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{"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1935, "culture": " English\n", "content": "Produced by Mark C. Orton and the Online Distributed\nProofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net\nMEDICINE IN VIRGINIA, 1607-1699\nBy\nTHOMAS P. HUGHES\nAssistant Professor of History, Washington and Lee University\nVIRGINIA 350TH ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATION CORPORATION\nWILLIAMSBURG, VIRGINIA\nCOPYRIGHT\u00a9, 1957 BY\nVIRGINIA 350TH ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATION\nCORPORATION, WILLIAMSBURG, VIRGINIA\nSecond Printing, 1958\nThird Printing, 1963\nJamestown 350th Anniversary\nHistorical Booklet, Number 21\n[Transcriber's Notes: Research indicates the copyright on this book was\nnot renewed.\nThe Table of Contents was not printed in the original text but has been\nadded here for the convenience of the reader.]\nCONTENTS\nCHAPTER ONE\nEuropean Background and Indian Counterpart to Virginia Medicine     1\nCHAPTER TWO\nDisease and The Critical Years At Jamestown                        12\nCHAPTER THREE\nPrevalent Ills and Common Treatments                               31\nCHAPTER FOUR\nEducation, Women, Churchmen, and The Law                           60\nCHAPTER FIVE\nAcknowledgements and Bibliographical Note                          77\nCHAPTER ONE\nEuropean Background and Indian Counterpart to Virginia Medicine\nEUROPEAN BACKGROUND\nThe origins of medical theory and practice in this nation extend\nfurther than the settlement at Jamestown in 1607. Jamestown was a seed\ncarried from the Old World and planted in the New; medicine was one of\nthe European characteristics transmitted with the seed across the\nAtlantic. In the process of transmission changes took place, and in the\nNew World medicine adapted itself to some circumstances unknown to\nEurope; but the contact with European developments in theory and\npractice was never--and is not--broken.\nBecause of this relationship between European and American medicine, an\nacquaintance with seventeenth-century European medicine makes it\npossible to give additional support to some of the information in the\nearly sources about medicine in colonial Virginia. In addition,\nknowledge of the European background allows reasonable speculation as\nto what happened in Virginia when the early sources are silent.\nIn discussing the background for American medicine it is not necessary\nto make a firm distinction between England and the rest of Europe. As\ntoday, science--in this case, medical science--frequently ignored\nnational boundaries. The same theories relative to the structure of the\nbody (anatomy), to the functions of the organs and parts of the body\n(physiology), and to other branches of medical science were common to\nEngland and Europe. Medical practice, like theory, varied but in detail\nfrom nation to nation in Western Europe.\nSeventeenth-century Europe relied heavily upon ancient authority in the\nrealm of medical theory. The European and colonial Virginia physician,\nsurgeon, and even barber (when functioning as a medical man)\nconsciously or unconsciously drew upon, or practiced according to,\ntheories originated or developed by Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.) and\nGalen (131-201 A.D.). Hippocrates is remembered not only for his\nemphasis upon ethical practices but also for his inquiring and\nscientific spirit, and Galen as the founder of experimental physiology\nand as the formulator of ingenious medical theories. Most often\nHippocrates was studied in Galen's commentaries.\nNo longer do scholars or physicians scoff at the ancient authorities\nwho dominated medical thinking for so many centuries. The\nseventeenth-century physician striving to reduce the frightful inroads\nthat disease made into the colony at Jamestown may have been\nhandicapped by the erroneous doctrines of the gossamer-fine _a priori_\nspeculation of Galen, but the physicians to a large extent practiced\naccording to a science rather than to superstition and magic--because\nthe voluminous writings of Galen survived the centuries. Nor would the\nEuropean physician, or his Virginia counterpart, have demonstrated the\nsame appreciation for close observation if Hippocrates had not still\nbeen an influence.\nIn the realm of pathology (the nature, causes, and manifestations of\ndisease) the humoral theory, with its many variations, was extremely\npopular. The humoral doctrines stemming largely from Hippocrates were\nmade elaborate by Galen but were founded upon ideas even more ancient\nthan either thinker and practitioner. As understood by the\nseventeenth-century man of medicine, the basic ideas of the humoral\ntheory were the four elements, the four qualities, and the four humors.\nThe elements were fire, air, earth, and water; the four qualities were\nhot, cold, moist, and dry; and the four humors were phlegm, black bile,\nyellow bile, and blood. From these ideological building stones a highly\ncomplex system of pathology developed; from it an involved system of\ntreatment originated. In essence the practitioner of the humoral school\nattempted to restore the naturally harmonious balance of elements,\nqualities, and humors that had broken down and caused disease or pain.\nThe seventeenth-century, however, witnessed in medicine the trend,\nmanifest then in so many fields of thought, away from an uncritical\nacceptance of the authority of the past. It also saw a defiant denial\nof ancient authority among those more radically inclined, such as the\ndisciples of the sixteenth-century alchemist and physician, Paracelsus.\nAlthough some of his practices and teachings were based on the\nsupernatural, Paracelsus stressed observation and the avoidance of a\nmere system of book-learning.\nPractice lagged behind new scientific theory in medicine but Virginia\nmust have felt at least the reverberations caused by the clash of the\nancient and the new.\nAn important new school of medical theory was the iatrophysical or\niatromathematical (_iatros_ from the Greek--physician). This medical\ntheory--as is the case with many scientific theories-was borrowed from\nanother branch of science. The seventeenth century, the age of Isaac\nNewton, Galileo Galilei, Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibnitz, Ren\u00e9\nDescartes, and other giants of physical science, was a period of\nremarkable progress in the field of physics. It is not surprising then\nthat theorists in the field of medicine, noting the truths discovered\nby conceiving of nature as a great machine functioning according to\nlaws that could be expressed in mathematical terms, should have\nattempted to explain the human body as a machine.\nWilliam Harvey (1578-1657), whose name looms great in the history of\nseventeenth-century medicine, explained the circulation of the blood in\nmechanical terminology. To Harvey, working under the influence of the\ngreat physicists, the heart was a mechanical force pump and the blood\nwas analogous to other fluids in motion. How many physicians,\npracticing in the same intellectual environment as this Englishman,\nmust have carried the mechanical analogy to the extent of thinking of\nthe teeth as scissors, the lungs as bellows, the stomach as a flask,\nand the viscera as a sieve?\nThe iatrochemical school existed alongside the iatrophysical. Whereas\nthe iatrophysical thought primarily in terms of matter, forces, and\nmotions, the iatrochemical thought chemical relationships were\nfundamental. One of the founders of this school, the Dutch scientist\nSylvius (1614-72), explained diseases chemically (an approach not\ncompletely unlike the humoral of Galen) and treated them on the basis\nof a supposed chemical reaction between drug and disease. Another\nleading figure in the iatrochemical school, Thomas Willis (1621-75),\nwas an Englishman. These two advocated the use of drugs at a time when\ntheir respective nations were developing great colonial empires rich\nwith the raw materials of pharmacology.\nHowever, it would be an error to think of the medicine of the period,\neither European or Virginian, only in terms of rational or scientific\ntheories. Treatment was too often based on magic, folklore, and\nsuperstition. There were physicians relying upon alchemy and astrology;\nthe Royal Touch was held efficacious; and in the _materia medica_ of\nthe period were such substances as foxes' lungs, oils of wolves, and\nIrish whiskey. Nor should it be forgotten that many of the sick never\nsaw a medical man but relied upon self-treatment.\nWith theories from the ancient authorities and from experimenting\nscientists to draw upon, the practicing physicians could deduce\ntherapeutic techniques or justify curative measures, but the emphasis\non theory brought with it the danger of ignoring experience and\nabandoning empirical solutions. Aware that many of his fellow\nphysicians tended to overemphasize theory Thomas Sydenham (1624-89),\nwho received his doctorate of medicine from Cambridge University,\nrecommended personal experience drawn from close observation. He\nscoffed at physicians who learned medicine in books or laboratory, and\nnever at the bedside. His study of epidemics, his emphasis on geography\nand climate as casual factors in the genesis of disease, make this\nEnglishman's views and practices especially relevant to the medical\nhistory of Virginia where geography and climate did play such important\nroles in the life of the colony.\nThe history of surgeons and surgery during the century is less\ndistinguished than that of the physician and his practice. Surgery\nproduced no individuals of the stature and significance of Sydenham nor\nany revolutionary theories as important as Harvey's. Dissections were\nmade but the knowledge acquired was not applied; amputation was common\nbut not always necessary or effective.\nBattle wounds and injuries lay in the province of the surgeon. While\nthe surgeon was primarily concerned with the military, using mechanical\nforce (cutting, tying, setting, and puncturing) in his treatment of\nbody wounds and injuries, physicians on the Continent and in England\nalso filled these functions. For example, physicians in Italy sometimes\nperformed surgical operations they considered worthy of their dignified\npositions, and in England the licensed physician could practice\nsurgery. On the other hand, surgeons licensed by Oxford University were\nbound not to practice medicine. Both in France and in England surgeons\nand barbers held membership in the same guild or corporation, and\nphysicians considered them of inferior social status. The American\nfrontier tended to reduce such professional and social distinctions.\nIn Europe and England, where medical education was institutionalized to\na far greater extent than in colonial Virginia, education explains much\nof the difference in social status between physician and surgeon. The\nsurgeon learned by apprenticeship to an experienced member of his guild\nwhile the physician had to meet certain educational and professional\nrequirements, depending upon local or national law. The best medical\neducation of the period could be had at the great centers of Leyden,\nParis, and Montpellier. Cambridge and Oxford also offered a degree in\nmedicine.\nEnglishmen preferred to study medicine abroad--according to a recent\nstudy made by Phyllis Allen and printed in the _Journal of the\nHistory of Medicine and Allied Sciences_--because a better education\ncould be obtained there in the same number of years. The Doctorate of\nMedicine required fourteen years of undergraduate and post-graduate\nstudy at Oxford; the Cambridge requirement was similar. Despite reforms\nduring the seventeenth century, education at these universities\nremained dogmatic and classical. Students usually found their studies\ndull and their social life stimulating. The more enterprising students\ncould find the new ideas of the period in books not required in their\ncourse of study. Cambridge, Oxford, and the Royal College of Physicians\nall licensed physicians who had survived their education, met certain\nprofessional requirements, and passed an examination.\nThat physicians in England did possess a high social status as well as\nmore extensive formal education is evidenced by a precaution taken by\nthe Virginia Company, to avoid causing displeasure among men of rank,\nin preparing letters patent. The Company requested of the College of\nHeralds, in 1609, the setting \"in order\" of the names of noblemen,\nknights, and Doctors of Divinity, Law, and Medicine so that their\n\"several worths and degrees\" might be recognized when their names were\ninserted on the patents. Surgeons received no mention.\nOn the other hand, physicians and surgeons in England might well have\ncome from similar social backgrounds and even on occasions from the\nsame families. When there were three or four sons in the family of a\ncountry gentleman, he might have followed the custom of keeping the\neldest at home to manage and eventually inherit the estate. The second,\nthen, would be sent to one of the universities in order to follow a\nprofession such as that of physician, lawyer, or clergyman. The third\nmight be apprenticed to an apothecary, surgeon, or a skilled craftsman.\nThis practice should be borne in mind when former medical apprentices\nare found in high offices in Virginia; their origins were not always\nhumble.\nAlthough the physician enjoyed the greatest social and professional\nprestige, he received the most verbal abuse and criticism. Perhaps the\nmost damaging and galling satire of the century flowed from the pen of\nthe French dramatist, Moli\u00e8re, who had a medical student--not\ncompletely fictitious--swear always to accept the pronouncements of his\noldest physician-colleague, and always to treat by purgation, using\nclysters (enemas), phlebotomy (bloodletting), and emetics (vomitives).\nThese three curative measures followed the best Galenic technique:\nreleasing corrupting humors from the body. Moli\u00e8re's _Le Malade\nImaginaire_ confronted the audience with constant purgings and\nbleedings, and the caricature was not excessive.\nThe diseases of the century did not allow for the inadequacies of the\nphysician, and imparted a grim note of realism to the satire of the\ndramatist. Infant mortality was high and the life expectancy low.\nHardly a household escaped the tragedy of death of the young and the\nrobust; historians have sensed the influence omnipresent death had upon\nthe attitudes and aspirations of the European and American of earlier\ncenturies. School children today learn of such a dramatic killer as the\nbubonic plague, but even its terrible ravages do not dwarf the toll of\nague (malaria), smallpox, typhoid and typhus, diphtheria, respiratory\ndisorders, scurvy, beriberi, and flux (dysentery) in the colonial\nperiod.\nEngland, and especially London with its surrounding marshes, suffered\nacutely with the ague during the century. Englishmen arriving in the\nNew World were well aware of the dangers of this disease and made some\neffort to avoid the bad air, and the low and damp places. In 1658 the\nague took such a toll that a contemporary described the whole island of\nBritain as a monstrous public hospital. Unfortunately, Thomas Sydenham,\nwhose prestige in England was great and whose works on fevers were\ninfluential, paid scant tribute to cinchona bark (quinine) which was\nknown but thought of, even by Sydenham, as only an alleged curative\noffering too radical a challenge to current techniques. According to\nhumoral doctrine, fever demanded a purging, not the intake of\nadditional substances.\nUnfortunately, public hygiene and sanitation enlisted few adherents.\nEpidemics of the seventeenth century have been judged the most severe\nin history. In Italy physicians ahead of their times proposed the\ndraining of marshes and pools of stagnant water, and recommended the\nisolation of persons with contagious diseases. But it was the great\nLondon fire of 1666 that rid that city of its infested and infected\nplaces, not an enlightened municipality.\nTherefore Virginia, a colony of seventeenth-century Europe, started\nlife burdened with a heritage of deadly and widespread disease and\ninadequate medicine. Not only did the ships that brought the settlers\nto Jamestown Island bring surgeons and medical supplies but also\nmedical problems frequently more serious than the men and supplies\ncould cope with.\nThe European or Englishman, however, did not originate the practice of\nmedicine in Virginia for the Indian had had to struggle with the\nproblems of disease and injury long before the seventeenth century.\nINDIANS AND THEIR MEDICINE\nSeventeenth-century Americans found the medical practices of the\nIndians interesting enough to include descriptions of them in their\naccounts of the New World. The attitude of the authors of these early\nobservations is a mixture of curiosity, wonder, and--on\noccasion--admiration.\nHenry Spelman, one of the early colonists, wrote of Jamestown and\nVirginia as they were in 1609 and 1610. He described the manner of\nvisiting with the sick among the Indians. According to Spelman, the\n\"preest\" laid the sick Indian upon a mat and, sitting down beside him,\nplaced a bowl of water and a rattle between them. Taking the water into\nhis mouth and spraying it over the Indian, the priest then began to\nbeat his chest and make noises with the rattle. Rising, he shook the\nrattle over all of his patient's body, rubbed the distressed parts with\nhis hands, and then sprinkled water over him again.\nLike the colonist, the Indian tried to draw out blood or other matter\nfrom the sick or wounded person. The method often used for releasing\nthe ill humor from a painful joint or limb must have caused\nconsiderable suffering but may have offered certain advantages in\npreventing fatal infection. If the affected part could bear it, the\nIndian thrust a smoldering pointed stick deep into the sore place and\nkept it there until the excess matter could drain off. Another\ntechnique for burning and opening had a small cone of slowly burning\nwood inserted in the distressed place, \"letting it burn out upon the\npart, which makes a running sore effectually.\"\nStill another method for treating a wound was for the priest to gash\nopen the wound with a small bit of flint, suck the blood and other\nmatter from it, and finally apply to it the powder of a root. A\ncolonist in describing the practice wrote that \"they have many\nprofessed phisitions, who with their charmes and rattels, with an\ninfernall rowt of words and actions, will seeme to sucke their inwarde\ngriefe from their navels or their grieved places.\" Judging by other\naccounts written during the century concerning Indian medicine, the\npowdered root may well have been sassafras, of which there was an\nabundance in the Jamestown area. The priest dried the root in the\nembers of a fire, scraped off the outer bark, powdered it, and bound\nthe wound after applying the powder.\nNot only did the native American resort to a crude form of bloodletting\nbut he practiced sweating as well--which was also common to\nseventeenth-century European medical practice. In Captain John Smith's\ndescription of Virginia it was noted that when troubled with \"dropsies,\nswellings, aches, and such like diseases\" the cure was to build a stove\n\"in the form of a dovehouse with mats, so close that a fewe coales\ntherein covered with a pot, will make the pacient sweate extreamely.\"\nBefore lighting his stove, the Indian covered his sweating place with\nbark so close that no air could enter. When he began to sweat\nprofusely, the sick Indian dashed out from his heated shelter and into\na nearby creek, sea, or river. An Englishman commented that after\nreturning to his hut again he \"either recover[s] or give[s] up the\nghost.\"\nThe Indians, like Moli\u00e8re's stage physician, believed in the value of\nthe purge. Every spring they deliberately made themselves sick with\ndrinking the juices of a medicinal root. The dosage purged them so\nthoroughly that they did not recover until three or four days later.\nThe Indians also ate green corn in the spring to work the same effect.\nThe Indian medicine man, like his European counterpart, frequently\ndispensed medicines or drugs. As has been the custom among many men in\nthe medical profession, the medicine man would not reveal the secrets\nof his medicines. \"Made very knowing in the hidden qualities of plants\nand other natural things,\" he considered it a part of the obligations\nof his priesthood to conceal the information from all but those who\nwere to succeed him. On the other hand, the Indian priest showed his\nconcern for the health of his people--and the similarity of his\nattitude to that of present day practices--by making an exception to\nhis canon of secrecy in the case of drugs needed in emergencies arising\non a hunting trip and during travel.\nAccording to one early eighteenth-century history of Virginia, the\nIndian in choosing raw materials for drugs preferred roots and barks of\ntrees to the leaves of plants or trees. If the drug were to be taken\ninternally it was mixed with water; when juices were to be applied\nexternally they were left natural unless water was necessary for\nmoistening. Whatever the drug and however utilized, the Indian called\nit _wisoccan_ or _wighsacan_, for this term was not a specific herb,\nas some of the earlier settlers thought, but a general term.\nBesides sassafras, medicinal roots and barks, the Indian believed in\nbeneficial effects of a kind of clay called _wapeig_. The clay, in the\nopinion of the Indians, cured sores and wounds; an English settler\nmarvelled to find in use \"a strange kind of earth, the vertue whereof I\nknow not; but the Indians eate it for physicke, alleaging that it\ncureth the sicknesse and paine of the belly.\" Insomuch as the Indian\npriest preferred to keep his professional secrets, the colonist was\nunlikely ever to learn the \"vertue\" of the clay.\nIf the Indian medicine man had not believed that his gods would be\ndispleased--or his prestige lowered--by revealing the nature of the\n_wisoccan_ he prescribed, it would have been possible for the early\nVirginians to have drawn upon the Indian knowledge of, and experience\nwith, the simples and therapies of the New World. (Perhaps the\n\"vertues\" of the clay would have cured the \"paines\" of the Jamestown\nbellies.) As it was, the settlers make little mention of a reliance\nupon the Indians for medical assistance.\nCHAPTER TWO\nDisease and The Critical Years At Jamestown\nMOTIVES AND PROVISIONS FOR COLONIZATION\nIn 1606 King James of England granted a charter to Sir Thomas Gates and\nothers authorizing settlements in the New World. In 1609 this charter\nwas revised and enlarged, granting the privileges to a joint-stock\ncompany. Among the merchants, knights, and gentlemen holding shares in\nthe company and among those particularly interested in the more\nsoutherly areas of North America, including Virginia, were a number of\nphysicians. The instructions given to the first settlers reflect the\ngeneral concern of the London Company for the health of the colony and\nperhaps the particular interest of the physicians. One of the\nphysicians, John Woodall, took especial care to urge that cattle be\nsent to provide the settlers with the milk he considered essential to\ntheir health.\nNot only did the Company wish to lessen the dangers of disease in the\nNew World, but it also urged colonization as a means of reducing the\nplague in England. In 1609 the Company advised municipal authorities in\nLondon to remove the excess population of that great city to Virginia\nas the surplus was thought to be a cause of the plague. There was\nlittle danger of a surplus population during the initial years in\nVirginia.\nBefore the colonists, or the Company, however, had to be concerned with\ndangers from disease in Virginia, the colonists had to undertake an\nextremely difficult and unhealthy voyage across the Atlantic.\nDISEASE AND THE OCEAN VOYAGE\nShips plying the Atlantic at the beginning of the seventeenth century\nwere small and the voyage was lengthy. Four months passed before the\n_Godspeed_, the _Discovery_, and the _Susan Constant_, carrying the\nfirst permanent settlers to Jamestown, sighted the two capes at the\nmouth of Chesapeake Bay in April, 1607.\nAlthough these small ships carrying the first permanent settlers had a\nstopover in the West Indies for rest and replenishment, there had been\ndebilitating months at sea and more than 100 emigrants to provide for\nin addition to the crews. With limited cargo and passenger space, water\nand food supplies could hardly satisfy the demand created by a hundred\npersons at sea for hundreds of days. Several of the emigrants died on\nthe first voyage and the remainder disembarked poorly prepared for the\nnew tests their constitutions would soon endure.\nThe sea voyage of these first settlers probably exacted no heavier a\ndeath toll and caused no more suffering because the ships went by way\nof the Canaries and the West Indies instead of by the more northerly\nroute by-passing the islands. A contemporary described the advantages\nthought to be had from the stopover in the West Indies (at the island\nof Nevis):\n    We came to a bath standing in a valley betwixt two hills, where wee\n    bathed ourselves.... Finding this place to be so convenient for our\n    men to avoid diseases which will breed in so long a voyage, wee\n    incamped our selves on this ile sixe dayes, and spent none of our\n    ships victuall.\nAnchoring off other West Indian islands the ships were able to\nreplenish their stores with fresh meat and fish and to replace the\nevil-smelling and foul water in their casks with fresh. By these\nmeasures the colonists demonstrated a concern not only for comfort but\nalso for hygienic precautions.\nLater voyages during the century took anywhere from two to three\nmonths. Despite the precautions taken by some, of a rest, in the West\nIndies to bring about \"restitution of our sick people into health by\nthe helpes of fresh ayre, diet and the baths,\" the trip aboard the\npestered ships continued to exact a heavy death toll and to discharge\ndisease and diseased persons. Benefits resulting from the stopover in\nthe Indies were countered by the considerable exposure to tropical\ninfections. One convoy carrying colonists to Virginia in 1609 and\nrunning a southerly course through \"fervent heat and loomes breezes\"\nhad many of the crew and passengers fall ill from calenture (tropical\nor yellow fever). Out of two ships so afflicted, thirty-two persons\ndied and were thrown overboard. Another of these ships reported the\nplague raging in her.\nIrritated by frequent references to the unhealthy climate of Virginia\nand fearful that the bad publicity would increase the difficulties in\nobtaining colonists, officials of the London Company took pains to\nexpose the part that the ocean voyage played in bringing about the\ndeaths of newcomers. Musty bread and stinking beer aboard the pestered\nships, according to a contemporary, worked as a chief cause of the\nmortality attributed falsely to the Virginia climate and conditions at\nJamestown. In 1624 Governor Wyatt and his associates recommended to\ncommissioners from England that \"care must be had that the ships come\nnot over pestered and that they may be well used at sea with that\nplenty and goodness of dyet as is promised in England but seldom\nperformed.\" Others complained of the crowding of men in their own\n\"aires,\" uncleanliness of the ships, and the presence of fatal\n\"infexion.\"\nInsomuch as seventeenth-century medical theory paid scant attention to\nsanitation and hygiene in the study of the causes of disease, it is\nsurprising to find the early Virginian rightly recognizing the ships as\nsources of sickness. On the other hand, observation could not help but\nlead passengers to conclude that sickness, such as flux or dysentery,\nwith which they had to suffer aboard ship, might have a causal\nrelationship to the ship. To have related the transmission of the\nplague from epidemic centers in England via infected shipboard rats,\nand transmission of tropical fevers, as well, by the medium of\nshipboard water buckets infected with mosquito larvae from the tropics,\nwas beyond the capacity of both medical theory and of first-hand\nobservation.\nPhysicians or surgeons did ship aboard the seventeenth-century\nocean-going vessels, but Doctor Wyndham B. Blanton, the chief authority\non seventeenth-century Virginia medicine, concludes that most of them\nprobably had poor educations and little more to recommend them than \"a\nsmattering of drugs, a little practice in opening abscesses and a\nliking for the sea.\" A seventeenth-century contemporary recommended\nthat a ship's surgeon--surgeons went to sea far more often than\nphysicians--be the possessor of a certificate from a barber-surgeon\nguild and be freed from all ship's duties except the attending of the\nsick and the cure of the wounded. The ship's surgeon, then, crossed the\nprofessional line between surgeon and physician, a line that necessity\nwould soon force so many medical men to cross in America.\nThroughout the century ship's surgeons abandoned their shipboard duties\nto settle in the Virginia colony, and there seems little reason to\ndoubt that those remaining aboard ship took advantage of the\nopportunity when in port to help meet the medical needs of the\ncolonists, thus supplementing the medical talent which had taken up\nresidence in Virginia.\nThe labors of the ship's surgeon at sea, no matter how valiant, could\nnot offset the miseries of the long sea voyage, and the sight of\nVirginia's coast greatly cheered all hands. After the foul air, crowded\nquarters, and inadequate provisions of the ship, many settlers must\nhave reacted to the Virginia land as Captain John Smith did: \"heaven\nand earth never agree better to frame a place for man's habitation.\" It\nis not surprising then that the first permanent settlers were somewhat\nless than careful when evaluating, against standards of health, the\npossible sites for settlement.\nTHE SELECTION OF SITES FOR SETTLEMENT\nIn a fairly extensive set of instructions \"by way of advice, for the\nintended voyage to Virginia,\" the London Company, in 1606, took into\naccount the part that disease and famine could play in the life--or\ndeath--of the colony. Probably knowing that the chances for survival of\nthe Spanish conquistadors had been enhanced by their superhuman\nqualities in the eyes of the Indians, the Company urged that no\ninformation on deaths or sicknesses among the whites be allowed to the\nnatives. More important, as the course of events was to demonstrate,\nwas the advice not to:\n    plant in a low or moist place, because it will prove unhealthfull.\n    You shall judge of the good air by the people; for some part of\n    that coast where the lands are low, have their people blear eyed,\n    and with swollen bellies and legs: but if the naturals be strong\n    and clean made, it is a true sign of wholesome soil.\nThe idea that climate had an influence upon human physiognomy did\nnot originate with the London Company. In an essay dating back to\nthe fifth century B.C. and preserved among the works of the\nHippocratic school the ancient--but in the seventeenth century\nstill influential--authorities argued that human physiognomies\ncould be classified into the well-wooded and well-watered mountain\ntype; the thin-soiled waterless type; the well-cleared and\nwell-drained lowland type; and the meadowy, marshy type.\nThe London Company's instructions to the first permanent settlers to\navoid low-lying, marshy land, if followed, might have saved the\ncolonists from some of the sicknesses they were to endure, but other\nconsiderations dictated the choice of the Jamestown site; the\npeninsular, about thirty miles upstream, provided natural protection\nand a good view up and down the river. The danger from the ships of\nother European peoples seemed more immediate and formidable than those\nfrom the mosquito, with its breeding place in the nearby swamp, and\nfrom the foul and brackish drinking water.\nAs the century progressed, the settlers pushed inland from Jamestown\nand the low-lying coastal region, up onto the drier land. The danger\nfrom typhoid, dysentery, and malaria grew steadily less. In choosing\nhome sites--once the confines of the peninsula were left behind and the\nfear of attack from Indian or European was less--the early planters\ntook into consideration the dangers of the fetid swamp and muggy\nlowland.\nThat the promotion of health did play a part in the selection of sites\nfor settlement is borne out by the re-location of the seat of\ngovernment from the languishing village of Jamestown to Middle\nPlantation or Williamsburg. After an accidental fire destroyed a large\npart of Jamestown at the end of the century, the people indicated a\ndesire to move away from an environment, recognized as unhealthful, to\nMiddle Plantation, known for its temperate, healthy climate as well as\nfor its wholesome springs. The inhabitants had contemplated a move\nearlier in the century for health reasons but authorities in England\nand governors in Virginia acted to prevent the abandonment of the only\ncommunity even approaching the status of a town.\nThe move away from Jamestown would probably appear a wise measure even\nto the twentieth-century physician; to the seventeenth-century\nphysician, who often saw a close relationship between climatic\nconditions and disease, the move seemed imperative. A man well-versed\nin science and medicine, living in Jamestown a decade or so before the\ntown was abandoned, exemplified this medical theory when he wrote that\nan area was unhealthy according to its nearness to salt water. He had\nobserved that salt air, especially when stagnant, had \"fatal effects\"\non human bodies. In contrast, clear air (such as would be enjoyed at\nMiddle Plantation) had beneficial effects.\nConsiderations of health and the effects of disease not only influenced\nthe settlers in their choice of living sites but also in many of their\nother activities. Political, economic, and social history in\nseventeenth-century Virginia was determined in part by health and\ndisease.\nDISEASE AS A DETERMINING FACTOR IN THE EARLY YEARS OF THE COLONY\nDeath from disease and incapacitation from disease are challenges to\nwhich every civilization--and human community--must successfully\nrespond in order to survive. Historian Arnold J. Toynbee has emphasized\nthe vital character of the challenge and response relationship in the\nhistory of all communities. A particular challenge to which early\nJamestown almost succumbed was disease. The actions--or inactions--of\nthe settlers under the London Company, 1607-1624, demonstrated\nespecially well the influence of the challenge of disease upon the\nearly history of Virginia.\nDuring the first year of the settlement at Jamestown, disease worked as\nan important factor in the realm of politics. In this connection,\nEdward Maria Wingfield, chosen first president of the governing council\nin Virginia, found himself removed from office, imprisoned, and sent\nhome by the spring of 1608, all as a result of charges brought against\nhim that for the most part were petty and contradictory. Pettiness and\ncontradictions, in this instance, were rooted in the miserable\nconditions which the colonists had to endure their first summer: famine\nand sickness not only demoralized the colonists but were killing them\nfaster than they could be buried.\nWingfield left office as president of the council after the first\nsummer spent in Jamestown. The sickness that caused much tension during\nhis tenure was probably the malady loosely described by early\nVirginians as the \"seasoning.\" The complex of symptoms ascribed to the\nseasoning bothered the settlers throughout the seventeenth century.\nEven as late as 1723 a recent arrival in Virginia wrote that \"all that\ncome to this country have ordinarily sickness at first which they call\na seasoning of which I shall assure you I had a most severe one.\"\nDuring the first two summers, 1607 and 1608, however, this seasoning\ninflicted the most distress, judging by the seriousness with which\ncontemporaries described it.\nOne of these contemporary accounts, written by George Percy who sailed\nto Virginia with the first settlers in 1606-07, described the distress\ncaused by seasoning and famine during the summer of 1607. The awfulness\nof that summer is made more dramatic by the manner in which Percy\nintroduced the subject. Having described the voyage over, which was\nrelatively pleasant with the stopover in the beautiful West Indian\nislands, and having entertained the reader with startling accounts of\nthe habits of the savages in Virginia (\"making many devillish gestures\nwith a hellish noise, foming at the mouth, staring with their eyes,\nwagging their heads and hands in such a fashion and deformitie as it\nwas monstrous to behold\"), Percy abruptly began listing the names of\nthe dead as his narrative moved into the late summer months:\n    The sixt of August there died John Asbie of the bloudie flixe. The\n    ninth day died George Flowre of the swelling.... The fifteenth day,\n    their died Edward Browne and Stephen Galthorpe. The sixteenth day,\n    their died Thomas Gower Gentleman. The seventeenth day, their died\n    Thomas Mounslic....\nThe remainder of the description of the significant events of the month\nof August is given over entirely to the listing of the deaths. Seldom\ndid Percy give the cause of individual deaths, but as the narrative\nmoved into September and near the end of the seasoning period, Percy\nstopped his grim listing to comment in general terms upon the unhappy\nexperience.\nAccording to his diagnosis--and perhaps he was enlightened by Thomas\nWotton and Will Wilkinson, the two surgeons who arrived with the first\nsettlers--the heavy death toll of August resulted from such ailments as\nfluxes, swellings, and burning fevers as well as from famine and\nattacks by the Indians.\nPercy was of the opinion that the colonists at Jamestown suffered more\nduring the summer and winter of 1607 than any other Englishmen have\nduring a colonization venture. Weakened by the debilitating summer and\nunable during that period to make the necessary provisions for the\nwinter, the settlers, their ranks depleted, also fared poorly during\nthe next five months.\nIn describing their distress, he revealed the conditions that bred the\ndiseases and illnesses to which the colonists fell prey. They lay on\nthe bare ground through weather cold and hot, dry and wet, and their\nration of food consisted of a small can of barley sod in water--one can\nfor five men. Drinking water came from the river which in turn was salt\nat high tide, and slimy and filthy at low. With such food and drink,\nthe small contingent within the fort lay about for weeks \"night and day\ngroaning in every corner ... most pittifull to heare.\"\nFortunately during the course of the winter the Indians did come to the\nrelief of the colonists with provisions, but before this help was\nsubstantial, Percy observed:\n    If there were any conscience in men, it would make their harts to\n    bleed to heare the pitifull murmurings and out-cries of our sick\n    men without reliefe, every night and day, for the space of sixe\n    weekes, some departing out the world, many times three or foure in\n    a night; in the morning, their bodies trailed out of their cabines\n    like dogges to be buried.\nOver one-half (approximately 60) of the original settlers perished\nduring the summer of 1607 and the seasoning was to prove a hazard\nthroughout the remainder of the century. Its effects became less\nserious, however, as the Company and the colonists, profiting from the\nearlier experiences began to plan departures from England so that the\nimmigrants would arrive in Virginia in the fall: another example of the\ninfluence of disease.\nGovernor Yeardley, writing some years later--in 1620--reminded the\nCompany's officials in England of the advantages of a fall arrival. He\nhad just witnessed the distress of immigrants from three ships that had\narrived in May:\n    had they arrived at a seasonable time of the year I would not have\n    doubted of their lives and healths, but this season is most unfit\n    for people to arrive here ... some [came] very weak and sick, some\n    crazy and tainted ashore, and now this great heat of weather\n    striketh many more but for life.\nAt least twenty more immigrants died during the second summer (1608)\nand the misery and discontent of the survivors of the summer's\nsicknesses account--in part, at least--for the disposal of another\ncouncil president, John Ratcliffe. Returning to Jamestown after an\nexploratory trip up Chesapeake Bay, Doctor Walter Russell, one of the\ncompany, found the latest arrivals to Virginia \"al sicke, the rest,\nsome lame, some bruised, al unable to do any thing but complain of the\npride and unreasonable needlesse cruelty of their sillie President.\"\nThe wrath of these sick--and doubtless somewhat querulous and\nirrational men--was appeased by the removal of the \"sillie\" president.\nThe ability of Captain John Smith, who succeeded to the presidency of\nthe council in the fall of 1608, to impose his strong will upon the\ninhabitants of the peninsula, and to exert such a great influence upon\nthe course of events is explained, in part, by the depletion of ranks\nand the demoralization of spirit caused among them by the dreadful toll\nof disease. When other members of the council died, Smith did not\nreplace them and, rid of strong opposition, he ruled as a benevolent\ndespot.\nSmith's departure from the colony in October, 1609, had as its\nimmediate cause--according to Smith--the impossibility of his obtaining\nproper medical attention in Virginia for burns acquired from a\ngunpowder explosion. When Smith sailed, his enemies, of which there\nwere a considerable number, breathed freer air, but the colony\nsubsequently suffered without his strong, authoritative voice.\nSupporters of Smith argued that if that \"unhappy\" accident had not\noccurred, he could have stayed on and solved the many problems that\nwere to beset the colony. On the other hand, it is pointed out that the\nwound would have been better treated at Jamestown than on board ship,\nand that Smith used the wound, which was not too serious, as an excuse\nto escape from the administrative troubles that plagued him.\nThe powder blast was described by friends of Smith as tearing a nine or\nten-inch square of flesh from his body and thighs, and as causing him\nsuch torment that he could not carry out the duties of his position.\nThe wound was probably complicated by the fact that the accident had\noccurred when Smith was in a boat many miles from Jamestown. He had had\nto cover the great return distance after having plunged into the water\nto ease his agony, and without having the assistance of either\nmedicines or medical treatment. Whatever the seriousness of the wound,\nsupporters of Smith maintained that he was near death and had to leave\nJamestown in order to secure the services of \"chirurgian and\nchirurgery... [to] cure his hurt.\"\nTwice in 1608, Captain Newport had brought immigrants and supplies to\nthe colony and, in the summer of 1609 about 400 passengers had landed\nat Jamestown. These new arrivals, some of them already afflicted with\nthe plague, others victims of various fevers, and all suffering from\nmalnutrition, needed strong leadership to force them to plant busily\nand to lay in food supplies for the winter ahead. Supplies brought over\naboard the ships could not possibly furnish nourishment for the coming\nmonths. Malnutrition as a factor contributing to sickness, and sickness\nas a factor preventing the labor necessary to circumvent starvation,\nconstituted a vicious relationship.\nThe winter of 1609-10 after Smith's departure is remembered as the\n\"Starving Time.\" During this period the number of colonists dropped\nfrom 500 to about sixty. Men, women, and children lived--or\ndied--eating roots, herbs, acorns, walnuts, berries, and an occasional\nfish. They ate horses, dogs, mice, and snakes without hesitation after\nIndians drove off hogs and deer belonging to the colonists. The Indians\nalso kept the settlers from leaving the protection of Jamestown to go\nout and hunt for food. When hunting was not made impossible by Indians,\nthe settlers' own physical weaknesses often precluded energetic action.\nThe notorious, and possibly untrue, incident of the man whom hunger\ndrove to kill and to eat the salted remains of his wife, is from the\naccounts of the Starving Time. Although this story had the support of a\nnumber of colonists, others maintain that it, and the entire episode of\nthe famine, came out of the exaggeration of colonists who abandoned the\nventure and returned to England. Yet the verdict of historians\nestablishes a Starving Time, and the high mortality of the winter must\nhave an explanation.\nTo argue that all those who died, died of starvation would, on the\nother hand, be a distortion. Food deficiencies did not always lead\ndirectly to death but in many cases to dietary disease. These dietary\ndiseases often terminated in death, but their courses might well not\nhave been fatal if proper medical attention could have been given. In\nother cases food deficiency resulted in so weakened a physical\ncondition that the body fell prey to infectious diseases which, again,\ncould not be cured with the limited medical help available.\nThe Starving Time did not stand out as a time of want to be contrasted\nwith a normal time of plenty. For many the winter of 1609-10 only\nbrought to a crisis dietary disorders of long standing. One account of\nthe early years describes the daily ration as eight ounces of meal and\na half-pint of peas, both \"the one and the other being mouldy, rotten,\nfull of cobwebs and maggots loathsome to man and not fytt for\nbeasts....\"\nNor was the Starving Time the last time that the colonists would have\nto endure famine and privation. Although written to discredit the\nadministration of Sir Thomas Smith as head of the Company during the\nyears from 1607-19, an account of the hunger of these twelve years\nshould be accepted as having some basis in fact. The account, written\nin 1624, reported as common occurrences the stealing of food by the\nstarving and the cruel punishments meted out to them (one for\n\"steelinge of 2 or 3 pints of oatemeal had a bodkinge thrust through\nhis tounge and was tyed with a chaine to a tree untill he starved\");\nand the denial of an allowance of food to men who were too sick to work\n(\"soe consequently perished\").