\nand gold is worth $20.67 per ounce. Silver is worth $1.29 per ounce, and\na cubic foot weighs 10,500 ounces. Consequently the cubic foot of gold\nwould be worth $398,931, and the silver $13,545.\nTo Remove Spots on Brass.--Sulphuric acid will remove spots from brass\nthat will not yield to oxalic acid. It may be applied with a brush,\nbut great care must be taken that no drop of the acid shall come in\ncontact with the clothes or skin, as it is ruinous to garments and\ncuticle. Bath brick or rottenstone may be used for polishing.\nA Formula to Make a Good Shoe Dressing.--Gum shellac, 1/2 pound;\nalcohol, 3 quarts; dissolve, and add camphor, 1-1/2 ounces; lampblack,\n2 ounces. The foregoing will be found to give an excellent gloss,\nand is especially adapted to any leather, the surface of which is\nroughened by wear.\nReceipts for Dyeing Cotton Fabric Red, Blue and Ecru.--Red: Muriate\nof tin, two-thirds cupful, add water to cover goods; raise to boiling\nheat; put in goods one hour; stir often; take out, empty kettle, put\nin clean water with Nicaragua wood one pound; steep one-half hour at\nhand heat, then put in goods and increase heat one hour, not boiling.\nAir goods, and dip one hour as before. Wash without soap. Blue: For\nthree pounds goods, blue vitriol 4 ounces; boil few minutes, then dip\ngoods three hours; then pass them through strong lime water. Ecru:\nContinue the foregoing operation for blue by passing the goods through\na solution of prussiate of potash.\nMOTION OF WAVES.--The progressive motion of a wave on the water\nexactly corresponds in speed with that of a pendulum whose length is\nequal to the breadth of the wave; the same law, gravity, governs both.\nLIGHT OF THE SUN.--A photometric experiment of Huygens, resumed by\nWollaston, a short time before his death, teaches us that 20,000 stars\nthe same size as Sirius, the most brilliant in the firmament, would\nneed to be agglomerated to shed upon our globe a light equal to that\nof the sun.\nLand Cultivation in Japan.--The entire arable land of the Japanese\nempire is officially put at only 11,215,000 acres; but it is so\nfertile and thoroughly cultivated that it feeds a population of\n37,000,000, about that of France. Rice is one of the principal crops,\nand of this some 200,000,000 bushels are raised annually.\nOld London Bridge.--As early as the year 978 there was a wooden bridge\nwhere London bridge now stands. This was replaced by another in 1014,\nand another in 1209. The present London bridge was erected in 1831,\nand may be considered the oldest existing bridge over the river.\nThe Shortest Method of Removing Silver from Plated Ware Before\nReplating.--Dip the article in nitric acid; this will remove the\nsilver.\nA Formula for White Metal.--Copper, 69.8 parts; nickel, 19.8 parts;\nzinc, 5.5 parts; cadmium, 4.7 parts. It takes a fine polish.\nCuriosities of Metal Working.--At a recent meeting of scientific men, a\nspeaker produced an anklet worn by East Indian women. This is a flat\ncurb chain about one inch broad, with the links very close, and weighing\nabout ten or twelve ounces. It is composed of a species of brass\ncomposed of copper and lead, without any trace of silver, zinc, or tin.\nSuch anklets are sold for a few pence, and they are cast all at once,\ncomplete as an endless chain. The links show no sign of having been\nunited in any way. How it was possible to produce such a casting as this\npassed his comprehension, and he hoped that some one who had seen them\nmade would explain the nature of the process. From the East much that\nwas curious in metallurgical art came. Cast-iron was, he believed, first\nmade purposely in China. It was, however, frequently produced\nunintentionally, when wrought-iron was made direct from the ore in\nlittle furnaces about as big as a chimney-pot. It was found among the\ncinders and ash of the [Transcriber's Note: The original text reads\n'coarcoal'] charcoal-fire in grains or globules, which were not only\nlike shot, but were actually used as shot by the natives. He showed what\nhe believed was the only specimen in England of this cast-iron, in a\nbottle. He next referred to the celebrated Damascene blades of Indian\nswords, and explained that these blades were an intimate mixture of\nwrought-iron and hard steel, which must have required great skill, time\nand patience for its production. One [Transcriber's Note: The original\ntext reads 'patern'] pattern, in particular, known as \"Mary's Ladder,\"\nshowed wonderful finish and accuracy. Concerning the tempering of these\nblades little was known; but it was stated that it was affected by a\nlong-continued hammering, or rather tapping, of the blade while cold.\nHow Many Tons of Coal a Large Steamship Consumes in a Day.--\"Ocean\nsteamers are large consumers of coal. The Orient line, with their\nfleet of ships running to Australia every two weeks, may be mentioned.\nThe steamship Austral went from London to Sydney in thirty-five days,\nand consumed on the voyage 3,641 tons of coal; Her coal bunkers hold\n2,750 tons. The steamship Oregon consumes over 330 tons per day on her\npassage from Liverpool to New York; her bunkers will hold nearly 4,000\ntons. The Stirling Castle last year brought home in one cargo 2,200\ntons of tea, and consumed 2,800 tons of coal in doing so. Immense\nstocks of coal are kept at various coaling stations. St. Vincent,\nMadeira, Port Said, Singapore and others; the reserve at the latter\nplace is about 20,000 tons. It is remarkable with what rapidity these\nsteamers are coaled; for instance, the Orient steamship last year took\nin over 1,100 tons at Port Said in five hours.\"\nWhat a Man Eats.--A French statistician has just ascertained that a\nhuman being of either sex who is a moderate eater and who lives to be\n70 years old consumes during his life a quantity of food which would\nfill twenty ordinary railway baggage cars. A \"good eater,\" however,\nmay require as many as thirty.\nAn Australian Railway Viaduct.--The Werribee Viaduct, in the colony of\nVictoria, is the longest work of the kind in Australia. The structure\nconsists of lattice-girder work. It is 1,290 feet in length, and runs\nto a height of 125 feet above the level of the Werribee river. The\nviaduct has fifteen spans each of 60 feet, and thirteen spans of 30\nfeet. The total cost of the bridge was \u00a3600,000.\nThe Sharpening of\nTools.--Instead of oil, which thickens and smears the stone, a\nmixture of glycerine and spirit is recommended. The proportions of the\ncomposition vary according to the class of tool to be sharpened. One\nwith a relatively large surface is best sharpened with a clear fluid,\nthree parts of glycerine being mixed with one part of spirit. A graver\nhaving a small cutting surface only requires a small pressure on the\nstone, and in such cases the glycerine should be mixed with only two\nor three drops of spirit.\nRecipes for Plumbers.--Chloride of zinc, so much used in soldering iron,\nhas, besides its corrosive qualities, the drawback of being unwholesome\nwhen used for soldering the iron tins employed to can fruit, vegetables\nand other foods. A soldering mixture has been found which is free from\nthese defects. It is made by mixing one pound of lactic acid with one\npound of glycerine and eight pounds of water. A wooden tank may be\nrendered capable of withstanding the effects of nitric or sulphuric\nacids by the following methods:--Cover the inside with paraffin; go over\nthe inside with a sadiron heated to the temperature used in ironing\nclothes. Melt the paraffin under the iron so as to drive it into the\nwood as much as possible, then with a cooler iron melt on a coat thick\nenough to completely cover the wood. For brassing small articles: To one\nquart water add half an ounce each of sulphate copper and protochloride\nof tin. Stir the articles in the solution until the desired color is\nobtained. Use the sulphate of copper alone for a copper color. A good\ncement for celluloid is made from one part shellac dissolved in one part\nof spirit of camphor and three to four parts of ninety per cent.\nalcohol. The cement should be applied warm, and the broken parts\nsecurely held together until the solvent has entirely evaporated. Tin\nand tin alloys, after careful cleansing from oxide and grease, are\nhandsomely and permanently bronzed if brushed over with a solution of\none part of sulphate of copper (bluestone) and one part of sulphate of\niron (copperas) in twenty parts of water. When this has dried, the\nsurface should be brushed with a solution of one part of acetate of\ncopper (verdigris) in acetic acid. After several applications and\ndryings of the last named, the surface is polished with a soft brush and\nbloodstone powder. The raised portions are then rubbed off with soft\nleather moistened with wax in turpentine, followed by a rubbing with dry\nleather.\nProtecting Water-Pipes Against Frost.--A device has been brought\nforward for protecting water-pipes against freezing, the arrangement\nbeing based upon the fact that water in motion will remain liquid at a\nlower temperature than water at rest. One end of a copper rod, placed\noutside the building, is secured to a bracket, and the other end is\nattached to one arm of a weighted elbow lever; to the other arm of the\nlever is secured a rod which passes into the building and operates a\nvalve in the water-pipe. By means of turn buckles the length of the\ncopper rod can be adjusted so that before the temperature reaches\nthe point at which there would be danger of the water in the pipes\nfreezing the valve will be opened to allow a flow of water; beyond\nthis point the valve opening will increase and the flow become more\nrapid as the cold becomes more intense, and as the temperature rises\nthe valve is closed. This plan sets up a current in the pipes, which\nreplaces the water as it grows cold by the warmer water from the main.\nDestructive Work of Barnacles.--Unless some paint can be found which\nis proof against barnacles, it may be necessary to sheath steel\nvessels with an alloy of copper. An attempt has been made to cover the\nhulls with anti-corrosive paint and cover this with an outside coat\nwhich should resist the attack of barnacles. Somehow the barnacles\neat their way through the paint and attach themselves to the hull. The\nvast item of expense attached to the dry-docking of steel ships makes\nthis matter a not unimportant one. The barnacles interfere greatly\nwith the speed of a vessel, and in a cruiser speed is of prime\nimportance. They attach themselves in an incredibly short time to a\nsteel hull, and it is not long before their effect can be noted by a\ncomparison of the reading of the log.\nHow to Frost Glass.--Two ounces of spirits of salts, two ounces of oil\nof vitriol, one ounce of sulphate of copper, one ounce of gum arabic,\nmixed together and dabbed on with a brush; or this:--Dab your squares\nregularly over with putty; when dry go over them again--the imitation\nwill be executed. Or this:--Mix Epsom salts with porter and apply it\nwith a brush. Or this one:--Grind and mix white lead in three-fourths\nof boiled oil, and one-fourth of spirits of turpentine, and, to give\nthe mixture a very drying quality, add sufficient quantities of burnt\nwhite vitriol and sugar of lead. The color must be made exceedingly\nthin, and put on the panes of glass with a large painting-brush in as\neven a manner as possible. When a number of the panes are thus painted\ntake a dry duster, quite new, dab the ends of the bristles on the\nglass in quick succession till you give it a uniform appearance;\nrepeat this operation till the work appears very soft, and it\nwill then appear like ground glass. When the windows require fresh\npainting, get the old coat off first by using strong pearlash water.\nHow to Preserve Posts.--Wood can be made to last longer than iron\nin the ground, if prepared according to the following recipe:--Take\nboiled linseed oil and stir in pulverized coal to the consistency of\npaint. Put a coat of this over the timber, and there is not a man that\nwill live to see it rot.\nWhat Diamond Dyes and Paints Are Made of.--Solutions of the aniline\ncolors.\nWhat the Ingredients Are of Soapine and Pearline.--They consist of\npartly effloresced sal soda mixed with half its weight of soda ash.\nSome makers add a little yellow soap, coarsely powdered, to disguise\nthe appearance, and others a little carbonate of ammonium or borax.\nHow Many Thousand Feet of Natural Gas are Equal in Heat-Creating Power\nto One Ton Anthracite Coal.--About 40,000 cubic feet.\nSUSTAINING POWER OF ICE.\nThe sustaining power of ice at various degrees of thickness is given\nin the following paragraphs:\nAt a thickness of two inches, will support a man.\nAt a thickness of four inches, will support man on horseback.\nAt a thickness of six inches, will support teams with moderate loads.\nAt a thickness of eight inches, will support heavy loads.\nAt a thickness of ten inches, will support 1,000 pounds to the square\nfoot.\nTHE EXPANSIVE POWER OF WATER.\nIt is a well known, but not less remarkable fact, that if the tip of\nan exceedingly small tube be dipped into water, the water will rise\nspontaneously in the tube throughout its whole length. This may be\nshown in a variety of ways; for instance, when a piece of sponge,\nor sugar, or cotton is just allowed to touch water, these substances\nbeing all composed of numberless little tubes, draw up the water,\nand the whole of the piece becomes wet. It is said to _suck up_ or\n_imbibe_ the moisture. We see the same wonderful action going on in\nnature in the rising of the sap through the small tubes or pores of\nthe wood, whereby the leaves and upper portions of the plant derive\nnourishment from the ground.\nThis strange action is called \"capillary,\" from the resemblance the\nminute tubes bear to a hair, the Latin of which is _capillus_. It is,\nmoreover, singular that the absorption of the water takes place with\ngreat force. If a dry sponge be enclosed tightly in a vessel, it will\nexpand when wetted, with sufficient force to burst it, unless very\nstrong.\nLondon Water Supply.--The quantity of water consumed in London\namounts to about 145,000,000 gallons a day. If this quantity could be\ncollected together, it would form a lake 700 yards long, 200 wide, and\nwith a uniform depth of 20 feet.\nA Protection for Embankments.--Engineers often have considerable\ntrouble with the loose soil of newly-made embankments, so apt to slip\nor be washed away before they are covered with vegetation. According\nto a French railway engineer, the best plan is to sow the banks with\nthe double poppy. Several months elapse before grasses and clovers\ndevelop their feeble roots, but the double poppy germinates in a\nfew days, and in a fortnight has grown sufficiently to afford some\nprotection to the slope, while at the end of three or four months the\nroots, which are ten or twelve inches in length, are found to have\ninterlaced so as to retain the earth far more firmly than those of any\ngrass or grain. Although the double poppy is an annual, it sows itself\nafter the first year.\nA Cheap Concrete.--A kind of concrete made without cement is composed\nof 8 parts of sand, gravel and pebbles, 1 part of burnt and powdered\ncommon earth, 1 part of pulverized clinkers and cinders, and 1-1/2\nparts of unslacked hydraulic lime. These materials are thoroughly\nincorporated while dry into a homogeneous mixture, which is then\nwetted up and well beaten. The result of this is a hard and solid\nmass, which sets almost immediately, becoming exceedingly strong after\na few days. It may be made still stronger by the addition of a small\nproportion--say 1 part--of cement.\nMarking Tools.--To mark tools, first coyer the article to be marked\nwith a thin coating of tallow or beeswax, and with a sharp instrument\nwrite the name in the tallow. Clear with a feather, fill the letters\nwith nitric acid, let it remain from one to ten minutes, then dip\nin water and run off, and the marks will be etched into the steel or\niron.\nHow to Prevent Chisel Handles Splitting.--All carpenters know how soon\nthe butt-end of chisel handles split when daily exposed to the blow\nof a mallet or hammer. A remedy suggested by a Brooklyn man consists\nsimply of sawing or cutting off the round end of the handle so as to\nmake it flat, and attaching by a few nails on the top of it two discs\nof sole leather, so that the end becomes similar to the heel of\nthe boot. The two thicknesses of leather will prevent all further\nsplitting, and if, in the course of time, they expand and overlap the\nwood of the handle, they are simply trimmed off all around.\nThe Largest Wheel of Its Kind Ever Made in the World.--The greatest\nwheel of its kind in the world, a very wonder in mechanism, was built\nfor the Calumet and Hecla Mining Company of Lake Superior, Mich., for\nthe purpose of lifting and discharging the \"tailings,\" a waste from\nthe copper mines, into the lake. Its diameter is 54 feet; weight in\nactive operation, 200 tons. Its extreme dimensions are 54 feet in\ndiameter. Some idea of its enormous capacity can be formed from the\nfact that it receives and elevates sufficient sand every twenty-four\nhours to cover an acre of ground a foot deep. It is armed on its outer\nedge with 432 teeth, 4.71 inches pitch and 18 inches face. The gear\nsegments, eighteen in number, are made of gun iron, and the teeth are\nmachine-cut, epicycloidal in form. It took two of the most perfect\nmachines in the world 100 days and nights to cut the teeth alone, and\nthe finish is as smooth as glass. The wheel is driven by a pinion of\ngun iron containing 33 teeth of equal pitch and face and runs at a\nspeed of 6OO feet per minute at the inner edge, where it is equipped\nwith 448 steel buckets that lift the \"tailings\" as the machine\nrevolves and discharges them into launders that carry them into the\nlake. The shaft of the wheel is of gun iron, and its journals are 22\ninches in diameter by 3 feet 4 inches long. The shaft is made in three\nsections and is 30 inches in diameter in the center. At a first glance\nthe great wheel looks like an exaggerated bicycle wheel, and it is\nconstructed much on the same principle, with straining rods that run\nto centers cast on the outer sections of the shaft. The steel buckets\non either side of the gear are each 4 feet 5-1/2 inches long and 21\ninches deep, and the combined lifting capacity of the 448, running at\na speed of 600 feet per minute, will be 3,000,000 gallons of water\nand 2,000 tons of sand every twenty-four hours. The mammoth wheel is\nsupported on two massive adjustable pedestals of cast iron weighing\ntwelve tons each, and its cost at the copper mines before making a\nsingle revolution, $100,000.\nStrength of Brick Walls.--The question of strength of brick walls is\noften discussed, and differences of opinion expressed. The following\nis one of the rules given:--For first-class buildings, with good\nworkmanship, the general average should not exceed a greater number of\nfeet in height than three times its thickness of wall in inches, and\nthe length not to exceed double the height, without lateral supports\nof walls, buttresses, etc., as follows for safety:\n      THICKNESS;         SAFE HEIGHT;     LENGTH.\nWhere the lengths must exceed these proportions, as in depots,\nwarehouses, etc., the thickness should be increased, or lateral\nbraces instituted as frequently as practicable.\nQualities of Building\nStone.--The principal qualities of a good building stone are--(1)\nStrength, (2) hardness, (3) durability, (4) appearance, (5) facility\nfor working. There are also other minor points; but stone possessing\none or more of the above qualities, according to the purpose for which\nit is required, may be regarded as good for that purpose.\nStrength of Stone.--Stone should only be subjected to a compressive\nstrain. It is occasionally subject to a cross strain, as in lintels\nover doors and windows; these are, however, contrary to the true\nprinciples of construction, and should not be allowed except a\nstrong relieving arch is turned over them. The strength of stone in\ncompression is about 120 tons per square foot for the weakest stones,\nand about 750 tons per square foot for the strongest. No stones are,\nhowever, subjected to anything like this amount of compressive force;\nin the largest buildings it does not amount to more than twelve or\nfourteen tons per square foot.\nHardness of Stone.--This is of more importance than its strength,\nespecially in pavements or steps, where it is subject to great wear;\nalso in plinths and quoins of buildings where it is desired to preserve\na good face and sharp arris. The order of strength and hardness of stone\nis--(1) Basalt, (2) granite, (3) limestone, (4) sandstone. Granite,\nseinite, and gneiss take the first, place for strength, hardness and\ndurability, but they will not stand a high temperature. \"Stones which\nare of a fine, uniform grain, compact texture and deep color are the\nstrongest; and when the grain, color, and texture are the same, those\nare the stongest which are the heaviest; but otherwise the strength does\nnot increase with the specific gravity.\" Great hardness is objectionable\nwhen the stone has to be worked with a chisel, owing to the labor\nrequired to work it. Hard stones, also, generally wear smooth, and\nbecome polished, which makes them unsuitable for some purposes.\nBrittleness is a defect which frequently accompanies hardness,\nparticularly in coarse-grained stones; it prevents them from being\nworked to a true surface, and from receiving a smooth edge at the\nangles. Workmen call those hard stones which can only be sawn into slabs\nby the grit saw, and those soft which can be separated by a common saw.\nExpansion of Stone by Heat.--Rocks are expanded by heat and contracted\nby cooling. Variation in temperature thus causes some building stones\nto alternately expand and contract, and this prevents the joints of\nmasonry from remaining close and tight. In the United States with an\nannual thermometric range of more than 90 deg. Fah., this difficulty\nled to some experiments on the amount of expansion and contraction in\ndifferent kinds of building stones. It was found that in fine-grained\ngranite the rate of expansion was .000004825 for every degree Fah., of\nincrement of heat; in white crystalline marble it was .000005668; and\nin red sandstone .000009532, or about twice as much as in granite. In\nWestern America, where the climate is remarkably dry and clear, the\nthermometer often gives a range of more than 80 deg. in twenty-four\nhours. This great difference of temperature produces a strain so\ngreat that it causes rocks to crack or peel off in skins or irregular\npieces, or in some cases, it disintegrates them into sand. Dr.\nLivingstone found in Africa (12 deg. S. lat., 34 deg. E. long.) that\nsurfaces of rock which during the day were heated up to 137 deg.\nFah. cooled so rapidly by radiation at night that unable to stand\nthe strain of contraction, they split and threw off sharp angular\nfragments from a few ounces to 100 lbs. or 200 lbs. in weight.\nAccording to data obtained from Adie \"Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin.,\" xiii.,\np. 366, and Totten the expansion of ordinary rocks ranges from about\n2.47 to 9.63 millionths for 1 deg. Fah.\nBLUNDERS AND ABSURDITIES IN ART.\nIn looking over some collections of old pictures, it is surprising what\nextraordinary [Transcriber's Note: The original text reads\n'anachornisms'] anachronisms, blunders, and absurdities are often\ndiscoverable.\nIn the gallery of the convent of Jesuits at Lisbon, there is a picture\nrepresenting Adam in paradise, dressed in blue breeches with silver\nbuckles, and Eve with a striped petticoat. In the distance appears a\nprocession of Capuchin monks bearing the cross.\nIn a country church in Holland there is a painting representing the\nsacrifice of Isaac, in which the painter has depicted Abraham with a\nblunderbus in his hand, ready to shoot his son. A similar edifice in\nSpain has a picture of the same incident, in which the patriarch is\narmed with a pistol.\nAt Windsor there is a painting by Antonio Verrio, in which the artist\nhas introduced the portraits of himself, Sir Godfrey Kneller, and May,\nthe surveyor of the works of that period, all in long periwigs, as\nspectators of Christ healing the sick.\nA painter of Toledo, having to represent the three wise men of the\nEast coming to worship on the nativity of Christ, depicted three\nArabian or Indian kings, two of them white and one black, and all\nof them in the posture of kneeling. The position of the legs of each\nfigure not being very distinct, he inadvertently painted three black\nfeet for the negro king, and three also between the two white kings;\nand he did not discover his error until the picture was hung up in the\ncathedral.\nIn another picture of the Adoration of the Magi, which was in the\nHoughton Hall collection, the painter, Brughel, had introduced a\nmultitude of little figures, finished off with true Dutch exactitude,\nbut one was accoutred in boots and spurs, and another was handing in,\nas a present, a little model of a Dutch ship.\nThe same collection contained a painting of the stoning of Stephen,\nthe martyr, by Le Soeur, in which the saint was attired in the habit of\na Roman Catholic priest at high mass.\nA picture by Rubens, in the Luxembourg, represents the Virgin Mary\nin council, with two cardinals and the god Mercury assisting in her\ndeliberations.\nA STOPPAGE OF THE FALLS OF NIAGARA.\nThe following remarkable account of the stoppage of Niagara Falls,\nappeared in the _Niagara Mail_ at the time of the occurrence: \"That\nmysterious personage, the oldest inhabitant, has no recollection of\nso singular an occurrence as took place at the Falls on the 30th of\nMarch, 1847. The 'six hundred and twenty thousand tons of water each\nminute' nearly ceased to flow, and dwindled away into the appearance\nof a mere milldam. The rapids above the falls disappeared, leaving\nscarcely enough on the American side to turn a grindstone. Ladies\nand gentlemen rode in carriages one-third of the way across the river\ntowards the Canada shore, over solid rock as smooth as a kitchen\nfloor. The _Iris_ says: 'Table Rock, with some two hundred yards more,\nwas left dry; islands and places where the foot of man never dared to\ntread have been visited, flags placed upon come, and mementoes brought\naway. This unexpected event is attempted to be accounted for by an\naccumulation of ice at the lower extremity of Fort Erie, which formed\na sort of dam between Fort Erie and Buffalo.'\"\nWONDERS OF MINUTE WORKMANSHIP.\nIn the twentieth year of Queen Elizabeth, a blacksmith named Mark\nScaliot, made a lock consisting of eleven pieces of iron, steel and\nbrass, all which, together with a key to it, weighed but one grain of\ngold. He also made a chain of gold, consisting of forty-three links,\nand, having fastened this to the before-mentioned lock and key, he put\nthe chain about the neck of a flea, which drew them all with ease. All\nthese together, lock and key, chain and flea, weighed only one grain\nand a half.\nOswaldus Norhingerus, who was more famous even than Scaliot for his\nminute contrivances, is said to have made 1,600 dishes of turned\nivory, all perfect and complete in every part, yet so small, thin and\nslender, that all of them were included at once in a cup turned out\nof a pepper-corn of the common size. Johannes Shad, of Mitelbrach,\ncarried this wonderful work with him to Rome, and showed it to\nPope Paul V., who saw and counted them all by the help of a pair of\nspectacles. They were so little as to be almost invisible to the eye.\nJohannes Ferrarius, a Jesuit, had in his posession cannons of wood,\nwith their carriages, wheels, and all other military furniture, all of\nwhich were also contained in a pepper-corn of the ordinary size.\nAn artist, named Claudius Callus, made for Hippolytus d'Este, Cardinal\nof Ferrara, representations of sundry birds setting on the tops of\ntrees, which, by hydraulic art and secret conveyance of water through\nthe trunks and branches of the trees, were made to sing and clap their\nwings; but, at the sudden appearance of an owl out of a bush of the\nsame artifice, they immediately became all mute and silent.\nCURIOUS DISSECTION OF THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS.\nSHOWING THE NUMBER OF BOOKS, CHAPTERS, VERSES, WORDS, LETTERS, ETC.\n      In the Old Testament.   In the New Testament.      Total.\nApocrypha--chapters, 183; verses, 6,081; words, 152,185.\nThe middle chapter and the least in the Bible is Psalm cxvii.\nThe middle verse is the 8th of Psalm cxviii.\nThe middle line is in 16th verse, 4th chapter, 2 Chronicles. The word\n_and_ occurs in the Old Testament 35,543 times; in the New Testament,\nThe word _Jehovah_ occurs 6,855 times.\nOLD TESTAMENT.\nThe middle book is Proverbs.\nThe middle chapter is Job xxix.\nThe middle verse would be in the 2d of Chronicles, 20th chapter,\nbetween the 17th and 18th verses.\nThe least verse is the 1st of Chronicles, 1st chapter, and 1st verse.\nNEW TESTAMENT.\nThe middle book is 2 Thessalonians.\nThe middle chapter is between the 13th and 14th of Romans.\nThe middle verse is the 17th of Acts xvii.\nThe shortest verse is the 35th of John xi.\nThe 21st verse of the 7th chapter of Ezra contains all the letters of\nthe alphabet.\nThe 19th chapter of 2 Kings, and the 37th of Isaiah, are alike.\nIt is stated that the above calculation took three years to complete.\nREMARKABLE INSCRIPTION.\nThe following singular inscription is to be seen carved on a tomb\nsituated at the entrance of the church of San Salvador, in the city of\nOviedo. The explanation is that the tomb was erected by a king named\nSilo, and the inscription is so written that it can be read 270 ways\nby beginning with the large S in the center. The words are Latin,\n\"Silo princeps fecit.\"\n        T I C E F S P E C N C E P S F E C I T\n        I C E F S P E C N I N C E P S F E C I\n        C E F S P E C N I R I N C E P S F E C\n        E F S P E C N I R P R I N C E P S F E\n        F S P E C N I R P O P R I N C E P S F\n        S P E C N I R P O L O P R I N C E P S\n        P C C N I R P O L I L O P R I N C E P\n        E E N I R P O L I S I L O P R I N C E\n        P E C N I R P O L I L O P R I N C E P\n        S P E C N I R P O L O P R I N C E P S\n        F S P E C N I R P O P R I N C E P S F\n        E F S P E C N I R P R I N C E P S F E\n        C E F S P E C N I R I N C E P S P E C\n        I C E F S P E C N I N C E P S F E C I\n        T I C E F S P E C N C E P S F E C I T\nBesides this singular inscription, the letters H. S. E. S. S. T. T.\nL. are also carved on the tomb, but of these no explanation is given.\nSilo, Prince of Oviedo, or King of the Asturias, succeeded Aurelius\nin 774, and died in 785. He was, therefore, a contemporary of\nCharlemagne. No doubt the above inscription was the composition of\nsome ingenious and learned Spanish monk.\nCURIOUS CALCULATIONS.\nCONSUMPTION OF AIR IN ACTIVITY AND REPOSE.\nDr. Radclyffe Hall makes the following interesting statement with\nregard to the amount of air we consume in repose, and at different\ndegrees of activity: When still, we use 500 cubic inches of air in a\nminute; if we walk at the rate of one mile an hour, we use 800; two\nmiles, 1,000; three miles an hour, 1,600; four miles an hour, 2,300.\nIf we run at six miles an hour, we use 3,000 cubic inches; trotting a\nhorse, 1,750; cantering, 1,500.\nTHE VALUE OF LABOR.\nCast iron of the value of \u00a31 sterling is worth, converted into\nordinary machinery, \u00a34; in larger ornamented work, \u00a345; in buckles and\nsimilar kinds of fancy work, \u00a3600; in neck chains, \u00a31,300. Bar iron of\nthe value of \u00a31 sterling is worth, in the form of knives, \u00a336; needles,\n\u00a370; penknife blades, \u00a3950; polished [Transcriber's Note: The original\ntext reads 'bottons'] buttons and buckles, \u00a3890; balance springs of\nwatches, \u00a35,000.\nINTEREST OF MONEY.\nDr. Price, in the second edition of his \"Observations on Reversionary\nPayments,\" says: \"It is well known to what prodigious sums money\nimproved for some time at compound interest will increase. A penny so\nimproved from our Saviour's birth, as to double itself every fourteen\nyears--or, what is nearly the same, put out at five per cent. compound\ninterest at our Saviour's birth--would by this time have increased\nto more money than could be contained in 150 millions of globes, each\nequal to the earth in magnitude, and all solid gold. A shilling, put\nout at six per cent. compound interest would, in the same time, have\nincreased to a greater sum in gold than the whole solar system could\nhold, supposing it a sphere equal in diameter to the diameter of\nSaturn's orbit. And the earth is to such a sphere as half a square\nfoot, or a quarto page, to the whole surface of the earth.\"\nWONDERS OF SCIENCE.\nA grain of gold has been found by Muncke to admit of being divided\ninto _ninety-fire thousand millions of visible parts_; that is, by the\naid of a microscope magnifying one thousand times. A sovereign is\nthus capable of division into ten millions of millions of visible\nparticles, being ten thousand times as many such particles as there\nare men, women and children in all the world.\nSPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION.--Liebig, in his \"Familiar Letters on Chemistry,\"\nhas proved the unsoundness of spontaneous combustion. Yet Dr. Lindley\ngives nineteen instances of something akin, or the rapid ignition of the\nhuman body by contact with flame as a consequence of the saturation of\nits tissues by alcohol.\nVIBRATIONS OF THE AIR.--If a person stand beneath a railway\ngirder-bridge with an open umbrella over his head, when a train is\npassing, the vibration of the air will be distinctly felt in the hand\nwhich grasps the umbrella, because the outspread surface collects and\nconcentrates the waves into the focus of the handle.\nTHE EARTH'S CENTER.--All bodies weigh less the further removed they are\nfrom the center of the earth. A block of stone weighing 700 pounds upon\nthe sea-shore, will weigh only 699 pounds if carried up a mountain three\nmiles high. A pendulum oscillates more quickly at the poles than at the\nequator, because the earth is flatter by twenty-six miles at the\npoles--that is, the \"bob\" of the pendulum is that much nearer the\nearth's center, and therefore heavier, and so swings more quickly.", "source_dataset": "gutenberg", "source_dataset_detailed": "gutenberg -  Barkham Burroughs' Encyclopaedia of Astounding Facts and Useful Information, 1889\n"},
{"language": "eng", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "sponsor": "The Library of Congress", "contributor": "The Library of Congress", "date": "1932", "subject": ["Aeronautics -- Juvenile literature", "Aeronautics -- History"], "title": "Air travelers", "creator": "Large, Laura Antoinette, 1887-", "lccn": "32011783", "collection": ["library_of_congress", "fedlink", "americana"], "shiptracking": "ST010819", "partner_shiptracking": "IAGC145", "call_number": "9690183", "identifier_bib": "00174127621", "lc_call_number": "TL547 .L43", "possible-copyright-status": "The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item.", "note": "If you have a question or comment about this digitized item from the collections of the Library of Congress, please use the Library of Congress \u201cAsk a Librarian\u201d form: <a href=\"https://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/ask-internetarchive.html\">https://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/ask-internetarchive.html</a>", "publisher": "Boston, Lothrop, Lee & Shepard co", "description": "p. cm", "mediatype": "texts", "repub_state": "19", "page-progression": "lr", "publicdate": "2019-04-04 12:14:19", "updatedate": "2019-04-04 13:18:13", "updater": "associate-richard-greydanus@archive.org", "identifier": "airtravelers00larg", "uploader": "associate-richard-greydanus@archive.org", "addeddate": "2019-04-04 13:18:15", "operator": "associate-richard-greydanus@archive.org", "tts_version": "2.1-final-2-gcbbe5f4", "camera": "Sony Alpha-A6300 (Control)", "scanner": "scribe2.capitolhill.archive.org", "imagecount": "322", "scandate": "20190409194816", "ppi": "300", "republisher_operator": "associate-leah-mabaga@archive.org", "republisher_date": "20190411163854", "republisher_time": "619", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://archive.org/details/airtravelers00larg", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t1kh85g3b", "openlibrary_edition": "OL26846182M", "openlibrary_work": "OL19625204W", "scanfee": "300;10.7;214", "invoice": "36", "curation": "[curator]associate-manuel-dennis@archive.org[/curator][date]20190508172710[/date][state]approved[/state][comment]invoice201904[/comment]", "sponsordate": "20190430", "additional-copyright-note": "No known restrictions; no copyright renewal found.", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:1155946282", "backup_location": "ia906901_3", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.21", "ocr_converted": "abbyy-to-hocr 1.1.37", "page_number_confidence": "87", "page_number_module_version": "1.0.3", "creation_year": 1932, "content": "[Air Travelers from Early Beginnings to Recent Achievements\n\nSantos-Dumont\u2019s Motor-Driven Plane\n\nCopyright 1932, Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Co. All Rights Reserved\n\nMake-Believe Flyers .\nThe Wooden Pigeon: A Ship of the Air\nWings Like Birds: Flying Chariot\nThe First Flyer\nHot-Air Balloons\nA Hydrogen Balloon\nA Dangerous Monster\nBarnyard Passengers\nThe First Man Takes a Ride\nThe Hydrogen Balloon Takes Passengers\nTrying for Distance\nThe First Man Killed\nA Balloon That Could Be Steered\nZeppelins\nA Prize-Winner\nA Man-Carrying Glider\nEngine-Powered\nMore Gliding]\nThe Wright Brothers: France to England, World War Flying, Air-Mail, The Atlantic Crossed: A Non-Stop Atlantic Flight, Crossing the Atlantic From East to West, From London to Australia, Across the United States, Kidnapped, A Race With the Sun, Lighting the Way, Around the World, The Los Angeles, The Shenandoah Destroyed: Flights in Africa, Richard Byrd Flies to the North Pole, A Dirigible Balloon Passes Over the Pole, Chamberlin and Levine, The Good-Will Messenger, Pacific Ocean Flights\n\nCONTENTS\n\nThe Wilkins Flight: 180\nA Sad Story of the North Pole: 183\nThe Southern Cross: 187\nThe First Woman Across the Atlantic: 194\nFighting for Altitude: 202\nA Round-Trip Flight: 208\nThe Little Old Flying-Hotel: 213\nThe Graf Zeppelin: 224\nRichard Byrd Flies to the South Pole: 228\nFrank Hawks Sees America in His Glider: 235\nA Speed Record ... 242 In a Second-Hand Bus ... 248 Piccard\u2019s Plunge ... 250 Post and Gatty Around the World ... 253 A Non-Stop Flight, New York to Turkey ... 259 A \u201cFlying Engine\u201d ... 261 The Pacific Ocean Crossed in Non-Stop\n\nIllustrations\nSantos-Dumont\u2019s Motor-driven Plane\nFrontispiece\n\nFacing Page\nA Model Aeroplane of 1709 .\nThe Montgolfiers\u2019 Successful Balloon\nA Passenger Balloon in 1793 .\nThe First Dirigible ...\nLilienthal\u2019s Glider ...\nThe First Plane that Flew\nA Modern Flying Scout\n\nBombed in Mid-air\nThe Skeleton of a Giant Dirigible .\nCommander Byrd in the Doughnut Boat\nThe Josephine Ford and the Norge\nColonel Lindbergh at Curtiss Field\nThe American Clipper\nThe DO-X at Miami\nThe Graf Zeppelin at Los Angeles\nThe Akron over Lakehurst\n\nAIR TRAVELERS\nMAKE-BELIEVE FLYERS\n\nLong ago, men liked to make up stories\nDaedalus and his son, imprisoned in Crete, spoke of flying. They recounted tales of winged horses, magic carpets, and gods with avian feet. One narrative involved Daedalus and his son, both captives. Daedalus crafted wings for himself and his son.\n\n\"With these wings, we may effect our escape,\" Daedalus told his son. As he completed the final adjustments, the father offered a warning. \"Avoid the sun,\" he urged.\n\nSoon, they ascended the prison wall's summit, elated to discover their wings functioned flawlessly. Up they soared, unencumbered as birds, happier still. Daedalus traversed the watery expanse and secured his freedom. Icarus reveled in flying upward, forgetting his father's counsel, and drew too near the sun, its intense heat.\nwhich melted the wax that fastened his wings. Down fell Icarus into the sea, and that was the end of one of the flying gods.\n\nFour hundred years before Christ, lived Archytas, a learned man of Taranto \u2014 a scholar of geometry. Archytas made a wooden pigeon that could fly by machinery. The bird had one great weakness. If it fell, it could not lift itself up again. Archytas tried to make it behave more like a real bird, but could not. Then he went back to his geometry studies.\n\nA ship of the air\n\"Water will hold up a vessel. Why should not air do the same with a special kind of ship? Make the ship of a large hollow globe of copper or other metal, wrought very thin to make it as light as possible. Fill it with ethereal air or liquid fire, then launch it from some high point. Like a ship on the water, the vessel should float.\"\nRoger Bacon, born in 1214, expressed the idea of flying machines. Leonardo da Vinci, born in 1452, filled notebooks with designs for flying. He asked, \"Why not make flapping wings to be used as a bird uses his wings?\" Leonardo made sketches showing how this could be done, with legs for downward thrust and arms for raising wings. However, a man's muscles are not as strong compared to his weight as a bird's. Leonardo also invented the aerial screw, used today in paper propellers for flying small models. Leonardo made sketches for a machine ninety-six feet in diameter, but it could not be built.\nA Model Aeroplane of 1709. The designer expected the sun to have sufficient attraction for the precious stones in the overhead grid to raise the ship.\n\nA Flying Chariot.\n\"Make four hollow copper spheres, very light and thin. Attach them to the four corners of a car and add a sail. Remove the air from the spheres, to make them rise, and the car will go up with them. It will be a flying chariot.\"\n\nIn 1670, Francesco Lana said, \"Make four hollow copper spheres, very light and thin. Attach them to the four corners of a car and add a sail. Remove the air from the spheres, and the car will go up with them. It will be a flying chariot.\"\n\nHad he tried to carry out the idea, he would have failed, for the copper spheres would have been too thin to stand the pressure of the air about them.\n\nA French locksmith named Besnier, in 1678, made two wooden bars to rest upon his wings.\nShoulders had muslin wings fastened to the ends of these bars. The bars were pulled up and down by his arms and legs, while the wings opened flat on the down stroke and folded vertically on the up stroke. Besnier's plan was to jump from different heights and let his wings carry him as far as possible.\n\nA window sill was his first starting place. A second-story window was the next. When brave enough, he jumped from a garret. Over the roof of a small cottage not far away he soared, and landed safely.\n\nBesnier, in this way, became the first successful flyer \u2013 his apparatus a crude glider. Besnier did not carry his work farther. He sold his bars and wings to a traveling showman, and withdrew from the world of flying.\n\nTwo brothers, Joseph and Stephen Montgolfier, sat before the fire of their home near Montgolfier, France.\nLyons, France. They watched the smoke escape upward through the chimney.\n\n\"Do you suppose it could ever carry something along?\" Joseph asked.\n\n\"The idea sounds reasonable,\" Stephen replied.\n\nThe brothers pondered the idea. They decided to catch smoke in a bag and see what would happen.\n\nThe father of the two Montgolfiers had been a paper manufacturer and had passed the business on to his sons. The brothers took one of their small paper bags and held it over the fire, where it filled with smoke and hot air.\n\nThe Montgolfiers' Successful Balloon.\n\nHot-Air Balloons\n\nThe boys fastened the top of the bag, let go, and up to the ceiling it went! Joseph and Stephen took other bags for outdoor tests. Always when filled with smoke, the bags rose up into the air.\nThe boys repeated their tests numerous times. They continued making larger balloons as well. At last, they had one with a circumference of one hundred and ten feet. They invited the public to see what they had learned.\n\nThe large linen bag was lined with paper and decorated with designs. In a hole in the ground, a fire of wool and straw was made. The bag was held tightly over the fire until filled with smoke and gases. When released, it shot upward, like a soft bullet!\n\nSix thousand feet, or more than a mile, the balloon rose, traveling a mile and a half before coming back to earth. This was in June, 1783, and little was known about what really made the fire-balloon ascend. Like the Montgolfier brothers, everyone thought that the smoke and gases which came from the fire had carried the balloon upward.\nThe balloon ascended due to hotter air inside, lighter than surrounding cold air. The Montgolfier brothers may have had different explanations for their success, but they created the first balloon, named a \"Montgolfier.\" A scientist named Charles used hydrogen in a balloon, enlisting the help of brothers Robert. The Robert brothers discovered hydrogen slipped through a paper-and-linen bag, so they made a silken lutestring bag, varnished with dissolved rubber. Filling the bag with hydrogen proved the most challenging task.\nThrough the tiniest opening, and seemed bent on making its escape. For four days, the men worked to fill their balloon.\n\nAIR TRAVELERS\n\nAt last, the work was completed, and a demonstration was planned, just two months after the Montgolfier brothers had exhibited their hot-air balloon. The hydrogen balloon was carried in a procession from the Place des Victoires, where it had been filled, to the Champ de Mars, where it was to ascend. Before daybreak, with torches to light the way, the balloon was carried in a cart, with a heavy guard at the front and rear.\n\nNowadays, if such a large amount of inflammable hydrogen were being carried so near an open flame, everyone would run away. At that early time, people did not realize how great the danger was.\n\nInstead of running, a crowd joined the procession. Fortunately, the flame did not ignite.\nOn the Field of Mars, over one hundred thousand people gathered in the afternoon, despite a pouring rain. A hydrogen balloon, number 25, rose at five o'clock. In just two minutes, it had disappeared into a dark cloud over three thousand feet above the excited crowd. It reappeared and then was lost to view once more. The first hydrogen balloon, fifteen miles from its starting place, began to descend. Some peasants working in a field pointed to the large balloon about to alight near them. The peasants did not know what balloons were and were frightened. When some of the gas with which the balloon was filled began to escape through a tiny hole, they were even more frightened. The noise sounded like that of an animal breathing heavily.\nThe peasants cried, \"What is this? Is it a dangerous monster come to destroy us?\" They seized their pitchforks and other tools within reach. They dashed at the balloon and pierced holes in it, tearing the fabric into shreds. The wrecked balloon was tied to the tail of a horse and dragged here and there until nothing was left but scattered pieces.\n\nThe King of France ordered the Montgolfier brothers to send a balloon up into the air for him. They made a larger bag than they had used before and hung a wicker basket below. \"Who wants to ride in the basket?\" the brothers asked. \"Not I!\" was the answer from all quarters. One balloon had just burst in mid-air. Another had descended in a strange field and had been attacked by farmers with pitchforks. Besides, there were fears of the unknown.\nOne had never taken a ride in a balloon. The Montgolfiers said, \"We shall let a few barnyard friends make the trip.\" A duck, a sheep, and a rooster were fastened to the strong wicker basket. The balloon, with the basket, was sent up into the air. \"They will be killed!\" some said. \"They may be having a pleasant ride,\" others suggested. It did not take long to find out. Two miles the balloon traveled, then landed gently. The barnyard friends had not been killed. They were as safe as could be, and for all anyone knew, had enjoyed the ride. All but the rooster. He had been kicked by one of the other passengers.\n\nA Frenchman named Jean Francois Pilatre de Rozier announced, \"I am not afraid to take a ride,\" a short time after the barnyard passengers had returned in safety.\n\"The King replied, \"Very well, if you're determined, you may be the first to try balloon-riding.\" The King was reluctant to allow any of his subjects to risk their lives in this manner. \"If anyone is to take the chance, let it be a criminal,\" the King decided. \"If he returns with his life, he can be pardoned.\" Monsieur de Rozier persisted, \"It would be an great honor to be the first man passenger. I should like very much to try.\" At last, the King consented.\n\nTHE FIRST MAN TAKES A RIDE\n\nThe chosen balloon was a fire-balloon, the kind the Montgolfier brothers had made. Initially, Monsieur de Rozier went up in a captive balloon, tethered to the earth by ropes to prevent it from rising too high or straying from the starting place.\n\nLater, with the Marquis d\u2019Arlandes as his companion, Monsieur de Rozier ascended in a\"\nThe large balloon was seventy-four feet high and forty-eight feet in diameter. A wickerwork gallery three feet wide surrounded the bottom opening, which was fifteen feet across. A brazier was hung from the balloon by iron chains. The flyers had to put fuel on this brazier when they wanted the balloon to rise. The two men stood on the balcony and waved their handkerchiefs as the balloon rose.\n\n\"Will the brave men reach the ground again in safety?\" That was what everyone wanted to know.\n\nAIR TRAVELERS\n\nThe balloon continued to rise and float away from its starting place. At one time, it began to descend into the Seine River. Monsieur de Rozier and his companion added straw to the fire under the balloon opening. The hot air made by the burning of the straw made the balloon rise. Higher up, a strong current of air carried it away.\nThe men carried the flyers over the water in safety. The balloon caught fire in one place. But, with all the danger, the men were unharmed. After rising to a height of five hundred feet and traveling a distance of one and three-quarters miles, the balloon descended. The flight was made on November 21, 1783. A new kind of passenger-service was begun on that day.\n\nThe hydrogen balloon takes passengers\n\nA short time after the de Rozier passenger flight, one of the Robert brothers ascended in a hydrogen balloon with the scientist named Charles. Instead of a mile and three-quarters, these men were able to travel twenty-seven miles. Instead of rising five hundred feet, they reached a height of almost two thousand. They descended just as the sun was setting. Robert left the balloon, but Charles remained behind and went up again.\nIt was a quick ascent, this time - up as high as two miles, where it was cold, although the air was warm down on the earth. A second sunset came into view, too, along the way. The balloon remained aloft only fifteen minutes and descended again three miles from the place where Robert had left it after the first flight.\n\nThis test, and others which followed, showed that the hydrogen type of balloon was more efficient than the fire-balloon which the Montgolfiers had been using.\n\nCharles did other work that is seen in balloons of today. He invented the valve at the top of the bag, through which the gas can be allowed to escape should the flyer wish to lower the balloon. Hanging the car from a metal ring about the bag was his idea.\n\nPhotograph: A Passenger Balloon in 1793.\nA Frenchman named Blanchard wanted to be the first to cross the English Channel by air. A Dr. Jeffries, of Boston, heard of his plans. \"I should like to go, too,\" he told the Frenchman. \"I should rather try it alone,\" was the answer. \"If you will let me go, I will help pay for the trip,\" the American promised. \"It will cost hundreds of dollars.\" \"I should like to go, anyway.\" \"Very well.\" They left Dover, England, on January 7, 1785. All went well for about an hour. The weather was fine and the wind steady. As they sailed away from the English coast in their revolving air car, they were able first to see France on one side, then England on the other. About a third of the way across, the ship began to descend rapidly. It seemed that the balloon was doing its best to get into the water instead of over it.\nThe men had to throw overboard three sacks of ballast, pamphlets, biscuits, apples, oars, the rudder, all the ornaments on the inside and outside of the car. Then, bit by bit, all their clothing was discarded.\n\nThe flyers donned their cork jackets.\n\n\"Ready for the waves,\" this meant.\n\nThen, at last, the balloon began to rise. It went so high that the travelers grew very cold, since their clothing had been thrown overboard.\n\nSuddenly, the balloon floated into a strong current of air which carried it as far as the coast of France and into the branches of a tall tree.\n\nNo matter what the landing was, the twenty miles of the English Channel had been crossed for the first time by air.\n\nA monument now marks the landing-spot, in the forest of Guines, not far from Ardres.\n\nThe First Man Killed.\nI am going to try to cross the English channel from France, announced de Rozier, a short time after Blanchard and Jeffries had made their successful crossing in the opposite direction. With great care, de Rozier went about the task of getting ready. He had decided to use a new kind of flying ship. A hydrogen balloon was to be made to float above a Montgolfier, or fire-balloon, which would hang about five feet below. It was to be a sort of double balloon. The Montgolfier, made of plain green silk, lined with paper. The gallery which encircled the Montgolfier was fifteen feet wide, made of small osier twigs tightly woven. Within the gallery was stored food, charcoal, straw, and wood for tending the fire of the lower balloon. Much interest was shown in the voyage.\n\"Which was to be made in a new kind of craft. \"Let me go with you,\" certain friends of de Rozier begged. De Rozier had promised to take a man named Romaine and had to refuse all the others. One disappointed man offered two hundred louis d'or to Romaine for the privilege of being allowed to take his place as a companion. While making preparations, even though others wished to risk taking the trip, de Rozier seemed to feel that he would never reach England in safety. \"I would give twenty thousand pounds,\" he said, \"if I had never set out to perform such a dangerous task.\" \"Then why not give up the voyage?\" he was asked. \"Please don't mention such a course,\" the reply came back. \"I would rather meet death than give up anything which I have begun!\" \"But,\" he went on to say, \"if I do reach England\"\nBy June, all was ready, and early on the morning of the fifteenth, thousands gathered to see the departure. At twelve minutes after seven, a cannon was fired, and the double balloon rose straight into the air. Shortly after, it could be seen traveling westward, carried by a current of air blowing in that direction. The spectators watched eagerly. At the end of half an hour, the occupants were seen doing something with the fire-basket. A cloud of smoke arose, and a blue flame seemed to wrap itself around the balloon. The fire from the lower Montgolfier had ignited the explosive hydrogen gas of the upper balloon.\n\nThe first man was killed, tragically losing his life. The man who had been the first balloon passenger was also the victim.\nThe first person to lose his life in a flying disaster was a steerable balloon. After De Rozier's accident, almost nothing was done with balloons for the next ten years. Then, men gradually resumed work. Henry Giffard, a brilliant engineer, aimed to create a steerable balloon. He built a small, lightweight steam-engine. With this to provide the necessary power, on September 24, 1852, Giffard ascended from the Hippodrome in Paris. A fire kept the steam-engine running beneath the large hydrogen-filled balloon. Like many others of his time, Giffard did not fully comprehend the danger. Fortunately, nothing catastrophic occurred on that journey.\n\nThe First Dirigible Balloon\nA Dirigible Balloon No. 43\n\nThe balloon rose awkwardly and plowed through the air. It is true that the speed was only:\n\n\"The first person to lose his life in a flying disaster was a steerable balloon. After De Rozier\u2019s accident, almost nothing was done with balloons for the next ten years. Then, men gradually resumed work. Henry Giffard, a brilliant engineer, aimed to create a steerable balloon. He built a small, lightweight steam-engine. With this to provide the necessary power, on September 24, 1852, Giffard ascended from the Hippodrome in Paris. A fire kept the steam-engine running beneath the large hydrogen-filled balloon. Like many others of his time, Giffard did not fully comprehend the danger. Fortunately, nothing catastrophic occurred on that journey.\"\nSix miles an hour was its speed, but Giffard managed to steer the flying ship, which was his greatest desire. He had achieved the first controllable balloon.\n\nZEPPELINS\n\nCount Zeppelin was a German soldier who had studied military ballooning. Upon retiring from the army, he desired above all else to create an airship useful in times of war.\n\nHe discovered that the type of dirigible balloon used by Santos-Dumont had numerous disadvantages. If its bag was punctured in any part, it would lose its gas, which was stored in one container. When out of shape due to air pressure, the Santos-Dumont dirigible balloon had been found difficult to propel.\n\nCount Zeppelin designed a dirigible balloon that could not change shape on the outside. It consisted of a rigid aluminum alloy framework that was both strong and light. Within\nThe framework was a bag containing many gas compartments and covered with a tightly stretched fabric. Known as LZ-1 (Luftschiff Zeppelin-I), this rigid dirigible balloon was the largest craft ever built, with a greatest diameter of 38 feet and length of 420 feet. Count Zeppelin created a floating hanger, which he launched on Lake Constance, in Switzerland.\n\nThe first trial flight occurred at Friedrichshafen on Lake Constance in July 1900. Initially, the Zeppelin could travel only 8.5 miles per hour, but later reached a speed of 17 miles per hour \u2013 the greatest speed yet achieved by an airship. Count Zeppelin became a popular hero and had no trouble securing funds from the public for the construction of additional dirigible balloons.\nThe LZ-2 was built with a part of the money raised. Its motors gave 85 horsepower instead of 16, demonstrating the practicality of the internal-combustion engine. The LZ-2 did not last long. In one accident, it was damaged by wind, in another, destroyed by it. The Count nearly withdrew from aeronautics due to his great disappointment. But he persevered. He built another dirigible balloon within nine months after the LZ-2 disaster. The LZ-3 proved to be very successful. The LZ-4 was an improvement on any Zeppelins built before. It had two motors of 110 horsepower each, and could carry fuel to last 60 hours. In 1908, on the 4th of July, the LZ-4 traveled to Lucerne and Zurich, then back again to Lake Constance, a distance of 200 and.\nThe LZ-4 traveled thirty-five miles in twelve hours at an average speed of thirty-two miles an hour. The German Government proposed to purchase the LZ-4 if it could remain in the air for twenty-four hours and could land and rise again according to certain provisions. In flight one day, the LZ-4 was forced to stop due to motor trouble and gas leakage. A sudden squall arose, and in the violent storm, the zeppelin was torn loose from its mooring. Adrift with motor trouble, its ascent could not be controlled. It rose quickly, and the hydrogen in its gas cells swelled in the thin air of the high altitude. An explosion in the cells, followed by a sudden burst of flame, left nothing of the entire structure except metal wreckage.\n\nThe flight of the LZ-4 had been only three hours and fifteen minutes short of the twenty-four-hour requirement.\nCount Zeppelin's requirement for acceptance was destroyed when he was so near his goal, eliciting sympathy from the entire country. Ten million marks or two and a half million dollars were raised for his work. The Emperor visited the hangar at Lake Constance to see the LZ-3. He praised Count Zeppelin for his accomplishments and publicly embraced him. The Count was decorated with the Order of the Black Eagle, and the Crown Prince was allowed to take a trip in the LZ-3. With four army officers observing, Count Zeppelin traveled to Munich and back in this successful flight, which took place in March 1909. From this time, the LZ-3 was known as the \"S.M.S. Zeppelin-I\" \u2013 the first of an aerial fleet.\n\nIn 1910, the first Zeppelin for pleasure was introduced. It had three motors, a comfortable cabin, and a restaurant. Under the name \"Zeppelin-III,\" it marked the beginning of recreational air travel.\nGermany, it carried many aerial passengers on numerous successful trips, at a speed of forty-five miles an hour. In June 1910, with twenty-three passengers, the Deutschland left Dusseldorf for a few hours\u2019 run. Things went well for a time. Then, one by one, the motors broke down due to a heavy gale that was blowing. The wind seized the airship, and it crashed down into a forest. The Zeppelin was wrecked as it struck the great trees, but every one aboard was uninjured and reached the ground by means of a rope-ladder. As with the others, this mishap did not keep Count Zeppelin from going on with his construction work. In all, he had built twenty-six Zeppelins by 1914, some of which attained a speed of fifty miles an hour. Improvements were also made in steering arrangement, construction, and machinery.\nIn 1910, the German Air Travel Company was formed for the purpose of running passenger excursions. Seventeen thousand passengers were carried on the four air-liners belonging to this company, and one hundred thousand miles were covered during the four years of the company's existence. The Zeppelin had come to hold an important place in the science of flying.\n\nA Prize-Winner\n\nSometime during the year 1901, a member of the French Flying Club announced that he would give a prize of one hundred thousand francs to the man who could have such good control of a dirigible balloon that he would be able to travel from the Flying Grounds at Aero Club Park, around the Eiffel Tower and back, within half an hour. It was a distance of seven miles.\n\nA number of men had failed when a young flyer from South America decided to try for the prize.\nSantos-Dumont, who lived in Paris and took up flying as a sport, tried out several balloons in preparation for the contest. Instead of Giffard\u2019s steam-engine, he used the petrol motor of the automobile. To make his craft go where he wished, there were the steering-rudder, ballast, and guide-rope.\n\nSantos-Dumont's first balloon got caught in some trees. Two days later, while returning from a high altitude, it began to fold up like a pocket-knife and descended rapidly.\n\n\"Catch the trailing rope and run against the wind!\" Santos-Dumont cried out to some boys who were flying kites.\n\nThe boys understood at once. The speed of the descending balloon was reduced as the rope was pulled against the wind, and Santos-Dumont came down safely.\n\nAnother time, engine backfire ignited the balloon-bag filled with hydrogen. Santos-Dumont's balloon\nMont put out the flames with his Panama hat and continued on his way. Santos-Dumont built a second balloon, which doubled up and descended in much the same way that the first had. By chance, the flyer was uninjured.\n\nA third balloon worked fairly well, but a fourth had its propeller placed so that Santos-Dumont had to fly against a gale. Then he became ill with pneumonia. After flying the fourth balloon, he had several improvements in mind.