\nThe starving colonists during these twelve years, according to the\nreport, often resorted to dogs, cats, rats, snakes, horsehides, and\nother extremes for nourishment. Many, in those hungry times, weary of\nlife, dug holes in the earth and remained there hidden from the\nauthorities until dead from starvation. Although the report maintained\nthat these events occurred throughout the twelve-year period, it is\nlikely that many were concentrated during the Starving Time.\nFamished, disease-ridden, demoralized, with many mentally unbalanced,\nthe settlement at Jamestown languished in a distressful condition after\nthe winter of 1609-10. Jamestown, in May, 1610 appeared:\n    as the ruins of some auntient [for]tification then that any people\n    living might now inhabit it: the pallisadoes... tourne downe, the\n    portes open, the gates from the hinges, the church ruined and\n    unfrequented, empty howses (whose owners untimely death had taken\n    newly from them) rent up and burnt, the living not hable, as they\n    pretended, to step into the woodes to gather other fire-wood; and,\n    it is true, the _Indian as fast killing without as the famine and\n    pestilence within_.\nThe Indians, however, would not make a direct assault on the fort; they\nwaited on disease and famine to destroy the remaining whites. How many\nof the graves now at Jamestown must have been dug during that terrible\nwinter? The Starving Time has been characterized by historian Oliver\nChitwood as \"the most tragic experience endured by any group of\npioneers who had a part in laying the foundations of the present United\nStates.\"\nBy spring of 1610 the challenge of famine, pestilence, and disease had\nproven too great; the warfare of Europeans and savages, for which the\nsettlers had made provisions in the selection of the Jamestown site,\nhad not proven as great a threat as disease and famine. Under the\ncommand of Sir Thomas Gates and Sir George Somers, who had only just\narrived with plans for the future of the settlement, the small band of\nsurvivors boarded ship to abandon an abortive experiment in European\ncolonization.\nBefore leaving, the survivors of the winter had had a consultation with\nGates and Somers about future prospects for the colony. Chiefly fear of\nstarvation determined the decision to abandon the settlement: the\nprovisions brought by Gates and Somers would have lasted only sixteen\ndays. The colonists could hold out no hope of obtaining food from the\nIndians. (\"It soone then appeared most fitt, by general approbation,\nthat to preserve and save all from starving, there could be no readier\ncourse thought on then to abandon the countrie.\")\nAfter embarking, the settlers, with Gates, Somers, and the new\narrivals, had reached the mouth of the river when they met Lord De la\nWarr, the new governor of the colony, coming from England with fresh\nsupplies and settlers. Heartened, the survivors of the Starving Time\nturned back to try the New World again.\nIn Lord De la Warr's company was Dr. Lawrence Bohun, a physician of\ngood reputation, who subsequently distinguished himself serving the\nmedical needs of the settlement. He could not, however, even in his\ncapacity of personal physician, prevent Lord De la Warr from falling\nvictim to the common ailments.\nIn 1610, Lord De la Warr wrote: \"presently after my arrival in\nJamestowne, I was welcomed by a hot and violent ague, which held mee a\ntime, till by the advice of my physician, Doctor Lawrence Bohun I was\nrecovered.\" Bohun, in the seventeenth-century tradition of treatment by\nclysters, vomitives, and phlebotomy, resorted to bloodletting. The\nletting, believed to free the body of fermented blood and malignant\nhumors, probably gave the governor a psychological lift, if only a\ntemporary one.\nDe la Warr, who blamed the distress of the colony upon the failures of\nthe settlers, soon had another taste of the illnesses which so many of\nthe colonists endured during their first months in the New World. In\nhis report to the Company explaining his early departure from the\ncolony, he included one of the fullest surviving accounts of sickness\nat Jamestown during the first few years of settlement:\n    That disease [the hot and violent ague] had not long left me, til\n    (within three weekes after I had gotten a little strength) I\n    began to be distempered with other greevous sicknesses, which\n    successively and severally assailed me: for besides a relapse into\n    the former disease, which with much more violence held me more than\n    a moneth, and brought me to great weakenesse, the flux surprised\n    me, and kept me many daies: then the crampe assaulted my weak body,\n    with strong paines; and afterwards the gout (with which I had\n    heeretofore beene sometime troubled) afflicted mee in such sort,\n    that making my body through weakenesse unable to stirre, or to use\n    any maner of exercies, drew upon me the disease called the scurvy;\n    which though in others it be a sicknesse of slothfulnesse, yet was\n    in me an effect of weaknesse, which never left me, till I was upon\n    the point to leave the world.\nWhen a person of strong constitution, living under the best conditions\nthe colony could provide, and accompanied by a well-trained physician,\nfound himself thus incapacitated, it is no wonder that the rank and\nfile of the colony failed to pursue energetically by hard work and\nexemplary conduct their own best interests.\nThe firmness of De la Warr, who was much more indulgent of his own than\nof others' disorders, brought additional stability to the colony, but\nthe attack of scurvy, which current opinion believed could be relieved\nonly by the citrous fruits of the West Indies, caused him, accompanied\nby Dr. Bohun, to set sail from Virginia in the spring of 1611 for the\nsame island of Nevis praised so highly for its baths by the first\nsettlers of 1607. Disease had robbed the colony of another outstanding\nleader during a period when strong leadership on the scene was\nimperative.\nAlthough the colony had experienced its worst years of hardship before\nDe la Warr departed and the worst years in the New World had been\ncaused by famine and disease, sickness and starvation were still to\nhave a noteworthy effect. Disease no longer threatened the colony's\nlife, but it shaped its history.\nIn 1624 the charter of the Company was annulled and, in explaining this\nmajor development, account must be taken of the cumulative effects of\nsickness and hunger upon the Company's fortunes; the first summer's\nseasoning and the Starving Time, for example, had long-term economic\nrepercussions as well as short-term results in human suffering.\nThe Company had been in financial difficulties for some years and by\n1624 the treasury was empty and the indebtedness heavy. If the\nmortality rate had not been so high and the level of energy of the\ncolonists so reduced, the Company might have prospered. For example,\nlocal trade with the Indians necessitated small ships for the effective\ntransportation of cargo, but several attempts by the Company to send to\nAmerica boatwrights to construct such ships failed because of the\ndeaths of the boatwrights. The Company had hoped in 1620 to better its\nfinancial condition by developing an iron industry in the colony, but\nthis project suffered from the effects of disease, too, as the chief\nmen for the iron works died during the ocean voyage. The remainder of\nthe officers and men sent to establish the works died in Virginia\neither from disease or at the hands of the Indians. The high cost to\nthe Company of the labor and services lost because of the early deaths\nof persons still indentured for a period of years cannot be estimated.\nNor can the number of goals set by the colonists and the Company but\nnever fulfilled because of sickness be tabulated. As late as 1623 a\ncolonist wrote that \"these slow supplies, which hardly rebuild every\nyear the decays of the former, retain us only in a languishing state\nand curb us from the carrying of enterprise of moment.\"\nIn suggesting the part that famine and disease played in the annulment\nof the Company's charter, the effects of one more period of intense\nsuffering must also be considered. In March, 1622, a bloody Indian\nmassacre occurred in which more than 350 white men, women, and children\ndied. Not only did the massacre cause a subsequent period of disease,\nfamine, and death among the survivors, but the heavy casualties\ninflicted directly by the Indians can be explained, partially, by the\nweakened condition and depleted ranks of the colonists before the\nmassacre.\nSo tenuous was the colony's ability to maintain an adequate and\nhealthful living standard, that the destructive and disrupting impact\nof the massacre brought a period of severe famine and sickness. After\nthe raid the surviving colonists had to abandon many of the outlying\nplantations with their arable fields, livestock, and supplies. And\nhaving had the routine of life interrupted, the settlers--their numbers\nunfortunately increased by a large supply of new immigrants, sent by\nambitious planners in England--came to the winter of 1622-23 poorly\nprovisioned.\nToward the end of this winter, famine reduced the settlers to such\nconditions that one wrote to his parents that he had often eaten more\nat home in a day than in Virginia in a week. The beggar in England\nwithout his limbs seemed fortunate to the Virginian who had to live day\nafter day on a scant ration of peas, water-gruel, and a small portion\nof bread. Another wrote that the settlers died like rotten sheep and\n\"full of maggots as he can hold. They rot above ground.\" As in 1609-10,\ninadequate diet weakened the body and made it easy prey to infection.\nDuring this winter the colonists--in addition to suffering from want of\nfood--had to endure a \"pestilent fever\" of epidemic proportions matched\nonly by the seasoning of 1607. About 500 persons died in the course of\nthe winter.\nThe origin of the winter's epidemic, according to contemporaries, lay\nin the infectious conditions of numbers of the immigrants who had been\npoisoned during the ocean voyage \"with stinking beer\" supplied to the\nships by Mr. Dupper of London. It is more likely that the pestilent\nfever of the winter was a respiratory disease rather than a disorder\nresulting from \"stinking beer.\" Another commentator on the winter\ncalled attention to the continued \"wadinge and wettinge\" the colonists\nhad to endure, bringing them cold upon cold until \"they leave to live.\"\nWhether continual wadings and wettings brought on respiratory diseases,\nor bad beer dietary, is debatable, but the critics of the Company used\nthe dreadful winter of 1622-23 to discredit its administration. They\npointed out that the Company had sent large numbers of immigrants to\nVirginia without proper provisions, and to a colony without adequate\nmeans of providing food and shelter for them. Many of these persons had\nsubsequently died during the winter of 1622-23.\nThe Company, embarrassed by failures in Virginia--many of which\nresulted directly from unhappy combinations of famine and disease--and\nplagued by political dissension and economic difficulties, had its\ncharter annulled in May, 1624. One of the most adversely critical--and\nsomewhat prejudiced--tracts written against the Company summed up\nconditions in the colony after fifteen years under its direction:\n    There havinge been as it is thought not fewer than tenn thousand\n    soules transported thither ther are not through the aforenamed\n    abuses and neglects above two thousand of them at the present to be\n    found alive, many of them alsoe in a sickly and desperate estate.\n    Soe that itt may undoubtedly [be expected that unless the defects\n    of administration be remedied] that in steed of a plantacion it\n    will shortly gett the name of a slaughterhouse....\nThe Company did not live on after 1624 to acquire such a name, but\nduring its short--and unhealthy--existence the effects of disease on\nhistory were manifest. Company instructions gave attention to health\nrequirements; ocean sailings depended upon health conditions; famine\nand disease almost caused the early abandonment of the colony; strong\nadministrators left, for reasons of health, a Virginia sorely in need\nof leadership; poor health conditions resulting in lowered morale\nundermined local leaders; and the over-all economic welfare of the\ncolony suffered from the long-term and short-term effects of famine and\ndisease. The intimate or personal hardships endured by the individual\nsettlers because of disease and famine cannot be enumerated, but the\npersistent influence that the summation of all the individual suffering\nhad on the general spirit and ethics of early Virginia cannot be\noverlooked.\nDisease and famine did not cease to influence Virginia history in 1624,\nbut their great importance during the first two decades has been\nemphasized because they were then a factor exerting a major influence,\nperhaps the predominant one.\nCHAPTER THREE\nPrevalent Ills and Common Treatments\nCOMMON AND UNCOMMON DISEASES\nAs has been noted, the seasoning caused great distress and a high\nmortality among the new arrivals to the colony throughout the\nseventeenth century. These Virginians--authorities on medicine or\nnot--had, for the origins of this malady, their own explanations which\nfurnish clues for more recent analysis. The general term \"seasoning\" is\nof little assistance to the medical historian attempting to understand\nthree hundred year-old illnesses in twentieth-century terms.\nAccording to seventeenth-century contemporaries, the pathology of\nseasoning might be described as follows. The immigrants disembarked\nfrom their ships tired and underfed--generally in poor health. From\ntheir ships they took up residence in a Jamestown without adequate food\nsupplies of its own, and without shelter for the new arrivals. Many of\nthe new settlers had to sleep outside, regardless of the weather, for a\nnumber of days after arrival. Then they exposed themselves to the\nburning rays of the sun, the \"gross and vaporous aire and soyle\" of\nJamestown, and drank its foul and brackish water.\nThe foul and brackish drinking water would seem to be the most probable\ncasual agent in the opinion of more recent medical authority. In this\nwater, Dr. Blanton believes, lurked the deadly typhoid bacillus--the\nkiller behind the mask of the seasoning. Typhoid is not the only\npossibility, but burning fever, the flux (diarrhea), and the\nbellyache--symptoms listed in the early accounts--indicate typhoid.\nOther diseases that may have caused the seasoning were dysentery,\ninfluenza, and malaria; and these may have been the seasoning during\nsome of the later summers of the century.\nWhatever diseases may have caused the seasoning, it plagued the colony\nsummer after summer. A Dutch ship captain wrote of it as it was in\nVirginia in the summer of 1633:\n    There is an objection which the English make. They say that during\n    the months of June, July, and August it is very unhealthy; that\n    their people, who have then lately arrived from England, die during\n    these months like cats and dogs, ... when they have the sickness,\n    they want to sleep all the time, but they must be prevented from\n    sleeping by force, as they die if they get asleep.\nSir Francis Wyatt, twice governor of Virginia wrote, \"but certaine\nit is new comers seldome passe July and August without a burning\nfever--this requires a skilful phisitian, convenient diett and lodging\nwith diligent attendance.\" The skillful physician could not limit\nhimself, however, to the curing of the seasoning; he had many other\nmaladies in Virginia with which to contend: dietary disorders, malaria,\nplague, yellow fever, smallpox, respiratory disorders, and a host of\nother diseases.\nBeriberi and scurvy, both dietary diseases, handicapped the colony\nthroughout the century, and probably had acute manifestations during\nthe Starving Time of 1609-10. The colonists during the early years at\nJamestown often boiled their limited rations in a common kettle, thus\ndestroying what little valuable vitamin content the food may have had;\neggs, vegetables, and fruits which would have countered the disease\nwere not available. The swellings and the deaths without obvious cause\ndescribed by the early commentators may have resulted from beriberi\n(the disease did not have a name until the eighteenth century).\nAnother dietary disease troubling the colonists but, unlike beriberi,\nknown by name and at times properly treated, was scurvy. Mention has\nbeen made of the outbreak of this disease aboard the ships, and of the\nstops made in the West Indies to eat the health-restoring citrus\nfruits, but in the case of the colonists at Jamestown the fruit was\nnon-existent. A belief, also held, that idleness caused the disease did\nlittle to bring about measures to promote proper treatment. Because the\nincapacitating aspects of the disease could produce the appearance of\nidleness, numerous ill persons must have been innocently stigmatized.\nTheir situation became hopeless when denied rations because the\nauthorities wished to discipline the apparently lazy.\nInsomuch as the ague (or malaria) exacted a high toll in\nseventeenth-century Europe--especially in England--it would be\nreasonable to assume that, with typhoid and dietary disorders, this\ndisease caused most of the illness in Virginia. When emphasis has been\nplaced, by authorities, upon the location of Jamestown as a\ndisease-producing factor, the implication has often been that the\nswampy area was a mosquito and malaria breeding place. A number of\nhistorians have asserted that malaria produced the highest mortality\nfigures at Jamestown. Much is also made of the tragic circumstance that\nthe arresting agent for the disease, cinchona bark or quinine, was\nknown on the European continent by mid-seventeenth century but that\nlittle use was made of it.\nDr. Blanton, the authority on seventeenth-century Virginia medicine, in\ncontrast argues that \"there is not evidence ... that malaria was\nresponsible for a preponderating part of the great mortalities of the\nSeventeenth Century in Virginia.\" He bases this conclusion on a number\nof facts: he has been able to find only five or six references to the\nague (malaria) in the records of the century; because the ague was\nwell-known he does not believe its symptoms, such as the racking chill,\nwould have escaped notice. On the other hand, he does not doubt the\npresence of the ague in Virginia throughout the century even though it\ndid not cause the most distress.\nAs in the case of the ague, a reasonable assumption would be that the\nplague existed in seventeenth-century Virginia. The Great Plague of\nLondon (1665) carried away 69,000 persons, and other cities of Europe\nhad even more disastrous epidemics. During the two years before the\nfirst settlers arrived at Jamestown, over 2000 victims were buried in\nLondon. The accounts of the ocean voyage indicate rat-infested ships.\nShips of the London Company reported plague and death aboard.\nVirginians took pains to describe their illnesses, and there would have\nbeen little difficulty in recognizing this well-known killer. Yet\nlittle evidence of the presence of the plague appears in the\nseventeenth-century Virginia record; cases are reported but the number\nis small. Why Virginia should have been spared--especially in view of\nthe known rat-infestation aboard ship--remains a question.\nThe evidence relative to yellow fever, or calenture, during this period\nin Virginia is contradictory. Early sources do make reference to\nnumerous deaths from it at sea and even to an epidemic of it at\nJamestown before 1610, but subsequent notices are infrequent and of\nquestionable validity. Prevalence of the disease in the earlier years\nand its comparative infrequency in later is not a likely circumstance\nbecause with the increase of commerce, especially from tropical ports,\nan increase of the disease should have followed.\nSmallpox, the mark of which is seen in early portraits, emerges from\nthe colonial record with a more reasonable history. Its incidence in\nVirginia during the first half of the seventeenth century was small,\nand this might be expected in view of the fact that there were few\nchildren in the colony and that most of the adults had been infected\nbefore they left the Old World. The number of smallpox epidemics in\nVirginia did increase--again, as might be expected--later in the\ncentury as the number of children and of native-born unimmunized adults\nmultiplied.\nSmallpox caused such a scare in 1696 that the assembly, in session at\nJamestown, asked for a recess--another example of the influence of\ndisease upon political history. Earlier, in 1667, a sailor with\nsmallpox, if the contemporary account can be accepted, landed at\nAccomack and was solely responsible for the outbreak of a terrible\nepidemic on the Eastern Shore of Virginia. A measles epidemic during\nthe last decade of the century may actually have been smallpox as the\ntwo diseases were often confused by contemporaries.\nRespiratory disorders, as has been noted, caused much distress for\ngreat numbers of early Virginians during the winter months. Influenza,\npneumonia, and pleurisy must have reached epidemic proportions on\nnumerous occasions in Virginia as elsewhere in America (influenza\nepidemics are recorded for New England in 1647 and in 1697-99). One\nnote from a Virginia source for the year 1688 describes \"a fast for the\ngreat mortality (the first time the winter distemper was soe very\nfatal... the people dyed, 1688, as in a plague... bleeding the remedy,\nLd Howard had 80 ounces taken from him...).\" (If \"Ld Howard\" gave\neighty ounces, it means that he lost five pints of blood from a body\nthat contained approximately ten--perhaps the \"letting\" was over an\nextended period.)\nIn a century in which numerous diseases had not been identified, many,\nknown today, must have occurred that were diagnosed in general terms.\nAppendicitis, unrecognized until later, must have been common, and\nheart disease probably went undiagnosed. Distemper, a general term,\noften was used when the physician could not be more specific (\"curing\nEliza Mayberry and her daughter of the distemper\").\nOther prevalent disorders were over-eating (\"hee died of a surfeit\");\nepilepsy (\"desperately afflicted with the falling sicknesse soe that he\nrequires continuall attendance\"); and the winter cold (\"our little boy\n& Molly have been both sicke with fever & colds, but are I thanke God\nnow somewhat better\").\nThe continued presence of deadly disease throughout the century shows\nitself in the population figures for the period. Over 100,000 persons\nmigrated to Virginia before 1700 and numerous children were born, but\nonly 75,000 people lived in Virginia in 1700. Many returned to Europe,\nmany emigrated to other parts of America, and Indians accounted for\nsome deaths, but the chief reason for the decline in population was the\nhigh mortality prevailing throughout the century.\nHealth conditions, however, did not deteriorate as the century passed.\nBy 1671 Governor Berkeley could report generally improved health\nconditions; for example, newcomers rarely failed to survive the first\nfew months, or seasoning period, which had formerly exacted such an\nawful toll. How much these improved conditions were due to better\nprovisioned ships, to a better diet in Virginia, and to the movement of\nthe settlers out from Jamestown is open to question, but in any\nconsideration of the explanations for the promotion of health,\nprevention of illness, the restoration of health, and the\nrehabilitation of the sick, the seventeenth-century Virginia physician\nor surgeon must be considered.\nPHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS IN SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY VIRGINIA\nThe first English medical man to set foot on Virginia soil visited the\nChesapeake Bay area in 1603. Henry Kenton, a surgeon attached to a\nfleet exploring Virginia waters, joined the landing party that perished\nto a man at the hands of the Indians. Next to arrive in Virginia were\nthe two surgeons who accompanied the first settlers in 1607 and\nattended their medical needs.\nOne of these, Thomas Wotton, was classed as a gentleman, while the\nother, Will Wilkinson, was listed with the laborers and craftsmen, a\nreminder of the varied social backgrounds of surgeons. Captain John\nSmith complimented Wotton in the summer of 1607 for skillful diligence\nin treating the sick; but Edward Maria Wingfield, when council\npresident at Jamestown, criticized him for remaining aboard ship when\nthe need for him ashore was so great. Because of this reputed\nslothfulness, Wingfield would not authorize funds for Wotton to\npurchase drugs and other necessaries. The colony could only have\nsuffered from such a misunderstanding.\nFurther activities of Wotton and Wilkinson have faded into the mist of\ntime past, but Captain John Smith recorded for posterity the names and\ndeeds of other surgeons and physicians who came to Virginia before\n1609. Dr. Walter Russell, the first physician--as distinguished from\nsurgeon--to arrive, came with a contingent of new settlers and supplies\nin January, 1608. Post Ginnat, a surgeon, and two apothecaries, Thomas\nField and John Harford, accompanied the physician. Also in Smith's\nrecord is the name, Anthony Bagnall, who has been identified as a\nsurgeon and who came with the first supply.\nUnfortunately, neither contemporaries of Russell, Ginnat, Field, and\nHarford--nor the men themselves--found reason to record the medical\nassistance they rendered during a time of great need. Russell is\nremembered only for the assistance he gave Smith when the Captain was\nseverely wounded by a stingray, Post Ginnat and the apothecaries leave\ntheir names only, and Bagnall is remembered for his part in the\nadventures encountered on one of Captain Smith's exploratory journeys.\nRussell's services to Smith deserved note because the Captain was\nexpected to die from the stingray wound. It is an interesting comment\non the medicine of the time that Smith's companions prepared his grave\nwithin four hours after the accident. \"Yet by the helpe of a precious\noile, Doctour Russel applyed, ere night his tormenting paine was so wel\nasswaged that he eate the fish to his supper.\"\nThe same stingray also assured the surgeon Bagnall a place in history.\nMention of Bagnall by Captain Smith followed the surgeon's exploits on\nanother expedition when he went along to treat the Captain's same\nstingray wound. The party, attacked by savages, shot one Indian in the\nknee and \"our chirurgian ... so dressed this salvage that within an\nhour he looked somewhat chearfully and did eate and speake.\"\nHow unfortunate that other exploits of these physicians and surgeons,\nnot involving Captain Smith--or the stingray--did not cause him to make\na record. Dr. Lawrence Bohun, however, who accompanied Lord De la Warr\nto the colony in 1610, evoked comments of a more general nature in the\naccounts of contemporaries.\nDr. Bohun ministered to the settlers who had been ready to abandon\nJamestown in 1610. A letter from the governor and council to the London\nCompany, July 7, 1610, describes his problems and his efforts to meet\nthem. Insomuch as the letter gives one of the fullest accounts of early\nJamestown medical practices and because Bohun is one of the most\nrenowned of seventeenth-century Virginia physicians, it deserves a\nlengthy quotation:\n    Mr. Dr. Boone [Bohun] whose care and industrie for the preservation\n    of our men's lives (assaulted with strange fluxes and agues), we\n    have just cause to commend unto your noble favours; nor let it, I\n    beseech yee, be passed over as a motion slight and of no moment to\n    furnish us with these things ... since we have true experience how\n    many men's lives these physicke helpes have preserved since our\n    coming, God so blessing the practise and diligence of our doctor,\n    whose store has nowe growne thereby to so low an ebb, as we have\n    not above 3 weekes phisicall provisions; if our men continew still\n    thus visited with the sicknesses of the countrie, of the which\n    every season hath his particular infirmities reigning in it, as we\n    have it related unto us by the old inhabitants; and since our owne\n    arrivall, have cause to feare it to be true, who have had 150 at a\n    time much afflicted, and I am perswaded had lost the greatest part\n    of them, if we had not brought these helpes with us.\nDr. Bohun sought medical supplies from abroad, but he also experimented\nwith indigenous natural matter such as plants and earths in an effort\nto replenish his dwindling supplies and to discover natural products of\nvalue in the New World. Judging by a contemporary account, Bohun,\nprofessionally trained in the Netherlands, used drugs therapeutically\naccording to the conventional theories of the humoral school. Despite\nthe disfavor in which frequent purgings are held today, it must be\nallowed that those being treated then sounded a plaintive call for more\nof Bohun's \"physicke.\"\nThe colony lost his services when he left to accompany Lord De la Warr\nto the West Indies. His connection with the London Company and its\ncolony did not lapse, however, for Bohun received an appointment as\nphysician-general for the colony in December, 1620. At sea, on the way\nto fill his post, the physician-general found his ship engaged with two\nSpanish men-of-war. In the course of battle, an enemy shot mortally\nwounded the man who had survived great hazards at Jamestown.\nAfter the departure of Bohun with Lord De la Warr, no physician or\nsurgeon of equal stature or reputation took up residence in Virginia\nuntil Dr. John Pott arrived almost ten years later. It is likely that\nthere was a shortage not only of outstanding medical men during these\nyears, but also of medical assistance in general. Sir Thomas Dale,\nacting as deputy governor in the absence of De la Warr, wrote in the\nspring of 1611 that \"our wante likewise of able chirurgions is not a\nlittle.\" Other requests for physicians and for apothecaries were\ndispatched to the London Company during this period.\nHowever, despite the seeming shortage of medical assistance, the\ncolonists survived such disorders as the summer seasoning much more\nfrequently than in the first years at Jamestown. An account of Virginia\nwritten between 1616 and 1618 noted of the settlers that:\n    They have fallen sick, yet have recovered agayne, by very small\n    meanes, without helpe of fresh diet, or comfort of wholsome\n    phisique, there being at the first but few phisique helpes, or\n    skilful surgeons, who knew how to apply the right medecine in a new\n    country, or to search the quality and constitution of the patient,\n    and his distemper, or that knew how to councell, when to lett\n    blood, or not, or in necessity to use a launce in that office at\nBohun died in March, 1621, and the Company named his successor as\nphysician to the colony in July. The conditions under which Dr. John\nPott accepted the post reveal the qualifications and needs of the\nseventeenth-century medical man on his way to the New World, and the\ninducements offered by the Company. He was a Cambridge Master of Arts\nand claimed much experience in the practice of surgery and \"phisique.\"\nIn addition, he made much of his expertness in the distilling of water.\nThe company allowed Pott a chest of medical supplies, a small library\nof medical books, and provisions for the free passage of one or more\nsurgeons if they could be secured.\nAdditional economic inducements helped persuade Pott--and other\nphysicians--to make the arduous journey to America. In the eyes of the\nCompany, physicians could render especially valuable services to the\ncolony, and ranked with other persons of extraordinary talent such as\nministers, governors, state officers, officers of justice, and knights.\nThese individuals received special compensations in the form of land\nand profits, in accord with the estimated value of services to be\nrendered. In 1620, Dr. Bohun had had a promise--for taking the position\nof physician-general for the colony--of an allotment of 500 acres of\nland and ten servants; Pott accepted the job under about the same\nconditions as had Bohun.\nThese inducements offered physicians to persuade them to go to Virginia\nindicate the great need for, and the high value attached to, their\nassistance in the seventeenth century. With the population in the\ncolony growing so great Dr. Pott's services were in considerable\ndemand; several years after his arrival a certain William Bennett built\nthe doctor a boat as he by then had a relatively large area to cover\nand most of the outlying plantations stood on the rivers and creeks.\nIn the colony, Pott won recognition for his professional proficiency.\nEven a political enemy, Governor Harvey, described him as skilled in\nthe diagnosis and therapy of epidemic diseases. Because he alone in the\ncolony was considered capable of treating epidemic diseases, a court\nsentence against him for cattle theft stood suspended early in the\n1630's and clemency was sought on his behalf.\nPott had become involved in other legal difficulties before 1630. In\n1625, a case having medical and humorous implications brought him into\ncourt. A Mrs. Blany maintained that Doctor Pott had denied her a piece\nof hog flesh, and that his refusal had caused her to miscarry. The\ncourt accepted Mrs. Blany's contention that she believed the denial of\nthe hog flesh caused her distress, but did not hold Pott guilty of\nwillful neglect.\nSince the biographical material on Pott's non-professional life reveals\nso many intellectual and political interests, it would be surprising if\nhe had not occasionally neglected his medical practice. He gave\nconsiderable time to the colony's administration and he served in 1629\nas the elected temporary governor of the colony after having previously\nbeen on the governor's council. His activities in politics and affairs\nbrought him political enemies and explain, in part, the cattle theft\ncharge and the court's finding of \"guilty\" (although this was later\nfound \"rigorous if not erroneous\"). He died in 1642, having been\nintimately involved in the life of the colony for twenty years.\nPott was the last of the outstanding figures who practiced medicine\nunder the direction of the Company, but Dr. Wyndham B. Blanton has\nfound mention of over 200 persons who served as physicians or surgeons\nduring some portion of the century. With only one exception, however,\nnone of these achieved as prominent a place in history as Bohun,\nRussell, or Pott. Not only is the number of outstanding individuals in\nthe field of medicine less, but the general quality of medical\npractice, in the opinion of Dr. Blanton, was not as high again during\nthe last three-quarters of the seventeenth century as it had been\nduring the administration of the Company (1607-1624) when Virginia\nmedicine included a representative cross-section of English medicine.\nAny survey--no matter how brief--of the medical profession during the\ncentury, however, should include mention of a man who, although not a\nfull-time professional physician, proves to be the exception to Dr.\nBlanton's generalization about the prominence of individual medical men\nand the quality of medical practice during the late 1600's. This man,\nthe Reverend John Clayton, is a noteworthy example of the intellectual\nlevel an individual could attain and maintain while living in an area\nthat was still remote from European civilization.\nClayton, who is known to have been at Jamestown between 1684 and 1686\nas a clergyman, also practiced medicine in addition to pursuing his\nscientific interests. As a prolific writer he has left some of the\nfullest and most interesting accounts of contemporary treatment and\ndiagnosis. His knowledge and methods cannot be taken as typical,\nhowever, because his intellectual level was considerably above the\naverage in the colony.\nThis minister-scientist-physician wrote an account of his treatment of\na case of hydrophobia resulting from the bite of a rabid dog. With its\naccomplished style, Clayton's account of his treatment of hydrophobia\nis worthy of attention as an example of contemporary theory and\npractice of the more learned kind. He wrote:\n    It was a relapse of its former distemper, that is, of the bite of\n    the mad-dog. I told them, if any thing in the world would save his\n    life, I judged it might be the former vomit of volatile salts; they\n    could not tell what to do, nevertheless such is the malignancy of\n    the world, that as soon as it was given, they ran away and left me,\n    saying, he was now certainly a dead man, to have a vomit given in\n    that condition. Nevertheless it pleased God that he shortly after\n    cried, _this fellow in the black has done me good_, and after the\n    first vomit, came so to himself, as to know us all.\nSubsequently, Clayton \"vomited him\" every other day and made him take\nvolatile salt of amber between vomitings. The patient also drank\n\"posset-drink\" with \"sage and rue,\" and washed his hands and sores in a\nstrong salt brine. Cured by the \"fellow in the black,\" the patient had\nno relapse.\nClayton reveals more of his medical theory in another passage from his\nwritings. He observed:\n    In September the weather usually breaks suddenly, and there falls\n    generally very considerable rains. When the weather breaks many\n    fall sick, this being the time of an endemical sickness, for\n    seasonings, cachexes, fluxes, scorbutical dropsies, gripes, or the\n    like which I have attributed to this reason. That by the\n    extraordinary heat, the ferment of the blood being raised too high,\n    and the tone of the stomach relaxed, when the weather breaks the\n    blood palls, and like overfermented liquors is depauperated, or\n    turns eager and sharp, and there's a crude digestion, whence the\n    name distempers may be supposed to ensue.\nIn this passage Clayton's medical theory resembles closely the orthodox\nmedical beliefs of the century. The great English practitioner\nSydenham, for example, emphasized the relationship between the weather\nand disease. Also the analogy between the behavior of blood and wine\nwas then conventional, and the supposed connection between the \"sour\"\nblood and indigestion with the resulting acid humors is in accord with\nGalenism. The remedy--and a most logical one--was medicine to combat\nthe acidity and to restore the tone or balance to the stomach. Acid\nstomach has a long history.\nThe reasonableness of Clayton's pathology is impressive, but reason did\nlead to some bizarre--in the light of present-day medical\nknowledge--conclusions. Aware of the value to the scientist of close\nobservation and of the necessity to reason about these observations,\nClayton was in the finest seventeenth-century scientific tradition.\nObserving a lady--for example--suffering from lead poisoning, he noted\nthat her distress, judging by her behavior, varied directly with the\nnearness and bigness of the passing clouds; the nearer the clouds, the\nmore anguished her groans. Reason dictated to Clayton that such a\nphenomenon stemmed from a cause-effect relationship.\nAlthough the twentieth-century physician would deny the cloud-suffering\nassociation, he would not deny Clayton's propensity for observation and\nhis attempts to discern relationships. The approach of the better\nseventeenth-century Virginia physician can be labeled scientific even\nif his facts were few.\nDRUGS AND OTHER REMEDIES\nNo seventeenth-century physician could function without a variety of\ndrugs (medicines) to dispense. Dr. Pott made special arrangements--for\nexample--to have a chest of drugs transported with him from England to\nAmerica, and the effectiveness of Dr. Bohun's \"physicke\" drew the\npraise of the colonists. Drugs were essential to the physician and a\nvaluable commodity for export, as well. The subject of drugs must then\ninclude a discussion of their use as medicines and their importance as\nitems of trade.\nA study of the drugs in use and the occasions of their utilization\nmakes manifest the great part that freeing the body from corrupting\nmatter played in the treatment of disease. The theorists and clinical\nphysicians of the century placed such faith in the humoral doctrine\nthat, on the basis of this predilection, much of the opposition to\ncinchona, or quinine, in a period greatly troubled by malaria, can be\nexplained. Cinchona, discovered in Spanish America and known in\nseventeenth-century Europe, had demonstrable effects in the treatment\nof malaria but, because it was an additive rather than a purgative,\nphysicians rejected it on theoretical grounds. Its eventual acceptance\nlater revolutionized drug therapeutics, but this revolution did not\naffect seventeenth-century Virginia.\nThe emphasis that the contemporary medical men placed upon the purging\nof the body--the vomiting, sweating, purgings of the bowels, the\ndraining, and the bleeding--cannot be considered irrational or quaint.\nIn the light of observation and common sense, to purge seemed not only\nreasonable and natural but in accord with orthodox doctrine as well.\nObservation revealed that illness was frequently accompanied by an\nexcess of fluid or matter in the body, as in the case of colds,\nrespiratory disorders, swollen joints, diarrheas, or the skin eruptions\nthat accompanied such epidemic diseases as the plague or smallpox.\nCommon sense dictated a freeing of the body of the corrupt or\ncorrupting matter; drugs were a means to this end.\nThe use of drugs for vomiting, sweating, and other forms of purging\nseems excessive in the light of present-day medical knowledge, and at\nleast one seventeenth-century Virginia student of medicine also found\nsuch use of drugs by his contemporaries open to criticism. In the\nopinion of the Reverend John Clayton, Virginia doctors were so prone to\nassociate all drugs with vomiting or other forms of purging that they\neven thought of aromatic spirits as an inferior \"vomitive.\" He\nconcluded that these physicians would purge violently even for an\naching finger: \"they immediately [upon examining the patients] give\nthree or four spoonfuls [of _crocus metallorum_] ... then perhaps\npurge them with fifteen or twenty grains of the rosin of jalap,\nafterwards sweat them with Venice treacle, powder of snakeroot, or\nGascoin's Powder; and when these fail _conclamatum est_.\"\nThe list of drugs used was extensive and each drug had a considerable\nliterature written about it explaining the various sicknesses and\ndisorders for which it was a curative. Libraries of the Virginia\nphysicians and of the well-to-do laymen usually included a volume or\ntwo on the use of drugs. Among the most popular plants, roots, and\nother natural products were snakeroot, dittany, senna, alum, sweet\ngums, and tobacco.\nDittany drove worms out of the body and would also produce sweat\n(sweating being another popular method of purging the body of\ndisease-producing matter). The juices of the fever or ague-root in beer\nor water \"purgeth downward with some violence ... in powder ... it only\nmoveth sweat.\" (Following Galen's system of classifying by taste, this\nroot was bitter, therefore thought dry. The physician would administer\nsuch a drying agent when attempting to reduce excess moistness in the\nbody--and thus restore normal body balance, in accord with contemporary\nhumoral theory.) Snakeroot, another of the popular therapeutics,\nincreased the output of urine and of perspiration; black snakeroot,\nremedying rheumatism, gout, and amenorrhea, found such wide usage\nduring the last half of the seventeenth century that its price per\npound in Virginia on one occasion rose from ten shillings to three\npounds sterling. Although King James I of England saw much danger in\ntobacco, others among his subjects attributed phenomenal curative\nproperties to it. One late sixteenth-century commentator on America\nrecommended it as a purge for superfluous phlegm; and smokers believed\nit functioned as an antidote for poisons, as an expellant for \"sour\"\nhumors, and as a healer of wounds. Some doctors maintained that it\nwould heal gout and the ague, act as a stimulant and appetite\ndepressant, and counteract drunkenness.\nThe full significance of these drugs in the medicine of the period can\nbe better appreciated by reference to a prescription for their use, in\nthis instance a remedy for rickets, thought typical by historian Thomas\nJefferson Wertenbaker:\n    Dip the child in the morning, head foremost in cold water, don't\n    dress it immediately, but let it be made warm in the cradle & sweat\n    at least half an hour moderately. Do this 3 mornings ... & if one\n    or both feet are cold while other parts sweat let a little blood be\n    taken out of the feet the 2nd morning.... Before the dips of the\n    child give it some snakeroot and saffern steep'd in rum & water,\n    give this immediately before diping and after you have dipt the\n    child 3 mornings. Give it several times a day the following syrup\n    made of comfry, hartshorn, red roses, hog-brake roots, knot-grass,\n    petty-moral roots; sweeten the syrup with melosses.\nBut drug therapy was not always as simple as that recommended for\nrickets, although the evidence is that in Virginia the high cost of\nimporting the rarer substances inclined local physicians toward the\nless elaborate compounds. Venice treacle, recommended by the Reverend\nClayton's imaginary purge enthusiast consisted of vipers, white wine,\nopium, licorice, red roses, St. John's wort, and at least a half-dozen\nother ingredients.\nBecause their use was so extensive in Europe and because many brought a\ngood price, any discussion of drugs in seventeenth-century Virginia\nshould take note of the efforts in the colony to find locally the raw\nmaterials for the drugs both for use in Virginia and for export. The\nLondon Company actively supported a program to develop the drug\nresources of the New World, and the hope of finding them had originally\nbeen one of the incentives for the colonization of Virginia. Even as\nearly as the sixteenth century, authors and promoters in England of the\nAmerican venture had held up the promise of a profitable trade in\ndrugs--sassafras, for example--as a stimulus for exploration and\ncolonization. Sassafras had market value as it was widely used in cases\nof dysentery, skin diseases, and as a stimulant and astringent; French\nwarships searching for loot off the shores of the New World had often\nmade it the cargo when richer prizes were not to be had.\nLike gold, sassafras diverted labor during the crucial early period at\nJamestown from the tasks of building and provisioning. Sailors and\nsettlers, both, took time off to load the ships with the drug which\nwould bring a good price in England.\nThe belief that the exporting of drugs would prove profitable for the\ncolony in Virginia and for the Company may explain why two apothecaries\naccompanied the second group of immigrants who arrived in 1608. Someone\nhad to search out and identify possible drugs, and a layman could not\nbe expected to perform a task requiring such specialized knowledge. The\napothecaries could further serve the new settlement by helping to\nsupply its medicinal needs.\nBefore the drug trade in Virginia could be developed, and at the same\ntime adapted to the over-all needs of the colony, attention had to be\ngiven to the use of drugs to meet the immediate needs of the settlers.\nDr. Bohun, who had brought medical supplies in 1610 and soon found them\nexhausted, turned resourcefully to an investigation of indigenous\nminerals and plants. He investigated earths, gums, plants, and fruits.\nA white clay proved useful in treating the fevers (the clay of the\nIndians used for \"sicknesse and paine of the belly\"?); the fruits of a\ntree similar to the \"mirtle\" helped the doctor to face the epidemics of\ndysentery.\nThe colonists also needed a wine which could be produced cheaply and\nlocally. Many of them, accustomed to beer and wine regularly,\ncomplained of having to rely upon water as a liquid refresher.\nAccording to one of their number, more died in Virginia of the \"disease\nof their minds than of their body ... and by not knowing they shall\ndrink water here.\" One enterprising alchemist and chemist offered to\nsell the London Company a solution for this problem: the formula of an\nartificial wine to be made from Virginia vegetables.\nAfter the colony seemed no longer in danger of perishing from its own\nsicknesses--or going mad from having to drink water--the Company urged\nthe settlers to develop an active trade in medicinal plants, in order\nto help cure the diseases of England and the financial ills of the\nCompany. The London Company, in a carefully organized memorandum,\nadvised the colonists what plants had export value and how these plants\nshould be prepared for export:\n    1. Small sassafras rootes to be drawen in the winter and dryed and\n    none to be medled with in the sommer, and it is worthe 50 lb. and\n    better per tonne.\n    2. Poccone to be gotten from the Indians and put up in caske is\n    worthe per tonne 11 lb. 4. Galbrand groweth like fennell in\n    fashion, and there is greatest stoare of it in Warriscoes Country,\n    where they cut walnut trees leaste. You must cut it downe in Maye\n    or June, and beinge downe it is to be cut into small peeces, and\n    brused and pressed in your small presses, the juice thereof is to\n    be saved and put into casks, which wilbe worthe here per tonne, 100\n    lb. at leasts. 5. Sarsapilla is a roote that runneth within the\n    grounds like unto licoras, which beareth a small rounde leafe close\n    by the grounds, which being founde the roote is to be pulled up and\n    dryed and bounde up in bundles like faggotts, this is to be done\n    towards the ende of sommer before the leafe fall from the stalk;\n    and it is worthe here per tonne, 200 lb. 6. Wallnutt oyle is worth\n    here 30 lb. per tonne, and the like is chestnutt oyle and\n    chechinkamyne oyle.\nThe Company's plan for the gathering, storing, and shipping of drugs\nwas supplemented by a project indicating foresight and an early form of\nexperimental research for the development of new products. In 1621 it\nplanned thorough tests of an earth sent from Virginia in order to\ndetermine its value as a cure for the flux. In addition, the Company\nplanned to test all sweet gums, roots, woods, and berries submitted by\nthe colonists in order to ascertain their medicinal values.\nIn regard to the sale and dispensing of drugs in Virginia, whether\nfound locally or imported, frequent references to the apothecary\nsupplies and utensils in the possession of Virginia physicians lead to\nthe conclusion that they were usually their own druggists.\nAs has been noted, the sale and dispensing of drugs usually culminated\nin their use--in accordance with the theory of the period--as means of\npurging the body. Drugs, however, did not have a monopoly in this\ngreatly emphasized aspect of medical practice because the clyster\n(purging of the bowels, or enema) and phlebotomy (bleeding of the vein)\ncould be used as well. These two methods might be classified as\nmechanical in nature as contrasted with the essentially chemical action\nof the drugs.\nMoli\u00e8re, in his seventeenth-century satires on the European medical\nprofession, ridicules the excessive use of the clyster. The popularity\nof the phlebotomy then is attested to by the notoriety of this\ntechnique today. (Rare is the schoolboy who does not think that George\nWashington was bled to death.) There is no reason to doubt that the\nclyster and phlebotomy enjoyed as wide usage in colonial Virginia as in\nEurope, but the evidence surviving to prove this assumption is slight.\nDr. Blanton, the historian of medicine, could find only meager\nreferences to the use of clyster (or glyster) and he sums them up as\nfollows:\n    Among the effects of Nathaniel Hill was '1 old syringe.' In York\n    County records we find that Thomas Whitehead in 1660 paid Edmond\n    Smith for '2 glysters.' George Wale's account to the estate of\n    Thomas Baxter in 1658 included a similar charge. George Light in\n    1657 paid Dr. Mod\u00e8 fifty pounds of tobacco for 'a glister and\n    administering.' John Clulo, Francis Haddon and William Lee each\n    presented bills for similar services.\nThe survival of such meager evidence for what was probably a common\npractice indicates the difficulties confronting the historian of\nmedicine. Nor has Dr. Blanton been able to find, as a result of his\nresearch, any more evidence of phlebotomy although, again, its\nutilization must have been widespread. Blanton sums up his evidence for\nbleeding as follows:\n    Dr. Mod\u00e9's bill to George Light includes 'a phlebothany to Jno\n    Simonds' and 'a phlebothany to yr mayd.' Dr. Henry Power twice bled\n    Thomas Cowell of York County in 1680, and Patrick Napier twice\n    phlebotomized 'Allen Jarves, deceased, in the cure of a cancer of\n    his mouth.' Colonel Daniel Parke in 1665 rendered John Horsington a\n    bill for 'lettinge blood' from his servant; and we find Dr.\n    Jeremiah Rawlins and Francis Haddon engaging in the same practice.\nThe horoscope often determined the proper time for bleeding and\nnotations have been found in an early American Bible recommending the\ndays to, and not to, bleed. Although medicine today looks askance at\nastrological medicine and bloodletting, it remains difficult to explain\nthe widespread popularity of such practices unless the patients enjoyed\nsome beneficial results, psychological or physical.\nDrug therapeutics, clysters, and bloodletting did by no means exhaust\nthe seventeenth-century physician's treatments and remedies. The works\nof European painters of the century remind us of uroscopy or urine\nexamination. One of the outstanding paintings illustrating the\ntechnique is by artist Gerard Dou who has the young doctor intently\nexamining the urine flask while taking the pulse of a pretty young\nlady. Unfortunately, such revealing pictorial representations of life\nand medicine in colonial Virginia do not exist.\nOn the other hand, in Virginia, the Reverend John Clayton displayed a\ndistinct flair for the scientific method in his analysis of urine. It\nis safe to assume that his techniques were of a higher order than those\nusually associated with uroscopy. Clayton, not satisfied to practice\njust the art of observation, utilized the science of comparative\nweights hoping to find diseases distinguished by minute variations in\nthe specific gravity of the liquid. He thought he could find\nmanifestations of \"affections in the head\" by his careful weighing and\nstudy; manifestations not uncovered by visual observations alone.\nIn Gerard Dou's painting, it is to be remembered, the doctor not only\nexamined the urine but also took the pulse--another common practice.\nThis is not surprising insomuch as Galen--the great and ancient\nauthority--had written enough to fill sixteen books on the subject of\n\"pulse lore.\" Despite the facts that physicians centuries later\ncontinue to take the pulse, they would not find the theories behind the\nseventeenth-century practice acceptable. Galen's deductions have since\nbeen described as fantastic, and his attempt to associate a specific\ntype of pulse rate with every disease futile. Yet the Virginia\nphysician, when he did take his patient's pulses, certainly did not\nlose his or her confidence by gravely considering the mysterious\npalpitation.\nThe physician with his many techniques and remedies did not restrict\nhimself solely to the illnesses of the sane for--contrary to popular\nbelief today--some effort was made to treat and cure the mentally ill.\nAmerica's first insane asylum was not established until 1769, but the\ninsane had received, even before this, medical attention. If the case\ndid not respond to treatment and took a turn toward violence,\nconfinement under conditions that would now be considered barbarous\noften resulted. Before this extreme solution of an extreme problem\nrecommended itself, however, the mentally ill might be purged. The\nintent was to relieve the patient of insanity-producing yellow and\nblack bile. The belief that this type of sickness would respond to\nconventional treatment, however, did not completely dominate the\ntheories on insanity; some seventeenth-century authorities considered\ninsanity not an illness but an incurable, disgraceful condition.\nOne of the fullest accounts of a case of insanity in\nseventeenth-century Virginia describes the plight of poor John Stock of\nYork who kept \"running about the neighborhood day and night in a sad\ndistracted condition to the great disturbance of the people.\" The court\nauthorities ordered that Stock be confined but provided such \"helps as\nmay be convenient to looke after him.\" The court, in a sanguine mood,\nanticipated the day when Stock would be in a better condition to govern\nhimself.\nHOUSING OF THE SICK\nIf the doctor, surgeon, or nursing persons could come to the patient's\nhome, little advantage could have been obtained in the seventeenth\ncentury by moving the patient. The need did arise, however, to care for\npersons outside the home. For example, an individual without family or\nclose friends might find it more convenient to move in with those who\nwould care for him on a professional basis, or newly arrived immigrants\nand transients might need housing.\nQuite in harmony with the needs of the period were the men and women\nwilling to take in a sick person in order to supplement their incomes.\nIllness forced one colonial Virginian to offer in 1686 to grant his\nplantation and his home to the person who would provide a wholesome\ndiet, washing, and lodging for him and his two daughters. The\nbeneficiary was also to carry the sick man to a doctor and to pay all\nof his debts. It is probable that the man provided these services only\non this particular occasion, but by such special arrangements the\ncentury housed its sick. The number of ill persons provided for by\nrelatives under similar arrangements or even without any compensation,\nmust have been even greater in a period without hospitals and nursing\nhomes.\nOn occasions, in the seventeenth century, the physician took the\npatient into his own home, but not always without some reluctance. Dr.\nWyndham B. Blanton, in his search of the Virginia records for this\ncentury, found an interesting account of Dr. George Lee of Surry\nCounty, Virginia, who in 1676 had an unfortunate experience in letting\naccommodations to a pregnant woman. Living in a house she considered\nopen and unavoidably cold, and having only one old sow for food, the\nsick and feverish woman pleaded with the doctor to take her to his home\nfor the lying-in period. The doctor argued that the house could be made\nwarmer, suggested that neighbors bring in food, and protested that he\nhad only one room fit for such occupancy and that he and his wife used\nit. Dr. Lee said he would not give up the room for anyone in Virginia.\nOffering the opinion that the room was large enough for her, Dr. Lee,\nand his wife, the expectant mother had her servant take her by boat to\nLee's where she remained, taking great quantities of medicine, until\nshe delivered. The doctor then had to bring suit to collect his fees.\nAnother example of a medical man's housing the sick, is that of a\nsurgeon promised 2,000 pounds of tobacco and \"cask\" if he cured the\nblindness of a person he had housed--but only modest compensation if he\nfailed. The same surgeon received 1,000 pounds of tobacco in 1681 by\norder of the vestry of Christ Church parish for keeping \"one Mary\nTeston, poore impotent person.\"\nMuch earlier, Virginia had what some authorities consider to be the\nfirst hospital built in America. While the colony was still under the\nadministration of the London Company (1612), a structure was erected\nnear the present site of Dutch Gap on the James river to house the\nsick. The hospital, which had provisions for medical and surgical\npatients, stood opposite Henrico, a thriving outpost of the settlement\nof Jamestown.\nEvidence that the building was primarily designed for the sick and was\nnot simply a public guest house is to be found in the statements of\ncontemporaries. One described it as a \"retreat or guest house for sicke\npeople, a high seat and wholesome air,\" while another wrote that \"here\nthey were building also an hospitall with fourscore lodgings (and beds\nalreadie sent to furnish them) for the sicke and lame, with keepers to\nattend them for their comfort and recoverie.\" The use of the word\n\"hospital,\" which had then a general sense, does not indicate any\nsimilarity to a present-day hospital as does the other information.\nNothing more appears about this establishment for the sick and wounded,\nand it may well have been destroyed during the Indian uprising of 1622.\nPlans for similar institutions in each of the major political and\ngeographical subdivisions of the colony came from the London Company.\nUnlike the Henrico structure, these buildings bore the name \"guest\nhouse\" and were to harbor the sick and to receive strangers.\nSpecifications called for twenty-five beds for fifty persons (which was\nin accord with custom in public institutions); board partitions between\nthe beds; five conveniently placed chimneys; and windows enough to\nprovide ample fresh air.\nThe Company repeatedly recommended and urged the construction of these\nguest houses not only as a retreat for the sick but also as a measure\nto prevent illness among the newcomers. In addition, the guest houses,\nif they had been built, would have saved the old settlers from being\nexposed to the diseases of the new arrivals who were taken into private\nhomes. The colonists always had some excuse for delaying construction,\nand the Company in 1621 entreated to the effect that it could not \"but\napprehend with great grief the sufferings of these multitudes at their\nfirst landing for want of guest houses where in they might have a while\nsheltered themselves from the injuries of the air in the cold season.\"\nThat the London Company should have had the Henrico hospital built\nduring its administration and made plans for the guest houses can be\nexplained by the situation existing during the earlier days of the\ncolony. The Company, engaged in a commercial venture and realizing by\nits own statement that \"in the health of the people consisteth the very\nlife, strength, increase and prosperity of the whole general colony,\"\nhad sufficient reason to shelter and care for the colonists. Also,\nduring the early days the number of incoming colonists was high\nrelative to the number settled and with lodging to give or to let. The\nCompany, in addition, knew that new arrivals fell victim most easily to\nseasoning and other maladies, and needed protection from the elements.\nFinally, the Company had to fill the void created by the absence of\nreligious orders which, during prior European colonization and\noccupation of distant lands, had provided shelter and care. These\nhospitals are no longer mentioned after the dissolution of the London\nCompany, nor were any other comparable measures taken during the\ncentury to institutionalize care for the sick.\nSURGICAL PRACTICE\nMuch has been made of the lower status held by the surgeon as compared\nwith that of the physician--during the seventeenth century. On the\ncontinent and in England, at this period, membership in separate guilds\nin part distinguished doctor and surgeon; in England, after 1540 and\nuntil 1745, surgeons held common membership with barbers in one\ncorporate organization. In America, historians agree, the differences\nbased on specialization of practice between surgeons and physicians\nsoon tended to disappear, a superior education often being the only\nattribute or function of a physician not shared by the surgeon. Barbers\nheld a unique position, but in performing phlebotomies, a minor\noperation, they retained associations with health and disease. Both\nbarber and surgeon shared a certain expertness with tools, as they do\ntoday.\nEvidence abounds in the earlier records that the scarcity of medical\nmen may have compelled surgeons in Virginia to practice internal\nmedicine: surgeons prescribed medicine with the same frequency as\ndoctors. The surgeons, however, did not abandon the treatment of\nwounds, fractures, and dislocations; notes on amputations during the\ncentury also exist.\nNor is it reasonable to assume that the isolated physician of the\nVirginia countryside would always insist upon referring a patient to a\nsurgeon. Dr. Francis Haddon, who had a large practice in York County,\nVirginia, and who is not identified as a surgeon, left recorded the\ncourse of treatment for an amputation--cordials, a purge, ointments,\nand bloodletting--and a dismembering saw, as well.\nOther recorded surgical treatments include care of dislocated\nshoulders; wounds in various parts of the body; sores of the feet and\nlegs; cancerous ulcers in the instep; ulcers of the throat, and dueling\nwounds. One of the most unusual surgical measures of the period was the\napplication of weapon salve for battle wounds; the salve was applied to\nweapon, not wound.\nSurgery has long been associated with the military, and much of the\noutstanding surgical work done in Europe during the fifteenth and\nsixteenth centuries was performed by military surgeons. Ambroise Par\u00e9\n(c. 1510-1590), remembered especially for the use of the ligature in\namputations and the abandonment of the burning-oil treatment of wounds,\nheld a position as a surgeon for the French army. Other surgeons of the\nperiod contributed to the improvement of medical practice by\nenlightened measures of quarantine to prevent contagious diseases from\ndecimating armies.\nInsomuch as the first settlers at Jamestown greatly feared attack from\nIndians and Spaniards and because the initial landings had the\ncharacter of a military expedition, it is not surprising that the first\ntwo medical men to arrive, Will Wilkinson and Thomas Wotton, were\nsurgeons. Captain John Smith on three occasions, it is to be\nremembered, emphasized the importance of the surgeon to pioneer\nsettlers and explorers in the New World. When injured by the stingray\nin 1608, Smith's first thought was of his need for a surgeon and\n\"chirurgery\"; so the success of physician Russell's soothing oils came\nas a pleasant surprise. On a subsequent expedition he included the\nsurgeon, Anthony Bagnall, rather than Dr. Russell, to treat the\nstingray wound; and in 1609 when he received the powder burn, he left\nVirginia \"seeing there was neither chirurgeon nor chirurgery in the\nfort to cure his hurt.\"\nThroughout the century surgeons rendered services to colonists engaged\nin fighting with, or defending themselves against, the Indians. When\nthe Indian massacre of 1622 occurred, costing the lives of more than\n350 colonists in the settlements, it is possible that the two surgeons\nwho sailed to Virginia with Dr. Pott in 1621 gave assistance to the\nwounded. In 1644, when a retaliatory attack on the Indians was made by\nthe settlers because of a recent massacre, the General Assembly\nprovided for a surgeon-general to accompany the militia, at public\nexpense.\nAgain, later in the century, the General Assembly gave evidence of\nrecognizing the importance of surgical care for soldiers when it voted\nfor supplying a surgeon with \"a convenient supply of medicines &\nsalves, etc. to the value of five pounds sterling for every hundred\nmen\" to each of eight forts planned to protect the settlements against\nIndian attacks. Throughout the last half of the century references were\nmade to surgeons ministering to companies of soldiers or to various\ngarrisons and forts. Judging by the consistent employment of surgeons\nfor military duties, it would appear that the profession of surgeon\nduring the century was much more intimately associated with the\nmilitary than was that of physician. The relationship between the\nsurgeon and the military is similar to the early one between civil\nengineer and the army in Europe.\nHYGIENE\nThe restoration of the patient to health is not the only important\naspect of medical practice; the prevention of illness is also vital to\nthe health of a community. Much more attention is given to preventive\nmedicine in the twentieth century than in the seventeenth, but the\nvalue of cleanliness, fresh air, and quarantine was known. Hygienic\nmeasures taken, or recommendations made, by public authorities make\nclear the fact that the cause of disease was not commonly thought to be\nsupernatural by the educated and responsible. Contemporary accounts\nmake known the widespread disapproval of foul ships, crowded quarters,\nmarshy land, stagnant air, bad food and drink, excessive eating, and\nexposure to a hot sun.\nLord De la Warr laid down regulations for Jamestown designed to\neliminate the dangers of dirty wash water (\"no ... water or suds of\nfowle cloathes or kettle, pot, or pan ... within twenty foote of the\nolde well\"); and of contamination from sewage (\"nor shall any one\naforesaid, within lesse than a quarter of one mile from the\npallisadoes, dare to doe the necessities of nature\"). The order argued\nthat if the inhabitants did not separate themselves at least a quarter\nof one mile from the palisaded living area that \"the whole fort may be\nchoaked, and poisoned with ill aires and so corrupt.\" The colonists by\nthe same order had to keep their own houses and the street before both\nsweet and clean.\nAny doubt that an awareness existed of the dangers of infection by\ncontact, at least from diseases with observable bodily symptoms, should\nbe dispelled by the quarantine measures taken by the colonel and\ncommander of Northampton County in 1667 during an epidemic of smallpox.\nHe ordered that no member of a family inflicted with the disease should\nleave his house until thirty days after the outbreak lest the disease\nbe spread by infection \"like the plague of leprosy.\" Enlightened\nauthorities in Europe took similar precautions.\nCHAPTER FOUR\nEducation, Women, Churchmen, and The Law\nTHE PLACE OF WOMEN IN MEDICINE\nWomen played a part in treating and caring for the ill and distressed\nin a number of ways during the century. A few women dispensed medicine\nand enjoyed reputations as doctors, but it was in the field of\nobstetrics and as midwives that they made their most important\ncontributions. Although women did what might be described generally as\nnursing, their contribution in this area was relatively insignificant\nwhen compared with the importance of the female nurse today. Any\ndiscussion of the place of women in seventeenth-century medicine should\nnote the relationship between women, witchcraft, and medicine.\nAlthough the references leave no doubt of the existence of female\ndoctors and dispensers of medicines, the mention of them is infrequent.\nMrs. Mary Seal, the widow of a Dr. Power, for example, administered\nmedicine to Richard Dunbar in 1700. The wife of Edward Good was sought\nout in 1678 to cure a head sore and another \"doctress\" impressed the\nReverend John Clayton, who had some insights into medical science\nhimself, with her ability to cure the bite of a rattlesnake by using\nthe drug dittany. In the same year that Good's wife was sought to treat\nthe head sore, a Mrs. Grendon dispensed medicine to an individual who\nhad injured his eyes in a fight. The exact status of these women,\nhowever, is unknown; it is highly unlikely that the female practicing\nmedicine enjoyed the professional standing of a Dr. Pott or a Dr.\nBohun--an old female slave also appears in the record as a doctor.\nWith medical knowledge limited and antisepsis unknown, the expectant\nmother of the seventeenth century fared better with a midwife than she\nwould have with a physician. The midwife, whose training consisted of\nexperience and apprenticeship at best, allowed the birth to be as free\nfrom human interference as possible and did not do a pre-delivery\ninfection-producing examination.\nBoth the fees and the prestige of the midwife, judging by contemporary\nrecords from other colonies, were high. Unfortunately, the early\nVirginia sources throw little light on the activities of the midwife in\nthis colony. Among the scattered references from Virginia records are\nfound charges of 100 pounds of tobacco for the service of a midwife;\nthe presence of two midwives assisted by two nurses and other women at\na single birth; the payment of twelve hens for obstetrical services;\nand the delivery of a bastard child by a midwife.\nNursing duties were probably taken on by both men and women in addition\nto their regular occupations. The duties consisted not only of tending\nthe sick--and there is no reason to believe this was done under the\nsupervision of a physician--but also of burying the dead and arranging\nthe funerals. While the patient lived, the nurse prepared food, washed\nlinen, and did other chores to make the patient comfortable. When death\ncame, the nurse was \"the good woman who shall dress me and put me in my\ncoffin,\" and who provided \"entertainment of those that came to bury him\nwith 3 vollys of shott & diging his grave with the trouble of his\nfuneral included.\"\nThe medical ramifications of witchcraft have been suggested. One of the\nmost interesting Virginia court cases of the century had as its\nprincipal subject a woman accused of the power to cause sickness. In an\nage when weapon salve was wiped on the weapon and not the wound, and\nwhen astrology was intimately associated with the practice of medicine,\nit is not surprising to find, also, the witch and her power to cause\ndisease. Goodwife Wright stood accused of such powers in the colony's\ngeneral court on September 11, 1626.\nGoodwife Wright had caused, according to her accusers, the illness of a\nhusband, wife, and child out of a spirit of revenge; and she was able\nto prophesy deaths as well. The details of the case brought against\nthis woman accused of witchcraft reveal the more bizarre medical\npractices of the time. Goodwife Wright expected to serve as the midwife\nbut the expectant mother refused to employ her upon learning that\nWright was left-handed. Soon after affronting Wright in such a manner,\nthe mother complained that her breast \"grew dangerouslie sore\" and her\nhusband and child both fell sick within a few weeks. With\ncircumstantial evidence of this kind, suspicion had little difficulty\nin linking the midwife with the sicknesses.\nTestimony revealed that on another occasion she had used her powers to\ncounter the actions of another suspected witch. Having been informed\nthat the other witch was causing the sickness, Wright had the ill\nperson throw a red-hot horseshoe into her own urine. The result,\naccording to witnesses was that the offending witch was \"sick at harte\"\nas long as the horseshoe was hot, and the sick person well when it had\ncooled.\nCHURCHMEN AND MEDICINE\nMedicine was associated in many minds not only with the powers of evil\nbut also with the forces for good. The clergyman in colonial America\noften practiced medicine, and the layman in some localities of Virginia\ncould turn to the local parson for medical assistance.\nThroughout the early Christian era and the medieval period, medicine\nand religion had had a close relationship. The New Testament had\nnumerous references to the healing of the sick by spiritual means, and\na casual relationship between sin and physical affliction had been\nassumed by many persons for centuries before the seventeenth. The hand\nof God was still seen by many in physical phenomena, whether disease or\nthe flight of a comet. Not only was there a supernatural relationship\nseen between the God of the church and disease, but also a natural one\nbetween medicine and the church clergy, for they had staffed the\nmedical schools for centuries. It is not surprising, then, that the\nparson-physician was no stranger to the Virginia colony.\nAs early as 1619, Robert Pawlett, known to be a preacher, surgeon, and\nphysician, came to Virginia. He was followed by other parson-physicians\nin Virginia and in other colonies. As late as the end of the eighteenth\ncentury, the wife of George Washington called on the Reverend Greene,\nM.D., for medical advice.\nAmong the most interesting in this long tradition of ministers who\npracticed medicine is the Reverend John Clayton whose activities have\nbeen noted. Other persons residing in Virginia and combining the role\nof clergyman with a considerable interest in medicine were Nathaniel\nEaton, who had a degree in medicine, and John Banister who was an\nactive naturalist. As a naturalist, he made an important study of the\nplants of Virginia (_Catalogue of Virginia Plants_) which added to\nthe literature available for the dispenser of medicinal drugs. One of\nthe founders of Presbyterianism in America, the Reverend Francis\nMakemie, who came to America in 1681 and died in Accomack County,\nVirginia, was described as a preacher, a doctor of medicine, a\nmerchant, an attorney--and a disturber of government by the governor of\nNew York.\nLAW AND MEDICINE\nAlthough the Crown did not follow the lead of the Company in providing\ncare for the sick and unsheltered, the authorities after 1624 did have\nthe state take an interest in medicine to the extent of passing laws\ndealing with medical problems and situations. These laws were primarily\nconcerned with the collection and charging of fees, but also provided\nfor the censure of the physician or surgeon neglecting his patient.\nOn four occasions during the century the Assembly attempted to regulate\nthe excessive and immoderate rates of physicians and surgeons. The\nchief example used to convey the injustice of fees for visits and drugs\nwas that many colonists preferred to allow their servants to hazard a\nrecovery than to call a medical man. Although an inhumane attitude, the\ncolonists reasoned that the physician or surgeon would charge more than\nthe purchase price of the servant.\nThe act of 1657-58 reveals this attitude and throws some light on the\nmedical practice of the century. (Similar acts had been passed in 1639\nand in 1645 and would be passed in 1661-62.) By the will of the\nAssembly, the layman had the right to bring the physician or surgeon\ninto court if the charge for \"paines, druggs or medicines\" was thought\nto be unreasonable. The surgeon or physician had in court to declare\nunder oath the true value of drugs and medicines administered, and then\nthe court decided the just compensation.\nThe law went on to declare that:\n    Where it shall be sufficiently proved in any of the said courts\n    that a phisitian or chirurgeon hath neglected his patient, or that\n    he hath refused (being thereunto required) his helpe and assistance\n    to any person or persons in sicknes or extremitie, that the said\n    phisitian or chirurgeon shall be censured by the court for such his\n    neglect or refusall.\nThe legislators also gave the physician or surgeon protection by\nproviding that their accounts could be pleaded against and recovered\nfrom the estate of a deceased patient--suggesting that patients were\nnot prompt enough in paying their bills (or perhaps did not survive\ntreatment long enough to do so). Court records show that the medical\nmen often took advantage of this provision for collection.\nA measure enacted in 1692 indicated a more sympathetic attitude on the\npart of the legislators toward the physicians and surgeons. While in\nthe earlier acts preventing exorbitant fees the court had been ordered\nto decide upon just compensation, the later act allowed the physician\nor surgeon to charge whatever he declared under oath in court to be\njust for medicines. Nor did the act of 1692 make reference to \"rigorous\nthough unskilful\" or \"griping and avaricious\" physicians and surgeons\nas had the earlier laws.\nReferences by the colonial Assembly to exorbitant fees were not without\na basis in fact. The conventional charge for the physician's visit,\naccording to Dr. Wyndham Blanton, was thirty-five to fifty pounds of\ntobacco and on occasions the physician, or surgeon, must have exceeded\nthis fee. An approximate estimate of the value of these visits in\npresent-day terms would be between twenty and twenty-five dollars. The\ncost of medical care was even greater when an unusually large amount of\ndrugs was dispensed. It is not surprising that many masters did not\nprovide the services of a physician or surgeon for their servants; nor\nthat medical attention was given by persons without professional\nstatus. Although these charges seem high, it must be taken into account\nthat because of the great distances between communities and even\nbetween homes, the physician or surgeon could make only a small number\nof visits each week.\nCounty records give many examples of the fees of physicians and\nsurgeons. Of 145 medical bills entered in the York County records\nbetween 1637 and 1700, the average bill was for 752 pounds of tobacco,\nor a little less than one laborer could produce in a year. Other fees\nwere: 400 pounds of tobacco for six visits; 300 pounds of tobacco for\nthree visits and five days attendance; 1,000 pounds of tobacco for\ntwenty days of attendance \"going ounce a weeke ... being fourteen\nmiles\"; and 600 pounds for twelve daily visits. At the time these\ncharges were made, tobacco brought between two and three cents per\npound, or the equivalent of approximately fifty cents today.\nThe surgeon administering the clyster or phlebotomy, those commonly\nresorted to \"remedies,\" could be expected to charge thirty pounds of\ntobacco for the first and twenty pounds for the second. The surgeon,\nand the physician, often charged from twenty to fifty pounds of tobacco\nfor a drug prescription.\nIn 1658, Dr. John Clulo presented a bill to John Gosling in York County\nwhich he itemized as follows (in pounds of tobacco):\n    For 2 glisters [clysters]          040\n    For a potion cord.[ial]            036\n    For an astringent potion           035\n    For my visitts paines & attendance ...\n    For an astringent potion           035\n    For a cord. astringent bole        036\n    For a purging potion               050\n    For a potion as before             036\nNot only does Dr. Clulo's bill give examples of fees charged, but it\nsupports the contention that the substance of medical treatment during\nthe century was bloodletting, purging, and prescribing drugs.\nAlthough the physicians of colonial Virginia did charge well for their\nservices, it should be noted that they were in demand. Their patients,\nthis would indicate, considered their services of great value, any\nsubsequent protests notwithstanding.\nTHE EDUCATION OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS\nSince the physicians and surgeons did make substantial charges and\nsince the educated layman could buy his own books on medicine and\npractice what he read or since the uneducated could turn to a neighbor\nwith medical knowledge or to a quack, the question arises as to why the\nservices of professional surgeons and physicians were in such demand.\nPart of the answer lies in the professional's experience, but even in a\ncolony without a medical school it also lies in the education and\ntraining received by the professional.\nThere were several ways in which a seventeenth-century Virginia\nphysician could acquire his education or training. He could have\nreceived a medical degree in England or on the continent and then gone\nto America. On the other hand, he might have learned without formal\neducation--perhaps by attending lectures and by experience--and then\nestablished himself in Virginia where he was accorded professional\nstatus. A man born in Virginia could return to the Old World for\ntraining or formal education and then practice in Virginia. Also, a\ncommon manner of becoming a physician or surgeon in Virginia, which was\nwithout medical schools, was by apprenticeship. Finally, the importance\nof books--imported from Europe--as a means to medical education should\nnot be minimized.\nTo be officially licensed for practice, the requirements in England\nwere high--those in London especially so. The following excerpt from\nthe statutes of the College of Physicians of London demonstrates how\ndemanding the educational standards for seventeenth-century English\nphysicians could be:\n    First, let them be examined in the physiologick part, and the very\n    rudiments of medicine, and in this examination let questions be\n    propounded out of the books concerning elements, temperaments, the\n    use of parts, anatomy, natural powers and faculties, and other\n    parts of natural medicine.\n    Secondly let him be examined in the pathologick part, or concerning\n    the causes, differences, symptoms and signs of diseases, which\n    physicians make use of to know the essence of diseases; and in this\n    examination let questions be proposed out of books concerning the\n    art of physick, of the places affected, of the differences of\n    diseases and symptoms, of feavers, of the pubes, of the books of\n    prognosticks of Hippocrates, &c.\n    Thirdly let him be examined concerning the use and exercise of\n    medicine, or the reason of healing; and let that be done out of the\n    books concerning preservation of health, of the method of healing,\n    of the reason of diet in acute diseases, of simple medicines, of\n    crises, of the aphorisms of Hyppocrates, and other things of that\n    kind, which relate to the use of healing; for example sake, what\n    caution to be observed in purging? in what persons? with what\n    medicine? and in what vein, those things ought to be done?\n    Likewise, what is the use of narcoticks and sleeping medicines? and\n    what caution is to be observed in them? what is the position and\n    site of the internal places? and by what passages medicines come to\n    there? what is the use of clysters, what kind of vomits, the\n    danger, kind and measure?\nUnder the London Company, the physicians and surgeons in Virginia had\nthe same education, training, and met the same standards as their\ncounterparts in England. This was, in part, because the Company had\ngood reason to supply adequate medical service, and because the men\nsent were but Englishmen transplanted to America. Walter Russell, who\ncame to Virginia in 1608 was a \"Doctour of Physicke\" and Lawrence\nBohun, De la Warr's physician, had the same degree. Pott, who succeeded\nBohun as physician-general of Virginia in 1621, came recommended as a\nMaster of Arts well-practiced in surgery and physics.\nAfter the Company's charter was annulled, few physicians or surgeons\nwith the advanced medical degrees came to Virginia. Some of the\npersons, however, who practiced medicine in Virginia without medical\ndegrees had acquired skills and knowledge in Europe or England before\ncoming to the New World.\nPatrick Napier who came to Virginia about 1655 as an indentured servant\nand subsequently had a large medical practice, probably learned his\nprofession in England or on the Continent, as might have Francis\nHaddon, another who came under terms of indenture and who later, also,\nhad a considerable medical practice. To these two examples of persons\nwith training and experience acquired prior to their arrival in America\nmight be added the similar experiences of John Williams and John Inman.\nMedical knowledge and practices brought over from England were\ncross-fertilized with the European even in the New World. While the\nmajority of newcomers were Englishmen, French, German, and other\nEuropean physicians and surgeons came to Virginia. These European\nmedical men appear, in general, to have prospered in Virginia and were\nanxious to become naturalized \"denizens to this country.\"\nGeorge Hacke, born in Cologne, Germany, settled in Northampton County,\nVirginia, in 1653 and was known as a doctor and practitioner of\nmedicine. He was typical of the European-trained medical man settling\nin Virginia in becoming naturalized and in leaving a considerable\nestate, including thousands of acres of land. Little is known of his\nmedical activities and interests except that he was summoned to treat\nthe victim of a duel and that he left a large library which probably\nincluded volumes on medicine.\nPaul Micou, a young French physician who seems to have acquired his\neducation abroad, settled on the shores of the Rappahannock river, near\na place afterward called Port Micou, during the last decade of the\nseventeenth century. Cultured and educated, he soon won prominence and\nwealth as a physician (and surgeon), attorney, and merchant. County\nrecords in Virginia make numerous references to suits brought by him\nfor nonpayment of fees, suggesting an extensive practice.\nBecause so many of the doctors and surgeons of seventeenth-century\nVirginia are given only slight mention in the records, it is impossible\nto know whether, in most cases, they had acquired their skills and\neducations before coming to Virginia, or even whether they were born in\nthe New World. Nor is it known how many young men born in Virginia went\nback to England or Europe to study medicine; a reference made by the\nfamous English surgeon, John Woodall, indicates that a Virginian named\nWake may have studied under him in London.\nWithin the Virginia county records, however, can be found evidence\nindicating that a common method of learning the profession was by\napprenticeship. One interesting example of the contract between\napprentice and surgeon survives in the records of Surry County,\nVirginia; made in 1657, it bound Charles Clay to Stephen Tickner,\nsurgeon, for a term of seven years. Clay swore to serve his master in\nwhatever surgical or medical duties he was assigned, and Tickner\npromised to use his best skill and judgment to teach his apprentice\nwhatever he knew of the art. Another contract for apprenticeship was\nmade between Richard Townshend and the London Company's well-known Dr.\nPott. This relationship included a breach of contract that occurred not\ninfrequently between master and apprentice: Townshend argued in court\nthat Pott was not teaching him the \"art & misterye\" for which he was\nbound.\nAs an apprentice, the would-be physician or surgeon could gather herbs\nfor his master and assist him in treating the sick. If the apprentice\ncould read, or if the master would teach him, then the novice could\nstudy the medical books in the doctor's library. Not only were volumes\non medicine available, but in the libraries of the better-educated\nmedical men, the apprentice could also familiarize himself with other\nfields of learning.\nDr. Pott had a reputation for knowing Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, and\nmust have imparted much of his learning to Richard Townshend, his\napprentice. Such would seem to be the case in view of the facts of\nTownshend's life. He became an apprentice to Pott in 1621 and by 1636\nhe was a member of the colony's highest political body, the council,\nand at the time of his death he possessed a considerable amount of\nland. In a day when schooling was hard to come by, apprenticeship to an\neducated man held great advantages.\nUnfortunately catalogues of the libraries of medical men have not\nsurvived. There is proof, however, that physicians and surgeons did not\nneglect opportunities to collect volumes on medicine published in\nEngland and Europe. If utilized, these books could have helped offset\nthe lack of a formal education in a university or medical school. Dr.\nHenry Willoughby of Rappahannock County, Virginia, left forty-four\nbooks on \"phisick\" in his estate. Dr. John Holloway, a leading\nphysician of Accomack County, Virginia, from 1633 until his death in\n1643, left thirteen books on surgery and medicine, all in English or\nLatin. Dr. Henry Andrews of York County had twenty books in Latin on\nmedicine.\nA great number of Virginians--some of them prominent--who did not\npractice medicine had, nonetheless, large collections of books on the\nsubject. This would indicate that many persons resorted to medical\ntreatment without the help of a professional. With fees high, distances\ngreat, and well-trained doctors scarce, self-reliance is not\nsurprising. Many planters and their wives must have made a superficial\nstudy of medicine; certainly the mistress of the house visiting sick\nservants and slaves is a familiar historical picture.\nAmong the medical books in such libraries were volumes on the general\nsubjects of medicine (physick) and surgery, anatomy, gout, scurvy,\ndistillation, and natural magic. Common in the libraries of the laymen\nwere books recommending specific drugs for various symptoms of\ndiseases. The long title of one volume in a Virginia library read,\n\"Method of physick, containing the causes, signes, and cures of inward\ndiseases in man's body from the head to the foote. Whereunto is added\nthe forme and rule of making remedies and medicines, which our\nphysitions commonly use at this day, with the proportion, quantity, and\nnames of each medicine.\"\nThe importance of medical volumes to the lay library is indicated by\nthe inclusion of two in the supplies provided by a London agent for a\nVirginia plantation in 1620-21. William S. Powell, in a recent study of\nbooks in Virginia before 1624, found that the agent chose _The French\nChirurgerye_, published in English in 1597, and the _Enchiridion\nMedicinae_, first published in 1573.