\n\nWith what he called the \u201cSantos-Dumont Number 5,\u201d the flyer decided to try for the prize that had been offered. He chose thin Japanese silk as material for the bag. From the balloon, eighty-two and a half feet long, was hung a wickerwork car. For power, the petrol motor was used.\n\nIn this latest dirigible balloon, Santos-Dumont reached the Eiffel Tower in ten minutes.\nHe rounded it and started home. A strong head-wind arose suddenly, and the balloon ended its flight in a chestnut tree. A few weeks later, when the balloon had been repaired, a fresh start was made. This time, Santos-Dumont reached the Tower in nine minutes, but on the way back, the gas valves began to leak and the hydrogen escaped rapidly. Santos-Dumont kept on, but suspension wires caught in the propeller because the balloon sagged so much. The \"Number 5\" began to travel back toward the Tower and, with only twenty-nine seconds left of the half-hour, landed at the Aero Club Flying Grounds. As for the prize \u2014 since Santos-Dumont was the winner.\nA wealthy man gave part of his money to the poor people of Paris. The remainder went to his employees. Around the year 1800, Sir George Cayley, an Englishman, built a glider he believed would work. He called his coachman. \"There is room for a flyer on this glider,\" he said. \"I should like you to have the honor of being the aeronaut.\" The coachman protested. Sir George Cayley explained that he was especially anxious for the coachman to be the driver on the glider's first trip. The coachman relented. As he ran downhill with the wax-covered, linen-bamboo glider, the machine was caught by a gust of wind that sent it forward nine miles.\nThe coachman had all he could do to keep his balance and position as the carriage was a hundred feet across the valley. Sir George Cayley watched intently. When the carriage had traveled nine hundred feet, the inventor was reminded for the first time that he had never worked out a plan for a safe descent of the glider.\n\nDown it came to the ground with a crash while the inventor rushed to the scene with all possible haste. It happened that the coachman was uninjured. He shook off the tattered pieces of linen and the broken bits of bamboo. Then he addressed his employer.\n\n\"Please, Sir George,\" he said, \"I wish to give notice. I was hired to drive, not to fly.\"\n\nThe coachman did not know, nor did he care, that he had been the first aeronaut to take off from the ground and rise in a heavier-than-air machine.\nSir George Cayley continued with his work, hiring another coachman. \"If one had an ultra-light engine of great strength, its power could be used to propel gliders,\" he said. The steam engine Cayley knew was too heavy for successful use. He began designing an engine himself but was unable to make it work well.\n\nThe next biplane created by Sir George also failed, but his ideas were good and inspired other men to consider how power could be applied to heavier-than-air craft.\n\nA company of four men was formed in England to develop a means of driving heavier-than-air craft by engine power. One by one, three of the company members dropped out due to the jeers and ridicule they faced everywhere. People at that time found their efforts unacceptable.\nLittle faith in heavier-than-air machines. Much of the company's work had to go on at night under cover of darkness. William Henson, one of those who withdrew from the company, made plans for a one-winged plane \u2014 the monoplane, which we have today. Henson's plans were later found to be excellent, but he never completed his invention.\n\nThe time came when, of the company of four men, only John Stringfellow was at work. At the end of five years, he had a glider-plane model which he thought could be driven by engine power. Its wing spread out ten feet and was two feet in width. There were two propellers. A one-cylinder engine had been installed to furnish the driving power.\n\nIn June, 1848, John Stringfellow first tried out the model in a vacant factory room. He launched the plane by letting it run down an incline.\nThe plane inclined on the wire. After soaring for a moment, it fell back with a thump. A broken tail needed repair after this test flight. The second time the plane left the inclined wire, it flew the entire length of the room and struck against some canvas, placed as a sort of backstop. John Stringfellow flew his model outdoors next. It traveled one hundred and twenty feet before it descended. This flight made the inventor famous, although there was room for improvement in his work. He had designed a power-driven plane that could fly successfully. Twenty years later, he was able to make an engine lighter in proportion to its power than any previously turned out. The engine had enough power to propel an aircraft, but could not be put into general use.\nWith the beginning of a flight, the rush of wind always blew out the flames under the engine-boiler. John Stringfellow was trying to correct this trouble when he died. It remained for others to carry on the work.\n\n\"He is a freak!\" This is what the young boys of the neighborhood said when Otto Lilienthal, a thirteen-year-old German lad, made his first attempt to fly.\n\nOtto Lilienthal, along with his brother Gustav, had made wings out of wooden frames covered with linen. With these attached to his arms, Otto would rush down a hill, flapping the wings as though he were after something.\n\nOtto did not like to be ridiculed. When he found the rest of the boys making fun of him, he made his flights by moonlight.\n\nWhen Otto was nineteen years of age, he and his brother made another set of wings. These were mounted on Otto's back, and were moved by him.\nby cords connected with his legs.\n\nThe brother, Gustav, grew tired when this was done. But Otto was not ready to stop. He made a glider of peeled willow rods, with a strong, wax-covered fabric stretched over them. Then, before he tried to fly with his glider, he wrote and published a book, which told what he had learned about flying during his many years of study.\n\nAfter all this, Otto Lilienthal felt that he was ready to try out his latest glider.\n\nBetween the wings of the glider was an opening through which Lilienthal passed his head and arms. His body hung free, below the plane of the wings.\n\nFrom a springboard on the top of a hill, Lilienthal would glide down on the air, and land at the foot of the hill. This practice went on until he could balance himself as one does in riding a bicycle.\nThe hills of Berlin were Lilienthal's next practice-grounds. He built a hut on the top of a 62-meter hill, in order to take off from its roof. When he found the winds unfavorable much of the time, Lilienthal moved once more. With the soil turned up by a contractor who was building a canal, Lilienthal had an artificial hill made. The hill was about fifty feet in height. Since the surrounding country was flat and bare, this made a very good place for trial flights.\n\nOtto Lilienthal made over two thousand gliding flights from this and other hills during the years 1891-1896, first with gliders having one plane, later with biplane gliders. The man who had been called \u201cfreak\u201d at an early day, became the best aviator of the time.\n\nLilienthal was the first to learn how to keep a glider stable by moving his legs about underneath.\nHe controlled the balance of his plane by this method for a distance of three hundred feet. He could also turn about in the air quickly by throwing his weight to the side towards which he wanted to go. After gliding for five years without power, Lilienthal had a motor built. Enough carbon dioxide to drive him through the air, he had stored in a tank. This, he figured, would keep him in the air four minutes.\n\nThe time came to try out the new motor, but Lilienthal wanted to have one more gliding flight first. So far, there had been no serious accidents. But before making this last gliding flight, Lilienthal had applied a horizontal rudder to his biplane glider. To move this rudder, he had fastened a rope by a band to his forehead. To lift the rudder and make the glider go upward, he pulled on the rope.\nHe would have to move his head forward to make the rudder return to its normal position. To make the glider return to normal, he would have to move his head backward. Lilienthal had reached a good altitude when the wind stopped blowing for a moment, and the glider stalled mid-air. Due to the new rudder, Lilienthal became confused and lost control. The plane fell suddenly and, with a crash, struck the ground below! The fall was from a height of fifty feet, and Lilienthal's career was over. However, his work made flying much easier for those who came after.\n\nWhen Wilbur and Orville Wright were young boys, their father brought home a toy helicopter and let it fly to the ceiling. The boys were delighted with this toy and made it fly until it could no longer work properly. Then they made helicopters of their own.\nThe Wright brothers came to like the idea of flying while playing with toy helicopters. Since the larger ones did not work well, they decided that helicopters could not be made large and strong enough to carry men. Then they began to make kites in an old bicycle shop. They made many different models, which were tried out one by one.\n\nThe Wright brothers and all the while were reading everything they could find on the subject of flying. The German, Lilienthal, with his glider, interested them most. They agreed with him that one should learn to sustain oneself in the air before applying power to one's aircraft.\n\nThe Wright brothers started to make gliders. Their first one had two new features: a horizontal rudder placed in front of the operator.\nAnd a method of warping the wings that would keep the glider from tilting sideways when flying or turning is called the aileron. This invention is found on all modern planes with slight changes. At Kitty Hawk, in North Carolina, the sandy ground is good for the landing of gliders. The winds blow in much the same way each day. The Wright brothers practiced flying in this place for three years, making nearly a thousand glides and performing many experiments.\n\nCourtesy of Mr. Gralmme-White.\n\nThe First Aeroplane that Flew.\nOne of the earliest Wright biplanes to make a sustained flight.\n\nBy 1903, the brothers had learned enough about balancing. \"Now for a strong but light motor to drive our gliders,\" they agreed.\nHere there was trouble which the Wright brothers ended by making a motor of their own. In this they succeeded so well that they were able to build one with even more power than they had hoped to get. With the motor installed and a number of minor difficulties cleared up, the machine was ready for flying in December. It looked much like a glider, but it was larger and stronger, since it had to carry a much greater weight. \"Who shall be the first to carry the machine up into the air, in case it will go up?\" This question the brothers decided at the top of a high sand dune to which they had taken their machine. A coin was tossed to see which one should be the pilot. Wilbur proved to be the winner. He seated himself in the plane and moved the controls that would set the engine in motion.\nFor thirty-five or forty feet, the new power-driven plane ran along the track from which it was to rise. Then a slip-wire caused it to jump the rail. It climbed a few feet, stalled, and fell to the ground. Repairs had to be made after this trial, but three days later, the persistent brothers were ready once more.\n\nOn December 17, 1903, with Orville Wright as pilot, the machine ran along its track to the end of the rail. This time, driven by its four-cylinder motor, it rose into the air and sailed along for twelve seconds before dropping down into the sand again.\n\nOnly twelve seconds of flying, but it was long enough to prove to the Wright brothers that they had won their fight. They had made the first man-carrying machine that could rise by its own power and fly freely.\n\nOnly five persons saw this flight. During all their trials, they had never let up, and they had finally succeeded. They had taken a chance and had made aviation a reality.\nThe Wright brothers kept their plans secret during the years they worked on them. \"People would have thought us crazy,\" they explained later. \"The only birds that talk are parrots, and they are not birds of high flight.\" Just after the first flight, they sent news of their success to their father in Dayton, Ohio. They gave no accounts of it to any newspapers, although a reporter from a Virginia paper read of it and published an account in The Virginia Pilot. Even then, no one was greatly interested. It was not until four years later that the Wright brothers began to receive honors for their work. They thought little of this. They had taken up flying as a sport and had been having plenty of this, along with their study and work. They continued making more flights and, as time went on, made great gains in engineering.\nIn 1908, Wilbur Wright made a trip to France and won a prize of four thousand dollars, staying in the air longer than ever before with a record of two hours, eighteen minutes, and thirty-three seconds; the distance covered was seventy-seven miles, two hundred and eighty feet. Meanwhile, in America, Orville Wright was working for a twenty-five thousand dollar prize offered by the United States Government for a military plane carrying two men, fuel for one hundred and twenty-five miles of travel, and capable of a ten-mile cruise at forty miles an hour. Orville Wright flew successfully in the model he had made and was awarded the twenty-five thousand dollar prize, along with much honor, in August 1909.\n\nFrance to England.\n\"A thousand pounds to the first man who shall cross the English Channel from France to England, in an airplane,\" a London newspaper announced. About one hundred and twenty-five years had passed since the twenty-mile stretch of water had been crossed from West to East. In the opposite direction, no crossing had yet been made.\n\nLouis Bleriot decided to try to make the flight. Bleriot had met with one disaster after another in the course of his flying career. It was said that he had been in as many as fifty accidents. When he decided to try to make the Channel crossing, he had already lost ten flying machines in one way or another. The eleventh plane, he had fitted out for the trial.\n\nWhen all was ready, on the early morning of July 25, 1909, Bleriot had to hobble to his plane on crutches. He had just been burned in the trial before this one.\nAn explosion of gasoline a few days prior had injured one of Bleriot's feet. Unwilling to wait for the burn to heal, another daring aviator was trying to take off first, making the contest a race. Bleriot discarded his crutches as he climbed into his monoplane. He started the motor, rose one hundred feet, and headed for England's shore. Bleriot had neither maps nor compass. In case of fog, he might have been lost. If the wind had changed direction, he might have been blown out to the North Sea. There were no parachutes at that time. Bleriot had only one chance of saving his life should he have been forced into the sea. Into the middle of the fuselage he had placed an inflated rubber cylinder five feet long. This would have helped the plane to keep afloat.\nNo accident befell Bleriot this time. He headed straight toward what he thought to be the shore of England and was able to keep going in the right direction. A French torpedo boat, with a speed of twenty-six miles an hour, had been assigned to follow him. Bleriot, in his monoplane, traveled along at the rate of forty-two miles an hour. He passed the destroyer and, for a time, could see no ships of any kind.\n\nThis did not last long. Bleriot happened to be steering in the right direction, and within thirty-seven minutes he reached the coast of England, near the city of Dover. Through an opening in the cliff, a safe landing was made, although the plane was somewhat damaged.\n\nA lone policeman was present when the landing was made.\nGratulate Bleriot. On that first day, other policemen and soldiers from a nearby camp appeared. But since that first day, many people visit the landing-place each year. A monoplane carved in stone has been sunk into the site, as a reminder of the early flight.\n\nAt a nine-day Air Meet held on Long Island in 1911, the first bag of mail was carried by airplane. Earle Ovington had been appointed official air-mail carrier of the United States Government. On September 23rd, in a Bleriot monoplane, he carried the first bag from the flying-field at Nassau Boulevard to Mineola, a distance of a little less than ten miles.\n\nBecause his craft was only a single-seater and there was no baggage compartment, the bag of mail was carried on the flyer's lap. Since landing would have been difficult under these conditions.\n\nAt a nine-day Air Meet on Long Island in 1911, the first bag of mail was carried through the air by Earle Ovington in a Bleriot monoplane, covering a distance of nearly ten miles from Nassau Boulevard to Mineola. Due to the monoplane being a single-seater without a baggage compartment, the mail was carried on Ovington's lap during the flight.\nThe mail-sack was dropped into the field at Mineola, where the postmaster waited to receive it. Dropped from a height of several hundred feet, the bag ripped open several times, and letters and postal cards were scattered in all directions. The air-mail pilot could see the postmaster rushing around to gather the scattered mail \u2013 640 letters and 1,280 postal cards. During the Air Meet, over forty-three thousand pieces of mail were carried, and much interest was shown in the new form of mail delivery. \"Within a year, air-mail planes will be traveling the sky daily,\" many said. But this service did not come in so short a time. For the first few years, money was lacking. Then came the World War. Seven years in all.\nBefore the establishment of regular air-mail service, a daring feat during World War I was the bombing of a German airship shed, located in an important position near the city of Ghent. In a captive balloon at some altitude, marksmen were stationed. On the ground, anti-aircraft guns were placed on guard.\n\nThe aviator traveled at a high altitude and arrived above the shed in the early evening. In his plane, he had three powerful bombs and a few hand-grenades. After some reconnoitering, the fight began. The aviator could see the airship-shed clearly below him and dropped a bomb from his height of six thousand feet.\n\nAt once, the men in the car of the captive balloon opened fire. From the ground came a storm of shots. The flyer could see that he was too high for an accurate drop of his hand-grenades.\nThe pilot carried out accurate bombing work. In the midst of the rapid-firing enemy guns, going lower would invite certain death. As he flew in a circle above, he saw that one maneuver might be successful. He decided to take his chances.\n\nHe flew exactly above the balloon from which the marksmen were firing. He began to descend rapidly and, as he flew downward, kept his machine going around in small, steeply banked spirals. This allowed him to remain directly above the balloon's target, keeping him out of sight of the marksmen below. He fired his second bomb, but missed his mark.\n\nWhen just over the balloon, the flyer directed his plane outward with a rapid move. He passed as quickly as he could, then, in small spirals, kept his machine moving just under the balloon. The men on the ground could not fire on him.\nas much as they wished, for fear of wounding or killing their comrades in the kite-balloon. The observing marksmen above were hindered in their firing because of the danger of hitting the men gathered about the airship shed below. The excitement was becoming more and intense.\n\nIn the confusion, the airman flew down until within two hundred feet of the ground, then dropped the last of his heavy bombs upon the shed.\n\nThe bomb struck the roof, and from within the shed came the sound of a heavy explosion.\n\nEvery second counted with the airman. He steered away and, with all possible speed, returned to his base. There were bullet holes in the wings of his plane, but he had received no injury.\n\nThe airplane had once more been put to good use, this time in war.\n\nAt the opening of the war, the planes were put to use.\nEach country had clumsy aircraft with limited altitude and speed. AIR TRAVELERS. Improvements were initiated at once. At first, men flew to observe enemy troop movements or locate artillery placements and other maneuvers. However, neither side was willing to allow enemy planes free flight over its own country, resulting in frequent aerial combat.\n\nAs the war advanced, airplanes of three kinds came into use: the fighting scout, the observer, and the bombing plane. Some scout-planes could travel at a speed of one hundred and forty miles an hour and were very nimble in maneuvering. Many later ones could dive safely at a speed of three hundred miles an hour. All were equipped with machine-guns, projecting a thousand bullets a minute from each.\n\nIt was dangerous work, because the men had to fly in enemy territory.\nto  fly  at  low  altitudes  to  make  note  of  troop \n\u201cGraphic,\u2019 \nLondon. \nmm* \nLi \nCourtesy  of  the \nBombed  in  Mid-Air. \nThe  first  Zeppelin  destroyed  by  an  aviator  single-handed.  The  airman, \na  British  naval  flight-lieutenant,  was  hurled  in  a  somersault  hy \nthe  explosion  of  his  victim,  but  landed  safely. \nWORLD  WAR  FLYING  81 \nmovements,  new  artillery  positions,  or  changes \nin  the  trench  system  of  the  enemy. \nMany  of  the  observation  planes  carried  spe\u00ac \ncial  cameras  with  which  to  take  photographs. \nDuring  the  last  twelve  months  of  the  war, \nnearly  two  hundred  and  sixty-five  thousand  of \nthese  were  taken  by  British  photographers  be\u00ac \nhind  the  German  lines,  on  the  Western  front \nalone. \nThe  bombers  were  powerful  machines,  strong \nenough  to  carry  a  large  number  of  bombs  over  a \nwide  area. \nThe  first  bombing  of  the  war  came  in  Sep\u00ac \ntember,  1914,  when  the  German  lieutenant, \nImmelmann bombed Paris and dropped a note on a sandbag. The note read: \"People of Paris! Surrender! The Germans ARE AT YOUR GATES. Tomorrow you will be OURS!\"\n\nThe first bombing planes were like any other planes, except that the pilot carried a few bombs with him. These he dropped wherever he thought they might serve the best purpose. Later, special planes were made to carry bombs in racks below the wings. Some of the bombs weighed one hundred and ten pounds each, and were released by a special gear.\n\nIn Palestine, just before the British were to make their final attack on the Turks, airmen were directed to fly behind Turkish trenches to bomb the aerodromes. The British planes were able to carry out this order so well that none of the Turks\u2019 machines could take off. With their \"eyes\" taken away,\nThe Turks fought blindly and were easily routed. Kite balloons were useful in the war for observation purposes. Zeppelins did some bombing work, but they were a disappointment to the Germans. At first, the Zeppelins ran little risk because the anti-aircraft forces had not been organized. Later, they were forced to higher and higher levels to avoid gunfire and attacks from airplanes, which usually had the best of it in an encounter. At great height, the cold was so intense that engines froze if they stopped. Some of the airships were frozen up and drifted over France and Belgium. The Germans had hoped that the Zeppelins would damage the enemy greatly. Their disappointment about this, as well as the entrance of the United States into the war, helped to weaken their spirit, and to make the winning of the war more difficult for them.\nBetween December 1917 and November 16, 1918, a total of 10,484 planes were delivered to the American fighting forces. Before the war, flying maneuvers such as loops, Immelmann turns, side-slipping, and rolling were unusual stunts. However, during the war, the fighting-scout performed these feats as part of his everyday activities. The war left aviation with more and better aircraft and highly skilled men to pilot them.\n\nOn May 15, 1918, a gathering of people was held for the inaugural flight of the first transatlantic airmail service from the United States to Europe.\nAt Potomac Park Flying Field in Washington, D.C., officials gathered to witness the beginning of the first regular United States air-mail service. Army ships were positioned at the edge of the field, ready to ascend and honor the mail-carrying plane. The President and his wife, as well as the Postmaster-General, were in attendance.\n\nFour airplanes had been arranged to handle the first day's deliveries. One plane would carry mail from Washington, D.C. to Philadelphia, where a second plane would take it on to New York City. A third plane would start from New York City and carry its load to Philadelphia, from which a fourth plane would deliver the mail to Washington, D.C.\n\nAt eleven o'clock, the mail pouches were brought out and placed in the forward part of the planes.\nThe plane making the Washington-Philadelphia delivery part. The pilot climbed into the cockpit. Someone came forward to hand aviator bouquets of flowers, presented by President Wilson and the Postmaster-General. A mechanic made his way to the plane's front. He took hold of the propeller and gave it a quick turn. The motor choked and sputtered, then stalled. Something was wrong. The mechanic seized the propeller and gave it a second turn. Still no roaring motor. Mechanics hastily looked over the engine but saw nothing causing trouble. Another mechanic took his turn at swinging the propeller, but with no better success than the others. At last, a shout from one of the men explained everything. The gas tank was empty.\nFuel was brought for the motor, and the air-mail plane took off without further delay. Plans had been made for a telephone message to be sent to the watchers at Washington as soon as the plane should be sighted on its passage over Baltimore. Thirty minutes passed, and no message came. The officials looked worried. What had happened? Had there been a forced landing? The message came in. The pilot was about twenty-five miles south of Washington. He was safe, and the mail was unharmed. The only damage to the plane was a broken propeller. The people on the Washington Flying Field wondered how it could be that the pilot was so far south of Washington, when his destination had been north. Later, they found the reason. The compass had failed, and the pilot had lost his way in the clouds.\nThis one air-mail plane, whose take-off the President and the Postmaster-General had chosen to see, was the only one of the four that did not finish its trip successfully. The three others went through without mishap, and regular air-mail service was begun.\n\nWhen the war had ended, three Curtiss flying boats were chosen by the United States to attempt a crossing of the Atlantic Ocean. The NC-1, NC-3, and NC-4 were to make the trial. They were biplanes and sister ships. The NC-2 had had to be withdrawn.\n\nEach boat was made with a hull that had six water-tight compartments. The first compartment contained the navigator's cockpit. Just behind were housed the two pilots. In the fourth and fifth compartments were the oil and fuel tanks. The cabin of the wireless operator occupied the sixth, or stern, compartment.\nLiberty engines provided the power. The route for the flying boats had been laid out in stages \u2013 from Newfoundland to the Azores, the Azores to Lisbon, Lisbon to Plymouth, England. Along the way, at distances of about sixty miles, United States destroyers were stationed. These were to act as guides, provide protection in case of need, or help with weather reports.\n\nAt 10:03 p.m. on the evening of May 16, 1919, all was ready, and the flying boats took off. Lieutenant-Commander Albert C. Read, in the NC-4, took the lead, a position his plane was able to hold throughout the entire course.\n\nThe three planes traveled together for the first hour. Then the NC-4 began to gain on its sister planes, and by the time the first destroyer had been reached, had to circle around to give the other flying boats a chance to catch up.\nOn their way again, the NC-4 gained more ground.\n\nThe Atlantic Crossed: 91 miles\n\nAt last, Commander Read lost sight of the other planes and proceeded on his way alone. At 1:25 a.m., Flores Island, the most westerly of the Azores, was reached.\n\n\"It was the most welcome sight we had ever known,\" one of the men on the NC-4 said later.\n\nAt 1:25 p.m., Commander Read alighted in the port of Horta, having covered 1,380 miles of the first lap of the route without mishap.\n\nThe fates of the NC-3 and NC-1 had been very different. The NC-1 lost her bearings in a fog and was forced down in a rough sea, 200 miles west of the Azores. Her crew was picked up by a Greek steamship on its way from Norfolk to Gibraltar. The NC-1 was towed for 80 miles but was left behind when the towline parted.\nThe NC-3 was forced down onto a rough sea and sustained injuries as it struck the water heavily. Unable to rise again, it had an opportunity to demonstrate its abilities in riding out a gale, as no ships could be seen in any direction. In the ensuing struggle, one engine was torn loose and the hull sprang leaks. Nevertheless, the NC-3 passed the test and sailed with the wind to Ponta Delgada in the Azores, 250 miles away.\n\nThe NC-4 had to be prepared for its second hop, from the Azores to Lisbon. A week later, it was off again, and on May 17, 1919, was welcomed by the people of the Portuguese city. It was the first time the Old World had the opportunity to greet an airplane that had flown from America.\n\nCommander Read did not delay. Three days later, he was off on the final leg, from Lisbon.\nThe NC-4 reached Plymouth, England. Engine trouble forced it down in Spain, but it was airborne again a few hours later. Not long after, with a cheering crowd and ships of the harbor whistling and shrieking their sirens, the NC-4 passed over the entrance to Plymouth Sound. It glided down for a successful close of its long trip of 313 miles \u2013 the first crossing of the Atlantic Ocean by air!\n\nA Non-Stop Atlantic Flight\nFifty thousand dollars to the ones who shall first cross the Atlantic Ocean in a non-stop flight. (London Times offer before World War I)\n\nAfter the Armistice, there were several flying pairs who wanted to attempt the prize. One pair of aviators failed when a piece of solder in the radiator came loose and plugged the engine.\nUp the water-circulation system. Engine trouble ensued, and the men were forced down. Later, they were rescued at sea.\n\nA broken axle during takeoff ruined the chances of several others.\n\nTwo English war-time flyers, Captain John Alcock and Lieutenant Arthur Whitton Brown (of American parentage), entered the race next.\n\nA Non-Stop Atlantic Flight - 95\n\nAbout the time that the NC-4 was getting ready to make the last lap of her flight, Alcock and Brown arrived at St. John's, Newfoundland, with a Vickers-Vimy war-time bomber.\n\nThe two aviators assembled the parts of their plane and made a number of short trial flights. Then, on the afternoon of June 14, 1919, they took off with a northeast wind to help make a speed of one hundred miles an hour for their bomber.\n\nOver the ocean, there were the usual fogs and storms that are always found over that area.\nThe men had to fly up and down in search of clear spaces. \"Upstairs and downstairs,\" they called it. Sometimes they were just over the waves, at other times as high as twelve thousand feet. Twice, the two airmen came very near plunging into the ocean. On one of these occasions, the pilot had all he could do to straighten out his ship in time to keep it from splashing into the water.\n\nOnce, when the two men were trying to go \"upstairs\" farther, the two feline mascots, Twinkletoe and her black friend, began to scratch at the seat as if having great trouble clinging to it. Alcock changed the controls at once. He had been flying upside down!\n\nWhen the men had been traveling about sixteen hours, a small island came into view ahead. \"If that isn't Easter Island over yonder, I'll drink this jolly ocean dry at one gulp,\" Lieu- (unclear)\ntenant Brown said to his companion through their telephone. The aviator did not have to try to drink the waters of the Atlantic Ocean. He had made no mistake about the land that had come into view. Within a short time, the two flyers reached Ireland. Beyond the wireless station of Clifden, they saw what appeared to be a level green field.\n\nA NON-STOP ATLANTIC FLIGHT 97\n\nWhat they thought would be a comfortable, smooth landing instead found them facing a sticky bog! The wheels hit the soggy ground and the plane sank into it deeply, nose downward, ending up in the air.\n\nPartly deafened, and stiff with the cold, Captain Alcock and Lieutenant Brown clambered out, unhurt. The two black cats were also uninjured.\n\nCaptain Alcock and Lieutenant Brown had not only made the first non-stop flight over the Atlantic Ocean.\nThe Atlantic Ocean earned them the $50,000 prize. They became Sir John Alcock and Sir Arthur Brown. Their Vickers-Vimy plane was removed from the mud and placed in the Science Museum, South Kensington, London.\n\nCROSSING THE ATLANTIC FROM EAST TO WEST\n\nThe first aerial stowaway chose an important ship for his free ride. He selected the British dirigible balloon, R-34, sent by England to make the first Atlantic crossing from East to West.\n\nThe stowaway had worked on the airship as a rigging boy, but they decided to leave him behind to lighten the craft's load. When discovered, just after the dirigible balloon left Ireland, he was hiding between the fifth and sixth hydrogen gas-cells, in the rigging. In a feverish condition, he was allowed to rest for a time. Then he was put to work as a cook's helper.\nAnd while the first aerial stowaway worked at small jobs, the ten officers and seventeen men of the R-34 crew had important work to do in order to make the voyage a success. The large dirigible had been built in Scotland for use in the World War. She had left her shed at East Fortune, near Edinburgh, on the early morning of July 2nd, only a few weeks after Alcock and Brown had made their West to East crossing. While mounting slowly, she was swallowed up in low-lying clouds at a height of only one hundred feet. It was dangerous to fly low in the fog due to the three-thousand-foot hills that cover the north of Scotland. Yet it was hard to gain altitude with such a heavy load of fuel without throwing out some of it as ballast.\nThe airship cautiously ascended the Firth of Forth towards Edinburgh. It navigated bumpy air over the Firth of Clyde, the north coast of Ireland, and out over the Atlantic.\n\nAIR TRAVELERS\n\nAt a height of two thousand feet, the R-34 found a clear passage, with clouds above and below. From that time on, much of the traveling was done out of sight of the ocean, with only occasional glimpses through the fog.\n\nEach person on the great airship had his own special work to do. In a forward enclosed car, under the body of the airship, navigating work was carried out. Enclosed cars, or gondolas, housed five petrol engines.\n\nIn command was Major G.H. Scott. An officer of the British Airship Fleet kept the ship's log. An American Navy Lieutenant had been given permission to make the trip.\nSince the Limited States planned to build a dirigible balloon, work continued day and night with electric lighting throughout. Radium-painted instruments were used, and officers took turns walking along the 645-foot girder that ran from end to end of the framework inside the outer covering. Some officers had to climb a ladder to the observation platform on top of the airship. For news during the long hours, there were wireless messages. When it was time to sleep, hammocks were slung from the sides of the keel.\n\nOn the first day out, a crack appeared in the water-jacket of one of the engines. A mechanic repaired it using copper sheeting and chewing gum.\nOn the morning of July 4th, icebergs were sighted, and in the afternoon, land could be seen. It was the coast of Newfoundland.\n\nOn the morning of July 5th, the hardest part of the voyage began. Such a high wind sprang up that very little progress could be made, even with the five engines running. Major Scott had to turn inland to avoid the worst of the gale. What made this a serious matter was the small amount of gas in the tanks. To make matters worse, the R-34 ran into a violent thunderstorm. Later in the day, still another storm made a change in course necessary.\n\nWhen Chatham, Massachusetts was sighted on the morning of July 6th, not more than five hours\u2019 supply of fuel was left in the tanks. Should a headwind have been met at that time, there would have been no successful ending to the R-34 voyage.\nThe R-34 reached Roosevelt Field at Mineola, Long Island, with only enough gasoline for a thirty-minute flight. Major Scott had planned to land at New York but was forced to choose a nearby landing-place due to the gasoline shortage. As the R-34 circled above the field, an officer jumped out with a parachute to take charge of the landing. Commander Albert C. Read of the NC-4 was among the welcoming party. \"God Save the King\" was played with great spirit during the landing. The great airship had covered the thirty-two hundred miles in one hundred and eight hours and twelve minutes, at an average speed of thirty miles an hour. The lighter-than-air craft had set up one.\nRecord for Atlantic crossing, R-34 remained on exhibition in London for a few days before setting off for England. The return trip was made without mishap in 75 hours.\n\nFrom London to Australia:\nBleriot had pushed his machine to the limit, covering the twenty miles of the English Channel. Ten years later, in 1919, Captain Ross Smith, an Australian airman, traveled 11,664 miles by air from London to Australia.\n\nA \u00a310,000 prize had been offered by the Australian government to the first one who should make a flight between England and Australia in a British-assembled plane, in less than thirty days, and before the end of the year. Captain Smith had served with the Australian air force.\nCaptain Smith in the World War, he was an experienced airman, and the idea of making the longest flight at the time appealed to him. From London to Australia.\n\nCaptain Smith managed to get his brother and two crew-men to join the expedition. A Vickers-Vimy converted bomber bi-plane was chosen.\n\nCaptain Smith and his men left London on November 12th, having carefully planned all the details of the proposed trip. They had studied the route and knew where they might land for fuel and provisions. A chain of aerodromes reached as far as Calcutta, and the route had been travelled before. Beyond, there would be few landing-places, with only one aerodrome, at Batavia, in Java. The Australians would have to be pioneer airmen over a country where flying was very dangerous.\n\nCaptain Smith and his men found mists and unfavourable weather conditions.\nThe flight began with fogs. While traveling over France, the plane had to climb to a height of nine thousand feet to rise above the sleet, snow, and fog. At this height, the cold was intense. Frost gathered on the pilot's goggles and made them useless. The flyer had to face an eighty-mile gale without any protection for his eyes. His limbs grew numb with the cold, and he found it hard to operate the controls. And when lunch-time came, the sandwiches were found to be frozen hard.\n\nAt Pisa, in Italy, a sticky aerodrome awaited the flyers. The men waited a day, but the wet weather made conditions worse than ever. Captain Smith was anxious to get away, to avoid being held prisoner by the weather. With eagerness, he tried to take off, but as the Vimy rolled slowly forward, she came near standing still.\nIn order to keep the machine's tail down, one of the mechanics threw himself upon it. The plane gathered speed and, at last, rose from the ground. The mechanic was pulled aboard and the Vimy was off. Bumpy air over the mountains along the way tossed the airplane like a small boat in a storm. From London to Australia, 107. While driving rains near the coast of Greece blinded the men and wet them through and through.\n\nAt Cairo, it was learned that Monsieur Poulet, a French aviator, was already on his way to Australia. Although he could not compete for the prize, he had set out to try to make the first flight from the European continent.\n\nCaptain Smith and his men tried to overtake Poulet, although the Frenchman had had a several thousand mile head start and was already in India. The Australian flyers were tired by this time.\nand they would have liked to stop to rest a day, but the thought of the French aviator ahead caused them to proceed with all possible speed. Near Calcutta, the Vimy just missed being wrecked when a hawk flew against one of the propellers. No trace was left of the hawk, but fortunately the propeller was only slightly damaged.\n\nAt Rangoon, Captain Smith passed the Frenchman, Poulet. At Signora, on the neck of the Malay Peninsula, the aerodrome was half under water, with tree stumps everywhere about. Only by chance, the wheels of the Vimy missed hitting the stumps, although the mechanics had a tail-skid to repair after the landing had been made.\n\nDuring the night that followed, the machine had to be watched by the flyers because of the strong gale that threatened to carry the plane adrift. The men were soaked to the skin by the rain.\ntime came, and not one of them had been allowed a change of clothing, because of the necessity of keeping down the weight of the plane.\n\nWhen Captain Smith was again on his way and had reached Surabaya in Java, just twelve hundred miles from his goal, it seemed that the end of the flight had come. The landing-field had been made of reclaimed land which had a thin, hard crust on top of soft mud. The machine broke through the crust easily and was held fast in the mud beneath.\n\nA siege of digging and pulling ended only when Captain Smith had procured a large number of bamboo mats from one of the town officials. With the mats, a double path was made, nine hundred feet in length. When the mats had been fastened together and pegged to the ground firmly, the plane was once more hauled free.\nThe plane emerged from the mud and set upon the matty roadway. The plane could be made to run over the mats, and the delighted airmen were soon headed towards their goal, which was now so near.\n\nUpon reaching the Australian town of Port Darwin, just twenty-seven days and twenty hours had passed since Captain Smith and his men had begun their long journey. The trip had not been all hardship. Friendly winds had helped them along part of the way.\n\nPalm-grown islands of the tropical oceans, the greenest of green grass, fertile, irrigated lands, and many unusual scenes of beauty had been a delight to the eye.\n\nLater, at the city of Melbourne, there was the \u00a310,000 prize for Captain Smith and his brother, and a rousing welcome when they visited their home town of Adelaide.\n\nLast of all, the brothers were made Knights.\nLieutenants John A. Macready and Oakley G. Kelly, two United States Army flyers, attempted to cross the United States by airplane. They had to try three times before succeeding.\n\n\"Which direction shall we travel?\" they asked an official of the Weather Bureau before setting off for the first time.\n\n\"From West to East. The strongest winds follow that path,\" the official replied.\n\nThe flyers decided to heed this advice, although they knew they might encounter trouble getting through the high mountain section of the west before their plane's fuel load should have been reduced. They would have to make their way through the mountain passes, and if fog or clouds were present, this could be a dangerous undertaking.\n\nIn the T-2, a Fokker monoplane with a Liberty motor, Macready and Kelly took off from [unknown].\nSan Diego, California. In spite of a heavy fog, the T-2 got through the first mountain-pass, which was fifty miles away. By the time the second pass was reached, the fog was so dense the airmen could see only fifty feet ahead. It would have been unwise to try to get through the pass against such odds. The men turned around and returned to the flying field of San Diego. Once back, the men did not descend, but circled above the field. A note, which they dropped to their officer in command, explained what they were doing. To make up for having to give up the trip which they had planned, they were going to try to beat the world\u2019s record for endurance flying.\n\nFor thirty-five hours and eighteen minutes, Macready and Kelly remained aloft. They earned the world\u2019s best record, although they received no recognition for it.\nThe two aviators received no credit since no one had observed or timed them throughout the entire period. Not long after, they began their second trial flight across the United States. This time, they flew out to sea several miles to lighten their load and gain altitude. They were able to get beyond the mountains but were only four hundred miles out of San Diego when a water-jacket around one cylinder was found to have cracked. A second one was seen to be leaking water, a few miles beyond Terre Haute, Indiana. With a very hot engine, the men were forced to descend at Indianapolis. \"If we ever make another attempt to cross the United States, it will be by covered wagon,\" one of the two said jokingly. After resting awhile, the flyers went on to Dayton, Ohio, where, at McCook Field, they succeeded in breaking the world's record for air travel.\nendurance flying by remaining aloft thirty-six hours, four minutes, and thirty-four seconds. This encouraged them to try once more to fly from coast to coast.\n\n\"There are a few days of each year, about the last of April, when the prevailing winds blow from East to West,\" the Weather Bureau reported.\n\n\"We shall try the East-West route and make use of these winds,\" the flyers decided.\n\nFrom Roosevelt Field, in New York, the flyers set off. As they went on their way, the flyers took turns piloting. While one sat in front at the controls, the other made repairs, looked after the gas and oil, or helped himself to sandwiches, broth, or coffee.\n\nEvery six hours, the men changed places.\n\nAs night came on, the flyers were over Dayton, Ohio, well ahead of their scheduled time, but with a period of darkness ahead and clouds looming.\nAfter midnight, the plane emerged from the clouds into bright moonlight. The men could see the fences used as section boundaries on the ground below. Since these ran north and south or east and west, they were helpful in indicating directions.\n\nOver Kansas and Oklahoma, the tiny lights of towns and settlements, scattered here and there over the prairies, were visible.\n\nAt sunrise, the flyers found themselves at the place they had hoped to reach by early morning. It was Tucumcari, New Mexico, beyond which came the rocky stretch of country so hard to cross.\n\nEven in daylight, and with a lightened load, there was some delay in crossing the mountains.\n\nWest of St. John\u2019s, Arizona, the T-2 could not make enough altitude to get over the peaks. For miles, Macready and Kelly flew in search\nof a pass, until a safe one opened before them. Instead of leading into a cultivated valley, as the men had hoped, the opening led only to a series of canyons. The flyers had all they could do to turn around in the narrow spaces without hitting the canyon wall. Out at last, the men found that they had lost their bearings, but flying west by compass brought them to Wickenburg, Arizona, where the tracks of the Santa Fe Railroad guided them safely and surely. The Colorado River, Imperial Valley, and one last mountain range all had to be passed, but San Diego, the goal, was reached finally. Lieutenants Macready and Kelly had made the trip in twenty-six hours and fifty minutes. This was at an average of nearly one hundred miles an hour over the entire route. The men were about as tired as any two.\nAfter flying for twenty-five hundred and sixteen miles, they made a low landing, noticing across the United States that houses were crowded with people gathered to see the makers of the first non-stop flight across the country. Telegrams of congratulation came in soon after their arrival at the field. One was from the President, another from a ninety-two-year-old man in New York. It read: \"Congratulations on your wonderful flying, which beats my time made seventy-one years ago, by ox-cart. At two miles an hour, I was five months on the way. Happy to see, in my ninety-third year, such a great transformation in methods of travel. Ready to go with you, next time.\"\n\nThe United States had one other dirigible balloon in 1924 besides the Los Angeles.\nThe Shenandoah was at her one-hundred-and-fifty-foot mooring mast, one day in January, when a storm came up suddenly. All afternoon the wind blew a gale, and the rain came down in torrents.\n\nThe Captain of the Shenandoah turned her around, so that her nose would face the gale, but from time to time the wind would give a great slap, making the airship tremble from stem to stern.\n\nThe Captain was alarmed. He feared that the great dirigible would be torn from her mast. The Captain was right. A strong gust of wind came with force and roared as it struck, as if to shout roughly, \"Come along with me.\"\n\nThe Shenandoah groaned and squeaked, but the wind would not give up. The airship was pulled from her mast and carried away by the storm.\n\nMechanics who happened to be on board,\nThe captain started up five engines. Water-ballast was dropped but proved useless for maintaining a regular course. The captain did not attempt to do so, as he did not know exactly where he was by the time the craft had been brought under some control. After some time, radio came to the rescue. Messages were received and replies sent out. \"All is well. Thanks, old man,\" came in from station WOR, Newark, New Jersey, in response to a message telling the Shenandoah where she was at that time. \"Tell our folks not to worry. We are comfortable,\" brought relief to many who were wondering about the condition of the men in the craft. As the hours passed, the wind blew less fiercely, and the rain fell more gently. Finally, the storm blew over, and the Shenandoah\nDoah made her way back to Lake Hurst. A great shout arose from the crowd of people as the dirigible slowly came down. \"Goodness knows, I'm glad to be home again,\" she seemed to say.\n\nStrangely enough, not one man had been hurt, and the airship had received no great injury. A piece of her nose had been torn when the wind had jerked her away, and this part of her battered nose still hung from the mooring-mast.\n\nAside from this, the Shenandoah was as good as she had ever been.\n\nFour enemy planes that American aviator Lieutenant Russell L. Maughan had brought down in the World War. With a speed of two hundred and six miles an hour, he had won the Pulitzer Race Trophy after the war.\n\nLieutenant Maughan had had a showy career of flying, but when he announced that he would race across the country from New York to San Francisco.\nrace  the  sun  across  the  continent,  he  attracted \nmore  attention  than  ever. \nMacready  and  Kelly  had  made  the  crossing \nin  a  little  over  twenty-six  hours.  Lieutenant \nMaughan  would  have  to  make  still  better  time \nto  win  his  race. \nLike  Macready  and  Kelly,  Lieutenant \nMaughan  had  to  make  three  trials. \nThe  first  time,  he  was  well  under  way  when \nthe  gas-line  clogged  with  dirt  and  his  flight  was \nruined. \nAIR  TRAVELERS \nThe  second  time  an  oil-pipe  sprang  a  leak. \nHis  third  try  came  about  a  year  after  the \nMacready  and  Kelly  flight. \nAt  four  a.m.  on  June  23,  1924,  in  a  new  Cur\u00ac \ntiss  pursuit  plane,  Lieutenant  Maughan  left \nMitchell  Field,  New  York.  The  sun  was  just \nbeginning  to  show  in  the  East,  but  the  moon \nwas  shining  overhead.  There  had  been  fog \nwhile  the  first  two  trials  were  made.  This  time, \nthe  weather  was  perfect. \nAt  Dayton,  Ohio,  the  first  stop,  there  was  a \nLieutenant Maughan raced along the continent from St. Joseph, Missouri, to Crissy Field, San Francisco, covering 2540 miles in seventeen hours and fifty-two minutes, at an average speed of 142 miles per hour. He refreshed himself with cold chicken and milk at St. Joseph, encountered good weather at North Platte, Nebraska, and Salduro, Utah, made a refueling stop at the latter with a half-hour rest. In Cheyenne, Wyoming, and across Nevada, the sun continued to shine. With no time to waste, Maughan landed at Crissy Field just as the last bit of the sun-ball disappeared below the horizon. He had crossed the entire continent in one day between dawn and dusk.\nA man stood on the railroad station platform of a little town in Illinois, waiting for the next train to Chicago. He saw the headlight of the locomotive in the distance, two or three hundred yards away. The man started to gather his hand-bags.\n\n\"Plenty of time, sir,\" announced the baggage-man, passing by.\n\nThe traveler pointed up the track towards the engine headlight. \"The train is coming,\" he said.\n\n\"Ten or twelve miles away, sir. The track runs straight. That is why the lights show up so well,\" the baggage-man replied.\n\nA man stood on the railroad platform of a small town in Illinois, waiting for the train to Chicago. He saw the headlight of the locomotive in the distance, about two or three hundred yards away. The man began to collect his luggage.\n\n\"Plenty of time, sir,\" the baggage man announced as he passed.\n\nThe traveler indicated the direction of the engine headlight with a gesture. \"The train is coming,\" he said.\n\n\"Ten or twelve miles away, sir. The track runs straight, which is why the lights appear so clearly,\" the baggage man explained.\n\nA man waited on the railroad platform of a small Illinois town for the train to Chicago. He saw the headlight of the locomotive in the distance, approximately two or three hundred yards away. Gathering his luggage, he remarked, \"The train is coming.\"\n\n\"Plenty of time, sir,\" the baggage man assured him as he passed. The traveler pointed up the track, and the baggage man explained, \"Ten or twelve miles away, sir. The track runs straight, making the lights appear clearer.\"\nThe Postmaster-General, later known as the \"Father of the Air-Mail,\" was in charge of finding a lighting system to aid air-mail pilots during night travel. Throughout the journey to Chicago, he pondered over the bright locomotive headlight and its ability to shine for ten or twelve miles. If a locomotive headlight could send its beam such a distance, he reasoned, a powerful beacon could throw its light much farther.\n\nColonel Henderson had already tested some lights, but none had proven effective. Inspired by the locomotive headlight, he decided to try a horizontal beam instead of a vertical one. Electrical engineers were called upon to experiment, and the problem was solved.\n\nAir Travelers\nBeacons of four hundred and fifty million candela\nThe candle power beacons were made, each capable of revolving three times a minute. Due to the revoluations, an airplane pilot coming from any direction could get the ray of light on a straight line and be guided by it from a great distance. Everything looked promising.\n\nThe first beacon was set up at North Platte, Nebraska, and worked well from the very beginning. The beam could be seen almost one hundred and fifty miles, on clear nights.\n\nOn the emergency landing-fields were placed smaller beacons of five million candle power each, twenty-five miles apart. Acetylene blinker lights were placed between them at distances of three miles.\n\nWith the lighting problem solved, cross-country air-mail delivery came quickly. On July 1, 1924, the service, much as we know it today, was begun. It had taken the train and plane service three and a half days to deliver mail between New York and Chicago.\nLighting the Way, page 127:\n\ncarry mail from New York to San Francisco. With night and day flying, the regular time for coast-to-coast delivery came to be thirty-three hours, or less than a day and a half!\n\nAround the World\n\"Why not take a trip around the world by water?\"5 Magellan asked this question back in 1522. Then he answered it by spending three years in girdling the globe for the first time, by water.\n\n\"Could a trip around the world be made by air?\"6 After the World War, this question was brought up. It was well known that there would be many dangers connected with such a journey\u2014the Alaskan fogs, Chinese typhoons, Indian monsoons, and the rigors of the North Atlantic winter.\n\nAviators from France, Italy, Portugal, Britain, and Argentina had failed in attempts to circumnavigate the globe by air. Then American airmen set out to make the flight.\nThe United States flyers chose a westward course for the expedition, hoping to avoid eastern storms and make the Atlantic crossing before winter. To ensure engine reliability, the route was divided into seven sections, each with a depot for supplies and repairs. Four biplanes were fitted out, each equipped with wheels and floats for landing. Named after large cities in the north, south, east, and west of the United States, they were the Chicago, New Orleans, Boston, and Seattle. Lieutenant Lowell H. Smith and Leslie P. Arnold piloted the Chicago, while Lieutenants Wade and Henry H. Ogden were in charge of the Boston. Major Frederick J. Martin and Sergeant [missing] piloted the Seattle.\nMajor Frederick J. Martin led a party including Alva Harvey, Erik H. Nelson, and John Harding Jr. on the Seattle and New Orleans planes. They departed from Seattle, Washington on April 6th, following the western coast of Canada and Alaska. From the beginning, they encountered frequent fogs, sleet, and snow.\n\nAt Sitka, Alaska, a four-day delay occurred due to stormy weather. Continuing on, they faced one snowstorm after another, making it difficult to maintain a consistent course. The pilots often had to follow the coastline and take risks by dashing into headlands with new supplies. After leaving Seward, they headed for Chignik, an Alaskan salmon cannery station.\n\nThe Chicago, New Orleans, and Boston planes were part of this expedition.\nThe ton reached their destination, but noticed the Seattle was missing. Destroyers later found that the Seattle had been forced down by a broken crankcase, resulting in the usual oil loss. A new engine was ordered later from the Dutch Harbor depot on the Aleutian Islands, and the other three pilots were told to go on and wait for the Seattle's arrival. Major Martin on the Seattle started out again as soon as a new engine had been installed. In the delay at Chignik for three days due to poor flying weather, hundreds of pounds of spray gathered in a frozen coating on his plane and had to be chopped off before she could rise at all. In the air again, Major Martin was anxious to make up for lost time, but a heavy storm blinded him and he lost his way. Against the storm.\n\nCleaned Text: The ton reached their destination but noticed the Seattle was missing. Destroyers later found that the Seattle had been forced down by a broken crankcase, resulting in the usual oil loss. A new engine was ordered later from the Dutch Harbor depot on the Aleutian Islands, and the other three pilots were told to go on and wait for the Seattle's arrival. Major Martin on the Seattle started out again as soon as a new engine had been installed. In the delay at Chignik for three days due to poor flying weather, hundreds of pounds of spray gathered in a frozen coating on his plane and had to be chopped off before she could rise at all. In the air again, Major Martin was anxious to make up for lost time, but a heavy storm blinded him and he lost his way. Against the storm.\nMajor Martin and his companion were stranded on the side of a steep mountain after their plane crashed and was wrecked beyond repair. For two days, the heavy fog kept them in their broken plane with only a small amount of food.\n\nThey started out as soon as they could make their way through the fog. In groping along, they almost walked off a fifteen-hundred-foot cliff. Then, for three days, they suffered from hunger, cold, snow-blindness, and loss of sleep as they slowly went about in search of shelter. Their lives were saved when they came upon an uninhabited cabin equipped with food and containing a rifle.\n\nAfter waiting in the hut several days for a raging blizzard to spend itself, the two were able to make their way to Port Moller, twenty-five miles away.\n\nThe men in charge of the other three ships were ordered to go on their journey in the meantime.\nLieutenant Lowell H. Smith led the way on the Chicago, with him in command. Their route from the Aleutian Islands crossed the Bering Sea to the Russian Island of Komandorski, then continued to Kashiwabara Bay along Japan's coast. Tokyo and Shanghai followed, with Hong Kong next, which required crossing the edge of a typhoon. In India, a newspaper reporter emerged from the Boston's baggage compartment. He had hidden himself there at Calcutta with his pad of paper, pencil, and toothbrush. The reporter was permitted to stay, but he had to earn his way by helping with the gasoline and oil drums. He proved to be a likable fellow, and the men let him ride as cargo for a distance of three thousand miles until he wished to disembark at some point in Europe.\nThe expedition reached England safely. After departing from England, while the three airplanes were flying over the Atlantic Ocean, one had to be left behind due to an unspecified issue. At the Orkney Islands, fog caused a delay, but the airmen continued towards Iceland as soon as possible. However, only a few minutes later, they encountered a fog bank, causing the Boston and Chicago planes to turn back. The New Orleans plane continued and reached its destination after a narrow escape from crashing in the fog. The Boston and Chicago planes restarted their journey once they learned that the New Orleans had succeeded. Near the Faroe Islands, the Boston plane was forced to land when its oil pump stopped working. The Chicago plane circled around but was waved away. Lieutenant Wade of the Boston plane was visible.\nthat  the  greatest  service  which  the  sister  plane \ncould  give  would  be  to  summon  help. \nA  wireless  call  for  aid  was  sent  by  the  Boston \nAROUND  THE  WORLD  135 \nto  the  United  States  cruiser  Richmond ,  while \nthe  Chicago  dropped  a  note  on  the  Sudero  Is\u00ac \nlands  and  another  close  to  the  United  States \ndestroyer  Billingsby ,  before  hurrying  on  her \nway  to  Iceland. \nBefore  either  of  the  cruisers  reached  the  Bos\u00ac \nton ,  a  trawler  arrived  at  the  scene  of  trouble, \nand  tried  to  take  the  disabled  airplane  in  tow \nas  far  as  the  Faroes.  Because  of  the  heavy  seas, \nthis  could  not  be  done. \nThe  Richmond  came  along,  and  tried  to  hoist \nthe  Boston  to  her  decks.  In  making  this  attempt \nthe  tackle  broke,  and  the  Boston  fell  back \nheavily  into  the  sea. \nOnce  more  she  was  rescued  and  taken  in  tow, \nbut  sank  later,  when  only  a  mile  from  land. \nBy  this  time  the  Chicago  had  joined  the  New \nTwo planes, one from Orleans at the Iceland depot and the other, reached Greenland together. Two hundred miles out of Labrador, the Chicago narrowly escaped having to abandon the expedition when both fuel-pumps failed. Lieutenant Arnold pumped by hand for three hours to maintain a constant fuel flow and keep the plane going. The Chicago was still part of the group.\n\nLieutenant Wade and Sergeant Ogden of the Boston were given a new aircraft named the Boston II, so they could complete the journey with the other flyers. From Nova Scotia, they traveled together to the cities of Boston, New York, Washington, Dayton, Chicago, Dallas, El Paso, and Los Angeles.