\nIn spite of medical books, the apprenticeships, training in Europe or\nEngland, and the demand for medical services despite a high fee, it is\npossible to overestimate the competence of the seventeenth-century\nVirginia doctor even by the standards of his own century. An\nobservation made by William Byrd II early in the next century tends to\nreduce the stature of the medical man.\n\"Here be some men,\" Byrd wrote, \"indeed that are call'd doctors; but\nthey are generally discarded surgeons of ships, that know nothing above\nvery common remedys. They are not acquainted enough with plants or\nother parts of natural history, to do any service to the world....\"\nByrd may have been prejudiced by his father who, although believing\nhimself facing death, still did not call a physician.\nCHAPTER FIVE\nConclusion\nPORTRAIT OF A SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY VIRGINIA PHYSICIAN\nHistorical evidence does not support Byrd's description of the typical\nphysician as a discarded ship's surgeon. In contrast, the physician,\nwhatever his competence may have been, emerges from the sources as a\nrespected member of the colony who, besides his medical practice,\nengaged in farming sizable holdings of land and took part in the civic\nlife of the colony. His private life was not unlike that of the other\nplanters who enjoyed some wealth and professional standing. The\nreputable surgeon, who could also supplement his income from farming,\nprobably enjoyed an existence not unlike that of the physicians,\nconsidering that the distinction between them in the New World was\nslight.\nDr. Blanton, in his volume on medicine in Virginia, created a lively\nportrait of what he imagines from his researches to be the\nseventeenth-century Virginia doctor. The doctor is seen:\n    dressed in knee breeches and jerkin, perhaps adorned with periwig\n    and cap; not given to church-going, but fond of ale, horse-racing\n    and cuss words; husband of a multiparous wife; owner of a log cabin\n    home or at best a frame cottage which he guarded with gun, pistol\n    and scimitar; his road a bridle path and his means of conveyance a\n    horse or boat ... reading ... by candle light, without spectacles;\n    writing with a goose quill pen; sitting on a rough stool or bench;\n    eating at a crude table from pewter dishes, without fork or table\n    knife; having no knowledge of bath tubs; keeping his clothes in\n    trunk or chest; sleeping, night-capped, on a flock bed in a bedroom\n    shared by others; dividing his time, which he measured with\n    hour-glass and sundial, among medicine, politics and farming; often\n    in court, often a justice, member of Council or Burgesses, and\n    subject, like his neighbors, to military service.\nSUMMARY\nEnglishmen and Europeans planted Virginia in the New World and brought\nthe Old World's medical knowledge and medical practices with them. In\nEurope and England, the seventeenth century witnessed the perfection of\nnew and scientific theories in medicine--it was the century of\nHarvey--but little original and fruitful in the field of practice--Dr.\nSydenham might be considered an exception.\nIn Virginia, the prior occupants had accumulated medical knowledge,\ntoo, and the Indians practiced in a manner not completely unlike that\nof the whites: bloodletting, purging, and sweating (all to the end of\nrelieving the body of ill humors or morbid matter). The Indians,\nhowever, did not believe it right or good to impart their knowledge to\nthe layman, Indian or European; therefore, cross-fertilization between\nthe two schools of medicine was limited.\nIn planning for the colony, the London Company took into account that\nhealth would influence the fortunes of the new settlement. The Company\nwarned the original settlers to choose a site in a healthful location,\nbut the colonists elected Jamestown Island which was low and moist.\nProvided two surgeons by the Company, the original settlers needed not\nonly more surgeons but physicians as well: the surgeons could treat the\nwounds, sprains, and breaks of a military-colonizing expedition, but\nphysicians were needed to meet conditions that developed in Jamestown.\nIn subsequent boatloads of settlers, physicians did come--and some were\nwell-trained and experienced--but the small number that arrived during\nthe period when the London Company administered the colony (1606-24)\ncould not meet the demands of disease and famine. During the first\nsummer more than one-half the original settlers perished: during the\nStarving Time (1609-10) the population dropped from 500 to 60 and in\nthe spring these 60 almost abandoned Virginia. A deadly combination of\nnew environment, famine, and epidemic disease, such as typhoid, played\na major part in determining the course of events during the first two\ndecades of the colony's life, and near death.\nAfter Virginia became a Crown colony, famine and disease no longer\ninfluenced affairs so greatly, not because of the wise administration\nof the Crown, but because the colonists had better learned what was\nnecessary to cope with health conditions in the New World. No longer\ndid they consider disease and famine minor threats compared to those\nfrom the Indians and Spaniards. They planned their ocean voyages so as\nto arrive in the fall and thus avoid the dread summer sickness while\nstill too weak from the voyage to resist it; they located their outer\nsettlements on higher and drier land, at the end of the century even\nmoving their capital to Williamsburg, known for its temperate and\nhealthful climate.\nThe physicians and surgeons, however, who came later in the century\nwere not as distinguished as their earlier counterparts. As the century\npassed, many men trained by apprenticing themselves in Virginia.\nWhether immigrant or indigenous, the medical men used orthodox European\ntechniques: they bled and purged, sweated and dispensed drugs, to\nobtain these ends. Some of the drugs were native to Virginia and the\ncolonists exported them for a profit, but the more expensive--and\nefficacious--had to be imported. There is evidence that the level of\nmedical excellence in Virginia lowered during the century; many of the\nplanters avoided the expensive visits and drugs, even passing laws to\nregulate fees and chastise lax and inadequate practitioners.\nWomen, clergymen, and laymen all treated the sick and wounded of the\nperiod, with the women especially active as midwives; with the clergy\nproducing such an outstanding medical man as the Reverend John Clayton;\nand with the laymen acquiring enough information, perhaps from a few\nmedical books, in order to practice, themselves, in case a doctor were\nunavailable or undesired.\nACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE\nDr. Wyndham B. Blanton kindly gave permission for the use, in the\npreparation of this booklet, of his definitive and authoritative volume\non the history of seventeenth-century Virginia medicine. Dr. Blanton's\nwork--based on extensive research in the sources--has proved of great\nvalue, but he should not be held responible for any weaknesses in this\nessay, as the author assumes full responsibility. The author also\nwishes to take this opportunity to express his appreciation for the\nnumerous suggestions and improvements made by his wife who spent many\nhours assisting in the preparation of the manuscript.\nThe books and articles that proved most helpful were:\nAllen, Phyllis, \"Medical Education in 17th Century England,\" _Journal\nof the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences_, I (January, 1946),\n_American History Told by Contemporaries_. Edited by Albert B. Hart.\nNew York and London, 1908-1909. 4 vols.\nBeverley, Robert, _The History of Virginia_.... (Reprinted from the\nauthor's 2d rev. ed., London, 1722.) Richmond, 1855.\nBlanton, Wyndham B., _Medicine in Virginia in the Seventeenth Century_.\nRichmond, 1930.\nBrown, Alexander, _Genesis of the United States_. Boston and New York,\nCastiglioni, Arturo, _A History of Medicine_. Translated from the\nItalian and edited by E. B. Krumbhaar. New York, 1941.\nChitwood, Oliver P., _A History of Colonial America_. New York, 1948.\nCraven, Wesley F., _Dissolution of the Virginia Company: the Failure of\na Colonial Experiment_. New York, 1932.\n_Southern Colonies in the Seventeenth Century_, 1607-1689. Baton Rouge,\nDuran-Reynals, Marie Louise, _The Fever Bark Tree_. New York, 1946.\nGarrison, Fielding H., _An Introduction to the History of Medicine_....\nPhiladelphia, 1929.\n_Narratives of Early Virginia_, 1606-1625. Edited by Lyon G. Tyler. New\nPackard, Francis R., _History of Medicine in the United States_. New\nYork, 1931. 2 vols.\nSigerist, Henry E., _American Medicine_. Translated by Hildegard Nagel.\nNew York, 1934.\nSmith, John, _Travels and Works_. Edited by Edward Arber. Edinburgh,\nTyler, Lyon G., \"The Medical Men of Virginia,\" _William and Mary\nCollege Quarterly_, XIX (January, 1911), 145-162.\nWertenbaker, Thomas J., _The First Americans, 1607-1690_. New York,", "source_dataset": "gutenberg", "source_dataset_detailed": "gutenberg -  Medicine in Virginia, 1607-1699\n"},
{"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1935, "culture": " English\n", "content": "God Hath Spoken\n                  GEORGE W. DEHOFF PUBLISHING COMPANY\n                        MURFREESBORO, TENNESSEE\n                    Copyright, 1947, by Harris Dark.\n                PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA\n  IV. Where Did So Many Denominations Come From?                      53\n  XII. Congregational Objectives and Activities                      196\n  XIII. Congregational Objectives and Activities (_Continued_)       214\nEach author has his own individual literary style and critics of\nliterature can identify the work of an author by the construction and\ndiction of his writing. The Holy Spirit is the author of the Bible and\nhe has a literary style peculiar to himself, which distinguishes his\nwork from that of all human authors. There are certain literary\ncharacteristics in the Bible that are not found in any book written by\nman. It would be profitable to list a great number of them and show how\nthey distinguish the Bible from every other book in the world.\nOne of the characteristics of the Holy Spirit\u2019s literary style is the\nuse of very long sentences, one of which I shall read for our text this\nmorning. It is the opening sentence of the book of Hebrews: \u201cGod, who at\nsundry times and in divers manners spake in time past unto the fathers\nby the prophets, hath in these last days spoken unto us by his Son, whom\nhe hath appointed heir of all things, by whom also he made the worlds;\nwho being the brightness of his glory, and the express image of his\nperson, and upholding all things by the word of his power, when he had\nby himself purged our sins, sat down on the right hand of the Majesty on\nhigh; being made so much better than the angels, as he hath by\ninheritance obtained a more excellent name than they.\u201d\nThat is the reading of four verses but just one sentence. It is not easy\nto write such a long sentence that is easily understood, but this one is\nperfectly clear. If some high-school student were called upon to analyze\nthis sentence and to underscore its principal clause, he would\nunderscore these words, \u201c_God hath spoken_.\u201d These three words, \u201c_God\nhath spoken_,\u201d are the principal clause in this long sentence, and they\nexpress a very wonderful and a very profound truth. If you will just\nremember these three words and let them dwell in your heart, meditating\nupon them both day and night, the fullness of their meaning will unfold\nto you more and more as the days go by.\nIt\u2019s a wonderful thing that God hath spoken. Just try to imagine what\ncondition this world would be in if God had never spoken. What if he had\nnot spoken to Adam, to Noah, to Moses, or to any of our forefathers down\nthrough the centuries?\nAs a clue to the conditions which would prevail if God had not spoken,\nconsider the places on earth today where the Bible is unknown; where its\ninfluence has had only a very remote and indirect effect. In such places\nwe find backwardness, ignorance, disease, darkness. By way of contrast,\nyou may consider our own country where the Bible is better known; though\nfar from being fully and faithfully followed. Here we have an effective\nsystem of public education, industrial and scientific advancement, a\ncomparatively high degree of intelligence, numerous charitable\norganizations and institutions, or what may be summarily described as a\nhigh standard of civilization.\nIf such material blessings come to those who even partially respect the\nword that God has spoken, just think how wonderful its influence would\nbe if every individual were a faithful student and faithful follower of\nhis word. The word that God has spoken _makes a difference_! If it were\nnot for his word, we would be in total darkness. \u201cIt is not in man that\nwalketh to direct his own steps.\u201d The learned Grecian philosophers, with\nall of their wisdom, were not able to figure out a way of life that\nwould lead to happiness on this earth, to say nothing of leading to\nsalvation in that world which is to come. If God had not spoken, we\nwould not know where we came from, we would not know where we are going,\nand we would not know what to do in the meantime. We owe all of our\nprogress, not only spiritually but otherwise also, to the fact that God\nhath spoken. Oh, we could learn from the material universe that God is;\nwe could learn that some sort of a great being had brought into\nexistence all of the things we behold but if God had not spoken, we\nwould not know his will concerning us. We would not know what he wants\nus to do. We would not know about the Way that leads to happiness here\nand hereafter. So I want you to meditate upon the fact that God hath\nspoken. I believe that that meditation will beget within you a feeling\nof gratitude for God\u2019s word, a greater appreciation of it, and,\ntherefore, a more careful study of it and a more diligent adherence unto\nit.\nEvery word in our principal clause is significant. Not only is it\nimportant that God hath _spoken_, but it is important that _God_ hath\nspoken\u2014that _God_ is the one who has done the speaking. Just think what\nthat means! The great God of this universe, creator of heaven and earth\nand everything therein\u2014God, who sprinkled the heavens with teeming\nmillions of bright sparkling worlds, which we behold by night, and made\nthese bodies of ours that are so wonderfully and fearfully\nconstructed\u2014God, who has all power and wisdom, and who is characterized\nby love, mercy, and tenderness\u2014God, the everlasting God, hath spoken.\nGod, the Holy and Living God of all the universe, hath condescended to\nspeak unto us who are mere worms of the dust.\nSometimes we see a man on this earth who thinks himself too good to\nspeak to some other man. Some folk will not speak to each other. We\nought to stop and consider the fact that God hath spoken to us. Just\nthink about how great he is, how holy he is, how pure he is, how\npowerful he is, and yet he condescended to speak unto us, who are weak\nand sinful creatures of earth! He wants us to hear him that we may enjoy\nthe blessings that come from learning and obeying the word that he has\nspoken.\nBut the other word in our text is also important\u2014the word \u201chath.\u201d It is\npresent perfect tense. It means that God has already spoken. Our text\ndoes not say that God is continuing to speak but that God _hath_ spoken,\nindicating that at the time this fact was recorded God\u2019s revelation to\nthe world through Christ had already been made. It had not all been put\nin written form, but the gospel had already been revealed. It was\nalready in existence among men. The apostles had already been preaching\nfor a number of years. At the time they finished committing the gospel\nto writing (about A.D. 96), it could truthfully be said that revelation\nwas already complete.\nOur text does not say \u201cGod is speaking,\u201d or \u201cGod continues to speak,\u201d or\n\u201cGod will speak,\u201d but \u201cGod _hath_ spoken.\u201d Of course, as far as you and\nI are individually concerned, as we read and study his word, we are\nstill hearing his message. But the point is that that message was\ncompletely delivered unto the world nearly two thousand years ago. No\nadditions have been made to it since then and no addition will ever be\nmade to it. God _hath_ spoken. His message is complete. It is,\ntherefore, final. Those who claim a later revelation are making a false\nclaim. Those who are waiting for a future revelation are waiting in\nvain. This very simple clause with just three words in it indicates that\nGod\u2019s message to us through Christ is complete. God _hath_ spoken. This\nbeing true, we need not expect another revelation.\nThis truth is further emphasized by other statements in the Bible. For\ninstance, in 2 Timothy, chapter 3, and beginning with verse 16, \u201cAll\nscripture is given by inspiration of God, and is profitable for\ndoctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness;\nthat the man of God may be perfect, throughly furnished unto all good\nworks.\u201d Or, as one version says, \u201cthat the man of God may be complete,\nfurnished completely unto every good work.\u201d So the word God hath spoken\nis complete. It\u2019s all we need. It furnishes the man of God completely\nunto every good work. Therefore, we need not expect any further\nrevelation.\nNotice the word \u201cscripture.\u201d The word \u201cscripture\u201d means that which has\nbeen written. The word that God hath spoken has been put in written\nform. We no longer receive it from the lips of the apostles, or from the\nlips of those who first proclaimed it unto the world. After God had\nspoken through them, they put his word in writing and it has been passed\ndown to us through the ages that have followed. By the providence of God\nit has been translated into our own mother tongue so that we may read it\nand study it for ourselves. Our testimony then is not an oral one, but a\nwritten one.\nIn the 20th chapter of John, verses 30 and 31, we read, \u201cAnd many other\nsigns, truly did Jesus in the presence of his disciples, which are not\nwritten in this book; but these are written, that ye might believe.\u201d\nNotice that word \u201cwritten.\u201d The source of our faith has been put in\nwritten form. This fact refutes the claim that God is speaking directly\nto people today. He _hath_ spoken. His word has already been delivered.\nDuring my recent meetings in Georgia and North Carolina, I heard two men\nsay that God had spoken to them audibly. One man said he was passing\nthrough a pine thicket one day and God spoke to him. I asked him what\nGod said to him. He replied, \u201cGod told me I needed a saviour.\u201d Well, God\nhad already told him that, two thousand years ago. We have that revealed\nin the Bible. I have never talked to a man who could tell me what God\nhad said to him unless he got it from the Bible. When a man thinks he\nhears God speak today, if anyone honestly thinks such a thing, he is\nsimply recalling something that he has read in the Bible, or learned\nfrom somebody else who read it in the Bible. God\u2019s message was\ncompletely delivered nearly two thousand years ago. Thus it is seen that\nevery word of our topic is important. The Almighty God hath already\nspoken unto us.\nNow I want to draw a few conclusions from this great fact. In view of\nthe fact that God has spoken, let us consider how we ought to study his\nword. Just think\u2014it\u2019s a message from God, a message from Heaven! It\napplies to you, personally and individually, just as much as it would if\nhe were to speak to you this morning in audible tones and address you by\nname. Suppose, for example, he should call you by name and say, \u201cNow why\ntarriest thou? Arise and be baptized and wash away thy sins, calling on\nthe name of the Lord.\u201d Why, I believe you would hasten to do it. But\nfriends, he has already said it. In Acts 22:16, we find those very words\nand they are written to you.\nNotice again this sentence, \u201cGod hath spoken unto _us_.\u201d His words are\naddressed to us and they apply to you and me. Every word in the will of\nChrist, the new testament or covenant, applies to us, and we ought to\nregard it as a personal message from God Almighty unto us. Surely that\nthought ought to inspire us to read the Bible every day. I don\u2019t believe\nanyone who has any regard for his own welfare and any respect for\nJehovah, can meditate upon the fact that God hath spoken without being\nmoved to study God\u2019s word more diligently. God hath revealed to us his\nword. Therefore, we ought to read it and study it.\nFurthermore, friends, we ought to regard it as final and complete and as\nthe standard of truth, the standard by which all of our religious\nquestions are to be decided. This conclusion is fundamental and very\nimportant. It needs to be emphasized. If you talk to the people of this\nworld and see how many different human standards they are relying upon,\nyou can see the importance of settling all religious questions by the\ndivine standard, the word that God hath spoken through Christ.\nI want to use a simple illustration. Suppose three men measure the\nlength of this room and one of them uses a yardstick 35 inches long,\nanother uses a yardstick 36 inches long and the other a yardstick 37\ninches long. They won\u2019t get the same answer because they are not using\nthe same standard. The same is true in the field of philosophy and\nreligion. If each man uses a different yardstick, nothing but confusion\nand division can possibly be the result.\nAnd, friends, that is just exactly what is wrong with this world today.\nOne man uses the \u201cPope\u201d at Rome for his yardstick. He says that whatever\nthe \u201cPope\u201d says is right. He measures everything by that. Then I come\nalong and measure by the Bible, the Word of God, and he and I get\ndifferent answers. Somebody else takes the church to which he belongs as\nhis standard of measurement. People say, \u201cMy church teaches so and so,\u201d\nand \u201cMy church practices so and so.\u201d I have even had them come to me and\nsay, \u201cWhat does your church believe on this point? What does your church\nteach here?\u201d They simply mean, \u201cWhat does the group of people with which\nyou are associated have to say about this matter?\u201d Over and over again I\nhave them ask me, \u201cWhat do you _think_ about it?\u201d I have heard that\nexpression many, many times during the last four weeks.\nWell, you can see how all these different yardsticks will get different\nanswers. One man wants my opinion about it, that\u2019s his yardstick;\nsomebody else uses his church\u2019s opinion as his yardstick; another takes\nwhat his parents think about it; still another takes tradition as his\nyardstick; and someone else takes simply the way he feels about it. I\nhear them say, \u201cWell, I like it, and therefore it must be all right,\u201d\nor, \u201cIt seems good to me.\u201d I recently heard a boy try to justify his\ngoing to a particular church on the basis that it made him feel good.\nWell, those are just all irregular standards. They are not standards.\nPeople who reason like that are using the wrong unit of measurement.\nFriends, God hath spoken and when God speaks all the world should be\nquiet and listen. We should take his word as final. It should be the\nstandard by which we decide all questions, and until the world can agree\nupon the word that God has spoken as its yardstick, as its unit of\nmeasurement, as its standard for determining truth, we shall continue to\nhave division and confusion in this world. So I want to impress you with\nthe fact that _God hath spoken_. Let us go to that word to find the\nanswer to every question that pertains to religion. In fact, I might\njust say the answer to every question, for almost all questions are\nanswered in the Bible, at least in a general way. If we would apply the\nprinciples of its teachings, all of our domestic and social problems\nwould be solved. Our industrial and political problems would be solved.\nOur international problems would be solved, if all people would learn\nwhat God hath spoken and follow it.\nI hope you are impressed with the fact which God hath spoken. Are you\nwilling to hear that word? Friends, the word that God has spoken tells\nus that we must believe, in order to be saved. \u201cGod so loved the world\nthat he gave his only begotten son, that whosoever believeth on him\nshould not perish but have everlasting life\u201d (John 3:16). \u201cWithout faith\nit is impossible to be well pleasing to God\u201d (Heb. 11:6). Faith is the\nvery foundation of Christianity, so much so the Bible says, \u201cThe just\nshall _live_ by faith\u201d (Rom. 1:17). We are to walk by faith and not by\nsight.\nThe word which God has spoken says that \u201cExcept ye repent ye shall\nlikewise perish\u201d (Luke 13:3). This word which God has spoken unto us\nthrough his Son, Jesus, tells us that if we confess him before men he\nwill confess us before his Father who is in heaven. But if we deny him,\nhe will deny us before his Father who is in heaven (Matt. 10:32, 33).\nThen, friends, this same word which God has spoken says, \u201cRepent, and be\nbaptized everyone of you in the name of Jesus Christ for the remission\nof your sins and ye shall receive the gift of the Holy Spirit. For the\npromise is unto you, and to your children, and to all that are afar off,\neven as many as the Lord, our God, shall call\u201d (Acts 2:38, 39).\nThis word which God has spoken tells those who have been baptized and\nhave gone astray, to come back repenting and confessing their faults and\npraying for forgiveness (Acts 8:22; 1 John 1:9). This word which God has\nspoken promises that he will not let us be tempted above that we are\nable, but will with the temptation also make a way to escape, that we\nmay be able to bear it. (1 Cor. 10:13). This word that God has spoken\ntells us to be faithful unto death and he will give us a crown of life\nincorruptible, undefiled, and that fadeth not away (Rev. 2:10; 1 Pet.\nAre you willing this morning to listen to the word which God hath\nspoken? I am not asking you to listen to me or to listen to any group of\npeople, but to listen to the word of God. He said, \u201cCome unto me all ye\nthat labor and are heavy laden and I will give you rest.\u201d If you are\nwilling to hear and to heed that word that God hath spoken, then come\nforward while we sing and make your wishes known.\n                     GENERIC AND SPECIFIC COMMANDS\nOur topic this morning is \u201cGeneric and Specific Commands.\u201d This subject\nmay sound like a very technical one; but it is, in fact, a very\npractical one. A study of this topic is valuable, not merely for its own\nsake, but also because it throws light on many other questions, and is\ndesigned to help in the study of some lessons which are to follow:\nThe Bible teaches that man must not add to, or subtract from, the word\nof God. For instance, \u201cYe shall not add unto the word which I command\nyou, neither shall ye diminish ought from it, that ye may keep the\ncommandments of the Lord your God which I command you\u201d (Deut. 4:2).\n\u201cFor I testify unto every man that heareth the words of the prophecy of\nthis book, if any man shall add unto these things, God shall add unto\nhim the plagues that are written in this book; and if any man shall take\naway from the words of the book of this prophecy, God shall take away\nhis part out of the book of life, and out of the holy city, and from the\nthings which are written in this book\u201d (Rev. 22:18-19).\n                        A Problem in Application\nThese Scriptures show very plainly that _one must neither add to nor\nsubtract from the word of God_. This fundamental principle is taught in\nboth the New Testament and the Old Testament. However, some have\ndifficulty in applying this teaching to many questions arising today.\nBecause of this difficulty we find people who object to such things as a\nbaptistry in the church building, Sunday morning Bible classes,\nindividual cups, song books, collection baskets, etc. These objections\narise from a misunderstanding of the basic principle announced in the\nScriptures just quoted. We hope that what is to follow will help.\nFirst of all, let it be understood that a commandment authorizes\neverything essential to obeying that commandment. For instance, the\ncommandment to meet and worship God authorizes a place and an hour of\nmeeting. The Bible does not tell us where to meet to eat the Lord\u2019s\nsupper or upon what hour of the day to meet, but the very commandment to\nobserve this institution authorizes some place and some hour for the\nmeeting.\nThis leads us to consider the difference between a generic or _general_\ncommandment and a _specific_ one. A generic commandment is one that\nauthorizes or commands a certain action, but does not give the details\nas to how that commandment shall be carried out. The difference between\ngeneric and specific commandments must be recognized in applying the\nScriptures that have been mentioned. Let it be remembered that a\ncommandment may be mixed, partly generic and partly specific. It may be\ngeneric with respect to certain details which it comprehends, and\nspecific in reference to others.\n1. The best way I know to make these distinctions clear is by giving a\nnumber of examples. God told Noah to build an ark. He specified the kind\nof wood that should be used. He told Noah to use gopher wood. That\nauthorized gopher wood and eliminated every other possible kind of wood.\nSince God specified that gopher wood should be used, it would have been\nwrong for Noah to have used any other sort of wood. It would have been a\nsin for him to have used cedar wood, or oak, or any other kind which\nmight be named. God also told Noah to put a door in this ark, in the\nside of it. But he did not tell him in _which_ side to put it. Hence,\nthe commandment to build an ark was generic as to the side in which the\ndoor should be located.\nGod specified the dimensions of the ark. He told Noah to build the ark\n300 cubits long. It would have been a sin, therefore, for Noah to have\nbuilt it 301 cubits long or 299 cubits long, or any other length except\nthe one which God specified. God also told Noah to build some rooms in\nthis ark, but did not tell him how many to build. This commandment,\ntherefore, was generic as far as the number of rooms was concerned. On\nthat point Noah was free to build the number of rooms which he thought\nwas best.\nOf course, he had to build some number. The very command to build\n_rooms_ authorized some number of rooms, but God did not specify the\nnumber so Noah was free to exercise his own judgment in that respect.\nGod specified the animals that were to be taken into the ark. He told\nNoah to take certain ones but he did not tell him which animals to take\ninto the ark first. You see, therefore, that the commandment to build\nthe ark was specific in some respects and was generic in other respects.\n2. The commandment to offer a passover sacrifice may also be used as an\nillustration. If God had merely commanded the Jews to offer an animal,\nthat would have left them free to offer any sort of animal which they\nchose. But he specified that they should offer a lamb, which meant\neither a sheep or a goat. It was also specified that it should be of the\nfirst year, a male, and without blemish. These details were specified\nwith the commandment. It would have been a sin for the Jews to have\nignored any of these specifications. In those days the word \u201clamb\u201d was\nunderstood to mean either a sheep or a goat. The Jews were free to offer\neither, but they had to heed the specifications that it be of the first\nyear, without blemish, and of the male sex.\n3. Coming to the New Testament for an illustration, we refer to the\ngreat commission as recorded by Mark in the 16th chapter of his book,\nverses 15 and 16: \u201cGo ye into all the world, and preach the gospel to\nevery creature; he that believeth and is baptized shall be saved, but he\nthat believeth not shall be damned.\u201d\nHere again we have a commandment which is partly generic and partly\nspecific. The word \u201cgo\u201d is generic with respect to the means of travel\nto be used. The general form of this commandment leaves one free to\ntravel by any suitable method. In obeying this commandment one may\ntravel by rail, by boat, by airplane, by automobile, on foot, on\nhorseback, or by any other method that is in decency and in order.\nI recently held a meeting in Alabama which people attended by\npractically every means of transportation. They came by train, by bus,\nby automobile, on tractors, in buggies, on horseback, on foot, in\nwagons, in trucks\u2014in almost every conceivable way except by airplane or\nmotorboat. The general commandment to _go_ leaves one free to travel in\nany of these ways.\nBut this same commandment is specific in respect to what shall be taught\nafter one gets to the place of teaching. It specifies that one shall\npreach the _Gospel_. The message that is to be delivered is therefore\nspecified. It _must_ be the _Gospel_.\n4. Matthew\u2019s statement of this same commission says, \u201cGo ye therefore,\nand teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of\nthe Son, and of the Holy Ghost: teaching them to observe all things\nwhatsoever I have commanded you.\u201d The commandment to teach is specific\nas to the message, but it is generic with reference to the method that\nshall be used in the teaching.\nAccording to the general command to teach, the lesson may be either oral\nor written. The teacher may be either a man or a woman, and the size of\nthe class may be whatever circumstances and expediency justify. This\ncommandment to teach does not specify the number that shall be in the\nclass, or the sex of the teacher, or whether the lesson shall be an oral\none or a written one.\nIn this same great commission we have the commandment to baptize in the\nname of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Ghost those who have\nbeen taught. Since these names have been specified, it would be a sin to\nbaptize in the name of any human being or any human institution.\nThe word \u201cbaptize\u201d itself denotes the act. It means to be immersed,\nburied in water (Col. 2:12). However, this commandment does not tell us\nhow the immersing shall be done. We may immerse one according to this\ncommandment face foremost, sideways, lying down, standing up or in any\nother appropriate way, just as long as we obey the commandment to\nbaptize; that is, to _immerse_ or _bury_ in water.\n                         The Principle Applied\n1. Some one may say that according to this principle of interpretation\ninstrumental music may be justified. Let us see if this is true. If\nGod\u2019s word had merely told us to make music, that would have been\ngeneric as far as the type of music is concerned. But it so happens that\nGod did not leave this commandment in such a general form. He specified\nthe type of music we shall use in worshiping him.\nEphesians 5:19 says, \u201cSpeaking to yourselves in psalms and hymns and\nspiritual songs, singing and making melody in your heart to the Lord.\u201d\nColossians 3:16, \u201cLet the word of Christ dwell in you richly in all\nwisdom; teaching and admonishing one another in psalms and hymns and\nspiritual songs, singing with grace in your hearts to the Lord.\u201d God,\ntherefore, has specified the kind of music. He tells us to _sing_.\nIf God had merely told Noah to build an ark, he could have used any kind\nof wood that he chose or any other material. He could have used either\ncedar or gopher, but when God commanded him to use gopher wood, that\ndrew a ring around the word gopher and eliminated every other type of\nbuilding material. If he had merely told the Jews to offer a sacrifice\nat the passover, they might have offered either a calf or a lamb; but\nwhen he commanded them to offer a lamb, that drew a ring around the word\nlamb and eliminated every other type of sacrifice that might be\nconceived.\nLikewise, with reference to the music that we offer in our worship, if\nGod had just said, \u201cMake music,\u201d then we could have used any kind we\nchose, but he has specified singing. This eliminates every other\nconceivable kind of music as far as our worship to Jehovah is concerned.\nSometimes I hear people say that God does not tell us not to use\ninstrumental music. This is a mistake. He does tell us not to use it. He\ndoes so in Colossians 3:16 and in Ephesians 5:19. Those Scriptures that\ntell us to offer vocal music in our worship tell us, as plain as day,\n_not_ to offer any other kind.\nSurely everyone will agree that it would have been a sin for Noah to\nhave built the ark out of cedar wood. Everyone will likewise agree that\nit would have been wrong for the Jews to have offered a cow as a\npassover sacrifice. By the same line of reasoning, and just as clearly\nto be seen, it would be wrong today for people to substitute some other\nkind of music for the kind that God has specified.\n2. The commandment to eat the Lord\u2019s supper in memory of Jesus Christ is\ngeneric in some respects and specific in others. The Bible specifies the\nday of the week upon which this institution shall be observed. This\nlesson is taught by means of divinely approved example as recorded in\nActs, chapter 20 and verse 7: \u201cUpon the first day of the week when the\ndisciples came together to break bread, Paul preached unto them, ready\nto depart on the morrow; and continued his speech until midnight.\u201d\nThe Bible therefore specifies that the Lord\u2019s supper shall be observed\nupon the first day of the week, but this teaching is generic as far as\nthe hour of the day is concerned. There have been people who argued that\nit would be a sin to eat the Lord\u2019s supper at 7:30 P.M. There are others\nwho believe it is wrong to eat it at 11:00 A.M., just because the Bible\ndoes not specify that hour. But the same objection could be raised to\nany other hour mentioned, and thereby eliminate the possibility of\neating it at all. The commandment to eat the Lord\u2019s supper upon the\nfirst day of the week, necessarily implies that it should be eaten at\n_some_ hour, and God has seen fit to leave man free to use his own\njudgment in selecting the hour of the day.\nThe Bible specifies that the fruit of the vine shall be used, but it\ndoes not say whether that fruit shall be fermented or unfermented. The\nfailure to recognize this fact has led some to contend that it\u2019s a sin\nto use grape juice. The very same type of error has caused others to\ncontend that it would be wrong to use wine. We must recognize the fact\nthat God has left this commandment generic as to whether the fruit of\nthe vine shall be fermented or unfermented.\nLikewise the Bible does not designate the number of cups that shall be\nused, leaving us free to use our own judgment upon that point as well.\nIt is true that the Bible refers to \u201cthe cup,\u201d but every careful student\nknows that that refers to the contents and not to the vessel. As a\nmatter of fact, there must be some distribution made between the\noriginal container and the lips of those who partake. The Bible does not\nspecify at what stage this distribution shall be made. God has endowed\nus with intelligence, and expects us to use it in applying these\ncommandments which are left in generic form.\n3. Other examples of generic commands of a slightly different form are\nthese: \u201cTherefore, all things ye would that men should do to you, do ye\neven so to them; for this is the law and the prophets\u201d (Matt. 7:12).\n\u201cFor the grace of God that bringeth salvation hath appeared to all men,\nteaching us that denying ungodliness and worldly lusts, we should live\nsoberly, righteously and godly in this present world, looking for that\nblessed hope, and the glorious appearance of the great God and our\nSaviour Jesus Christ\u201d (Titus 2:11-13). \u201cPure religion and undefiled\nbefore God and the Father is this; to visit the fatherless and widows in\ntheir affliction, and to keep himself unspotted from the world\u201d (Jas.\n1:27). All of these are general commandments governing Christian\nconduct. They announce certain general principles that should guide us\nin our behavior. We must use our own best judgment in applying these\nprinciples to the various questions that arise, and we should pray for\nwisdom to make the proper application. (Jas. 1:5).\n                         Important Conclusions\n1. There are certain important conclusions which should be drawn from\nwhat has already been said. First, in a sphere where God has made\nspecifications we must heed them. We must not ignore them. We must not\nchange them. What he specifies _must_ be done. In executing a command we\nmust heed these specifications. To do otherwise would be an act of\ndisobedience to God Almighty.\n2. Second, where God has made no specifications we should not make any\nand try to bind them on others. To do so would be to add to the word of\nGod, and to violate the principle taught in Revelations 22:18-19 and at\nmany other places in the Bible. God had a good reason for leaving\ncertain commandments in a general form. For me to work out\nspecifications concerning how those general commandments should be\nobeyed and undertake to bind my inventions on others would be a very\ngrievous sin.\nIn the execution of a general commandment, each individual and each\ncongregation is left to make its own choices. It\u2019s just as much harm to\nmake specifications where God has made none, as it is to ignore those\nspecifications that he has made. It would be just as wrong to specify\nthat the Lord\u2019s supper must be eaten at 7:30 P.M. as it would be to\nignore the specification that music used to worship God must be vocal.\n3. Third, in the execution of these general commandments, we should use\nwisdom. Someone has said that there are three kinds of sense: revealed\nsense, common sense, and nonsense. Where there is revealed sense we must\nfollow it; but where there is no revealed sense, where God has given a\ngeneral commandment and left us free to execute it according to our best\njudgment, we should use common sense and not nonsense. In all matters,\nwisdom should be exercised.\nThere are many Scriptures that verify this conclusion. For instance, \u201cIf\nany of you lack wisdom, let him ask of God that giveth to all men\nliberally, and upbraideth not; and it shall be given him. But let him\nask in faith, nothing wavering. For he that wavereth is like a wave of\nthe sea, driven with the wind and tossed. For let not that man think\nthat he shall receive anything of the Lord\u201d (James 1:5-7).\nWisdom has been defined as the ability to properly apply knowledge. In\nthis connection it would be ability to properly apply the knowledge that\nwe have received from God\u2019s word. Such wisdom comes as a result of\nexperience and age and study and prayer. Hebrews 5:14 says, \u201cBut strong\nmeat belongeth to them that are of full age, even those who by reason of\nuse have their senses exercised to discern both good and evil.\u201d\nEvidently that is the reason God has ordained that the older or\nexperienced men shall be the overseers of the local congregation.\nEvidently that\u2019s also the reason he ordained that children should obey\ntheir parents rather than parents obey the children. Oftentimes those\nwho are older can discern good or evil where the younger and less\nexperienced are unable to do so.\nEven the apostles were admonished to use wisdom. Christ said to the\ntwelve in Matthew 10:16: \u201cBehold, I send you forth as sheep in the midst\nof wolves; be ye therefore wise as serpents, and harmless as doves.\u201d\n\u201cLet all things be done decently and in order\u201d (1 Cor. 14:40).\n4. Remember then these three important conclusions. First, in a sphere\nwhere God has made specifications we must heed them. We must not ignore\nthem or change them. We must not substitute something of our own\nchoosing, for that which Jehovah has specified. Specifications in a\ngiven sphere automatically eliminate everything else that comes within\nthe same sphere or category. Second, where he has made no specifications\nwe must not make any. We certainly must not try to bind any on others.\nAnd, third, in applying his general commandments, we should use wisdom.\nWe should use common sense and not nonsense. Recognition and proper\napplication of these principles will furnish a ready solution to many\notherwise difficult questions.\n5. In reference to the plan of salvation, God has been very explicit. He\nspecifies that one must believe in order to be saved (Acts 16:31). He\nspecifies that repentance is essential (Acts 3:19). He likewise\nspecifies that we should confess with our mouths the faith that we have\nin our hearts (Acts 8:37). And he is equally definite in teaching that\nbaptism is a condition of salvation. \u201cThen Peter said unto them, Repent,\nand be baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ for the\nremission of sins, and ye shall receive the gift of the Holy Ghost\u201d\n(Acts 2:38). \u201cAnd now why tarriest thou? arise, and be baptized, and\nwash away thy sins, calling on the name of the Lord\u201d (Acts 22:16). You\nare invited and urged to heed these specifications.\nWe are certainly happy to have so many visitors present and want you to\nknow that you are always more than welcome at our service. It is our\npurpose to do everything we can to show our appreciation and make your\nvisit with us pleasant and profitable.\nOur topic this morning is \u201cIntolerance.\u201d It is both timely and\nimportant. During the past week an organization of churches throughout\nthe nation has been celebrating what is called Brotherhood Week and\npreaching the doctrine of tolerance. There was a panel discussion on\nthis subject at Watkins Institute last Tuesday night which indicated\nthat people are interested in this topic and also illustrated the need\nfor tolerance. So we feel that we are speaking on something which is of\nvery great current interest.\nIncidentally, the panel was also an index to the interest people have in\na public hearing of religious differences. A religious debate will still\nattract a bigger crowd than any other sort of church service. It is a\nmistake to conclude that people are not interested in a discussion of\nreligious issues. There was a debate just a few days ago at White House,\nTennessee, in a very small congregation, perhaps not more than forty or\nfifty members. The crowds overflowed the building. They moved to the\ngymnasium of the local school and filled it before the debate closed.\nThis indicates the extent to which people are interested in public\ninvestigations of religious questions.\n1. In order to study intelligently the subject of intolerance we need to\nunderstand definitely the meaning of the term. The words \u201ctolerance,\u201d\n\u201cintolerance,\u201d \u201ctolerate,\u201d and so on, have several different meanings.\nIf we aren\u2019t careful, one person will be thinking of one meaning of a\nterm and another of a different meaning. If you look these words up in\nyour dictionary, you will see several definitions. In order that we may\nunderstand each other, then, I want to cite two or three of them.\n2. One definition says that intolerance means unwillingness to bear or\nendure. In other words, it means unwillingness to suffer long. Of\ncourse, in that sense intolerance is wrong, because the Bible teaches\nthat we should be longsuffering. One of the fruits of the Spirit is\nlongsuffering (Gal. 5:22). \u201cAnd we exhort you, brethren, admonish the\ndisorderly, encourage the fainthearted, support the weak, be\nlongsuffering toward all\u201d (1 Thess. 5:14 ARV). There are many other\nScriptures in the New Testament which teach the importance, the\nnecessity, of our being longsuffering. So, of course, in this sense we\nought to be tolerant, we ought to be willing to endure, to suffer, and\nto bear.\n3. According to Funk and Wagnal\u2019s dictionary, the word \u201cintolerance\u201d\nalso means \u201cnot disposed to tolerate contrary beliefs or opinions.\u201d\nThere, you see, intolerance is defined in terms of the word \u201ctolerate,\u201d\nso we need to know what it means. The word \u201ctolerate\u201d means \u201cto suffer\nto be, or to be done, without active opposition.\u201d You put all that\ntogether and you simply get this: tolerance means to let the beliefs and\nopinions which are contrary to your own go without opposition; whereas,\nintolerance according to this definition, or meaning of the word, would\nmean to oppose the beliefs and opinions which are contrary to your own.\nNow, the question is, should we be tolerant in this sense? Should we be\ntolerant in the sense of allowing beliefs and opinions which are\ncontrary to our own go without any active opposition on our part? I\nthink this makes the issue clear.\n                      Some Necessary Distinctions\n1. In order to answer this question, I am persuaded that we will have to\nmake a distinction between belief and opinion, and a distinction between\nthings that are essential and things which are not essential. (In making\nthis statement I am aware that the study of such a distinction may\nitself involve a debate, but I am not opposed to debates.) In other\nwords, saying that a man should be tolerant is something like saying he\nought to \u201cbe in favor of.\u201d Well, in favor of what? Before you can say a\nman ought to be in favor, you have to know what is under consideration.\nAm I in favor of it? That depends upon what you are talking about. Am I\ntolerant of it? That depends upon what you are talking about. There are\nsome things I can and should tolerate. There are some other things that\nI cannot and ought not, in the light of God\u2019s word, tolerate at all.\n2. In reference to things which do not affect one\u2019s salvation, we ought\nto be tolerant. For instance, there are some folk who think it is wrong\nto eat meat, and some other folk who think it is all right to eat meat.\nYou can go to heaven without eating meat and you can go to heaven while\nyou eat meat. It doesn\u2019t make any difference as to your salvation. On a\npoint like that we ought to be very generous and very tolerant.\nThis question is discussed at length in the fourteenth chapter of\nRomans. \u201cHim that is weak in the faith receive ye, but not to doubtful\ndisputations. For one believeth that he may eat all things: another, who\nis weak, eateth herbs. Let not him that eateth despise him that eateth\nnot; and let not him which eateth not judge him that eateth: for God\nhath received him. Who art thou that judgest another man\u2019s servant? To\nhis own master he standeth or falleth. Yea, he shall be holden up: for\nGod is able to make him stand\u201d (Rom. 14:1-4).\nLet a man eat vegetables only if he so desires. Let another man eat meat\nif he wants to. In such cases the strong in faith should be considerate\nof those who are weak. \u201cFor meat destroy not the work of God. All things\nindeed are pure; but it is evil for that man who eateth with offence\u201d\n(Rom. 14:20). \u201cWe then that are strong ought to bear the infirmities of\nthe weak, and not to please ourselves. Let every one of us please his\nneighbor for his good to edification. For even Christ pleased not\nhimself: but, as it is written, The reproaches of them that reproached\nthee fell on me\u201d (Rom. 15:1-3). If I had time this morning, it would be\nwell to read the entire fourteenth chapter of Romans and discuss it in\nconnection with the question of our attitude toward matters that are\nindifferent.\n3. What should be our attitude toward matters of belief that do effect\none\u2019s eternal salvation? The question really boils down to this: What\nshould be our attitude toward people who are in error according to our\njudgment? Should we allow people whom we believe to be in error to go\nwithout correction, without some effort on our part to show them that\nthey are wrong and endeavor to get them to change? Certainly not.\nOn the contrary the Bible clearly teaches the duty of doing every thing\nin our power to help people who are in danger. Before developing this\npoint, however, let us note the necessity of distinguishing between\nscriptural and unscriptural methods or means of opposing error. We\ncannot oppose false beliefs with physical or political force. Jesus\nsaid, \u201cMy kingdom is not of this world: if my kingdom were of this\nworld, then would my servants fight ...\u201d (John 18:36).\nEven people who are wrong, who are in error, who are on their way to\ndestruction, who hold beliefs which will damn their souls, are not to be\nopposed with physical force, or with political force. Neither are we\nexpected to oppose them with scorn and ridicule. We are expected to do\neverything we can in love and kindness to teach them the truth and\npersuade them to obey it.\n                     Examples of Sinful Intolerance\n1. My brethren and I should be the first to preach against the use of\nunfair methods in opposing those who are thought to be in error. We have\nsuffered more at the hands of such intolerance than we have ever caused\nothers to suffer. In a certain town the members of a denomination\nthreatened to boycott one of their own group if he sold a building lot\nto members of the church of Christ who were establishing a congregation\nthere, and thus caused him to back out on a trade he had already made.\nSuch prejudiced and unfair opposition was both undemocratic and sinful.\nTo have exercised freedom of speech in a public discussion of religious\ndifferences would have been honorable and democratic, but this the\ndenominationalists would not do. They were too \u201cbroadminded\u201d and\n\u201ctolerant.\u201d It is strange that in politics people understand freedom of\nspeech to mean that one may publicly criticize his opponent, while in\nreligion they pretend that it means something entirely different.\n2. Sometimes our young people are treated with sinful intolerance at\nschool because they refuse to engage in dances. Sometimes they are\ntreated with intolerance when they fail to take part in the gambling\ngames, games of chance, which are played in some of the schools. Very\noften when they refuse to go to picture shows they are laughed at and\nmade fun of. It is not a question of somebody\u2019s attempting with love and\nsincerity to persuade them to change their convictions; too often it is\nsimply a matter of ridicule.\nI could give some instances and call names of Christian young people who\nhave been persecuted in public schools because they had a standard of\nmorality and conduct which was different from that of the majority in\nthe school. That is intolerance of a sinful sort. It is the wrong sort\nof opposition. Endeavoring to teach in love and kindness what one\nbelieves, even mistakingly, to be the truth is legitimate; but opposing\ncontrary beliefs and ideals with ridicule and fun-making is wrong.\n3. We saw an example of this at the panel discussion last Tuesday night.\nThe chairman of the meeting was inclined to poke fun at some in the\naudience who arose to ask questions, apparently asking the questions in\nall sincerity. He would encourage the audience to give them the \u201chorse\nlaugh.\u201d The meeting which was called to promote tolerance manifested\nintolerance of an ugly sort.\nIt was said that this meeting was being called to advocate the doctrine\nthat we should discriminate against no one because of his color, his\ncreed, or his race. These three words don\u2019t belong together. Color,\ncreed, and race do not come in the same category. A man is not\nresponsible for his color. He had no choice in it. A man is not\nresponsible for the race to which he belongs. He had no choice in it. He\nwas born that way. But a man does have a choice in reference to his\ncreed. He chooses his creed. He can believe what he wants to believe.\nIt is not right to put color, race, and creed all in the same class.\nCertainly, you should not hold a man responsible for his color. You\nshould not hold him responsible for his race. He had no choice in the\nmatter and where there is no choice there is no responsibility. But a\nman is responsible for what he believes. This the Bible abundantly\nteaches. For example, \u201cBeloved, believe not every spirit, but try the\nspirits whether they are of God: because many false prophets are gone\nout into the world\u201d (1 John 4:1).\n4. The irony of the situation was that some colored men, who endeavored\nto attend the meeting, which was to promote brotherhood of all the\nraces, all the creeds and all the colors, were turned away from the door\nand not allowed to come in, because they were the wrong color. It is\nright to make a distinction between a man\u2019s color and his creed, but the\ndistinction ought to be made in favor of not holding him accountable for\nhis color, while holding him accountable for his creed. It seems that\nthe spirit of the occasion was just the opposite. \u201cWe won\u2019t hold you\naccountable for your creed, but if you are the wrong color you can\u2019t\ncome in.\u201d Well, that doesn\u2019t quite make sense, does it?\nWe ought not oppose error by such illegitimate means as physical or\npolitical force, embarrassment and ridicule, or making fun. Such weapons\nare very powerful; but they are unlawful. We ought not try to get one to\nbe baptized by making fun or ridiculing him. If I caused him to be\nbaptized by physical or political force, or by the force of ridicule and\nsarcasm, it wouldn\u2019t do him any good. He would be prompted by the wrong\nmotive. One\u2019s obedience to God must be of his own free will.\n                         Intolerance in Schools\n1. While I am talking about the advantage which is sometimes taken of\npeople in school, I want to read something from Harry Emerson Fosdick.\nHe is a man that I wouldn\u2019t ordinarily quote or refer to. He is a\nliberal. There are a thousand things on which I disagree with him, but\nhe has said something in a recent article which I think is worth passing\non. I might not even agree with everything in this quotation, but you\u2019ll\nsee the point.\nHe says: \u201cI am a liberal; I am not pleading for sectarianism or\nconventional orthodoxy or anything of that sort. What I want most of all\nis that Roman Catholics, Jews, and Protestants should prepare together\nsome book or books by means of which the best elements in the spiritual\nheritage of our race can be presented in our schools, objectively and\nwithout offense, as a matter of information.\u201d Whether or not that is\npossible might be open to debate. But listen to what he says next.\n\u201cMeanwhile,\u201d it\u2019s this meanwhile that I am interested in, \u201cMeanwhile,\nhowever, I am fed up with a familiar type of course in some of our\ninstitutions, where religion may not be taught but where, by innuendo\nand clever sniping, irreligion is taught. The Jewish prophets, Christ,\nand the creative seers of our spiritual tradition might as well never\nhave existed, while Freud, for example, not simply as the great pioneer\nin psychiatry but as an atheistic materialist, is presented at length as\nthough he were infallible.\u201d\n2. If I were to go into some of our public schools and teach the truth\non church unity and the meaning of baptism, I would be considered\nintolerant, narrow minded and out of order in using the public schools\nto teach religion. But when a man gets up and teaches that the Bible is\nnot true, he is teaching religion, even though it is a false religion.\nHe is teaching a religion just the same as the man who says that the\nBible is true.\nThat reminds me of one college professor who asked his class at the\nbeginning of the course how many of them believed that God existed.\nSeveral students raised their hands. He said, \u201cI predict that by the\ntime this course is finished there won\u2019t be any here who believe in\nGod.\u201d He was teaching religion\u2014false religion. He was opposing the\ntruth. He was taking advantage of a state school in which to do it.\n3. When I was going to high school nearly every chapel speaker who was\nnot a member of the church of Christ would tell us that one church was\nas good as another. The members of the church of Christ who came never\ngave us the opposite side of that. They should have told us that one\nchurch was not as good as another\u2014that there is only one church.\nHowever, if they had done so, they would have been accused of being\nnarrow minded and of preaching their own peculiar doctrine. But the man\nwho says that one church is just as good as another is preaching what he\nbelieves just as much as I am preaching what I believe when I say that\none is not just as good as another. So you see this matter of tolerance\nought to work both ways in public institutions. If one is not allowed to\nsay that there is just one church, then someone else who believes\ndifferently ought not to be allowed to say that one is just as good as\nanother.\nBut to continue with Mr. Fosdick. \u201cThe separation of church and state is\na fundamental principle of American democracy, but we are allowing it to\nmean what the fathers of the republic never dreamed it should mean: that\nyouth, in our public institutions of learning, may be taught the denials\nof faiths but not the affirmations of them. Our postwar world cannot be\nreconstructed on the basis of any negative futilitarian philosophy. We\ndesperately need great faiths about life issuing in great ethical\nstandards for life.\u201d[1]\nIn other words, Mr. Fosdick is saying that if it is contrary to the\nprinciples of democracy for one to teach in public schools the tenets of\nhis faith, it is equally contrary for an infidel to teach his infidelity\nand try to destroy the faith of his students. Both are forms of\nreligion. On that point I agree with Mr. Fosdick. It is wrong for\ninfidels to hide behind a hypocritical plea for tolerance while they ply\ntheir evil trade of making unbelievers of American youth.\n                         Righteous Intolerance\n1. Now, I want to give you some Scriptures to show that we ought to\noppose, that we are _obligated_ to oppose, what we believe to be wrong.\n1 Timothy 5:20 says, \u201cThem that sin reprove in the sight of all, that\nothers may also be in fear.\u201d That is active opposition, isn\u2019t it?\nAccording to Webster, that is intolerance, but it is the sort of\nintolerance which the Bible demands. Paul said in Galatians, chapter 2\nand verse 11, that he withstood Peter to the face, because he was to be\nblamed. The apostle Paul opposed the apostle Peter concerning his\nattitude toward the Gentiles.\n\u201cWherefore rebuke them sharply that they may be sound in the faith\u201d\n(Titus 1:13). This doesn\u2019t say merely \u201cRebuke them,\u201d but \u201cRebuke them\nsharply.\u201d That is active opposition. \u201cContend earnestly for the faith\nonce delivered unto the saints\u201d (Jude 3). Here again earnest contention\nis not only permitted, but even commanded. Second Corinthians 5:11 says,\n\u201cKnowing therefore the terror of the Lord, we persuade men.\u201d\n2. God told Ezekiel that if he failed to warn sinners, then their blood\nwould be required at his hands. Hear the charge: \u201cSon of man, I have\nmade thee a watchman unto the house of Israel: therefore hear the word\nat my mouth, and give them warning from me. When I say unto the wicked,\nThou shalt surely die; and thou givest him not warning, nor speakest to\nwarn the wicked from his wicked way, to save his life; the same wicked\nman shall die in his iniquity; but his blood will I require at thine\nhand. Yet if thou warn the wicked, and he turn not from his wickedness,\nnor from his wicked way, he shall die in his iniquity; but thou hast\ndelivered thy soul. Again, when a righteous man doth turn from his\nrighteousness, and commit iniquity, and I lay a stumblingblock before\nhim, he shall die: because thou hast not given him warning, he shall die\nin his sin, and his righteousness which he hath done shall not be\nremembered; but his blood will I require at thine hand. Nevertheless if\nthou warn the righteous man, that the righteous sin not, and he doth not\nsin, he shall surely live, because he is warned; and thou hast delivered\nthy soul\u201d (Ezek. 3:17-21). These texts are sufficient to show that we\nare bound by the law of God to give active opposition to the things\nwhich we believe to be sinful and harmful to the spiritual welfare of\nmen.\n3. That gentleness and longsuffering should characterize this work has\nbeen clearly revealed. \u201cBrethren, if a man among you be overtaken in a\nfault, ye which are spiritual, restore such an one in the spirit of\nmeekness,\u201d [not in the spirit of braggadocio or sarcasm; not with\nridicule, abuse, or persecution; not with physical or political force,\nbut in the spirit of meekness] \u201cconsidering thyself lest thou also be\ntempted\u201d (Gal. 6:1). Paul said to Timothy, \u201cI charge thee therefore\nbefore God, and the Lord Jesus Christ who shall judge the quick and the\ndead at his appearing and his kingdom, preach the word; be instant in\nseason, out of season, reprove, rebuke, exhort, with all longsuffering\nand teaching\u201d (2 Tim. 4:1-2). Hence, in the light of God\u2019s Holy Word, it\nis my duty to do everything I can, in meekness and with persuasion, to\ncorrect those whom I believe to be in error.\n4. If you believe that I am saying something today which ought not be\nsaid, it is your duty to come to me after the service is over, or even\nto speak up now, and tell me wherein I am wrong. This is the work of a\nfriend. If you go away and tell somebody else that you think I made a\nmistake and never let me know it, then you are playing the part of an\nenemy. But if you come to me and endeavor to show me where you believe I\nmade a mistake then you will be proving yourself to be a friend.\n                    Standard of Authority Necessary\nBefore these things which I have been advocating can be successfully\napplied we must first of all have a common standard. It was brought out\nin the panel discussion last Tuesday night that the three men on the\npanel each had a different standard. Assumedly, the Protestant speaker\naccepted the entire Bible as the inspired word of God. The Jew did not.\nHe did not accept the New Testament or the Christ of the New Testament;\nhe accepted only the Old Testament. The Catholic speaker plainly stated\nthat he accepted neither as his authority, but that he placed his\nconfidence in the mind of man; of course, that meant the mind of one\nparticular man whom they are pleased to call their pope. The word \u201cpope\u201d\nmeans father. The man whom they call pope is not married, never has been\nmarried. He is an old bachelor, yet he is called father by more people\nthan anybody else on the earth. The Bible says \u201ccall no man your father\nupon the earth\u201d (Matt. 23:9).\nThe Catholic speaker was addressed in the panel discussion as \u201cFather So\nand So.\u201d If I had been on that discussion I would have called him Mr.\nCleary. I suppose during a meeting advocating tolerance he would have\nmeekly tolerated my doing so. For me to call him father would be a\nviolation of my conscience and of the word of God. I couldn\u2019t have\ncalled Mr. Julius Mark \u201cRabbi Mark,\u201d because my Bible says, \u201cBut be not\nye called Rabbi\u201d (Matt. 23:8). I know Mr. Mark doesn\u2019t agree with me on\nthat because he doesn\u2019t accept the New Testament as his Bible. I know\nthe Catholic wouldn\u2019t agree with that, because he says the Bible is not\nthe standard, that this man whom he calls father is the standard.\nJust think how ridiculous it is for three men to pretend that they are\nbrethren when two of them propose to believe in Christ and the other one\ndoesn\u2019t; one believes the New Testament and neither of the others do;\nand one believes that the man whom he calls pope has all the authority\nand neither of the others do. They haven\u2019t yet agreed upon the authority\nor standard to which we should make appeal in order to settle our\ndifferences.\n                        Impractical \u201cTolerance\u201d\nDuring the few remaining minutes I want to talk about a different sort\nof intolerance\u2014or rather a different sort of so-called tolerance\u2014the\nkind that is being advocated generally by such meetings as we had last\nTuesday night, and by a great many folk whom I meet from day to day.\nThis particular type of tolerance simply means that we ought to agree\nwith everybody on everything and oppose nobody on anything. That is what\nit amounts to. Its advocates pretend to endorse everything and everybody\nand oppose nobody and nothing.\nLet me make it clear that this is only a theory. Even the people who\nadvocate it do not practice it. Nobody practices it. If you are going to\ntake the attitude of opposing nothing and endorsing everything and\neverybody, then you have to endorse intolerance. Such so-called\ntolerance would cut off all evangelism. You couldn\u2019t try to convert\nanybody to anything if you put that into practice. You\u2019d just have to\nagree with everybody on everything. So you see it is mostly a theory.\nPeople don\u2019t really agree on things on which they don\u2019t agree. When they\npretend that they are sacrificing their convictions in order to be\ntogether, if you will look right close, you\u2019ll probably find that they\ndon\u2019t have any convictions. During this very hour while I am standing\nhere talking to you, Mr. Julius Mark is preaching at the Vine Street\nChristian Church as a token of this \u201cbrotherhood\u201d that we are talking\nabout wherein everybody is supposed to endorse everybody. Think of it!\nJulius Mark will tell you plainly that he does not believe the New\nTestament, that he does not believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of\nGod. He denies it. And yet he is preaching at this very minute in a\ncongregation which wears the name Christian. If there is anything in\nthis world on which Christians must be united it is the belief that\nJesus is the Christ. A fellow who doesn\u2019t believe that has no right\nwhatsoever to call himself a Christian.\nThis almost convinces me that the Vine Street Christian Church does not\nhave too much faith in Christ themselves or they wouldn\u2019t have a man\npreaching for them who professedly disbelieves in Him. I think I might\nput this to a little test. I do not believe in the organ that the Vine\nStreet Christian Church uses and they know I don\u2019t. Suppose you try to\nget me an appointment there next Sunday. See if you can. If you can,\nI\u2019ll go. If you get me an appointment at the Vine Street Christian\nChurch Sunday I\u2019ll go preach for them and get somebody else to come\nhere. They won\u2019t let me do it. Why? Because I don\u2019t believe in their\norgan. They\u2019ll let a man preach for them who does not believe in Christ,\nbut they won\u2019t let a man preach for them who does not believe in their\norgan. Which do they think the more of, their organ or the Christ? What\ndo you think?\nMaybe I\u2019m mistaken. Maybe they would let me preach there. If they do,\nI\u2019ll take this all back. If I\u2019m not here next Sunday, you inquire and\nfind out if I\u2019m down there, and if I am, then you\u2019ll know that I was\nmistaken in what I have said today. Think of this! They will let a man\npreach for them who doesn\u2019t believe in the Christ. But will they let a\nman preach for them who does not believe in their organ? If they don\u2019t,\nwhat does it mean? It means they think more of their organ than they do\nof the Christ.\nAnd speaking of tolerance, did you ever know of a public meeting leaving\ninstrumental music out of the worship because of tolerance for the\nmembers of the church of Christ who were present? I talked to a man one\ntime who advocated that we ought to have one community church by just\nleaving out those things which we can\u2019t agree upon and taking the things\nwe can agree upon. I said, \u201cWhat are you going to do about these people\nwho don\u2019t believe in instrumental music? Will you leave that off for the\nsake of their conscience?\u201d He said, \u201cNo, they\u2019ll just have to stay on\nthe outside till they can come in with us.\u201d The people who teach that\nsort of tolerance and so-called broad-mindedness don\u2019t practice it. In\nreference to something on which they have no conviction they will appear\nto be very broadminded, but if you test them out on one of their pet\ntheories or hobbies or something that they do believe, then they are\njust as narrow minded as anyone else, or more so.\nIn the forum last Tuesday night it was said that we ought to leave off\nall doctrinal differences and just love our neighbors as we love\nourselves. Let\u2019s put that to the test. What does it mean to love your\nneighbor? Do you love your neighbor as you do yourself when you see him\non his way to hell and don\u2019t try to stop him? Suppose you are thoroughly\nconvinced that your neighbor is following a doctrine that will take him\nto hell, and you don\u2019t try to stop him, just throw your arm around him\nand call him \u201cBrother,\u201d is that love? Why that\u2019s the very opposite of\nlove! If you see a man riding down the highway and know that a bridge\nhas been washed out a few miles ahead and he is going to run off and\nkill himself, will you try to stop him? You will if you love him. If you\nsee a man on his way to hell, you\u2019ll try to stop him if you love him!\nI agree that we ought to love our neighbor as ourselves, but I also\ninsist that love will move us to do everything we can in order to\ncorrect him when we see him following a course which will lead unto his\ndestruction. Love demands that we preach the truth. Love demands that we\npersuade people to obey Christ. Love brought Jesus to this earth, and if\nwe have the love that he had, we will do everything in our power to get\npeople to believe, understand and obey the truth.\nIn mathematics we have a very simple law which says that things equal to\nthe same thing are equal to each other. If two things are both equal to\na third thing, then they are equal to each other. Friends, that gives\nyou the basis of Christian unity. When we all get with Christ we\u2019ll all\nbe together. Isn\u2019t that simple? And that is the only ground for unity.\nChristian unity cannot exist on any other basis. The only way we can\nhave Christian unity is for all to get with Christ, and then we\u2019ll all\nbe together. The unity problem will then be solved. There can be no\nunity when one takes Christ as his creed, another follows the Old\nTestament and denies Christ, and still another follows a man over in\nRome and calls him \u201cFather.\u201d In such a group unity cannot exist.\nChrist is revealed in the New Testament. When we all take our stand on\nthe Bible and get with Christ, we\u2019ll be together. Jesus said, \u201cHe that\nbelieveth and is baptized shall be saved\u201d (Mark 16:16). That is what we\nhave to do to get with him. Paul said, speaking by the Holy Spirit, \u201cFor\nas many of you as have been baptized into Christ have put on Christ\u201d\n(Gal. 3:27). That\u2019s the way you get into Christ. When you believe and\nare baptized into Christ that puts you in Christ; then you will be with\nall the other folk who are in Christ and they are the only ones with\nwhom you want to be. You don\u2019t want to be with those who are outside of\nChrist because they are lost. You want to be with those who are in\nChrist.\nIf you have put on Christ through obedience to his will and continue to\nfollow in the footsteps of Christ as revealed in his word, then some day\nyou will go home and be united with Christ forever, and united with all\nother Christians forever, in the world better than this one. Surely in\nthis large audience there are many people present who are ready to obey\nChrist. When you do, you\u2019ll be taking your stand on the ground of unity,\nwhere unity must be established if ever established. Therefore, you will\nnot be to blame for the division that curses the world today. We invite\nyou to accept the invitation of Jesus Christ and come to him and let him\nsave you now. Will you come?\n                     WHENCE SO MANY DENOMINATIONS?\nSometimes the question of our topic is asked for information. At other\ntimes it is presented argumentatively, with the implication that the\nmere existence of so many denominations is evidence of their right to\nexist. The implication is that churches of human origin, operating on\nhuman authority, could never have secured such a large following. Back\nof this implication is the assumption that the majority is necessarily,\nor at least usually, right.\n                       Majority Frequently Wrong\nThose who make this assumption underestimate the capacity of mankind for\nmaking mistakes! In the days of Noah only eight people on the earth were\nright. All the others were wrong. You who put your confidence in the\nmajority would have said, \u201cNoah, you\u2019re wrong. It will never rain as you\npredict. There are only eight people in your little group; all the rest\nin the world, including many highly educated and brilliant men, are\nagainst you. The majority must be right; therefore, you are wrong.\u201d I\nimagine a great many people reasoned after this fashion in Noah\u2019s time;\nbut those who did got drowned.\nIn the days of Jesus the majority was wrong again. When he died on the\ncross only a handful stayed with him. Practically all the world had\nturned against him. If the majority had been right, then Jesus would\nhave been wrong, but we know that such was not the case.\nThe Bible clearly teaches that the majority will be lost. \u201cEnter ye in\nat the strait gate: for wide is the gate, and broad is the way, that\nleadeth to destruction, and many there be which go in thereat; because\nstrait is the gate, and narrow is the way, which leadeth unto life, and\nfew there be that find it\u201d (Matt. 7:13, 14). Hence in matters pertaining\nto your soul it is not safe to put your confidence in the majority.\n                        The Bible Demands Unity\nIn all sincerity then, where did so many denominations come from? Did\nthey come from the Bible? No. The Bible reveals only one church. Jesus\nChrist said, \u201cUpon this rock I will build my church\u201d (Matt. 16:18). Note\nthat he didn\u2019t say \u201cchurches.\u201d The Bible teaches that God\u2019s children\nshould be united. Just before he died on the cross Jesus prayed that the\nunity which existed between Him and the Father might also exist among\nall believers. \u201cNeither pray I for these alone, but for them also which\nshall believe on me through their word; that they all may be one; as\nthou, Father, art in me, and I in thee, that they also may be one in us:\nthat the world may believe that thou hast sent me\u201d (John 17:20, 21).\nRecently I heard a college professor say he was glad that we have\nnumerous denominations. I don\u2019t think he realized what he was saying.\nHis remark amounted to an expression of gratitude for the fact that the\ncondition for which our Lord prayed does not exist among the majority of\nthose who claim to be His disciples.\nUnity of thought and word is required. \u201cNow I beseech you, brethren, by\nthe name of our Lord Jesus Christ that ye all speak the same thing, and\nthat there be no divisions among you, but that ye be perfectly joined\ntogether in the same mind and in the same judgment\u201d (1 Cor. 1:10).\nDivisions and parties are condemned (Gal. 5:20).\nAs you know, we have the opposite of this biblical requirement. All who\nprofess to follow Jesus are not united. In the United States alone there\nare more than two hundred denominations. One group teaches one thing;\nanother something different. One denomination says, \u201cLo, here is\nChrist.\u201d Another says, \u201cNo, He is with us.\u201d Consequently, people are\nconfused and know not which way to turn. Some are driven into\ninfidelity. Many decide that the whole thing is incomprehensible and\njust decide to follow the line of least resistance.\nWhat is the source of all this division and consequent confusion? Is it\nthe Bible? Is it possible that God failed to reveal clearly his will to\nman? Is it so ambiguous that we can not all \u201csee it alike?\u201d If so, the\nBible is a failure. If the Bible is not an adequate ground of unity,\nthere is no such ground. If the Bible is not a sufficient basis for\nunity then it is inconsistent; for certainly its ideal is unity. So I\nwish to go on record in declaring that the Bible is not the source of\nthe trouble!\nIn our search for the origin of denominational divisions, with all their\nattendant evils, we must look in some other direction. Let me appeal to\nyou as an individual. How did you come to be what you are religiously?\nWhere did you get your conception of Christianity? From reading the\nBible, or from some other source? Did you form your church connection\nbecause of conviction resulting from prayerful, diligent, and faithful\nBible study? Or did you merely follow the example of your parents, the\nsocial set to which you belong, your personal taste, the law of\nconvenience, or some other fallible standard?\nIf you will examine your own hearts, it will throw a lot of light, not\nonly on where so many denominations came from, but especially on why\nthey are able to continue, which is equally, if not more, important.\nEven in a congregation like this, most likely there are some whose\nreligious course has been determined by convenience rather than\nconviction. Such persons are not steadfast. When it becomes more\nconvenient to do something else, or to be something else, they will turn\naside. Unless you develop some convictions, you can easily become a\nliability rather than an asset.\nIn religion, as in politics, many blindly follow the example of their\nparents. Even if this policy leads you into the church we read about in\nthe Bible, it is not sufficient. If you are a member of the Lord\u2019s\nchurch, you ought to have a better reason than the fact that your\nparents happened to be members of it. You ought to have some convictions\non the subject. You ought to be what you are because you believe you\nwould go to hell if you were otherwise! If that is the way you feel,\nthen you will be worth something to the group to which you belong. Then\nyou will put the church first.\nBut how come our parents to be divided into more than two hundred\ndifferent sects? The same false standards which cause our generation to\nbe divided, including the example of their parents. And so we may trace\nthe history of denominations and erroneous doctrines back up the stream\nof time from generation to generation, can\u2019t we?\nThis, however, does not completely explain their origin. They had to\nbegin somewhere between here and Pentecost. How far back can they be\ntraced? When and where did they originate?\n                  Early Apostasy and Roman Catholicism\nIn order to answer these questions let us begin at the other end of the\nline, at Pentecost, and come down toward the present to see what we can\nfind. Since Jesus built only one church, at least one hundred and\nninety-nine of the approximately two hundred now in existence had to get\nstarted somewhere else, at some other time, and in some other way.\nIn the church that Jesus built, each congregation is entirely\nindependent of every other congregation. The Bible teaches\ncongregational autonomy, which means that under Christ each congregation\nis entirely independent. According to the Bible, there can be no\norganization whatsoever binding two or more congregations together. This\nis the first fundamental fact to remember.\nSecond, in the church built by Christ, each local congregation is\nsupervised by a group of men who are called by either of six different\nnames: pastors, bishops, overseers, presbyters, elders, or shepherds. In\nthe Bible these six names are used interchangeably. The words elder and\npresbyter are both from the same Greek word \u201cpresbyteros\u201d; the words\nbishop and overseer are both translations of the same Greek word\n\u201cepiskopos\u201d; and the words pastor and shepherd are also synonyms, being\nderived from the Greek word \u201cpoimenas.\u201d Paul referred to the elders of\nthe church at Ephesus as bishops and designated their work of feeding or\ntending the flock by using the verb form of the Greek word for pastors\nHence, no distinction of title or rank is suggested by the Bible use of\nthese words. It is very important that we remember this fact. The\noverseers, the pastors, the shepherds, the bishops, the elders, and the\npresbyters are all the same men. The nine men here whom we frequently\ncall elders may by the same authority be called by either of these other\nfive names. They are the pastors of this congregation; they are the\noverseers; they are the bishops; they are the presbyters; they are the\nshepherds of the flock.\nWhenever one of these names is used to distinguish one person from the\nrest of the group they describe, trouble will always follow. That is\nexactly what happened in the early history of the church. It probably\noccurred in a very natural way and so gradually that only the most\nvigilant became alarmed. In a group of overseers, it is most likely that\none of them will be more active than the others. It is natural for one\nof them to have more ability and more zeal as a leader than the rest,\nand he is liable to become known as the leader of the group.\nThus it came to pass in the history of the early church. One of the\noverseers, or elders, became so much more prominent and influential than\nthe others that they began to designate him by a different name. They\ncalled him the bishop. The rest of the overseers were called presbyters.\nThey took one of these six Bible names and made it apply to one of the\nmen in the group to distinguish him from the others. Now, that looks\nlike a very small departure, doesn\u2019t it? If I had been living in those\ndays and had warned the brethren against such a practice, they would\nhave said, \u201cThat preacher is radical. He is making a mountain out of a\nmolehill. What difference does it make if we want to distinguish the man\nwho does most of the work by calling him the bishop?\u201d Anyone who opposed\nthem would probably have been called old-fashioned, non-progressive,\netc.\nBut, friends, I want you to know that that is the seed out of which has\ngrown more than two hundred denominations in America. Out of that first\ndeparture from the Bible plan has come the ecclesiastical hierarchies\nthat curse the religious world today. If you and I aren\u2019t very careful,\nwe will repeat the same error. Whenever one man in the congregation is\nset above all the others in the group and is distinguished by any title\nwhatsoever, you are taking a step in the wrong direction.\nWell, let us follow the matter still further. It was also perfectly\nnatural for this congregation which had made one man more prominent than\nthe others, and distinguished him by the title Bishop, to start some\nmissions around over the country and exercise authority over them until\nthey became self-supporting. Since the man who was now called the bishop\nwas head of the mother congregation, you can see how it would be very\neasy for the same man to become the head of this group of churches.\nThus, less than two hundred years after Christ, there came into being a\nform of church organization quite opposite the plan revealed in the\nBible. Instead of a group of men, with equal authority under Christ,\noverseeing one congregation there was one man over a group of\ncongregations.\nDoubtless there were certain congregations who maintained scriptural\norganization, contended against these departures, and refused to share\nin the digression. When some digressed and others did not, there was\nnaturally a division\u2014not because the Bible was at fault, but because\nsome refused to follow the Bible.\nThe territory represented by a group of congregations over which a\nbishop gained control came to be known as a diocese. Later these\ngeographic units were grouped to form larger units. In these larger\nunits one of the \u201cbishops,\u201d usually the one residing in the capital of\nthe province, gained ascendancy in rank and authority over his fellow\n\u201cbishops\u201d and was called the metropolitan.\nThe digression was augmented by conferences held in the various\nprovinces and in which the local metropolitan served as chairman. At\nfirst, they were innocent \u201cget-togethers\u201d of delegates from the\ndifferent congregations for the sake of fellowship, friendly discussion\nof their common problems, and reaching conclusions on disputed\nquestions. But they soon partook of the nature of legislative bodies,\nand were called Councils by the Latins, and Synods by the Greeks. Thus\nthere came into existence a source of legislation in addition to, and\ndifferent from, the Bible. The congregations joining in this movement\nwere deprived of their scriptural autonomy.\nUntil after A.D. 300 each province held its own separate conference, and\neach metropolitan was entirely independent of all the other\nmetropolitans in the government of his province. You can imagine how the\ncongregations that refused to \u201cstring along\u201d with the crowd were\ncondemned and boycotted by the ecclesiastical leaders.\nIn A.D. 325 the first general council was called, and the congregations\nrepresented were divided into five groups according to the political\ndivisions of the Roman Empire. The ecclesiastical ruler of each group\nwas called \u201cPatriarch\u201d or \u201cChief Father.\u201d This council formulated what\nis known as the Nicene Creed, which was adopted by most of the churches\nand which is still acknowledged by many denominations today, including\nthe Roman Catholic. Naturally there was rivalry among the five \u201cChief\nFathers.\u201d The \u201cbishops\u201d of Rome and Constantinople managed to gain\nsupremacy over the other three (those at Jerusalem, Alexander, and\nAntioch). The warfare between these two was long and fierce. In A.D. 588\nJohn the Faster, the Patriarch of Constantinople, assumed the title of\n\u201cUniversal Bishop of the Church.\u201d The Patriarch of Rome protested\nbitterly, but in A.D. 606 the title of \u201cUniversal Bishop\u201d was\ntransferred from John the Faster to the \u201cRoman See.\u201d\nThus with more than five hundred years of gradual drifting away from the\nBible plan they developed a complete ecclesiastical hierarchy, with its\ncouncils, creeds, and dignitaries, supposedly having authority in\naddition to, different from, and in some cases, greater than, the Bible.\nAuthority was now divided between the Bible and men who were\npresumptuous enough to set themselves up as legislators in the kingdom\nof God, which eventually culminated in the \u201cPope\u2019s\u201d ridiculous claim to\nbe infallible. By the congregations sharing in this apostasy the Bible\nwas no longer considered a complete and final authority.\nSometimes today people undertake to explain the existence of\ndenominations by saying that we cannot see the Bible alike. Friends,\nthat is an insult to God. Anybody who says that ambiguity and\nindefiniteness on the part of the Bible is to blame for all the division\nwhich God so plainly condemns is insulting God Almighty; accusing Him of\nbeing unable to write a book that would express what he wanted folk to\nknow. It is to accuse God of passing a law against division, and\ncondemning division, and coming right along and giving the world a book\nthat would naturally result in division. I do not believe that God is\ncharacterized by any such inconsistency. I do not believe He would\ncondemn us for being divided, and then give us a book that would\ninevitably divide us.\nFriends, it is not because we are not able to see the Bible alike, but\nit is because so many people consider something else besides the Bible\nas authority. I have given you a brief outline of how it started. Any\nRoman Catholic \u201cpriest\u201d in this town will tell you that, in his\nestimation, the Bible is not the final authority in what people are to\ndo in religion, but that the man whom they call the Pope is the\ninfallible guide.\n                   The Reformation and Protestantism\n\u201cWell, that explains,\u201d you say, \u201cjust one denomination, but where did\nall the others come from?\u201d We shall try to show you the connection\nbetween the Roman Catholic Church and many of the other denominations.\nFor a period of seven hundred years, the Roman Catholics held sway over\na vast majority of people who called themselves Christians. I believe\nthat all down through the ages there were some folk who rebelled against\nthe Roman \u201cPope\u201d; and I am of the opinion, although I could not prove\nit, that in every generation there were some faithful Christians not\nalways numerous and prominent enough to win recognition in history, but\nwho were nevertheless contending for and obeying the truth. Be that as\nit may, we know that the Roman Catholic Church dominated most of the\nreligious world for many centuries\u2014until finally the Roman Catholics and\nthe Greek Catholics divided in the twelfth century A.D. Then those two\nheld the reins until there came the period in history which is known as\nthe Great Reformation.