\n\nOn September 28, 1924, the three ships landed on the ground from which they had taken off on April 6th. The New Orleans had returned.\nFive engines were required to make the trip, while the Chicago six used twenty-seven thousand, five hundred and fifty-three miles to cover a distance greater than that around the earth at the equator - 137 miles more. This distance was covered in one hundred and seventy-five calendar days. Fifteen days, eleven hours, and seven minutes were spent flying.\n\nThe Los Angeles\n\nOne of the first dirigible balloons owned by the United States originated from Germany. According to the Treaty of Versailles, such a craft was to be delivered at the end of the World War.\n\nUnder the charge of Dr. Hugo Eckener, President of the Zeppelin Company, the balloon departed from Germany on October 12, 1924. If all went well, it was intended to be flown across the Atlantic Ocean and delivered to the United States Navy.\nAs was the case with the R-34, which had made the crossing a few years prior, all went well, although there were the usual dangers. Heavy fogs, storms, and winds were met on the way. A rip in a gas-cell which might have caused serious trouble was repaired successfully. At one time, the craft was found to be off her course.\n\nThe Los Angeles\nThe dirigible landed safely at Lakehurst, New Jersey, after having traveled five thousand six hundred miles in the longest non-stop flight that had yet been made, most of it over water.\n\nThe new craft was given a rousing greeting with bells and whistles. She became the Los Angeles of the United States Navy.\n\nThe Shenandoah, under the command of Lieutenant-Commander Zachary Lansdown, was ordered to visit the cities of Pittsburgh, Columbus, Indianapolis, and Kansas City, in September 1925.\nDes Moines, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, St. Paul, and Detroit.\n\nSeptember brings much bad weather in the Ohio State region. The Shenandoah had not been out long when she had to battle with a terrific storm near Marietta, Ohio. Driven by a strong current, she was forced upward to a height of 3150 feet within 8 minutes. Six minutes later, she was caught by another gust and dropped 3000 feet within 3 minutes. Almost at once, she was driven upward again to a height of 3700 feet.\n\nThe Shenandoah was a strong craft, but the twisting currents of air that had come with the storm were too much for her. She was broken into three pieces, and of the crew of forty-two officers and men, only twenty-seven were saved. These men had remained in the forward section.\n\nShenandoah: Destroyed. 141 crew members lost.\nTwo men traveled from Cairo, Egypt, several years after the Armistice, in a Vickers-Vimy war-time bomber to make the first air journey over the 5206-mile distance between Cairo and Cape Town in Africa. They were forced to land outside Mongalla due to empty gas-tanks. Delayed in taking off, they slept in the plane to avoid crocodiles. Wild beasts and insects greeted them with howls and bites. Upon resuming their journey, the flyers continued.\nHad traveled more than half the distance between Cairo and Cape Town, radiator trouble and an overheated engine caused another forced landing. In coming down, the bomber struck a great ant-hill, and one of her wheels was torn off in such a way that the plane could no longer be used. A South African Dutchman was one of two men in charge of a second expedition from Cairo to Cape Town. Once again, the intense heat led to radiator trouble and a forced landing, in which the machine was wrecked. In a new plane, the men continued with their journey and were able to complete it. But the really successful crossing of Africa, with one machine and the original engine, was made later by Alan J. Cobham of England, in 1926. In order to avoid the radiator troubles of previous flyers, Cobham chose a radical air-cooled design.\nMotor for his De Haviland plane. With a photographer and a mechanic, he took off from England and reached Cairo without serious trouble. While making the crossing, there were the usual high temperatures. At one time, the thermometer registered 160\u00b0 Fahrenheit near the ground, and 90\u00b0 as high as seven thousand feet in the air. But the air-cooled motor which Cobham had chosen was able to work well in spite of the great heat, and the journey of eight hundred fifty miles from England to Cape Town was completed in safety, February 17, 1926, a truly great achievement. Much encouraged, Cobham decided to fly back again and set out after a short delay. On the way back, Cobham and his men were amused at the sight of twenty lions making their way along slowly, in single file. The rain and heat were not so amusing, nor was the sand.\nA storm reached heights of twelve thousand feet. In spite of all the struggle, Cobham reached Cairo in nine and a half days and London less than six days later. He was received by the King, to whom he gave a letter from the Governor-General of South Africa. It was the first letter ever brought by air from the southern part of Africa to England.\n\nRichard Byrd Flies to the North Pole\n\nSeveral attempts to fly to the North Pole had ended in failure when Richard Byrd began making preparations. A Swedish engineer named Andree, with two other brave aeronauts, had set out in a semi-dirigible balloon and had disappeared, never to be heard from again.\n\nCaptain Amundsen and five companions advanced to a place a little more than one hundred miles from the Pole.\nTwo flying boats. After being forced down on the cold Arctic waters, the men were rescued by a sailing ship.\n\nAmundsen believed that polar expeditions would have to be made in dirigible balloons, rather than in airplanes. Upon his return from the North Pole, he started at once to prepare for a trip over the Pole.\n\nAmundsen was busy with his preparations when Richard Byrd, of the United States Navy, entered the race. Byrd believed it possible to fly to the Pole in an airplane. He had some experience with Arctic air travel, having already explored undiscovered land near the Pole with Donald B. MacMillan.\n\nRichard Byrd provided himself with a Fokker plane driven by three powerful motors. The plane was named the Josephine Ford, after the daughter of Mr. Edsel Ford, who was one of the backers of the flight. Byrd knew what perils he faced.\nAmong the useful articles carried in the Josephine Ford were a short-wave radio with hand dynamo for sending, a good sled, nourishing food such as pemmican, chocolate, malted milk, sugar, cream, and cheese \u2013 enough to last over two and a half months. A waterproof tent, hunting-knives, axes, a rubber boat, extra shoes and fur clothes, a pistol, a rifle, ammunition, a medical kit, a small gas stove, and smoke bombs were also carried.\n\nThe Josephine Ford took off from far northern King's Bay, Spitzbergen, about thirty minutes after midnight on May 9, 1926, after several crashes in attempting to take off from the ice and snow with her heavy load.\nOnce in the air, she flew over open water along the coast of Spitzbergen for a distance of sixty miles. After this, the course was directly north, into what seemed to be an endless waste of ice and snow. In the bright sunlight, Richard Byrd and Floyd Bennett were able to get a wonderful view of the ice-pack, which reached nearly to Danes\u2019 Island. Large fields of floating ice extended back a few miles before the solid pack was reached. The Polar sea, the men had thought, would be a mass of broken ice, but there were some fields of rather smooth ice. Great pressure ridges, from a few feet to fifty or sixty feet in height, ran in every direction, dividing the ice into patches that looked like a crazy-quilt from the air. The fields of smoother ice were between some of these ridges.\nThree long, writhing snake-like leads of water were seen. One was wide enough for a seaplane landing. The others were too narrow, about thirty or forty feet in width.\n\nNow and then, there was a lead that had just frozen over a short time before. This fresh ice looked blue against the white of the snow.\n\nFor six hours, everything went smoothly. Floyd Bennett piloted the ship while Commander Byrd used his sextant to determine position, took the drift of the plane, checked the course with his sun compass, and took photographs and motion pictures.\n\nFor about twenty minutes of every hour, Commander Byrd took his turn as pilot while his companion checked the amount of gasoline on hand and poured more gasoline into the tanks from the fifty-gallon cans, of which there were forty on the ship.\nWhen one hour's run from the Pole, a motor was found leaking oil. Commander Byrd noticed the leak from the cabin and took the controls, while his pilot went back to assess the leak. Floyd Bennett reported the leak looked bad, and it was impossible to determine its source as the oil tank was out of reach, covered with canvas and asbestos.\n\nTo the North Pole, 151\n\"That motor will stop,\" Floyd Bennett wrote on his pad.\n\nIt was decided to try running for a short distance with the leaking motor throttled down, to see if it was possible to maintain the same altitude with only two motors running. The men found they could do this, and continued on their way with the leaking motor, although Floyd Bennett suggested.\nCommander Byrd remembered how Amundsen had met with failure due to landing and being unable to rise again. There was so much chance of breaking the landing-gear or running into some other trouble that he held to his plan of keeping to the course and using the leaking motor as long as it might continue to run.\n\nThe Josephine Ford roared on its way, and at 9:04 o'clock on the morning of May 9th, Commander Byrd knew from his instruments that he had reached the North Pole.\n\nThere was no pole standing up, as some children might imagine. The North Pole was just a thick covering of ice in a lonely spot \u2014 a weird, mysterious place with no animal or vegetable life.\n\nCommander Byrd did not try to make a landing. He shook hands with his pilot, silently.\nCommander Byrd circled the North Pole, took a few hasty photographs, and began the return trip to King\u2019s Bay. Things went well, and Byrd was able to come within a mile of the Spitzbergen coast toward which he was directing his course. An hour of flying, and King\u2019s Bay was reached in safety, sixteen hours after takeoff. The leaking motor, the men found, had lost only half its oil. The flyers could not understand this at first. Later, they found that the leak had been caused by the loosening of a rivet halfway down the tank.\n\nOne of the first men to greet Commander Byrd was Amundsen, who was greatly disappointed because of having to be out of the polar race but filled with admiration for the successful flyers. Both of them he congratulated warmly and kissed Commander Byrd upon both cheeks.\nIn a very little while, radio had told the world of the great Polar victory. A dirigible passes over the pole. Amundsen wanted to travel in his semi-rigid dirigible, the Norge \u2013 named after his own country, Norway \u2013 with Italian Colonel I.N.G. Nobile and a crew of seventeen. The Norge had left Rome and was already in Spitzbergen when Commander Byrd and Floyd Bennett returned from their great flight. The day following the return of the Josephine Ford, the Norge left Spitzbergen and headed for Alaska, by way of the North Pole. The aircraft had been equipped with three motors, which could carry the ship along at sixty miles an hour or more. The dirigible balloon was able to travel eight hours without refueling. Over the pole. Headwinds and fogs were met shortly after take-off, but in spite of this, at three-thirty.\nMay 12, 1926, at 6:00 a.m., the Norge quietly passed over the North Pole at an altitude of six hundred feet. Norwegian and Italian flags were dropped, photographs were taken of the ice formations, and observations were made. A wireless message was also sent to the New York Times. This message appeared only a few hours later in the May 12, 1926 issue, and was the first wireless message ever sent from the North Pole.\n\nAs it continued toward Nome, the Norge encountered snowstorms and fogs that slowed its progress. Ice formed on its rigging, and its gas-bags were pierced by the sharp pieces of ice thrown from the revolving propellers.\n\nAt Teller, a place not far from Nome, one of the crew members parachuted to the ground and secured the help of the town's Eskimos.\nThe great balloon had not reached the exact place for which it had set out, but in its thirty-four hundred miles of travel, it had proven that a dirigible balloon can be used in navigating polar regions. It had found, also, that there are no polar continents in the Arctic wastes.\n\nCourtesy of Aero Digest.\nThe Josephine Ford and the Norge.\nThe first aircraft to fly over the North Pole.\n\nAlone\n\nBy a quarter to eight on the morning of May 20, 1927, the Spirit of St. Louis had been made ready. Within its enclosed cabin, Charles Lindbergh was ready, too.\n\n\"So long!\" he cried to those who stood around, waiting to see the take-off.\n\nThere was mud on the field. The airplane was heavily laden. It was hard for the Spirit of St. Louis to lift herself from the ground, but she rose slowly, and headed for the North and East.\nLittle by little, she gained speed. Before long, she was nothing but a gray speck in the distance. Charles Lindbergh was off for Paris! And he was making the trip alone!\n\nThe Atlantic Ocean had been crossed before. But no one had ever flown from New York as far as Paris, and no one had ever crossed the Atlantic Ocean alone.\n\n\"What if he should fall asleep?\" people asked.\n\n\"Sleet may gather on the wings of his plane, and weigh it down,\" others predicted.\n\n\"He has only one engine. If that gives out, what will he do?\" was asked by others.\n\n\"He may lose his way, and run out of gas,\" was the fear of many.\n\nAnd all the time, the Spirit of St. Louis was pushing forward across the ocean.\n\nThere were storms. High and low, the flyer had to make his way, in order to escape the blinding fog and the heavy sleet. A part of the way, he encountered turbulence. But Lindbergh pressed on, determined to complete his historic solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean.\nThe flyer flew as high as two miles above the water. There were times when he stayed close to the tossing waves. Once, when the sleet weighed heavily on the wings of his plane, the flyer considered turning back. But he continued.\n\nAlone\n\"It might be as difficult behind as it is before,\" he decided wisely.\n\nThere were cold and dampness along the way, although a fur-lined flying suit helped to take care of this.\n\nThe lone flyer had many miles to go, but he didn't fall asleep, as some had feared he would. Before starting the trip, he had practiced staying awake for long hours at a stretch and had become accustomed to it.\n\nTo help keep from losing the way, there were compasses and other instruments. Hour after hour, he kept looking at these. He could finish the trip only with their help.\n\nA steady roaring showed that the engine of the plane was working.\nThe Spirit of St. Louis was contributing as well. After a night of fog, cold, sleet, and wind, morning arrived. The flyer knew then that his chances of reaching Paris were very good. Several fishing vessels appeared. Land could not be far away, then.\n\nAIR TRAVELER\n\nThe flyer lowered his plane until within calling distance.\n\n\"Which way to Ireland?\" he shouted to one of the fishermen.\n\nNo answer. The man only waved his arms wildly.\n\nThe lone flyer had to continue in the direction that seemed right to him. And it was right. A little farther ahead, land was seen. It was the coast of Ireland!\n\nThe flyer did not stop there. It was not his goal. He continued and went on, very fast, above neat-looking farms, towns, and villages, then over the waters of the English Channel.\n\nAt last, the bright searchlight of the high tower of Paris came into view. The lights of the city.\nColonel Lindbergh arrives at Le Bourget Field for the New York to Paris hop. Alone\n\nWhen he found no other field, Lindbergh returned to the one he had seen before and spiraled down close to the lights. Because of the many cars and the long line of hangars, he knew that he had reached Le Bourget. He had completed his journey of three hundred miles.\n\nAmid shouts of a great throng of people, a perfect landing was made at the Le Bourget airport.\n\n\"Lindbergh has done it! He has made the first flight from New York to Paris! And he has made it alone!\" The word had already been passed around.\n\n\"Vive, Lindbergh!\" The people crowded around.\nLindbergh was dragged out of the cockpit of his plane, and for nearly half an hour was carried around without being allowed to touch the ground. The French military flyers saw that a rescue was necessary. Quickly, at a given signal, they placed Lindbergh's helmet on the head of an American correspondent.\n\n\"This is Lindbergh!\" they cried.\n\nThe correspondent was mistakenly believed to be Lindbergh and was followed by a crowd to the Reception Committee, who had been waiting for some time.\n\n\"I am Lindbergh,\" the man said. Then the people followed him. In this way, the real Lindbergh was able to get away for his much-needed rest, as he had been in the air for thirty-three hours and thirty-nine minutes.\n\nThe next day began a round of attending various events.\nDinners, receiving medals, riding in parades, and making speeches were part of Charles Lindbergh's experiences. Kings, queens, and great people took part in the constant greetings. As soon as he could, Lindbergh returned to the United States, where festivities began all over again.\n\nAlone, Lindbergh could not be for long. Wherever he went, people followed. He had become a hero, and the whole world seemed anxious to honor him.\n\n\"I shall keep on until my gas runs out,\" was Colonel Clarence D. Chamberlin's response when asked where he was going in his Bellanca plane, the Columbia. Chamberlin was about to leave Roosevelt Field on the morning of June 4th, 1927, two weeks after Lindbergh's flight to Paris, when Charles Levine, the owner of the Columbia, climbed into the cockpit. Only Chamberlin had previously been aboard.\nChamberlin and Levine made the journey as the first transatlantic airplane passengers. Ideal flying weather persisted for a while, but later, headwinds and fogs emerged. With the arrival of darkness, great icebergs appeared on the dark North Atlantic surface. The icebergs resembled huge ghosts, yet their presence offered comfort. It was possible to land on one if a forced landing was necessary.\n\nAt midnight, fogs returned, causing blind flying. Once, Chamberlin peered through an opening in the clouds and saw a steamer passing below. He signaled with his pocket flashlight, hoping the radio operator would reply with a message revealing their position. However, there was no answer.\n\nShortly after sunrise, another incident occurred.\nThe fog area gave the aviator a choice between flying \"blind\" or getting to a clear space above the clouds. Chamberlin chose the latter, as instruments are not always dependable in flying blind. When the plane had reached its ceiling or highest altitude, the fogs were still present. Down again, to a place only a few hundred feet from the waves, Chamberlin found a clear area from which a passing tramp steamer could be seen. The crew waved their handkerchiefs but did not send out a radio message about having seen the plane. Millions were waiting to hear such a message on that night and would have been delighted to hear of the safety of the daring flyers.\n\nAt 11:30 on the morning of June 5th, the Columbia came within sight of the ocean.\nThe Mauretania, three hundred and sixty miles west of the Scilly Islands. The Columbia flew low over the great ship. Passengers cheered and waved, while the radio operator sent out a message, indicating that the Columbia was still making progress.\n\nChamberlin meanwhile circled around, getting his bearings, then headed his plane in the direction from which the Mauretania had come.\n\nAs the Mauretania steamed away over the western horizon, Chamberlin and Levine in the Columbia could see, far to the south, the great gray body of the U.S.S. Memphis. She was carrying Charles Lindbergh and his Spirit of St. Louis back to the United States.\n\nChamberlin headed eastward at terrific speed, and was soon over the green fields and well-kept farmlands of England. He knew he could land on these in safety, but he had an important mission.\nother night ahead, if he went farther than Paris and bettered Lindbergh's record, Chamberlin had Berlin in mind, although he was not sure he could reach it. Conditions looked favorable then, but trouble came soon after. Clouds and fogs soon shut off the view of land and water. To an altitude of twenty-one thousand feet, the men had to climb. At this height, water from the mist collected on the wings and froze. To make matters worse, the men did not know their exact location. They decided to zigzag around until the sun should rise. Then the frozen mists would melt from the wings of their plane, and besides, they would be able to see where they were. If they flew ahead, there was danger of striking the Hartz Mountains. Chamberlin decided to take a short time off for a snatch of sleep, while Levine took the controls.\nWhile Chamberlin dozed in the cabin, and Levine was left in charge, the plane suddenly went into a nose dive. Quick as a flash, Chamberlin awakened and grabbed the controls. The plane fell three miles before Chamberlin was able to right it again. It was a narrow escape from almost certain death. With the coming of daylight, the flyers could see that they were over German soil. As they approached the flying field of Dortmund, Chamberlin flew low and shouted to a group of Germans, \"To Berlin?\" He then flew in the direction indicated. As the flyers neared the Hartz Mountains, for the first time since leaving the United States, the motor began to sputter. At once, Chamberlin prepared to land, and in a very short time had brought the Columbia down upon a wheat field. From the people.\nArrived at the scene, he learned he was near the small town of Mansfeldt, not far from Eisleben. The flyers asked for directions to Berlin, and with fresh gasoline, were ready to go on again. This time, Chamberlin lost his way in the darkness and found himself over the flying field of Cottbus, seventy miles southeast of Berlin, where motor trouble forced him down again. The landing was made on marshy ground, and one of the propeller blades was broken.\n\nThe flyers had to delay their journey until a new propeller could be secured. But on June 7, 1927, at Tempelhofer Field outside of Berlin, the Columbia landed before a crowd of one hundred and fifty thousand people. Although they had not flown direct to Berlin, which they had intended for a landing place, Chamberlin and Levine were happy.\nTo know they had arrived safely on German soil. In forty-two hours and forty-five minutes, they had made a new long-distance record for their non-stop flight of three thousand, nine hundred and eleven miles.\n\nTHE GOOD-WILL MESSENGER\n\n\"We should like to have you visit Mexico City,\" the President of Mexico sent this message to Charles Lindbergh not long after the great flight from New York to Paris.\n\nCharles Lindbergh decided to accept the invitation. He planned to visit other countries south of the United States. \"It might be well to extend to them the goodwill and the greetings of the United States,\" he suggested.\n\nThe trip south was not an easy one. To reach Mexico City, the plane had to be driven through heavy fogs, strong headwinds, and breezes.\n\n\"Lindbergh Lost,\" American newspapers had for a headline at one time. It seemed that air travelers faced numerous challenges.\nCharles Lindbergh encountered difficulties delivering messages of goodwill but eventually reached Mexico City in safety. Upon his first landing, he took the Mexican president for a plane ride and witnessed his first bullfight. He met the woman he was to marry and delivered his first message of goodwill. Leaving Mexico City, Lindbergh encountered rugged mountains, steaming volcanoes, and thickly grown jungles. The natives, who had never seen an airplane before, rushed out of their thatched-roofed huts upon hearing the motor.\nNo one knows what they might have done\nPhotograph by Keystone.\nThe American Clipper.\nCol. Lindberg piloted this amphibian on its maiden flight from North America to South America, initiating the regular passenger service between Miami and Cristobal.\nThe Good-Will Messenger 173 to Charles Lindbergh or his plane, if there had been a forced landing in their midst.\nCharles Lindbergh flew over many hundreds of miles of country. Sometimes he flew high. At other times he took his plane so close to the ground that he could see plainly the mango and palm trees, great plantations of coffee, and birds of gay plumage.\nGreat crowds of people were gathered at each landing-place. On one field, so many had assembled that the messenger had to drop a note asking that the police clear the field before a landing could be made.\nCharles Lindbergh flew over the Panama Canal. Here, he likely reflected on the past, when his father brought him to see the canal's construction. The young boy hadn't known that he would later fly over the same place in an airplane. In total, Lindbergh visited twelve countries besides Mexico and conversed with various people, from presidents to humble natives. Everywhere, Lindbergh's arrival as a messenger caused people to ponder flying. Some wondered how Lindbergh could traverse the wild parts of a country they took days to cross in just a few hours. And everywhere, Lindbergh delivered his message from the United States: \"I come to bring greetings.\"\nNo one had ever visited so many strange lands in this way before. It seemed that everyone felt more friendly toward the United States because of the good-will messenger.\n\nPacific Ocean Flights\n\nOut of gas! The Navy flyers who first tried to cross the Pacific Ocean in 1925 experienced this trouble, and although they were 1800 miles out of San Francisco, there were still many miles to go.\n\nThe flyers gently lowered their seaplane until it rested on the ocean, then began at once to look for help.\n\nOn the second day adrift, a ship came into sight. It passed at a distance of a mile, but no one on board noticed the seaplane.\n\nWith their radio, the flyers could receive messages but could send out none. They could hear the searchers tell what they were doing, and knew from what they said that help was very far away.\nAs the days passed, food became moldy and drinking water very scarce. Rain that collected in the hollows of the sails, the men drank at times. These sails were made from the lower wing-fabrics and helped the seaplane move along at a speed of fifty miles a day. Four hundred and fifty miles had been covered in this way, and the men were nine days out of San Francisco, when they were discovered by a submarine. Distress signals, which the flyers had made by burning pieces of wing-fabric in a bucket, had been seen by the submarine crew. Fresh water and food were given to the flyers, and the seaplane was towed by the submarine to the harbor of the nearest Hawaiian Island. There a power boat came along and took the towing-line and helped them anchor. As for the weary travelers, their faces were gaunt.\nTwo years after, several Army flyers made the first non-stop crossing of the Pacific Ocean from the United States to the Hawaiian Islands in their large tri-motor Fokker monoplane. They were Lieutenants Lester J. Maitland and Albert F. Hegenberger.\n\nOn June 28th, they left Oakland, California. In twenty-five hours and fifty minutes, they reached Wheeler Field, Honolulu, twenty-four hundred miles away.\n\nOnly very skilled aviators could have made this Pacific crossing. A mistake of just two degrees, and they would have missed their goal. In the Pacific Ocean, there is no other body of water.\nThe longest non-stop over-sea flight by an airplane was made to reach the Solomon Islands, twenty-five hundred miles farther away. It was a genuine flight, the longest non-stop Pacific Ocean crossing.\n\nA Costly Race\nFirst prize: twenty-five thousand dollars!\nSecond prize: ten thousand dollars!\n\nThese were the amounts offered for the fastest crossing of the Pacific Ocean in the Dole race, which took place about two months after Maitland and Hegenberger had made the first non-stop Pacific crossing.\n\nThere were fourteen entrants, but only eight of these crossed the starting line. Of the eight, four had to turn back due to fog. The other four raced ahead at top speed.\n\nArt Goebel and William Davis, in their Woolaroc, reached Honolulu after twenty-six hours and seventeen minutes in the air. Two others also reached Honolulu.\nTen planes in the race lost at sea. One carried a woman - a school-teacher named Mildred Doran. In total, ten lives were lost. There was not much interest in such events following the sad ending to the Dole Race. \"Too costly,\" people said.\n\nThe Wilkins Flight\nAmundsen and his crew had already flown from Spitzbergen to Point Barrow, Alaska, and then on to their landing-place not far from Nome. An Australian, Captain George H. Wilkins, and a Norwegian, Lieutenant Carl B. Eilson, planned the next flight in the opposite direction, from Point Barrow to Spitzbergen. Thirty-three Eskimos had to shovel snow for two days to create a runway for take-off. The plane was equipped with skis but refused to rise, time and time again. With each failure, it had to be hauled back to the starting point.\nIn the air at last, on April 15, 1928, the Lockheed Vega tri-motor monoplane followed a route over a wide polar sea, carrying it two hundred miles south of the Pole. Twenty-five miles from Spitzbergen, at a place called Dead Man\u2019s Island, the flyers were forced down by a terrific storm, and were delayed for five days by drifts of snow four feet high, over the runners of the plane.\n\nWhen an attempt could be made to take off again, Wilkins had to help the engine by getting out and pushing on the tail of the plane. The plane took off, but unfortunately, Wilkins had slipped off the icy fuselage and was left behind. Eilson had to bring the plane down to earth again. Wilkins repeated his pushing job. A second time he slipped, and the plane rose without him. Again, Eilson had to make a landing.\nCaptain Wilkins and Lieutenant Eilsson reached Green Harbor, Spitzbergen, after a flight of twenty-one and a half hours, covering a distance of twenty-two hundred miles. In the same year, on December 27th, Australian and Norwegian airmen made the first flight over Antarctica.\n\nA Sad Story of the North\nUmberto Nobile had flown from Rome to Nome with Amundsen across the North Pole. But he desired to lead a polar flight of his own.\n\nBy easy stages, he flew from Milan to King's Bay, Spitzbergen, in a dirigible balloon named Italia. From this point, on May 23, 1928, he took off for the North Pole.\n\n\"We have reached our goal,\" a wireless message reported the following day. \"All is well. We are returning home.\"\nOn the 25th of May, a violent storm occurred, and no word was heard. For a long time, it was unknown what had happened. Then, from a place two hundred miles from her base, came an SOS call from the Italia. Ice had formed on the bag of the great dirigible. Ten of her men were thrown out, one of them killed. Six more were still aboard as the Italia drifted away again to the East.\n\nAt once, rescue parties began to gather at Spitzbergen, by ship, dog team, and airplane. During the next few months, numerous men risked their lives trying to aid the survivors of the unfortunate expedition. Famous men joined in the search, and five nations took part in it.\n\nIn June, at a place about two hundred miles from King's Bay, an Italian Major espied a tent which had evidently been dyed red to attract attention.\nBy parachute, the Italian major dropped 650 pounds of food. Since the ice was breaking up around that time, he was unable to land his plane but returned again and dropped more food, clothing, and tobacco. A few days later, a very skilled Swedish aviator managed to land on the treacherous ice. As he had suspected, the men he had seen from above were survivors of the Nobile expedition. Nobile himself was there, with his chief engineer and four others. The navigator, pilot, and one other had set off on foot in an attempt to reach the mainland. The Swedish aviator took Nobile to Whale Island, Hinlopen Strait. He returned, after a while, for another man but crashed in trying to make a landing, and he himself was a prisoner on the frozen sea. Meanwhile, other rescuers were at work.\nAmundsen, who had sailed with Nobile on the Rome to Nome flight, was himself lost in trying to rescue some of the Nobile party. In all, twenty-four planes participated in the exciting hunt for stranded members of the ill-fated expedition.\n\nIn July, a Russian ice-breaking ship found the two men who had been the pilot and navigator. They had been on the ice for forty-three days, and for thirteen days had had no food.\n\nAs for the men who had been carried away in the Italia after the crash, nothing was heard from them.\n\nIn all, twelve members of the Nobile party perished.\n\nThe Expedition had turned out to be the most disastrous of all the polar flights.\n\nAfter the Pacific Ocean had been crossed by air as far as the Hawaiian Islands, men wanted to go farther.\n\nAustralia, more than seven thousand miles\nFour daring men - Australians Captain Charles Kingsford-Smith and Captain Charles Ulm, and Americans Harry W. Lyon (navigator) and James Warner (radio operator) - planned and embarked on a journey in their tri-motored Fokker plane named Southern Cross from Oakland, California on May 31, 1928. Their first stop was Honolulu, which they reached safely. The next stop was Suva, Fiji Islands, 1,883 miles away. Favorable weather aided them during the initial half of the journey. However, rain storms, head winds, and bumpy air made the second hop a challenging night for the flyers. They successfully landed despite the difficulties. The final landing was achieved after battling violent storms.\nBut in Sydney, Australia, on the 9th of June, the men arrived safely. Another record-breaking flight had been made.\n\nThe Bremen\n\nThree airplanes had been lost in attempting to cross the Atlantic Ocean from East to West when the Bremen was fitted out for this same flight. Two Germans and an Irishman were to be in charge of the fourth attempt to fly over the Atlantic in this direction. The men were Captain Hermann Koehl, Baron Gunther von Hunefeld, and Commandant James Fitzmaurice.\n\nThe Bremen was a Junkers monoplane, which had been constructed with the greatest care. In a plane of duralumin, which is as durable as steel and as strong and as light as aluminum, the men believed that their lives were perfectly safe.\n\n\"No radio, life preservers, or boat; no emergency dump-valve,\" they said. \"We shall not\"\nThe Bremen left Baldonnel Airport, the military flying field on the outskirts of Dublin, on June 12, 1928. The ship flew two flags \u2014 the black, red, and white of Germany, and the green, white, and gold of the Irish Free State. In the sunshine, above a calm sea, the men flew during the first day out.\n\nWith the darkness came strong head winds, followed by a terrific blizzard. Thick layers of ice formed on the wings of the plane. Like a helpless kite, the Bremen was tossed about, out of one storm into another. The failure of the plane\u2019s lighting system did not give much encouragement.\n\nOne of the flyers worked in great haste to repair the electric lights. The instrument board was in darkness, although a pocket flashlight helped a little.\n\nPhotograph 191.\nWhile men were flying \"blind\" in the darkness, they were drifting out of their course. When lights were repaired at last, it was found that they had flown northward four hundred miles! With the coming of daylight, aviators checked their position again and found they were very far from their course. They flew westward, only to find themselves in the midst of fog and storm areas. By this time, their gasoline was getting very low, and the men knew they would never be able to reach their goal of Mitchell Field, New York. What they hoped to do was to land in civilized territory, where they could refuel and go on again. From a sea of fog, through a break in the clouds, the flyers saw a lighthouse located on an island. They chose the middle of a reservoir for landing and swooped down. As the plane landed, the ice gave way.\nAIR TRAVELERS: The ship nosed over, leaving it with a broken chassis and a bent propeller. This was its worst mishap after thirty-four hours spent crossing two thousand miles of water. The men were nearly exhausted but greeted warmly by the island's keeper and some fishermen, while a lunch of crackers and milk was provided. The flyers were told they were on Greenley Island, in the Straits of Belle Isle. Only seven families lived on the desolate island, but the men were made to feel at home. Meanwhile, the lighthouse keeper sent word of the landing to the Point Amour wireless station, across the Straits, on the mainland. Just three days later, rescue planes appeared, to the great relief of the stranded men. The Bremen's engine was found to have suffered from exposure, and since, besides, there was no longer a need for it.\nThe Bremen: No room for take-off on wheels, so the crew flew to New York in the Ford relief plane. In New York, a hearty reception was given. Many were thrilled due to the daring flight. Others rejoiced because the trip was made by men from countries that had been at war a few years prior. \"With the end of the war, peace between nations has really come again,\" was the thought expressed by many. The Bremen now hangs in the Grand Central Station in New York City. It was the first plane to make the non-stop, westward hop across the Atlantic.\n\nThe First Woman to Fly the Atlantic: Amelia Earhart knew how to fly a plane, but for a while she spent much of her time helping take care of poor children in Boston. One day, while at work with some of the children, she decided to return to flying.\nAmelia Earhart quieted everyone as the telephone rang. \"Would you like to take a dangerous trip in the air?\" the voice asked over the wire. \"A dangerous trip in the air!\" Amelia Earhart had already taken a few of these. What could the strange person have in mind? And who was calling? She would have to find out before an answer could be given. \"I will meet you later in the day when I am through teaching,\" Amelia Earhart replied. At the meeting, she found out that the stranger was a skilled flyer planning to cross the Atlantic Ocean by air. \"Would you like to be a passenger in the airplane?\" he asked. Amelia Earhart could fly well herself and loved traveling in an airplane. It would be a great adventure to try to cross the Atlantic.\nAt June 17, 1928, Amelia Earhart, a woman, set out to cross the Atlantic Ocean in a tri-motored Fokker monoplane named Friend AIR TRAVELERS. The plane was crewed by two men - the pilot, Wilmer Stultz, and mechanic Louis Gordon. Equipped with a seaplane featuring two pontoons for water landings, they embarked on their journey. Amelia sat on a pile of clothing for lack of seats and cushions. She spent her time observing the surroundings and recording her experiences in a diary.\nOver the Newfoundland skies, the outlines of lakes amused her. Some resembled huge footprints, others great buffaloes, while a few had the forms of strange animals that lived many years ago.\n\nThe Atlantic Ocean is a great place for storms. The Friendship encountered the worst one Amelia Earhart had ever faced in all her flying!\n\nAmelia Earhart\n\nWhen there were no storms, it seemed that fogs were doing their best to hinder travelers. Sometimes the flyers rose above these, and the fluffy tops of the fog could be seen below. At other times, wisps of cloud floated past the cabin windows.\n\nWhen the sea was not hidden, it seemed to be wrinkled like the back of an elephant, Amelia Earhart wrote in her diary.\n\nMost of the time, the fogs were so thick that the ocean was completely hidden! Instead of looking out upon a sea of water, there was only fog.\nA sea of fog! The pilot had to guide the airplane with only his instruments to aid him. Much of the time he could see neither sky nor water \u2014 nothing but mists and clouds.\n\nThree oranges and a dozen malted milk tablets made up the only food Amelia Earhart had during the entire trip, although there were three huge sandwiches, coffee, pemmican, oat meal cookies, and chocolate bars from which to choose.\n\nA part of the time Miss Earhart had to write in the dark, because she did not want to turn on the electric light in the cabin, for fear of blinding the man at the controls. She used the thumb of her left hand to help keep the place. The trouble was in knowing where to begin a new line. Even with the help of the left thumb, two lines often piled up, one on the other, in an exasperating manner.\nAmelia Earhart had strange sights and beautiful scenes to record in her diary. At times, the sun shone through rifts in the fog with a warm pink glow. In the early morning, patches of fog looked like dragons, sea serpents, and teddy bears. A strange view this was, until melted away by the warmth of the sun.\n\nAfter nineteen hours in the air, it was found that there was only enough gasoline for an hour's flying. The fog was still around, and the radio was dead. The pilot had a serious look. He hardly knew what move to make. Nor did the mechanic. They just kept flying in what seemed to be the direction they had been going.\n\nAfter a while, they flew low, not far above the ocean. They were surprised to see a great steamship coming along. It was the America they found later.\nThe pilot of the Friendship wrote a note asking about his ship's location. Amelia Earhart attached an orange for weight. The Friendship circled above America, and the orange was dropped. Due to the strong wind and the ship's fast speed, it was difficult to make the orange land on the boat. Two notes were lost before the flyers decided to continue their journey and try to reach land without assistance. All were in danger. Each of the three knew this well. Without thinking, the mechanic helped himself to a large egg sandwich and began to eat it slowly. He later said he didn't know why he did so.\nAmelia Earhart tried to eat a sandwich at a dangerous time. When the gasoline was nearly gone, and all were about to give up hope, the mechanic suddenly shouted, \"Land!\" and threw the remaining parts of his sandwich out of the airplane window as far as he could.\n\n\"Land!\" he shouted again. \"Hooray!\"\n\nThe three looked ahead. A dull bluish outline could be seen in the distance.\n\n\"Yes, it was land!\"\n\nLittle later, fishing vessels appeared on the waters of the ocean below. This was a sure sign that land was near.\n\nThe three were very eager then. And when they landed at Burry Point, Carmarthenshire, Wales, a little later, it seemed that one of the happiest days of their lives had come. They had not reached the exact place for which they had set out, but they were all safe, and they had crossed the Atlantic Ocean.\nAs they stepped ashore, a crowd surrounded them with greetings and praises. Every one seemed eager to welcome the two men, and especially the first woman to cross the Atlantic Ocean by air.\n\nFighting for Altitude\n\nLieutenant Apollo Soucek, the United States Navy flyer, had to fight for the altitude record he made on May 8, 1929.\n\nWhen four miles up, he began to feel the very cold air around his eyes. He had taken off his goggles to get a better view of the country which lay beneath him and the horizon, fifty miles away.\n\nAs the plane climbed higher, the cold became more biting. Lieutenant Soucek had to put on his goggles to keep his eyelids and eyes from freezing.\n\nFive or six miles up, there was a temperature of sixty-five degrees below zero. Since it has been... (The text ends abruptly.)\nThe Navy flyer had on the warmest kind of clothing: heavy woolen underwear, a thickly padded suit of leather, fur-lined gloves, and fleecy moccasins. A fur helmet came down over his face. The cold was not the only enemy to fight. When only a few miles up, the air begins to lose some of its oxygen. Thin air makes a person weak and very tired, as would loss of sleep for a number of days. A flyer would become dizzy, senseless, and perhaps die, were it not for the oxygen which he carries with him in tanks. Lieutenant Soucek began to take some of this oxygen when only twelve thousand feet up. This he had been advised to do, to save his strength for the hardest part of the flight in the higher altitude. At a height of a little over seven miles, the flyer encountered thin air, making the journey even more challenging.\nThe hardest part of the flight began. The light oil, which helps make the controls easy to move, had frozen. Thirty-eight thousand feet, and it seemed that the plane could go no higher. At this altitude, the air is very light; up high, the air presses against a person more lightly than down near the surface of the earth. A balloon will burst after it has reached a certain height because the gas within presses more strongly than the rarer air on the outside. A person will not burst like a balloon, but they will feel very weak and uncomfortable. Because of the cold, frost began to form on the inside of the flyer's goggles. They became so thickly coated that the Lieutenant had to look through the six tiny holes which had been bored.\nThrough the glass of the goggles, he directed the movements of his plane as best he could. It was hard to see the instruments clearly, and Lieutenant Soucek pushed his goggles up on his forehead but not for long. His eyes began to freeze and became very painful. For a while, Lieutenant Soucek had to fly with his knees controlling the stick. With his left hand, he managed the supercharger which kept his engine at work in air that was so different from that to be found at the surface of the earth. With his right hand, he removed his goggles now and then, holding them in such a way as to break the wind, while he took a good view of instruments and controls. The Lieutenant began to feel very tired and took as much oxygen as he could to keep from fainting. The light air of the high altitude caused difficulty in breathing.\nAt thirty-nine thousand feet, the plane climbed so slowly that the Lieutenant thought the altimeter must be frozen. He peeked at the ground below and saw the bend of the Potomac River at Washington. Except for the fine straight lines of the streets, the city was just a blur. The country around was like a patchwork quilt, with small tears made by the rivers. The Lieutenant thought the view a beautiful and interesting one, but had no time to enjoy it at length.\n\n\"Up \u2013 I must try to go still higher,\" he thought.\n\nAs before, the plane wavered, as if it could not ascend. The flyer tried to force it. Upward he pointed her nose, and then \u2013 downward fell the plane in a spin! He had tried to make her go beyond her ceiling! The climb was over.\nAt two thousand feet farther down, the Lieutenant was able to get his plane out of the spin. In great circles he spiraled slowly to his home field at the Naval Air Station. His ears were aching from the greater pressure below. Aside from this, he felt very well.\n\nHis records showed that he had flown higher than the tallest mountain in the world. He had reached an altitude of thirty-nine thousand, one hundred and forty feet, or almost eight miles!\n\nAt Anacostia, Washington, D.C., on June 4, 1930, Lieutenant Soucek again fought his way to the upper spaces.\n\nThis time he reached a height of forty-three thousand one hundred and sixty-six feet, and won for himself both the American and the World airplane altitude records.\n\nFrank Hawks already held the record for fast non-stop flying across the United States,\nHe started his round-trip flight in 1929, having flown from Los Angeles to New York in eighteen hours and eighteen minutes in February of the same year, despite unusually bad flying weather. Almost the entire distance was flown at ten thousand feet or higher to avoid storms. He began his round trip, from New York to Los Angeles and back, on June 28th. This time, there was good flying weather during the westward part of the flight, except for rain storms in parts of the Middle West. Hawks reached Los Angeles at eight o'clock in the evening on the same day he had left New York. He had planned to set out again for New York at about midnight, but a leaking carburetor needed to be replaced by a new one.\n\nDelayed in this way, it was 3:30 a.m.\nThe early morning of June 29th before he could take off again, the hardest parts of the return trip were the very beginning and the ending. At Los Angeles, a heavy fog made a low ceiling of only six hundred feet. Telegraph reports from the weather observation office at Mt. Lowe brought word that the blanket of mist reached as high as three thousand feet. This meant that with a heavy load of gas, Hawks would have to climb through twenty-four hundred feet of fog, in pitch darkness.\n\nThe \u201cOld Number Five\u201d, Hawks called his plane. It was a Lockheed, known to be a good ship for speed and for climbing. This time, the plane proved to be as good a climber as ever. Once off the ground, within five minutes the plane had ploughed her way through the fog, and her pilot knew that the worst was over.\nFor a while after this, the weather was very good. Only as the plane neared Columbus, Ohio, late in the afternoon, did the clouds ahead suggest possible trouble. At this time, the radio, which had been installed as part of the equipment, came into good use. A quick movement to throw the switch and a turn of the knob, and Hawks was listening in for a weather report from an expert who knew just what the conditions should be for safe flying. With the help of his radio, Hawks learned that it would be best to continue his flight to New York high above the fog. He knew, even before he came to them, that there would be frequent holes, and that beneath, there would be a ceiling high enough to make a forced landing safe in case of motor failure. Beyond the Alleghenies, according to the report.\nFrank traveled without worry as the report predicted clear skies. He reached Roosevelt Field, New York, his landing place, after dark. The field's extremities were poorly lit, causing Frank Hawks to run his plane into the steel-wire fence bordering the field during landing. He was unharmed, but his plane sustained only small injuries. The east-to-west non-stop trip was completed in the record time of 18 hours, 21 minutes, and 59 seconds, while the west-to-east trip took 17 hours and 38 minutes, setting another speed record. The round trip to Los Angeles and back took only 36 hours and 40 minutes.\nTwo minutes, with just over seven hours for rest and refueling, at Los Angeles. This was the only round-trip non-stop flight ever made across the United States.\n\nTHE LITTLE OLD FLYING-HOTEL\nThere were just two men in this hotel. Their names were Jackson and O\u2019Brien, but they were known as \u201cRed\u201d and \u201cObie.\u201d Red and Obie wanted to see how long they could remain in the air without returning to the earth. Two other men had stayed aloft for ten days.\n\n\"It would be great to beat this record,\" Jackson and O\u2019Brien agreed.\n\nThe two men secured the best airplane they could. They chose a light Curtiss-Robertson plane and named it The St. Louis Robin. \"A Little Old Flying Hotel\" they called it, and this is what it really was. The men ate their meals in it. They slept in it. For seventeen and a half days they flew.\nThe St. Louis Robin rose from the field at St. Louis one day in July, 1929. It circled uncertainly in the air above the field. The men were told they had to fly within gliding distance of the St. Louis airfield to receive credit for the flight. Therefore, they had to remain in one place.\n\n\"Good teamwork wins many a game,\" the two flyers knew. One acted as the operating pilot, the other as the contact pilot, to handle supplies sent up in another plane. He took charge of the receiving of the food as well.\n\nAluminum containers, three and a half feet long, were lowered into the St. Louis Robin by a rope. In the containers were chicken dinners and other tempting dishes.\nA fellow gets hungry riding around in the air day after day, one of them said. He gets hungry for food and hungry for news. Once this was known, the men were not neglected. Besides the delicious meals, each container held messages from wives and friends. It will take us three weeks to answer all the kind and helpful expressions, the men announced, after they had been up in the air a while.\n\nThe flyers had to take their turns sleeping. For a bed, a mattress had been placed on top of the large gasoline tank. On this mattress, the men had to take their exercises, too. It was only two feet below the top of the plane, but the men could move their arms and legs enough to keep them from getting too stiff for comfort.\n\nWhen the engine needed tuning, Jackson was the man to walk out on the catwalk and do it.\nThe work involved a six-inch catwalk outside the plane, just three inches from the whirring propellers. Jackson's dangerous walk along this board was hindered by the strong winds, requiring O'Brien to keep the airplane steady.\n\nAfter less than a week in the air, the engine started skipping and shaking. Jackson went out on the catwalk to replace the spark-plugs, but this didn't help. He had to go out again for further engine repairs.\n\nThe skipping and shaking stopped, but Jackson had burned his hands. The men thought their flight might have to be abandoned before setting a new record. Fortunately, after the repair work was completed, the motor continued to function.\nworked steadily, as if it had more power than ever before. As for Jackson and O\u2019Brien, their burns were not serious.\n\nTHE FLYING HOTEL\n\nWhen the ten-day record had been reached, Jackson and O\u2019Brien could see flags and handkerchiefs waving on the field below. Puffs of steam came from whistles, wherever there was a factory. All this cheered the men and gave them new strength. No matter when the landing might be, a new world record had been made.\n\nBut the men did not land right away. Eleven days went by, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen! Even then, the motor was still roaring along, and the men were not too tired to continue.\n\nIt was the man in charge who brought the flight to an end. \u201cWe have tested the engine and know that it can do wonderful work,\u201d the man thought. \u201cA splendid new record has been made.\u201d\nJackson and O\u2019Brien wanted to remain in the air until they had logged five hundred hours of flying. But they didn't. Among shouts and cheers of thousands, they descended. In their Little Old Flying Hotel, they had traveled twenty-five thousand miles. \"The men have flown around the world over St. Louis,\" someone said.\n\nA Birthday Trip\n\nThe airplane was freshly painted gray, with her name in black on each side of the body. Colonel Lindbergh was the pilot at the take-off. Mary Pickford had been chosen to perform the christening.\n\n\"Where shall I smash the bottle?\" she asked.\n\n\"Right on the nose,\" was the answer.\n\nMiss Pickford did as she was told. \"I christen you the City of Los Angeles,\" she said. \"And wish you every happiness and success on this, your birthday.\"\nWith the airplane off, it seemed anxious to get away before there could be any more hitting of noses. The trip from Los Angeles to New York was to be its first, opening a west-to-east passenger route across the country. A part of the way, the City of Los Angeles was to carry passengers until nightfall. Then, a railroad train would pick up the travelers. When day came again, another airplane would be ready to take the passengers on their way. With the help of still another train, the distance to New York would be covered. Some passengers were not used to the noisy motors. Nor did they like the vibration too well. They were only too willing to put some cotton passed around by a courier in their ears. As they peeked through the big glass windows and saw how high up above the earth they were.\nThey wondered if they would ever reach New York in safety. Others enjoyed every moment of the trip. They liked seeing the houses far below. The automobiles were like toys, and the people as tiny as ants. A little farther to the east were the beautiful mountains and valleys, the desert region, and rivers flowing between wooded banks. Great squares of farmland made the country look like a huge green patchwork quilt. At times, when the airplane flew low, passengers laughed to see the sheep scamper in different directions, as if to get away from the noisy enemy. Chickens fluttered here and there, flew over fences, and scurried away as if a giant hawk were after them. Every once in a while, the plane would strike an air pocket. The ship would go into a dive, and each passenger held their breath, bracing for the jolt as they regained altitude.\nPassengers would reach for the aluminum table in front of him.\n\n\"Are we falling?\" Some new passengers thought that the ship would plunge downward with a crash, at the end of each dive.\n\nA boy was selling coffee just as the ship hit one air pocket. The boy had the pot of coffee, bottles of milk, sugar, and spoons in a basket over one arm.\n\nAir Travelers\n\nAs the airplane made the dive, a bottle of milk bounced out of the boy's basket and fell into the lap of the nearest passenger!\n\nLater, there was a heavy rainstorm.\n\n\"Now, perhaps our end has come!\" some first-time-in-the-air passengers may have thought.\n\nBut their end had not come. Instead, with no traffic to hinder, the airplane moved forward speedily, and was able to get ahead of the storm.\n\nThroughout the whole distance, there were no accidents on either planes or railroad trains.\nMost of the time, passengers enjoyed smooth riding. Some read magazines or papers, others wrote letters, played cards, or sent messages by radio. When New York was reached, just two days had passed since the passengers had started on their journey. This was sooner than if they had taken a railroad train or boat all the way. A BIRTHDAY TRIP (223)\n\nThere was much less dust too, and there were no cinders to annoy them.\n\nThe City of Los Angeles started this west-to-east Air-Railway service in July, 1929. There were other passenger airplanes in the United States and in Europe at that time. There are many others now. But perhaps not one ever made such an important trip on her birthday.\n\nTHE Graf Zeppelin\n\nA boy stood on the top of an automobile at Lakehurst, New Jersey.\n\n\"Here she comes!\" The boy danced about and waved his arms excitedly.\nOne leg went through the top of the automobile, and there was a pinwheel of legs and arms. But the boy kept pointing skyward.\n\n\"Here she comes!\" The crowd of people around took up the cry.\n\nAnd there she was! The largest aircraft in the world, the Graf Zeppelin, had returned from its trip around the world.\n\nOn August 8, 1929, the giant aircraft had left Lakehurst. Over the Atlantic Ocean, it had traveled, and on to Friedrichshafen, Germany. Four days later, the great dirigible set out again, across Russia and cold, lonely Siberia, to Tokyo, Japan. Four days for refueling and going over the machinery, and the party was off once more, to cross the Pacific Ocean and the United States.\n\nOn the way, violent winds tore and clawed. At one time, the great ship jumped up and sank back again.\nThe winds were rough, like a stiff-legged bucking bronco. And there were the usual fogs and storms. But the Graf Zeppelin had kept on, at an average speed of fifty miles an hour, and in twenty-one days, seven hours and twenty-six minutes, had completed her trip.\n\nMore than three hundred sailors had been chosen to help the Graf Zeppelin get into the hangar upon her landing at Lakehurst. Here she was to stay for a day or two, before returning to Germany.\n\nThe sailors had to get hold of the long ropes which had been let down from the giant dirigible. They were busy with this work when a great mass of water came down and gave them a merry dousing.\n\nThe men laughed, and shook themselves like spaniels just out of a puddle.\n\n\"It is the water ballast,\" one of the ground officers said.\n\nWhen the Graf Zeppelin had been brought safely to the ground.\nSixty-one persons disembarked from the Graf Zeppelin, sixty of whom were passengers. One was Lady Drummond Hay, a woman who had written various accounts of the journey. She appeared delighted to have been part of such an important expedition.\n\n\"I am the happiest woman in the world,\" she said.\n\nDr. Eckener, the German master of the Graf Zeppelin, was equally pleased. He beamed with smiles as he shook hands with Naval officers.\n\n\"Gott sei Dank! Thank God!\" he exclaimed.\n\nRichard Byrd Flies to the South Pole\nA Blizzard.\nFog.\nHead winds.\nA bit of dirt in the fuel lines.\nA flaw in a piece of steel.\n\nAny one of these could have kept Richard Byrd from reaching the South Pole.\nByrd made a successful flight to the South Pole from his base at Little America, which was eight hundred miles away.\n\nRichard Byrd knew about all the dangers and prepared his Ford monoplane as well as he could. \"The Floyd Bennett (as she was called) was more carefully groomed than any thoroughbred horse going into a race,\" Richard Byrd said.\n\nTO THE SOUTH POLE\n\nOne great danger the men discussed often was the \"Hump,\" or part of the polar mountain range over which the plane would have to pass.\n\nThe Floyd Bennett, with her three Wright Whirlwind motors, made an excellent take-off at 3:29 p.m. on the afternoon of November [unknown]. Richard Byrd was the navigator. With him were three other men: one, called June, who attended to the motion-picture camera, the radio, and the gas-tank valves, besides relieving the pilot now and then; Balchen was the pilot.\nFrom Richard's table, a trolley ran to Balchen's control cabin with navigation charts spread out. The navigator sent messages to the pilot over the trolley. When Balchen received one of these messages, he would turn and smile, meaning he understood.\n\nMcKinley, the camera-man, had all he could do to take pictures of important places between Little America and the South Pole. Glaciers, mountains covered with snow, plains glistening in the sunlight \u2014 these and many other beautiful pictures in black and white were what the men saw as they flew along.\n\nAs they traveled, they kept thinking about the \"Hump.\" Would they be able to get over it?\n\nAt last, the dreaded place came into view, and the flyers could see they had several passes from which to choose. Richard Byrd went forward and stood behind the pilot so that\nThe two could figure it out together. The highest point of what was known as the Axel Heiberg Pass was ten thousand, five hundred feet. Amundsen had reported this. On either side of the pass were towering peaks, reaching much higher than Floyd Bennett could ever climb with her heavy load.\n\nTo the South Pole 231\n\nAnother pass, which was uncharted, seemed wider and not quite so high. This one Richard Byrd and his pilot chose.\n\nAnd then the climb began. June filled the main tank with gasoline, and dropped the empty tins overboard. Each tin weighed one pound, and every pound taken from the plane's load made climbing easier.\n\nWhen ninety-six hundred feet up, Floyd Bennett slackened her speed. It seemed that she was as high as she could go. The nose of the plane would move up, then slide down, move up, and fall off again.\nThe passage was narrow with no room to turn around. The plane would have to go ahead or go down. There was only one solution. The plane's load needed to be lightened to make climbing easier.\n\nGasoline or food \u2013 which should be thrown overboard? Richard Byrd decided to give up a part of the food, and the order was given to do this.