\nI have great respect for such men as Martin Luther, Ulrich Zwingli, John\nLocke, John Calvin, and John Wesley. [I don\u2019t know why so many of them\nwere named John, I have often wondered.] Even though a great deal of\nharm has been done in the name of these men, we must recognize them as\nhaving done some noble work.\nTake Martin Luther, for instance, who found a Bible while he was a\nstudent in a convent, and studied it diligently. He became convinced\nthat the sale of indulgences was sinful and endeavored to reform the\nRoman Catholic Church on this point. As a consequence of this effort he\nwas excommunicated. Naturally, he started an independent movement. His\npurpose was to get back to the Bible and throw off all human authority,\ntaking the Bible as his only guide. If he and all of his followers had\nbeen true to this noble ideal, there would be no Lutheran Church on the\nearth today. They would have become Christians and Christians only.\nI am convinced that Martin Luther did not intend to start a\ndenomination. He pleaded with the people not to wear his name, but\nrather to call themselves Christians. He had strong convictions, and was\nwilling to suffer for the sake of them. But, friends, Martin Luther had\nbecome well saturated with error before he began to study the Bible for\nhimself. He could hardly have been expected to discover all the truth\nimmediately.\nHe knew that the Roman Catholics were wrong on indulgences, but they\nwere also wrong on a great many other points which he did not discover.\nIf he and his followers had continued to study the Bible and to make\nreformations as the need for them was discovered, then they would have\nkept getting back closer and closer to the original plan. This they did\nnot do. Instead they made the tragic error of formulating a creed or\nconfession of faith. This they probably did with good intentions, hoping\nthereby to protect their followers against the snares of Roman\nCatholicism and other errors, but they defeated their purpose. It was\nnot long until the creed began to be recognized as authoritative\u2014if not\nas equal to the Bible at least as a subordinate authority. Naturally the\ncreed was erroneous and ambiguous. It was written by uninspired men and\nby men blinded and prejudiced by Roman Catholicism. The creed makers\nwere wearing the colored glasses of Roman Catholicism. They who had had\nRomanism drilled into them from infancy could not instantly and entirely\ndisabuse themselves of it. In some cases they retained Roman error; in\nother cases they were driven into opposite extremes.\nNaturally, after a generation or so, they acquired members who were in\nthe movement not because of conviction, but because of convenience, or\nbecause their parents were. This condition, with the deadening effect of\na creed\u2014of a human creed\u2014made progress back to the Bible very difficult,\nif not impossible. Each step of reformation called for a revision of the\ncreed, and creeds are hard to revise. People become attached to them;\nthey come to think more of them than they think of the Bible itself, if\nthey aren\u2019t very careful. They develop a patriotic attitude toward the\ncreed which is very difficult to overcome. Consequently, we have the\nLutheran Church with us today.\nThis appraisal of Luther\u2019s work will fit, in a general way, the work of\nother reformers. They made similar errors. If they had maintained the\nscientific attitude\u2014which means to test every point, investigate to see\nif you are right and change when you\u2019re wrong, prove all things and hold\nfast to that which is good\u2014then they would have kept getting back closer\nto God. But when their movements became crystallized, when they became\nsatisfied with their _status quo_, and had acquired a number of members\nwho were without conviction, then they not only ceased getting back\ncloser to God but they began to drift away from Him. As a consequence,\nmany of the denominations today resemble their mother, the Roman\nCatholic Church, more than they did in the beginning.\nAnd so, my friends, we have before us a brief outline of how\ndenominations got started. The Roman Catholic Church is the result of\ncenturies of drifting away from the New Testament pattern. Since it\nreached the zenith of its power, many other denominations have resulted\nfrom unsuccessful and incomplete efforts to reform the Catholics or some\nother existing group. In most cases the movement of the reformers,\nbecause of indifference and a lack of conviction in their ranks,\neventually lost ground. In every instance, consciously or unconsciously,\nsomething besides the Bible has been accepted as authority. Errors,\nwhich the Protestant churches, willingly or unwillingly, inherited from\nthe Catholics have been handed down from generation to generation even\nto the present. Thus, many unscriptural practices and doctrines of the\ndenominations are traceable to the church at Rome with its preposterous\nclaim of infallibility. Many members of denominations do not realize\nthat much of what they get from their parents and preachers and which\nthey fancy to be of Biblical origin, has, in fact, descended from Rome\nand can claim no higher authority.\n                        The Restoration Movement\nBut to pursue our historical survey a little further, at the beginning\nof the nineteenth century with three hundred years of Protestant\ndenominational history before them, various religious leaders were\nawakened to the evils of creeds, and a \u201cback to the Bible\u201d movement was\nbegun. In America the work of these men became known as the Restoration\nMovement. It was their purpose to go back to Pentecost, to begin at\nJerusalem, as a surveyor begins at the established corner, mark out the\nlines revealed in the New Testament, and establish congregations just\nlike the pattern that Jesus gave. That was a noble undertaking and it\nproved to be a very successful one. It was the fastest growing religious\nmovement the world had seen since the days of the apostles.\nBut remember it is very difficult for reforms to stay reformed. In a\ngeneration or so there grew up in this movement also an element who were\nparties to it because their parents were and not because of personal\nconviction. Such an element is a liability to any movement. This element\nhas become crystallized in the digressive wing of the movement, who,\nalthough some of their followers may not realize it, no longer regard\nthe Bible as complete and final authority. They have no written creed\nbut they have discredited the Bible. Whether they admit it or not, their\nprinciple is: \u201cWhere the Bible speaks we may be silent; where the Bible\nis silent we are at liberty to speak.\u201d Without any effort to explain how\nit is done, they claim that God is still revealing his will to man in\nsome way independent of the Bible. They claim to have advanced beyond\nthe wisdom of the apostles themselves, and regard their own\nintellectuality as equal to, or superior to, the Bible. Thus, each man\nbecomes a law unto himself, and there is, therefore, no ground for\nunity.\nI am thankful, however, that there were some who refused to assume an\nindifferent attitude, who are still contending for the faith once\ndelivered to the saints, and who realize that we must be ever striving\nto get closer to the divine plan revealed in the New Testament. Since\nreformations will not stay reformed, the only way to keep on the right\nroad is to be forever getting back on the right way. This we cannot do\nunless we have conviction, and unless we study God\u2019s word. That\u2019s one of\nour reasons for giving so much emphasis to the importance of your\nsearching the Scriptures daily. It may be that we have some in our very\nmidst who do not know the difference between the true church and a\ndenomination, and who cannot give an intelligent reason for the hope\nthat is within them. Such an element in a congregation is easily\ndeceived by digressive influences and must become strong in the faith\nfor their own sake and for the safety of the church.\n                     The Need of Constant Vigilance\nHence, my brethren, we need to be watching today, lest we become slack\nand allow error to creep into our midst and become established among us.\nRemember that human nature is just the same now that it has always been.\nThe same sort of indifferent attitude and drifting which resulted in the\nRoman Catholic Church and which resulted in the establishment of other\ndenominations in the world, will make a denomination out of us if we are\nnot always on the guard. Eternal vigilance is the price of being right.\nWe have the same human nature that others have. If we aren\u2019t willing to\npay the price of being better students of God\u2019s word, then we, too, will\ndrift into another denomination, and not be worth the time and place\nwhich we occupy. We don\u2019t need any more denominations! We have enough!\nIf you want to be a member of a denomination you don\u2019t need to start\nanother one. You have more than two hundred to choose from. Some of them\nare very highly organized and well financed. There is no reason for\nstarting another one; _there are many reasons for not doing so_! Unless\nwe are going to understand the difference between the true church and\ndenominationalism, unless we are going to contend earnestly for\nnon-denominational Christianity, then we do not deserve to exist and the\nworld would be better off if we did not.\n                        Extra-Biblical Standards\nThere is one fact which I want to emphasize further. In every case of\ndenominationalism some authority other than the Bible has been\nrecognized. Otherwise denominations could not come into existence, and\ndenominations could not continue to exist. The extra-Biblical authority\nmight be the man whom they call the Pope at Rome. It might be your\npreacher in some denomination which you look up to as being the final\nauthority. It might be the creed of the denomination to which you\nbelong. It might be the people among whom you move. It might be your own\nfeelings in the matter. It might be tradition or family heritage. But I\ndon\u2019t care what it is, if it is outside the Bible, it is not a true\nsource of authority in religion. The existence of so many denominations\ntoday is not caused by people\u2019s being unable to see the Bible alike.\nThey are here because, while a few people take the Bible as their only\nguide, a great many take something else as their standard.\nYou meet a great many people who claim to take the Bible as their only\nrule of faith and practice, but when you press them to cite the\nscriptural authority for certain of their practices they are utterly\nunable to do so. If one takes the Bible as sole authority in religion,\nthen he ought to be able to point to the Scripture which gives the\nauthority for everything he does. So don\u2019t let a man get by with a mere\nstatement \u201cWe take the Bible as our guide.\u201d If you talk to him a few\nminutes, you will possibly find that he is following some preacher,\nfollowing his feelings, or following the church to which he belongs. You\nmay hear him use such expressions as, \u201cWhat does your church believe on\nthis point?\u201d or \u201cWhat does the church of Christ teach on a certain\nmatter?\u201d Well, I don\u2019t have any church. And the church of Christ doesn\u2019t\nteach anything on a certain point. If it did, its teaching would not\nnecessarily be of any value. Such questions, such expressions betray a\nwrong conception of the church. The question should be: \u201cWhat does the\nBible teach in reference to a certain matter?\u201d\nIf you can\u2019t find authority in the Bible for your position, you\u2019d better\nnot depend upon it. Most of the people who are at worship this very hour\nbelong to a church whose name they cannot find in the Bible. Yet the\npreachers who preach in those churches will tell you, \u201cYes, we take the\nBible as our only guide.\u201d To refute their claim you need only ask them\none question: \u201cWhere did you get your name?\u201d They would probably say,\n\u201cIt\u2019s a nickname. Someone else gave it to us.\u201d\n\u201cWell, how come you to acknowledge it?\u201d\n\u201cOh, we just got tired of objecting to it so we finally acknowledged\nit.\u201d\n\u201cYou didn\u2019t get it out of the Bible then.\u201d\nFriends, think about how ridiculous it is for a man to say, \u201cWe follow\nthe Bible, and the Bible only,\u201d when the very name of the church to\nwhich he belongs cannot be found from Genesis to Revelation. The sad\npart of it is that a great many of the members don\u2019t know the\ndifference. I have asked people who wore an extra-Biblical name if they\ncould find their name in the Bible. Frequently, they say, \u201cYes. I don\u2019t\nknow where it is but I\u2019m sure it is in there somewhere.\u201d It just isn\u2019t\nthere. I knew it wasn\u2019t there, but the poor folk thought it was because\nthey had heard some preacher say they were following the Bible.\nAgain I protest the statement that denominations are caused by people\u2019s\nbeing unable to see the Bible alike. That is an insult to my God and I\nobject to it. It is because many are following something besides the\nBible. They may deny it but they are. Otherwise there could be only one\nchurch on this earth because there is only one church in the Bible.\nIf you belong to something this morning that you cannot read about in\nthe Bible, won\u2019t you come out of it? Won\u2019t you say, \u201cFrom this morning\non, I will take the Bible as my guide. I will take one step at a time as\nthat step is revealed in God\u2019s word until it leads me home to heaven at\nlast\u201d?\nNow, if you will do that, the way is simple. \u201cGod so loved the world\nthat he gave his only begotten son, that whosoever believeth on him\nshould not perish but have everlasting life\u201d (John 3:16). \u201cBut without\nfaith it is impossible to please him\u201d (Heb. 11:6). So if you are going\nto follow the Bible, the first thing you must do is believe. Again Jesus\nsaid, \u201cExcept ye repent, ye shall all likewise perish\u201d (Luke 13:3). So\nthe next thing you will do is repent.\nI heard a man say this week that the only thing you had to do in order\nto be saved was just believe, but the Bible says, \u201cExcept ye repent ye\nshall all likewise perish,\u201d and repentance is not believing. Repentance\nis at least one thing you must do after you believe or else the Bible\nsays you will perish and have no chance to be saved.\nAnd then on the day of Pentecost Peter said, \u201cRepent and be baptized\nevery one of you in the name of Jesus Christ for the remission of sins\u201d\n(Acts 2:38). It is not hard to see that. People who refuse to do it\nsimply don\u2019t want to see it or just don\u2019t want to do it after they see\nit\u2014one or the other! If you want to follow the Bible, the way is plain,\nisn\u2019t it? If you take something else for your guide, then no telling\nwhere you will land.\nBut someone may say, \u201cWhat is baptism?\u201d Let the Bible answer. \u201cBuried\nwith him in baptism, wherein ye are also risen with him through the\nfaith of the operation of God, who hath raised him from the dead\u201d (Col.\n2:12). \u201cTherefore we are buried with him by baptism into death that like\nas Christ was raised up from the dead by the glory of the Father, even\nso we also should walk in newness of life\u201d (Rom. 6:4). Hence, according\nto the Bible, baptism is a burial and a resurrection. If you weren\u2019t\nburied when you were baptized, then you were not baptized; because the\nBible says we are buried by baptism. A so-called baptism which doesn\u2019t\ninvolve a burial isn\u2019t the kind of baptism the Bible talks about. If you\ndo something else, you don\u2019t get it from the Bible. If you stick to the\nBible, you have the matter settled. You can\u2019t get anything else from it\nexcept a burial. It doesn\u2019t say anything else.\nIncidentally, do you know where the doctrine of sprinkling and pouring\ncame from? It came from the man who is called the Pope of Rome! At the\nCouncil of Vienna, A.D. 1311, by no higher authority than the Roman\nCatholic Church, it was decided that sprinkling and pouring might be\npracticed for baptism. Most often today the people who accept sprinkling\nor pouring instead of baptism do not realize that they are following the\nman over in Rome who claims to be greater than the Bible. You probably\ngot it from your parents, your parents from theirs and their parents\nfrom some preacher and so on, but the chain leads back eventually to the\nRoman Catholic Church. It has no higher authority. The Bible condemns\nit.\nI beseech you in the name of Jesus Christ that you submit unto His will\nas revealed unto us in the Holy Bible. If you will follow Him, He will\ntake you home to rest at last.\n(Note: As this sermon was being presented the outline seen below was on\nthe blackboard before the audience.)\n    _Introduction_: This is a question that concerns every person.\n  I. _God Has Only One_\n    B. There are more than two hundred in America.\n    C. Which one belongs to God?\n  II. _The One That Follows the Bible_\n    A. Obviously they don\u2019t all follow the Bible.\n    B. The Bible is a sufficient guide (2 Tim. 3:16, 17; Gal. 1:8, 9; 2\n    C. What does it teach?\n  III. _Conditions of Membership_\n    A. Same as condition of salvation (Acts 2:47).\n    C. Repentance (Acts 2:38; Acts 3:19; Acts 17:30).\n    D. Confession (Rom. 10:10; Acts 8:37).\n  IV. _Worship_\n    C. Studying and teaching (Acts 2:42; Acts 20:7; etc.).\n    D. Vocal Music (Eph. 5:19; Col. 3:16).\n    F. In spirit and truth (John 4:24).\n  V. _Daily Christian Living_ (Tit. 2:12; Jas. 1:27; Mark 12:30, 31;\n  VI. _Bible Names for God\u2019s Church_\n    C. The Church of Christ (Matt. 16:18; Rom. 16:16).\n  VII. _Organization_ (Acts 14:23; 20:28; Phil. 1:1).\n  VIII. _Charity and Evangelistic Work_ (Acts 11:27-30; 12:25; 24:17; 1\n    _Conclusion_: The church that follows the Bible on all points is the\n          one that is right.\nBy actual count there are 217 people present for this Sunday evening\nworship. We are glad you are here. Your presence is a distinct\nencouragement. It helps. We can have better work by your being here than\nwe could if you were not here. We have some visitors and you are very\nwelcome. May you enjoy with us all the blessings that are to be had here\nand help us make these services even better!\nAt the close of the lesson we shall sing \u201cCome to Jesus,\u201d for the\npurpose of encouraging you to accept the Lord\u2019s invitation. The\ninvitation comes from Jesus Christ. By his authority and by the power of\nthe Holy Spirit the doors of the church were opened nearly 2,000 years\nago on the day of Pentecost, and the doors of the _Lord\u2019s_ church have\nbeen standing wide open ever since. Whosoever will may come. We sing\nthis invitation song for the sake of the exhortation it contains and to\ngive you a convenient opportunity to come forward and make known your\ndesire to obey the Lord. Backsliders are invited to return to God,\nconfessing their sins, repenting of them, and praying for forgiveness.\nThose who have never been born again are taught by the Bible to believe\nin Christ, repent of their sins, confess their faith, and be baptized\nfor the remission of sins. We are prepared to assist you in carrying out\nyour obedience of these commands. If you will come forward and make your\nwishes known, we shall be glad to help you in every way we can.\nI promised to speak to you tonight upon the topic \u201cWhich Church Is\nRight?\u201d That is a very important question, and the timeliness of it is\nevident by the fact that in the United States there are more than 200\nchurches. Just for the sake of a round number, we\u2019ll speak of them as\n200. That is, indeed, enough. In fact, too many! For, in the Bible,\nthere is only one. Now, you just think about that\u2014200 in the United\nStates alone, to say nothing about other parts of the world, and only\none in the Bible!\nOn the board tonight I have an outline of the lesson and the Scriptures\nwhich shall be used. I would like for you who are interested to write\nthese Scriptures down, that you may give them further study. Search the\nScriptures, as the noble people of Berea did, to see whether these\nthings are true. There are many Scriptures which show that there is only\none church in the Bible. Here are a few of them listed under No. 1. In\nMatthew 16:18, Jesus said, referring to the confession that Peter had\njust made, \u201cUpon this rock I will build my church.\u201d He used the singular\nform of the word. He didn\u2019t say \u201cmy churches,\u201d but \u201cmy church.\u201d\nTherefore, Jesus Christ built only one. He bought and paid for only one\nwith his blood, and he has only one tonight. \u201cThere is one body\u201d (Eph.\n4:4). There is \u201cbut one body\u201d (1 Cor. 12:20). That body is the church.\n\u201cAnd hath put all things under his feet, and gave him to be the head\nover all things to the church, which is his body, the fulness of him\nthat filleth all in all\u201d (Eph. 1:22-23). Since there is but one body,\nand that body is the church, then it naturally follows that there is but\none church. Only one church in the Bible, and more than 200 in America!\nTherefore, we must face the question, \u201cWhich Church Is Right?\u201d\nPlease remember that this is no more my problem than it is yours. I\u2019m\nnot to blame for all these churches\u2019 being in the world! I did not start\nthem. None of you started them. We found them here when we were born\ninto this world. They are here. We are not responsible for their\nbeginning. Some of you may be responsible for helping to keep them\ngoing, but we found them here, and we have found that in the Bible there\nis only one. To decide which one is right is as much your problem as it\nis mine.\nYou may think that tonight I shall undertake to prove that the group of\npeople with whom I am associated is the right group and that all the\nothers are wrong. Well, I\u2019m frank to say that I believe I\u2019m right. If I\ndidn\u2019t, I would change! Some people think they are criticizing me when\nthey say: \u201cOh, well, you just think you\u2019re right and everybody else is\nwrong.\u201d I believe that\u2019s a compliment. Of course I believe I\u2019m right! If\nI didn\u2019t, I would change. A man who continues in a way which he does not\nbelieve to be right is a hypocrite! For one to teach what he sincerely\nbelieves is not conceit but sincerity. It\u2019s not egotism but honesty. Not\nonly do I believe that what I teach is right, but I stand ready to\nchange it whenever anyone can show me wherein it is wrong. But I promise\nnot to make a prejudiced or biased approach to this question.\n               The Church That Follows the Bible Is Right\nSuppose you were to undertake to examine all the creeds of Christendom,\nand eliminate them one by one to see which church is right. That would\ntake a very long time. You might even die with old age before you had\nfinished the task. I believe there is a much shorter and more practical\napproach to the solution of the question. Just go directly to the Bible\nand see what it says and follow its teaching; then you will naturally be\nright.\nIf I were going to answer my question tonight in just one brief\nstatement, I would say that the church which follows the Bible is the\none that\u2019s right. At first thought this may sound like a very trite\nstatement. Somebody would reply by saying, \u201cWell, all the churches claim\nto follow the Bible.\u201d Such a claim demands investigation! It\u2019s easy to\nmake such a claim, but you notice that I did not say that the church\nwhich _claims_ to follow the Bible is right, but that the one which\n_follows_ the Bible is right.\nThere may be a big difference between claiming to follow the Bible and\nactually following it. If you will talk to some of these people who\nclaim to follow the Bible, you will hear them using expressions like\nthese: \u201cWell, I think so and so\u201d; \u201cI feel like that\u2019s all right\u201d; \u201cMy\nchurch teaches this and that\u201d; \u201cI heard my preacher say so and so\u201d; and\n\u201cMy mother and father or grandparents always belonged to this church.\u201d\nTo such standards as these many people are clinging. Friends, such\nexpressions betray the fact that the man who uses them is not taking the\nBible as his one and only guide! They betray the fact that he is\nfollowing something else besides the Bible. Before we accept at face\nvalue a man\u2019s claim along that line, we\u2019d better look behind it. We\u2019d\nbetter listen to the man talk for a few minutes and see whether he does\nactually take the Bible to be complete and final authority in matters\nreligious.\nThe following Scriptures show that the Bible should be our guide: \u201cAll\nScripture is given by inspiration of God and is profitable for doctrine,\nfor reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness; that the\nman of God may be perfect, throughly furnished unto all good work\u201d (2\nTim. 3:16, 17). \u201cBut though we, or an angel from heaven, preach any\nother gospel unto you, than that which we have preached unto you, let\nhim be accursed. As we said before, so say I now again, If any man\npreach any other gospel unto you than that ye have received, let him be\naccursed\u201d (Gal. 1:8, 9).\n\u201cWhosoever transgresseth and abideth not in the doctrine of Christ, hath\nnot God. He that abideth in the doctrine of Christ, he hath both the\nFather and the Son\u201d (2 John 9). Then that well-known Scripture in the\nlast chapter of the Bible, \u201cFor I testify unto every man that heareth\nthe words of the prophecy of this book, if any man shall add unto these\nthings, God shall add unto him the plagues that are written in this\nbook: and if any man shall take away from the words of the book of this\nprophecy, God shall take away his part out of the book of life, and out\nof the holy city, and from the things which are written in this book\u201d\nMany other Scriptures could be used, but these are enough to show us\nthat _the Bible should be our guide_. It is sufficient and furnishes the\nman of God completely unto every good work. Those who claim to be\nfollowing the Bible and the Bible only should be expected to defend that\nclaim, in the light of the Bible. Frequently, I announce publicly that I\nstand ready to put my finger upon the Scripture that furnishes the\nauthority for everything we do and teach and believe in matters of\nreligion. I always stand ready to make this claim good. Everybody is\ninvited to check me on this basis. If you can find something for which I\ncannot give scriptural proof, then I will cease to teach, practice, or\nbelieve it. A preacher, who is not willing to make such a statement,\nevidently knows that he is not taking the Bible as his one and only\nguide, and yet I believe you will agree that most of the preachers in\nthis city will not make you this proposition.\nNot very long ago I heard a man boldly declare that his preacher\npreached the Bible and nothing else. I began to name several things\nwhich the Bible teaches and asked him one by one if his preacher taught\nthose things. In every instance he had to answer in the negative. He had\nnot fully realized what was comprehended in his statement. Another lady\ncame to me and said, \u201cI just believe that all of us ought to go back to\nthe Bible and take it as our guide.\u201d I reminded her that in that case\nshe would have to give up the unscriptural name which she had been\nwearing and make a number of other changes. She said, \u201cWell, now, let\u2019s\ndon\u2019t get back too far.\u201d The truth was that she didn\u2019t really want to\ntake the Bible as her only guide! I mention all these facts to show that\nyou mustn\u2019t be too quick to accept the claim mentioned a moment ago.\nYou\u2019d better examine it. For, as a matter of fact, if we were all\nfollowing the Bible there would be but one church on the earth, because\nthere is but one in the Bible. There\u2019s just no escaping this conclusion.\nSo, I believe that my statement is apt. It is appropriate to say that\nthe church which follows the Bible is the one that\u2019s right. Therefore,\nif you want a scriptural answer to our question tonight, you don\u2019t need\nto examine all the different creeds separately; just take the Bible and\nexamine it. Follow its teaching and directions step by step. This course\nwill lead you into the right church, and into heaven at last. You won\u2019t\nneed to investigate all the religious organizations which exist about us\nwithout Scriptural authority.\n                        Conditions of Membership\nLet us see what the Bible actually teaches concerning the doctrine and\npractice of the church. Then we shall know which is right so far as\nthese items are concerned. I want to say now, and repeat many times as\nwe go along, that a church may be right on one point and wrong on\nanother. A church may follow the Bible on one point and not follow it on\nanother, and a church is right to the extent that it follows the Bible.\nIt\u2019s wrong to the extent that it fails to do so. No church is _all_\nright until it follows the Bible on _all_ points.\nFirst of all, let\u2019s look at the conditions of membership in the church\nwe read about in the Bible. Acts 2:47 shows that the conditions of\nmembership in God\u2019s church are identical with the conditions of\nsalvation. \u201cThe Lord added to the church daily such as should be saved.\u201d\nSince the Lord adds to His church all saved people, the conditions of\nmembership and the conditions of salvation are exactly the same.\nWe learn from the Scriptures listed here (speaker points to the board)\nthat the first thing one must do in order to be saved is to believe that\nJesus is the Christ, the Son of the living God. The Philippian jailor\nsaid to Paul and Silas, \u201cSirs, what must I do to be saved?\u201d They\nreplied, \u201cBelieve on the Lord Jesus Christ, and thou shalt be saved, and\nthy house. And they spake unto him the word of the Lord and to all that\nwere in his house. And he took them the same hour of the night and\nwashed their stripes; and was baptized, he and all of his, straightway\u201d\n(Acts 16:20-33). In answer to the jailor\u2019s question then, the inspired\npreacher said first of all, \u201cBelieve\u201d; then he taught him the word of\nthe Lord, which led to his repentance, evidenced by the fact that,\nwhereas he had a few minutes ago placed stripes across their backs with\na heavy whip, he now washed those stripes.\nThen Paul taught him and his household to be baptized, and taught them\nthat baptism was urgent, because they were baptized the same hour of the\nnight. They did not put it off a month or a week or even until daylight,\nbut were baptized immediately, or straightway, even the very same hour\nof the night.\nFaith is emphasized also by Acts 2:36 where Peter concluded his great\nPentecost sermon by saying, \u201cTherefore, let all the house of Israel know\nassuredly that God hath made that same Jesus, whom ye have crucified,\nboth Lord and Christ.\u201d \u201cFor whosoever shall call upon the name of the\nLord shall be saved. How then shall they call on him in whom they have\nnot believed?\u201d (Rom. 10:13-14). \u201cWithout faith it\u2019s impossible to be\nwell pleasing unto God\u201d (Heb. 11:6). Therefore, the first condition of\nsalvation is faith.\nThe second one is repentance. Acts 2:38 says, \u201cRepent\u201d; Acts 3:19 says,\n\u201cRepent\u201d; and Acts 17:30 says \u201cRepent.\u201d You can go home and read these\nScriptures and you\u2019ll find the commandment to repent in each of them,\nand it\u2019s given as a condition of salvation.\nFurthermore, we are taught that \u201cwith the heart man believeth unto\nrighteousness; and with the mouth confession is made unto salvation\u201d\n(Rom. 10:10). And in the eighth chapter of Acts we read that when the\nEthiopian eunuch said, \u201cSee, here is water, what doth hinder me to be\nbaptized? and Philip said, If thou believest with all of thine heart,\nthou mayest, and he answered and said, I believe that Jesus Christ is\nthe Son of God.\u201d Therefore, confession is a condition of salvation.\nWhen the Pentecostians inquired what they must do to be saved, the\ninspired apostle Peter said, \u201cRepent and be baptized, everyone of you,\nin the name of Jesus Christ, for the remission of sins\u201d (Acts 2:38).\nAnanias told Paul, \u201cAnd now why tarriest thou? Arise, and be baptized,\nand wash away thy sins, calling on the name of the Lord\u201d (Acts 22:16).\n\u201cThe like figure whereunto even baptism doth also now save us (not the\nputting away of the filth of the flesh, but the answer of a good\nconscience toward God) by the resurrection of Jesus Christ\u201d (1 Pet.\n3:21). No one, who knows the Bible, can have a good conscience toward\nthe Lord until he has been baptized. Baptism is the answer to the quest\nfor a good conscience.\n\u201cHe that believeth and is baptized shall be saved; but he that believeth\nnot shall be damned\u201d (Mark 16:16). Friends, there are a thousand ways to\ngo to hell; one of them is to disbelieve. But suppose I ask you who will\nbe saved. You cannot give me a Bible answer to save your life without\nmentioning baptism. For Mark 16:16, the word of Jesus Christ, says, \u201cHe\nthat believeth _and is baptized_ shall be saved.\u201d To leave out baptism\nwould be to omit part of the Lord\u2019s answer. No sane person ought to take\nthe responsibility of taking away part of God\u2019s word. You cannot give a\nBible answer to the question without mentioning baptism!\nAccording to the Bible, therefore, faith, repentance, confession, and\nbaptism are the conditions of salvation. Since all saved people are\nadded to the Lord\u2019s church by the Lord, then these are also the\nconditions of membership in God\u2019s church. The church, which teaches\nthis, is right on this point. It might be wrong somewhere else, but the\nchurch which teaches these facts is the right church as far as the\nconditions of membership are concerned. Any church which leaves off any\none of them or adds something to them just lacks that much, at least,\nbeing right.\nLet us look next at the acts of worship. There\u2019s no place in the Bible\nwhich says in so many words, \u201cHere are the acts ye shall perform as\nworship to Jehovah\u201d; but there _are_ certain acts commanded, which are,\nby their very nature, acts of worship. Therefore, God does state for us\nthe acts which the members of His church shall perform in worship unto\nHim.\nFirst, they should _pray_. Acts 2:42 states that the church at Jerusalem\ncontinued steadfastly in the apostle\u2019s doctrine and fellowship, and in\nbreaking of bread, and in prayer. Acts 20:36 gives us an example of\npublic prayer. At the seaside the apostle Paul knelt down with those who\nwere gathered with him and prayed unto God. Prayer by its very nature is\nan act of worship.\nWe also learn in First Corinthians 16:1 and 2, that we should _lay by in\nstore_ upon the first day of the week as we have been prospered; and\nthat itself is an item of worship. Giving or sacrificing unto God for\nthe sake of God is an act of worship.\nFrom Acts 2:42, Acts 20:7, and many other Scriptures that could be\nlisted, we learn that _teaching and studying the Bible_ are also\ncommanded of God\u2019s children; and that, likewise, is worship.\nIn Ephesians 5:19 we read these words, \u201cSpeaking unto yourselves in\npsalms and hymns and spiritual songs, singing and making melody in your\nheart to the Lord.\u201d And in Colossians 3:16, \u201cLet the word of Christ\ndwell in you richly, in all wisdom; teaching and admonishing one another\nin psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, singing with grace in your\nhearts to the Lord.\u201d These Scriptures command us to _sing_ praises to\nGod and admonitions unto each other, which is naturally an act of\nworship.\nAnd then, finally, we are taught to eat the Lord\u2019s supper (1 Cor.\n11:17-34; Luke 22:19-20). Acts 20:7 tells us that this shall be done on\nthe first day of the week. The church at Troas, under apostolic\nguidance, met upon _the first day of the week_ to eat the Lord\u2019s supper.\nAnd, friends, \u201cthe sabbath day,\u201d as the expression was used in the Old\nTestament, meant every sabbath day, and by the same line of reasoning,\n\u201cthe first day of the week\u201d means the first day of every week.\nTomorrow students will be registering out at Peabody and Vanderbilt.\nTheir schedules will state that a certain class meets on Monday,\nWednesday, and Friday. They will not state that it meets _every_ Monday\nand _every_ Wednesday and _every_ Friday, but even a college freshman\nwill understand what is meant! When we are told that a class meets on\nMonday, Wednesday, and Friday, we know that it meets on Monday,\nWednesday, and Friday of every week.\nIf you were to search the New Testament to find out how often we should\neat the Lord\u2019s supper, you would not find the slightest suggestion that\nit should be eaten once a year. You would find no sort of hint that it\nshould be taken upon the first of every quarter or upon one Sunday out\nof each month. The only Scripture which throws any light whatsoever upon\nthe question puts it upon a weekly basis.\nJohn 4:24 shows that all these acts of worship must be done in spirit\nand in truth. \u201cGod is a Spirit: and they that worship him must worship\nhim in spirit and in truth.\u201d\nThat\u2019s what the Bible teaches about the worship of the Bible church. The\nchurch which does these five things in spirit and in truth is the right\nchurch as far as the worship is concerned. A church might be right in\nworship and wrong in doctrine, or vice versa; but the church which, in\nspirit and in truth, teaches and practices these five items and only\nthese, is right in its worship; and the church that preaches and\npractices anything different from this is wrong. The Bible is right.\nThis is what the Bible teaches. The church which does this is\nconsequently right; the one which doesn\u2019t is wrong.\nA church is responsible for its teaching in respect to how its members\nshould live. It cannot force the members to do according to its teaching\nand we must distinguish between the conduct of the church as a whole and\nthe behavior of individual members. If the church teaches the truth and\nattempts to persuade its members to obey it, and properly disciplines\nthem when they disobey, the church as a whole cannot be held accountable\nfor their misbehavior.\nConcerning Christian living the Bible says, \u201cFor the grace of God that\nbringeth salvation hath appeared to all men, teaching us that denying\nungodliness and worldly lusts, we should live soberly, righteously and\ngodly in this present world\u201d (Titus 2:11-12). \u201cPure religion and\nundefiled before God and the Father is this, to visit the fatherless and\nwidows in their affliction, and to keep himself unspotted from the\nworld\u201d (Jas. 1:27). \u201cThe first of all the commandments is, Hear, O\nIsrael; The Lord our God is one Lord: and thou shalt love the Lord thy\nGod with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind,\nand with all thy strength: this is the first commandment. And the second\nis like, namely this, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself. There is\nnone other commandment greater than these\u201d (Mark 12:29-31). And then in\nMatthew 7:12, we have what is called the Golden Rule, \u201cWhatsoever ye\nwould that men should do to you, do ye even so to them.\u201d\nThese are general commandments governing Christian behavior, and the\nchurch which teaches and impresses these Bible lessons upon its members\nis right that far, but the church which fails to condemn worldliness and\nungodly living lacks that much being right. It may be ever so sound on\ndoctrine and worship, but if it fails to properly admonish its members\nand hold up before them the divine standard of Christian conduct and\ninsist that they follow it, it lacks that much being right.\nFriends, here\u2019s (speaker points to board) what the Bible teaches on\nChristian behavior. The church which teaches this is right on that point\nbecause the Bible is right and this is what the Bible says.\nWe come now to the name. You know, there are a lot of churches right\nhere in Nashville tonight which simply cannot find their names in the\nBible. They could look from now till the end of the world and they\ncouldn\u2019t find the names they wear in the Bible to save their lives!\nThat, to me, is an astonishing fact. It looks as if anybody ought to\nknow that the Bible cannot guide you into a church which isn\u2019t even\nmentioned in the Bible. A road map cannot direct you to a town which is\nnot shown on the map. A Tennessee road map cannot show you how to find a\ntown in Texas, and so the Bible cannot guide you to a church which isn\u2019t\neven found in the Bible. That\u2019s a very simple test which you might apply\nin your search for the right church.\nWhat does the Bible say about the name? In Ephesians 1:22 we find that\nChrist has been made head over all things unto _the church_. Ephesians\n5:25 says, \u201cHusbands, love your wives, even as Christ also loved the\nchurch and gave himself for it.\u201d And so, first of all, it is simply\ncalled _the church_. Then in Revelation 1:4 we read about \u201cthe seven\n_churches_\u201d of Asia, meaning the seven different congregations which are\nspecified in chapters three and four. In a general sense, including all\nsaved people on the earth, it is simply called _the church_. In the\nplural form this name refers to the various local congregations of that\ngreat body.\nWe learn also from First Corinthians 15:9 that it is called the _church\nof God_. Paul said he was not fit to be called an apostle, because he\npersecuted the _church of God_. First Corinthians Cor 11:16 says, \u201cBut\nif any man seem to be contentious, we have no such custom, neither the\nchurches of God.\u201d So in the singular and comprehensive sense, it is\ncalled the _church of God_; not as a denominational title, but as an\nexpression of ownership. It is the church which belongs to God. And in\nMatthew 16:18 Christ said, \u201cUpon this rock I will build my church.\u201d It\nis, therefore, the church which belongs to Christ. And in the plural\nform, we read in Romans 16:16, \u201cThe churches of Christ salute you.\u201d\nFriends, we learn from the Bible, then, that in the broad, general\nsense, including all saved people, it is called the church, or the\nchurch of God, or the church of the Lord, the church which belongs to\nChrist. Referring to different local congregations, those same terms are\nused in the plural form. This leads me to believe that anything bigger\nthan a local congregation and smaller than all God\u2019s people throughout\nthe world or some specific geographic area, cannot scripturally be\ncalled _the church_. That\u2019s where denominationalism comes in. The only\nway this universal institution can scripturally be broken down into\ndifferent parts is to do it on a geographical or congregational basis.\nSplitting it up on any other basis results in sectarianism or\ndenominationalism\u2014creates different parties and sects.\nI have two pictures drawn here to keep that before your mind. Here\u2019s the\nBible picture (speaker points to board). The big ring includes all of\nGod\u2019s people throughout the entire world. These small dots represent\nvarious congregations like the church at Laodicea, the church at Smyrna,\nthe church at Ephesus, the church at Madison, the church at Chapel\nAvenue, the church at Columbia, Tennessee, and so on around the\nworld\u2014different local congregations. This is purely a geographical\ngrouping.\nBut here is the best figure I can draw on denominationalism and it\u2019s not\nentirely accurate (speaker points to board again). When a group of these\ncongregations, even if they have all been scripturally baptized\u2014which\nthey have not\u2014draw a ring about themselves and say, \u201cWe are the \u2018A\u2019\nChurch,\u201d another group says, \u201cWe are the \u2018B\u2019 Church,\u201d and another says,\n\u201cWe are the \u2018C\u2019 Church,\u201d each group of congregations distinguishing\nitself from other similar groups by a distinguishing title\u2014that is\ndenominationalism, pure and simple! That picture does _not_ represent a\n_geographic_ distribution, for we have all those different denominations\nright here in Nashville. It\u2019s not a geographical division, but a\ndivision based on difference in teaching, practice, and faith. That\u2019s\nnot the Bible picture (speaker continues to refer to board). Here is the\nBible picture.\nThe church which wears these Bible names, and only these, is the right\nchurch as far as the name is concerned. But, friends, any church that\ncalls itself by any other name, any name not in the Bible, is not the\nright church because the Bible is right. When a church has a name upon\ntheir building which cannot be found in the Bible, they need not claim\nthat they are taking the Bible as their one and only guide, for the very\nname on the church building denies that claim. Just think how foolish it\nis for a preacher to stand up and say, \u201cWe take the Bible as our guide,\u201d\nwhen, out in front of the building, in great big letters, is a name\nwhich cannot even be found in the Bible! That\u2019s one reason I think we\nhad better examine a man\u2019s claim to follow the Bible. Here\u2019s what the\nBible teaches on the name, and the Bible is right. The church that wears\nthese names and only these is right on that point.\nBut merely wearing the right name will not make a church right. It may\nwear the right name and still be wrong in other respects. I used to\npreach in a town where there was a great big church building which had a\nname in bold letters that you could see almost all over town\u2014Central\nChurch of Christ. But if you went to their worship, you\u2019d find something\nthat\u2019s not listed here at all (speaker refers to section of outline on\nboard). They were not following the Bible on worship. They had the right\nname but they didn\u2019t have the right worship. They were right on one\npoint but wrong on another. There are churches over the country called\n\u201cChurches of God.\u201d That\u2019s a good name, but they have items of doctrine\nthat cannot be found in the Bible. For instance, they preach that you\nhave to be baptized in the Holy Spirit in order to be saved, and that\u2019s\nnot in the Bible. Consequently, they are wrong on doctrine; and to\nmerely wear the right name does not atone for their false teaching on\nwhat one must do to be saved.\nJust one more item or two and then we\u2019re through. Number 7 here refers\nto the organization of the church. According to the Bible every local\ncongregation is entirely independent under God to manage its own\naffairs, with its elders overseeing its work. Acts 14:23: \u201cWhen they had\nordained them elders in every church and had prayed with fasting, they\ncommended them to the Lord, on whom they believed.\u201d Acts 20:28 says,\n\u201cTake heed therefore unto yourselves, and to all the flock, over the\nwhich the Holy Ghost hath made you overseers, to feed the church of God,\nwhich he hath purchased with his own blood.\u201d In addressing the church at\nPhilippi Paul speaks of all the saints at Philippi \u201cwith the bishops and\ndeacons.\u201d\nAccording to this simple but effective organization of God\u2019s church,\nevery local congregation is entirely independent, supervised and tended,\nunder God, by a group of men known as overseers or pastors or elders.\nNow, that\u2019s what the Bible teaches on church organization. The church\nwhich follows this plan is right on that point. Wherever you see a group\nof congregations tied together by some inter-congregational\norganization, that group\u2019s wrong on their organization. I know some\ngroups that maintain congregational independence, but are wrong in some\nother way. Remember that in order for a church to be the right church,\nit must be right on all these items.\n                      Charity and Missionary Work\nAnd then, finally, the Bible teaches that God\u2019s church should be active\nin beneficent and missionary work. It is the duty of the church to feed\nthe poor and to preach the gospel unto the entire world. I have a long\nlist of Scriptures here which authorize this statement (Acts 11:27-30;\nEven though a church may be right in every other way, including\nChristian living, including the name, and including the organization, if\nit doesn\u2019t do what it can to take care of the poor, and if it doesn\u2019t\nmake a scriptural effort to preach the gospel to all the world, it lacks\nthat much being right, and cannot justify its claims to be known as the\nchurch of Christ!\nNow, friends, let me repeat again that here\u2019s what the Bible teaches.\nThe church which does these things is right, because the Bible is right;\nbut the church which deviates from these, leaves off some of them or\nadds something to them, lacks that much being right. And even though a\nchurch followed this plan in every item except one, it would still be\nwrong.\nWhat practical application shall we make? Simply take your Bible and\nfollow out this plan, study it for yourself, see that this is what the\nBible teaches, and then identify yourself with the congregation which\ndoes the same. You say, \u201cMaybe I cannot find one that follows the Bible\nplan.\u201d I believe you can in this town, but I\u2019ll admit there are some\ntowns where you can\u2019t. Then what would you do? The answer is very\nsimple\u2014just start one! That\u2019s one of the easiest things in the world to\ndo. Study your Bible, follow its simple pattern, and the result will be\na church after the New Testament order. If you can find even one person\nwho is willing to follow this plan and work it with you, then you\u2019ll\nhave a congregation which pleases God. Jesus says, \u201cWherever two or\nthree are gathered together in my name, there will I be in the midst of\nthem.\u201d\nAnd, friends, I believe that the most practical and effective missionary\nwork that we could possibly do would be for all church members who move\naway from Nashville and other places where the church is strong, to\nfaithfully and persistently follow this Bible program wherever they go,\neven though they have to meet and worship in their own homes. There are\ntoo many who forsake this plan when they go away to a strange city.\nIf all who move away from places where the church is strong, would\nsimply take Christ and the Bible with them and start a congregation\nwherever they go, it would be the most far-reaching, the most effective,\nthe most practical, and the most economical missionary work that could\npossibly be conceived! It would not only be all of that, it would also\nbe scriptural. What more could you expect? That certainly is enough to\nrecommend it to us all. So, friends, simply take this plan, if you know\nof a congregation that\u2019s following it, then identify yourself with it.\nIf you can\u2019t find one, then start one, with the determination to follow\nthe Bible; and then you\u2019ll be in the right church. You may forget about\nall these 200 different denominations, except to do whatever you can to\nlead them out of error into the truth!\nI told you I would do no boasting tonight and I shall do none, but I\nwill say this: I sincerely believe it is the earnest determination of\nthe congregation at Chapel Avenue to follow this simple Bible plan, and\nI believe I speak the truth when I say that if you can point out to the\noverseers of this congregation that they are failing to follow the Bible\non any single item, they will change their practice immediately. That\nshould be the attitude of everyone who loves the truth, and they will\nnot embarrass you or rebuff you if you approach them on the question. If\nyou even _think_ they are failing on some point, they would welcome an\ninterview and pledge themselves to make any sort of alteration or change\nthat is necessary to bring the teaching, the practice, and the name of\nthis congregation into harmony with the Bible plan. If that were not\ntrue, I would not continue to preach for this group except long enough\nto do what I could to get them to reform.\nFriends, above everything else, I want to go to heaven when I die and I\nknow that the only way to do that is to follow the Bible; so I still\ninsist that it is entirely proper and appropriate to emphasize that the\nchurch which follows the Bible is the one that\u2019s right. This simple\ntest, if faithfully and honestly applied, will eliminate every church in\nthis town which cannot find its name, its doctrine, and its practice in\nthe Bible. Are you willing to live up to the claim that you take that\nBible as your one and only guide? If so, just follow this (speaker\nrefers to outline on the board) step by step, believe that Jesus is the\nChrist, repent of your sins, confess your faith, and then be baptized\nfor remission of sins. Then go on, worshiping God as the Bible directs,\nbehaving yourself as the Bible teaches, supporting the church which\nwears the right name, which is scripturally organized, and which takes\nthe Bible as its one and only guide.\nIf, after having been scripturally baptized, you have failed on one or\nmore of these items, the Bible teaches that if you will repent, confess\nyour sins and pray for forgiveness, God will surely forgive you. As we\nstand and sing the song announced, we entreat you to accept the\ninvitation of our Lord, who says, \u201cCome unto me and I will give you\nrest.\u201d\n                      WHY NOT BE JUST A CHRISTIAN?\nReligious people seem to realize more keenly than before the importance\nand even necessity of Christian unity. But before we can have the unity\nwhich the Bible teaches and demands, some practical means of attaining\nit must be employed. It seems to me that it would be well to begin by\nemphasizing some points of agreement\u2014in other words, let us see how\nclose together we are, at present, and then we will be in better\nposition to discuss the points of difference. I believe in religious\ndebates, have engaged in such myself and shall be glad to do so again\nwhenever the opportunity presents itself, but in this sermon I want to\nemphasize the truth upon which most religious people are already agreed.\nI believe we can say that most of those who claim to be followers of\nChrist are agreed upon the following points:\n  A. _General Statements_\n    2. The Bible is His word written by men as they were guided by the\n          Holy Spirit.\n    3. Jesus is the Christ, the Son of the Living God.\n    4. The world needs a Savior and has no power by which to redeem\n          itself from sin.\n    5. Redemption or salvation is to be had through Christ and only\n          through Him.\n  B. _The Plan of Salvation_\nIf we agree upon these five points, then, we also agree that there is a\nplan of salvation, for these points imply such a plan. It may be that we\ncan get closer together upon the items of this plan than you have\nthought we could. We will all agree that faith is the very foundation of\nthe plan (John 3:16). All accept the fact that repentance is essential\n(Acts 17:30). Everyone agrees that the plan of salvation includes the\nconfession that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of the Living God (Matt.\n10:32, Acts 8:37, Rom. 10:10). Some make additions to this simple\nBiblical confession, but I have never heard of anyone\u2019s subtracting from\nit. When the comprehensiveness of the term \u201cChrist\u201d is understood, it is\nobvious that no additions are needed. Everyone who agrees on the\nforegoing will also agree that Jesus commanded baptism and promised\nsalvation to those who believed and were baptized. \u201cHe that believeth\nand is baptized shall be saved; but he that believeth not shall be\ndamned\u201d (Mark 16:16). We will all agree that Peter said, as the Holy\nSpirit prompted him, \u201cRepent, and be baptized every one of you in the\nname of Jesus Christ for the remission of sins, and ye shall receive the\ngift of the Holy Spirit\u201d (Acts 2:38). We will agree that Ananias said to\nPaul, \u201cAnd now why tarriest thou? Arise, and be baptized, and wash away\nthy sins, calling on the name of the Lord\u201d (Acts 22:16), and also that\nthe Holy Spirit said through the Apostle Peter, \u201cThe like figure\nwhereunto even baptism doth also now save us (not the putting away of\nthe filth of the flesh, but the answer of a good conscience toward God),\nby the resurrection of Jesus Christ\u201d (1 Peter 3:21). It is also\ngenerally agreed that when one has been immersed he has been baptized.\nThere are some who believe that sprinkling or pouring will do as well,\nbut all agree that immersion is safe. Furthermore, it is generally\nagreed that when one believes and repents, confesses his faith, and is\nimmersed for the remission of sins in the name of Christ, he is saved.\nSome believe one is saved before completing this program, but all will\nagree that he is saved when he has completed it. So here again we find\nthe ground of unity.\nC. _Christian Worship_\nThe next question is, \u201cWhat should one do by way of worship and\nChristian service after becoming a Christian?\u201d In these realms, also,\nthere are many important points of agreement. In reference to public\nworship all will agree that it is proper for Christians to meet upon the\nfirst day of the week and sing psalms and hymns and spiritual songs and\nmake melody in their hearts unto the Lord; lay by in store as they have\nbeen prospered; pray unto their Father in heaven; teach and be taught;\nand eat the Lord\u2019s Supper in memory of Him who died for them. Some dare\nto add to these items of worship, some dare to subtract from them; but\nall agree that they are scriptural and sufficient. When Christians come\ntogether upon the first day of each week and perform these five Biblical\nitems of worship to God, doing so in spirit and in truth, they know that\ntheir worship has pleased their Maker and Redeemer. This, then, is the\nground of unity in our worship on the Lord\u2019s Day. In such a program all\nChristians could take part and go away believing that they had done all\nthat was required and nothing that was condemned.\nD. _Christian Service_\nIn reference to Christian service there is general agreement upon the\nbroad principles that should govern. Everyone will subscribe to the\nGolden Rule (Luke 6:31) and to the Royal Law (Jas. 2:8). We agree that\ndenying ungodliness and worldly lusts, we should live soberly and\nrighteously and godly in this present world, that we should love our\nneighbors as ourselves, and that we should do unto others as we would\nhave them do unto us.\n                      The Sufficiency of the Plan\nThe above is a brief outline, then, of points upon which there is very\ngeneral agreement. Let me ask you, dear friend, if you can think of\nanything essential to salvation which is not covered, at least in a\ngeneral way, in this outline. If one follows the plan presented here, do\nyou not agree that he will be saved in heaven at last? Can you think of\nanything else which is needed to insure one\u2019s eternal salvation? I\nbelieve you cannot.\nUpon the sufficiency of this plan I am sure we are agreed. This being\ntrue, would it not be wrong to include anything else? Would it not be\nwrong to insist upon adding something to this simple Bible plan and\nthereby cause division and destroy the possibility of the unity that the\nBible requires? If the above plan is sufficient to take one to heaven,\nwhat more do you desire? Why add anything to it? Would it not be wrong\nto add anything else?\nAnother question: \u201cWhat will the following of this plan make of one?\u201d I\nam sure we will also agree that it will make him a Christian and only a\nChristian. Let it be noted that one can do all that is suggested above\nand which we have agreed to be sufficient unto salvation without\nbelonging to any denomination. You can believe, repent, confess your\nsins, and be baptized without belonging to any denomination. You who\nhave done so can meet in groups upon the first day of the week and\nworship God as the Bible directs without becoming members of any\ndenomination, and you can certainly perform your duties in the field of\nChristian service without joining a denomination.\n                        More Points of Agreement\nBut while we are in this agreeing business, let us take it even further.\nIn this country there is a large religious community known as the\nBaptist Church. This group includes many fine people. Many of them are\nhonest, intelligent, cultured, refined, and good citizens. They have\ntaken their denominational title from their emphasis upon immersion as\nbeing the only scriptural baptism, in contrast to those who accept\nsomething else. I agree with the Baptists that immersion is baptism and\nthat nothing short of immersion will meet the definition of baptism\nfound in Romans 6:4 or Colossians 2:12. I agree with them that the Greek\nword \u201cbaptidzo\u201d is properly translated by the word \u201cimmerse.\u201d But I can\nagree with them upon this great truth without belonging to the Baptist\ndenomination. I can fully accept the very truth from which the Baptist\nChurch has taken its name and still be just a Christian.\nThe Methodist Church is one of the largest in this country. I have more\nkinspeople in that denomination than in any other. For all of their good\npoints I give them due respect and credit. Because of their insistence\nupon method and system in their religious work, they were nicknamed\nMethodists many years ago. This name was later accepted by them as their\ndenominational title. I agree with the Methodists that system and method\nare important. I endeavor to be systematic and orderly in every phase of\nmy work and activity. I believe that the Lord\u2019s work should be carried\non orderly. \u201cLet everything be done in decency and in order\u201d (1 Cor.\n14:40). We should use order, then. We should use the Bible order. But\none can certainly do this without belonging to the Methodist Church.\nWhy should one exalt the name of this one aspect of Christian activity\nto the point of adopting it as a religious title? One can be methodical\nwithout being a Methodist. Just as one can be systematic without being a\nSystematist. One can be just a plain Christian and practice everything\nthe Bible teaches in reference to order and system.\nWhen I was attending the Union Theological Seminary, one of my\nprofessors told me that the New Testament churches were \u201ccongregational\npresbyterian.\u201d He explained his statement by saying that each\ncongregation was independent of all other congregations and that each\nwas overseen by a group of men known as elders or presbyters. I agree\nwith him exactly. According to his explanation his statement was\nentirely correct. But I am not a member of the Presbyterian Church. One\ncan believe all the Bible teaches upon the presbytery and practice the\nsame without belonging to the Presbyterian denomination. Why should this\ncharacteristic of church government or organization be exalted by using\nit as a religious or denominational title? One can be just a Christian\nand still believe and practice what the Bible teaches in reference to\nthe presbytery. One does not have to be a member of the Presbyterian\nChurch to obey God concerning the presbytery.\nOne can believe in the universality of the Gospel without being a\nCatholic or Universalist. One can believe in the second coming of Christ\nwithout belonging to the Adventist denomination. One can teach and\npractice holy living without belonging to the Holiness Church. If one\nhad to join the Baptist Church because he believed in baptism and the\nMethodist Church because he believed in method and the Presbyterian\nChurch because he believed in the presbytery of the local congregation\n(1 Tim. 4:14) and so on down the list, what would he be when he had\nfinished? One can agree with the denominations on the very truth from\nwhich they have taken their names, insofar as they have taken their\nnames from truth, without belonging to any of them.\n                       Some Important Conclusions\nOne can believe all truth and obey every commandment of God without\nbelonging to any denomination. Can you think of an exception to this\nstatement? Can you think of any truth which you cannot believe or any\ncommandment that you cannot obey without joining a denomination? I don\u2019t\nbelieve you can. Can you think of any truth which you cannot accept or\nany commandment which you cannot obey while being just a Christian?\nIsn\u2019t it sufficient to be just a Christian? Isn\u2019t it wrong to be\nsomething different from or more than a Christian? Since one can be a\nChristian without joining any denomination, then why join one? Would it\nnot be wrong to join one, since denominationalism is division and\ndivision is wrong? Let me emphasize the statement that I can believe all\ntruth either in the Bible or out of the Bible and obey every commandment\nof the Lord without joining any denomination.\nThis being true, what then does it take to make one a member of a\ndenomination? Believing truth will not make one a member of a\ndenomination, because he can believe all truth on the outside. Obeying\nGod will not make one a member of a denomination, because he can obey\nGod on the outside. If believing truth and obeying God will not make one\na member of a denomination, then what will do so?\nTo become a member of a denomination, it is obvious that one must\nbelieve something besides the truth or do something besides obey God.\nSince believing all truth and obeying all God\u2019s commands will not put\none in a denomination, then he must believe something different from the\ntruth and do something which God has not commanded or leave off\nsomething which He has commanded, in order to become a member of a\ndenomination. It seems to me that these conclusions are inevitable and\nunanswerable.\nBut it may be that some of my hearers are already in some denomination;\nhence, I raise this question: \u201cWhat must you do to get out of a\ndenomination?\u201d The answer is, retrace the steps which you took in going\ninto it. Some seem to think that in order to give up denominationalism\nand to be just Christians that they will have to forsake all that they\nhave ever held as dear and precious in the field of religion. This is a\nmistake. Believing truth did not put you into a denomination. In order\nto come out of it, you will not have to forsake any truth. It will only\nbe necessary for you to reject the error which you accepted in becoming\na member of a denomination.\nIn order to come out of a denomination, you will not have to cease\nobeying God upon any point. It will only be necessary for you to change\nyour conduct on those points where you have been disobeying Him. Since\nbelieving truth did not put you in, you will not have to forsake truth\nin coming out. Merely give up the error that you accepted, believe the\ntruth revealed in the Bible and obey God; then you will be a Christian,\nnot a denominationalist.\nIn order to come out of a denomination, you will not have to quit\nbelieving that God is, that the Bible is His word, that Jesus is His Son\nand the Savior of the world. You will not have to quit believing in, and\nteaching, and practicing, faith, repentance, confession and baptism as\nthe conditions of salvation. You will not have to forsake any of the\nfive items of worship outlined in the Bible. You will not have to\nforsake any scriptural service to your fellow-man.\nAgain I repeat, one can believe all truth, obey every command of God, be\na Christian, live the Christian life, die in the Lord and be saved\nforever without belonging to any denomination. Since it is unnecessary\nto be a member of a denomination, it is wrong to be so. Any\nnon-essential which causes division is wrong. \u201cCome out from among them\nand be ye separate, saith the Lord. Touch no unclean thing\u201d (2 Cor.\n6:17). \u201cYet if any man suffer as a Christian, let him not be ashamed;\nbut let him glorify God on this behalf\u201d (1 Pet. 4:16). \u201cNeither is there\nsalvation in any other: for there is none other name under heaven given\namong men, whereby we must be saved\u201d (Acts 4:12).\nAt this season of the year we frequently say something about the custom\nof making resolutions. It is a mighty good custom, provided we make the\nright sort of resolutions and endeavor to keep them. I would like to\nencourage you to resolve to do more for the Lord this year than you have\never done before. Such a resolution could be broken down into many\nelements, but, especially, may I urge that each of you make it your goal\nto lead at least one person to obey the gospel during the year that has\njust begun.\nWe have more than 500 members. If each member would lead some person to\nChrist during this year, it would mean more than 500 additions. That\nwould be the most glorious year\u2019s work this congregation has ever had.\nWith the co-operation of every member, this goal can be reached. Surely\nthere is someone in Nashville with whom you have enough influence to\nlead him to Christ, provided you are willing to fully dedicate yourself\nto the Lord and behave yourself each day in the way that will give you\nthe greatest amount of power and influence for good.\nI am not going to speak this morning upon new year\u2019s resolutions. But I\nshall say something which I believe will help you in carrying out the\nresolution that has just been mentioned. For our text we go to the\nfourteenth chapter of Luke, and begin reading with verse 15. \u201cAnd when\none of them that sat at meat with him heard these things, he said unto\nhim, Blessed is he that shall eat bread in the kingdom of God. Then said\nhe unto him, A certain man made a great supper, and bade many: and sent\nhis servant at supper time to say to them that were bidden, Come, for\nall things are now ready. And they all with one consent began to make\nexcuse. The first said unto him, I have bought a piece of ground, and I\nmust needs go and see it: I pray thee have me excused. And another said,\nI have bought five yoke of oxen, and I go to prove them. I pray thee\nhave me excused. And another said, I have married a wife, and therefore\nI cannot come. So that servant came, and showed his lord these things.\nThen the master of the house being angry said to his servant, Go out\nquickly into the streets and lanes of the city, and bring me hither the\npoor, and the maimed, and the halt, and the blind. And the servant said,\nLord, it is done as thou hast commanded, and yet there is room. And the\nLord said unto the servant, Go out into the highways and hedges and\ncompel them to come in that my house may be filled. For I say unto you,\nThat none of those men which were bidden shall taste of my supper.\u201d\nAccording to the social customs which are said to have prevailed at that\ntime and in the light of this text, it appears that the men in this\nstory had already received and accepted the original invitation to\nattend this great supper. The servant was sent to tell those who were\nbidden that supper was now served. In spite of their social obligation\nto attend, they began to make excuse.\n1. The nature of their excuses is not very commendable. The first one\nsaid he had bought a piece of land and he was going to see it. I don\u2019t\nbelieve he bought that land without having already seen it. Such things\nsometimes happen but not often. He had probably walked over the farm\nvery thoroughly before he agreed to buy it. He was simply making an\nexcuse and he is not the last man who has allowed a piece of land to\nkeep him away from duty.\nI was brought up in the country and I have known men to work on their\nfarms six days a week from early in the morning until late in the\nevening and then on Sunday morning they just had to walk over the fields\nbefore they could go to worship. They would get out in the grass and in\nthe dew and get their clothes wet and come in late, too late to go to\nBible school, or maybe even too late to get to worship at all. Of\ncourse, such conduct is not acceptable in the sight of God.\n2. The next man said he had bought five yoke of oxen and must needs go\nand try them. I believe again that he had already tried them or by some\nother means knew whether they would work. He could have attended the\nfeast if he had wanted to do so, but he simply preferred to be out with\nhis oxen rather than to carry out the promise which he had made.\n3. The third man merely said, \u201cI have married a wife and therefore I\ncannot come.\u201d He didn\u2019t even say, \u201cI beg thee have me excused.\u201d He made\nno apology. He thought the fact that he had a wife was excuse enough for\nfalling down on his duties. He is not the last man who has allowed a\nwife to keep him from doing his duty. That has happened many times.\nSometimes it works the other way. The wife allows her husband to keep\nher from doing what she ought to do.\nYou and I regard none of these excuses as being valid. Neither did the\nmaster of the house. He was angry. He would allow none of these\ndeserters to taste his supper. He didn\u2019t even propose to make any\nallowance for repentance. He, no doubt, felt that he had been greatly\nmistreated or even insulted. But these excuses were no worse than many\nof those which people now offer for rejecting the Lord\u2019s invitation.\nEven church members sometimes give silly excuses for not doing their\nduty.\nThis morning we want to discuss the excuses outsiders offer for not\nobeying the gospel.[2] If you start out to do some personal work and to\nlead people to the Lord individually, and that is the most effective way\nto lead them, you\u2019ll find them making excuses. There are twelve or\nfifteen excuses which will probably cover 95 per cent of the cases. If\nyou become familiar with these, and know how to answer them, you\u2019ll be\nable to handle most of the objections you meet. I have heard all these\nexcuses offered many times. If you set out to do some work tomorrow\u2014work\nof this nature\u2014you will find people offering one or more of these\nexcuses. Let us state and briefly discuss them.\n1. \u201c_There are so many doctrines preached I do not know which one to\nbelieve. If wise men differ about which church is right, how then can I\nbe sure?_\u201d Well, friends, wise men are still differing about what sort\nof food you ought to eat. The doctors have not yet decided what is the\nperfect diet; but you haven\u2019t quit eating while the doctors argue. You\nare more practical in dealing with your stomach than you are in dealing\nwith your soul. You keep on eating the best you can while the scientists\nsearch for the perfect diet.\nFurthermore, I never heard anyone offer this excuse who was a Bible\nstudent. It is always offered by those who do not study the Bible,\nbecause anyone who is able to study can find the answer. I could\nentertain you at length, and maybe profit you as well, by giving you a\nnumber of examples of individuals who have studied the Bible\nindependently in search for the truth, with always the same results.\nAnyone who will take the time to investigate God\u2019s word, doing his best\nto lay aside his prejudice and his bias, if he is sincere and honest,\nwill be able to understand God\u2019s will well enough to obey the Lord on\nthis earth and be saved everlastingly. The man who offers this excuse is\nsimply not willing to make the investigation necessary to gain the\nenlightenment or information which he needs.\n2. \u201c_For me to be baptized for remission of sins would be to say that my\nparents are lost._\u201d Of course, that implies that his parents are already\ndead and that they were never baptized for remission of sins. I answer\nthis objection by giving a concrete example. I visited a lady in West\nVirginia and anticipated that she would make this excuse. In fact, when\nI entered the room I could see the tenseness in the muscles of her face.\nShe was expecting me to say that her father had gone to hell, and she\nwas all set to get angry when I did. But I disappointed her. I didn\u2019t\nsay it. I have never said that to anyone. I do not see how it can do any\ngood. There may be times when I am convinced that it is so. But after\none is dead there is no need to discuss it.\nMy approach was this: \u201cI am willing to admit that your father was just\nas good as you think he was. There is no reason why I should deny this.\nBut remember, if your father was as good as you think he was, then he\ndid the best he knew, he lived up to all the enlightenment he had;\nbecause if he had not done so, he would not have been a good man. He\nwould have been a hypocrite. So we will just assume that your father did\nthe very best he could. Then you are not as good as he was unless you do\nthe very best that you know, and you know that you ought to be a\nChristian. You know you ought to be a member of the church we read about\nin the Bible. You know that you ought to be baptized for remission of\nsins. If you don\u2019t obey the gospel, then you are not as good as you say\nyour father was.\u201d\nThe tenseness left her face. She relaxed and talked more reasonably.\nBefore the meeting closed she obeyed the gospel. If your father and\nmother are dead, if they are on their way to heaven, and if they are\nconscious, then they certainly want you to obey the gospel so you will\ngo there, too. If they are not on their way to heaven, if they are\nconscious of being on their way to the other place, then they certainly\nwant you to obey the gospel, for torment in fire is one misery which is\nso terrible that it does not love company. The rich man did not want his\nbrothers to come to the place where he was in hades.\n3. \u201c_I am better now than some of those who are in the church._\u201d In a\nsense that might be so. Morally you might be better than the worst\nhypocrite in the church, but why do you want to select the lowest\nstandard that you can find? I have often wondered why a decent man will\nselect a hypocrite in the church, or an immoral, disloyal, unfaithful\nchurch member as a standard by which to measure himself. To do so is\ncertainly no compliment to yourself. We do not use such standards in\nother matters. We want the best standards in the affairs of this world\nand even though your comparison be true, it still remains that the best\nman in the church is far better than the best man on the outside. And\nthe average man in the church is better than the average man on the\noutside. Furthermore, when you stand before the Lord Jesus Christ you\nwill not be judged according to any human standard, but according to the\nword of God Almighty.\n4. \u201c_There are so many hypocrites in the church that I cannot afford to\nbecome a member of it._\u201d When one makes this excuse I don\u2019t say, but I\nfeel like saying, \u201cWell, come on in, brother; there is always room for\none more.\u201d The man who offers that excuse is a hypocrite himself. That\u2019s\nnot what keeps him out. It is just an excuse for not coming in.\nFurthermore, there are hypocrites in every organization in the world.\nThere are hypocrites outside the church. You can\u2019t get away from the\nhypocrites by staying outside the church, because they are not all\ninside the church. The church doesn\u2019t have a monopoly on them. Most of\nthem are still on the outside, and you will be with them as long as you\nremain there. Furthermore you\u2019ll have to spend eternity with all the\nhypocrites, those that are now in the church and those that are now\noutside the church. So, if you want to get away from hypocrites, there\nis only one way to do it: become a Christian and tolerate the few\nhypocrites in the church while on this earth you dwell, then go home to\nheaven to be free of all of them forever.\n5. \u201c_I\u2019m not good enough to be a Christian._\u201d If you were, you wouldn\u2019t\nneed to become one. The gospel is for people who need to be better. The\ngospel is for sinners. Sinners are the raw material out of which\nChristians are made. The people who were saved on the day of Pentecost\nwere not such good folk to start with. They were murderers. They had\nmurdered the Son of God. Yet they could be saved. If you are not worse\nthan the men who, with wicked and lawless hands, nailed the Son of God\nto the cross, then you are not too mean to be saved. In fact, Christ is\nable to save them to the uttermost that come unto God by him. His power\nis not limited. One of the most wonderful things about the gospel of\nJesus Christ is that it makes no difference how dark or black your\nrecord may have been in the past, you can have it washed clean and white\nas snow in the blood of the Lamb. His blood is able to wipe away all\nyour sins; though they be red like crimson, they shall be as wool;\nthough they be as scarlet they shall be as white as snow (Isa. 1:18).\nThere is no one too wicked to be saved if he is willing to believe in\nChrist, repent of his sins, obey the commandment to be baptized, and\nremain faithful thereafter.\n6. \u201c_Well, I\u2019d like to become a Christian, but I\u2019m_ _afraid I can\u2019t hold\nout._\u201d People say a lot of things they don\u2019t mean to say. They use a lot\nof words sometimes when they don\u2019t realize what they are saying. So does\nthe man who makes this excuse. Let\u2019s just look at it a minute and see\nwhat a fellow really says when he states that he is afraid he can\u2019t hold\nout. If you analyze his excuse, it simply means this: \u201cI\u2019m on my way to\nhell and there is nothing I can do about it.\u201d He didn\u2019t mean to say\nthat. He didn\u2019t intend to assume such a hopeless attitude. \u201cI\u2019m just on\nmy way to hell and there\u2019s nothing I can do about it.\u201d Why nobody, not\nmany people at least, believes that! And yet that\u2019s virtually what you\nsay when you say, \u201cI\u2019d like to be a Christian, but I am afraid I can\u2019t.\u201d\nGod is not the author of such hopelessness. The Bible says, \u201cWhosoever\nwill let him take the water of life freely\u201d (Rev. 22:17). The Bible\nteaches that God \u201cwill not suffer you to be tempted above that ye are\nable, but will with the temptation also make a way to escape that ye may\nbe able to bear it\u201d (1 Cor. 10:13). The Bible plainly declares that all\nof those who will may come. Anybody who is willing to try can be saved.\nTo say it is impossible for you to be saved is to dispute the word of\nGod Almighty. I do not believe you really want to do that.\n7. \u201c_I don\u2019t know enough yet._\u201d That could be so. I think I have seen\nsome people of whom that was true. But you can learn enough in a very\nfew minutes. Do you know that in every example of conversion we have in\nthe Bible, the people who were saved obeyed the first sermon they heard?\nIn every case! Now, if those people who lived nearly 2000 years ago\ncould learn enough from one sermon to obey the gospel, how long should\nit take one today? In every instance they obeyed the first sermon they\nheard. It didn\u2019t take long, did it? I have worked with people whom I had\nto teach for a full year before they would obey the gospel. Of course, I\nadmit that I am not as good a teacher as Peter or Paul, but when I read\nto you just what those men said, then, after all, they are doing the\nteaching. People of that day could learn enough from them in just an\nhour or so to obey the gospel. Surely it ought not to take one several\nyears now to learn the same. After all, you don\u2019t need to know much to\nbe saved. You don\u2019t need to know everything. If you wait till you know\neverything before you do anything, then you\u2019ll always do nothing.\nIn order to be saved, you simply need to know that you are lost, that\nJesus is able to save you, and what he wants you to do in order that he\nmay save you. I can tell you that in less than a minute! \u201cHe that\nbelieveth and is baptized shall be saved\u201d (Mark 16:16). \u201cRepent and be\nbaptized everyone of you in the name of Jesus Christ for the remission\nof sins, and ye shall receive the gift of the Holy Ghost\u201d (Acts 2:38).\nNow, that is enough if you are willing to accept it and obey it. Even if\nyou didn\u2019t know it when you came, you now know enough to be saved.\nAn illustration which I frequently use is this: Suppose I start to drive\nto Columbia, Tennessee, tonight. I get out here on the street and say,\n\u201cWell, I can\u2019t see the way to Columbia. There are many crooks and turns\nand ditches between here and Columbia. I might have a wreck and kill\nmyself, so I just won\u2019t start.\u201d That would be silly, wouldn\u2019t it? Why, I\ncould see a few yards ahead of me and I would drive on in what light I\nhad. As I moved on the light would move on and if I kept on going, I\nwould likely reach Columbia or any other place to which I started.\nThat\u2019s the way it is in going to heaven; you can\u2019t see your way from\nhere into the Pearly Gates. If you could, you would be walking by sight\nand not by faith. \u201cBut the just shall live by faith\u201d (Hab. 2:4). You can\nsee the first step, and if you will take it, you will be able to see a\nlittle bit further. Take the second and then you can see still further,\nand if you keep on going, you will reach the goal.\n\u201cIf a man will do His will, he shall know of the doctrine, whether it be\nof God or whether I speak of myself\u201d (John 7:17). They that will to do\nHis will shall know. You can see or learn the way as you go along.\nRemember this, if you know of just one commandment that you have not yet\nobeyed, you do not deserve to understand another until you are willing\nto obey the one you do understand. If a man does not love the truth, God\nwill send him strong delusions that he may believe a lie and be damned\n(2 Thess. 2:8-12). If you know truth and are unwilling to act upon it,\nyou do not deserve to know any further truth. If you keep on despising\nwhat truth you do have, then God will take even that away from you. He\nwill send you a strong delusion that you may be deceived, may be deluded\nand may be damned forever. It is a dangerous thing for one to trample\nunder his foot the word of Almighty God. If you know of even one\ncommandment which you have not obeyed, obey it now.\n8. \u201c_I live a good, clean life, I treat everybody right. I pay all my\ndebts, I tell the truth, I am loyal and faithful to my family, and I am\njust as good as a lot of those folk in the church. The church can\u2019t save\nyou anyhow, so I think I am all right._\u201d Now, you know the answer to\nthat, don\u2019t you? It\u2019s found in the tenth chapter of Acts. I always like\nto suggest that the man who makes that sort of a statement compare\nhimself with Cornelius. He was a just man. He treated everybody right.\nHe feared the Lord. He prayed to God always. He was charitable. He gave\nmuch alms to the poor. And he was such a good man he had won the favor\nof the Jews over whom he was serving as the head of an army of\noccupation! He had a good reputation, even among them. Yet he was not\ngood enough to go to heaven without obeying the gospel. He was told to\nsend for Peter, who would speak unto him words whereby he should be\nsaved. He was not yet saved.\nIf you have ever committed just one sin, you cannot go to heaven until\nthat sin is washed away by the blood of Jesus, for sin cannot enter\nthere. Surely there is no one who would say that he had never committed\none sin. You don\u2019t have to commit a great big catalogue of sins in order\nto be lost. Just one unforgiven sin will take you into torment. If\nyou\u2019ve ever done wrong on a single point, then you\u2019ll have to repent of\nthat and obey the gospel in order to go to heaven when you die.\n9. \u201c_I\u2019m waiting for someone else. I\u2019m afraid my parents or husband or\nwife would object. This religion is unpopular and would cause me to lose\nmy social standing._\u201d This is really three excuses in one, but in each\ncase the person is being influenced by what someone else thinks, instead\nof being influenced by what God says. A familiar answer to such excuses\nis that every tub shall set on its own bottom. You\u2019ll find that in\nRomans, chapter 14 and verse 12, \u201cSo then each one of us must give an\naccount of himself unto the Lord.\u201d It doesn\u2019t use the word \u201ctub,\u201d but it\nsays the same thing. \u201cSo then each one of us must give an account of\nhimself unto the Lord.\u201d When you get to the judgment day, neither your\nfather nor your mother, brother nor sister, husband nor wife\u2014nobody else\ncan answer for you. Therefore, no one else should be allowed to _live_\nfor you. No one should be allowed to make your choices or decisions\nbecause they cannot answer for you.\nSomeone made a remark that one of the nice things about the Catholic\nChurch was that the members allowed the priests to make all the\ndecisions, that they rather expected him to make their choices for them.\nMy answer was that that would be all right if the priest could also\nanswer for you. But the priest cannot answer for you. Therefore, you\u2019d\nbetter not let him make your decisions. He might not make a decision\nthat you would want to stand by on the judgment day. Nobody can answer\nfor you, therefore nobody should be allowed to choose your course. In\nthe light of God\u2019s word you must accept that responsibility yourself.\nFurthermore, if you want to get your husband, wife, or somebody else to\nobey the gospel, the way to get them to do it is not to wait for them\nbut go ahead and lead the way. Step out and do it yourself. In West\nVirginia a lady told me that she would obey the gospel but that she was\nwaiting for her husband. I knew that was not a good excuse and I tried\nto get her to see it. One evening while we were singing the invitation\nsong I stopped and made this remark, \u201cIf I were you, I\u2019d rather go to\nheaven alone than to go to hell with my husband.\u201d Evidently she knew\nthat I was talking about her, for when we began to sing again she came\ndown the aisle. The next day her husband also came. If she had waited\nfor him, they might both still be on the outside. Now they are two of\nthe most faithful members in the congregation.\nA lady at Madison, Tennessee, made the same excuse. She even went so far\nas to say, \u201cIf you\u2019ll just talk to my husband and get him to obey, then\nI\u2019ll come along with him.\u201d I told her that wasn\u2019t the right attitude.\nThe next Sunday at church she came down the aisle to make the confession\nand be baptized. When I met her, she stopped and whispered to me,\n\u201cBrother Dark, I wish you would go back and talk to my husband.\u201d He was\njust two steps behind her and she didn\u2019t know it. That\u2019s the way to get\nyour husband to come! That\u2019s the way to get your wife to come! If you\nwait for somebody else, then you\u2019ll be lost.\nThere was a lady in Chattanooga who didn\u2019t wait for her husband. She\nwent to church. Her husband tried to keep her from going. That\u2019s\nunusual. Most husbands like for their wives to be good whether they are\nor not. But this husband didn\u2019t want his wife to go to church. He told\nher she couldn\u2019t have any money to give to the church. She began to take\nin sewing to make money for her contributions. That made him angry. He\nsaid, \u201cYou can\u2019t use that sewing machine, I paid for it.\u201d So she just\nkept on going without any money to contribute. He saw that he was\ndefeated on that point so, in desperation, he locked up her wardrobe. He\nsaid, \u201cI paid for those Sunday dresses and you can\u2019t wear them to\nchurch.\u201d She defied him again and borrowed some dresses from the next\ndoor neighbor and other ladies in the church and just kept on going\nanyway. He felt like he had to do something about it, so he went over to\nthe meetinghouse to see if he could find out what could be done. He\nstood on the outside and listened. It didn\u2019t sound as bad as he thought\nit would. Before the meeting closed he was baptized. Suppose his wife\nhad been fainthearted and had refused to go ahead without her husband.\nHe now says that he used to be the meanest man in Chattanooga and I\u2019m\ninclined to agree with him.\nI heard another story of a lady who was influenced by her husband. She\nwas attending a revival meeting and he was going with her every night.\nOne night while they were dressing, she said something about going to\nchurch, and he said, \u201cNo, we\u2019re not going to church tonight, we\u2019re going\nto the show.\u201d She replied, \u201cI can\u2019t go to a show. The revival is going\non. You know that! I have to be over there!\u201d He said, \u201cNo, we\u2019re going\nto a show.\u201d She kept on insisting that they go to church and he kept on\ninsisting on going to the show. Finally he said, \u201cNow, I\u2019ve been going\nwith you every night, and it\u2019s only fair that you go with me tonight.\u201d\nShe still refused. Then he said, \u201cIf you don\u2019t go with me tonight, I\u2019m\nnot going with you any more.\u201d So she gave in.\nOn the way to town he stopped beside the road. His wife asked him what\nwas wrong. He said, \u201cI\u2019m not going to the show. I just wanted to test\nyou out. I was planning to obey the gospel. If this thing is as\nimportant as you and your preacher say it is, then you ought to have\ngone on tonight regardless of what I did. Before I accepted I thought I\nwould test you out.