\n\nMcKinley had already hauled one of the 125-pound sacks to the trapdoor. As soon as he received the signal, the door was opened, and down onto the white glacier below fell the brown bag of food.\n\nThe Floyd Bennett did better with even this much of her load gone. But it wasn't enough. Another 125-pound bag had to be given up. Two hundred and fifty pounds of food \u2013 enough to keep four men a whole month.\nBut losing the food saved the ship. The plane shot upward! Then it began to climb so much better that the \"Hump\" was crossed with five hundred feet to spare!\n\nWith the South Pole straight ahead, less than three hundred miles away, to reach it was likely to be an easy matter.\n\nTO THE SOUTH POLE 233\n\nAt 1:14 a.m., November 29th, Greenwich Civil Time, the South Pole was reached. Eleven thousand feet high, the Floyd Bennett was flying, about fourteen hundred feet above the snow-covered plateau.\n\nRichard Byrd opened the trap-door and dropped over the Pole a small flag weighted with a stone. The stone had come from the grave of his friend, Floyd Bennett, who had flown with him to the North Pole.\n\nThe radio operator, June, sent this message to Little America, to be relayed to New York:\n\n\"My calculations show that we have reached the South Pole.\"\nThe vicinity of the South Pole. Flying high for a survey. Byrd.\n\nThe South Pole was a white, snowy spot - a very quiet one, in the center of a plain that seemed to have no limits. There were no mountains in sight, but clouds on the eastern horizon caused the Avers to race for the mountain passes. It had been hard enough to get through in clear weather. In a storm, it would be almost impossible.\n\nA wind astern helped the Floyd Bennett to win the race. Ahead of the storm, she hurried along, over \"The Hump\" and on to the gasoline and food cache, where a landing had been planned.\n\nAn hour later, the plane was off on its last lap. With the help of the sun compass and the drift indicator, Richard Byrd was able to direct the plane's flight to a safe landing at Little America. There, at 10:08 a.m., on November [unknown date].\nThe historic flight ended on the 29th. Richard Byrd was the only man to have flown over both the North and South Poles. Frank Hawks, having helped to interest people in aviation with his round-trip flight across the United States, contemplated his next move. A happy thought struck him - why not travel across the country in a glider? With an airplane to provide power and tow the smaller machine, this could be accomplished. Those unable to afford airplanes might become interested in learning to fly with gliders, potentially leading them to fly with power later. Hawks explained, \"For them, it would be coming into Aviation by the back door.\" The Texaco Company recognized the merits of such a flight, and construction of a special glider began. Air Travelers.\nThe glider had an enclosed cabin. An enclosed hood gave added protection. \"Facing the wind and the sun with no enclosure would be anything but comfortable,\" argued Frank Hawks. A five-hundred-foot tow-line connected the two ships. Inside the towing-cable was a telephone wire, with which the pilot of the plane could speak with the pilot of the glider. The telephone cord had a plug that pulled out whenever the plane should cut loose from the glider. The pilot of the tow-ship could also disconnect his end of the cable whenever he wished. Special instruments, brakes, and other conveniences made the new glider better than any that had been made up to that time.\n\nThe glider, named the Texaco Taglet, was built during the winter of 1929-30. On March 30, 1930, all was ready for the first flight.\nFlight. Frank Hawks in his glider 237. \"Duke\" Jernigin was to pilot the tow-ship, a Waco biplane with a Whirlwind motor. Wallace Franklin, one of the plane builders, was to ride with him. It was one of Wallace Franklin's duties to wind up the cable with a reel whenever the glider pilot descended. And Frank Hawks, it had been planned, should descend at twenty-one different cities along the route, to give exhibitions of gliding and soaring.\n\nThe air-train left Lindbergh Field, San Diego, on a Sunday. By the following Sunday, it was hoped, Van Cortlandt Park, New York, would be reached.\n\nA large crowd watched the flyers disappear in the distance, at the beginning of their twenty-eight hundred mile journey.\n\nThe take-off was smooth enough, but there was plenty of roughness when the flyers were farther on their way. To Yuma and Phoenix.\nFor fuel and on to Tucson for the night were the Air Travelers' plans. En route to these places, there was rough traveling from the beginning. The nearer the flyers got to Tucson, the worse the conditions became. But, without mishap, a landing was made, within sight of ten thousand persons. Frank Hawks and his companions were very tired due to the rough flying they had just experienced, but thought that the worst was over. In this, they were mistaken. The next morning, when barely off the ground, the air-train was struck by a sharp slap of wind. The tow-ship was thrown one way, the Eaglet another, and the tow-line was snapped in two. A whole day had to be spent in repairing the damage. Off again, to meet more rough weather. The men hoped for smooth flying by the time El Paso should have been reached, but it was unclear in the text.\nNot to be. Instead, all flying had been called off at that place, and the pilots of the air-train had all they could do to get down in safety.\n\nFrank Hawks in Glider 239\n\nLeaving El Paso, there was time to be made up due to the delay in repairing the cable at Tucson. The tow-plane, with its glider attached, managed to fly seven hundred and ten miles in one day.\n\nThen, with calm weather at last, came Wichita Falls, Oklahoma City, Tulsa, Springfield (Mo.), East St. Louis, Terre Haute, Indianapolis, and Columbus. Buffalo was reached on the eighth and last day.\n\nIt had been planned to make just one short halt between Buffalo and New York City, on this last day of flying. The stop was to have been at Elmira, but rough weather was at hand and plans had to be changed. Such a violent wind was blowing that it was thought best to land at Pittsburgh instead.\nAt Syracuse and Albany, the aviator, Frank Hawks, encountered dangerous take-offs. In Syracuse, rising currents of air just off the ground presented a challenge. By spiraling and staying in these up-currents, Hawks climbed two or three thousand feet at a time. The crowd watched eagerly below, and if there had been time, Hawks could have entertained them for hours by soaring over their heads.\n\nAt Albany, the gale-like winds were worse than ever. A dust storm blew across the field, and all flying had been postponed. But the flyers had to keep on to reach New York on schedule time. Even at a very early hour, a large crowd awaited the arrival of the unique air-train.\n\nAfter taking off at Albany, there was more hard flying. At one time, the Waco ship in front was lifted up and thrown down by a turbulent wind.\nThe sudden violent tearing and twisting of the wind, and the pilot had to use all his skill to pull his ship through in safety. In spite of all the lurches and plunges through the bumpy air, the train got away last, and with the leaving of the city of Albany, the strong winds were also left behind. The rest of the trip was made under fairly good flying conditions, and at Van Cortlandt Park, a gentle landing was made. Best of all, in spite of the roughness of the trip, the goal had been reached on scheduled time. Frank Hawks had seen America by glider, as he had planned. He had taken only as much time as he had set aside for the purpose. Just eight days had passed since the take-off. Of this, there had been forty-four hours and ten minutes of real flying, thirty-five hours in tow.\nThe Eaglet glider is now at the Smithsonian Institute in Washington D.C., along with other renowned ships, including the Spirit of St. Louis.\n\nFrank Hawks told Texaco Company officials, \"If you provide the plane, I would like to attempt breaking the record the Lindberghs recently set.\"\n\nOn Easter Sunday, May 20, 1930, the Lindberghs flew from Los Angeles to New York with one fuel stop. They covered the distance in 14 hours, 45 minutes, and 32 seconds. Prior to this, Frank Hawks held the record for the fastest transcontinental flight across the United States.\n\nTexaco Company officials learned that investing in planes driven by pilots was profitable.\nFrank Hawks was a wise investment for advertising. They readily endorsed the new venture. A new plane was constructed - the Texaco 13, or Mystery Ship, as it was named, - a red and white monoplane with a Wright Whirlwind motor.\n\nWhen the plane was finished, Hawks flew in it from New York to Los Angeles, as the flight had to be a west-to-east one. During this trip, he was able to test the new motor and explore ways to reduce airtime.\n\nFive fuel stops were necessary, but Frank Hawks, by closely monitoring his gasoline meter, discovered that three fuel stops would suffice.\n\nFrom the Glendale Airport, Los Angeles, the Mystery Ship took off in the moonlight, very early on the morning of August 13, 1930 - 6:16:27 a.m., New York time.\nAs she passed between mountains that rise abruptly, just out of Glendale, the moon lit up the way. The speedy pilot directed her across the Mojave Desert, and the moon sank behind the mountains in back of the plane. Over the National Forests of Arizona, the sky began to brighten with the coming of dawn. Near Flagstaff, Arizona, the sun could be seen rising above the ridges ahead.\n\nOne of the three stops for fuel was made at Albuquerque, New Mexico, where Captain Hawks remained in the cockpit of his plane, and ate one of the sandwiches his mother had put up for him in Los Angeles.\n\nOn again, at a height of eight to ten thousand feet, came the fastest flying of the trip, with the help of a thirty-four-mile tail wind. The Arizona desert, the tip of Texas, the Northern Oklahoma wheat lands and ranges.\nCaptain Hawks brought his plane to the second refueling stop in Wichita, Kansas. With only a fifteen-minute delay, the Mystery Ship was off again. Rains near St. Louis caused the flyer to direct his plane upward above the storm for a clearer course. Without further trouble, Indianapolis, the third fueling stop, was made shortly after three o'clock in the afternoon. Captain Hawks was beginning to be very hungry but decided to lose no time in eating, as he hoped to have dinner in New York that evening. Against a contrary wind and smoke and haze shutting off a clear view of the ground, Captain Hawks raced along at a speed ranging between two hundred and ten miles and two hundred and sixty miles an hour. North of Dayton and Columbus, past the...\nIn the hilly Pennsylvania section, beyond the dark, smoky Pittsburgh area, above the green forests farther east, then across the Delaware, the Texaco 13 advanced. By this time, the bluish coloring of the eastern horizon promised that the Atlantic was near, and it proved to be. At 6:41 p.m., when the Texaco 13 reached its goal, a crowd had gathered to welcome. Mrs. Hawks climbed onto one of the wings of the plane to be the first to greet her husband. Members of the Mayor\u2019s Committee were present, as were the President and other officials of the Texaco Company. The around-the-world flyer, Captain Eric Nelson, and other notable people were present. Captain Hawks smiled as he climbed out of his monoplane. \"When do we eat?\" he asked as he drove away to the Ambassador Hotel.\nIn one of the Mayor's official cars, reports went out to all parts of the country about the unusual record for speed that had just been made. In A SPEED RECORD, Frank Hawks had covered the two thousand, five hundred and ten miles from Los Angeles to New York in twelve hours, twenty-five minutes, and three seconds! In a second-hand bus, John and Kenneth Hunter were able to remain in the air still longer. Five hundred and fifty-three hours, forty-six minutes and thirty seconds, or a little over twenty-three days, was the new record. Up into the air they went on June 11, 1930, and remained aloft until July 4th. What was called the \"Bus\" was a Stinson-Detroiter monoplane, which had already flown.\nThe Hunter brothers covered seventy thousand miles and named it the City of Chicago, adding an additional forty-one thousand, four hundred and seventy-five miles in their record-breaking endurance flight. They hailed from Sparta, Illinois, accompanied by their mother and sister for cooking, brothers Walter and Albert for refueling, the wife of one brother, and friends from home. In the air, the men lacked for food as the mother and sister sent up fried chicken, frankfurters, hard-boiled eggs, and assorted \"goodies\" prepared at the airport below. However, the men were bearded, oil-stained, and dirty upon landing due to their prolonged cramped quarters.\nThey were haggard from lack of sleep, having had only four or five hours at a time. During the last two or three days, so many sightseers had flown about them in airplanes that even their few hours of sleep had been broken.\n\n\"It took us a week to get used to living in the air,\" one of the brothers said. \"After that we felt fine, except that we felt the need of sleep.\"\n\nPiccard's Plunge\n\nEight or nine miles above the earth is a cold, windless region, where the moon appears as bright in the daytime as when seen from the earth in the middle of the night. The stars shine by day and clouds never form. It is a great ocean of blue, and is known as the stratosphere. Into this great ocean plunged an aluminum ball attached to a huge balloon, one day in the seven-foot, oxygen-filled ball were a man and his brother.\nSwiss scientist Professor August Piccard and his assistant Charles Kipfer reached a height of 52,000 feet or over ten miles before a descent was necessary. At the highest levels, the temperature was 148 degrees below zero.\n\nPiccard's Plunge 251\n\nThere was little to see other than blue space on the journey up. The aluminum ball sprang a leak, which the men plugged with cotton waste and a type of chemical jelly. Just before the balloon began to come down, a valve jammed, preventing the release of gas for the descent. The men had a double supply of oxygen or they would have perished. Just two hours more, and there would have been a tragic end to the flight.\n\nInstead, they spent eighteen hours in the air, which was eleven hours longer than planned.\nComing down, men had to be careful not to release too much gas, so that the aluminum ball wouldn't drop like a stone. Slowerly the balloon descended over the snow-covered Alps mountains. Fortunate ly, as they sank farther, the gondola touched ground on the soft snowy covering of a flat ice field.\n\nOne hundred thousand feet, next time, Piccard's assistant, Kipfer, says he will try to go, as soon as a special kind of balloon-bag can be made.\n\nTwo air travelers\n\nOne hundred thousand feet, Piccard's assistant, Kipfer, says he will try to go next time, as soon as a special kind of balloon-bag can be made.\n\nAround the world\n\nIt took Wiley Post and Harold Gatty only eight days, fifteen hours, and fifty-one minutes to circle the globe.\n\nWith very little sleep - only fifteen hours for the entire journey, with almost no delay for weather reports, the \u201ctwo young men in a hurry\u201d raced around the world!\n\nA quick take-off from Roosevelt Field, New York, scarcely more than a turn-around at Harlem River.\nGrace, Newfoundland, then over the Atlantic Ocean, the aviators traveled. They had to fight their way through fog and rain, but their time for the ocean crossing was the shortest ever made by any flyers covering the same distance \u2014 only a little more than sixteen hours.\n\n\"Hello, England, we\u2019ve done it!\u201d the air travelers said, when the machine had come to a standstill at Chester.\n\nA short delay, and the two were off again, this time to Berlin.\n\nA few hours of sleep at this city, a bath and a breakfast of coffee and rolls, ham and eggs, then away again.\n\n\"We must move on while flying conditions are so good,\" one of the flyers said.\n\nThe Russian steppes and the Siberian wilderness were spanned in a smooth, swift flight. One daring jump took the men to Moscow, another to Novo-Sibersk, still another to Irkutsk.\nHere they had a brief rest and inspected their plane before leaving abruptly. Beyond Irkutsk, they traveled to Blagoveschensk, encountering their first mishap when their plane became stuck in a mud-hole during landing. Fourteen and a half hours were spent getting the plane out with horses and a tractor. Khabarovsk was the next stop, followed by Nome, Alaska, over the desolate north and the Bering Sea. Fogs and storms delayed the men, with heavy rain preventing Wiley Post, the pilot, from seeing beyond the plane's glass for hours. However, they reached Alaska safely.\nThe landing was made at Solomon, a few miles to the east of Nome. There was a short rest here and a hasty meal of fried chicken. Gatty was bruised in the chest and arm when struck by one of the propellers while trying to crank the motor. On an attempted take-off, the plane nosed over due to rough ground. When it stopped, one of the propellers was found bent. Post pounded it into shape with a hammer and a wrench, and the flyers were off. Only a short rest again at Fairbanks, the next stop. At two-thirty in the morning, the men were called. Post yawned when awakened at this early hour. \"It's a hard life,\" he said, but hurried to get out to the field. At Edmonton, Alberta, Post was so tired that he fell asleep and rolled off his chair while waiting for the supper of omelet and toast.\nAfter a few hours of sleep, the men were refreshed and ready to continue. Gatty said, \"It's downhill now. Nothing to it.\" Post added, \"It's only 'duck soup' from now on. But we'll be mighty glad to get home after this grind.\"\n\nA twenty-four hour rain had left the flying field at Edmonton in a soggy condition, necessitating a take-off from one of the town's concrete streets. Flying conditions were not good, but the racing monoplane hurried along despite the rain and mist. There was a forty-five minute delay at Cleveland, Ohio, and the last lap of the journey had come.\n\nMeanwhile, New York City was making preparations to welcome the flyers.\ngreat honor, while the wives were rushing eastward, one from California and the other from Oklahoma, to take part in the welcoming celebration. On the evening of July 1, 1931, at ten o'clock, New York daylight-saving time, Post and Gatty climbed out of their now famous monoplane, the Winnie Mae. They were tired but happy about their success. Fifteen thousand, four hundred and seventy-four miles in eight days, fifteen hours and fifty-one minutes! \"Greatest flight in the history of the world!\" many agreed. A non-stop flight, New York to Turkey. Russell Boardman and John Polando smiled broadly and shook their own hands over their heads when they left their plane at Istanbul, Turkey, on July 30, 1931. In their monoplane, Cape Cod, they had made a non-stop flight of five thousand miles from New York City \u2014 the longest that had been achieved.\nThe hardest part of the trip was over the Alps, one of the men said. And while crossing the Atlantic, we could only see the water below once. This was at Newfoundland. Fogs hid the ocean from view the rest of the time. We took turns piloting. While one was at the controls, the other slept for short periods of about half an hour at a time. We could have made better time had it not been for the fogs over France.\n\n\"It is a flying engine.\" This is what experts had to say when they examined Laird's biplane used by Major James H. Doolittle in his record-breaking United States transcontinental flight, September 4, 1931.\n\nThe special super-charged and geared Wasp engine.\nJunior engine could develop close to six hundred horse power. The propeller was geared to permit higher engine speed and the use of a larger air-screw. The plane was streamlined to the limit of modern knowledge of aerodynamics. The cockpit was so small that Major Doolittle, although only five feet four inches in height, could hardly get into it. For a seat, the flyer had only his parachute pack, which rested on the floorboards.\n\nIn this specially made plane, Major Doolittle raced from Burbank, California, to Newark, New Jersey, with bullet-like speed, averaging just under four miles a minute. Eleven hours, sixteen minutes, and ten seconds were required for the cross-country flight.\n\nFrom the time the checkered flag was dropped at Burbank, California, at 5:35 a.m., eastern daylight time, there were no seconds lost.\nA run of only 400 feet was needed for take-off. Almost vertically, the plane rose to a height of five thousand feet, then at a lessened angle of climb, started to gather speed for the San Bernardino Pass. At a height of eleven thousand feet, the climb ended. The plane was levelled off and hurried along, one thousand feet above mountain-peaks that seemed to be rushing past as telephone poles rush by car windows. Once the mountains were cleared, Major Doolittle began to direct his flight to lower altitudes. He came down only one hundred feet a minute and at the same time raced forward four miles. He followed no regular air-lane. The shortest route to the first stopping place was chosen, and the engine throttle opened wide. At Albuquerque, New Mexico, there was a seven-minute delay for refueling. The flyer.\ndrank a glass of water then raced on to the next stop at Kansas City, Missouri. On this leg the plane averaged two hundred and forty miles an hour, the fastest average speed of the cross-country journey. The air made a screaming noise, the engine roared - a noisy flight but a sure one. Kansas City was reached in safety and in record-breaking time. Only a few minutes\u2019 delay again, and the plane was off - this time headed for Cleveland, Ohio. In all, seven planes were racing to Cleveland on that day, as part of an Air Derby. The speedy flyer reached the city far ahead of his competitors, and did not know where they were. At Cleveland, inclement weather made landing difficult. Major Doolittle had to fight his way to the airport, and mud flew in all directions from the plane on the runway. Major Doolittle had to pause long enough.\nat this stopping place to report having won the Air Derby, for which a prize of seventy-five hundred dollars had been offered. While mechanics hastily refueled his plane, the flyer greeted Mrs. Doolittle and his two sons, James, ten, and John, nine, who had come from St. Louis to watch him win the race. Then away he went again, this time to New York for the transcontinental record. With difficulty, Major Doolittle left the slippery field at Cleveland. On the way to New York, much bad weather was encountered. A blackened sky ahead first gave warning of trouble to come. In thunderstorms that followed, Major Doolittle had to fly by instruments while he crouched behind the cowling of the cockpit for protection from the stinging pelting rain. In spite of this, the plane shot forward at its speed.\nThe speedy airman followed the direct route over the Alleghenies, hardly seeing the hills despite the high rate of speed. After thirty miles west of Newark, the thunder showers were left behind. The plane tore around the edge of Newark Airport in a diving, wide circle and touched ground at 275 miles an hour. The plane was spattered with mud and stained with soot. The flyer was mud-stained and his white linen knickers were torn from hasty climbs in and out of the small cockpit.\n\nMajor Doolittle was dazed from the carbon-monoxide gas fumes that had seeped into his cockpit enclosure from the open exhaust of the nine-cylinder engine.\nA last hurried refueling, and he was off again to break his own record in a return flight to the Air Derby at Cleveland. Two thousand eight hundred and eighty-two miles had been covered in the day's flight which came to an end at the city of Cleveland. Two prizes, amounting to ten thousand dollars, had been won. A new transcontinental record had been made.\n\nThe plane, so like a \"racing engine,\" was still in good condition, except for a few minor injuries caused by the rushing wind. Major Doolittle made very little of his feat in speaking over the radio later.\n\n\"The flight was so very uneventful, it was almost monotonous,\" he said.\n\nThe Pacific Ocean crossed in non-stop flight\n\nSeveral flyers had crossed the Pacific Ocean in two or more hops. The Graf Zeppelin had made the trip from Tokyo to Los Angeles with\nThe Pacific Ocean had never been spanned in non-stop flight by an airplane until Clyde Pangborn and Hugh Herndon made their crossing in October, 1931. They left Samushira Beach, Japan at 5:10 p.m., Eastern Standard Time, October 3rd, and landed at Wenatchee, Washington at 10:14 a.m., Eastern Standard Time, October 5th.\n\nTo make better mileage and speed, the landing-gear of the plane had been dropped shortly after leaving Japan. Just before gliding to the ground at Wenatchee, one hundred gallons of gasoline were thrown out to prevent possible fire upon landing without the usual gear.\n\nThe plane jolted along the ground in a cloud of dust, tipped over on its nose, and then settled back. The propeller was damaged, but the flyers were able to alight unhurt.\nHerndon had been cut over his left eye by the damaged propeller. The two men were in their woolen socks when they came out of their plane. \"We have been in Japan so long, we are still going barefooted,\" Pangborn explained laughingly. A representative of the Japanese newspaper, Asahi, stood by with a check for twenty-five thousand dollars, which had been offered as a reward to the first flyer who should cross the Pacific Ocean in a non-stop flight from Tokyo. For three months, the newspaper representative had been waiting in Washington to make the award.\n\nNon-Stop Pacific Flight 269\n\"Very glad to see you, boys,\" he said.\nAsked why they had not continued on their way to Salt Lake City to better the five thousand mile long distance record of Polando and Boardman, the aviators explained that heavy fog and a barograph out of repair had caused them to land in Japan.\nThe plane's engines caused them to turn back when they were nearly in Spokane, Washington. According to the airmen, the greatest thrill of their 4565-mile flight occurred when the plane was about three thousand miles from the Japan coast. At this point, the engine came to a full stop.\n\n\"My heart came up into my mouth that time,\" Herndon recalled of the experience.\n\nAn empty gas tank had caused the trouble. The flyers worked as quickly as they could to fuel the motor, but they lost 2000 feet of altitude before the work was finished.\n\nAir Travelers\n\nIce on the wings made the plane sluggish at the flat end of the Alaskan Gulf, but the strong engine carried the extra load without mishap, although at diminished speed.\n\nGood weather favored the flyers almost the entire way. Toward the end of the trip, thick clouds threatened to obstruct their progress.\nweather and fogs were encountered, but only once was their plane endangered because of storms. This was over western Washington, during the last hours of the flight. The successful non-stop Pacific crossing made by Clyde Pangborn and Hugh Herndon had been preceded by a number of unfortunate mishaps. In trying to better the around-the-world record of Post and Gatty, they had been forced to land at Khabarovsk, Siberia because of a damaged wing. A flight from Tokyo to Seattle was planned next, but their plane was seized by the Japanese Government and the flyers were arrested for flying over a fortified area and taking photographs without permit. Then came the Pacific Ocean flight. In spanning the long stretch of this great body of water, Clyde Pangborn and Hugh Herndon succeeded in accomplishing a feat which had never before been achieved.\nThe ZRS-4, built at the Goodyear Zeppelin Corporation in Akron, Ohio, and commissioned into the US Navy on October 27, 1931, is the largest, fastest, strongest, and most comfortable air vessel ever built. Seven hundred and eighty-five feet long with a maximum diameter of one hundred and thirty-two feet and nine inches, and a gas capacity of six and a half million cubic feet, it is the largest airship. Two hundred and seven people have already been carried by it at one time, with a capacity for eight hundred. The Dornier seaplane DO-X, which carried one hundred and sixty-nine people aloft over Lake Constance, has been surpassed by it. (Photograph by Keystone.)\nSwitzerland. Driven by eight engines, the Akron has a maximum speed of eighty-four miles an hour, which is greater than that of any other lighter-than-air ship and faster than any large surface vessel can travel. It can cruise 9,180 miles without refueling.\n\nAs for strength, a storm more severe than the one that destroyed the Shenandoah would have to be three times as severe to make wreckage of the Akron. Throughout her construction, all parts have been tested. Girders, joints, fittings, and rudders have been made with the greatest care. During the tests, the ship was loaded with tons of weight. It seemed like an attempt to break her back. In the air, she was made to dive and climb at speeds thought to be dangerous in former practice.\n\nAir Travelers.\nThe Akron had a speed of forty feet a minute. According to specifications, it needed to climb 1,200 feet in a minute, and it could actually climb four thousand feet in that short time. For safety, non-inflammable helium has been used. The twelve bags containing the gas are enclosed in a system of wire and cord netting. They have a tightly drawn outer covering of cotton cloth coated with several thicknesses of acetate \"dope\" to smooth out the hull contour and protect from the weather. No smoking is allowed on the Akron. A fireproof galley ensures the safety of the area containing the gas cook-stove. In case of a breakdown, the strongly made parts of the vessel make this unlikely. For communication with other ships and places, the most powerful radio used by lighter-than-air vessels has been installed. Hot-air heat makes living quarters comfortable.\nElectricity is used for lighting, a small part of cooking, telephones, fans, and other uses. A gas stove aids in the preparation of well-cooked meals. The Akron makes a smooth ride, as quiet as any means of transportation, even with eight engines. Shortly after being admitted to the Navy, the Akron made a five-hundred-mile trip along the Atlantic seaboard. Millions of people in New York City watched the giant air cruiser sail majestically up the Hudson as far as the new George Washington bridge, then around to the south again and over the tall skyscrapers. With her new silver coat, she was \"Silver Queen\" to many on that day. \"Air Giant\" was another name given to her, for with the Los Angeles as an escort, her greater size could be plainly seen.\n\"How could she protect herself in time of war? Those who had read the details of the Akron's construction were able to answer: Emplacements have been made for machine-guns which will protect the great dirigible from all angles. Amidships there is a hangar to hold five wasp-like airplanes to be used as scouts or flying guns. Experiments with the Los Angeles have already proven that a dirigible can launch and pick up planes while in flight. The fighting planes, made especially for speed and lightness, will be on the lookout for possible danger. 'With protection such as the Akron has, any vessel that can scout ocean waters at the rate of a thousand miles a day, for nearly ten days, without refueling, is an important addition to any fleet.' These brief historical accounts have to do with the Akron's future.\"\nWith aviation up to the present time. But the work is not yet over. New records are being made. There is constant advancement in the science of exploring the upper air and safely traveling the spaces of the sky.\n\nWhat development the future will bring cannot be foretold, but there is sufficient glory in what has already been done to entitle those who have performed it to permanent honor.\n\nWith the momentum gained by a past of such rapid and weighty achievement, there is every reason to believe that great power for advancement will come to the world through the flying men who shall be the AIR TRAVELERS of the future.", "source_dataset": "Internet_Archive", "source_dataset_detailed": "Internet_Archive_LibOfCong"},
{"language": "eng", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "sponsor": "The Library of Congress", "contributor": "The Library of Congress", "date": "1932", "title": "Around the world at play,a picture book of a German play fair;", "creator": "Ritter, Mathilde", "lccn": "33005184", "collection": ["library_of_congress", "fedlink", "americana"], "shiptracking": "ST011106", "partner_shiptracking": "IAGC151", "call_number": "6882878", "identifier_bib": "00020747493", "lc_call_number": "PZ7.R515 Ar", "publisher": "Chicago, A. Whitman & Company", "description": ["[16] p. 21 x 27 cm", "Title-page illustrated in colors", "\"Printed in Germany.\""], "mediatype": "texts", "repub_state": "19", "page-progression": "lr", "publicdate": "2019-06-19 10:11:57", "updatedate": "2019-06-19 11:13:55", "updater": "associate-richard-greydanus@archive.org", "identifier": "aroundworldatpla00ritt", "uploader": "associate-richard-greydanus@archive.org", "addeddate": "2019-06-19 11:13:57", "possible-copyright-status": "The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item.", "note": "If you have a question or comment about this digitized item from the collections of the Library of Congress, please use the Library of Congress \u201cAsk a Librarian\u201d form: <a href=\"https://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/ask-internetarchive.html\">https://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/ask-internetarchive.html</a>", "operator": "associate-annie-coates@archive.org", "tts_version": "2.1-final-2-gcbbe5f4", "camera": "Sony Alpha-A6300 (Control)", "scanner": "scribe1.capitolhill.archive.org", "imagecount": "26", "scandate": "20190627185603", "ppi": "300", "republisher_operator": "associate-ronamye-cabale@archive.org", "republisher_date": "20190628174249", "republisher_time": "142", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://archive.org/details/aroundworldatpla00ritt", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t2b930b05", "scanfee": "300;10.7;214", "invoice": "36", "openlibrary_edition": "OL6286362M", "openlibrary_work": "OL7548645W", "curation": "[curator]admin-andrea-mills@archive.org[/curator][date]20190906121947[/date][state]approved[/state][comment]invoice201907[/comment]", "sponsordate": "20190731", "additional-copyright-note": "No known restrictions; no copyright renewal found.", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:1156087716", "backup_location": "ia906906_0", "oclc-id": "7543530", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.21", "ocr_converted": "abbyy-to-hocr 1.1.37", "page_number_confidence": "0", "page_number_module_version": "1.0.3", "creation_year": 1932, "content": "Mathilde Ritter, Around the World at Play: A Picture Book\n\nMathilde Ritter painted the pictures in this A Picture Book of a German playroom filled with dolls, tin soldiers, toys, and picture books. A German was the publisher, Albert Whitman & Company, in Chicago. Printed in Germany.\n\nJoan and Peter were in Germany. Father was traveling there on business. Mother and Peter waited for him at their hotel in one of Germany's large cities.\n\nThree weeks prior, a playroom full of dolls, tin soldiers, toys, and picture books had been left in America due to \"no place to put them\" in the trunks.\n\n\"What shall I do now?\" Peter asked every few minutes. \"I wish I had my tin soldiers or my drum, or -\"\n\n\"Mother, what can I do next?\" Joan also asked every few minutes. \"I wish I had my lady-doll and her trunk, and -\"\n\"I have seen a Play Fair advertised,\" said mother. \"A prize is offered for the most interesting game suggestion which little folk have themselves worked out. Let's go to see it! Mother, Joan, and Peter walked to a little park. There they saw seven groups of children at play. Not only were they playing with their own toys, but they were using the old familiar household things - the ironing board, the clothes basket, the rake - in most exciting ways!\n\n\"Look, mother, they are playing store,\" said Joan as they walked to the first group.\n\n\"Just look at that lawn seat turned to make a counter with the umbrella fastened to it,\" said Peter. \"That's a good idea when we play store at home.\"\n\nIn the second group they saw a little boy lying on his back, twirling a large black umbrella that was open above him. From each side, two children were pushing a wheelbarrow filled with toys. \"This is a supermarket,\" one of the children explained.\n\nIn the third group, a boy and a girl were using a broom and a dustpan to play house. \"This is our kitchen,\" the girl said. \"You be the daddy and I'll be the mommy.\"\n\nIn the fourth group, three children were using a large sheet as a parachute. \"We're going on an adventure,\" one of them shouted.\n\nIn the fifth group, a boy was using a hose to water the flowers in a makeshift garden. \"I'm a gardener,\" he said.\n\nIn the sixth group, two girls were using a blanket and some pillows to make a fort. \"This is our castle,\" one of them said.\n\nIn the seventh group, a boy was using a ladder to reach the highest branch of a tree. \"I'm a fireman rescuing a kitten,\" he said.\n\nMother, Joan, and Peter were amazed by the creativity of the children. \"They really are using their imaginations,\" said mother. \"Let's join in the fun!\"\nA rib hung a toy swing. In one swing sat a teddy bear; in another, a doll in a red hat. In the corner of the yard, a doll in a yellow dress was staring down a sand slide.\n\n\"Look, mother, it's a dining room chair turned with its back on the floor and covered with a rug! A regular sand slide for dolls, isn't it?\" said Joan happily.\n\n\"I like the umbrella merry-go-round,\" said Peter.\n\n\"It is certainly an amusement park for toys,\" said mother.\n\n\"Look over there,\" said mother as they walked on.\n\n\"They are playing orchestra,\" said Joan and Peter together.\n\nA little boy was conducting a five-piece orchestra.\n\n\"Name the pieces, mother,\" both children demanded.\n\n\"The little boy conducting has a baton in his hand. To his left, the little boy with the rake is playing the xylophone, I should think.\"\n\"The boy in the blue jacket is playing the drum, isn't he, mother?\" interrupted Peter.\n\"Yes, and the cymbals lay on the floor beside him,\" nodded mother. \"I expect the little boy with the red watering pot fancies he is playing the cornet. The little girl with the big red bow is the orchestra soloist. The one in yellow is playing the harmonica. See, every eye is on the leader.\"\nAs mother, Joan, and Peter walked quietly toward the next group, Peter said thoughtfully, \"I must remember to use our green watering pot at home for my cornet the next time we have a band!\"\n\nJoan was especially interested in two little girls who were playing house in the next group. Two large picture books formed the canopy of the doll's bed. A sick baby doll was taking a spoonful of medicine after its hot bath.\nIn the fifth group, a kitchen table stood toppled with two straight wooden chairs, one at each end. An ironing board lay across the chairs, and over it hung a blanket, its ends tied close to the table's edge. Heavy rope secured the chairs to the big table to prevent them from falling off. A little girl peeked out from behind the blanket to wave goodbye to a little girl below. A boy with a blue cap looked out from one end of a baseball bat.\n\n\"What's that?\" mother asked.\n\n\"Don't you know?\" Peter replied. \"They're in an airship - probably the Graf Zeppelin.\"\nJoan and Peter next discovered a toy hospital with four children at play. A teddy bear was having its leg bandaged. A doll without an arm lay on a white pillow. The toy wooden rabbit sat with its ear neatly bandaged. A trained nurse was taking a doll-patient's temperature with the big kitchen thermometer.\n\n\"Look, Peter,\" said Joan. \"Her nurse's cap is her father's stiff wing collar with the necktie hanging down behind!\"\n\n\"The little girl ringing the bell must be the ambulance rushing a very sick doll to the hospital,\" added mother.\n\n\"Look at all the Red Cross emblems, just as we have at home,\" said Peter. \"I always like to play hospital. I think I'll be a doctor when I grow up.\"\n\n\"Look, there's a railway train,\" said Peter excitedly.\n\nMother and Joan looked.\nA clothes basket served as the engine, its chimney a big, bright paper cornucopia. The engine's bell hung on the curved handle of a cane. Following the engine were several passenger coaches. A turned-over table with a chopping board laid across its rounds served as the first coach. Five more coaches and an observation car completed the train.\n\nAs mother, Joan, and Peter watched, a small boy raised a railroad signal. The engineer blew his whistle.\n\n\"All aboard,\" called Peter. \"All aboard for a trip around the world at play!\"\n\nAnd so the Play Fair ended for Peter and Joan. They never could decide which group had planned the nicest game, nor could they wait to see who got the prize. But many suggestions from the Play Fair in Germany added fun to their games in America.\n\nLibrary of Congress\nL.", "source_dataset": "Internet_Archive", "source_dataset_detailed": "Internet_Archive_LibOfCong"},
{"language": "eng", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "sponsor": "The Library of Congress", "contributor": "The Library of Congress", "date": "1932", "subject": "Readers (Primary)", "title": "The balloon man", "creator": "Murphy, Charles A. Mrs", "lccn": "ca 32000901", "collection": ["library_of_congress", "fedlink", "americana"], "shiptracking": "ST011602", "partner_shiptracking": "158GR", "call_number": "7815613", "identifier_bib": "00033292958", "lc_call_number": "PE1119 .M84", "possible-copyright-status": "The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item.", "note": "If you have a question or comment about this digitized item from the collections of the Library of Congress, please use the Library of Congress \u201cAsk a Librarian\u201d form: <a href=\"https://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/ask-internetarchive.html\">https://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/ask-internetarchive.html</a>", "publisher": "Dallas, Tex., Southwest Press", "description": "56 p. 24 cm", "mediatype": "texts", "repub_state": "19", "page-progression": "lr", "publicdate": "2019-10-02 10:43:29", "updatedate": "2019-10-02 11:45:09", "updater": "associate-richard-greydanus@archive.org", "identifier": "balloonman00murp", "uploader": "associate-richard-greydanus@archive.org", "addeddate": "2019-10-02 11:45:12", "operator": "associate-saw-thein@archive.org", "tts_version": "2.1-final-2-gcbbe5f4", "camera": "Sony Alpha-A6300 (Control)", "scanner": "scribe2.capitolhill.archive.org", "imagecount": "62", "scandate": "20191004124531", "ppi": "300", "republisher_operator": "associate-cherrymay-villarente@archive.org", "republisher_date": "20191005090654", "republisher_time": "354", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://archive.org/details/balloonman00murp", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t3pw4fh88", "scanfee": "300;10.7;214", "invoice": "36", "openlibrary_edition": "OL243179M", "openlibrary_work": "OL1516263W", "year": "1932", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:1156396584", "backup_location": "ia907002_26", "oclc-id": "18552442", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.21", "ocr_converted": "abbyy-to-hocr 1.1.37", "page_number_confidence": "0", "page_number_module_version": "1.0.3", "creation_year": 1932, "content": "The Balloon Man was inspired by a six-year-old group's fascination with a real balloon man. They collected pictures and created their own, gradually developing the story in our schoolroom, bringing joy to teacher and children. Its vocabulary of 100 words provides necessary repetition for the reading vocabulary of low first pupils. Sixty-four of the 100 words are found in the Dallas Public Schools' prepared core for the low first grade. The little book, in its present form, fulfills the constant request for early reading material.\nThe child takes home the little book he learns to read with, to prove his progress to himself and his parents. He keeps it when finished at school. His interest in reading and books grows, enhanced by coloring the pictures in his own book. Some pages provide material for instructions from the blackboard. Others offer opportunities for the child's initiative or serve as a little reading test with crayons. I acknowledge my supervisor, Miss Dodie Hooe, for her interest and encouragement in the story's development. I appreciate her suggestion to make it a combination of seat-work and pre-primer for children of that age.\nMy wish is that teachers and children who use it may get as much joy as we did who first used it.\nMrs. Charles A. Murphy.\n\nThe Balloon Man\nBy Mrs. Charles A. Murphy\nPrimary Teacher, Dallas Public Schools\nSouthwest Press\nPublishers in and of the Southwest\nDallas, Texas\n\nCopyright, 193a\nMrs. Charles A. Murphy\n\nPrinter in Texas.\n\nThe Balloon Man\n\nBalloons! balloons! balloons!\nI am the balloon man.\nI have balloons.\nBalloons! balloons! balloons!\nI have balloons.\nI have big balloons.\nI have little balloons.\nI am the big balloon man.\nI have balloons.\nI have little red balloons.\nI have big blue balloons.\n\nI am the big balloon man.\nI sell balloons.\nI sell little red ones.\nI sell big blue ones.\n\nChildren buy balloons.\nChildren buy little red ones.\nChildren buy big blue ones.\n\nCome, children, come.\nCome and buy balloons.\nCome and buy red ones. Come and buy blue ones. Some balloons are red. Some balloons are blue. Some balloons are yellow. Some children buy yellow ones. Some children buy blue ones. Some children buy red ones. This is a big balloon. This is a big green balloon. Some buy green ones. And some buy yellow ones.\n\nThe man says,\n\"Come, boys, come and buy.\nCome and buy balloons, boys.\"\n\nThe boys come. The boys buy balloons.\n\nThe man says,\n\"Come, girls, come and buy.\nBuy some balloons.\nBuy some red ones.\nBuy some green ones.\"\n\nA little girl came by.\nShe saw the balloons.\nShe saw red balloons.\nShe saw green ones.\nShe saw blue ones.\nShe saw yellow ones.\n\nThe man said,\n\"Buy some balloons, little girl.\nI have pretty balloons.\nI have pretty blue ones.\nI have pretty green ones.\nI have pretty yellow ones.\"\n\nThe girl said, \"Buy some balloons, I will.\"\nI see the pretty red ones. I see the pretty green ones. I see the pretty yellow ones. I see the pretty blue ones.\nWill you buy? Will you buy? said the man.\nYes, I will. Yes, I will, said the girl.\nThe girl said, I want two red ones. I want two blue ones. I want two yellow ones. I want two green ones.\nA boy came by. He saw the balloon man. He saw the pretty balloons. He saw the girl\u2019s balloons.\nDo you want some balloons? said the man.\nI want three red ones. I want one green one. I want one yellow one. And I want three blue ones, said the boy.\nThe man gave the boy balloons. He gave him three red ones. He gave him one green one. He gave him one yellow one. And he gave him three blue ones.\nThe boy gave the man pennies.\nHe gave him pennies for balloons. He gave him three pennies. Then he gave him two pennies. Then he gave him one penny. The man said, \"The balloons are five pennies each. Five pennies for each green one. Five pennies for each yellow one. Five pennies for each blue one. Five pennies for each red one.\" The boy said, \"I don't have many pennies. I have pennies for a blue one. I have pennies for a red one. I have pennies for a yellow one.\" The man took the pennies. The boy took three balloons. He took the balloons home. \"Mother, Mother,\" said the boy, \"I have some balloons. I have some pretty ones. Come see my pretty balloons.\" Mother came. \"Yes, I see them,\" she said. \"I see your pretty balloons. The red one is pretty. The blue one is pretty. And the yellow one is pretty.\" \"Where did you get them?\" said mother. \"Where did you get the balloons?\"\nThe boy said, \"I bought the pretty balloons from the balloon man. I gave him pennies and he gave me balloons. Come, Bounce, see my balloons.\" Bounce came and said, \"Bow-wow, I see your balloons. I like your balloons.\" But the balloon man didn't like dogs. He asked the boy to take Bounce away.\nHe did not buy balloons again. The little girl came again with a white kitty. The kitty was a little white one. The kitty saw the balloons and said, \"Meow, meow. I like balloons. I like to play with them.\" The little girl said, \"Yes, kitty likes balloons. She likes to play with them and run with them.\" The man said, \"Buy some balloons for her. Buy some red, some purple, and some green ones.\" The girl said, \"I want many balloons. I want many for kitty. I have some pennies. I have pennies for balloons.\" \"I want purple and green ones,\" she said. \"I want six purple and four green ones. Kitty likes purple and green.\" The girl gave the man pennies. She gave him pennies for balloons. He gave her ten balloons. He gave her six purple and four green ones.\nThe girl took kitty and her balloons home. Kitty meowed, wanting to play with them. The girl gave kitty her balloons, and kitty ran and played. Pop went a balloon, frightening kitty, who ran away. The girl saw the balloon pop and kitty run. \"Come, kitty, come,\" she called. Kitty returned, and the girl asked if her balloon had popped. \"Meow, meow, yes, yes,\" kitty answered. \"You had nine balloons, Kitty, six of them purple. One purple one popped, leaving you with five.\" Kitty went to play again with her balloons, but another popped, frightening her and causing her to run away. Kitty returned to the girl, who noted that she now had eight balloons.\nYou had four green ones. One green one went pop. Now you have three green ones.\nCome, kitty, come, said the girl. Play with your balloons. Eight balloons are pretty. Kitty played and played. She played with her seven balloons. Another balloon went pop. All of kitty's balloons went pop. She did not have any now. The girl did not have any. Kitty played with the girl. The girl played with kitty.\n\nA KITTY\nI am a little yellow kitty. I run and play. I like to run and play. I say \"Meow, meow.\"\n\nA DOG\nI am a big black dog. I run and play. I bark and bite. I do not like cats.\n\nA HOUSE\nThis is a pretty red house. A boy lives in it. A girl lives in it too. Mother lives there.\nFather lives there too. Draw it.\n\nWORD LIST: am, balloon, balloons, have, I, man, the, big, little, blue, red, ones, sell, buy, children, girls, each, five, by, came, many, saw, not, She, home, pretty, took, said, see, Mother, my, yes, will, them, your, you, did, get, two, where, want, had, and, come, are, some, yellow, Girls, a, green, is, This, boys, says, boy, He, Do, Then, father, ran, to, from, got, one, three, gave, him, for, penny, pennies, black, Bounce, dog, like, again, away, take, kitty, white, was, Meow, meow, play, with, likes, run, her, purple, four, six, ten, played, Pop, frightened, nine, Now, eight, another, seven, all, any.\n\nFather and I live there. Draw a picture. The children, both girls and boys, come in many numbers. They saw balloons, big and little, blue and red, sell and buy them. She, whose home is pretty, took and said, \"See, Mother, will you get us two balloons, your and mine, for a penny or two? We want them, and they had come. And they are some yellow and Girls with a green one. This boy says, \"He did get one balloon, black, and bounces it like a dog. Likewise, another boy took a white kitty and it meows, \"Meow, meow.\" They all play with their balloons, some purple, some blue, some red, some boys and girls. The father ran to get one for a penny, and gave it to him. The balloon, called Pop, frightened the nine-year-old girl, Now eight, and another seven-year-old. All the children played with their balloons, some with numbers four, six, and ten.", "source_dataset": "Internet_Archive", "source_dataset_detailed": "Internet_Archive_LibOfCong"},
{"language": "eng", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "sponsor": "The Library of Congress", "contributor": "The Library of Congress", "date": "1932", "title": "Benito and Loreta Delfin, children of Alta California", "creator": "Leetch, Dorothy Lyman, 1895-", "lccn": "32023424", "collection": ["library_of_congress", "fedlink", "americana"], "shiptracking": "ST010819", "partner_shiptracking": "IAGC145", "call_number": "6881041", "identifier_bib": "00024803818", "lc_call_number": "PZ7.L516 Be", "possible-copyright-status": "The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item.", "note": "If you have a question or comment about this digitized item from the collections of the Library of Congress, please use the Library of Congress \u201cAsk a Librarian\u201d form: <a href=\"https://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/ask-internetarchive.html\">https://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/ask-internetarchive.html</a>", "publisher": "Boston, Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Co", "description": "267 p. incl. front., illus. 19 cm", "mediatype": "texts", "repub_state": "19", "page-progression": "lr", "publicdate": "2019-04-04 12:14:09", "updatedate": "2019-04-04 13:17:29", "updater": "associate-richard-greydanus@archive.org", "identifier": "benitoloretadelf00leet", "uploader": "associate-richard-greydanus@archive.org", "addeddate": "2019-04-04 13:17:31", "operator": "associate-richard-greydanus@archive.org", "tts_version": "2.1-final-2-gcbbe5f4", "camera": "Sony Alpha-A6300 (Control)", "scanner": "scribe2.capitolhill.archive.org", "imagecount": "280", "scandate": "20190409154547", "ppi": "300", "republisher_operator": "associate-leah-mabaga@archive.org", "republisher_date": "20190411134620", "republisher_time": "317", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://archive.org/details/benitoloretadelf00leet", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t44r5gf83", "curation": "[curator]associate-manuel-dennis@archive.org[/curator][date]20190508172710[/date][state]approved[/state][comment]invoice201904[/comment]", "scanfee": "300;10.7;214", "invoice": "36", "sponsordate": "20190430", "additional-copyright-note": "No known restrictions; no copyright renewal found.", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:1156391611", "backup_location": "ia906901_3", "oclc-id": "7565255", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.21", "ocr_converted": "abbyy-to-hocr 1.1.37", "page_number_confidence": "91", "page_number_module_version": "1.0.3", "creation_year": 1932, "content": "[Benito and Loreta Delfin, Children of Alta California\nBy Dorothy Lyman Leetch (Mrs. Langford Wheaton Smith)\nAuthor of \"Tommy Tucker on a Plantation\" and \"Annetje and Her Family\"\nIllustrated by Jo Mora\nBoston: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Co.\n\nCopyright, 1932, Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Co. All Rights Reserved\n\nBenito and Loreta Delfin\n\nContents\n\nChapter\nI The Twins\nII A Day at the Casa del Arroyo\nIII An Indian Fiesta\nIV A Ship Comes In\nV Washday\nVI Harvesting at the Mission\nVII A Trip to Ross\nVIII To Monterey for the Winter\nIX School\nX Christmas Eve\nXI A Christening and a Wedding\nXII Home for the Rodeo\n\nIllustrations\n\nSo off the twins went (Page 8) Frontispiece]\nThe Mission San Francisco de Asis... Gertrudis wandered about, caring for flowers and plants. \"You little rascal!\" The clumsy team moved slowly on. To fight to the death. They came alongside the Orion. The horses had seen the bears, too. Benito had brought it down. It was still early when Padre Toribio knocked at the gate. Mission San Carlos de Borromeo (Car--). \"As far as I can see, there are just hills and hills.\" Indeed, it was an adventure! Sailing toward Monterey. They saw the schoolmaster. Loreta Delfin had a beautiful costume. He strummed his guitar. Gertrudis and Roberto. The hot branding-iron. The young men played carrera de gallo. Several bulls were thus coursed.\nBenito and Loreta Delfin\n\nCHAPTER I\nTHE TWINS\n\n\"Benito, where are you?\" a girl called in a musical Spanish voice.\n\nBenito lay hidden under a low bush near the top of a sandy hill. He was teasing and pretended not to hear his sister as she trudged up the hillside. She was carrying a big flat basket such as the Indians made. In it were the fragrant leaves of the yerba buena which she had been gathering. The wind blew her orange-colored skirt into bright billows about her as she climbed. Her thick black braids fell to her waist. She wore a short blue velvet jacket over a camisa, or blouse, of sheer white muslin with short full sleeves that left her arms bare at the elbow. The smooth, creamy skin of her cheeks was flushed with walking. Her sparkling black eyes searched for her brother.\nShe came so close to Benito before she saw him that he was able to catch her ankle and laughingly pull her down beside him.\n\n\"Oh, Benito,\" she said, \"you have made me spill the herbs I\u2019ve been gathering all morning.\"\n\n\"There is plenty of that weed,\" he said, boy-fashion, but he helped her gather up the minty leaves.\n\nBenito and Loreta Delfin were twins, and both were tall for their eleven years. They were the best of friends. If Benito had been a girl or Loreta Delfin a boy, neither would have been more companionable for the other. They had grown up on the ranch of their father, Don Carlos Alejandro Flores, and a more carefree, happy life could not be imagined.\n\nThere were three brothers and three sisters older than the twins. Marcella, the oldest daughter of Don Carlos and Dona Maria Teresa, was married.\nJohn Nichols, an American named Juan, was a supercargo on an American sailing vessel that traded along the California coast when he married Marcella. They resided at Monterey and had two children: the twins, Salvador and Domingo, who were soldiers at the Presidio of San Francisco where the Spanish flag still waved. Prudencia, seventeen and unmarried, was beginning to be called an old maid and held in respect. She spent much time praying at the Mission and caring for sick Indians. Loreta Delfin loved her quiet sister Prudencia more than her gay and beautiful sister Maria Gertrudis, who sang and danced and would soon be the most popular senorita at a baile. Next came Tomas, two years older than the twins.\nTomas and his father were fond of each other, and together they went for long rides over the broad lands of the rancho. It was hard to find a more daring and skillful rider than Tomas among the young men of the community. Benito couldn't decide which of his brothers he admired more. When he saw the soldiers in their gay uniforms drilling at the Presidio, he wanted to be a soldier like Salvador and Domingo. At rodeo time, he longed to ride like Tomas and be a vaquero on his father's rancho. But his heart always turned back to the sea and ships.\n\nThat very morning, he had wandered away from Loreta Delfin and the boys and girls who were gathering herbs, and climbed the hillside where he could see the bay. It lay still and sparkling, surrounded by rugged hills, which were green now, after the winter rains.\nBenito lay in the little cove where some trading ships came to anchor. Beyond was the island called Yerba Buena, where the ships' crews got wood and water for their long voyage home. Benito was never tired of watching for the white-winged vessels which came to trade their stores for hides and tallow.\n\nHe and Loreta Delfin lay on their stomachs watching the blue water below them. Benito began the story his sister knew so well.\n\n\"I was a very little boy when Juan Nichols first took me to see his ship. You may not remember.\n\n\"Anyway, Juan took me on his horse. When we came to the ship, he let me go aboard. I marveled at the tall masts, the ropes, and the sails. The sailors were kind to me, and they gave me a piece of bread and a cup of water. I felt so important, standing there among the men and their mighty ship.\"\nto the shore, we got into a small boat and a sailor rowed us out to the ship.\n\"Not the horse, too,\" said Loreta Delfin.\n\"Certainly not, you silly! We left the horse on shore. When we reached the ship, The Twins 17, we climbed right up the side of the ship on a rope ladder.\"\n\"You mean Juan carried you up the ladder. He would have had to if you were so very small,\" Loreta Delfin reminded him.\n\"Maybe I did sit on his shoulders and hold on to his head,\" admitted Benito.\nWhile we were aboard, I climbed up to the top of the mast and mended sails and tarred ropes. When the captain ordered us to lower the main topsail and run up the royal, we did it in a jiffy.\nLoreta Delfin let him go on without more corrections. She knew very well that every time he told this story it became more amazing, for he put into it exaggerations.\nI. John Nichols had taken Benito aboard the brig Waverly from Boston six years prior. Loreta Delfin recalled, \"I found Juan and Marcella in the patio alone. I hid behind the big olla and heard Juan ask Marcella to marry him. Marcella saw me and made me promise not to tell anyone, as Juan's father should ask our father about it first. Juan's father lived so far away that they arranged the marriage through Padre Toribio. They were married.\" Benito confided, \"Juan has promised to take me into the trading business as a partner some day. Maybe I'll own a ship myself and can sail around the Horn to Boston.\" Loreta inquired, \"What shall I do then?\"\nDelfin couldn't imagine life without Benito. \"Perhaps you could come as a passenger. You could if I owned the ship,\" he assured her.\n\nThe Twins\n\n\"I think it's time to go home now,\" said Loreta Delfin.\n\nStrands of fog were beginning to drift in from the ocean, which lay beyond the twin-peaked hill behind them. The shadows lengthened in the ravines as Loreta Delfin and Benito made their way down to the valley and followed a road leading from the shore to Mission San Francisco de Asis.\n\nThe Angelus bell had just rung. Across the fields, the Indians were coming towards the wide-spreading adobe buildings with red-tiled roofs and the church with a columned fachada that belonged to the Mission.\n\nThe twins watched with delight a race between two Indian boys. The brown bodies of these boys lay close to their sides as they ran.\nponies neck to neck as they sped homeward. The riders were lithe and fearless, like the animals. Benito and Loreta Delfin laughed aloud as they saw the Indian boys halt, dismount, and don their coarse cotton shirts and trousers before approaching the Mission, where Padre Toribio's watchful eye would see their happiness in forgoing clothes and civilization.\n\nIn the courtyard of the rancheria behind the Mission, fires burned under the great kettles of atole, the thick gruel of maize flour that, with vegetables and some beef, was the usual food of the Mission Indians. In exchange for food, shelter, and protection, thousands of Indians labored for the padres and accepted their ways.\n\nBenito and Loreta Delfin soon left the road and made their way in the twilight.\nThe frogs croaked around Laguna de los Dolores. Frogs croaked in the tulares, and little birds hopped and twittered in the willows. A coyote barked his shrill, high call as they followed the path over the hill. There, on a rise of ground near a small ravine, where a sparkling stream ran, stood their own low, rambling adobe house, the Casa del Arroyo, with whitewashed walls and tiled roof. The house, bare and plain as it appeared, was safer built away from the trees due to the possibility of a surprise attack by hostile Indians or wild animals. Behind the walls, masses of gay flowers bloomed in a tidy patio, which was the center of family life. The vine-clad logia was cool and pleasant even during the heat of the day, and in fair weather, the Flores family spent much of their time outdoors.\nThe twins hurried through the fading light and were soon at the patio gate. They let themselves in just as the family was gathering for the evening meal.\n\nChapter II\nA Day at the Casa del Arroyo\n\nDoha Maria Teresa, La Patrona of the Casa del Arroyo, called her family together for morning prayers as soon as she was up. As soon as she was up, La Patrona unlocked the cell-like bedrooms of her family. At night, the sons were locked in by the father, and the daughters by the mother.\n\nJuana and Josefina, the Indian girls who lived at the ranch, came from the despensa, or pantry-room, where they had been grinding maize on stone metates for the morning tortillas. The cook came from the kitchen, where a fire was already glowing in the adobe oven, or hornilla.\n\n\"Come, muchachos,\" called La Patrona.\nThe Indians, Felipe and Gaspar, along with the Indian major-domo, were lounging near the gate. \"Come, kneel and thank the good God for His care,\" Trona said to them.\n\nPrudencia was usually at her devotions when her mother unlocked her door, but Loreta Delfin and Gertrudis had to be shaken awake. Tomas and Benito quickly and sleepily tumbled out of bed to their knees at their mother's voice.\n\nOnce all family members had been roused and the servants had gathered, the alabado, with its thanksgiving for care, petition for protection, and song of praise, was offered by the household in unison.\n\nAfter prayers, the younger children were allowed to go back to bed and sleep, if an aged grandfather did not ask them questions from the Spanish catechism.\nThrough the childhood of Salva, Dor, Domingo, Marcella, and Gertrudis, the thin high voice of Grandfather Flores asked them every morning, \"Children, who made you?\" The reply from those not too sleepy to hear the question was, \"God.\" \"Children, who died for you?\" \"God.\" The old soldier had died, and only Loreta Delfin and Benito were allowed to return to sleep undisturbed until breakfast time. After prayers, Gertrudis and Prudencia dressed and went about their household duties. Every day, chocolate was freshly ground in a small stone mortar with a pestle. This work usually fell to Gertrudis, who cared little for such tasks. Juana and Josefina mixed tortillas from the meal they had just ground. Water and salt were added, and small balls were made of the paste. These were formed into tortillas.\nGertrudis, annoyed, tossed the dough between her bare arms until the tortilla was thin. \"Clumsy girl,\" she chided Juana as a cake slipped from her hands to the earthen floor. \"Watch how I make a tortilla.\" Lightly, Gertrudis flipped the soft dough from one arm to the other until it was as thin as paper. \"This one will be perfect if the cook doesn't burn it,\" she said, placing it on the smooth, hot adobe stove top. To prevent burning, she watched and turned the tortillas often until they were crisp and golden brown. When a pile was ready, Gertrudis carried them and a pot of chocolate to her father and Tomas, who waited in their rooms for early breakfast.\nDoha Maria Teresa and her daughters joined her mother and sister in the pleasant room with whitewashed walls, colored prints of the Virgin and Saints, heavy polished furniture covered with horsehair, and potted plants in deep window-ledges, all gay with bloom. By the time they had finished their chocolate, Tomas and Don Carlos were in the patio ready for their morning ride. They were a handsome pair. Don Carlos was tall and strong, with a fresh complexion, large black eyes, and a wide-brimmed hat of soft dark felt with a gay band and twisted cord of gold braid. The brim was lined with bright green silk. He wore a white shirt open at the neck.\nA handsome pair, Don Carlos and Tomas, were dressed in ornamented vests with gold braid and filigree buttons, short jackets of dark cloth, velveteen knee-breeches trimmed with buttons like those on the vests, scarlet silk sashes around their waists with fringed ends hanging down at the side, and botas or leggings of fine soft deerskin, richly colored and stamped with beautiful devices, tied at the knee with a silk cord wound two or three times below the knee. Over Don Carlos' shoulder was thrown a poncho of black broadcloth, richly trimmed. Don Carlos wore a velvet-trimmed vest and Tomas was dressed similarly, but without vest or poncho. Don Carlos' black hair was bound close to his head with a red silk handkerchief, and over this he wore a felt sombrero trimmed with gold lace. Benito and Loreta, their sons, were also dressed in such attire, marked as gente de razon. Tomas did not wear a vest or poncho. His black hair was bound close to his head with a red silk handkerchief, and over this he wore a felt sombrero trimmed with gold lace.\nAnd at the gate, the Indian major-domo sat mounted. Felipe held two spirited horses for Don Carlos and Tomas. Gaspar came into the patio to fasten silver spurs, inlaid with gold, on his master's boots. Tomas put about his waist the armored vests, which was worn while riding to protect the breeches from the chafing of the reata, or lasso rope. It was made of two pieces of well-tanned deerskin stitched to a narrow belt of the same skin. This was tied about the waist. Each piece fell over the thigh and was fastened with small thongs below the knee.\n\nAs they got into their richly ornamented saddles, Dona Maria Teresa came out of the house with Prudencia and Gertrudis to wave as they galloped off over the hill.\n\nThey were no sooner out of sight than a troupe of laughing Indian girls came.\nUp the path from the Mission to work at the rancho, they were dressed in loose garments made of the coarse cotton material woven at the Mission. Their black hair fell straight to their shoulders or was in plaits to the waist. One or two had gay striped Indian serapes around their shoulders. All were jolly and content.\n\nGaspar and Felipe loitered about the gate and called \"Buenos dias\" to the girls as they came up the hill. \"Buenos dias\" was the answer, and a jest passed here and there, but not a girl lingered to talk. Dona Maria Teresa was very strict, and every girl dreaded her displeasure and wished to keep the privilege of working at the casa grande, as they called the big ranch house. It was much more pleasant than working at the Mission. They loved gay Gertrudis and quiet Prudencio.\nThe girls stopped their chatter and entered the patio in silence. La Patrona sat waiting to give them their daily orders. Some, who were skilled in spinning, sewing, and weaving, went into the small rooms where they made garments for the vaqueros and family servants at the ranch. Prudencia taught others to embroider and make lace. As they worked, she spoke to them in her soft, sweet voice about God\u2019s love and care, and they never tired of hearing her message. In the patio, two Indian girls sprinkled and swept the hard earth until it was as clean as a floor. Gertrudis wandered about, caring for flowers and plants that stood in the garden.\nThe family gathered in the patio in the morning and evening. At noon, they sought shelter in the vine-clad logia or the cool sala. Dona Maria Teresa directed a half-dozen Indian girls as they cleaned. In the kitchen, preparations were made for the merido, eaten at 9 o'clock when Don Carlos and his son returned from their ranch ride. Carne asada, steak with onions and gravy, eggs, and tortillas of corn or wheat were served, along with the red sauce. Gertrudis wandered about, caring for flowers and plants. A Day at the Casa Del Arroyo.\nBenito and Loreta Delfin's mornings began with beans or frijoles. While the household chores were underway, Benito and Loreta slept peacefully in their small, cell-like rooms until the sun shone upon their faces, awakening them. Swiftly, Benito donned his shirt and trousers, and with a light reata in hand, he headed to the patio to practice lassoing.\n\nThe Indian girls had completed their tasks there and departed for others. A few hens scratched about the shrubbery, and a mother cat and her kittens lounged in a sunny corner. As Benito circuited the patio, he lassoed the chickens, which squawked in protest. Upon release, they wisely scratched elsewhere. Then Benito attempted to catch the cat. She too evaded him, with ruffled fur.\nkittens trailing behind her. On the steps of the logia, he saw Gertrudis braiding red ribbons into her long black hair. He sneaked up on her, and before she heard him, he had her fast, begging for mercy.\n\n\"You little rascal!\" she said. \"I\u2019ll teach you to lasso me!\" And up she jumped, struggling to free her arms as she ran after Benito, who dropped the reata and took to his heels.\n\nBenito knew from experience that to be caught meant a sound whipping with the rope on his bare legs. He kept well ahead of his sister in their chase around the patio and logia at Casa Del Arroyo 37. Both were laughing hard, and while Gertrudis had her arms bound, Benito could outrun her. As soon as she was free of the rope, however, she lifted her long full skirts, and \"YOU LITTLE RASCAL!\" her feet were as swift and light as his.\nBenito was all but caught, when their mother, hearing the noise, came out to see what was the matter.\n\n\"Come, come,\" she said, clapping her hands. \"This will never do. It is nearly time for your father to return. He will not be kept waiting for his breakfast, and you two are in need of a fresh toilet.\"\n\nShe looked first at the tousled boy with his shirt hanging out and then at her flushed and handsome daughter with kerchief awry and her long black hair partly unbraided and streaming behind her.\n\n\"Go,\" she said. \"Make yourselves tidy before your father's return.\"\n\nBenito and Gertrudis, without a word, went to their rooms to repair the damages of their merry chase.\n\nWhile all this was happening, Loreta Delfin slipped into the despensa to beg from Juana a cake of coarse brown sugar, called panocha. She stayed in.\nthe pantry to eat it unobserved and had just come into the patio when her father and Tomas rode up to the house. She ran to meet them.\n\n\"Buenos dias, little flower,\" her father called to her. And, as if noticing for the first time how tall she was, he said, \"You will soon be too old to lie abed when we ride. Then,\" he added, \"the last of my babes will be grown.\"\n\nBy the time Don Carlos and Tomas were ready for their breakfast, the rest of the family had come into the logia.\n\nGertrudis' hair was now neatly braided with the red ribbon, and Benito had added a sash and jacket to his shirt and trousers. Dona Maria Teresa had unwrapped the gay silk work-turban from her own head, and her hair shone in glossy black loops above a high comb.\n\nAs the family seated themselves at the long table, no one would have guessed\nThey had been up for hours and accomplished most of the day's tasks. Tomas and Don Carlos were unfatigued after their hours in the saddle. No riding tired these slim athletic Spaniards of Alta California. All were hungry, and their generous meal was eaten with relish, without conversation.\n\nAfter breakfast, Don Carlos rode off on a fresh horse to the Mission to discuss hides and tallow with Padre Toribio. Tomas remained at home, strumming his guitar as he sat with his sisters in the shaded logia. Gertrudis and Prudencia were embroidering, and Loreta Delfin was trying to learn a few stitches to decorate her doll's petticoat. Benito had left the patio to throw his reata where the temptation to lasso his sisters would not be so strong.\n\nShortly after noon, the family met again for prayers and dinner similar to...\nDuring the early hours of the afternoon, the household usually rested in their rooms. Later on, friends often came to gossip and sip tea in the patio. At six o'clock, the family gathered for devotions and a light meal. Unless there was a party planned for the evening, the rosario was recited early and another alabado chanted in unison. By nine, the family would be in bed.\n\nCHAPTER III\n\nAN INDIAN FIESTA\n\nEnito and Loreta Delfin ran into the storeroom one morning.\n\n\"Oh, Mother,\" Benito called, \"They are going to have a fiesta at the Mission. The Indians are going to have a holiday tomorrow. May we go to watch the games and the bull-fight and the dances in the evening?\"\n\nDona Maria Teresa didn't care about seeing the \"savages,\" as she called them, at their rough games, but she knew the children.\nThe children loved it. Salvador, Domingo, Marcella, Gertrudis, and Tomas had all begged to go to the Indian fiestas. The dirt, noise, and barbarity never seemed to offend them.\n\n\"Yes,\" she said, \"you may go, if your father will take you.\"\n\n\"Joy! Joy!\" shouted Benito and Loreta Delfin, joining hands and jumping up and down, yelling like savages themselves.\n\n\"Oh, children, children!\" their mother begged. \"Go to the patio and shout to the skies. The house is too small for you.\"\n\nWhen Don Carlos came in for dinner, the twins were waiting for him.\n\n\"There's going to be a fiesta at the Mission tomorrow! We can go, we can go!\" And remembering their manners, both Benito and Loreta Delfin said in their nicest voices, \"If you will be so good as to take us, Father.\"\n\nDon Carlos laughed. \"You children\"\nThe family was eager to hear the news and planned to go to the Mission for the special Mass and fiesta. The whole family was up earlier than usual the next morning. After prayers and breakfast, household duties were hurried. However, the Indian girls from the Mission did not come. Juana and Josefina were dismissed for the day and went off with Felipe and Gaspar. Tomas and Gertrudis were to ride to the Mission with Don Carlos. Benito begged to go with them instead of in the carreta with his mother, Prudencia, and Loreta Delfin. \"I'm no baby,\" he stormed.\n\nInput: An Indian Fiesta\nBenito questioned, \"Why can't I ride in an ox-cart with Father and Tomas, like a man?\"\n\nPrudencia replied, \"Ah, Benito, a baby is not asked to hitch and ride with his mother and sisters.\"\n\nBenito felt better at once. The old Indian who walked by the head of the oxen promised him that he might carry the long ox-goad to prod the beasts when they needed it. This more than made up for not being allowed to make the trip on horseback.\n\nThe carreta was a rude, wooden cart without springs. The wheels were made of cross-cut sections of logs. Over the top was stretched an awning of gayly striped canvas. Two low-hung steps in the back of the cart made it easier for the passengers to climb in and out. The great hulking oxen, with wide-spread horns, were hitched to the cart on either side of a long pole. Leather thongs fastened the yoke, which was tied.\nTo the back of their horns, close to the heads, the poor beasts bore all the strain when the load was heavy. As the carreta made slow and rough progress, it was time for it to start first. Loreta Delfin and Benito were ready long before their mother and Prudencia.\n\nWhile they were waiting, Benito said, \"Let's play cuatrito! I'll bet you my buttons you can't throw to the line as often as I can.\"\n\n\"You've got your best jacket on,\" Loreta Delfin reminded him, \"and I won't let you cut your buttons off.\" Then she teasingly added, \"So you think you can beat me? Let's see!\"\n\nBenito drew a line on the ground and counted off the steps they were to stand away from it. He took two flat stones from his pocket and handed one to Loreta Delfin.\n\n\"My first throw!\" they both shouted at once.\nBenito said, \"We'll have to throw for it,\" and tossed his stone carefully. It hit the mark but slid several inches farther. Loreta Delfin dropped her stone nearer the line, and Benito gave her the first throw. The game was going at a lively rate, with Loreta Delfin two points ahead. Then Benito dropped his stone right on the line, and Loreta Delfin threw too carefully and fell short. Benito jumped up and down for joy. \"One more throw, and I'm even,\" he shouted. Just then Prudencia called, \"Come, children. Mother is already in the carretas.\" Benito and Loreta replied, \"Just one more throw,\" and again he took careful aim. \"Come, children, come! We shall never get there,\" Prudencia repeated, just as Benito's stone fell atop the mark. They ran laughingly to the carretas. Loreta Delfin climbed into the cart.\nBenito ran to the head of the oxen. \"It's safe to bet on my best jacket with you,\" he called back to her good-naturedly. With great creaking and groaning, the carreta started over the hill. \"The lazy Indian did not soap these wheels last night. We shall be deaf with the noise before we get to the Mission,\" said Doha Maria Teresa, but her soft voice was lost in the noise of the wheels as the clumsy team moved slowly on.\n\nAs they drew near the head of the valley where the Mission San Francisco de Asis stood, they saw other carretas going in the same direction. Horsemen too, were in sight. Benito and Loreta Delfin were among the few Spanish families who had built their comfortable adobe homes near the mission, and every member attended its services faithfully. \"Father has come,\" called Benito.\nDon Carlos stood talking with two or three rancheros of his acquaintance. Tomas and Gertrudis were standing with a group of young people at the steps of the church. The bells began to ring as Senora Flores and her children climbed down from the carreta. The ladies shook out their crumpled skirts and straightened their black lace mantillas for each other. Loreta Delfin and Benito ran ahead to join Don Carlos. The Indian neophytes in holiday attire were already in line, two by two, waiting for the gente de razon to enter the church before they marched in, singing as they went.\n\nAn Indian Fiesta\n\nFew were the fair Spanish faces in that congregation of Indians who filled the long narrow nave of the church. Indeed, it was the Indians\u2019 own church. A few of the older men present had acquired some Spanish education, but the majority were illiterate. The women, with their dark eyes and glossy black hair, outnumbered the men. The air was filled with the pungent smell of roasting corn and the sound of Indian music. The festivities had begun.\nThe workers, under the direction of the padres, had built the great walls, four feet thick, of adobe brick. They hauled great timbers for roof beams, hewing them by hand and lashing them together with rawhide thongs. Some of the Indians, who were little boys at the time, remembered making pegs of manzanita wood, which were used in building instead of nails. The plastered walls and ceiling were gay with decorations, painted in bright colors by Indian artists. The floors were laid with tiles made by hand. There were no benches, and the congregation sat on rugs and mats.\n\nLoreta and Benito Delfin found the altar very beautiful with its bright decorations and pictures of the Saints, which had been brought from Spain. The altar ornaments were of sparkling silver.\nAnd they wore golden ornaments. Beautiful were the rich robes the padres donned over their drab habits during the Mass. A choir of Indian singers chanted the Mass, utilizing great music books on a revolving stand. To aid the singers in learning their parts, the notes for each voice were painted in different colors.\n\nToday the sermon was brief, for the Indians were restless and eager to engage in their sports and play. After the benediction, the church emptied swiftly, and there was scarcely an Indian to be seen near the building when Loreta Delfin and Benito emerged.\n\nPadre Toribio and his colleague, Padre Quijas, were at the door in sandals and loose-fitting, big-sleeved, hooded habits, belted at the waist with a knotted rope. They greeted each person who passed them.\n\n\"Ah, friends,\" Padre Toribio said, \"I\"\n\"I'm happy to see you. Will you have a cup of chocolate with me before you start home?\"\n\n\"Thank you, Padre,\" Dona Maria Teresa replied, \"Don Carlos is staying with the children to see the Indian games and dances. Prudencia and I must not wait too long before starting home, but a little refreshment will be welcome.\"\n\nPadre Toribio led the way with Senora Flores and Loreta Delfin to the apartment where guests were treated to all the hospitality the Mission afforded. Prudencia, Benito, and Don Carlos followed. Gertrudis and Tomas excused themselves to ride off with friends for breakfast at a neighboring ranch.\n\nBenito was anxious to see what the Indians were doing, but his father said they were eating and that there would be plenty of time to see the games.\n\n\"I shouldn't like to be a padre,\" Benito said.\nPrudencia whispered to him, \"I wouldn't like to wear that long gown. It must be awfully prickly and hot, and you couldn't ride horseback well or run quickly.\"\n\n\"Oh,\" Prudencia replied, \"Saint Francis was willing to give up fine clothes for the loose, shapeless garment of drab wool, and these, his brothers, are trying to follow, in sandaled feet, the way he taught them to draw near to God.\"\n\nBenito thought Prudencia was right, so he didn't say any more. But he knew he wouldn't like to have the hair taken off the top of his head in a little circle like Padre Toribio's. He wasn't quite sure how they got it off and was just a little afraid it was pulled out, one hair at a time.\n\nWhen the guests were seated in the long, low cool room with plastered walls and beamed ceiling, Indian women served them.\nSenora Flores and Prudencia brought bowls of fruit, chocolate, and plates of crisp brown tortillas. After their ride, all were hungry and ate heartily of the simple meal. Senora Flores and Prudencia were anxious to be off and sent Benito to check if the carreta was ready.\n\nDon Carlos saw them safely started and then rejoined Padre Toribio and Padre Quijas to talk about the business of supplying the soldiers at the Presidio with food and clothes. Benito and Loreta Delfin were allowed to go about as they pleased, watching the Indians at their games.\n\nSome of the young Indian men were standing around a square which had been cleared of grass. They held cane-like sticks about five feet long. A small ring, three or four inches across, was set rolling, and two players at a time tried to pass their stick through it while it was in motion.\nIf a player succeeded in the game, it counted two points for his side, or one point if the hoop rested on the stick when it stopped. The game was lively as the hoop was kept constantly rolling, and the Indians ran and shouted as they tried to spear it. The twins thought they would like to try this game in the patio at home. Loreta Delfin wondered where they could get such long straight sticks and such a little hoop.\n\nAn Indian Fiesta, page 57\n\n\"Perhaps we could carve a ring,\" Benito suggested. \"I will ask Tomas to watch for long straight sticks when he is riding over the rancho. I may be able to find some down by the laguna myself.\"\n\nLoud shouts and a kind of singing drew their attention to a group of men and women not far away. Benito and Loreta Delfin ran to where a game of tousee was being played. Four men were on their knees on each side of a big pit, and a small hoop was suspended over it.\nThe Indian blanket swayed from side to side in time to a chant sung by the women behind it. Players on one side concealed a black bone and a white bone in the hand of one of their number. The players on the opposite side had to guess which side held the black bone. If they guessed correctly, they received the bones; if not, a counter was placed on their side. There were fourteen counters, and all must be gained to win the game. While the bones were being passed from one player to another, the men held a blanket in their teeth to hide their hands. The women behind them shouted, made faces, and gestured to distract the attention of the opposing side, while the sharp eyes of the Indians watched every move of their opponents for any sign that would help them.\nBenito and Loreta Delfin watched the game for a long time, until it grew crowded around the players and they could no longer see them. Then they wandered off to watch another game being played by men and women divided into two bands. Each had a curved wooden stick, and half of the players were trying to push a wooden ball toward a mark while the other half tried to thrust it back. This did not interest the twins, and they soon went where a crowd was gathering around a tall pole that looked like a ship's mast with something tied to the top.\n\nBenito and Loreta Delfin learned that the pole was greased with tallow and sprinkled with dirt and ashes. The bundle at the top was a new suit of clothes and a gay serape for the boy who could climb to the top and get it.\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in good condition and does not require extensive cleaning. The only minor correction needed is the addition of \"An Indian Fiesta\" before the first line for context.)\n\nAn Indian Fiesta: Benito and Loreta Delfin watched the game for a long time, until it grew crowded around the players and they could no longer see them. Then they wandered off to watch another game being played by men and women divided into two bands. Each had a curved wooden stick, and half of the players were trying to push a wooden ball toward a mark while the other half tried to thrust it back. This did not interest the twins, and they soon went where a crowd was gathering around a tall pole that looked like a ship's mast with something tied to the top.\n\nBenito and Loreta Delfin learned that the pole was greased with tallow and sprinkled with dirt and ashes. The bundle at the top was a new suit of clothes and a gay serape for the boy who could climb to the top and get it.\nA long line of Indian boys waited their turn to try. Shouting and laughing as one after another, the climbers slipped and slid back a foot for every one they advanced up the pole.\n\n\"I don't think clothes are much of a prize for all that work,\" said Benito. \"Especially since the Indians would rather not wear any.\"\n\n\"They do like the gay serapes,\" said Loreta Delfin. \"And besides, if they have to wear clothes, I guess they think this is easier than making them.\"\n\nOne of the boys was well on the way to the top of the pole and the crowd was growing silent with excitement when Don Carlos came up behind the children.\n\n\"Come, children,\" he said. \"The pares are waiting for dinner for us.\"\n\n\"Oh, let us see if he gets to the top!\" begged both the twins.\n\nBut Don Carlos said they could not.\nkeep children waiting and took them by the hand, leading them away. Just as they were about to enter the Mission, they heard a great shout. Benito looked over his shoulder and saw that the bundle was gone from the top of the pole.\n\n\"Good!\" he cried. \"He got it, he got it!\" And both he and Loreta Delfin joined the shouting.\n\nAn Indian Fiesta\n\nIn the afternoon, there was to be a bullfight. The Indians had trapped a grizzly-bear, the padres told them, and had been saving it to fight the fiercest bull they had. After dinner and a short rest, the padres and Don Carlos took Benito and Loreta Delfin into the inner quadrangle of the Mission. Here, a barricade had been built, and crowds of men and boys stood watching the pen where the bull had been shut up for several days in darkness. The twins climbed up on a bench under one of the windows.\nThe big arches of the logia offered a view over the heads of the Indians. No one in the crowd of Spaniards and Indians thought it cruel to set a poor, frightened wild beast and a half-starved bull, blinded by sunlight, against each other to fight to the death.\n\nBenito and Loreta Delfin were among the crowd. Everyone had chosen their favorite, and they cheered wildly for the bull and the bear in turn. As the fight went on, the growling of the cornered bear and the roaring and stamping of the wounded bull frightened Loreta Delfin. She closed her eyes many times before it was over. She was really glad Benito was so engrossed in watching that he didn't notice her. She couldn't look, even if Benito did.\n\nAn Indian Fiesta\n\nAn Indian laughed and teased Loreta, saying she was only a girl and, of course, a coward.\nThe bear was killed, and the crowd dispersed. The padres suggested they explore the Mission, but Benito requested to ride with his father to the Presidio. Padre Toribio agreed and took Loreta Delfin with him on his rounds through the workshops.\n\nTogether, the drably clad priest and gayly dressed Loreta Delfin walked through the Mission. They entered all the small rooms where spinning, weaving, and sewing were done by Indian girls. They saw shops where men and boys worked with leather and metal, making shoes, saddles, harnesses, and farm implements. Piles of bags made of skins for storing tallow were visible, along with great kettles filled with soap in the making and dye-stuff for leather and wool in one corner of the patio.\n\nOn a workday, all was as busy as a beehive, but today, not an Indian was to be seen.\n\nBenito and Loreta Delfin\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in good condition, and no major cleaning is required.)\n\"Seen in the shop, and the footsteps of the two echoed on the tiled floors.\n\n\"Padre Toribio, they are to have dancing tonight, aren't they?\" asked Loreta. \"I like that better than bullfights.\"\n\n\"Yes, my child,\" the padre answered. \"I let them play as much as they wish on fiesta days. Afterwards, they work all the better for it and go more willingly to the services of the church. They are just brown children,\" he added, \"and cannot leave off their strange ways too suddenly.\"\n\nToward evening, the Indians gathered in groups about great kettles where meat had been cooking. It was truly a feast-day, and after their games they were hungry. While some were eating, others were making preparations for the dance. A great bonfire had been built in a cleared space and small fires laid about it in a wide circle, ready to light the dance area.\"\nBenito and Don Carlos returned before the Angelus bell, preparing for their supper. Benito mentioned he had seen Indians painting themselves and getting ready for the evening. \"They are making stripes and patterns all over their bodies,\" he said. \"I wouldn't like to meet them alone. They look dreadfully scary with white circles around their eyes and big headresses.\"\n\nAfter a light supper of frijoles, cold roast pigeon, chocolate, and tortillas, Don Carlos, the two padres, and the twins went outside into the twilight. A great crowd of Indians were seated or standing outside the circle of small fires. These were being lit by boys with torches, and the flickering light began to brighten the space where the dancing was to take place. The musicians had gathered and were preparing.\nThe people began making strange music on their simple instruments. Pipes of split reeds, castanets of bone tied with leather, drums of skin, rattles of tortoise-shells filled with pebbles, all made a kind of rumbling accompaniment to the droning hum of voices in a minor key. Soon, the dancers appeared; the men with painted bodies and strange head-dresses, the women in skirts made of the tails of rabbits and squirrels, trimmed with bird feathers. Their arms were covered with shell bracelets and their necks hung with beads. The watching Indians took up a soft chant, which sounded to Spanish ears like:\n\nAn Indian Fiesta (1967)\n\"I-ah-we-lay; I-ah-we-lay-lah;\nHa-low-hal-wah-ah-kay,\"\n\nsung over and over again. The dancers formed a circle about the central fire and slowly lifted first one foot and then the other in a sideways movement in time to the drums, rattles, and pipes.\nAnd the soft clapping of many hands. It was all very strange and beautiful, out there in the firelight with the sky like dark-blue velvet and the stars coming out like fireflies. Suddenly, there was a shout. The dancers shot their arms outward and leaped into the air and whirled about with strange ecstasy, and then just as suddenly dropped again into the first rhythmical step, with a more rapid swaying of the upper part of the body.\n\nAfter they had watched this for some time, Don Carlos said they must go home. Benito and Loreta Delfin wanted to stay longer, but Padre Toribio said the same thing would keep up a long time, with new dancers taking the places of those who were tired.\n\nSo Don Carlos mounted his horse and lifted Loreta Delfin in front of him. Benito mounted another horse.\nThey promised to ride close behind. They thanked Padre Toribio and Padre Quijas for their kindness and hospitality during the day and then started for home. As they climbed the hillside, the flickering fires became still bright spots on the dark floor of the valley. The dancers disappeared in the shadows. Loreta Delfin's head dropped on her father's shoulder, and her eyes closed. She could still hear the faint thump-thump of the drums and the queer sing-song chant of the Indians, but sleep soon put an end to a long happy day.\n\nChapter IV\n\nA Ship Comes In\n\nFiestas didn't come every day. Life at the Casa del Arroyo went on for several weeks in the usual quiet way before anything happened to give Benito and Loreta Delfin something new to talk about. One morning, Domingo rode up to the house in a great state of excitement.\nA ship had been sighted from the fort. It was not yet known whether she was the long-expected relief from San Bias or traders from Boston or England. Some thought it might even be pirates from South America. Benito, who had run out to meet his brother and was listening to every word, openly hoped they were pirates. When he saw the serious look on his father's face and how white and silent his mother and Prudencia had become, he didn't quite understand.\n\nHis mother said, \"Now run and play, Benito,\" and there was nothing for him to do but obey, though he did want to stay and hear what Domingo and his father were saying about the ship. His mother and Prudencia went indoors, and Benito looked for Loreta Delfin to tell her the news. She was in the despensa with the Indian girl, Josefina, helping to grind corn.\nBenito announced, \"I think a pirate ship is coming into port.\" He seated himself on a long wooden bench opposite the work table.\n\n\"How do you know?\" Loreta Delfin demanded.\n\n\"Domingo rode over from the Presidio to tell Father,\" Benito replied.\n\n\"Did they see the pirates' black flag?\" Loreta asked precisely.\n\n\"Well, no,\" Benito had to admit. \"They only thought it might be pirates, and I wish it were,\" he added.\n\n\"No, you don't, either,\" Loreta said. \"Why, what would we do if they came ashore? Don't you remember what happened in Monterey when the pirates landed?\"\n\n\"Well, of course,\" Benito said. \"I wouldn't want to be driven out of our home and have to go to San Jose to live. Marcella had to go to Soledad with most of the women and children in Monterey, while Juan stayed behind to help defend.\"\nIf I could stay and fight, I wouldn't mind,\" he went on. But you couldn't,\" put in Loreta Delfin. \"You may think you are grown-up, but you'd be put in a carreta with the women and children, just like me, and be driven away. Now, if you are going to be mean, I'll go see what Domingo and Father are talking about,\" said Benito, for his feelings were very much hurt. \"Don't go,\" said Loreta Delfin. \"Maybe Josefina will let us take a panocha,\" she said, looking into the jar where the flat cakes of coarse brown sugar were kept. \"If you take one,\" said Josefina, \"your mother will say I stole it and will tell the padre, who won't let me come here any more.\" \"All right, we won't touch any,\" said both the children together, for they were fond of Josefina and didn't want to get her into trouble.\nWhen Loreta Delfin left with Benito, they went to hear the latest news about the ship. They found that Domingo and their father had ridden back to the Presidio, so nothing could be learned until evening.\n\nWhen Don Carlos and Domingo returned for their supper, the household learned that the pirate ship had turned out to be the brig Orion, bringing supplies to trade for hides and tallow. The officers at the Presidio were planning a ball and had invited the Spanish families at the Mission settlement to come. The ladies would have a chance to go aboard the brig and look over the supply of mantillas, ribbons, scarfs, and shawls. There would be fine muslin, too, and silk by the yard for skirts and jackets, as well as beads, combs, and laces. They would find for sale everything that they needed.\n\"If it isn't too rough on the ocean, I would like to go out to the ship, Dona Maria Teresa said. There are many things lacking in my pantries and household, and no doubt we can replenish our stores. \"Oh, for a new dress, fresh ribbons and beads and bangles!\" Gertrudis exclaimed. \"Just in time for the officers' ball, too. \"Domingo, is that handsome Lieutenant Castro still at the Presidio? I wonder if he will dance with me again?\" she went on. \"I've learned lots of new steps for the jota.\" \"Maria Gertrudis! That will do. You are talking nonsense,\" her mother interrupted. Domingo looked at his sister and seemed to see for the first time how very pretty she had grown and that she was no longer a little girl. \"All right, 'Trudis,\" Domingo said.\"\nI'll take you to the ball myself, and you can show the others how to dance. Gertrudis was so delighted that she threw her arms about Domingo's neck and kissed him. The dance was to be held the following Friday, and Don Carlos planned to take the family over a day ahead to give them time to go out to the ship, which was anchored in a little cove near the fort. For years, the officers and soldiers at the Presidio of San Francisco had waited patiently for supplies. Uniforms had grown ragged, and ammunition had become so scarce that it was once necessary to borrow powder from a visiting ship in order to fire a salute of greeting. The only Spanish ships from San Bias to visit the port had brought about fifty more soldiers and no supplies. These extra men only added to the distress. The Mission supplied food for Benito and Loreta Delfin.\nclothes to the Presidio, but trade with foreign vessels was carried on to supply the dire needs of soldiers and gente de razon alike. Even the Governor at Monterey closed his eyes to the breaking of the law, knowing how great the need was.\n\nSalvador, who was in charge of the Presidio in the Comandante\u2019s absence, asked his father for supplies for the banquet. His mother gladly set her Indian girls at work making tortillas and dulces, or sweetmeats. They would probably like tamales, too, and enchiladas, also chickens with red rice, to serve after the ball. The household was soon busy getting ready for the festivities.\n\nDon Carlos sent Tomas to tell two Indian vaqueros to bring in a fat young steer. Benito had seen steers brought up to within a hundred yards of the kitchen and killed for meat so many times.\n\nA Ship Comes In ...\nThe animal was lassoed by the horns and led in from the range. When the place was reached where the killing was to take place, a second vaquero lassoed the steer's hind legs and threw him with a great thud. Then the riders backed their horses until the reatas were tight. The man at the tail-end dismounted and tied the beast's forelegs together and drew them up to the hind legs. Then the vaqueros removed their reatas. One on foot stuck his knife into the animal's neck. When the steer was dead, the two men worked together to remove the skin. If they were skillful and had done the work many times, it took them only one half-hour to lay back the skin and cut the meat up on it. By killing and dressing the meat on the ground, it was easier to transport. \n\n80 words. Benito and Loreta Delfin.\nThe beef was sweeter, juicier, and more nutritious when done any other way. There was a use for nearly every part of the cattle at matanza, or the time of year when cattle were killed for hides. Only the choice parts were taken for food. Some of these were cut in long strips and dipped into boiling brine full of hot red peppers. Then these were hung to dry in the sun. This dried beef, called carne seca, was used for stews all year long. Not a day went by without a beef stew and the favorite red beans or frijoles. Today only the choicest cuts were dressed and made ready to take to the Presidio. Don Carlos was busy seeing that the stiff dry hides, folded hair-side in, and skins of tallow were piled on creaking ox-carts. As there was little money to be had in Alta California, the bills for finery, ranch implements, furniture, and other necessities were paid in these commodities.\nHousehold goods were paid in hides and tallow. Traders' prices for merchandise were high, and it often took ten or fifteen cart-loads of hides and tallow to pay for what the ranchero and his family bought. Benito ran here and there, first watching the loading of the carts and then the dressing of the beef, and now and then stopping in the kitchen where all sorts of good things were being prepared.\n\n\"Oh, please give me an asderos,\" he begged as he saw fresh cheese being made into little cakes, somewhat thicker than tortillas. \"I like them best when they are just made.\" And the good-natured cook gave him a cheese-cake from the trayful on the table.\n\nLoreta Delfin helped Prudencia pack the food into big baskets, which Indian girls would carry over to the Presidio on their heads.\nThe family - Loreta Delfin, Prudencia, and Senora Flores - began their journey early the next day in the clumsy carreta. Benito, Gertrudis, Tomas, and Don Carlos followed on horseback. It was a fine, cool day with wisps of fog drifting over the hills from the sea. The wind had not yet started to blow, and the leaves were quiet on the scrub oaks, their long branches stretching horizontally like arms, reaching for the tops of the steep ravines. Wild mustard, waist-high, was in bloom, and the copa-de-ora, or golden poppies, were beginning to color the hillsides. Geese and ducks were feeding at the laguna by the Mission. As they drew nearer to the ocean, hares darted over the sandhills between the chaparral bushes. Birds of all kinds flew about, and flocks of tufted partridges appeared almost beneath the horses' feet.\n\n(Note: The text appears to be clean and does not require any major corrections or translations. However, I will correct any obvious OCR errors if they occur during processing.)\nTomas and Gertrudis raced each other uphill and downhill, shouting and swinging their arms as if they had reatas and were rounding up cattle. Don Carlos and Benito rode back and forth to watch the slow progress of the ox-cart and pass a pleasant word with the ladies as they rumbled along, shaded by the colored awning stretched over the top of the cart.\n\n\"Let's race,\" begged Benito, as they came up to Tomas and Gertrudis, who were resting their ponies in the shade after a lively gallop.\n\n\"All right,\" said Tomas, as he swung into the saddle. \"We will go over that hill and back to the ox-cart.\"\n\nDon Carlos and Loreta Delfin: \"Hold on tight, Benito,\" said his father, as they urged their horses into a gallop. Gertrudis joined in, and Dona Maria Teresa from the ox-cart suddenly saw what appeared to be four flying figures appear on the top of the hill almost directly.\nLoreta Delfin cheered and shouted over her head as they approached. Down came the riders, shouting and laughing, with Tomas and Gertrudis a little ahead and Don Carlos and Benito close behind. As the riders crossed the road behind the carreta, Loreta clapped and shouted for the winners.\n\nAfter the race, the horses slowed down and came alongside the carreta. Don Carlos was anxious to see if the carts loaded with hides and tallow had reached the shore, so he rode ahead, leaving Benito and the others to follow with the carreta.\n\nOther carts and riders were making their way to the same place. As they neared the Presidio, the road became filled with carts, oxen, and shouting Indian drivers. Friends called greetings to one another, slowing up the progress of the whole group, and the twins grew restless.\n\n\"Oh, please, Mother, let me get out and ride with Benito,\" begged Loreta.\nBenito and Loreta Delfin were anxious to reach the Presidio, where they felt at home. Benito said, \"We can go much faster than these oxen.\"\n\n\"Very well, children,\" Benito replied, \"but remember not to wander away outside the wall. Tell Salvador we're coming.\"\n\nThe twins quickly disappeared from sight. The shabbiness of the soldiers and the dilapidated buildings at the Presidio were unnoticed by Benito and Loreta. Today, the little garrison was dressed in its best for a review by the guests. The uniforms, though dingy and often patched and mended, appeared brilliant and jaunty to the twins.\n\nIndeed, these neglected men wore their uniforms proudly.\nThe men wore broad-brimmed, flat-crowned hats with an air. Every man's plaited hair had a bit of green or red ribbon at its end. Loose about the neck hung the knotted kerchief, but no longer decorated with spangles. Their shirts were white and clean but of coarse cotton, often patched and darned, whereas once they boasted of the sheerest linen. The vests of yellow coleta were embroidered with black silk, and below them, gay sashes of varied colors held up short breeches. These breeches opened on the outside of the leg above the knee. A few buttons and loops still clung to the edge, and some soldiers could show white lace-trimmed drawers below. Scarcely a man could boast of the usual white wool or cotton stockings worn under the buckskin riding-leggings, which reached to the instep.\nUp were now without tassel or fringe. Their shoes had been made by the Indian cobblers at the Mission and were not like the usual ones worn with the gay uniform.\n\n\"Look, there is Salvador, and Domingo, too,\" said Benito as he saw his brothers in the uniform of the Presidio officers. In contrast to the worn outfits of the soldiers, their scarlet coats, white trousers, and waistcoats faced with green made them look like gay tropical birds among sparrows.\n\nBenito and Loreta Delfin\n\nIn the quadrangle formed by the workshops, chapel, soldiers' homes, and the Comandante's house, the review took place. The scene was full of color and life. The gay costumes of the women and girls and the holiday attire of the rancheros nearly hid the drab buildings, which, except for the chapel and Comandante's house, were not even white.\nThe washed and poorly maintained ten-foot freestone wall enclosed the merry party, providing protective arms in an unsettled country with a great ocean before them and untraveled miles of forests, deserts, and mountains behind. After the review, Benito and Loreta Delfin asked their mother for permission to go outside the Presidio wall.\n\n\"Do let us go to see if any strawberries are left on the hills near the ocean,\" the twins requested.\n\n\"You may,\" their mother replied, \"if other children go with you. Be sure, however, not to go too near the cliffs and do not climb down to the beach.\"\n\nSo, they ran to gather a group to go out to Fort Point to examine the berry-patches. Soon, quite a group had assembled.\n\n\"Let's try to get a little food,\" one boy suggested.\n\"We'll be awfully hungry before we get back, and the grown people may not leave us anything.\" Not a child but knew how true this might be, for when there were picnics or large gatherings, the children ate last. And often only fruit and sweetmeats were left for them.\n\nThey went eagerly to the place where Benito and Loreta Delfin's dinner was being prepared in the open by Indian servants. Loreta Delfin saw Josefina and Juana and ran to beg a bite from them for all her friends.\n\n\"Please give us a little something for our picnic?\" she asked her Indian friends. There seemed to be plenty for all, and while the other servants were busying themselves over the open fires, tending stews and roasts, Josefina and Juana collected a basket of food for the children. And off they hurried before it could be taken away from them.\nBefore sitting far, they sat down near a bubbling spring under a spreading oak tree and ate heartily of their lunch. Every pastry, tamale, enchilada, and dulce disappeared in the most amazingly short time. Such a feast for the children was a treat not often enjoyed, and every boy and girl made the most of it.\n\nA Ship Comes In (189)\n\nAfter every crumb had disappeared, they stretched themselves on the grass to watch the leaves dancing in the breeze and the clouds floating lazily across the blue sky. Drowsy and content to do nothing, they lay quiet for a while. Before long, however, they were up and eager to be doing something. The girls gathered golden poppies, cream-yellow buttercups, and blue brodiaea for flower chains and wreaths. The boys threw their reatas lazily about, lassoing limbs and shrubs and now and then an unsuspecting companion.\nBenito whispered, \"Look! Deer over there. Lots of them in the chaparral thicket.\" We had seen the children before and the deer were watching us. As Benito spoke, several boys jumped up and ran towards the deer. The shy creatures, though curious, were not going to let their antlers be used as lasso targets. The boys scrambled down the ravine, but the deer turned and disappeared before they reached them. \"Why did you scare them away?\" Loreta Delfin called. \"If we had been quiet and hidden in the grass, they might have come to the spring to drink.\"\nAfter the children wandered off to look for strawberries, not even the vines on the shady side of the hill had any berries left on them, though the crop had been plentiful that year.\n\n\"My family came here to pick berries last year,\" said one girl, \"and we camped here for three days. We ate all we could and took loads home for jam.\"\n\n\"We were here this year,\" said a boy, \"and I hope we don't come again. The grown-ups play and sing and dance, and the children and Indians are supposed to do the picking, and it isn't any fun.\"\n\nNearly all had at one time or another come with their families when the strawberries were ripe, and there were some who liked it and some who didn't. But as Loreta Delfin said, \"If you like strawberries before you come, you don't when you go home. I think it's better to stay away.\"\nSome boys and girls gathered instead of trying to take all on the hills. They went to the top of a hill where they could look down on the little harbor and the trading-ship at anchor. The road to the shore was filled with ox-carts, piled high with hides and bags of tallow. The squeak-squack of wheels and the yells of Indian drivers could be plainly heard where Loreta Delfin and Benito stood watching. A small boat was being rowed toward land and several of the ship's crew seemed to be coming ashore.\n\n\"Have you ever been out to the ships?\" one of the boys asked.\n\n\"Oh, lots of times,\" boasted Benito. \"Once I climbed to the top of the mast and helped reef the sails when a storm was coming up, and the wind blew so hard we had to hold on like monkeys.\"\n\"With your tail, I suppose,\" said a boy, and everyone laughed. \"Well, I hope it isn't rough tomorrow when Father takes us out to the ship,\" said Loreta Delfin. \"Benito may like to play monkey, but I don't want to be sick, and I do like to see the goods spread on the deck and watch people going back and forth choosing what they want. It's like the stores Mother tells about in the cities of Spain and Mexico.\"\n\nThe sun went behind a fog-bank and the wind was growing cold, so the boys and girls raced down the hill and made their way back to the Presidio. They reached there just in time to find Don Carlos telling the ladies that if they wanted to go to the ship to select goods, it would have to be done right away, as the captain wanted to sail as early in the morning as possible. The crew were preparing the ship.\nTo load hides aboard all night, and there would be no time to see the goods in the morning. This was a disappointment for most ladies. It would disrupt their siesta to go then, leaving them with scant time for preparations for the ball that evening. Lists were hurriedly made and entrusted to younger members of the family, Benito and Loreta Delfin, who were all too ready to do the shopping. Don Carlos with Gertrudis, Benito, and Loreta Delfin started for the ship.\n\n\"It is going to be a bit rough,\" Don Carlos said, but all vowed that they were good sailors and couldn't be persuaded to stay on shore.\n\nThey boarded small boats with several other rancheros and their families. Benito found a seat beside one of the ship's crew, who let him help with the rowing. Loreta Delfin and Gertrudis were glad enough to sit close to their companions.\nThe girls, with an arm around each, came alongside the Orion. Despite heavy serapes thrown around their shoulders and across their knees, they were wet. It was a scramble to climb aboard the brig, and Loreta Delfin thought Benito was no better at climbing than the others. She didn't say much, feeling a little ill and not wanting to show it. Time would come to tease her brother when they were both safe on shore again. Most of the ship's cargo was on the deck: dishes, furniture, farm implements, groceries, bolts of silk and cloth, ribbons, buckles, combs, and laces, all piled together in a somewhat orderly manner. The buyers had to pick their way carefully.\nDon Carlos and a ship's officer sorted through piles and boxes of goods to find what was needed for his ranch and household. Gertrudis and Loreta Delfin were permitted to select items for the family's personal use and adornment. Benito was elsewhere with the sailors, making easy friends.\n\nWhile Loreta Delfin helped choose material for a dress for Prudencia and linen for new shirts for her father, they heard their names called overhead. Looking up, they saw Benito in the rigging, and Loreta Delfin thought him brave to climb so high.\n\nOnce Don Carlos and the others finished making their selections, reckoned the purchase amounts, and listed the goods with the ship's officers, the call \"All ashore!\" was heard.\nThey scrambled into the small boats and were rowed back to land. The Captain promised that the sailors should work all night to bring the goods safely to shore and take back an equal value in hides and tallow, which the rancheros had been hauling all day to the beach.\n\nThe ball that night was very gay, but Benito and Loreta Delfin were too tired, after their long day in the open, to watch more than the opening dance. Soon the tinkling guitars and sighing fiddles were mixed in their dreams with the rhythm of the sea and the sound of the wind in the oaks and pines.\n\nChapter V\nWash Day\nWash-day! Wash-day!\nwe\u2019re going on a picnic,\u2019 chanted Loreta Delfin, one day in early summer.\n\nShe had heard her mother arranging with a neighbor from the nearest ranch, the day before, to meet at the Laundry.\nSpring, a few miles from the Casa del Arroyo. It was the custom to save soiled household linen and family clothes several weeks, or longer. When the supply of clean clothes was nearly exhausted, the soiled linen was carried on horseback to a great spring, where stone tubs were sunk in the ground and filled with water. Wash-day was an occasion for a family outing, and Benito and Loreta Delfin were looking forward to a day in the woods, playing with their neighbors, Manuel and Jacinta. At the first streak of light, the carretas were brought to the patio gate. Benito had been promised that he could walk beside the oxen and carry the long goad. The Indian driver was to plod along too, in case Benito wished to run off after squirrels and gophers. These little animals would sit up and watch the strange, squeaky cart as it approached.\nCurious and fearless, the raccoons darted towards the food until a boy, a two-legged creature, ran towards them. They would then swiftly retreat to their holes, usually reaching safety before harm overtook them. Baskets filled with delicious food were loaded into the carreta, and three sleepy, chilly children - Gertrudis, Loreta Delfin, and Tomas, who had injured his leg while trying to break a colt - climbed in. Doha Maria Teresa planned to follow on horseback once her household duties were attended to. Prudencia and Don Carlos promised to join them for dinner at noon.\n\nIt was gray dawn as the little cavalcade made its way slowly down the hill. Indian girls from the Mission went ahead, leading the horses laden with bundles of soiled linen. The carreta followed, squeaking despite the soap on the wheels. In the ravines, the fog hung thickly.\nBenito and Gertrudis walked with the oxen, Benito shouting \"Hora\" as he prodded them. Tomas reminisced, \"Do you remember the wash day outing when the coyotes howled so close that Mother was afraid to let us go into the woods for fear we would be hurt? Benito and Loreta Delfin were just big enough to run around and kept getting out of sight. When we were all little, it certainly kept Mother busy watching us.\" Benito asked, \"Are we having breakfast as soon as we get there? I'm awfully hungry. You aren't doing anything, I...\"\n\"working hard keeping these old oxen going,\" he ran back to the head of the team to prod them along again. \"There are a bear and two cubs!\" Benito whispered excitedly a few minutes later. Wash-Day 103 \"Where? Where?\" they all asked, looking around. The horses ahead of the carreta had seen the bears too, and were shying and snorting. It was all the Indian girls could do to hold them on the trail. \"Oh, if only I were riding, I'd get you a cub with my reata!\" Tomas groaned. \"What a chance to miss! I've wanted to lasso a bear ever since I can remember, and Father won't let me go to the hills to hunt them with the Indians. He said any good bear could pull me off my horse. This would have given me a chance to show him.\" \"You don't think any bear would let you lasso her cub and just stand by and watch you do it?\" Gertrudis asked.\nTomas and Gertrudis were talking when the bear family turned and walked away at a leisurely gait to finish their breakfast elsewhere.\n\n\"Oso! Oso!\" shouted Benito after them, \"you know there are nothing but women and children along, don't you? We couldn't harm you, if we would.\"\n\nThe family from the neighboring ranch were already at the springs when the troupe from the Casa del Arroyo reached them. Manuel was busy attaching small lead balls to the ends of a strong line several yards long. Jacinta was helping her mother and the Indian girls spread clean clothes on the bushes to dry.\n\n\"Buenos dias! Buenos dias!\" the Flores family called. Greetings were exchanged.\nThe Senoras exchanged greetings and Benicia inquired if the children had eaten.\n\n\"Only desayuno, and we are all ready for our almuerzo!\" Gertrudis answered.\n\nAnd what a second breakfast they ate!\n\n\"Oh, Benito,\" begged Loreta Delfin, \"please leave something for our dinner and supper.\"\n\nBenito thought perhaps his twelfth tortilla was enough, after all the frijoles and carne seca he had eaten. So, he rolled on the grass, more ready for a nap than anything else.\n\nManuel was anxious to be off with his goose snare. He had seen geese circling around, flying low enough to throw at. Benito had no snare line, but he was anxious to try Manuel's. So, the two boys went off together.\n\n\"If you bring down a goose with that cord, you are a better man than I am,\" Tomas called after them. \"It takes lots of skill to whirl that weighted cord so it lands around the neck.\"\nwill fly high in the air and fall with the weights on opposite sides of a goose's neck. It brings down the goose when it works, but it takes lots of practice.\n\nLoreta Delfin told Jacinta all about the bear and cubs as they sat in the shade after breakfast. Tomas wanted to catch a cub for me, but I was glad he didn't have his reata and wasn't riding. It would have been a shame to have taken the baby from its mother. And besides, it would have scratched mightily. The mother bear would have fought for it, too.\n\nOur Indian boys brought a cub to the ranch once. Manuel built a little corral for it, but in the night it got away, and I was glad.\n\nIs your mother coming, Se\u00f1ora Benicia, asked Gertrudis.\n\"Yes, she is, Senora Benicia. She is going to ride over later, and Prudencia and Father are coming in time for dinner,\" Gertrudis replied.\n\n\"Don Julio went to San Jose yesterday, so he cannot join us,\" she added.\n\n\"Yes; Father wanted to go with him, but he has been busy rounding up and branding some broncos. That's how I hurt my leg,\" Tomas explained. \"I was riding one of the wild things and he tried to scrape me off against a tree.\"\n\nBefore noon, the Indian girls finished soaping and rubbing the clothes on the smooth stones and rinsing them in the cold clear spring water. Loreta Delfin, Jacinta, and Gertrudis helped spread them on the bushes and ground to dry, and then went off to gather wild flowers before it was time for dinner.\n\nTomas sat in the shade, his back against a scrub oak, strumming his guitar.\nChatting with Senora Benicia. Wash-Day 109. Dona Maria Teresa and Prudencia rode up with Don Carlos. Benito and Manuel returned just as dinner was ready, and they actually had a goose! Benito was the one who had brought it down, and he was the proudest boy ever seen.\n\n\"Benito certainly did learn to throw the line well,\" Manuel said. \"I never saw anyone learn more quickly.\"\n\n\"Oh, it was just good luck that I got the goose,\" Benito said. \"Manuel can throw much higher than I. This goose was flying low.\"\n\n\"The trick,\" said Manuel, \"is in watching your goose and deciding when he is going to light, and to whirl your line so as to catch him before he gets too near the ground.\"\n\nDinner was delicious and eaten with relish. As there were only the two families present, the meal was simple but enjoyable. Benito had brought down the goose.\nThe children were allowed to eat with their elders and had their full share of game-pie, pastry, broiled quail, and sweetmeats. After everyone had eaten all they could, the Indian girls were allowed to have what remained of the dainties, which was a treat for them. Every one sought a cool quiet spot for a siesta. Jacinta and Loreta Delfin were not sleepy, and they giggled and whispered until Senora Benicia was obliged to come over where they were lying on the ground playing, and ask them to be still and not disturb the others.\n\nWhen the shadows began to lengthen in Canada, Don Carlos, Benito, and Manuel went up on the wooded hillside for a walk. The Spaniards of Alta California rarely went a dozen paces except on horseback, so it was a treat for Benito and Loreta Delfin for the boys to have Don Carlos with them on a walk.\nThey had not gone far, Benito and Manuel running ahead, when Don Carlos called sharply, \"Watch out! A bear trap!\" The boys stopped short and looked about them on the ground, but saw nothing. Don Carlos came up to them and pointed to a tree just ahead. There, from a long horizontal limb, hung a quarter of beef.\n\n\"And just underneath,\" he said, \"has been dug a deep pit.\"\n\n\"I don't see where,\" Benito replied.\n\n\"Look closely, but don't go too near, for it may be larger than I think,\" Don Carlos told them.\n\nOn looking closely, they saw that branches and a light covering of earth had been put over the pit to hide it from the bear.\n\n\"That trap was set some time ago,\" Don Carlos said. \"How the meat smells! I think they will not catch anything here, it is too late in the year. Bears aren't so hungry now.\"\nWhat happens when a bear falls into the pit? Benito asked.\nThe bear tries to get the meat, of course, falls through the branches, is unable to scramble out, and the Indians shoot it with bows and arrows,\" Don Carlos replied. \"Then they haul him out, skin him, and have a great feast. And one, too, after the everlasting porridge they get at the Mission.\"\nThe three rambled on a while longer, looking for more traps and hoping to see a bear. But as twilight began to fall, they walked back to the spring to find everyone gone. Don Carlos\u2019 horse and Prudencia\u2019s were tied to a tree, impatient to be off.\n1 14 Benito and Loreta Delgado\n\"Well, Manuel, you and Benito had better climb on to Prudencia\u2019s horse and come along with me,\" Loreta Delgado said.\nIt wasn\u2019t long before the riders overtook the carretas. They learned that Loreta Delgado had gone home with Ja-\nCinta and Manuel were to spend a few days with Benito.\n\"Hurrah, hurrah!\" shouted the boys and galloped off into the twilight, Don Carlos after them. It was too dark for races, however, and they trotted back to ride beside the carreta.\nThe Indian girls led the horses, piled high with the fresh linen, neatly folded, now, and wrapped in serapes to keep it clean. Now and then, the Indians would break into a low song, usually a hymn, which the padres had taught them. They sang it with a rhythm and tone much like their native chants, and for a time no one realized they were singing a Christian hymn.\nSo, under a sky of deepening blue, where big bright stars came out one by one, the family returned to the Casa del Arroyo. Lanterns twinkled at the gate where Gaspar and Felipe waited to unload the linen and take the saddles.\nFROM THE TIRED HORSES. Supper was waiting for the family. After they had eaten, evening prayers were said, and all went to bed early, sleeping deeply, guarded by Hercules, the Kneeling One, whose brilliant stars showed in the eastern sky above the Casa del Arroyo.\n\nCHAPTER VI\n\nHARVESTING AT THE MISSION\n\nThe fields around the Mission of San Francisco de Asis were yellow with ripe wheat, and the time for harvest was at hand. Padre Toribio gave orders for cutting the grain and threshing it, and the Indian neophytes set about the task of gathering in the fruit of their labors.\n\nThe weather was fine, the harvest promised plenty, but something was amiss. The good padre was disquieted, and the look of great trouble showed in his face. Only the night before, Padre Quijas had returned from a journey, which had taken him as far down the coast as Monterey.\nCamino Real as Santa Barbara. The news he had brought was the cause of Padre Toribio's heavy heart and sad face. Word was on every tongue about taking the Mission property away from the Church, setting free the Indian neophytes, and giving them their share of the Mission goods and lands. Years before, letters from Mexico had hinted at such a scheme. In Alta California, the decree had not been taken seriously, and the padres had gone on with their work. The fear of Secularization, as this scheme was called, haunted fields and workshops, shaded cloister and quiet cell, as up and down the Camino Real the padres talked to one another, prayed alone, or watched over their brown children at work. Padre Toribio left his fellow-worker to take charge of the harvesting. I I8 Benito and Loreta Delgado made his way alone across the fields.\nUp the hill to the Casa del Arroyo, he wanted to think and talk things over with Don Carlos. It was still early when Padre Toribio knocked at the gate. He found the family at breakfast in the logia.\n\n\"Padre Toribio, what brings you here so early?\" was the unspoken word on every lip.\n\nHis solemn face sent a chill to their hearts, but every one did their best to be cheerful and make the good man comfortable, and hospitality bid them keep their questions to themselves.\n\n\"Come, sit here, Padre,\" Don Carlos said, as he brought forward a big chair made of well-tanned hides.\n\nPrudencia served him with chocolate and tortillas, and the old man smiled, grateful for their kindness. The food:\n\n120 Benito and Loreta Delfin\nDon Carlos and Doha Senora, could we talk a little? Padre Toribio said, at last.\n\nCertainly, Padre, replied Don Carlos. Certainly.\n\nGo, children, he said to Gertrudis, Tomas, Benito and Loreta Delfin.\n\nPrudencia, see that the Indian girls are put to work, her mother said. Josefina will need extra help for cleaning the despensa, she said. Give her two of the Mission girls for the work.\n\nWhen the elders had been left alone, Don Carlos said gently and respectfully, What troubles you, good Padre? How can we be of help to you?\n\nOh, my friends, Padre Toribio replied, looking at them earnestly, the time has come when the Missions need friends on earth as well as in Heaven. It is Secularization.\n\"Brother Quijas returned home yesterday from a trip to the Missions south of us. He has been studying better ways of working in the fields and shops, so that we might improve our methods and increase our prosperity. \"All along the way, the talk is about giving over the Mission property to the State, freeing the Indians, and giving them a share of the land and goods. In Spain, it is said that our work is finished, now that the Indian tribes have been subdued and the way prepared for settlers. The plan is to establish pueblos and presidios where the Missions now stand.\"\n\n\"What folly!\" said Senora Flores.\n\n\"Yes, daughter, more than folly,\" the padre continued. \"What do our rulers in Spain intend to do with us if the Indians are free?\"\nSpain is aware of Alta California and the conditions here. They only know that we have grown rich and our work has prospered. They care nothing for the years of labor, watchfulness, and devotion we have given, and must continue to give, if it is to remain prosperous.\n\n\"The Indians,\" he said, \"what could they do alone? Savages! But added quickly, 'No, children; my brown children; able to work under direction, helpless without guidance. How soon they would go back to the state in which we found them, without the restraints and limitations the Church puts on them.'\n\n\"I fear, greatly,\" the old man added, \"for what will become of them when we are gone.\"\n\nHarvesting at Mission 123.\n\n\"And what will become of us?\" Dona Maria Teresa asked.\n\nDon Carlos, who had sat in silent thought as Padre Toribio spoke, now leaned forward and asked,\n\"Has a decree been issued, or is this only rumor at San Carlos and San Juan Bautista, where the padres most quickly hear of the actions of the Governor at Monterey? It was said that Sola has received an order to demand the surrender of the Mission properties. He has sent no word to the Presidente of the Missions yet, I believe. Well, perhaps it is not too late to prevent a decree from being issued. Padre Toribio, I will go to Monterey to see Sola myself if necessary. I cannot promise success. I will get as many of my influential friends as possible to help me and perhaps we can make Spain see how necessary the Missions and the padres still are to Alta California. My son, God's blessing on you and your friends,\" - Padre Toribio (tears of gratitude in his eyes).\nPadre Toribio: \"May success crown your efforts. I will pray for you, and if possible, I will send word to my brothers in each of the other Missions. Prayers will go up for you from San Rafael Arcangel to San Diego. And now, I must go back to the harvest.\n\nAs he walked out into the patio, he saw Benito and Loreta Delfin playing their favorite game of cuatrito.\n\n\"Who wins?\" Padre Toribio called.\n\nBenito was just about to toss his stone. Padre Toribio stopped to watch him. The stone went past the mark.\n\n\"Loreta Delfin wins,\" Benito said, as he picked up his stone. \"She has out-thrown me every time.\"\n\n\"Would you two like to go with me to the threshing-field?\" the padre asked them.\n\n\"Oh, yes,\" they both said at once, \"if we may.\"\n\n\"I will ask for you.\"\nThe drab-clad priest, with Benito on one side and Loreta Delfin on the other, forgot his worries as the three set off to watch the Mission Indians trodden out grain in the primitive fashion. When they reached the threshing-floor, a large quantity of bundled grain had already been put on the hard, smooth ground. Three or four Indian vaqueros had rounded up about seventy-five horses and were waiting to turn them onto the threshing-floor.\n\nAs the last bundle of grain was dumped, the signal was given and the band of horses was driven into the enclosure. The vaqueros, on powerful horses with long whips in their hands, skillfully lined up the mares to drive them round.\nand they rounded over the grain, to tread it out. \"Horses! Horses!\" they shouted as the horses started on their way. Chaff and dirt filled the air, and at times only the shouts of the Indians and the trampling of the horses could be heard above the clouds of dust, which completely hid the era. When the mares grew dizzy, they were halted and turned the other way, and the work was continued. As the grain was threshed out, Indians shoveled it aside, keeping the space clear for newly cut wheat, which was being unloaded continually.\n\nBenito and Loreta Delfin\n\"Padre Toribio, how do they ever get the grain whole and clean out of all that dirt?\" Loreta Delfin asked.\n\n\"Haven't you ever seen the Indian women toss it into the air on a windy day from big, flat baskets?\" Benito asked Loreta Delfin.\n\n\"The wind carries off the dirt.\"\nPadre Toribio told her, \"The chaff falls to the ground, and the good, clean grain does too. We toss it from large wooden shovels when threshing grain. Threshing beans is similar, but they break easily under a horse's tramping. If the wind blows this afternoon, the women will winnow the grain, and you may come back to watch them, if you please.\"\n\nThe twins replied, \"Oh, yes, do let us.\"\n\n\"Come now, children,\" the padre said, \"we are going to Harvesting at the Mission. It will soon be time for our dinner.\"\n\nPadre Toribio beckoned to a neophyte who came running to him. \"Amad a' Dios, higo!\" the padre said. The neophyte replied, \"Amad a' Dios, Padre.\"\n\n\"Bring us two horses, Gregorio,\" the padre instructed. \"We will ride back to the Mission.\"\nNo caballero would ride a mare in Alta California, but the gentle padre was not proud. When Gregorio brought two mares from those waiting to be used, he thanked the Indian and accepted his help into the saddle. The children rode bareback; Benito holding the reins with Loreta Delfin behind him.\n\nNo. 130 Benito and Loreta Delfin\n\nAt the Mission they were met by Padre Quijas. Indian servants took the horses and others brought a refreshing drink and wafers to the four of them in a quiet, cool room.\n\nPadre Quijas was a young man and a great help to the older friar. He was skilled in the crafts, as well as in learning, and under his teaching, the Indians were turning out beautiful work in leather and metal. He was full of the new things he had seen on his trip, but, as yet, had scarcely had a minute to talk to Padre Toribio about them.\nThere was a new water-power mill at San Gabriel for grinding grain. It was the first one at any Mission, he thought. He was enthusiastic about the way the simple wheel, moved by the flowing water, had been made to turn the stones that ground the flour and meal.\n\n\"Oh, so much better than our old arrastra at the Mission with the blindfolded oxen going slowly round and round, hitched to the beam of the upper stone,\" he said.\n\n\"Perhaps we could build a water-mill here,\" Padre Quijas went on. \"Water could be brought from the hills, as it is at San Gabriel.\"\n\n\"Yes, my brother, yes,\" the older priest replied. \"If only things would remain as they are.\" Padre Toribio's face grew thoughtful and sad, and he soon walked away, leaving Benito and Loreta Delfin with Padre Quijas.\n\n\"Do tell us,\" Loreta Delfin said, \"What is it like at the other Missions?\"\n\"Oh, no!\" said Benito. \"Tell us a story, won't you, Padre?\" his sister added. \"Yes,\" agreed Padre Quijas. \"I'd rather have a story, too, if you will tell us one.\" \"Do you know the story of the Angelus bell of San Gabriel Mission?\" he asked. Benito and Loreta Delfin echoed, \"Please tell us; please tell us!\" So the friar began, and the children settled to listen. Near Seville, in Spain, was the bell foundry of Paula Ruelas. One day the monks and nuns, with the poor of the town, gathered around a fire-pit to watch the moulding of a bell. Two men stirred a big cauldron brimming full of molten copper and tin. The model shell stood ready, waiting to have the hot metal poured into it.\n\nIt was the custom to ask for a silver offering to sweeten the voice of a bell. That day, Ruelas feared nothing would be offered.\nA nine-year-old boy named Miguel gave the humble and poor gathering his only silver coin for the founding of Mission 133. Miguel came every day to watch the workmen trim the bell. After each cutting, the tone was tested with a swinging clapper, and every day the tone grew sweeter. At last, it was declared perfect, and the bell was named Angelus.\n\nA day was set for the christening of the bell, and Miguel was to be its silver sponsor. He was proud and happy as he stood there with a lit taper in his hand. The Bishop and two attendants began to intone the prayers of exorcism against all evils of the air. The bell was washed with pure water mixed with salt and dried with clean towels. It was then breathed upon to drive out the Devil and anointed.\nwith oil and the censer was set beneath it. As the fragrant smoke rose within, the priests sprinkled the bell three times with holy water and named it Ave Maria Santissima. The Bishop said, \"May this bell be hallowed, O Lord, and consecrated in the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. Praise be to Thee.' Miguel felt bound to the Angelus bell by bonds neither time nor distance could break. When he grew up, he became a Franciscan monk and, as Padre Miguel Sanchez, he consecrated his life to sacrifice. A call came for workers among the Indians in America, and he felt it was for him to go as a missionary into that far-off land. He traveled from Spain to Mexico and from Mexico, with an Indian guide, he set out for Alta California. It was the evening of the fourth day of his journey in the wilderness when he encountered difficulties.\nI came to the Mission of San Gabriel just as harvesting began. As the Angelus bell was ringing, its sweet tones awakened memories in my heart. I found the bell marked: Ave Maria Santissima Paula Ruelas NE FECIT. With gratitude, I thanked God that I had found my bell. For all the long years of my work at San Gabriel, I rang the bell at Angelus with my own hands. It is said that as he went to his last rest, an old man, the bell rang itself, and from the sunset sky were heard the bells in Heaven ringing out a welcome to his pious soul, as it came into the company of the angels.\n\n\"What a beautiful story,\" said Loreta Delfin.\n\nBenito and Loreta Delfin\n\"Thank you very much,\" said Benito.\n\nJust then, a bell was heard calling the Indians in from their work. Padre Quijas excused himself and went to see.\nThe neophytes received a noon meal of porridge and vegetable stew as they passed the large pots in the courtyard, each holding out a woven basket for their portion. The Indians ate and rested while dinner was served to the two padres and their young guests by the Mission servants. The food was good but simple, consumed in silence.\n\nFollowing dinner came the usual siesta. When it ended, Benito went outside to watch the Indians winnow the grain they had threshed in the morning. \"May I try tossing the grain?\" Benito asked an Indian in charge of winnowing. They gave him a shovel, and he tossed some grain into the air. Unfortunately, a gust of wind blew stubble and trash back into his face, filling his eyes and mouth with dust.\nWhen he could see again, he dropped his shovel and went away in disgust. The Indians were skillful about their work, seeming to know from which way the wind would come and turning just enough to avoid Benito's accident. Loreta Delfin spent the afternoon watching the Indian women and girls at their lace-making and embroidery. Some of the girls, who had learned to do the finest stitches, were embroidering vestments and doing drawn-work for altar-cloths, to be used at the Mission. Padre Quijas was taking Benito and Loreta Delfin out to the rancheria, where the Indian families lived, in eight long rows of huts. Don Carlos rode up to the Mission gate to take the twins home. They were disappointed not to visit the Indian huts but were too polite to complain. Padre Toribio had a horse brought for each of them.\nChapter VII\nA Trip to Ross\nCarlos did not forget his promise to Padre Toribio to go to Monterey to see the Governor, but important matters kept him at home. The summer was nearly over when one day he surprised the family at dinner by saying, \"Tomas and Benito, how would you like to go north with me to the Russian settlement at Ross? I want company, as it is a long trip.\"\n\nThe boys' eyes grew big and they were almost too excited to say, \"Yes, Father.\"\nWe should be happy to go! When do we start?\n\n140 Benito and Loreta Delfin\n\n\"Carlos, do you think it wise to take the boys?\" Dona Maria Teresa asked anxiously.\n\n\"My dear, the trip will be hard, but not dangerous. The Russians are friendly, and I believe there are no hostile Indians between here and there.\n\n\"Besides,\" he said, \"this must appear to be a pleasure trip. I cannot, of course, go officially as a representative of either the Governor or the Mission. There are matters about our trading which must be talked over and agreed upon, and Padre Toribio has asked me to try to arrange them to the advantage of all. We will take Felipe and Gaspar with us and call it a hunting trip.\"\n\nDona Maria Teresa knew from the tone of her husband's voice that it was useless to say any more against the journey. Tomas and Benito were overjoyed.\n\nA Trip to Ross 141\nLoreta Delfin expressed her excitement for a real adventure and asked to join Tomas to Ross. However, Tomas disallowed girls on the trip, mentioning the absence of Russian women at the settlement. Loreta responded by highlighting the abilities unique to girls, promising to learn the bamba dance and eventually make Tomas proud. She demonstrated a move of the dance by gracefully bending to pick up a handkerchief with her toe.\n\nLoreta Delfin, eager for a true adventure, was filled with questions. The following days were spent preparing and packing provisions for the journey.\n\n\"I wish I were a boy,\" Loreta Delfin lamented, \"so I could join you at Ross.\"\n\n\"No girls on this trip,\" Tomas replied. \"They say there isn't a Russian woman at the settlement either.\"\n\n\"Well, girls can do things boys cannot,\" Loreta Delfin responded. \"By the time you return, I'll have learned all the steps to the bamba. One day, you'll be proud to place your hats on my head as a sign of approval for the best dancers.\"\n\nLoreta Delfin twirled around and extended her hand, mimicking the balance of a glass on it, and then lithely bent over to pick up a handkerchief with her toe, replicating a part of the bamba dance.\n\"Bravo, bravo, sister,\" cried the boys, \"you will be a great dancer some day.\" The day came for the departure to Ross. Don Carlos, Tomas and Benito were ready for an early start. Gaspar and Felipe held the horses at the patio gate. Don Carlos inspected the pack horses, which were laden with food and camp equipment. They would pass no ranch houses at which they could eat or stay at night, in the part of Alta California through which they would travel.\n\n\"Come, boys,\" said Don Carlos, \"all is ready.\"\n\nGaspar and Felipe started ahead, leading the pack horses. There was a round of goodbyes and good lucks, and the three were off. At the bottom of the hill they turned and waved to the girls and their mother watching them from the patio gate, with Domingo, who had come from the Presidio to stay while they were away.\nIt was a bright, sparkling day and the bay was blue and clear. There was not enough breeze to use a sail, and Don Carlos said they would have to row across the bay. Tomas and Benito kept looking across the water to the mountains on the other shore. Every ridge and almost every tree seemed to stand out, clear cut, in the morning air. The Indians called the highest of these mountains Tamalpais, the Sleeping Maiden, and on such a clear day, the outline of her figure, against the blue sky, was plainly seen.\n\n\"Do you see her?\" Tomas asked Benito, \"That's her head, there,\" he pointed.\n\n\"Her feet are toward the ocean.\"\n\n\"Oh, yes,\" said Benito, \"I see her. That's her hair streaming down the long slope to the bay.\"\n\n\"Do we have to climb that mountain?\" Tomas asked Don Carlos.\n\n\"No, we go by boat past Alcatraz,\".\nNamed after the pelicans living there, beyond Isla de los Angeles and up the bay to San Raphael, we find a new Mission, where they send the sick. We will get horses there and guides and go over the hills to Bodega and then up the coast to Ross.\n\nThey found the boats ready. The sturdy Indian oarsmen idled on the shore. It took some time to unpack the horses, stow the goods away in the boats, and decide in which boats they were to sit.\n\nBenito and Tomas wanted to be together. Don Carlos wanted to be with the boys, but felt he should be in the other boat to take command. He finally decided to let Tomas, Benito, and Gaspar, the older and more responsible servant, go in one boat while he and Felipe went in the other.\n\nThe loads were about equal and the oarsmen well matched, and the two boats set off.\nThe Indians kept together during their trip across the bay. At the start, the bay was smooth enough, but as they got out, where the wind blew in from the ocean between the cliffs, it was rough, and harder rowing. The Indians were strong and steady, and before noon they had reached the quiet waters of the other shore.\n\nIn a cove where there stood a sausalito, or small grove of willows, they found a landing place. Ships\u2019 crews came here for water and fuel. Both boats were made fast, and the men and boys went ashore to stretch their legs and eat some lunch. Not much time could be spent in pleasant idling, though Benito and Tomas wanted to stay and explore. It would take most of the afternoon for Benito and Loreta to row to San Raphael. The bay was sheltered all the way, and Tomas and Benito took turns at the oars. The shadows were lengthening.\nBenito and Tomas landed at San Raphael. \"My legs are certainly stiff,\" said Benito. \"Our arms will be stiffer by morning, I am afraid,\" replied Tomas. \"We aren't used to rowing.\" Gaspar and Felipe went up the hill to Mission San Raphael Arcangel to get horses to carry their stores. They were gone so long that the boats were unloaded and several Indians had started with packs on their backs before Felipe and Gaspar returned with one lone mule.\n\n\"Is this all you could get?\" Don Carlos asked.\n\n\"Yes, Master. Padre does not have many horses, all gone up into the hills. No one can find,\" Gaspar answered in his limited Spanish.\n\n\"Let us load up the mule, and the rest will carry what is left. Did you tell them we were coming to spend the night?\"\n\n\"Yes, Master. Padre says, 'Welcome.'\"\nThe Mission San Raphael Arcangel had been established only a few years. The buildings were small and crude compared to those at the other Missions. Yet, few Indians had been persuaded to work there for the glory of God and Spain.\n\nPadre Sarria and his fellow-worker came to meet the strangers and welcomed them heartily.\n\n\"Your name, traveler?\" the elder of the padres asked Don Carlos.\n\n\"Don Carlos Flores, ranchero from near the Mission San Francisco de Asis. These are my sons, Tomas and Benito,\" he added. \"We are on our way to the Russian settlement, Ross. A pleasure trip, to give the boys some hunting and a chance to see the country.\"\n\n\"Welcome to you,\" the padre replied. \"And God's blessing.\"\n\nWhen they had unloaded their packs, an Indian servant brought a tray of earthen cups and a pitcher of aguardiente.\nEntire party gathered around the well for refreshment. Gaspar and Felipe managed Don Carlos' stores and then departed with the Indian servants to converse in their language. The two fathers were eager for news from other Missions and country affairs. Don Carlos was kept busy answering their questions.\n\n\"The Secularization threat troubles the padres again,\" Don Carlos said. \"Padre Toribio is greatly concerned, and I have promised him to plead his cause before the Governor at Monterey.\"\n\n\"What the Presidios would do without the Missions supplying them with food and clothes, I do not know,\" Padre Sarria remarked, adding, \"these Indians could never make the land yield as it does now or produce the cloth, wine, hides, and tallow they do without the padres' guidance.\"\n\nBenito and Tomas were glad when an\nIndian servant told them dinner was ready. They were drowsy, tired, and hungry. As soon as they had eaten, the boys were shown a clean, cell-like room where their blankets had been unfurled on a bed made of hides. They felt strange so far from home, but the day in the open made them fall asleep quickly without talking.\n\nAt daybreak, they were awakened by Felipe, who helped them roll up their blankets. A good breakfast was ready for them in the refectory. Don Carlos was just finishing when Benito and Tomas came into the room.\n\nGaspar and Felipe were waiting with the pack horses loaded. Two Indians who knew the trail over the hills to Bodega were told to go with them as guides. While the boys finished breakfast, Don Carlos went down to the boat landing to see the two boats start back to\nSan Francisco. He had trusted them with a letter to Senora Flores and one to Padre Toribio, telling them all was well and that they were about to start over the hills to Bodega.\n\nWhen all was ready, the padres came to give their blessing to the travelers. Goodbyes were said, and off they started, with a promise to stop on the return trip. As they reached the top of the first hill, they heard the Mission bells ringing to call the neophytes to early Mass.\n\n\"I wonder how many hills like this we shall climb before we come to Ross?\" Benito asked Tomas, as they rode along together.\n\n\"As far as I can see, there are just hills and hills, but we keep going toward the ocean, so we shall come to the end of them some time,\" Tomas replied.\n\nFor three days they followed the Indian guides over golden-brown hills.\nDuring the heat of the day, they rested in the cool ravines where ferns grew under oaks. At night they camped in the open under the stars. Gaspar and Felipe kept the campfire burning all night to keep away bears and wolves. They saw many elk and deer and feasted on quail, hares, and fish which they caught as needed.\n\nAs far as I can see, there are just hills and hills\nA Trip to Ross (153)\n\nOn the third day they came to the top of a hill from which they could see the ocean. There below them was the port of Bodega. They could plainly see the big warehouses for storing supplies for the settlement at Ross and the Russian colony at Sitka.\n\nThere was considerable activity to be seen. A small fleet of large skin boats, or umiaqs, manned by fifteen oarsmen each, had just come in from the Farallones Islands, laden with oil, dried meat.\nof gulls and sea-lions, sealskins, eggs and down from thousands of gulls and other sea birds which had been killed on the islands. Since seals were no longer plentiful on the Farallones, fur-gathering activities there had almost ceased. Only one Russian with six to ten Aleuts lived on the rocky islands. There they fought the winds and storms, climbing day after day to gather the eggs of sea birds, which nested high on the cliffs; hunting and killing sea-lions that came to sun themselves on the rock of sheltered coves, and working unceasingly to prepare the products of this industry. Five or six times a year, only, the frail skin boats made the perilous trip from the mainland. These brought wood and water and news of Ross and tales of the hardships at Sitka, to the men whose lives depended on it.\nlives were lived in earthen huts on the storm-beaten rocks. Benito and Tomas felt strange in Bodega, for no one there spoke Spanish. The Aleuts and Indians spoke a dialect strange to their guides, and the Russians neither understood nor spoke Spanish. At last Don Carlos found a Russian officer who could understand him and speak a little Spanish. He told him of his plan to go to Ross. The Russian was very friendly and offered to be his escort for the rest of the trip. He was going to Ross that same day, so they could go on together.\n\nDon Carlos dismissed his Indian guides and sent them back to the Mission with the horses he had borrowed from the padres. New animals were packed, and the trip to Ross was made in the company of the Russian officer.\n\nRoss was a most surprising place. High on a seventy-foot cliff, overlooking the vast expanse of the Pacific Ocean, was a small Russian settlement. The buildings were made of logs, and the air was filled with the smell of fish and tar. The people were mostly Russians, with a few Aleuts and Indians living among them. Don Carlos was amazed by the scene before him, and he felt a sense of excitement and adventure as he began his new journey.\nThe ocean was approximately a square mile of nearly level ground. A stockade, formed of thick beams set upright, about ten or twelve feet high, was surmounted by a horizontal beam, on which were wooden and iron spikes. This stockade was pierced with loopholes. Six-sided block-houses, with high steep roofs, were on two corners of it. In these towers, and on the gates to the enclosure, were 156 Benito and Loreta cannon mounted on carriages. It looked more like a fort than a hunting and trading-post.\n\nInside the stockade were the Commandant's house, officers' quarters, barracks for the Russian workmen, a chapel, and various storehouses and offices. Don Carlos and the boys were taken at once to the Commandant's house and were given a most cordial invitation to stay there while they were at Ross. They accepted with pleasure.\n\nNext morning, before their host was [---]\nTomas found Benito gazing at the glass windows.\n\n\"Don't you know what glass is?\" he asked.\n\n\"We don't have it in our house, and I never saw it at the Mission,\" Benito replied. \"It must be to keep out the cold and the rain and let in the light.\"\n\n\"Look at all these books, Tomas,\" Benito said, pointing to a wall lined with books in beautiful bindings.\n\n\"What is this?\" Tomas asked, cautiously touching the keys of a piano.\n\nNeither of them had ever seen a piano, and they were both surprised to hear it make musical sounds. As both boys played the guitar and sang well, they were soon interested in picking out a tune, and did not hear the Commandant enter the room. It startled them when a voice spoke in a strange language. They could not understand what was said, and stood abashed, not knowing how to reply.\nThe Russian officer was friendly and, noticing their interest in the piano, he sat down and played a lively, tinkling melody. Then he sang a song in Russian. Tomas and Benito clapped their hands to show their appreciation and pleasure. The little musical entertainment went on until breakfast time, to the delight of the boys, who soon forgot they didn't understand Russian.\n\nAt breakfast, Don Carlos discovered that several of the Russian officers had been to Alta California and had learned some Spanish during their trading activities. They were pleased to have guests and eager to show them around.\n\nEverything was in perfect order, well-equipped and provided for, so different from the dilapidated and run-down condition of the Spanish Presidios. Here there was strict discipline for the Russians.\nSian workmen, as well as the Indians and Aleuts, who lived outside of the stockade in earthen huts, were at work. The fields and shops were being carried on ably, but it was hard to make successful farmers out of the Aleuts, who were born hunters and fishermen. However, the Spanish in Alta California kept the granaries filled and could raise enough vegetables to supply their needs.\n\nBenito and Tomas were very much interested in the workshops, the tannery, and the windmill. At the foot of the cliff was a small wharf, a shed for the skin boats, a warehouse for lumber, and a blacksmith shop. A vessel was being built, and Benito and Tomas were allowed to climb up on the hull and watch the workmen at their tasks. All day long they scrambled over the rocks along the shore, raced on the beach, or went from one activity to another.\nThat evening, the best offering from Ross was set before Don Carlos and his sons at the Commandant's house. Russian officers had gathered to entertain their guests. After dinner, Benito and Loreta Delfin performed music. The Commandant played again for them, and asked Benito and Tomas to sing a Spanish song for the company. They gladly did, and at the end of the long ballad, they were applauded loudly by the Russians. Don Carlos and the officers who understood Spanish engaged in long and earnest conversation. It was agreed that it was better, in the wilderness, for all to be friends, even though fear and jealousy existed between the Spanish and Russian governments in Europe. If the Spaniards traded grain, tallow, and hides for the manufactured articles the Russian ships brought to Alta California, everyone would benefit.\nEach year, more and more rancheros, like Don Carlos, made friends with the Russians. The Spanish Governor himself closed his eyes to the illegal trading.\n\nNext day, an umiaq was to go from A to Ross (161). Ross to Bodega. Tomas and Benito were overjoyed when Don Carlos accepted the invitation to make the trip in it. Felipe and Gaspar were equally delighted when Don Carlos sent them off with the pack horses overland to Bodega. The Indians were at home on any kind of horse, but the thought of a trip on the ocean, in a boat made of sea-lion hides, gave them no pleasure at all.\n\nIndeed, it was an adventure! It was necessary to go quite far out from land to avoid the rocks and shoals. To Tomas and Benito, brought up on land, the roll and dip of the boat as it slid up and down on the water was displeasing.\nDown over the waves did not altogether give pleasure. They were plucky and said little of their discomfort, but the Aleuts, who took to the water like seals, were very much amused at the uneasiness of their passengers. When they were safe on land again, both boys dared they wouldn't have missed the trip, even if it had frightened them a little and made them seasick.\n\nIndeed, it was an adventure! A Trip to Ross (Chapter 163)\n\nThe remainder of the journey home was very uneventful. They traveled back to San Raphael over the same trail they had come over, and down the bay to the Presidio of San Francisco. But, as Benito said:\n\n\"Things look different when you go backwards.\"\n\nCHAPTER VIII\n\nTO MONTEREY FOR THE WINTER\n\nDon Carlos left the rancho after the last harvest of grain was in at the Mission San Francisco de Asis, and arrived in Monterey for the winter.\nOn a warm day, when the bay was bluer than the sky, the low, white-washed adobe houses with red-tiled roofs were scattered about, set back from the water front, in friendly irregularity. There were no streets and only a few fenced-in yards and gardens. Behind the town rose wood-covered hills. The Presidio of Monterey was much the same as that at San Francisco. An open square surrounded by barracks, workshops, the chapel, and the Governor's house. Within the square were six or eight cannon, some mounted, some not, all looking peaceful enough, and for the purpose of defense they were quite useless. A wall ten or twelve feet high surrounded the Presidio and the settlement. Outside this wall were a few houses belonging to foreigners who had settled there.\n\nThe home of Marcella Nichols was within the wall, and there Don Carlos resided.\nDon Carlos found his daughter and her little family. Her husband, Captain Nichols, who now owned his own ship, was away on a trading voyage. Marcella was glad to see her father. From her, Don Carlos learned that the Governor was about to embark on a long trip.\n\nAfter hearing this, Don Carlos hastened to see the Governor and made his plea. Padre Toribio's faith in his friend Benito and Loreta Delfin was well-founded, and his arguments must have been well-received, for nothing was done to enforce the Act of Secularization for ten years or more after this, when Alta California belonged to Mexico.\n\nDon Carlos was pleased with the success of his talk with the Governor. He wrote at once to Padre Toribio and Dona Maria Teresa and rode to Mission San Carlos Borromeo to give his letters to the courier going north.\nnext trip. It would probably take several weeks for his letters to reach their destination, for the mail service was slow and uncertain. Two Spanish soldiers were dispatched from each Mission, in either direction, going as far north or south as the next Mission. Schedules were planned and an attempt made to keep them, but a courier taking letters never knew whether he was going to be a week behind or ahead of the messenger who would relay the mail. Except for matters of urgent business, letters were seldom written. One's friends and relatives came visiting often enough to spread what news there was in the province.\n\nMarcella and Don Carlos were eager to have Dona Maria Teresa spend the winter in Monterey. But how to persuade her to come, and bring Prudencia, Ger-\nTomas and the twins were another matter. Around the time they had decided to write to her, Captain Nichols' schooner arrived in Monterey Bay with a full cargo. There was great rejoicing in the household, as the Shark was to lie in Monterey Bay a week or more before going up and down the coast to trade. It was Captain Nichols who thought of a scheme for getting the Flores family to Monterey for the winter.\n\n\"Why couldn't we bring them all down here, aboard ship?\" he said one evening, as they were discussing plans. \"Don Carlos and I will ride up the coast ahead of the Shark and give them warning of our plan. When the schooner has finished trading at San Francisco, we can put them all aboard.\"\n\n\"A splendid idea, Juan,\" said Marcellas. \"I will write Mother a letter.\"\nTell her I need her this winter. We'll all have a happy time together. Benito and Loreta Delfin can go to school, Tomas and Gertrudis will have a much gayer time here than on the ranch. Prudencia will find plenty to do here as well as at home. They all agreed it was an excellent plan. Don Carlos and his son-in-law started north for Monterey for the winter. They made a slow trip, the first rains overtook them, and mud on the Camino Real was deep and sticky. For three days they were held up by the storm at the Mission of San Juan Bautista. Jolly Padre Arroyo was good company, and as he and Don Carlos had both been born in Seville, they found much to talk about while kept indoors by the rain. As soon as the roads were passable, the travelers started out again, stopping next.\nAt the Pueblo of San Jose, they found friendly people, happy and healthy, living in a beautiful spot. Their stone houses were very simple and clean, surrounded by vineyards and gardens. As Don Carlos and Juan entered the town, people came out of their houses to invite them in, with true Spanish courtesy and hospitality.\n\nDon Carlos and Juan wished to stop only long enough to change horses and refresh themselves at Pio Pico\u2019s drink shop. Here for two bits one could get a drink of aguardiente served in an ox-horn. Juan was much amused to find that the horn had a false wooden bottom. The good-natured host explained that the horns held less than a tumbler, but were very popular as they appeared to hold more.\n\nWhen they left San Jose, there was only a day's journey ahead of them.\nThey came to the rancho and the Casa del Arroyo. Benito was the first to see his father and Juan Nichols as they came riding up the hill to the house. He shouted with a great burst of joy:\n\n\"Here come Father and Juan Nichols!\"\n\nAll the household came out to greet them.\n\n\"Welcome home! Welcome home!\"\n\nTo Monterey for the Winter 171\n\nAs soon as they had dismounted, the travelers kissed and hugged Dona Maria Teresa, and then all the others. After they caught their breath, Don Carlos asked his wife, \"Did my letter reach you?\"\n\n\"No, my dear, you know how unreliable the mail couriers always are. How long ago did you write?\"\n\nWhen Don Carlos heard this, he said, \"Then I had better go over to tell Padre Toribio not to worry about losing his Mission. I was successful with the Governor then? How splendid! My dreams have been haunted by the fear of the Indians.\"\nDona Maria Teresa said, \"The Indians have returned to being savages without the Missions and the padres. No need to worry at present, the Governor will do nothing to enforce the act until he is compelled to.\"\n\nBenito and Loreta Delfin were like brothers to the children. They couldn't wait to talk to Juan. When the others were enjoying their siesta, the three sat in the sala, chatting as merrily as if they had all been the same age.\n\n\"Where is the ship?\" \"Where have you been?\" \"What did you see?\" \"Tell us about it?\" Loreta Delfin asked her questions so fast that there was no time for Juan to give an answer to one before there was another.\n\n\"Just one at a time, please,\" Juan begged. \"The Shark is on its way from Monterey and will be coming here very soon.\"\n\n\"Can we go aboard her?\" Benito asked.\n\"Oh, yes,\" said Juan, bursting to tell them the plan. To Monterey for the Winter of 173. Why didn't you come with the Shark?\" asked Benito. Now Juan is going to answer my questions first,\" Loreta Delfin told her brother. \"Which was next, 'Reta?\" \"Where have you been on this voyage?\" \"We went around the Horn to the United States, this trip. We took a big load of tallow and hides and brought back a cargo of groceries, furniture, dry-goods, hardware, and enough finery for every senorita and her mother in Alta California! We had a fine voyage and made good time, only eight months from Monterey to Monterey.\" I've been on a trip, too,\" said Benito, \"Father took Tomas and me to Ross.\" Did he? That's fine. Tell me about it!\"\n\n174 Benito and Loreta Delfin\n\n\"I'm not going to stay,\" said Loreta Delfin, rising. \"I've heard about nothing.\"\n\"But she grew tired of hearing about the trips since they returned. \"Little sister, you will be going on a trip soon, so don't worry about not going to Ross.\" \"Shall I, Juan? Where? Where?\" Loreta Delfin jumped up and down with joy. \"Am I going too?\" Benito asked doubtfully. \"Oh, we are all going! There, I've let the secret out! Can you keep it to yourselves if I tell you?\" \"Oh, yes, yes!\" they both said. \"If your mother is willing, we are all going to Monterey for the winter and we are going to make the trip on the Shark.\" To Monterey for the Winter 175. \"Hurrah! Hurrah!\" cried Benito and Loreta Delfin. \"Quietly now, quietly, or the whole household will know. We mustn't let the secret out until your mother...\"\nmother gives her consent. \"She will go, I am sure,\" said Loreta Delfin. \"For she has been talking about wanting to see Marcella.\" \"I must go now,\" said Juan. \"I see Felipe with the horses. Your father and I are going to the Mission. Now mind not a word of the plan.\"\n\nThat evening, Domingo and Salvador came over from the Presidio. Supper was very good. \"Just like a party,\" the twins said. Afterwards, several boring families gathered for a valectio casero, or informal party, to celebrate the return of Don Carlos and Captain Nichols.\n\n176 Benito and Loreta Delfin\n\nThe music of guitar and violin filled the sala, which was lit with many elk-tallow candles. Moonlight flooded the patio and there the children gathered to play gallina ciega, or blindman's buff. Indoors, their elders danced and sang to the stately contradanza and jota.\nyoung men and women displayed their skill and grace in the zorrita. When the bamba was danced, the boys and girls stopped their play and climbed upon the broad window-ledges to watch. While the others were dancing and singing, Don Carlos broke the news of the trip to Monterey to his wife and gained her consent to go.\n\nGertrudis and Tomas, who heard the news before going to bed, could hardly wait till after prayers the next morning to tell Loreta and Benito about the thrilling trip.\n\n\"You needn't think you are telling us something new,\" Benito said, a little sleepy and cross after sitting up so late.\n\n\"We have known about it for some time.\"\n\n\"Oh, have you? Who told you? None of us knew it until last night after the party. You must have been listening to us when you were supposed to have been asleep,\" Gertrudis replied.\nBenito added, \"Never mind who told us.\" I didn't listen the night before either.\n\nFor several days, Tomas and Gertrudis were kept guessing about how the twins found out about the trip. Juan Nichols wouldn't tell that he had given away the secret, and Benito and Loreta Delfin had great fun teasing the others.\n\n\"Well, what does it matter, even if you dreamed it?\" Gertrudis said to Loreta Delfin. \"We are all going, and what a trip we shall have! Just think, Monterey for Christmas! The balls are wonderful, and they say the officers at the Presidio are handsomer than any in Alta California. You and Benito will probably have to go to school,\" she added, just to get even for the teasing.\n\n\"That will be fun, too,\" Loreta Delfin replied, who hadn't the slightest idea what school would be like.\nBenito was doubtful about the need to learn to read and write. But the trip absorbed all of his attention. He pestered Juan with questions every time he came within hearing distance. He wanted to be a sailor, and would Juan please promise to let him learn how to do everything, so he could go on the next long voyage with him. Juan good-naturedly said \"No\" and \"Yes\" and \"I will see,\" and \"If your father will let you.\" Benito was overjoyed.\n\nTo Monterey for the Winter 1792\n\nDona Maria Teresa and Prudencia were as busy as could be, making ready for the trip. Extra girls came from the Mission. Clothes were made ready, household tasks done in preparation for the long absence.\n\nDon Carlos and Tomas rode the ranges early and late with the Indian major-domos, leaving orders for this and that.\nBenito and Loreta Delfin were excited about the trip and could scarcely sleep or eat, spending most of their time in the household. One day, Domingo rode over from the Presidio to announce that the Shark had anchored in the bay. Juan expressed his desire to stay for a week to allow the ladies at the Presidio and Mission to come aboard and acquire whatever they needed for themselves, their families, and their homes.\n\nAfter the ship came in, Juan was gone all day and sometimes at night, leaving Benito to ponder the questions that kept coming to mind from morning until night. One evening, Juan returned for supper and mentioned that they could sail as soon as Doha Maria Teresa had her belongings aboard.\n\nBenito and Loreta Delfin\n\nAfter the ship's arrival, Juan was absent all day and sometimes at night, leaving Benito to ponder the questions that kept coming to mind from morning until night. One evening, Juan returned for supper and mentioned that they could sail as soon as Doha Maria Teresa had her possessions aboard.\n\"But I'm not ready yet,\" she protested.\n\"You might as well go now, Maria,\" said Don Carlos. \"For you never will be entirely ready, and Juan wants to get you all down to Monterey so he can go on to San Diego with the schooner.\" In spite of Doha Maria Teresa's protests, it was arranged to go at once.\n\nNext day every squeaking carreta at the rancho was loaded with chests and bundles and boxes. Don Carlos stormed and fussed about taking so much, but his wife insisted that not an unnecessary thing had been packed. \"Clothes for six, with bedding and supplies, are not packed in a nutshell, and Marcella can't be expected to supply us all,\" and that ended the talk. Off the carretas started, followed by the family on horseback.\n\nAt the Presidio, a farewell party had been planned by Salvador and Domingo,\nThe Flores family struggled to arrange for Dona Maria Teresa to come to the Comandante's house without revealing the surprise party. Domingo suggested telling her Salvador was ill, but they feared this would frighten her. Instead, they decided to ask Juan for help.\n\nJuan was instructed to tell Dona Maria Teresa that the loading of the schooner would not be finished until midnight, and that she and Benito, Loreta Delgado, and Tomas should go to the Presidio to wait.\n\nThe Flores family stopped at the mission to bid farewell to the padres and receive their blessings for the journey. Doha Maria Teresa, unsuspecting, agreed to go with Domingo to the Presidio, accompanied by Prudencia, Gertrudis, and Benito.\nLoreta Delfin begged to be allowed to go with Don Carlos to the boat-landing to watch their things being taken out to the schooner.\n\nWhen they reached the shore, Juan was waiting for them. One load had already been taken aboard the Shark, and the boat was being reloaded for another trip.\n\n\"Can't we row out to the ship with the luggage, Juan?\" asked Benito.\n\n\"Yes, if your father says so,\" Juan replied.\n\nAs the bay was as still as a pond, Don Carlos consented. Loreta Delfin and Benito climbed into the little boat on top of the boxes and chests and chatted gayly with the sailors as they rowed away from shore. Coming back with an empty boat, Benito was allowed to take an oar and proudly rowed back to the landing, while his sister watched him critically.\n\n\"You splash too much,\" said Loreta Delfin. Rowing looked easy to her.\nBenito said, \"You would splash worse than I do at first. It's not easy as it looks. I tried rowing when we went to Ross, and at first all I could do was get wet and slow down the boat. It takes lots of practice.\"\n\nThe twins made several trips, and Loreta begged to take an oar on the last trip back to shore. She surprised Benito and the sailors by catching the rhythm of the stroke quickly and pulling hard and steadily.\n\n\"Don't work so hard, Senorita,\" cautioned a sailor.\n\nLoreta never liked to have Benito do things she couldn't do, so she stayed at it long after her hands were sore and her arms and back ached.\n\nWhen all the luggage was stowed away aboard ship, Juan and Don Carlos took the twins back to the Presidio.\nThey found a gay party in progress at Coman-dante's house, with singing and dancing. The night was fair and not cold, and a full moon was rising. Benito and Loreta Delfin were tired and sleepy after the busy afternoon on the water. They watched the dancing for a while but left before refreshments were served. They went to Monterey for the Winter 185 off and curled up to sleep in the doorway of the chapel. Juan was anxious to have the family aboard the Shark in time to sail with the midnight tide, so the dancing stopped early and supper was served to the guests. After supper, a quite procession left the Presidio in the moonlight and went singing down to the beach to say goodbye. As the Flores family were climbing into the boats amid shouts of merriment and advice from their friends, the twins were missed.\n\"Where are Benito and Loreta Delfin?\" someone asked.\n\"Benito! Loreta!\" they called, but no answer.\n\"Did they come with you? Have you seen them on the shore? Were they at the dance?\" were the questions each asked the other, but the answers failed to locate the twins.\n\nBenito and Loreta Delfin, Don Carlos and Juan stated that they had brought them back to the Presidio after ensuring all luggage was aboard the Shark. Someone had seen them standing in the Comandante's house doorway watching the dancing, but their whereabouts were now a mystery.\n\nJuan asked a sailor if they were aboard ship by any chance, but they had not been seen along the waterfront since afternoon.\n\n\"Then they must be at the Presidio,\" said Don Carlos, and he and Domingo went back to look for them.\n\nDona Maria Teresa refused to go.\naboard the schooner until the twins were found.\n\"There is nothing to worry about, Mother,\" said Prudencia. \"They are probably asleep somewhere and didn't hear us go.\"\nTo Monterey for the Winter 1871\nAfter what seemed a very long time to the waiting people, Don Carlos and Domingo returned with two of the sleepiest children imaginable.\n\"Where did you find them?\" their mother asked.\n\"Asleep in the chapel doorway. We had searched every nook indoors and were beginning outside, when one of the soldiers happened to see them,\" Domingo said.\nThere was no time for talking or scolding, and Juan hurried the family into the boats. Dona Maria Teresa sat with Benito on one side and Loreta Delfin on the other to be sure they didn't escape again. They were really far too sleepy to want to do anything but put their heads down on her shoulder.\nAs the dipping oars carried the boats out from shore into the very path of the moon, the soft, sweet voices of friends, Benito and Loreta Delfin, calling goodbyes and good wishes, became part of a dream for Benito and Loreta. They were so sound asleep when the boat reached the Shark that no one had the heart to awaken them. Strong arms got them aboard without disturbing them, and Prudencia and Dona Maria tucked them away in their bunks.\n\nWhen they awakened next morning, it was with some surprise that they found themselves out on the ocean sailing toward Monterey.\n\nCHAPTER IX\nSCHOOL\nOreta Delfin, where are you?\u201d called Benito. \u201cLet\u2019s go out; it has stopped raining again.\u201d And out of the house the two darted.\n\nFor a week after they had landed at Monterey, it had rained continually. Between showers, they had explored the town and its surroundings, but now the sun was out and the air was warm and dry. They decided to visit the school.\nBenito and Loreta Delfin explored the town, having lived on the rancho for eleven years. It was strange to them to have houses so close together. There were no streets, but on the winding paths between the houses, one often met people going about their business.\n\nThe ladies of the best families were seen abroad only in the morning, in the simple black dresses worn for church, going to or from Mass. They were attended by Indian servants, who carried rugs and cushions to use on the bare church floor.\n\nThe plaza was the place to see the life of the town and Presidio. All day people came and went. There the soldiers drilled, and in the evening, when it was fine, gay young people danced and sang in the open square.\n\nPublic fandangoes and cockfights were almost continuous and gave entertainment.\nentertainment for the sailors and hunters who came to Monterey. Nearly every evening, informal parties were given in the best homes for the members of leading families. Doha Maria Teresa was busy getting her luggage unpacked and her family settled, and the twins were allowed to go where they pleased. This morning between showers, they went to the seashore. There was much of interest for them to see. The storm had washed long garlands of kelp up on the beach. Black surf-scoters swam and dipped for food and made short flights close to the surface of the ocean, alighting on the water with wings held high above their backs for an instant. Stocky gray or whitish fulmars floated in the bay, picking up, with their stout deeply-hooked bills, garbage thrown from a ship at anchor. A flock of gray and white sanderlings, in their intricate ballet, scurried along the shoreline, probing the wet sand for food with their long, slender beaks.\nBenito and Loreta Delfin were intently watching the little birds running back and forth on the sand, following the receding waves and hurriedly picking up their food. When a wave rolled in, they turned and ran up the beach with twinkling feet, keeping just ahead of the water, like a fringe of foam.\n\nBenito and Loreta Delfin were so interested in watching the little birds that they did not notice the people gathering on the beach. A brig with white sails bellowed out in the fresh breeze, entering the bay. A group of schoolboys, shouting and happy, approached the Flores twins.\n\n\"Do you live here?\" one of them asked Benito.\n\n\"No, we live on a ranch near Mission San Francisco de Asis,\" Benito replied.\n\n\"We came here for the winter,\" Loreta Delfin added. \"We are living with our aunt, Senora Juan Nichols.\"\n\n\"Well, I guess you will have to go to school,\" one of the boys said.\nThe strange boy said, \"You're going to school, the one who lives in Monterey has to, or else their parents are fined.\"\n\n\"Yes, I am going soon,\" Benito replied.\n\n\"Can you read and write?\" Benito was asked.\n\n\"No, I've never been to school,\" Benito responded.\n\nAnother boy, very friendly, replied, \"I'm sorry for you.\" The twins liked him.\n\n\"I'm going too,\" Loreta Delfin said. \"You will have to go to the girls' school. Only boys can go to our school.\"\n\n\"What do you do there?\" Benito asked.\n\n\"Wait and see!\" one boy shouted and ran off with some others.\n\n\"Don't you have to go to school today?\" Loreta Delfin asked.\n\n\"Oh, yes, but when a ship comes in, we are allowed to come to the shore to see it. I wish one came every day!\" the boy said feelingly.\n\nBenito and Loreta Delfin waited with the others to see the brig drop anchor.\nA boat with the captain and some of the crew came to shore. Then they wandered back to the town.\n\n\"Those boys didn't seem to like school,\" Loreta Delfin said to her brother.\n\n\"I hope I won't have to go,\" replied Benito.\n\n\"We both will. That's one of the reasons Mother came to Monterey so that we could go to school,\" Loreta Delfin told her brother.\n\nNot long after this, at breakfast, Don Carlos announced that he wished Benito and Loreta Delfin to go to school. The twins were too respectful and well-trained to question their father's plans, but they were quite sure by now that they didn't want to go.\n\n\"There are two schools for boys and only one for girls,\" Don Carlos went on to say. \"I inquired as to which one was best for Benito, and tomorrow morning he will start there. I shall take him myself.\"\nBenito told Loreta she would teach her instead of school. Loreta was disappointed. Next morning, Benito and his father started for school. The building was unattractive. Voices of boys studying loudly could be heard. Don Carlos opened the door to a long, narrow, poorly-lit room. After their eyes adjusted, they saw the schoolmaster seated on a rude platform behind a dark, dirty-covered table.\nDon Carlos and Benito approached the master. Every boy stopped reading to watch them, and not a sound could be heard.\n\n\"Good-morning, sir,\" said Don Carlos to the sour-faced man, past middle life, who did not even rise from his chair. He was dressed in a greasy, dirty uniform which marked him as a former soldier.\n\n\"I am Don Carlos Alejandro Flores, and this is my son Benito. As we will be living here this winter, I wish for my son to receive the advantages of education at your school.\"\n\n\"Be seated, sir,\" said the schoolmaster. \"Your son is welcome, and I will assign his work at once.\"\n\n\"No, I will not stay,\" said Don Carlos. \"For I see my presence has interrupted the studying.\"\n\n\"To your lessons,\" the master shouted, and every boy began his reading at the top of his voice, and the sound was deafening.\n\nDon Carlos and Loreta Delfin.\n\n\"Good-morning, sir,\" said Don Carlos to the sour-faced man, middle-aged, who did not even rise from his chair. He was dressed in a greasy, dirty uniform which marked him as a former soldier.\n\n\"I am Don Carlos Alejandro Flores, and this is my son Benito. As we will be living here this winter, I wish for my son to receive the advantages of education at your school.\"\n\n\"Be seated, sir,\" said the schoolmaster. \"Your son is welcome, and I will assign his work at once.\"\n\n\"No, I will not stay,\" said Don Carlos. \"For I see my presence has interrupted the studying.\"\n\n\"To your lessons,\" the master shouted, and every boy began his reading at the top of his voice, and the sound was deafening.\n\"Do you read, Benito?\" he asked.\n\nSchool 199.\n\n\"No, sir,\" Benito replied.\n\n\"Ramon, come here,\" the teacher roared, and one of the older boys came forward and bowed to the master.\n\n\"Take Benito to his seat and start him on the primer,\" the teacher ordered as Ramon took the book from his hand. Benito looked at him and recognized one of the boys who had spoken to him on the beach. A flash of acknowledgment passed between their eyes, but neither boy dared to smile or speak.\n\nWhen Don Carlos had seen Benito led to one of the rough benches along the dingy wall, he bid good-day to the schoolmaster and left the room. Poor Benito was as unhappy as he could be. For a boy who had spent his life in the sun and air, as free as a colt on his father's rancho, it was like being thrown into a dungeon to come into this stuffy classroom. Benito and Loreta Delfin.\nIn a poorly lit, close room, the printed page meant nothing to Benito. He had scarcely ever seen a book. The loud voices of the boys confused him. The letters were spread meaninglessly about the page. Benito repeated words from the primer, after his young teacher, neither knowing nor caring what they were about. All he could think of was getting away from school.\n\nWhen reading time was over, coarse writing-paper was given out. Then a card with heavy black lines was passed around. Each boy, in turn, placed this under his paper and traced the lines. Then the boys took their papers to the maestro, who set a copy according to the grade he had reached. For Benito, the old soldier made a row of coarse marks and pot-hooks, to be copied on the lines below. Benito noticed that Ramon was copying sentences from the catechism in small, fine, round letters.\nAs each boy finished his copy, he took it to the teacher's desk. Every mistake or blot was punished by a sharp rap on the knuckles with the ferule. Benito was disgusted and not a little frightened, for his own sheet was far from perfect. He was so slow about his work that it was time to go home before he had finished. A great feeling of relief came over him.\n\nHe filed out of the school in silence along with the other boys. They had all learned to repress their joy at gaining their freedom, until well out of the maestro's hearing. They knew that a beating waited for any boy who was so foolish as to laugh or shout near enough to the schoolhouse for the teacher to hear.\n\nAt home, Loreta Delfin tried to get Benito to tell about his school. All that he would say was, \"I am glad you do not go there.\"\nLoreta Delfin replied, \"I don't have to go.\" But she will, soon, Loreta said. Mother had asked that day about a class in someone's home where girls learned to read and write. She could teach me to cook and embroider and care for children, Loreta added. I love taking care of Marcella's children, she continued. They are such gay little fellows. You never know what they will do or say next.\n\nFor several days, things went on at school as they had on the first day. Benito said nothing about it to anyone at home if he could help it. When they were alone, Loreta begged to be told what he did all day, and he related the dreary routine.\n\nEvery boy goes up to the platform when he first comes in, kneels before the great green cross that hangs on the wall beside the platform, and says the Bendito aloud. Then we all kiss the maestro.\nBenito and Loreta Delfin:\n\n\"Hand and say \u2018Buenos dias\u2019 to him. The dirty thing!\u201d he added half under his breath. \"I hate to touch him! After that, he tells us to go to our places. We all throw our hats on a bench in the corner, and when lessons are given out, we start to shout as loud as we can. I guess it is so that no one can hear the others.\"\n\n\"Poor Benito,\" Loreta Delfin said. \"I do wish you didn't have to go to such a dreadful place. I go to a nice house with five other girls, and we sit in the sala or the logia and read in turn from a story-book, and sometimes write letters to each other.\"\n\n\"I hate school, and I don\u2019t learn anything but how to make scratches like a hen and to repeat the catechism,\" Benito said.\n\nHis mother noticed that he took longer and longer to eat his breakfast, and one day he even said he didn\u2019t feel well.\nIt was time to go to school.\n\n\"I don't think Benito is happy at school, Carlos,\" Dona Maria said to her husband one morning after Benito had gone reluctantly.\n\n\"Probably not, just at first. He has been too free and is not used to work and confinement. Life is not all play, my dear, and doing a little of what he does not like will not hurt him,\" his father replied.\n\nThat day Benito came home with sore and bloody knuckles. His mother noticed them at dinner, but Benito said nothing about them.\n\n\"Have you been fighting, son?\" his mother asked him.\n\n\"No, Mother,\" he replied.\n\n\"How did your hands get hurt then?\"\n\n\"The schoolmaster did it with his ferule.\"\n\nLater Dona Maria Teresa told her husband that she thought such punishment severe, but Don Carlos replied, \"No doubt the rascals need some discipline.\"\nA few raps won't hurt them, and boys can't be coddled. A teacher's life is no easy one, and boys can be a great annoyance. This did not satisfy Benito's mother, especially after she overheard Benito tell Loreta Delfin that he had received the punishment because there was a spot of ink on his writing copy. And then he told her how every boy hated the school and the teacher.\n\nThings went on for several days more, and one day Benito came home from school with flushed cheeks and blazing eyes. He fairly shouted at his mother, \"I'm through! I'll never go back again! Nobody can make me!\"\n\nHe was so excited that his mother could scarcely get him to tell her what was the matter.\n\n\"I had to see a boy beaten,\" he half sobbed. \"A little boy, who had giggled at a big boy making faces behind the teacher.\"\nThe teacher's back. It wasn't fair. He had done no wrong. The maestro is a brute. They took off his shirt, and two boys held him down on a bench - his words came fast and hot - \"and the maestro beat him with the disciplina, a kind of cat-o'-nine-tails, made of hempen twine, with iron points. He bled. He beat the boy till he no longer cried out.\"\n\nThis shocking tale was told to Don Carlos, who was really a kind and just man and had never been known to strike a servant or even an animal.\n\nSchool 207\n\n\"I will look into the matter,\" he said solemnly. \"Benito need not go to school tomorrow.\"\n\nAnd, it being Saturday, Benito felt doubly blessed, for that was the day of review and examination. Beatings and knuckle-rappings were frequent that day, should the pupils fail to recite from Father Ripalda's catechism correctly.\n\nWhat Don Carlos found out about the teacher.\nI. Make a decision to keep Benito home for the rest of winter due to harsh treatment at school. \"I would like him to have an education, but if it cannot be had without beatings, I fear he will grow up unable to read or write. No child of mine shall be insulted and treated like a slave or an animal. They may fine me or punish me, but until schools are better, Benito shall not go.\"\n\n2. Good news delights Benito and his mother. Loreta Delfin vows to teach Benito reading and writing daily.\n\n3. Benito rejoices in freedom to roam woods and shore, content without book learning. On days a ship arrives:\n\nBenito was determined to keep Benito at home for the rest of winter due to the harsh treatment he received at school. \"I would like him to have an education,\" he told Dona Maria Teresa, \"but if it cannot be had without beatings, I fear he will grow up unable to read or write. No child of mine shall be insulted and treated like a slave or an animal. They may fine me or punish me, but until schools are better, Benito shall not go.\"\n\nThe good news overjoyed both Benito and his mother. Loreta Delfin promised to show her brother every day what she learned in her reading and writing classes, which she truly enjoyed with the group of friendly girls.\n\nBenito was free once more to wander about the woods and shore, quite content in his ignorance of books and schools. On the days when a ship came to the shore, he would eagerly watch its arrival and departure, dreaming of the far-off places it might be carrying.\nHe saw schoolboys on the beach as he sailed into the bay. They envied his freedom but it didn't make him popular with them. He really liked Ramon and wished they could roam together along the beach and through the woods. Each could tell the other all he knew about the ways of birds and animals, of the sea and the rancho, unafraid of a master's ferule or disciplina.\n\nChapter X\nChristmas Eve\n\nMarcella and Loreta Del-fin were sitting on the upstairs galeria one fine day in early December. The rains had made a faint tinge of green show on the hills. The sun was getting warm and before long, flowers would again bloom in the fields.\n\n\"How long before Christmas, Marcellas?\" Loreta Del-fin asked.\n\n\"Oh, it is nearly here. Only three more weeks. What fun we will have together this year!\"\n\n\"Benito told me that he heard Se\u00f1or...\"\nRodriguez rehearsing his part in the Pas-toria, down on the sea-shore, not long ago,\" Loreta Delfin said to her sister. \"Would you like to go out to the Mission on Christmas Eve and see the Indians act their Christmas play?\" asked Marcella. \"Oh, yes,\" answered Loreta Delfin. \"What fun! I think Tomas and Gertrudis must be in a Christmas play, too. I saw Prudencia making costumes for them the other day. She put them away when she saw me coming.\" \"I think that was meant to be a surprise. Can you keep the secret?\" Marcella asked her sister. \"Oh, yes, I can, Marcella,\" said Loreta Delfin. A group of young people give the play of the Shepherds every year, going around from house to house during the holidays. They think it more fun when people do not know who is taking the Christmas Eve roles.\nparts. We recognize our friends but pretend not to know them at the time. One makes the play seem more real, Marcella told her. We should start saving our eggshells too, Marcella said. Prudencia told me Lent began very early this year. What are eggshells for? Loreta Delfin asked. What have they to do with Lent? Don't you know about our Carnaval festivals? It comes three days before Ash Wednesday, and the whole town turns out to play. If you happen to be the favored one at any gathering or in the streets, even, you may find yourself hit with an eggshell filled with bits of colored paper, cologne water, or oropel, which is gold leaf, finely cut. It's lots of fun trying to break an eggshell on someone before they can do the same to you. Sometimes the air is sweet with the scent of flowers and oranges. Benito and Loreta Delfin.\nwith cologne and filled with flying bits of paper and tinsel. The girls go around with bits of tinsel in their hair for days after a Cascarone ball.\n\n\"On the rancho we never throw egg shells but we always have lots of fun December 28th, at the Fiesta del dia de Innocentes,\" Loreta Delfin said.\n\n\"I remember. Do you still have bu\u00f1uelos for breakfast and have a good laugh at the one who gets the cake stuffed with cotton?\" asked Marcella.\n\n\"Yes, and last year Benito got it. He was so sure, too, that he could tell which one had the cotton, that when he bit into it he was more surprised than anyone else. We just laughed and laughed at him.\"\n\n\"The first year I was in Monterey,\" Marcella said, \"someone started the word around that a ship had gone aground on the rocks. We all started for the Christmas Eve point.\"\n\nWhen nearly the whole town\nLoreta Delfin, unable to see any ship, recalled it was the Fiesta del dia de Innocentes. The originator of the story remained unknown, having deceived us all.\n\n\"I must come up with some good jokes this year,\" Loreta Delfin remarked. \"Benito is the hardest to fool.\"\n\nThe weeks preceding Christmas passed swiftly. Loreta Delfin was occupied with small gifts for her family and the Indian servants. As Christmas Eve approached, the Indian girls labored all day to grind meal for the tortilla-makers. Benito and Loreta Delfin were permitted to grind chocolate and shell pine-nuts for roasting. Tomas and Gertrudis were home briefly only for meals. Whispers and concealment of items ensued when their footsteps were heard approaching the room where Christmas preparations were underway.\nChristmas Eve finally came. In the morning, Benito and Loreta Delfin went to gather shells in which to stand the candles that were to be lit in every window. Don Carlos came home with his arms full of fireworks for the evening. Indian servants brought pine boughs from the hills, and Marcella directed the placing of them over windows and doors. They twined greens on the railings of the outside staircase to the galeria.\n\nDoha Maria Teresa was supervising the cooking of the food. The tortilla-makers had been working since dawn. It did not seem as though all could be finished in time. But twilight found everything in readiness. Loreta Delfin and Benito, dressed in their best, waited with tapers in hand for the bell to ring that would be the signal for lighting the candles.\n\nThere it was! First, the deep voice of\nThe bell in the chapel rang, and others chimed in. Lights began to twinkle in the windows of every house in Monterey. Soon, bonfires flared up in the plaza, on the hillside and the shore. More bells chimed, and glad shouts and songs welcomed in \"la noche buena.\"\n\nGuests began to arrive, and soon the house and the lantern-lit patio were full of people exchanging greetings. Supper was spread on long tables, and the guests seated themselves as they pleased. Indian servants moved about offering tortillas from large trays, while others passed the meats and stews or served coffee, chocolate, or punch from pottery pitchers.\n\nThe children, as usual, had to wait until all the older people were served before they could eat. But it was Christmas Eve and there was a bountiful supply, so that the children and even the Indians were not left out.\nThe servants enjoyed roast meat, carne seca, frijoles, pasties, dulces, and conservas for supper. Don Carlos and Juan Nichols ignited fireworks in the patio after, delighting the children as each sky-rocket shot up into the deep blue sky and dropped sparks. Following the fireworks display, Don Carlos summoned the servants into the patio. Two Indian men presented a large table filled with gifts, labeled with the intended recipients' names. As Don Carlos called out the names, each person claimed their gift. No one was overlooked; every family member, guest, and servant, along with their families, received something for pleasure. There were embroidered shawls, lace mantillas, tall combs, and carved and jeweled rosaries for the ladies.\nHandsome silver-mounted bridles and spurs, fine sashes, a hat of silkiest vicuna or a poncho of richest broadcloth fringed in gold, gay young senoritas received strings of pearls, fan, gold hair-ornaments, bright rebozos and sashes, carved necklaces and earrings. Boys were pleased with finely braided reatas, bright sashes, velvet jackets, or big hats. Girls, like their mothers and older sisters, were made happy with finery. Little children had beads to string, dolls, and animals made of wood, gayly painted and decorated with fur and hair, toy carts and boats.\n\nBenito and Loreta\nBenito was overjoyed to receive a beautiful saddle of tooled leather with silver mountings, and a bridle of fine horsehair. Also, a full suit of green velvet.\nLoreta Delfin had a beautiful costume - trimmed with gilt and spangles, a red sash, and a flat-crowned hat gay enough for any fiesta. She wore an embroidered muslin dress with a little velvet jacket, light-blue sash, and blue silk slippers to match. A carved coral necklace and bracelets adorned her. Delighted, she felt she had truly grown up.\n\nAfter the presents were distributed, dancing began to the music of guitar and violin. The older children joined hands with their elders for the opening dance, the jota. All sang the verses as the two lines of dancers faced each other, partners doing the figures of the dance in turn. At the refrain, hands were joined, and a chain danced until someone started to sing the verse again.\n\nThe guests who wished to see the Christmas play at the Mission San Carlos Borromeo could do so after the dance.\nLos Borromeo left after the first dance. The others followed in time for the midnight Mass. Don Carlos and Prudencia took Loreta Delfin and Benito as early as possible, to see as much of the play as they could.\n\nBenito and Loreta Delfin\n\nIt was a gorgeous night. The stars shone like diamonds. Along the way to the Mission, bonfires were burning. Other town folk joined them as they rode along, and soon there was quite a procession. At the top of the hill looking down on the Mission, the riders stopped. They could see a long procession of Indian neophytes, each with a burning torch, winding its way back to the church, which was dark and quiet.\n\n\"We have missed the first part of the play, but are in time for the most interesting part, I think,\" Prudencia told the twins. \"At sunset,\" she went on, \"the missionaries perform the most spectacular part of the ritual.\"\nMission bells ring merrily. A light glows in every window. When darkness comes, the lights are put out, and the Indians gather in the quadrangle. Each one is given a lit torch to carry. They form a procession, with the statue of the Blessed Virgin, an ass, and Saint Joseph afoot, leading the way on Christmas Eve.\n\nSolemnly, the Indians make the circuit of the inner court and then out through the big gate and around the outer walls and up to the hills beyond the Mission. Now they are returning to the church. We will go closer to hear the singing as Mary and Joseph beg for admission.\n\nThe riders went down the hill and dismounting at the Mission gate made their way to the church door where they could hear the singing.\nThe pilgrims begged to be let in, out of the cold and storm. But not until Mary claimed herself as Queen of Heaven were the doors flung open. Then there was a burst of light, and to the chanting of the Rosary and Litany of the Blessed Virgin, the neophytes made their way into the decorated church and up to the chancel.\n\nIn front of the altar were wax figures of Mary, Joseph, and the Babe lying in a manger, with oxen lowing nearby. Saint Francis was the first to make a Christmas creche and had taught his drab-gowned followers to do the same. Many of the Indians were so impressed that they fell on their knees in wonder and awe.\n\nAs the church filled, a hushed murmur passed around, as Indians and Spaniards worshiped together.\nThe Shepherds and Angels mingled their joy and devotions. From one side of the chancel, a band of Shepherds entered, dressed in sheepskins and carried crooks. The Angel Michael, in armor, led them. From the other side came a company of Angels in white robes and golden wings. Together, the Angels and Shepherds sang a song of praise to the Holy Family. An aged hermit entered, with a flowing white beard, carrying a missal and a long sin-chastening lash. Sneaking in behind him came seven Imps, representing the seven deadly sins. They were led by Lucifer, and all were dressed in long black cloaks. Their antics and grimaces delighted the audience to laughter. A mimic battle followed between the Angels and Imps, who tried by their pranks to hinder the work of redemption. Lucifer beguiled the aged hermit.\nFinally, he lost his soul. This success emboldens the Tempter, who then tries his wiles on the company of the holy Shepherds. Here, however, he encounters Saint Michael, who recognizes him. Lucifer is obliged to fly. The end brings complete victory to the good angels over the evil spirits, and the audience bursts into shouts of joy as the forces of right march triumphantly down the aisle of the church, driving the evil ones before them out into the night.\n\nThe play is over. The neophytes marched out of the church to continue their celebration, singing and dancing, as they feasted on roast oxen in the rancheria behind the Mission.\n\nNow quiet and the peace of Christmas filled the church. Candles were lit on the altar, and the fragrant incense floated out over the company of devout Spaniards.\nIards and others had gathered for the midnight Mass. Benito and Loreta Delfin were getting tired after the long, busy day and the excitement of the evening. It was hard for them to stay awake. The chanting and intoning of the service lulled them into a doze. When the Mass was over, Prudencia woke them. Outside in the fresh night air, they were soon wide awake and enjoyed the ride home in the starlight. Despite the lateness of the hour, Monterey was still making merry. A troupe of players in costume passed just as Benito and Loreta Delfin were dismounting at Marcella's door. \"Oh, there are Tomas and Gertrudis,\" Benito whispered loudly. \"No they aren't,\" Loreta Delfin replied. \"Those aren't the costumes I saw Prudencia making for them.\" Just then, a long cloaked figure in a beard waved to them.\n\"There's Tomas, and here comes Gertrudis,\" said Loreta Delfin. One of the three Angels passing by them smiled and said, \"Happy Christmas.\" The twins wanted to tell their mother about the Christmas play, but Dona Maria Teresa was anxious to get the household to bed and said, \"Tomorrow, children. Tell me all tomorrow.\" Benito and Loreta Delfin went to their beds. Before they went to sleep, it was agreed that \"la noche buena\" in Monterey was the nicest Christmas Eve they had ever known.\n\nCHAPTER XI\nA CHRISTENING AND A WEDding\nOne morning when it was warm and spring-like, Benito and Loreta Delfin came into the patio and found Gertrudis combing Tomas' hair as they sat in the sun.\n\n\"Ouch, Gertrudis, please don't pull it so,\" Tomas begged.\n\n\"How can I help it? It is so snarled,\" Gertrudis said, as she combed out the tangles.\nBenito laughed at Tomas, who made faces at each pull of the comb. \"Just you wait, Benito, until you have to wear your hair long.\" \"Oh, I never will,\" said Benito. \"They will cut it off before I grow up.\" Benito turned to his sister and asked, \"Gertrudis, who is this caballero who comes around here, singing serenades all the time? He is a very dressed-up young man, not so bad-looking, but he certainly cannot sing.\" \"I don't know whom you mean,\" Gertrudis answered haughtily. \"There are many young men playing and singing under my window.\" \"Yes, you do know the one I mean. I suppose his father will be coming around soon, dressed in velvet, fine linen, and silk.\"\n\"With a blue broadcloth poncho thrown over his arm, making low bows, and an expensive hat sweeping the ground, Benito asked for the honor of a marriage. A Christening and a Wedding, 229.\n\n\"Benito, you chatter like a squirrel! Stop your nonsense,\" Gertrudis said crossly as she finished winding Tomas' hair with black ribbons.\n\n\"Come along, Benito,\" Tomas said. \"She's in love, and I'm afraid there's nothing we can do about it.\"\n\nWhen the boys had gone, Gertrudis and Loreta Delfin stayed in the patio. Gertrudis confided, \"I wouldn't tell Benito, he's such a tease, but I am in love. Roberto's father will call soon to ask if we may marry.\"\n\n\"How exciting, Gertrudis. A wedding! Will it be soon?\"\n\n\"I hope so, but you know how long it takes to arrange these matters. I'm sure Father will consent. Roberto's\"\nThe family is honorable and rich, and we love each other much. But even after the families have arranged matters, it takes some time for the groom to have the wedding clothes made. He must provide me with at least six sets of each kind of clothes I need, and Roberto says he will have the nuns embroider them for me. He says they embroider camisas as fine as cobwebs. I will give you all the best waists I have now, after I am married, Loreta.\n\n\"Thank you, Trudis.\"\n\n\"Don't you dare tell Mother or Marcella that I've been talking about weddings and such things. I am not supposed to know anything about it until after Roberto's father makes the proposal to my father.\"\n\n\"I promise not to tell,\" said Loreta Delfin.\n\nGertrudis went on to say, \"We may have a christening in the family before...\"\n\"We have a wedding. I hope Marcella gets a girl this time. We have enough boys in the family now,\" said Loreta Delfin. \"Whatever comes, you have to take, and we will have a big christening party, whether it is a boy or a girl,\" Gertrudis added knowingly. \"I love parties, and we haven't had one here in the house since Christmas,\" said Loreta Delfin. \"I've been to enough bailes. I've never known a place so gay as Monterey. It won't be long before you can go to them too. How old are you, Loreta Delfin, ten?\" \"Eleven, going on twelve, and I'm nearly as tall as you are now,\" Loreta Delfin answered. Just then Doha Maria Teresa called Loreta Delfin to come indoors to help her. \"Now don't tell anyone what we were talking about.\"\nGertrudis asked, \"Please, about what we were talking, sister?\" as she went inside. \"It's my secret.\"\n\nOne afternoon not long after Gertrudis and Loreta Delfin had been chatting in the patio, Don Estevan Guadalupe called on Don Carlos. Benito ran to tell Gertrudis, and she was so excited that she couldn't eat her supper that night. Nothing was said about the matter, but Benito took delight in teasing her. A dozen calls would be exchanged before the proposal was made. The formalities could not be hurried. Young lovers had to hide their impatience and content themselves by exchanging flowers, which carried their messages of affection in a language of their own.\n\nEvery day, as Gertrudis tended the potted geraniums that filled the wide porch, [A Christening and a Wedding 233]\nAt Marcella's window-sills, she could almost hear them saying, \"I will always love thee.\" In the evening, when she dropped one through the grating to her lover as he strummed his guitar, he understood the message perfectly and in return tossed up a slip of evergreen, which said as loud as words, \"My love will be eternal.\"\n\nOne day, not long after this, Benito and Loreta Delfin returned from a picnic at Los Aguazitos, where the town-folks did their washing. They were welcomed with the news that a baby girl had arrived at the house ahead of them.\n\n\"I'm glad it's a girl,\" said Loreta Delfin.\n\n\"Let's see her,\" Benito asked.\n\n\"Where is she?\"\n\nThey were disappointed not to see the baby at once. Senora Flores promised them they might hold the baby at a christening and a wedding.\nBenito and Loreta Delfin hadn't seen such a young baby as their mother brought into the sala the next morning. It was wrapped in soft blankets, and only the top of its head and a little puckered face were visible.\n\n\"She looks like you, Benito,\" his mother said.\n\nBenito pulled aside the blanket from the face of the sleeping infant and looked at it for a long time. Then he went to the long mirror and studied himself. Finally, he said, \"If you think that thing looks like me, I don't know what makes you think so. The only thing I can see like me about it is that we both have hair, eyes, nose, ears, and a mouth.\"\n\n\"You probably weren't a bit handsomer than that when you were less than a day old,\" Loreta Delfin remarked.\n\nBenito and Loreta Delfin (236)\nBenito didn't want to hold the baby, so Loreta Delfin begged to hold it long enough for both of them. She sat down and her mother put the baby in her lap. Benito came near to look at it.\n\n\"Oh, look, she is waking up,\" said Loreta Delfin. \"Maybe she will open her eyes.\"\n\n\"I thought babies were like kittens and didn't open their eyes till they were several days old,\" said Benito.\n\n\"Benito, you didn't think anything of the kind. You are teasing,\" said Loreta Delfin.\n\n\"Yes, I did think so, truly,\" said Benito.\n\nJust then the baby began to cry and Doha Maria Teresa came quickly back into the sala and took her from Loreta Delfin's arms.\n\nThe question of what to name the baby was discussed at every meal. Some wanted one name, some another. Finally, with the help of the godparents, it was decided to call the wee thing Maria.\nAnita, Rafaela. The christening day was chosen and plans made for the volo, or special refreshments for the occasion. There were presents to be gotten for the godparents to distribute to the guests at the christening feast. The baptismal ceremony was to take place at night. Before the appointed time, the godparents, accompanied by several musicians who played as they rode, arrived at Marcella's house. Marcella and Juan with the baby met them at the door, and, together with other family members, marched to the parish church, playing and singing as they went. Benito and Loreta Delfin brought up the rear of the procession. All of the baby's relatives were expected to be present at the baptism without being asked. A number of friends had also been invited. These gathered outside.\nA side of the church to wait for the ceremony to be over. When the family came out, they were greeted with fireworks, music, and the ringing of bells. Friends and relatives, with the padre and his assistants, marched back to Marcella\u2019s home, making a long and joyful procession. People came to their doors to watch them pass and waved and shouted. The baby slept peacefully through it all. At the house, the padre and his assistants were given money, and then the gifts were distributed to the guests. All ate of the panecito, or baptismal bread, and drank the health of the baby and its parents. The musicians were called, and dancing commenced, which lasted the remainder of the night. The young people returned the next day and danced again. It was quite usual for such a party to last several days.\nAfter the excitement of the christening, the household settled down to a quieter life. Lent brought rest from bailes and fiestas. Gertrudis and Tomas were at home more, and church going and fasting became the chief activities in Monterey.\n\nSenor Amador had asked Don Carlos for the honor of Gertrudis\u2019 marriage with his son, Roberto. Consent was given, and the young lovers were blissfully happy. The two families had many things to decide. The most important was when and where the wedding would take place. Naturally, Roberto's relatives wanted it at Monterey. Don Carlos, Prudencia, and Dona Maria Teresa wanted it at the Mission San Francisco de Asis. Benito and Loreta Delfin were in no hurry to return to their ranch, and they spoke for Monterey. At last, it was decided that the wedding should be at the Mission San Carlos.\nDuring Easter week, Borromeo provided himself with the best horse and an elaborate saddle and trapplings. He was also responsible for most of Gertrudis' clothes and all the food for the wedding feast. As Roberto's family was wealthy, they gave Gertrudis many wonderful presents. Every time Roberto or his mother or father called to see Gertrudis or her family, they brought something lovely: a lace mantilla, silk stockings, fans, Roman sashes, tall combs of shell bound with gold, pearls from Baja California, a necklace of topaz, an amethyst rosary, or a lace flounce from Spain for her wedding petticoat.\n\nBenito and Loreta Delfin had seen many wedding processions since they had been in Monterey. They were particularly interested to know what:\n\nA Christening and a Wedding (241)\nGertrudis would have a kind of wedding.\n\"On whose horse will she ride to the Mission?\" Benito asked one day when wedding plans were being discussed at dinner.\n\"Don Carlos will take Gertrudis on his horse,\" Doha Maria Teresa replied.\n\"Will you use ribbon or a loop of gold braid tied to the saddle-bow for your stirrup?\" Loreta Delfin asked Gertrudis.\n\"I think that, with Father's beautiful black horse and his gold-and-black saddle and bridle, gold braid would look best,\" Gertrudis said.\nPrudencia was sewing on a lovely light-blue satin wedding dress. It was to have a tight bodice and a full skirt with tiny ruffles. There were satin shoes to match the dress, a necklace and earrings of pearl, and a beautiful white lace mantilla, which Roberto had given her to complete the costume.\nGertrudis and her mother were busy.\nGoing through the chest of fine linens and embroideries laid away for her through the years. Bed-linens were most highly prized. Sheets, pillow-cases, spreads, and valances were elaborately embroidered and trimmed with lace. These had to be washed and bleached and carefully pressed with the flat of the hand, in readiness for the wedding.\n\nIn due course, Lent came to an end. On the evening of Judas Day, as they called Good Friday, Tomas and Benito went with Don Carlos to see an effigy of Judas hanged on a gallows before the church, where it would be burned next day. Loreta Delfin and Gertrudis were not allowed to go, as the crowd was mostly men, and usually pranks of all kinds were played. Sometimes petty thieving took place and was blamed on the evil spirit of Judas.\n\nTuesday after Easter had been chosen for the christening and wedding.\nFor the wedding day, Domingo and Salvador came down from San Francisco, and the friends and relatives of both families were gathered in Monterey for the joyous occasion. By mid-morning on the wedding day, all who were to accompany the bride to the church gathered at Marcella's home to join Don Carlos and Gertrudis. The horses were decked in garlands of colored ribbons, flowers, and strings of jingling bells. The riders wore gay velvet jackets of all colors with bright sashes. The men wore wide hats, trimmed with gold or silver braid and colored bands around their heads. The women used lace mantillas over high combs and crossed them tightly at the waist, with the ends falling over bespangled skirts of every hue.\n\nGertrudis was pale and quiet as she came out of the house with her father.\nShe looked as lovely as a flower and smiled to her friends, who were grouped about the patio waiting for her. When she was seated in front of Don Carlos, the others quickly mounted, and the happy and colorful procession started out for the Mission. Domingo and Salvador rode ahead, Juan and Marcella followed with Dona Maria Teresa. Loreta Del-fin, Benito, Tomas, and Prudencia rode just behind Don Carlos. At the Mission, they met Roberto with his family and friends. After the ceremony, Roberto and Gertrudis were serenaded and greeted with merrymaking. Don Carlos, Dona Maria Teresa, Marcella and Juan, with Prudencia, and Roberto's father and mother hastened home ahead of the others to be there to greet the bride. Tomas waited to escort the padres back to Monterey for the wedding feast.\nA band of musicians playing guitars and violins headed the procession home. Benito and Loreta were uncertain whether to ride ahead with them or bring up the rear, where they could see all that went before. They finally decided that it was best to start at the end and ride ahead, then wait for the procession to pass. When they found themselves in the rear, they started ahead again. Thus, they did not miss anything.\n\nAs the procession entered Monterey, guns at the Presidio greeted them with a salute. When they approached the house of Gertrudis and Roberto, Gertrudis and Roberto were allowed to ride ahead and enter first. They were met by the nearest and dearest relatives, who with tears, gave the young couple a blessing. When all the guests had arrived, they held a christening and a wedding for Benito and Loreta.\nGertrudis and Roberto sat at the head of a long table in the sala. The padres were on their right, and their fathers and mothers on their left. From a massive silver urn, the guests were first served an excellent mutton broth thickened with rice and garbanzos, or large round beans. Next came punchero, or stew of beef and vegetables flavored with red peppers, onions, and parsley, and served with puntela, or small dumplings of wheat flour. There were also roasted beef and mutton. Frijoles were served, of course, and tortillas a plenty. They finished with conservas of fruit, dulces, tea and coffee, and for the men, a small glass of spirits. After the meal, there was dancing in the sala and patio for those who wished it. Benito and Loreta Delfin were in attendance.\nThe young couple were invited to join a dance and were delighted as they weren't considered too young. They were both skillful dancers, and by the end of the evening, they were in great demand. The next day, there was a dinner at the Mission, followed by a baile at Roberto's home. A barbecue at a nearby ranch followed, and the bride and groom, with their friends, were kept dancing and making merry for several days.\n\nOne night, the young couple boarded the brig Dale, which lay in Monterey Bay, and before their friends knew where they had gone, the ship sailed away to give the young couple a quiet honeymoon on the ocean.\n\nCHAPTER XII\nHOME FOR THE RODEO\n\"Iooray, hooray!\u201d shouted Benito. \u201cWe are going home for the rodeo.\u201d\n\nDon Carlos had just told him the plans, and Benito sent up shouts of joy. The weather was perfect. Spring had really come, and the green hills and meadows were a beautiful sight.\nDon Carlos, Doha Maria Teresa, Benito, and Loreta Delfin were the only ones left to return to the rancho. Gertrudis and Roberto were happily settled at the hacienda Roberto's father had given them as a wedding present. In a few weeks, Tomas was going to South America on the Shark with Juan Nichols, and Benito and Loreta Delfin had decided to enter a convent. Marcella's baby was growing fast and was so sweet that none of them could bear to leave her in Monterey.\n\n\"Juan, couldn't you bring Marcella and the children up to San Francisco before you sail for South America?\" Dona Maria Teresa asked one day, just before she left. \"The overland trip is out of the question with three babies, but on the ship, they could make it easily. We'd love to have them all at the Casa del Arroyo while you are away.\"\nJuan and Marcella thought this an excellent plan. When it was necessary, they said good-bye more cheerfully, knowing it would not be for long. It was a sparkling morning when Don Carlos and his family set out on horseback with only the necessary baggage for the trip. Juan was to bring the rest of their things by ship later on.\n\nHome for the Rodeo 251\n\nThe Camino Real wound between green hills and fields gay with blue lupin, brodiaea, and scarlet Indian paintbrush. Meadowlarks and red-winged blackbirds poured out their song. The travelers journeyed slowly, enjoying the beauty of the spring and resting when they wished, so that none grew tired of the trip.\n\nOne night they stopped at the Mission San Juan Bautista, where Don Carlos was well known. He was made doubly welcome with his family. Good Padre Arroyo was especially happy to have them.\nBenito and Loreta Delfin. After they had finished their supper, he sat with them under the olive trees, looking down over the new pear orchard, just beginning to bloom.\n\n\"Do you know the story of the four cats of Mission San Buenaventura?\" the good friar asked the twins.\n\nBenito and Loreta Delfin\n\n\"No, Padre. Please tell it to us; we love stories,\" they both said at once.\n\nAnd so he began.\n\n\"My good brother Padre Francisco Uria was left alone when his fellow worker died. There were the faithful Indians, of course, who cared for him, but he needed other companionship. One night an Indian servant brought four kittens to the padre's cell. The good man was delighted with the four soft, furry creatures. He named and baptized them Concha, after Maria de la Conception; Mico, after San Miguel; Gato, after Santiago; and Murka, after the Blessed Virgin Mary.\"\nConception: Lolo, after Maria de los Dolores; Pepito, after Saint Joseph; and Frasquito, after Saint Francis. The kittens followed him everywhere, and he taught them to sit and listen as he preached to them the virtues of a Christian life. Frasquito was the cleverest of the four. Every morning at four, he aroused his master by standing and looking into his face and gently poking him in the cheek. Frasquito could also jump to the latch of the refectory door and let himself and the three other kittens in. They would take their place at the table and wait patiently to be served. The padre had taught them that to snatch food was gluttonous and one of the deadly sins. At the evening Angelus, the kittens would sit up with clasped paws and bowed heads.\nWhile their master prayed, the faithful four gathered around him. After the priest had breathed his last, Frasquito and the others walked slowly and sadly to the chapel and rang the bell, which warned the angels of another spirit entering heaven.\n\n\"What a nice story. Thank you, Padre,\" said Benito and Loreta Delfin.\n\nA few days more of this peaceful journeying and they came to Mission San Francisco de Asis. Padre Toribio wanted to keep them overnight, but Dona Maria Teresa was anxious to get back to the Casa del Arroyo. Don Carlos promised to return and tell what news he had from Monterey.\n\nBenito and Loreta Delfin were very happy to be home again. That night they went from one end of the house to the other.\nThe other called attention to favorite and familiar objects here and there. It was like finding old friends in a place one revisits after a long absence.\n\nNext day, Doha Maria Teresa was up early and at the business of setting the household in order. Loreta Delfin, Home for the Rodeo, found she was expected to take Prudencia's place in helping with home affairs. Don Carlos took Benito with him and rode off to see how the plans for the rodeo were progressing.\n\nTo protect their interests, the gente de razon, at rodeo time, directed this annual work of counting cattle, inspecting the old brands, and branding additions to the herd. At other times, the vaqueros, under the care of an Indian major-domo, were in charge of the half-wild herds.\n\nDon Carlos and Benito found the countryside already astir with the activity of the rodeo. The corrals, enclosed by fences, were bustling with activity.\nfences made of the horns and skulls of dead cattle had been put in order. The hierros, or branding-irons, were ready for use. The vaqueros were driving cattle in from the hills. Other rancheros, like Don Carlos, were riding about giving orders and seeing that things were in readiness, for the rodeo would take place at the end of the week.\n\nThese rodeos were festival occasions for any community. The rancheros brought their wives and children, and, along with the work of branding and sorting cattle, there were feasting and dancing and general merrymaking for all.\n\nDona Maria Teresa rode off with Don Carlos, Benito and Loreta Delfin early the first morning of the rodeo. A crowd had already gathered at the corrals when they arrived. All were in holiday clothes and holiday spirits. Nearly every one was on horseback, though.\nA number of carretas were seen, carrying younger children and supplies of food. An ox was barbecued each day for the crowd, but every family supplied whatever other food it wished. A large arbor had been built for the dancers, covered with branches and gay decorations. Musicians played and those wishing to dance gathered. Dashing caballeros in black velvet breeches, brilliant sashes, bright-colored jackets, wide-brimmed hats worn over red silk handkerchiefs bound round the head, and tied their horses to the arbor railing and took off their spurs. Charming senoritas in full skirts of fine muslin, spangled with gilt, brightly colored jackets and high-heeled slippers and flashing jewelry, sat fanning themselves in the arbor, waiting for partners. As the young horsemen came into the arbor.\narbor. They kneeled before their chosen partners and said, \"Sabe que soy tuyo,\" Benito and Loreta Delfin. The senoritas arranged themselves opposite the gallant senores, leaving a wide space between the lines of dancers. The man at the head of the line began to sing a popular folk song. His partner took up the strain, followed by the next two dancers. Singing, the four pirouetted down the center and around the outside of the line to their former places. The next four followed, and so on until all had danced. With graceful swaying figures, they kept perfect time with the music, which gradually changed from a grand crescendo to a faint whisper of song. Other groups took their places and the dancing went on and on all through the day.\n\nWhile Loreta Delfin watched the dancers in the arbor, Benito was with his.\nfather attending to the sorting and branding of the cattle. In the corrals, the animals snorted and bellowed in the dust. The frightened calves bawled pitifully as they were lassoed and the hot branding-iron put to their flanks.\n\n260 Benito and Loreta Delfin\n\nThe hot branding-iron\n\nThe frightened calves bawled pitifully as they were lassoed and the hot branding-iron put to their flanks. Now and again, as cattle were being headed into the corrals, an unruly cow or bull would break loose from the herd and suddenly dart away, running at full speed. A vaquero would dash after it. Coming up to the animal, he would lean over and catch it by the tail, spurring his horse ahead at the same time. Then, by a quick movement, he would give a jerk and let go. The animal would roll over and over on the ground. By the time it got on its feet, it was tame enough to be easily driven back to the corral. This display of skill and daring always delighted the onlookers.\nThe spectators applauded the vaquero with enthusiasm as he lit the corral. In another corral, a crowd gathered around a little group of Indian women attempting to milk a wild cow. It took three of them to do it. One held the animal's head, another took firm hold of the reata binding its hind legs, and a third tried to milk. Pails were unused, and the woman milked with one hand and held an earthenware cup in the other, emptying it into a jug each time it was filled. The process was exciting and uncertain, and it was no wonder milk was not used more often. All day long, there was no lack of things to do and see. A race was arranged for the carretas drawn by long-horned oxen. The usually slow-moving beasts could be goaded into quite a fast pace, and despite their clumsy movements.\nThe young men drew their carretas. The racing was exciting. The young men on their spirited horses played carrera de gallo. A live cock was buried up to its neck in the earth some distance from the starting point of the race. If, while going at full speed, a rider could catch the bird by the neck, he was loudly applauded. When he failed, there was much laughter at his expense, and often he was unhorsed with violence by his comrades. More thrilling and far more dangerous was corrida de toros, or bull coursing. A wild bull was put in the arena. A hundred or more horsemen were with him in the ring, and as many, less prominent persons, outside. The bull was baited with waving serapes and goaded with the rejon, an iron-pointed lance. When he became enraged, the horsemen charged, attempting to spear him with their lances.\nWhat was tired, he was driven out of the ring at full speed. The riders followed and were joined by those outside the ring. Then began a furious race to see who would be able to throw the animal by the tail. Several bulls in succession were coursed. Home for the Rodeo. Thus coursed, and often riders and horses were injured during this rough sport. Cock-fighting gave the less active persons a chance to gamble, for betting was the common practice on all sports and games. While money seldom changed hands, large numbers of cattle and quantities of hides and tallow were won and lost, as the rancheros amused themselves. That evening Benito and Loreta Delfin sat around a great bonfire watching the Indians dance and listening to their strange and weird music. After the busy and exciting day, the night air was refreshing.\nThe refreshing night brought restfulness. The fire died down, and quiet settled over the tired holiday-makers. Laughter and singing to the guitar filled the air, but the noise of the day was gone. The air grew fresh and cool. A faint fragrance of mint made the twins sniff.\n\n\"Does that remind you of the day we went to gather yerba buena, a year ago?\" Loreta Delfin asked Benito.\n\n\"So many things have happened since then that it seems very long ago,\" Benito replied, thinking of their trip to Ross, the winter in Monterey, school, the christening, and the wedding.\n\n\"We have done so many things, and now that Gertrudis, Tomas, and Prudencia have left home, I guess we have become grown-ups too,\" Loreta Delfin said.\n\nAnd that is how Don Carlos and his wife felt about it, looking at the twins as they rode home that night.\nFor some years, life went on in much the same happy way for these contented people. The raising of the Mexican flag in the Presidios of Alta California, in place of the Lion of Castile, made little difference at first in the pleasant, pastoral life of a people who sang and danced and made play of all their work.\n\nLoreta Delfin was happily married, and Benito was a partner in Juan Nichols\u2019 trading business, when the troublesome twenty years of strife began which preceded the transfer of Alta California from Mexico to the United States, putting an end to the carefree, happy days.\n\nThe end.", "source_dataset": "Internet_Archive", "source_dataset_detailed": "Internet_Archive_LibOfCong"},
{"language": "eng", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "sponsor": "The Library of Congress", "contributor": "The Library of Congress", "date": "1932", "subject": ["Readers -- Hygiene", "Hygiene -- Juvenile literature"], "title": "Better health for little Americans,", "creator": "Lawson, Edith Wilhelmina. [from old catalog]", "lccn": "32023554", "collection": ["library_of_congress", "fedlink", "americana"], "shiptracking": "ST011238", "partner_shiptracking": "IAGC155", "call_number": "6881049", "identifier_bib": "00055261507", "lc_call_number": "QP37 .L3 1932", "possible-copyright-status": "The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item.", "note": "If you have a question or comment about this digitized item from the collections of the Library of Congress, please use the Library of Congress \u201cAsk a Librarian\u201d form: <a href=\"https://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/ask-internetarchive.html\">https://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/ask-internetarchive.html</a>", "publisher": "Chicago, Beckley-Cardy company", "description": "160 p. incl. front., illus. 20 cm", "mediatype": "texts", "repub_state": "19", "page-progression": "lr", "publicdate": "2019-07-23 11:42:51", "updatedate": "2019-07-23 12:48:10", "updater": "associate-richard-greydanus@archive.org", "identifier": "betterhealthforl00laws", "uploader": "associate-richard-greydanus@archive.org", "addeddate": "2019-07-23 12:48:13", "operator": "associate-annie-coates@archive.org", "tts_version": "2.1-final-2-gcbbe5f4", "camera": "Sony Alpha-A6300 (Control)", "scanner": "scribe1.capitolhill.archive.org", "imagecount": "170", "scandate": "20190805120009", "ppi": "300", "republisher_operator": "associate-evangilyn-dayday@archive.org", "republisher_date": "20190806140810", "republisher_time": "620", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://archive.org/details/betterhealthforl00laws", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t3424s881", "scanfee": "300;10.7;214", "invoice": "36", "openlibrary_edition": "OL27259883M", "openlibrary_work": "OL20079874W", "curation": "[curator]admin-andrea-mills@archive.org[/curator][date]20191011182613[/date][state]approved[/state][comment]invoice201908[/comment]", "year": "1932", "sponsordate": "20190831", "additional-copyright-note": "No known restrictions; no copyright renewal found.", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:1156339447", "backup_location": "ia906907_32", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.21", "ocr_converted": "abbyy-to-hocr 1.1.37", "page_number_confidence": "95", "page_number_module_version": "1.0.3", "creation_year": 1932, "content": "Author: Edith Wilhelmina Lawson, Rockford (ILL.) Public Schools\nTitle: Better Health for Little Americans\nPublisher: Beckley-Cardy Company, Chicago\nCopyright: 1932, Beckley-Cardy Company. All rights reserved. (Previously copyrighted in 1926)\n\nAcknowledgment:\nThe author wishes to thank Miss Juanita McDougald of the North Carolina State Department of Public Instruction for her suggestions and help in the preparation of this new edition.\n\nContents:\n\nChapter I:\nWhat We Must All Do\nI. Food:\n   - Milk\n   - Breakfast\n   - Coffee and Tea\n   - Don\u2019t Drink Coffee!\n   - Guess My Name\n   - Drink More Milk\n   - What Am I?\n   - Put Him on the Scales\n   - Other Good Things to Eat\n      - Fruit\n      - Vegetables\n      - Roots\n   - Some Good Friends\n      - Seeds\n      - Stems\n      - Food\nSong  \u2014  Leaves  \u2014  Our  Dinner  \u2014  The  Cow  \u2014 \nThe  Friendly  Cow \u2014 A  Riddle \u2014 Other  Farm  Ani\u00ac \nmals \u2014 Fowls \u2014 One,  Two \u2014 A  Queer  Little  House \u2014 \nWater \u2014 If \u2014 That\u2019s  the  Way \u2014 A  Riddle \u2014 Candy \u2014 \nA  Riddle \u2014 Oh,  for  the  Apple! \u2014 Health  Rules \u2014 I\u2019m \nGlad \nII  Fresh  Air  and  Sunshine . \nFresh  Air \u2014 Hoop  Song \u2014 Fresh  Air  Is  Good  for  All \u2014 \nFresh  Air  in  the  Spring \u2014 Fresh  Air  in  the  Summer \u2014 \nFresh  Air  in  the  Autumn \u2014 Fresh  Air  in  the  Winter \u2014 \nWinter  Is  Coming \u2014 Guess  My  Name \u2014 Sunshine \nand  Fresh  Air \u2014 The  Sun \u2014 Open  the  Door \u2014 The  Sun \nIs  in  the  Sky \nIII  Cleanliness . . . \nClean  Hands  and  Faces \u2014 The  Little  Clock \u2014 Clean \nBodies \u2014 What  Are  They? \u2014 Care  of  the  Teeth \u2014 To \nKeep  Good  Health \u2014 A  Good  Resolve \u2014 Be  Clean \nIV  Sleep  and  Rest . \nSleep \u2014 Sleep  and  Rest \u2014 Get  Plenty  of  Sleep \u2014 Early \nand  Late \u2014 How  We  Get  Rest \u2014 Good  Night  Song \nCHAPTER \nPAGE \nV  Exercise .  93 \nHome  Exercise  \u2014  Exercise  Through  Play  \u2014  An \nExercise in Spring and Summer - Autumn and Winter Exercise - Facts About Exercise - Exercise for All - Hints on Exercise - Exercise Song\n\nVI General Health Lessons\nPosture\nCare of the Feet\nCare of the Eyes\nTwo Eyes and One Mouth\nThe Ears\nGerms\nMore About Germs\nThe Fly\nFighting the Flies\nMosquitoes\nRats and Mice\nColds\nHow to Prevent Colds\nHealthful Homes\nMuddy Jim\nWhere to Buy Food\nThe Healthy Child\nFor Good Health\n-- Tobacco\n-- Alcohol\n-- Things to Remember\n-- How Strong Are You?\n\nVII Health Inspection and Safety\nHealth Inspection\nThe School Doctor\nA Safety-First Club\n\nVIII A Better Health Chart\n\nIX Suggestions to Teachers\n\nWhat I Must All Do\nFrom the top of my head to my tiny toes\nI am built of bones, as every one knows.\nThese are the framework so strong within;\nOutside they are covered with flesh and skin.\nThe parts of my body are only three \u2014\nMy head, my trunk, and my limbs,\nas you see.\n\nMy head has a back, two sides, and a crown,\nAll covered with hair, yellow, black, red, or brown.\nAnd, just in front, in the foremost place,\nYou plainly can see my neat little face.\nMy face has a forehead, nose, mouth, and chin;\nTwo cheeks, where dimples slip out and in.\nTwo eyes you see when you are near,\nTwo ears, like seashells, to help me hear.\nMy neck and shoulders, so broad and strong,\nArm, forearm, wrist, hand, and fingers long.\nMy trunk and thighs, legs, ankles, and knees,\nOn two feet I stand, or run if I please.\nMy joints are to bend when I run, jump, or walk;\nI\u2019ve a little red tongue to help me talk.\nThese make up my body, and now I will tell\nWhat we all must do to keep strong and well.\nTo be neat and clean we must take care.\nWe should eat pure, wholesome food three times a day. Plain food will make us grow stronger than rich food. We should have milk every day, and eggs are good for us. Bread and meat help us grow and become stronger. Cereals and vegetables are healthful foods. Fruits and simple desserts are good. We should eat often all these foods. Milk is the best food for children. They can learn to like milk. Milk makes us healthy, strong teeth, and strong bones. It helps us do good work in school. We should drink milk every day. Good food helps us grow. Milk is good food. There is no better food for children than milk.\nThank you, pretty cow, for making pleasant milk to soak my bread, every day and every night, warm and fresh and sweet and white. - Ann Taylor\n\nBreakfast: Eat some fruit every morning. Orange or grapefruit is good for breakfast. Baked apple is good, too. Oatmeal is good for our breakfast. Whole grain cereals are good for us. Any cooked cereal is good for us. Cereals are made of oats, wheat, corn, rice and barley. Eggs are good for breakfast. We should eat eggs three or four times each week. Buttered toast is good for breakfast. Milk and cocoa are good to drink.\n\nCoffee and Tea: Boys and girls should not drink coffee nor tea. Coffee and tea are not good for children. They make boys and girls thin. Coffee and tea do not make boys and girls strong and healthy. Coffee and tea make girls and boys nervous. Girls and boys do not do good work.\nChildren drink much tea and coffee cause sleep loss. Coffee and tea make children dull and tired. We will not drink coffee and tea because not good for us. I don't drink coffee! One, two, three, I don't drink coffee, I don't drink tea. One, two, three, Water, milk, and cocoa are better for me. I was a brown berry. I was ground with other berries like me. Then put into water. After boiled, poured into a cup. Mixed with milk and sugar. Hurt grown people. Hurt little people more. Make children cross and nervous. Sometimes make them feel dull. Keep children awake nights. Help make them thin. Guess my name? Instead of drinking coffee and tea, children should drink milk.\nWe should drink three or four glasses of milk every day. We should drink our milk slowly. Milk makes us gain weight. We do not want to be underweight. If we are underweight, we shall not be strong. Milk makes boys and girls strong. Fresh sweet milk makes children healthy. It makes boys and girls sleep well.\n\nI am white. I come from a cow. I am good to drink. Babies cry for me. Kittens mew for me. Boys and girls like me. Sometimes I am found in a bottle.\n\nWhat am I?\nPut him on the scales,\nEenie, meenie, minie, mo,\nCatch a thin boy by the toe;\nPut him on the scales to see\nIf he\u2019s as healthy as he should be.\nIf he\u2019s not what he should weigh,\nGive him a quart of milk each day.\n\nIf we wish to grow up to be strong men and women, we must eat the right kinds of food. We should eat bread and butter.\nWhole wheat is good for us. We should eat it at least once a day. Potatoes are good for us. We should eat other vegetables too. We should eat some raw vegetables and fruit every day. Soup made of vegetables and milk is good for us. We should eat meat only once a day. Macaroni and fish are good for children. Boys and girls like nuts and may eat a few at times. Rice and corn flakes are good for us. Rye bread and barley are still better. Custard makes a good dessert. Puddings made of milk are good for children.\n\nFruit is very good for boys and girls. Apples, oranges, and peaches are good for girls and boys. Grapes, pears, and plums are good for children. Strawberries, blackberries, and blueberries are good to eat. Grapefruit and cherries are good for boys and girls. We should eat orange or grapefruit for breakfast.\nBananas must be ripe to be good for children to eat. Bananas are ripe when there are brown spots on the skins. Bananas are not good when the skins are all brown. Dried fruits are good to eat. Prunes, figs, and dates are good for children. Fruit may be eaten raw or stewed. Canned fruit and jellies are good. Children should not eat too much jam or marmalade. Fruit is wholesome food for children. We should eat fruit every day. Eating more fruit means better health.\n\nCurrants on a bush,\nAnd figs on a stem,\nAnd cherries on a bending bough,\nAnd Ned to gather them.\n\nEvery day we should eat some fresh vegetables. Vegetables are good for boys and girls. Potatoes are good for children. Potatoes may be boiled or baked. Mashed potatoes are good to eat for dinner. Peas and beans are good foods. Spinach and asparagus are good.\nTomatoes are good for children. Carrots and turnips are good for girls and boys. Corn and cauliflower are good too. Celery and beets are good. Onions are good too. More Vegetables - Better Health. Cabbage and squash are good for children. Dried and canned vegetables are good to eat. Some vegetables make good soup. Potatoes and corn may be made into soup. Celery makes good soup. Children like tomato soup. Cream of tomato soup is good for children. Radishes and lettuce are very good for children. All of these help us to grow. We should not eat many pickles. They do not help us to grow. Some roots are good for food. Potatoes are roots that are good food. Beets and onions are roots, too. Turnips and radishes are roots. Parsnips and carrots are roots. Sweet potatoes are roots. Potatoes and sweet potatoes are both good for children.\nChildren like beets and carrots. Turnips and onions are good for boys and girls. These roots are all good foods for children.\n\nSome Good Friends\nBig Potato and Little Meat\nGive us energy and heat.\nIf we eat red Billy Beet,\nWe will find him nice and sweet.\n\nCarrots and spinach like to eat\nIron from the ground.\nIf we eat them, we shall be\nBig and strong and round.\n\nSeeds\nSome seeds are good for food.\nWheat seeds are made into flour.\nFlour is made into bread.\nBread is good food for us.\nCorn is good food for children.\nPeas and beans are good for boys and girls.\nWhite beans and brown beans are both good to eat.\nPeas and beans may be dried.\nDried peas make good soup.\nDried beans may be boiled or baked.\nLima beans are liked by children.\nThese seeds are all good food for us to eat.\n\nStems\nSome stems are good for boys and girls.\nBeet stems are good for us.\nPie plant or rhubarb stems are good for children. Pie plant stems are stewed for sauce. Cooked asparagus stems are good to eat. Onions and celery stems are also very healthful foods. All these stems are good to eat.\n\nFood Song\nTune: Row, Row, Row Your Boat\nDrink, drink the good milk,\nEat some oatmeal, too.\nApple and orange, and brown bread\nand butter\nAre very good for you.\nEat, eat the best food,\nThat's the healthful way.\nCorn and potatoes and rice\nand tomatoes\nAre very good.\n\nSome leaves are good foods.\nLettuce leaves are good for children.\nLeaf lettuce and head lettuce are both good.\nSpinach leaves are good for boys and girls.\nDandelion leaves are good to eat.\nBeet leaves are good for us.\nWatercress is a good food.\n\nLettuce and watercress do not need to be cooked.\nWe have to cook spinach, dandelion, and beet leaves.\nWe should eat all these leaves. In winter as well as summer, we should eat some leafy vegetable. They are all good foods for children.\n\nOur dinner:\nNow for our dinner! What shall we eat? Plenty of vegetables, but little meat; potatoes, carrots, and spinach are fine. These give us strength if on them we dine.\n\nThe cow gives us good food. She gives us milk. Children should drink milk every day. Butter and cheese are made from milk. Buttermilk comes from milk. Cottage cheese is made from milk. Fresh cottage cheese is good for girls and boys. Custards are made with milk. Children should eat butter, cheese, and custards. Cream rises on the top of the milk. We can make ice cream from cream. Children like ice cream, which is a good dessert.\n\nThe cow gives us good food. She gives us milk. Children should drink milk every day. Beef is good meat. Roast beef is good to eat. Beefsteak is good, too.\nStewed beef with vegetables is good for boys and girls. Beef may be made into soup too. Children like beef soup. All these foods are good for us. The cow gives us all these good foods.\n\nStewed beef with vegetables is nourishing for boys and girls. Beef can be made into soup as well. Children enjoy beef soup. All these dishes are beneficial for us. The cow provides us with these nutritious dishes.\n\nThe Friendly Cow\nThe friendly cow, all red and white,\nI love with all my heart:\nShe gives me cream with all her might,\nTo eat with apple-tart.\n\u2014Robert Louis Stevenson\n\nA Riddle\nI am thinking of an animal that gives us milk to drink.\nIt gives us meat to eat.\nIt gives us cheese and something to spread on our bread.\nIt gives us soap to wash our hands.\nCan you guess its name?\n\nOther Farm Animals\nOther farm animals give us food.\nFrom the lamb come lamb chops and roast lamb.\nLamb chops and roast lamb are both good for children.\nThe pig gives us ham and pork.\nThe pig gives us bacon and salt pork.\nFor children, bacon is the best food which the pig gives us.\nBacon is good for breakfast. Bacon is good to eat with eggs. Children like bacon and eggs. Fowls come from the farm. Chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese are fowls. They are good to eat. Besides, the hen lays eggs. Eggs are good to eat. Fresh eggs are very good for little boys and girls. We may eat eggs for breakfast. We may eat them at other times, too, in place of meat. Puddings made with eggs are good, too. One, two, milk's good for you! Three, four, play out of doors. Five, six, bread nice and thick. Seven, eight, stand up straight. Nine, ten, eggs from the hen. Eleven, twelve, brush your teeth well. And so on to nineteen, twenty. Healthy children are plenty. A queer little house That stands in the sun; When the good mother calls The children all run; While under her roof It is cozy and warm.\nThough the cold wind may whistle and bluster and storm,\nIn the daytime this queer little house moves away,\nAnd the children run after, so happy and gay;\nBut it comes back at night, and the children are fed\nAnd tucked up to sleep in their warm, cozy bed.\nThis queer little house has no windows nor doors;\nThe roof has no shingles, the rooms have no floors;\nNo fireplaces, chimneys, no stoves you see,\nYet the children are cozy and warm as can be.\nThe story of this little house is quite true;\nI have seen it myself, and I\u2019m sure you have, too;\nYou can see it to-day if you\u2019ll watch the old hen\nWhile her downy wings cover her chickens again.\n\nWater is good for us. We should drink plenty of water.\nChildren should drink four glasses or more of water every day.\nWe should drink water between meals.\nIt is good for us to drink water before breakfast.\nOur food is cooked in water. We need water every day. Our bodies are three parts water. So we must drink plenty of water. Fresh, cool water satisfies thirst. Water is better for children than tea or coffee. Water quenches thirst. Boys and girls should drink plenty of water. Children need water to make them strong and healthy. If all the world were apple-pie, And all the sea were ink, And all the trees were bread and cheese, What should we have to drink? That\u2019s the way A bit of work, a bit of play, And lots of quiet sleep. A cheerful heart and a sunny face, The health chores done at a merry pace. Ah, that\u2019s the way children grow. I am thinking of something to drink. We could not live without it. It has no taste. It has no color. We can see through it.\n\n(Note: The text appears to be a poem or rhyme, and the last two lines seem unrelated to the topic of water. I have included them as they are part of the original text.)\nIt comes from rivers, lakes, brooks, creeks, and springs. It comes from clouds. Sometimes it is salty and then we cannot drink it. We cook with it. It makes us sweet and clean. Mother Nature uses a great deal of it. Our own mothers use a great deal of it. It keeps our houses sweet and clean. We cross the ocean on it. In winter we skate on it. Fish live in it. Insects like it. Nothing could live without it. Can you guess its name?\n\nWater-\n\nChildren may eat a little candy once in a while. The candy should be made of pure materials. Too much candy is not good for children. We should not eat candy between meals. If we eat candy between meals, we shall not be hungry at meal time. If we are not hungry at meal time, we shall not eat much at our meals. If we do not eat our meals, we shall not get the good food we need.\nYou can put me upon your bread. I am very sweet. I am better than candy. I am good for you. Busy bees make me. What am I? [Answer: Honey]\n\nOh, for the Apple! Oh, for the apple! So round and so red, It\u2019s better than candy, Let\u2019s eat it instead. More fruit, good fruit! Date, orange and fig; The children who eat them Will surely grow big.\n\nWe should eat three good meals a day. Always eat at the same time of day. Eat slowly. Take time to eat at the table. Stay at the table twenty minutes. Be happy at meal time. Chew your food well. Eat plenty of good, wholesome food. Drink plenty of milk. Drink plenty of water. Try to grow strong and well. Take good care of your teeth. Bathe at least twice a week. Go to bed early. Children, get plenty of sleep!\n\nSleep with your windows wide open. [Health Brings Happiness]\nPlay outdoors. Brush your teeth at least twice a day. Always brush your teeth before going to bed. Drink no coffee nor tea. Eat vegetables and fruit every day. Milk pure. Air pure. Water pure. Three things pure. That help to cure.\n\nI'm glad the sky is painted blue,\nAnd the earth is painted green,\nWith such a lot of nice fresh air\nAll sandwiched in between.\n\nFresh Air and Sunshine for Health\nFresh Air\nNo one can live without fresh air.\nAnimals need fresh air.\nBabies must have fresh air.\nChildren need fresh air.\nGirls cannot live without fresh air.\nBoys cannot live without fresh air.\nYoung people need fresh air.\nOld people cannot live without fresh air.\nSchool children need fresh air.\nTeachers cannot live without fresh air.\nWell people need fresh air.\nSick people need fresh air.\nFresh air is good for all.\nFresh air helps children grow. We need fresh air when we are asleep and awake. So, children should play outdoors. Fresh air makes children healthy and happy.\n\nHoop Song\nTrundle-undle-undle!\nRound and round and round,\nGo the hoops, in little troops,\nRolling on the ground.\nRumble-umble-umble!\nEver up and down\nThe little girls with flying curls\nDrive them through the town.\n\nFresh Air Is Good for All\nFresh air is good for everyone.\nFresh air was good for the Tree Dwellers long ago.\nThe Tree Dwellers had fresh air all the time.\nFresh air was good for the Indians.\nFresh air is good for the Chinese.\nFresh air is good for the Negro.\nFresh air is good for white people.\nFresh air is good for the red, black, and all others.\nFresh air is good for yellow and white races. Children should have plenty of fresh air. Fresh air makes children well and strong. We need fresh air as much as food.\n\nFresh air in the spring:\nFresh air is needed in the springtime.\nFresh air is needed in windy March weather. Then we wear warm clothes.\nFresh air is needed in April, when showers fall.\nFresh air is needed in May, when apple trees blossom.\nFresh air is needed during the three months of spring.\n\nMarch, April and May are the months of spring. We can play outdoors in the spring. It is good for us to be outdoors in the spring. The green leaves come out in the spring. Then it is pleasant to be outdoors. We like to be outdoors in the spring. There is no time like spring When life\u2019s alive in everything.\nIn summer, we should be outdoors most of the time. We should spend most of our time outdoors in June. The roses bloom in June. Many flowers bloom in June. We should be outdoors in July when the days are warm. In July, there are many flowers in bloom and fruit is ripe. We should be outdoors in August when the days are hot. If we can, we should sleep outdoors in the summer. The summer days are long and bright. We should get plenty of fresh air in summer. We should sleep with our windows wide open in summer. June, July and August are the summer months. We take long walks and play outdoors in the summer sunshine. This golden sunshine makes us look like little brown Indians. But still we want the sunshine. For sunshine makes us grow taller and stronger. It makes strong bones and teeth.\nThe summer sunshine gets us ready for the cold, dark days of winter. Sunshine is a free medicine that helps keep the doctor away. The wonderful air is over me, and the wonderful wind is shaking the tree. - William Brighty Rands\n\nWe need fresh air in autumn. We need fresh air in September, when we start to school. September is the first month of autumn. We need fresh air in October, when the leaves begin to fall. We need fresh air in November, when the days grow cold. We need fresh air during the three months of autumn. We can play outdoors in the three months of autumn. When the days grow cold, we wear warm wraps. The leaves turn yellow in the autumn. Some of the leaves turn red. When the leaves turn, the trees look bright. Boys and girls like to play games outdoors in autumn.\n\nFresh Air in the Winter\nFresh air is needed in winter. It is needed in December, the Christmas month. Fresh air is good for us in January, the first month of the year. Fresh air is needed in February, the month George Washington and Abraham Lincoln were born. They both loved the great outdoors. Fresh air is needed even when it is very cold. It is cold in winter. Fresh air gives us rosy cheeks. We need fresh air during the three months of winter. We wear warm clothing in winter and can then go out and enjoy the fresh air. We can play outdoors in winter time. We need fresh air in winter as well as in summer. We need fresh air all year round. We can enjoy games and sports outdoors in winter, too. We need fresh air in winter, though it is cold. We sleep with our windows open in winter's coldest weather.\nWinter is coming, Go bring the sled from out the shed, Hunt up your mittens, boys; For well I know There'll soon be snow, And then for winter joys. We'll build a fort, Oh, boys, what sport! So pile the snow-walls high! We'll have a fight With bullets white \u2014 Ah, won't the snowballs fly! Hurrah! my chums! The snow-storm comes, Ah, now's the time for fun! The flakes fall fast, It snows at last, The winter is begun. Oh, oh, oh, oh, Just see the snow, The ground is almost white! Tomorrow, boys, For fun and noise! I hope 'twill snow all night. Guess My Name I do not often visit dark, damp cellars. When it is very cloudy you do not see me. You see me only in the daytime. You can feel me, but you cannot hold me. I am good for plants. I am good for children. I warm the earth. I bring health to many people. Guess my name. [Sunshine]\nSunshine and fresh air make us healthy and grow. Fresh air and sunshine help us do good work in school. Sometimes, fresh air and sunshine make our cheeks rosy. Fresh air and sunshine are good for children. They make us feel well and happy. Sunshine and fresh air make us strong. Sunshine and fresh air make children feel well. Sometimes, fresh air cures a headache. If we are tired, fresh air makes us feel rested. Children should play outdoors in the fresh air all year round. Outdoor games make children happy and healthy. Spend at least an hour outdoors every day. We will breathe pure air. We will live in the sunlight. The Sun: I never go to sleep, dear child, I\u2019m always shining bright.\nBut as your world turns round, it takes you from my light. And then I shine upon the moon, and she shines back to you, So that my light you often see When hidden from my view. And as your world turns round, it whirls you into night, But brings 'round other boys and girls Into my shining light. And so I shine, forever shine, While you both sleep and wake; And now you've rolled around again, My kind good morning take.\n\nOpen the door, let in the sun;\nHe hath a smile for every one.\nHe hath made of the raindrops gold\nand gems;\nHe giveth to us earth's diadems.\nOpen the door.\n\nThe Sun is in the Sky\nWhether fair, whether foul,\nBe it wet or dry,\nCloudy time or shiny time,\nThe sun is in the sky.\n\nIf we wish to be healthy, we should be clean.\nWe should wash our hands and faces.\nWarm water and good soap are best for washing hands and face in the morning. We should wash hands before every meal, handling food, and going to school. Finger nails should be cleaned daily. Washing before going to bed and after soiling hands is necessary. Keep hands and face clean all the time to look and feel happy.\n\nThere's a neat little clock,\nIn the schoolroom it stands,\nAnd it points to the time\nWith its two little hands.\n\nWe should keep our bodies clean. In summer, take a bath several times a week.\nTake a bath more than once a week. Keep your feet clean. Wash your hair at least once a month. Keep your teeth clean. Use a toothbrush and good toothpaste. Brush the insides and outsides of your teeth. Keep your neck clean. Keep your ears clean. Keep your clothes clean. If you are clean, you will feel better and look better.\n\nThirty white horses on a red hill,\nThey tramp, they champ, they stand still.\n\nGood teeth help keep us well.\nIf we have good teeth, we can chew our food well.\nIf we chew our food well, we shall have better health.\nWe should take good care of our teeth.\nBrush our teeth after each meal and at bedtime.\nKeep our toothbrushes clean.\nWash them in hot water and soap,\nDry them in the sunshine.\nThe dentist helps kill bad germs. Remember, the dentist is a good friend. Visit him twice a year. If we have a cavity in a tooth, we should go to the dentist at once and have it filled. If we do not do this, we may lose the tooth. Decayed teeth make us sick. Decayed teeth give us toothache. Decayed teeth often cause pains and aches in different parts of our bodies. Good food helps make the teeth strong. Milk and orange juice are both good for the teeth. White cabbage, green lettuce, and red tomatoes are also very good for our teeth. Exercise is good for the teeth, too. We exercise our teeth by eating hard foods. Apples and hard toast are foods that exercise the teeth. Baked potatoes with jackets are good for our teeth. Playing in the sunshine also makes better teeth. So we must go out in the sunshine every day.\nClean, white teeth make us better looking. People like to see clean, white teeth. We are going to take good care of our teeth. We are going to brush them, eat good food, play in the sunshine, and visit the dentist too. Then we shall have better health and happy minds.\n\nTo Keep Good Health\nYour hands and face clean should be,\nThe windows open while you sleep,\nAnd brush your teeth three times a day,\nTo keep good health, this is the way.\n\nA Good Resolve\nBefore I lay me down to sleep,\nEach night I\u2019ll brush my teeth,\nEach morning when I awake,\nAgain my little brush I\u2019ll take \u2013\nA thorough brushing to repeat,\nTo keep my mouth clean and sweet.\n\nBe Clean\nAlways wear clean clothes.\nClean hands help to keep clothes clean.\nWe should change our underwear at least once a week.\nWhen we go to bed, we should wear clean night clothes.\nWe should live in clean houses. Children should help keep the house clean. Eat clean food. Wash carefully all fruits and vegetables. Be sure the dishes are clean. The one who does the cooking should be clean and neat too.\n\nSleep and Rest\n\nSleep if we wish to have good health, we must have plenty of sleep. Grown people need eight hours of sleep. Children need more sleep than grown people. Weak children need more sleep than strong children. Children need ten or twelve hours of sleep every night. Little children should go to bed at eight o'clock. Older children should go to bed at nine o'clock. We should sleep with our windows wide open. In the winter we need warm covers on our bed. Children should get plenty of sleep. All children need plenty of sleep.\n\nSleep and rest help us gain in weight. Sleep and rest make children strong and well.\nSleep and rest help us do good work in school.\nSleep and rest make us look well.\nSleep and rest help us be happy.\nSleep and rest keep us from being lazy.\nSleep and rest keep us from getting nervous.\nSleep and rest are good for boys and girls.\nGo to bed early and sleep very tight.\nYou\u2019ll wake up in the morning feeling gay and bright.\nGet Plenty of Sleep\nIf we get enough sleep, we shall not be nervous.\nThen we shall do good work in school.\nWe shall be well and strong and happy, if we get enough sleep.\nIf we get enough sleep, we shall not be underweight.\nChildren who get enough sleep feel wide awake and rested.\nBoys and girls who get enough sleep feel happy and cheerful.\nSo we are going to try to get enough sleep.\nWe are going to sleep with our windows wide open.\nEarly and late,\nGo to bed early \u2014 wake up with joy;\nGo to bed late \u2014 cross girl or boy.\nGo to bed early \u2014 ready for play;\nGo to bed late \u2014 moping all day.\nGo to bed early \u2014 no pains or ills;\nGo to bed late \u2014 doctors and pills.\nGo to bed early \u2014 grow very tall;\nGo to bed late \u2014 stay very small.\n\nWe rest when we sleep.\nIt rests us to do something different\nfrom what we have been doing.\nIf we have been sitting a long time, it rests us to stand.\nIf we have been standing a long time, it rests us to sit down.\nIf we have been quiet a long time, it rests us to exercise.\nIf we have been working hard, it rests us to be quiet.\nIf we have been working with our brains, it rests us to work with our muscles.\nChange is sometimes restful.\nBoys and girls should get plenty of rest in sleep.\nWhen you are tired, you should stop and rest.\n\nGood Night Song\nTune: Good Night, Ladies!\nGood night, mother. Good night, father. Good night, parents. We're going to leave you now. Eight o'clock is time to go, Time to go, time to go, Eight o'clock is time to go To our little beds. Early to bed and early to rise Makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. Outdoor Play Brings Health EXERCISE\nHome Exercise helps to keep well people in good health. Some of our work at home is good for us. When we help our mother, we sometimes help ourselves. We can get exercise at home. We can sweep the kitchen floor. We can make the beds. Boys can chop wood. Boys can carry in wood and coal. We can dust the furniture. Boys can shovel coal. In winter time we can sweep the snow from the walks. We can go to the store for our mother. We can play with the baby. We can give the baby a ride. In autumn we can rake the leaves.\nIn summer, we can help keep the lawn in good order. We can water the flowers and plants. We can pull weeds from the garden. We can do many things at home to help.\n\nExercise Through Play\nWe get exercise in many ways.\nWe get exercise in our play.\nWe get exercise by running.\nWe run outdoors and play tag.\nWe get exercise by jumping rope.\nWe get exercise by playing ball.\nWe throw snowballs.\nWe skate and get exercise.\nWe get exercise by playing games.\n\nIn summer, we fly kites.\nWe play \"hide-and-seek.\"\nWe get exercise playing \"run-away.\"\nWe coast down the hill.\nWe skip and run and hippity-hop\nall the year round.\n\nAn Exercise (Teach poem with actions)\nMy hands upon my head I\u2019ll place,\nOn my shoulders, on my face,\nOn my hips, then at my sides,\nAnd now behind me they will hide.\n\nNext, I will lift them up on high,\nAnd make my eight fingers swiftly fly. I'll hold them now in front of me; Then I will clap them, one, two, three.\n\nPlace both hands upon head. Place both hands upon shoulders. Put both hands on face. Hand on each hip. Hold hands closely at sides. Clasp hands behind back. Hold them vertically above head. Move fingers rapidly as in playing piano. Arms stretched to front. Clap three times in unison.\n\nExercises in spring and summer. There are exercises for us in the spring and in the summer. In the summer we swing, We ride upon our little wagons. We swim. We run. We skate on roller skates. We play games of all kinds. We play baseball. We go fishing. We jump rope. We play cowboy. Boys can saw wood for their mothers. Girls can sweep the porches for their mothers. We can go to the store for our mothers.\nWe can plant flowers and care for them. We pull weeds from the garden. Boys can cut the grass on the lawn. Girls can help indoors. We can always exercise in both work and play.\n\nAutumn and Winter Exercise\nWe get exercise in autumn and winter, too.\nWe rake leaves and burn them in the fall.\nWe gather nuts in autumn.\nWe sweep sidewalks.\n\nIn the winter we skate on ice skates.\nWe coast down the hill.\nAt home we throw snowballs.\nWe shovel snow off the sidewalks.\nWe play in the snow.\n\nIn the winter we carry coal.\nWe play hockey upon the ice.\nWhen there is snow we play \u201cfox and geese.\u201d\nWe make snow houses.\n\nIn autumn and winter we play outdoors.\nIt is good for children to play outdoors in autumn and in winter.\nIt makes them strong and healthy.\n\nThe right kind of exercise is good for us.\nIt helps the muscles to grow firm and strong.\nExercise keeps people from getting too fat. It strengthens the heart. Exercise is good for healthy lungs. Exercise helps make the blood rich and pure. It makes the blood flow faster. Exercise sometimes gives us rosy cheeks. All people need oxygen. Exercise makes us breathe deeper, then we get more oxygen. Exercise makes boys and girls stronger, brighter, and happier. Exercise helps our bodies get rid of poisons and wastes, resulting in better health. Exercise helps us digest our food well. If we digest our food, we shall grow strong and well. Exercise helps us have better health. Boys and girls should have the right kind of exercise.\n\nExercises for All\n\nMost people get exercise. The baby exercises when he moves his arms and kicks with his legs. Children run, jump, and skip. They play games, too. Sometimes they help with the work at home.\nChildren exercise in school and the gymnasium. Older boys and girls play games and get exercise. Older boys play baseball, football, and basketball. Olders girls play volleyball and basketball. Our mothers do the housework. Many fathers get exercise in their work. Farmers work out in the fields. Business men often exercise by walking to their work. Sometimes they play golf, too. Office girls and other women workers play tennis and golf. Almost every one gets some exercise by walking. Most people exercise both through work and play. Children need plenty of the right kind of exercise. Exercise makes the muscles strong. Exercise helps to make the body grow strong. Everyone should take exercise every day.\n\nHints on Exercise: Too much exercise is sometimes hard on the heart. Don't overdo. Never exercise until you become very tired.\nExercise when you are fresh. Late in the day is not a good time. Do not exercise much after a hearty meal. Take much of your exercise in the open air. If you cannot do this, exercise in a room with windows open. The air out of doors is fresher than that indoors. Always wear loose clothes when you exercise. Get all the fun you can out of your exercise. Learn to enjoy your exercise.\n\nExercise, exercise,\nHelps us keep well,\nHelps us keep well.\nWe'll walk and we'll run and jump\nand skip,\nWe'll play outdoors every single day.\nWe'll skate on the ice or we'll coast\ndown the hill for exercise.\n\nBad posture may hurt us. It always makes a boy or girl look careless and shiftless. Besides, a lazy body often means a lazy brain. If you wish to keep well and look well, maintain good posture.\nLearn to stand, sit, and walk erect. Good positions help keep us well. Always stand on both feet. If you stand too much on one foot, one hip may grow larger than the other. Throw your shoulders back. Keep your chest high. Then you will not grow round-shouldered. Grow straight and beautiful. Remember that good posture makes a boy or a girl look better, feel better, and think better. Good posture always pays.\n\nCare of the Feet:\nTake good care of your feet. Then they will never ache or cause pain. Painful feet make scowling faces and cause much trouble. Good feet bring joys and smiles.\n\nYou want your feet to be comfortable. So take care of your feet. Bathe them every night. Wear clean stockings. Keep your feet warm and dry. Wear the right kind of shoes. Be sure that your shoes have good, broad heels. Be sure that they are long enough.\nSee that your shoes are wide enough. Do not wear a shoe that pinches your toes. Remember that sometimes it is a good plan to be a little barefoot child. If you wish to enjoy living and walking, take care of your feet. Our eyes are the windows of our bodies. With them, we see the beautiful outdoors. With them, too, we peep into storyland and read about strange children in far-away lands. It pays to be good to our eyes. Let us remember these things: Never face the light when reading. When reading, let the light come from the side or from behind. The best position for reading is to sit with the light falling over the left shoulder. The light should be steady and fairly bright. Stop reading when twilight comes on. Do not try to read very fine print. Never read on a moving train, bus, or street car. Stop reading if your eyes begin to tire.\nTwo eyes and one mouth we have;\nThe reason for this being\nThat we should learn that it will not do\nTo talk about all we see.\n\nWith our ears we hear the voices of\nThose we love. We hear the murmur of the brook and the songs of the birds.\nWith our ears we learn many things worth while.\nSo surely we should treat our ears well.\nWe should never pick at the ears with anything sharp.\nWe should not put anything into our ears.\nWithout knowing it, we may injure them.\n\nIf you feel tired or smart, wipe your eyes with a clean handkerchief. Do not use towels others have used. Do not look directly at bright lights or the sun. If you have difficulty seeing or if letters dance on the page, have your eyes tested. If your eyes become red or sore, consult a doctor.\nIf we have trouble hearing people, we should have our ears tested. Deafness may come from tonsilitis, measles, or scarlet fever. If our ears ache or run pus, see a doctor at once. Most ear troubles can be cured if taken in time.\n\nGerms are the smallest forms of plant or animal life. They are so tiny that we cannot see them with the naked eye. Some germs are our friends, but others are our enemies. Enemy germs may cause disease or cause trouble in other ways. They sour milk and spoil meat. They rot vegetables and fruit. Many germs bring disease.\n\nGerms cause diphtheria, pneumonia, and smallpox. Scarlet fever and measles are caused by germs. Germs also cause mumps and whooping cough. Even a cold is a germ disease.\n\nThe best way to keep clear of germs is to maintain cleanliness.\nTo keep everything clean. Germs multiply in dirty places. In clean places, there will not be so many of them. We will try to keep our homes clean to get rid of germs. Keeping our homes clean helps to keep away harmful germs. We will try to keep our hands clean so as not to have germs on them. We will keep our food clean so germs will not spoil it.\n\nMore About Germs\n\nGerms may be found in water, food, and on the dishes. Sometimes insects carry germs. Sometimes germs are found in the fur of cats and dogs. We often touch things that are covered with disease germs. That is one good reason why we ought to wash our hands before eating. For germs often enter our body through the mouth. They enter through the nose, too. Sometimes pus germs come in through a break in the skin. Strong sunlight will kill many germs. Boiling water will kill germs.\nSoap and water destroy germs. Keeping our bodies clean helps keep us well and free from harmful germs. Make your body strong so it can overcome harmful germs.\n\nThe Fly\n\nIn the springtime, flies leave their winter hiding places. They eat a great deal and soon begin to lay eggs. They like best to lay their eggs in stables, in filth or in rotten or spoiled food.\n\nOne fly may carry as many as six million germs. One fly may lay as many as one hundred fifty eggs at one time. Flies like dirt and filth. They feed on rotten fruit and garbage. They enjoy the filth of the stables. From the stables, they come to our homes. They alight on the food on our tables. They like milk and so often go to the baby's milk bottle. They visit sick people and annoy them. They carry disease germs on their feet to our food.\nIf we eat that food, we too may become sick. Flies are our enemies. They often make well people sick. So we must get rid of the flies. They may not always bring sickness, but they always carry filth. Fighting the Flies We must fight the flies. Swat every fly you see. Keep the windows and doors screened. Take away all filth. Do not keep decayed fruit or vegetables in the cellar or basement. Keep the garbage can as far from the house as possible. Be sure that the cover on the garbage can fits tightly. Keep the house and yard so clean that the flies cannot find a dirty spot in which to lay their eggs. If everyone does this, we shall soon be rid of these pests.\n\nMosquitoes There are ten kinds of mosquitoes. Two kinds carry diseases such as malaria and yellow fever. Even when they do not carry disease, mosquitoes are a pest. They sting people.\nThey poison them sufficiently, resulting in a swelling and soreness. Mosquito bites itch as well. Mosquitoes hatch in swamps, puddles, and pools. Sometimes they are found in rain barrels or in dishes of water left outside. One mosquito can lay four hundred eggs at once. A single can of water may be a hatching place for thousands of mosquitoes. Boys and girls can help keep mosquitoes away from their homes. They can ensure that water is not left standing in barrels, tubs, cans, or dishes. They can fill puddles with dirt. They can even pour a little kerosene on small pools and ponds. This will prevent mosquitoes from hatching. Boys and girls can help get rid of mosquitoes by ensuring there are no damp or dirty places where they can hatch. In all these ways, boys and girls can help keep these pests away from their homes.\n\nRats and mice.\nWe don't want rats and mice in our homes. They eat our food and supplies. Their filthiness makes them unsuitable to live in our homes. They shouldn't be allowed to live in markets and stores. They damage and destroy many things. They carry germs of diseases to our foods. Often, they carry diseases such as typhoid fever and diphtheria. So we must get rid of them. We can set traps to catch mice. We can set traps for rats too. Sometimes we must use rat poison to kill the rats. We can fill and cover holes through which rats and mice enter our homes. In these ways we can keep rats and mice out. Then we shall have cleaner foods and better health.\n\nColds\nLittle naughty germs make us catch colds.\n\nA cold is not a pleasant thing to have.\n\nA cold makes us sneeze and cough.\n\nA bad cough may keep us awake all night.\n\nSometimes a cold makes our noses run.\nIt gives us headaches and sore throats. Sometimes it makes us feel too cold, and at other times it makes us feel too hot. When we have a bad cold, we are too sick to go to school. A bad cold might even keep us away from a birthday party or a pleasant picnic. Sometimes, when we have a cold, we have to stay in bed. Indeed, a cold may make us very, very sick.\n\nTo prevent colds:\nKeep the body in good health.\nEat the right amount of good food.\nGet plenty of sleep.\nHave windows open at night.\nExercise in the open air.\nKeep the body, mouth, and nose clean.\nKeep the feet dry.\nDo not let the body become chilled by sudden cold or wet.\nWear warm clothing when it is cold or damp.\nChange clothing when it gets wet with rain or snow.\nStay away from the person with a cold.\nStay away from crowded places, too.\nUse your own dishes, towel, and handkerchief.\nHave clean, fresh handkerchiefs every day. If you have a cold, remember the other folks. Always cover your mouth and nose when you sneeze or cough.\n\nIn a healthful home, water does not stand on the basement floor. A healthful home has a clean, dry, airy cellar or basement. Decayed vegetables and fruit are not kept in healthful homes. Flies, rats and mice are not allowed to stay in healthful homes. Garbage is not kept near the healthful home. It is always placed in a tightly covered can away from the house. A healthful home has plenty of sunshine and fresh air. A healthful home is clean everywhere. A healthful home is clean both inside and outside.\n\nThe people who live in healthful homes are clean and happy. We will keep our homes clean and wholesome. Boys and girls can help to do this in many ways. They can help keep things clean.\nA naughty lad was Muddy Jim,\nHe hated soap and water.\nHe didn't bathe but once a month,\nHis nails he didn't trim.\nHis hair uncombed \u2014 oh, what a sight\nWas naughty Muddy Jim.\n\nBuy your food in the stores that are,\nKept clean and free from flies,\nRats and mice. Buy your food in the stores,\nWell screened and that keep food,\nUnder cover. Buy your food in the stores,\nWhere the clerks are clean and tidy.\nBuy food that has not been handled.\nBuy ice cream in the store that keeps,\nGlasses, dishes and spoons clean.\nBuy meat in a market where it is,\nKept fresh in clean ice boxes.\nBuy bread, cake, and cookies from a,\nClean bakery. Buy milk from the cleanest,\nDairy in your neighborhood. Buy meals,\nIn clean restaurants only. Never buy,\nFood in unclean places.\n\nA healthy child weighs enough for his age.\nHe is tall and healthy. He is strong and in good condition. He has good tonsils and healthy teeth. He breathes plenty of fresh air every day and night. He gets enough sleep and exercise daily. He does not work or play until overtired. He plays outside in the sunshine every day. He eats good food, chews it well, and eats slowly. He does not eat candy between meals. He drinks milk, orange, and tomato juices. He does not drink tea or coffee. He is happy at mealtime. He has rosy cheeks and sparkling eyes. He follows all health rules.\n\nAre you a healthy child? For good health, I will keep the health rules and try to do right. I will brush my teeth well both morning and night. I will drink lots of water to be healthy. I will drink sweet milk, never coffee nor tea. I will eat wholesome food to stay well and strong. I will go to bed early to make my body healthy.\nI will sleep with my windows open at night for fresh air, which is beneficial for me and you. -- Maria Halsey Stryker\n\nTobacco is a poison. It harms young people more than older people. Tobacco injures the heart and dulls the mind. Cigarettes are bad for boys. Boys who smoke cigarettes do not grow as they should and are apt to be underweight and under height. The use of tobacco is an unclean habit. Chewing tobacco leads to the filthy habit of spitting. Smoking has a bad effect on the breath, teeth, and mouth. Tobacco weakens the body and makes us more likely to take diseases. It costs a great deal of money. It is foolish to waste money on tobacco, pipes, cigars, and cigarettes. Tobacco never helps a boy learn his lessons or get work. Tobacco never does any good.\nIn the end, the use of tobacco always harms people. A boy who wishes to be a fast runner must never use tobacco. A wise boy will never use tobacco in any form.\n\nAlcohol is found in wine, beer, and whiskey. Alcohol is always an enemy. Alcohol makes muscles weak. Alcohol dulls the mind. It lessens strength and shortens life. People who use alcohol are more likely to take diseases than those who do not use it. They cannot stand cold and heat as well as those who never drink alcoholic liquors. Alcohol brings sadness and trouble. Remember it is not wise nor safe to drink alcoholic liquors.\n\nThings to Remember:\nEat only clean food.\nPut nothing into your mouth that has been in another person\u2019s mouth.\nNever put pencils or money into your mouth.\nDo not bite your finger nails.\nNever drink from a glass or cup that another person has used until it is thoroughly cleaned.\nEat fruit and vegetables every day. Drink a quart of milk and four glasses of water daily. Do not drink tea or coffee. Come to the table with clean hands and faces. Chew food with mouth closed and without noise. Be happy at mealtime. Take a bath more than once a week. Wash face, ears, and neck every morning. Brush teeth morning and night. Wear clean clothes. Take a clean handkerchief to school every morning. Cover face with a handkerchief when sneezing or coughing. Do not pick nose or wipe it on hand or sleeve. Never spit on the floor or sidewalk. Play outdoors every day for an hour. Do not shout in anyone's ear. Sleep long hours with windows open.\nHow strong are you? I like a lad of muscles big, And lungs of shouting size, Of active feet and figure trim And brightly beaming eyes; A lad who well can run a race, And push a paddle well, Or breast the waves with fishy grace, Or raise a schoolboy yell. -- Amos R. Wells\n\nHealth Inspection\n\nWe have health inspections at school. Every day our teacher looks at our hands, faces, necks, ears, hair, and clothes to see if they are clean. When we are clean and have clean clothes and clean handkerchiefs, we pass the health inspection. Sometimes, when we pass the health inspection, we can play \u201cTeacher,\u201d and inspect other boys and girls. Wouldn't you like to pass the health inspection? Sometimes the school nurse inspects us too. If we have bad coughs, sore throats, or look sick, she sends us home. She says that when we are sick, we should stay home to rest and get better.\nOught to stay at home. If we have anything \"catching,\" like measles, we shall not give it to other children. Besides, we shall get well sooner. The nurse helps the school dentist when he comes to see us. The dentist looks at our teeth. He tells us to take good care of them and to see our dentist twice a year. If our teeth are clean, the school dentist gives us a card that says, \"Clean Teeth\" on it. If there are no cavities, he gives us a \"Perfect\" card with a gold star on it. Then we are very glad. We try to have clean and perfect teeth by obeying the health rules. Could you pass teeth inspection?\n\nOnce a year the school doctor comes to our room. He gives us a health inspection, too. He asks us to open our mouths wide. He puts clean white sticks into our mouths. Then he asks us to say, \"Ah.\"\nThe doctor examines us to check if we have good tonsils and adenoids. If we have bad ones, he gives us a note for our parents. He advises us to have them removed for good health. He assesses our posture and appearance, and instructs us to eat healthily, play outside, and sleep long hours with open windows. If we're well, he praises us for following health rules. The doctor uses a telephone to listen to our hearts and lungs. He compares our bodies to automobiles, emphasizing the importance of good care to prevent wear and tear.\n\nDoctor examines our tonsils and adenoids, gives note to parents if bad.\nAdvises having them removed for good health.\nAssesses posture and appearance, instructs healthy habits.\nPraises obedience to health rules if well.\nUses telephone to check heart and lung health.\nComparisons body to automobiles, stresses care.\nThey are in good running order. The school doctor says we ought to have our bodies looked over once a year. So once a year we should go to our own doctor. He will look us over carefully and see if our bodies are in good working order. If there is anything wrong, the doctor will try to take care of it before it gets too bad. This will help to keep us healthy. Of course, we are going to try to obey all of the health rules. Then we shall be strong, well, and happy.\n\nA Safety-First Club\nWe have a Safety-First Club in our room, and we wear Safety-First badges. To belong to this club, we must obey the Safety-First rules. Here are some of them: Always look both ways before crossing the street. Cross streets only at the corners. Cross the street when the green light says, \u201cGo,\u201d or when the traffic policeman or the school patrol boy tells you to go.\nPlay all games on the playground or in the back yard at home. Roller skate upon sidewalks only. If you are coasting down hill, choose a Safety street, or one where there are no cars. If you go skating in the winter time, be sure that the ice is strong enough to hold you. Play with safe playthings only. When you see a wire down in the street, stay as far away from it as you can. It may be a live wire. Should you touch a live wire, it might kill you. Obey all Safety rules. Be safe and be healthy.\n\nA BETTER HEALTH CHART\nTake a sheet of paper and make a chart like the one below. Cross out lines on which you cannot give yourself 5. Then add the fives up and see what your health grade is. Make a new chart every week. Try to do better and better until you get a grade of 100 in health. That is the perfect grade.\n[1] I brush my teeth every morning.\n[2] I eat a cooked cereal for breakfast.\n[3] I do not drink tea nor coffee.\n[4] I eat fresh fruit or prunes every day.\n[5] I drink several glasses of water every day.\n[6] I do not drink from a glass anyone else uses.\n[7] I sit up straight in school.\n[8] I stand straight with my chest up.\n[9] I wash my hands before eating.\n[10] I drink at least two glasses of milk every day.\n[11] I eat plenty of vegetables every day.\n[13] I play outdoors every day.\n[15] I am cheerful and happy.\n[16] I take a complete bath oftener than once a week.\n[17] I brush my teeth every night.\n[19] I sleep ten hours every night.\n[20] I sleep with windows open.\nMy grade is _ _.\nMy name is _ _.\nSuggestions to Teachers _ _.\nBetter Health for Little Americans is an outgrowth of oral composition and health teaching in a second-grade classroom. The vocabulary and sentence structure possess the desirable simplicity that leads to complete comprehension on the part of the primary child. Thus, the little student readily learns what to do to obtain and conserve good health. He gets a helpful understanding of the value of right foods, fresh air and sunshine, cleanliness, sleep, rest, and exercise. He learns \"safety first,\" and, through the knowledge and habits obtained in the community health lessons, he becomes a better little American citizen. The detailed factual material presented here gives in a simple but interesting way the scientific knowledge that will eventually lead to the ultimate goal \u2014 namely, the achievement of permanent good health habits.\nThe systematic topical arrangement of the subject matter is in keeping with the best usage of foremost reading authorities and educators. Silhouettes, rhymes, and riddles are stimulating additions to the book. It is hoped and believed that this revised and enlarged edition, incorporating lessons based on the latest thought on the subject, may reach even greater usefulness and popularity. The chief purpose of this primary textbook is to help little Americans build better health for themselves. The mere reading of the book is not sufficient. The teacher should show by her own demeanor that she actually believes and practices what she teaches, for children are very quick to perceive any apparent insincerity. She must supplement the interest aroused by the textbook with many activities that aid in the process of building better health. Monthly weigh-ins.\nPreparation for developing interest in reading material and securing parental cooperation in health drives are important. A teacher may have health drives such as going to bed at eight, drinking milk, abstaining from coffee, cleaning teeth, etc. Preparing charts to show each child's progress and announcing health race winners can further arouse interest. Children showing little progress should be kindly stimulated. Health projects should never be burdensome or a source of criticism that might hurt sensitive feelings. Other extracurricular activities can aid in building better health, including daily inspections, farm, dairy, and community store excursions, health posters, and illustrations in crayon or water color.\nPictures, interesting booklets, sand-table projects, and class discussions are valuable supplementary devices for health education. Memorizing rhymes and poems, using programs, pageants, stories, and dramatizations are helpful correlations when time and conditions permit. Health songs, singing, folk dances, marching, rhythm work, and competitive games are kinesthetic activities which assist in securing better health.\n\nSince health education is now freely and emphatically advocated as a topic of first importance in schools by practically all educators, it follows that time for this work, consistent with its recognized importance, should be provided and used. In the first three grades, a minimum of fifty to sixty minutes a week should be the time for health instruction. There should be a definite time provided.\nA semester or even an entire year should be devoted to using the book with its supplementary activities in a daily program. In any health program, special attention should be given to the underweight child. No stereotyped suggestions can be given for individual cases. Every teacher, according to her own originality and initiative, will think of the most effective ways to gain results from her own group. A resourceful teacher will find that a carefully planned daily and semester outline for teaching the textbook, coupled with initiative and originality, will be rewarded by a constantly growing interest on the part of the pupils. May the knowledge obtained gradually but surely result in the practice of health habits that will eventually lead to better health for little Americans.\n\nEat whole wheat bread.\nEat slowly and cheerfully.\nEAT  FRUIT \nCHEW  OUR  FOOD \nWELL \nLearn  to \nSCHOOL \nSA  FELY&r^r^J \nPLAY\\ \nIN  S' \nSAFE  \\ \nPLACES \nGO  TO  BED  EARLY \ny Kw  J \nWjrSir* r  'r/yo K \n\u25a0BBM\u00abWMMTiTliTlffnBn'illlll1lt>l<ail(flIB11lillM!Tll>illilWmr>nw . 1", "source_dataset": "Internet_Archive", "source_dataset_detailed": "Internet_Archive_LibOfCong"},
{"language": "eng", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "sponsor": "The Library of Congress", "contributor": "The Library of Congress", "date": "1932", "title": "The big goose and the little hen,", "creator": "Woodruff, Jacob Lyon, 1868-", "lccn": "32030932", "collection": ["library_of_congress", "fedlink", "americana"], "shiptracking": "ST011106", "partner_shiptracking": "IAGC151", "call_number": "10160070", "identifier_bib": "00025736783", "lc_call_number": "PZ8.W862 Bi", "publisher": "Chicago, A. Whitman & Co", "description": "2 p. l., 7-62 p. incl. front., illus., plates. 19 cm", "mediatype": "texts", "repub_state": "19", "page-progression": "lr", "publicdate": "2019-06-19 10:11:58", "updatedate": "2019-06-19 11:13:59", "updater": "associate-richard-greydanus@archive.org", "identifier": "biggooselittlehe00wood", "uploader": "associate-richard-greydanus@archive.org", "addeddate": "2019-06-19 11:14:02", "operator": "associate-richard-greydanus@archive.org", "tts_version": "2.1-final-2-gcbbe5f4", "camera": "Sony Alpha-A6300 (Control)", "scanner": "scribe2.capitolhill.archive.org", "imagecount": "74", "scandate": "20190627125828", "possible-copyright-status": "The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item.", "note": "If you have a question or comment about this digitized item from the collections of the Library of Congress, please use the Library of Congress \u201cAsk a Librarian\u201d form: <a href=\"https://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/ask-internetarchive.html\">https://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/ask-internetarchive.html</a>", "ppi": "300", "republisher_operator": "associate-camela-sevilla@archive.org", "republisher_date": "20190628170600", "republisher_time": "274", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://archive.org/details/biggooselittlehe00wood", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t84j8747v", "scanfee": "300;10.7;214", "invoice": "36", "openlibrary_edition": "OL6281862M", "openlibrary_work": "OL7544016W", "year": "1932", "curation": "[curator]admin-andrea-mills@archive.org[/curator][date]20190906121947[/date][state]approved[/state][comment]invoice201907[/comment]", "sponsordate": "20190731", "additional-copyright-note": "No known restrictions; no copyright renewal found.", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:1156386575", "backup_location": "ia906906_0", "oclc-id": "19044688", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.21", "ocr_converted": "abbyy-to-hocr 1.1.37", "page_number_confidence": "0", "page_number_module_version": "1.0.3", "creation_year": 1932, "content": "Big Goose and The Little Hen\nBy J. Lyon Woodruff\nEthel S. Vernon (Illustrator)\nAlbert Whitman (Publisher)\nChicago, 1932, U.S.A.\n\nBig Goose lived in a tumble-down house in a hollow near one of the city's neglected streets. Weeds grew in the front and back of the house, as tall as young trees, and were covered with clinging vines that crept over the ground and climbed up their stalks to get to the sunlight.\n\nWhen Big Goose forced his way through this dense underbrush, he liked to make believe he was walking through a jungle or among the trees.\nIn a cool, green forest, there was no pond near his house. So for days and often weeks, Big Goose could only use his pan of drinking water to moisten his feathers as much as possible. But when the clouds gathered in the sky and the thunder rolled so that it shook the house, Big Goose ran quickly to an open place in his jungle of weeds and waited for the coming of the welcome rain.\n\nHow good he felt when the first big drops began to strike pit-pat, pit-pat on his broad back. When puddles formed in the hollow places, what fun it was to wade through them and pretend to swim in the larger ones. Those were happy days for him\u2014days when he could remember the freedom he used to have before he came to this small place where he now lived.\nBig Goose didn't have the little house to himself. Red Rooster and his family had lived there a long time before Big Goose came. He was a fierce old fellow with a hoarse voice that scared Big Goose when he first heard it.\n\nWhen Big Goose first came to this house, he tried to make friends with Red Rooster.\n\n\"Good morning, sir,\" he honked to him very politely, \"I hope you are feeling well this beautiful morning.\"\n\nBut Red Rooster wouldn't answer him. He just gave him a wicked look and passed on.\n\nBig Goose was sorry he couldn't make friends with Red Rooster. But he was too proud to do anything more about it. So he stayed on his own side of the little house. He became very lonely and wished that the master in the big house would bring at least one other goose to keep him company.\nThe master in the big house was puzzled by the lack of eggs in the nests. He wondered why his chickens, who ate just as much and seemed just as healthy, weren't laying more eggs. He suspected a fox or other wild animal was stealing the eggs, so he set traps night after night. However, the only thing he caught was a skirt blown off the clothesline. Red Rooster and his family knew the cause of the problem, with Big Goose feeling sorry for the man's confusion.\nOne day, the master was ran after by his servant, Master Goose, who tried to tell him what was wrong. But when the master saw Goose running after him with his neck stretched out and quacking, \"Honk, Big Goose and Little Hen honk, honk,\" at the top of his voice, he thought Goose was trying to bite him. So he picked up a stone and drove Goose away. He then told his wife that he would have to take that goose and put him in the cooking pot. This pleased Red Rooster much. But when Big Goose heard it, he said to himself, \"Here I try to help my master and he does not understand me.\"\n\nOne nice, sunshiny morning, while the master was again wondering what had happened to the eggs, to his great surprise, a big fat hen with twelve fluffy little chicks came stepping out of the weeds.\nAnother hen, then still another, with their fluffy little babies behind them. The master was not sorry that there had not been as many eggs in the nests as usual. The weeds kept growing higher and higher, and the little chicks kept growing bigger and bigger until finally they began to wander off alone. Big Goose saw this and thought, 'I will make friends with all of them, then I will be able to tell from their manners and the way they talk which one will like me most.' But they were all afraid of him, and although he spent days and days hunting nice fat worms for them, he could not coax one near enough to make friends. There was a mystery about Big Goose which not even his master nor the man from whom he had bought him knew about. Because of this, Big Goose could never be really happy.\nHe always looked lonely. Forgotten by Red Rooster and his large family.\n\nBig Goose and Little Hen\n\nSomething happened which made Big Goose feel very happy and not lonely anymore. One day, he was walking through the weeds to reach his favorite spot where there was a little clearing. Suddenly, he heard a strange noise that made him stop short. It sounded just like a baby playing with a rattle.\n\nHe stepped very softly until he came to the edge of the clearing. She was so frightened she could not move.\n\nWhen he peeped through the weeds, he saw a sight which scared him so that he hardly knew what to do. In the middle of the clearing was a queer-looking snake with diamonds-shaped marks all over his body, and some strange objects on the very tip of his tail that rattled every time he shook it.\nRight in front of the snake stood the nicest Little Hen that Big Goose had ever seen. She was so frightened that she could not move an inch away from the black snake. Big Goose knew immediately what kind of snake this one was and what would happen to Little Hen unless something was done. Big Goose and Little Hen\n\nBig Goose did not wait long to make up his mind. He flew right on top of the snake and caught him between the jaws of his big hard bill, shaking him until the snake was almost broken to pieces.\n\nLittle Hen had watched with frightened eyes until the battle was over. Then she saw that her enemy could do her no more harm. When Big Goose had finished his fight, he walked toward her.\n\nMuch to his surprise, she did not run.\nBig Goose and Little Hen\n\nAway from him as all the other chickens had done, but she stood perfectly still until he came up close to her. Making his politest bow, Big Goose quacked, \"Madam, you need not be afraid any more. The snake is dead and I am very glad that I was able to be of service to you.\"\n\nHe did not expect Little Hen to understand what he had said. But imagine his surprise when she bowed nicely in return and clucked in a very sweet voice, \"Sir, I don't know how to thank you. You have saved my life and I shall never forget it.\"\n\nBig Goose and Little Hen\n\nHere indeed was a great wonder\u2014a chicken that understood his friendliness and was not afraid of him. Big Goose made friends at once with Little Hen. He was very happy when he realized that he could now have a friend to talk with.\n\nBig Goose was naturally curious to know more about her.\nBig Goose and Little Hen\n\nBig Goose didn't know where Little Hen came from as he was sure she didn't belong to Red Rooster's family. When he finally asked, she became sad and answered, \"Sir, I am very sorry, but that is one thing I cannot tell you. If I told you, I could not stay here any longer and you would never see me again.\" Big Goose felt sorry for Little Hen and said, \"Please stay here and let me be your friend.\" Little Hen was happy again, and they walked away together as if they had known each other a long time.\n\nBig Goose and Little Hen\n\nThat night, Big Goose wondered if the mystery of Little Hen could be anything like the mystery in his own life. As sleep overcame him, he felt thankful for having found such a nice friend.\n\nBright and early the next morning, Red Rooster called his family to-\nRed Rooster and Little Hen stood in front of the house, counting. When Red Rooster reached the end of the line, shy Little Hen was there. Red Rooster was surprised when he saw her.\n\n\"Who are you?\" he scolded. \"You don't belong here.\"\n\n\"Sir,\" said Little Hen, \"I am a friend of Big Goose.\"\n\n\"Go away quickly then,\" Red Rooster scolded. \"You cannot stay here another minute.\" He flew at Little Hen.\n\nBefore she could say another word, Big Goose flew between them, his neck stretched out and the feathers on his head standing straight up.\n\n\"Don't you dare to talk like that to this lady,\" he hissed at Red Rooster. \"She will stay here just as long as she pleases, and I will protect her.\"\n\nRed Rooster saw that Big Goose was very angry and decided it would not be wise to go any further.\nGrumbling to himself, he walked off with his tail drooping down to the ground. Big Goose had conquered him without a battle. From that day on, Big Goose never feared Red Rooster again, and they were very happy. Summer passed and winter came. The friendship between Big Goose and Little Hen grew stronger. When the mistress of the house threw out feed for the chickens, Big Goose was always on hand to see that Little Hen got her share. On very cold nights, they would nest together in the straw in order to keep warm. Those were happy days for both of them. Big Goose's master lived in a house very much below the level of the street. The only way people could reach it was by a flight of shaky wooden steps which were so far apart that as often as he tried, Big Goose couldn't climb them. Neither could he.\nBig Goose and Little Hen\n\nHe flew up because his master had clipped his wings. Many changes had occurred in the big world since Big Goose first came to this house. At first, most of the noises he had heard in the street above were caused by horses walking, trotting, and galloping along. These he could understand because he had often seen horses at his old home. Gradually, as he listened from day to day, the sound of horses' hooves grew less and less. Instead, he heard queer, rumbling noises and barking horns such as he had never heard before. Even the headlights shining on the houses puzzled him very much. Early one spring morning, he and Little Hen were talking about many things after having eaten a good breakfast of nice fat worms and greens. To their surprise, they saw wagon after wagon drive to the edge of their yard.\nThe two friends heard the masters of the wagons tell him that they were building a driveway from the street to the alley, allowing people to reach the next street. Big Goose was pleased, saying to Little Hen, \"At last, we shall be able to leave this yard and see what is going on in the world above us.\" But Little Hen was not as excited as Big Goose, fearing what might happen to him when he found his way to freedom. For days, wagons kept coming and unloading dirt, which grew the pile higher and higher until it reached the level of the street.\nBig Goose and Little Hen\n\nSoon after, there was a nice, smooth road up which anybody could walk from the house to the street without any trouble.\n\nBig Goose and Little Hen\n\nThe very first to try the new road after the last workman had gone were Big Goose and Little Hen. But they did not stay up there very long. Hardly had they reached the street when a great, giant animal with shining eyes as big as dinner plates came rushing toward them with a big noise, scaring Big Goose and Little Hen so much that they fled back to the lower road. For neither had ever seen an automobile before.\n\nBig Goose was a very proud goose. He did not sleep much that night for thinking that Little Hen would now believe him to be a coward. So he made up his mind that the very next day he would travel up the road again.\nBut Big Goose saw something startling the next morning. In the yard stood an animal that looked like the one he had encountered the previous day. He almost retreated to his little house, but remembering his determination, he stood in front of Little Hen with his head held high. However, the animal remained motionless, acting as if it had never seen Big Goose before. Then, to his surprise, the animal's side opened, revealing a little boy who lived in the master's house. When Big Goose caught a glimpse of the interior, he realized the beast was a new kind of carriage.\n\n\"Why,\" he honked to Little Hen, \"that's nothing but a new kind of carriage.\"\nBig Goose and Little Hen\n\nFrom then on, Big Goose had no more fear of automobiles. After breakfast every morning, he and Little Hen marched up the road to the street to see what was going on. Whenever a wagon passed by, he would not even look at it. But when an automobile came along, he would chase it furiously, honking at the top of his voice.\n\nLittle Hen was scared every time he did this because she was afraid he would get hurt. So she talked with him and begged him to stop it, but Big Goose said, \"I know it is foolish, but I just can't help myself.\"\n\nBig Goose and Little Hen\n\nThis made Little Hen very unhappy. So she decided that the only thing she could do was to try to keep Big Goose from going up the road every day. When Big Goose was ready to start off the next morning, Little Hen said to him,\n\"But Big Goose answered, \"I am sorry, Little Hen. But I think a nice walk is just what you need to make you feel better.\" Though Little Hen was very sorry that he would not give up the trip, she followed Big Goose up the road. In spite of the clear blue sky, the warm sunshine, and the green carpet of grass in the yard, she felt very sad. Then the very thing which she had feared happened. As the two friends reached the upper street, a big red automobile came rushing toward them, sounding its horn. As usual, Big Goose started to chase it, with Little Hen following and calling to him to come back. So eager was she to head him off that she ran right in front of the automobile. Big Goose immediately saw her danger and without any thought of his own, threw himself in front of her to protect her.\"\nown peril, he jumped over Little Hen, giving her a hard push that threw her. Big Goose gave Little Hen a hard push. Clear of the wheels. When she had recovered, she stood there trembling and hid her face under her wing to avoid seeing the end of her dearest friend. At this very instant, the cruel wheels passed right over Big Goose and his feathers were scattered all about, some of them settling down on Little Hen. Then a strange thing happened. Little Hen was changed from a chicken into a lovely girl. She was all dressed in silk and satin, with a string of pure white pearls around her neck and a ribbon of shining gold around her beautiful brown hair. When she looked at the spot where Big Goose had lain, she saw standing there a beautiful young man dressed like a prince, and bearing a sword. Big Goose and Little Hen.\n\nLittle Hen saw a beautiful young man standing at the spot where Big Goose had been, dressed as a prince and holding a sword.\nLong, long ago, in the land of Happy-del, a good king and queen ruled. They had one child, a beautiful boy whom they loved dearly. The prince was bright in his studies but couldn't resist teasing girls. One day, while driving his pony cart home from school, he saw some girls walking ahead in the road, dressed in their best clothes for a birthday party. The girls stepped aside to let him pass, but just as he caught up, he decided to have some fun at their expense.\nWith them, he whipped up his ponies and made them trot through a mud puddle, splashing the little girls' clothes from head to foot. The girls cried bitterly, but the prince only laughed with cruel glee and passed on. The wicked prince soon learned that every evil deed is sure to be punished. For that night, while lying asleep in his soft bed, the good Queen Mab of the fairies suddenly appeared at his side. She had been peeping from behind a tree when he was playing his trick on the little girls. Queen Mab waved her fairy wand over his bed, singing this song:\n\nGod gave this earth to boys and girls,\nFor happiness, and joy, and laughter;\nAnd he who all their pleasure spoils,\nShall pay with grief and tears hereafter.\n\nSo you, mean prince, with heart of stone,\nShall be deprived of all your power.\nAnd in a lowly form atone for all the sweets you caused to sour. Arise and as a goose go forth, To wander friendless, sad and weary; From east to west, and south to north, Through endless ages, dark and dreary.\n\nBig Goose and Little Hen\n\nTill well the lesson you have learned, That boys and girls should love each other; And blessings rare are only earned By treating each like friend or brother.\n\nIn a strange and distant land, To prove your heart is kind and loving; Lay down your life without command, To save the one who shares your roving.\n\nAnd when the wheels of monster grim, Have brought to end your life of trouble; Arise and shed your goose's skin, And be once more a noble prince.\n\nThis was how the boy prince became a Big Goose. Now let us learn about Little Hen.\n\nIt so happened that one of the girls whom the prince spattered with mud was...\nQueen Mab watched them from behind the tree. The girl's name was Floraleen, Big Goose and Little Hen. She was a good girl and a great friend of the fairies. They loved her very much and often invited her to be their guest when they had their dances in the moonlight.\n\nAfter drying her tears, Floraleen returned home and changed her dress to one not quite so pretty but good enough for the birthday party. They all played the nicest games and danced to the sweetest music. They had wonderful things to eat\u2014dainty sandwiches, cakes covered all over with lovely icing, all kinds of fruit, and more ice cream than anyone could eat.\n\nFloraleen, Big Goose and Little Hen did not enjoy the party a bit. She was a very tender-hearted child and was thinking all the time of seeing Queen Mab behind that tree.\nThe queen wondered what she would do to punish the mean prince. Angry with him but not wanting him to come to harm, she ran to the forest in search of the Fairy Queen as soon as the party was over. Despite looking in all her usual places, she could not find a trace of the fairy.\n\nThe next morning, Floraleen heard that the prince was missing, and all of the police and the whole army and navy were out searching for him. Floraleen cried as if her heart would break, knowing that her fear had come to pass and the prince had met with some terrible punishment for his wickedness.\n\nIt was a strict rule of the fairies that after a sentence of punishment had been given, it could never be reversed.\nThe Fairy Queen would never release the young prince, no matter how earnestly someone might plead. Deep in the darkest and gloomiest part of the forest, Floraleen stood at the door of the cottage.\n\nIn another part of the forest lived an old witch. Once a young and beautiful fairy, she had long been banished for breaking one of their most important laws. As she could never do any good again, she spent her time planning ways to spoil the fairies' good deeds.\n\nOne of her ways was to cast a spell over any child who happened to be near her cottage. Floraleen had often been near it, but her mother and father had warned her, and the witch was never able to get her to come inside.\n\nBut now, filled with grief for what had happened to the prince, she hesitated.\nFloraleen stood at the cottage door with hand on knocker, Big Goose and Little Hen in tow. She was afraid. The old witch appeared with a sweet smile and kind demeanor, easing Floraleen's fears. Inviting Floraleen in was declined, but the witch urged her to share troubles instead, her voice soothing enough for Floraleen to weep and share the prince's sad story.\n\n\"My dear child,\" said the witch.\nAt the story's end, the witch said, \"Of course I'll help you. You've come to the right place, for I know all about the poor prince and what Queen Mab did to him.\" However, this was not true, as the witch had no idea what had transpired. But Floraleen's heart was filled with joy upon hearing the witch's promise.\n\nThe witch then went to a large hole in the ground beside her cottage, threw in some dried leaves and twigs, and started a good fire. She then got a pair of shears and told Floraleen, \"Big Goose and Little Hen. Now, my dear, if you will let me cut off a tiny lock of your hair, I will bring the prince here before you can count one, two, three.\"\n\nFioraleen was very scared and refused to consent. But the witch begged so hard and insisted that the prince was most unhappy, and that his release depended on Floraleen's cooperation.\nThe witch let her cut off a small lock. She threw the lock of hair into the fire and told Floraleen to kneel at the edge of the hole. Suddenly, she waved her thin hands over the little girl's head and chanted:\n\nLet milk-white skin now turn to brown,\nFrom crown of head to knee.\nLet plumage now replace your gown,\nAnd you a chicken be.\n\nTill big gray feathers falling low,\nIn far and distant land,\nShall settle on you at a blow,\nAnd a prince before you stand.\n\nThe girl immediately became a Little Hen. The witch, with cruel glee, got out her broom and drove Little Hen out of the forest to start on her travels into the world.\n\nThey decided they would return to Happydell.\nThey decided to return to their country of Happydell. Everybody was happy to see them again and great parties were held in their honor. The prince had become as good as he was beautiful, and Floraleen was even sweeter than she had been before. They lived out their lives together just as happily as when they were Big Goose and Little Hen.", "source_dataset": "Internet_Archive", "source_dataset_detailed": "Internet_Archive_LibOfCong"}
]