\u201d I admit that he treated her pretty rough; but after\nall, you can\u2019t afford to let even the person whom you love best on this\nearth keep you from doing that which is right. It would be an act of\nunkindness. If you love someone, you ought not to let him keep you from\ndoing right but you ought to go on anyhow and use your influence to get\nhim to come along with you.\n10. \u201c_There is plenty of time yet._\u201d This one will probably take more\npeople to hell than all the others put together. Procrastination is the\nthief of souls. I\u2019ve never talked to but one person who said he planned\nto die and go to hell. Others say, \u201cYes, I\u2019m going to change my ways. I\nknow that I\u2019m lost and I\u2019m going to change.\u201d But when? \u201cWell, sometime.\u201d\nA man who talks like that never gets it done. When I go into a man\u2019s\nhome, talk to him, and urge him to obey the gospel and he says, \u201cWell,\nI\u2019m going to think it over; I\u2019m glad you came and I\u2019ll think it over,\u201d I\ngo away without much encouragement. But if a person tells me, \u201cYes,\nBrother Dark, I\u2019ll be over there next Sunday night and be baptized,\u201d\nthen I know something is going to happen. That is the only way to\novercome the tendency to procrastinate.\nI talked to some people at Madison one evening about 5 P.M. Immediately\nupon entering the room I learned that they knew what they ought to do.\nThey had attended our meeting often and they knew that they ought to be\nbaptized. They understood the plan of salvation. I remarked to them that\none could get into the habit of procrastinating. I said, \u201cEvery time you\nrepeat the act of putting this thing off this habit becomes stronger. If\nyou aren\u2019t careful, it may get you bound so tightly that you will never\novercome it.\u201d They came forward that night and obeyed the gospel, less\nthan three hours after I had talked to them, and are now two of the most\nfaithful members in the church. Afterwards the man told me that the\nremark about procrastination had prompted him to act immediately. He\nrealized that he had got into the habit of putting it off. This habit\nwas getting stronger and stronger. He had to exert his will power to\novercome it.\nNone of these excuses are any good. They will not stand the test of the\njudgment. I doubt that you would even have the audacity to mention them\nbefore God. There is no excuse for failing, or for delaying, to do what\nyou know God has commanded.\nThe best resolution that you can make today, if you haven\u2019t already made\nit, is the resolution to quit doing wrong and to begin doing right. It\nis preceded by faith; it is followed by baptism. The resolution to do\nright will naturally lead to baptism, for that is a part of doing right.\nWon\u2019t you say at the beginning of this new year, \u201cI\u2019m going to resolve\nnow that from this day henceforth I will live for God\u201d? If that be your\nresolution, come forward and make it known while we stand and sing.\nIt is my purpose this morning to discuss the case of an erring child of\nGod in contrast to that of an alien sinner. An alien sinner is one who\nhas never been baptized into Jesus Christ, one who has never become a\nmember of the Lord\u2019s church, one who has never become a citizen of the\nkingdom of our Lord and Saviour, Jesus Christ. The plan of salvation for\nsuch an one is clearly revealed in the Bible. It has been proclaimed\nfrom this pulpit numbers and numbers of times. It needs to be repeated\nover and over again, and to be kept constantly before the minds of the\npeople.\nNot only should those who are not Christians know the plan of salvation\nin order to become Christians, but those who have already obeyed the\ngospel ought to know what an alien must do to be saved well enough to\nteach others effectively. The alien must know the gospel well enough to\nobey it. The Christian must have a working knowledge of the gospel in\norder to help save others.\nThe Bible clearly teaches that in order to become a child of God one\nmust believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of the living God; that\nhe must then repent of his sins (Acts 2:38 and 3:19); that he must\nconfess with his mouth the faith which he has in his heart; and finally\nhe must be baptized for remission of sins (Acts 2:38; 22:16, and many\nother places which might be cited). These are the conditions of\nsalvation for an alien sinner. Obedience to these commandments makes one\na child of the Lord.\n                        A Word of Encouragement\nBut suppose one errs from the truth after having obeyed these\ncommandments. That would make him an erring child of God. The case of\nsuch an one deserves our consideration. Is there a plan of salvation for\none who errs from the truth after having been baptized into Christ\u2014into\nthe family of God? If so, what are the conditions of his salvation? On\nthis topic there seems to be some confusion and misunderstanding.\nOccasionally we meet someone who thinks that there is no way for him to\nbe saved, if he sins after he has been baptized\u2014that his case is\nhopeless, if he turns away from the church after having once been a\nmember thereof. I would like to speak a word of encouragement to all\nsuch.\nThere\u2019s only one thing which can keep any person on this earth from\nbeing saved, and that is unwillingness to repent and obey God. I believe\nit is true that no matter how far one may have strayed away, if he wants\nto come back, if he will repent, and if he will obey the commandments\nwhich God has given, God is willing to forgive. This is the divine\nencouragement and inducement which is held out to all by the word of God\nI believe we can say that anyone who has been a Christian very long has\nat some time or other been an erring child of God, for there are none of\nus who live perfect lives. I presume there are none here who even claim\nto live perfectly. In 1 John 1:8 we read: \u201cIf we say that we have no\nsin, we deceive ourselves, and the truth is not in us.\u201d Everyone, then,\nwho has been in the church any appreciable length of time has been, at\nsome time, an erring child of God. If it were not possible for an erring\nchild of God to be saved, then none of us would have a chance, and the\nwhole scheme of redemption would be vain. Of course, we know that such\nis not the case.\n                      God\u2019s Willingness To Forgive\nThat an erring child of God may be saved is clearly taught by James\n5:19-20, \u201cBrethren, if any one of you do err from the truth and one\nconvert him, let him know that he which converteth a sinner from the\nerror of his way, shall save a soul from death and shall hide a\nmultitude of sins.\u201d That\u2019s a clear-cut reference unto an erring child of\nGod, for this statement is addressed unto the brethren. It teaches that\nif a brother errs from the straight and narrow way, there is a chance\nfor him to be restored by another brother. The one who restores him\nrenders a very valuable service which covers a multitude of sins and\nsaves a soul from death. That is, he saves a soul from the lake of fire\nand brimstone, which is the second death, for Christians as well as\nsinners are appointed unto physical death. Of course, if the erring\nbrother refuses to obey, he will be lost. He will be lost because of his\nunwillingness to obey, and not because of God\u2019s unwillingness to\nforgive.\nWe have another reference to erring children of God in the third chapter\nof Revelation, in the letter addressed unto the church at Laodicea. In\nthis church there were some lukewarm members. Lukewarm church members\nare erring children of God. Of them, Jesus says, \u201cI know thy works, that\nthou are neither cold nor hot. I would thou wert cold or hot. So then\nbecause thou art lukewarm and neither cold nor hot, I will spue thee out\nof my mouth.\u201d Surely these people were in a bad spiritual condition,\neven to the extent of making our Savior sick at his stomach; but their\ncase was not a hopeless one. There was still opportunity for them to\nrepent and to be saved.\nThis letter itself represents an effort on the part of God through his\nSon, Jesus, to lead these people to repentance, in order that he might\nforgive them. He pleads with them as follows: \u201cI counsel thee to buy of\nme gold tried by the fire; that thou mayest be rich, and white raiment\nthat thou mayest be clothed, and that the shame of thy nakedness do not\nappear; and anoint thine eyes with eyesalve that thou mayest see. As\nmany as I love, I rebuke and chasten: be zealous therefore and repent.\nBehold I stand at the door and knock: if any man hear my voice, and open\nthe door, I will come in to him and will sup with him and he with me. To\nhim that overcometh will I grant to sit with me in my throne, even as I\nalso overcame and am set down with my father in his throne. He that hath\nan ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the churches\u201d (Rev.\n3:14-22). From this, we not only learn that it is possible for the\nerring children to be saved, but that their salvation is conditioned\nupon their repentance.\n                        Unwillingness To Repent\nThe characters mentioned in the first part of the sixth chapter of\nHebrews were lost not because they were incapable of being saved, but\nbecause they were unwilling to repent. Of them we read, beginning with\nverse 4; \u201cFor it is impossible for those who were once enlightened and\nhave tasted of the heavenly gift and were made partakers of the Holy\nGhost, and have tasted the good word of God and the powers of the world\nto come, if they shall fall away, to renew them again unto repentance;\nseeing they crucify to themselves the Son of God afresh, and put him to\nan open shame.\u201d Please note that it does not say that these people could\nnot be saved; it does not say that it was impossible for them to repent;\nbut it says it was impossible to get them to repent, that no one could\npersuade them to repent, that they persistently refused to do so.\nThese were not characters who were still striving to live the Christian\nlife, but making mistakes along the way. They were men who had\ncompletely turned their backs upon that which was right. They were\ncrucifying to themselves the Son of God afresh, and putting him unto an\nopen shame. And one could not persuade them to repent. They were not\nlost because of God\u2019s unwillingness to forgive, but because of their\nunwillingness to repent.\nIt is possible for one to turn so completely away from the Lord that you\ncannot get that person to repent, but please remember that the trouble\nstill lies with the man himself. Even such an one as that could be saved\nif he would repent, but he won\u2019t repent. Whosoever will may come, but\nthere are some who won\u2019t. Jesus says, \u201cYe will not come unto me that ye\nmay have life.\u201d\nThere is nothing in the Bible, then, which teaches that it is impossible\nfor any individual to be saved, provided he will repent and obey the\nLord. There are simply some who refuse to obey. Anyone can repent, but\nthere are some who will not. Of such characters 2 Peter 2:21-22 says:\n\u201cFor it had been better for them not to have known the way of\nrighteousness, than after they have known it to turn from the holy\ncommandment delivered unto them. But it is happened unto them according\nto the true proverb, the dog is turned to his own vomit again; and the\nsow that was washed to her wallowing in the mire.\u201d\nIn the eighth chapter of Acts we have another example of an erring child\nof God. His name was Simon and he was a sorcerer by profession. Of him\nverse 13 says, \u201cThen Simon himself believed also: and when he was\nbaptized, he continued with Philip, and wondered, beholding the miracles\nand signs which were done.\u201d Jesus said, Mark 16:16: \u201cHe that believeth\nand is baptized shall be saved.\u201d Simon believed and was baptized,\ntherefore, Simon was saved. Simon was a child of God because he had\nbelieved and been baptized. That he was afterwards in error is plainly\ntaught by Peter in the verses which follow. Beginning with verse 18:\n\u201cAnd when Simon saw that through the laying on of the apostles\u2019 hands\nthe Holy Ghost was given, he offered them money, saying, Give me also\nthis power, that on whomsoever I lay hands, he may receive the Holy\nGhost. But Peter said unto him, Thy money perish with thee, because thou\nhast thought that the gift of God may be purchased with money. Thou hast\nneither part nor lot in this matter; for thy heart is not right in the\nsight of God. Repent therefore of this thy wickedness, and pray God, if\nperhaps the thought of thine heart may be forgiven thee. For I perceive\nthat thou art in the gall of bitterness, and in the bond of iniquity.\nThen answered Simon, and said, Pray ye to the Lord for me, that none of\nthese things which ye have spoken come upon me.\u201d\nSimon was a child of God because he had believed and had been baptized.\nAfterwards he erred. That made him an erring child of God. His condition\nwas serious. He had so sinned as to be aptly described as being in the\nbond of iniquity, and in the gall of bitterness. But his case was not\nhopeless. Peter\u2019s admonition to him shows clearly that there was still a\nchance for him to be saved.\nPeter commanded him to repent and to pray. The commandment to pray for\nforgiveness implied a commandment to confess his sins. One cannot\nconsistently pray for forgiveness until he admits, at least to himself\nand to God, that he has sinned. One cannot even repent until he first\nadmits to himself that he has done wrong. The commandment to confess\nimplied by Peter is clearly stated elsewhere in God\u2019s word. For\ninstance, James 5:16: \u201cConfess your faults one to another, and pray one\nfor another that ye may be healed.\u201d Again we read in I John, chapter 1,\nverses 9 and 10, \u201cIf we confess our sins, he is faithful and just to\nforgive our sins, and to cleanse us from all unrighteousness. If we say\nthat we have not sinned, we make him a liar and his word is not in us.\u201d\nThese Scriptures not only teach the possibility of an erring child of\nGod\u2019s being saved, but also the condition upon which his salvation\ndepends. These conditions are: repentance of his sins, confession of his\nsins, and prayer unto the Lord for forgiveness. Any erring child of God\nwho conforms to these conditions will be readily and freely forgiven by\nour Father who is in heaven. One who refuses to conform to these simple\nconditions assumes full responsibility for his own destruction. Having\nput his hand to the plow, and looking back, he is not fit for the\nkingdom of God (Luke 9:62). He must repent or perish (Luke 13:3).\nThe story of the prodigal son very beautifully and accurately\nillustrates the plan we are discussing. The prodigal son does not\nrepresent an alien sinner. He was a son. He represents an erring child.\nHe went away from home contrary to his father\u2019s will, and he wasted his\nfather\u2019s goods in riotous living. He was a wayward child. He was a\ndisobedient son of his father; and finally, when he had tasted the\nbitter dregs of sin, he resolved to go back home.\nThe Bible says that he came to himself. He recognized that he had\nsinned. That was the first step in his restoration. When he thought\nabout the good things back in his father\u2019s home in contrast with his own\nsuffering, he recognized that he had made a mistake. Then he made a\nresolution. He said, \u201cI will arise and go unto my father.\u201d And the very\nminute he made up his mind to go to his father, that was repentance.\nRepentance is a change of purpose. A determination to quit doing wrong\nand to begin doing right. And so when the young man said to himself, \u201cI\nwill go, I will return to my father, and to my father\u2019s house,\u201d that\nresolution constituted repentance. Then the story says that he arose and\ncame to his father. That was the fruit of his repentance.\nHe had planned his confession. He said, \u201cI will say unto my father,\nFather, I have sinned against heaven and before thee, and am no more\nworthy to be called thy son: make me as one of thy hired servants.\u201d The\nyoung man expected to plead his case with his father. He didn\u2019t even\nhope to be reinstated as a son. But he was going to beg that he might be\nallowed to come back as a servant. Imagine his surprise when his father\nran to meet him and welcomed him back into the family circle. The boy\nstarted to make his confession, but before he had had time to finish,\nthe father interrupted him and said: \u201cBring forth the best robe and put\nit on him; and put a ring on his hand, and shoes on his feet: and bring\nhither the fatted calf and kill it and let us eat, and be merry. For\nthis my son was dead, and is alive again, he was lost and is found.\u201d\nNow this not only illustrates what an erring child of God must do to be\nsaved, but it also represents God\u2019s willingness to forgive him. This\nyoung man repented, he reformed, he confessed, and he prayed. He prayed\nto his father to take him back into his home. (He had planned his\nconfession in his heart even if he were not allowed to express it all.)\nThat is just exactly what an erring child of God must do. As we learn\nfrom Peter, James and John, he must repent, confess his sins, and pray\nfor forgiveness. Just as the father of that prodigal son was eager to\nreceive him back into his home, so our heavenly Father stands waiting to\nreceive unto the bosom of his love all of his wayward children who will\ncome back to him in humility, penitence, confession and prayer. Just as\nthat father showered his son with blessings, so Jehovah will shower his\nwayward children who return to him with the blessings of forgiveness,\nprotection, and encouragement.\nIn conclusion it might be well to mention the duty of the church in\nreference to an erring child of God. It is the duty of the church and of\nall its spiritually-minded members to warn those who are living in\nerror, to rebuke them, to reprove them and to exhort them with all long\nsuffering and teaching, to admonish them to do these three things which\nare required of them in order to be forgiven by the Lord. When we do so,\nwe shall in no wise lose our reward.\nI close then by calling attention once more to these verses in James,\n\u201cBrethren, if anyone of you do err from the truth, and one convert him;\nlet him know that he which converteth a sinner from the error of his\nway, shall save a soul from death and shall hide a multitude of sins.\u201d\nNow, there may be some erring children of God in this audience this\nmorning. I want to do just what the Bible teaches me to do. I want to\nadmonish you, urge you, and beseech you to take advantage of God\u2019s\ngoodness and God\u2019s mercy and God\u2019s willingness to forgive.\nThe alien sinner must believe, repent, and be baptized. The erring child\nof God must repent, confess his sin, and pray for forgiveness. But I\ndon\u2019t care how black your past may have been, how many ugly things you\nmay have done, if you will confess to men, to yourself, and to God that\nyou have sinned; if you will resolve in your heart that you will turn\naway from your evil doing, and ask God to forgive you, He will certainly\ndo so. He never goes back on His promise. He\u2019s not only willing, but is\neager to have you come. He will welcome you back into the fold of those\nwho are redeemed.\nAll of those evil things which you have done will not only be forgiven,\nbut they will be forgotten. They will never be remembered any more, and\nyou can start all over again to live the Christian life, with a\nperfectly clean, white record; all the blots having been wiped away by\nthe all-powerful blood of Jesus Christ, the Son of God. Don\u2019t you want\nto do that? We urge you to do so, while together we stand and sing.\n    [Illustration: Three Dispensations]\n    PATRIARCHAL\n      God\u2019s law to the patriarchs and Gentiles.\n  Red Sea\n    MOSAIC\n      God\u2019s law to the Jews given through Moses\n  {Cross}\n    CHRISTIAN\n      God\u2019s law to the world given through Christ\nNegative sermons are sometimes necessary. It is the duty of gospel\npreachers not only to proclaim the truth but also to condemn error and\nconvict the gainsayers (Titus 1:9). Wherever false teaching raises its\nugly head, we must strike it down with the sword of the Spirit. Wherever\nit lurks in secret hiding places to destroy unwary souls, we must search\nfor it and expose it with the light of truth. We must warn people\nagainst it.\nMuch money and effort are spent to protect people from contagious\ndiseases. In a public building of downtown Nashville yesterday I saw\nabove a water fountain a sign which said, \u201cDo not put your mouth on the\nfaucet unless you wish to catch or spread disease.\u201d Certainly we should\nlabor diligently to prevent the spreading of _religious_ error. I wish I\nwere able to place a skull and cross bones sign across every false\ndoctrine.\nIt is my purpose this morning to label and expose the false doctrine of\nthe Seventh Day Adventists with respect to the sabbath. In view of the\ncurrent meeting at the War Memorial Auditorium, this lesson is certainly\ntimely. I\u2019m taking no advantage of those whose teaching I examine, for\nmy purpose has been duly advertised in the daily press, and they are\ninvited to be here. The overflow crowd present this morning indicates a\nlively interest in this topic. I wish I had the opportunity to speak to\nall of those who have been listening to error in reference to the\nsabbath. I proceed with malice in my heart toward none.\nThe zeal and liberality of the Seventh Day Adventists are admirable.\nThey are spending a lot of money to teach what they evidently believe to\nbe the truth. The advertising for their current meeting is costing\nthousands of dollars. Their winning several converts to a doctrine that\nis not only false but also unpopular and inconvenient is evidence that\nadvertising is effective. But their zeal is without knowledge and their\nconverts have accepted error. The work they are doing at present\nconstitutes a public challenge to all preachers of the gospel. That\nchallenge shall not go unanswered. I make no personal criticism of their\nspeaker but I condemn his teaching because it is false.\n                          Three Dispensations\nThe Bible reveals unto us three distinct dispensations or periods of\ntime. On the board I have a little diagram to represent those three\ndispensations. (See p. 144.) The first lasted from Adam to Moses; the\nsecond continued from Moses until the death of Christ on the cross; the\nthird began at the cross and will continue until our Lord comes again.\nDuring the first period, the family was the unit of worship. In divers\nmanners and various portions God communicated with the heads of the\nfamilies, such as Adam, Noah, Abram, _et al_. These men were known as\npatriarchs (Heb. 7:4; Acts 2:29; 7:8, 9) and accordingly this period is\nknown as the patriarchal dispensation. At Mt. Sinai God gave another law\nto the Jewish nation which continued in force until Christ died on the\ncross. This law was given through Moses and applied to the Jews only.\nHence the second period is known as the Mosaic dispensation. Throughout\nthis period the patriarchal regulations continued to apply to the\nGentile families and nations but the Jews were governed by the law given\nat Sinai. There were two laws in force simultaneously but applying to\ndifferent peoples. God never had two different laws applying to the same\npeople at the same time.\nDuring the third period, or Christian dispensation, we have, of course,\nthe will or the law of Christ. In Hebrews 1:1-2 we read, \u201cGod, who at\nsundry times and in divers manners spake in times past unto the fathers\nby the prophets, hath in these days spoken unto us by his son.\u201d That\nmakes a distinct break at the cross. Before Christ came God spoke unto\nour fathers by the prophets in dreams, visions, etc., but unto us he\nhath spoken through his Son, Jesus Christ. In the New Testament we have\nthe will of Christ which went into effect when he died on the cross\nThe advocates of the seventh day sabbath make a very broad claim. They\nclaim that the command to remember the sabbath day and keep it holy (the\nfourth commandment of the Decalogue given at Sinai) has been binding on\nall people throughout all ages and will continue to be in force as long\nas time shall last. In other words, they claim that it has been binding\nthroughout each of the dispensations already mentioned. With the diagram\n(p. 144) to keep these three periods before our minds, let us examine\nthe claim in the light of the Bible.\n              No Sabbath for Man During First 2,500 Years\nFirst of all, I emphatically deny that God commanded anyone to keep the\nsabbath before the children of Israel were led out of Egypt. According\nto the Seventh Day Adventists, the \u201cfourth commandment\u201d was in force at\nleast 2,500 years before it was made known. This could not be. Moses\nwrote the book of Genesis. He probably wrote it after the law was given\nat Sinai. It covers almost the entire patriarchal period. _In this book\nthe word \u201csabbath\u201d is not found at all!_ Genesis 2:2 says that God\nrested on the seventh day, but it does not say that he told Adam and Eve\nto rest; neither does it call the seventh day the sabbath. \u201cAnd on the\nseventh day God ended his work which he had made; and he rested on the\nseventh day from all his work which he had made. And God blessed the\nseventh day, and sanctified it: because that in it he had rested from\nall his work which God created and made.\u201d Please note that that is _not\na commandment_; it is a statement of facts. It is a statement of the\nfact that _God_ rested on the seventh day and a statement of the further\nfact that (at some later date) he sanctified and blessed the seventh\nday. There is no commandment in that Scripture.\nFurthermore, the very tense of the verb used in verse 3 shows that he\ndid not sanctify the day at the time he rested. Note this tense:\n\u201cbecause in it he _had rested_.\u201d It does not say \u201cbecause he was\nresting\u201d but \u201cbecause he _had rested_\u201d on that day. The very tense of\nthe verb shows that after God himself had rested on the seventh day, _at\nsome later time_, when he could refer to the fact that he had rested in\nthe past tense, he sanctified that day. Genesis does not say _when_ he\nsanctified it. Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5 reveal that he sanctified it\nas a day of rest for the Jews in the wilderness when he gave the law at\nMt. Sinai, after he had led them out of Egypt. The seventh day was\nsanctified at the close of the patriarchal dispensation, _at least 2,500\nyears after the world began_.\nThe mentioning of the sanctification in Genesis 2:3 has been called a\ncase of prolepsis, or joining together in statement two events that were\nseparated in time. Other examples of prolepsis may be found in Genesis\n3:20, 4:20, and Matthew 10:4. No one can show where God sanctified the\nseventh day, much less where he commanded anyone to keep it, until after\nthe deliverance of the Jews from Egypt.\nThe seventh day of the week is first called the sabbath in Exodus 16, in\nconnection with the giving of the manna to the Jews in the wilderness.\nIn anticipation of the law soon to be given at Sinai, God instructed the\npeople to gather two days\u2019 supply on the sixth day and warned them not\nto expect any on the seventh day. The manner in which the sabbath is\nthus introduced shows that they were not accustomed to keeping it. In\nspite of these special instructions, some went out to gather manna on\nthe seventh day and found none. This shows their lack of familiarity\nwith the seventh day sabbath. The sabbath was a new institution soon to\nbe established. Here it was first introduced. At Mt. Sinai a few days\nlater it was made known. \u201cThou camest down also upon Mt. Sinai, and\nspakest with them from heaven, and gavest them right judgments, and true\nlaws, good statutes and commandments; and madest known unto them thy\nholy sabbath and commanded them precepts, statutes, and laws, by the\nhand of Moses thy servant ...\u201d (Neh. 9:13, 14; see also Ex. 20:8-11, and\nDeut. 5:12-15). If they were already familiar with the sabbath, how\ncould God have _made it known_ to them at Mt. Sinai?\nSoon after the sabbath command was given at Sinai, a Jew went out and\npicked up sticks on the sabbath day (Num. 15:32-36). That this\nceremonial institution was new is shown by the fact that Moses put that\nman in jail until he could inquire from God what should be done. Don\u2019t\nyou know that if God\u2019s people had been keeping the sabbath 2,500 years,\n_they would have known_ what to do with a man who violated it?\n(Incidentally, God commanded that he be stoned to death. I have not\nheard of any modern Sabbatarians thus punishing the violation of their\nfavorite law. If the seventh day sabbath were still in force, _the death\npenalty for violating it would also still be in force_.)\nAnd so, my friends, I boldly declare that there is no verse of Scripture\nin the Bible which shows that any man ever kept the sabbath during the\nperiod from Adam to Moses. In the history that covers this period of\napproximately 2,500 years there is no commandment to keep the sabbath;\nthere is no example of man\u2019s resting on the seventh day; there is no\npromise of reward for his doing so; there is no threat of punishment for\nhis failing to do so. Those who teach that the seventh day sabbath was\nin force during this period are urgently requested to cite the text that\nsays so. Since they cannot do so, the first pillar in the foundation of\nthe seventh day sabbath theory is completely destroyed. _It is simply\nnonexistent._\n                     Never Applied To the Gentiles\nComing now to the second part of the diagram (p. 144), I emphatically\ndeny that there is any place in the Bible to show that God ever\ncommanded the Gentile nations to keep the sabbath day, even during the\nMosaic dispensation. Seventh Day Adventists are obligated to furnish the\ntext which says that he did so, but they cannot furnish it. In fact,\nthere are plenty of Scriptures to show that this ceremonial institution\nwas not in force among the Gentiles.\nSpeaking of the sabbath, God said, \u201cIt is a sign between me and the\nchildren of Israel for ever ...\u201d (Ex. 31:17). If the other nations had\nbeen observing the seventh day sabbath also, it could not have been a\nsign between God and the Jews. Down in the country where I was reared\neach farmer had a certain mark which he used to distinguish his\nlivestock in the woods from that of others. For instance, one fellow\nsplit his hogs\u2019 ears at two places. That was his mark, but if every\nother farmer used the same mark, it would cease to be a sign of the\nstock which belonged to that particular man. If every ranchman in the\nWest used the same brand for his cattle, it would not be a sign of that\nwhich belonged to any one in particular. _Yet the sabbath was a sign\nbetween God and the children of Israel._ Therefore, it was peculiar to\nthat law which applied to them, and was not a part of any other law\ngiven by Jehovah to any other people or at any other time.\nThe sabbath was a memorial to an event peculiar to the Jewish family.\n\u201cAnd remember that thou wast a servant in the land of Egypt, and that\nthe Lord thy God brought thee out thence through a mighty hand and by a\nstretched out arm: therefore the Lord thy God commanded thee to keep the\nsabbath day\u201d (Deut. 5:15). The Gentiles were never delivered from\nEgyptian bondage and, therefore, could not observe the sabbath in memory\nof any such event. This Scripture not only proves that the Gentiles were\nnot commanded to observe the sabbath, but also that the Jews themselves\ndid not keep it _until after_ they were delivered from Egypt. If a\nstranger desired to become identified with the Jewish nation and\nreligion he was _permitted_ to do so by submitting to the Jewish law,\nincluding the sabbath regulation (Isa. 56:3-7). In this event he ceased\nto be a Gentile religiously, but became a Jew instead. If the sabbath\nhad been a universal practice, it would not have been necessary for a\nproselyte to _begin_ observing it when he submitted to the Jewish\nreligion. What has been said proves conclusively that the sabbath was\npurely a _Jewish_ institution. I most urgently request that those who\nadvocate the observance of the Jewish sabbath show us at least one verse\nof Scripture in which God ever commanded the Gentiles to do so. This\nthey _cannot_ do. Hence, the second pillar essential to the support of\ntheir theory is completely lacking.\n             Sabbath Commandments Not in The Law of Christ\nComing now to the last section in the diagram (on page 144), I\nemphatically deny that there is any verse of Scripture which states that\nGod ever commanded _anybody_ to keep the sabbath day since Jesus died on\nthe cross. No one can find such a text in the Bible. I\u2019m not unaware of\nsome attempts made along that line by Seventh Day Sabbatarians. For\ninstance, they refer to Matthew 24:20, where Jesus told his disciples to\npray that, when the city of Jerusalem was destroyed (in A.D. 70), they\nmight not have to make their flight on the sabbath day. But the very\nsame verse tells them to pray likewise that their flight be not in the\nwinter. He told them to pray that their flight be not in the winter\nbecause it would be difficult to travel and find comfortable shelter at\nthat season. In like manner, they were told to pray that their flight be\nnot on the sabbath day because the unconverted Jews would still be\nobserving the sabbath and in harmony with the commandment given by\nNehemiah (ch. 13, vss. 15-17) would keep the gates of the city closed\nthroughout the sabbath day. Under such conditions it would have been\nalmost impossible for the Christians to have fled from the city on the\nsabbath day. It was for that reason that they were told to pray that\ntheir flight be not on the sabbath. Such instructions on the part of\nJesus did not imply that the Christians would be expected to _rest_ on\nthe seventh day.\nNaturally you can find examples of unconverted Jews keeping the sabbath\nday after Jesus died on the cross. Paul went to their synagogues and\npreached to them on Saturday, telling them that they were no longer\nobligated to keep the law of Moses. We have a parallel case in Nashville\ntoday. The Seventh Day Adventists have advertised a religious meeting at\nthe War Memorial Auditorium tonight. That does not mean that they\nrecognize Sunday as the sabbath day, for they do not. The apostle Paul\nwent to the synagogue where the people were on Saturday to preach to\nthem. That does not mean that he recognized Saturday as the sabbath day,\nfor he did not.\nThe sabbath is mentioned sixty times in the New Testament. Forty-three\nof these cases are in connection with the life of Jesus Christ.\nAccording to the flesh, Christ was a Jew. He was born under the law, \u201cto\nredeem them that were under the law, that we might receive the adoption\nof sons\u201d (Gal. 4:4, 5). Before taking the law out of the way (Col.\n2:14), he _fulfilled_ it by _obeying_ it perfectly (Matt. 5:17, 18).\nNaturally, he kept the sabbath, just as he kept the passover and all the\nother ceremonies of the law of Moses. All of this occurred before Christ\ndied and, therefore, before his will, under which we are now living,\nwent into effect (Heb. 9:15, 17).\nIn Bible history following the death of Christ, the sabbath is mentioned\nseventeen times. In sixteen of these cases it refers to the worship of\nthe unconverted Jews. In the other case, the only one found in the\nEpistles, it is used to state that _Christians are not expected to\nobserve it_. \u201cLet no man therefore judge you in meat, or in drink, or in\nrespect of an holy day, or of the new moon, or of the sabbath days ...\u201d\n(Col. 2:16). Friends, all of this simply confirms and emphasizes the\nconclusion that there is absolutely not one word of Scripture to show\nthat God ever commanded any Christian to regard the seventh day of the\nweek as a sabbath day.\n                     The Christian\u2019s Day of Worship\nChristians are taught to worship on the first day of the week. \u201cNow\nconcerning the collection for the saints, as I have given order to the\nchurches of Galatia, even so do ye. Upon the first day of the week let\nevery one of you lay by him in store, as God hath prospered him, that\nthere be no gathering when I come\u201d (1 Cor. 16:1, 2). The last phrase in\nthis quotation shows that Paul did not refer to merely laying aside some\nmoney at home but rather to putting money into a common treasury. This\ndefinitely implies that the church was accustomed to meeting on the\nfirst day of the week. The purpose of this weekly assembling was to eat\nthe Lord\u2019s supper. They were rebuked for allowing something to interfere\nwith this holy purpose (1 Cor. 11:20-26).\nThe importance of this assembling on the first day of the week to eat\nthe Lord\u2019s supper is clearly revealed. \u201c... and let us consider one\nanother to provoke unto love and good works: not forsaking the\nassembling of ourselves together, as the manner of some is; but\nexhorting one another: and so much the more as ye see the day\napproaching\u201d (Heb. 10:24, 25). Under the guidance of the inspired\napostle the church at Troas also met to eat the Lord\u2019s supper on the\nfirst day of the week. \u201cAnd upon the first day of the week, when the\ndisciples came together to break bread, Paul preached unto them, ready\nto depart on the morrow, and continued his speech until midnight\u201d (Acts\nSeventh Day Adventists teach that the Catholic Church changed the\nsabbath from Saturday to Sunday, and challenge the public to cite the\nScripture which says that the first day of the week is the sabbath.\n_There is no such scripture. The first day of the week is not the\nsabbath! It is the day on which Christians ought to eat the Lord\u2019s\nsupper._ It is a day of _worship_, not necessarily a day of _rest_.\nNeither _rest_ nor _work_ should be allowed to interfere with a\nChristian\u2019s _worship_ on the first day of the week. We have met today to\neat the Lord\u2019s supper by the authority of the Scriptures cited above and\nnot by the authority of any church. Christians were eating the Lord\u2019s\nsupper on the first day of the week several hundred years before the\nRoman Catholic Church came into existence. I hereby challenge the\nSabbatarians to furnish even one word of Bible authority for eating the\nLord\u2019s supper on Saturday.\nChristians are living under the reign of Christ. They are expected to\nobey the word that God hath spoken unto us by his Son (Heb. 1:2). This\nword is called the will, or testament, of Christ. As in the case of\nhuman wills, it became of force when he died on the cross. \u201cFor where a\ntestament is, there must also of necessity be the death of the testator.\nFor a testament is of force after men are dead; otherwise it is of no\nstrength at all while the testator liveth\u201d (Heb. 6:16, 17). The will of\nChrist teaches Christians to worship on the first day of the week, but\nit does not teach them to rest on the seventh day. The will of Christ\nforbids murder, stealing, lying, and such like (Rom. 13:9), but it does\nnot forbid working on Saturday. \u201cFor the law was given by Moses, but\ngrace and truth came by Jesus Christ\u201d (John 1:17). This grace teaches\nrighteous living (Titus 2:11, 12), but it does not teach that Saturday\nshould be observed as a sabbath.\nWhen the will of Christ was established by his death on the cross, the\nlaw which God had given to the Jews through Moses at Sinai came to an\nend. This the Bible abundantly teaches. \u201cHe taketh away the first, that\nhe may establish the second\u201d (Heb. 10:9). \u201cBut we have been discharged\nfrom the law, having died to that wherein we were held; so that we serve\nin newness of the Spirit, and not in oldness of the letter\u201d (Rom. 7:6\nARV). In 2 Corinthians 3:6-18 we have a contrast between the law given\nat Sinai, including the sabbath commandments (see verse), and the will\nof Christ. The former was glorious; the latter much more glorious. The\nformer was done away; the latter remaineth. \u201cFor if that which is done\naway was glorious, much more that which remaineth is glorious.\u201d\nIn Galatians, chapter 3, speaking of the law God gave to the Jews at\nSinai, 430 years after his covenant with Abraham, Paul says, \u201cWherefore\nthe law was our schoolmaster to bring us unto Christ, that we might be\njustified by faith. But after that faith is come we are no longer under\na schoolmaster\u201d (Gal. 3:24, 25). I ask you if words could be plainer.\n\u201cThe law was our schoolmaster ... we are no longer under a\nschoolmaster.\u201d Is that sufficient? Do I need to cite other texts, such\nas Colossians 2:14-16; Ephesians 2:10-22; Galatians 4:1-31, etc.? No\nwonder Paul said in Galatians 5:4, \u201cChrist is become of no effect unto\nyou, whosoever of you are (he who would be\u2014ARV) justified by the law; ye\nare fallen from grace.\u201d\nBeloved, you have seen that the commandment to remember the sabbath day\nand keep it holy is confined to the law God gave to the Jews through\nMoses in the wilderness. It is not named in the history of God\u2019s people\nduring the 2,500 years prior to that time. _It is peculiar to the law of\nMoses._ It is not found at any other place in the Bible. It was not in\nforce during the patriarchal dispensation. Even during the Mosaic age,\nor dispensation, it never applied to the Gentiles. It is not binding\nduring the Christian dispensation. It has no place in the will of\nChrist. The only law in which it is found fulfilled its purpose, was\nfulfilled by Christ, and was taken out of the way when he died on the\ncross.\nThe law of Moses could not take away sins; the will of Christ can (Rom.\n1:16). I beseech you by the mercies of God to believe the will of\nChrist, obey its commandments, and enjoy its promises. The will of\nChrist says to believers, \u201cRepent, and be baptized every one of you in\nthe name of Jesus Christ for the remission of sins, and ye shall receive\nthe gift of the Holy Ghost\u201d (Acts 2:38). The will of Christ says, \u201cAnd\nnow why tarriest thou? Arise, and be baptized, and wash away thy sins,\ncalling on the name of the Lord\u201d (Acts 22:16).\nThe law of Christ teaches us to worship God in spirit and in truth, by\nsinging, praying, studying, teaching and by laying by in store and\neating the Lord\u2019s supper on the first day of the week. The law of Christ\nteaches us to love God with all our heart, power, soul, mind and\nstrength; to love our neighbors as ourselves and to do unto others as we\nwould have them do unto us. The will of Christ promises the faithful a\ncrown of everlasting life. This is the perfect law of liberty. It is\nholy, just and good. It is complete. It is a glorious law. Its glory\noutshines that of all other laws as the sun outshines the stars (2 Cor.\n3:10). It furnishes the man of God completely unto every good work. It\nis the law of life, rather than the law of death. It is the law of\neternal happiness, rather than the law of condemnation.\nDon\u2019t you want to hear Christ and obey this new law enacted upon better\npromises, glorious in its origin, glorious in its power and purpose, and\nglorious because it leads to a life of eternal glory for all of those\nwho faithfully follow it? While we stand and sing we bid you come to\nJesus and let him save you from all your sins.\n                     SEVENTH DAY ADVENTISM REVIEWED\nThose of you who were present last Lord\u2019s day remember that I spoke on\nthe topic \u201cThe Sabbath.\u201d Since that time I have received several letters\nfrom people who were not able to be present, but who requested that I\nsend them a copy of the lesson presented. I\u2019m glad to announce that the\nsermon was recorded by dictaphone and will be ready for free\ndistribution soon. I have also received many requests that I continue\ntoday along the same line that was begun last Lord\u2019s day. To these\nrequests I am conceding. It would be more pleasant to preach without\nnaming the mistakes of others but, when the souls of men and women are\ninvolved, we cannot afford to shirk our duty.\nThe main points in the lesson last Lord\u2019s day were as follows:\n1. Bible history is divided into three periods: the Patriarchal\n      Dispensation; the Mosaic Dispensation; and the Christian\n      Dispensation.\n2. There was no sabbath during the first period which lasted from Adam\n      to Moses.\n3. The sabbath commandment never applied to the Gentiles\u2014not even during\n      the Mosaic dispensation.\n4. The sabbath commandment was confined to the law of Moses which was\n      abolished when Christ died on the cross.\n5. Christians are not required to rest on Saturday.\n6. Christians are taught to worship on the first day of the week.\nIn the correspondence received since last Lord\u2019s day there is no word of\ncriticism or objection. I take the silence to mean that those who were\npresent were convinced that what was said was based on Bible authority.\nI am determined that the same shall be true of what I say today. It is\nmy prayerful purpose to preach nothing but what is plainly revealed in\nthe Bible.\nThe ushers have given you a mimeographed copy of some of the main points\nto be discussed in today\u2019s lesson. You may use these papers to make\nfurther notes, especially to take note of the Bible references used,\nthat you may go home and read them for yourselves and see that what we\nsay is true. The noble people of Berea searched the Scriptures daily to\nsee whether they had heard the truth. If all people would do that, it\nwould not be so easy for error to gain acceptance.\nIn my hand I hold a copy of one of the so-called Bible lessons\ndistributed by the Seventh Day Adventists. The title of this pamphlet is\n\u201cThe Two Laws.\u201d That title implies that God has never given but two\nlaws. That is a mistake. God has given different laws to different\npeople at different times, as the occasion and his eternal purpose\nrequired. His law to Adam before the fall was different from his law to\nAdam after the fall. His law to Cain was not the same as his law to\nNoah. His law to Abram was not identical with his law to the Jews. His\nlaw since Christ died on the cross is quite different from any law he\ngave before that time.\nGod does not change (Mal. 3:6) but _he changes his laws_ according to\nhis wisdom. \u201cFor the priesthood being changed, there is made of\nnecessity a change also of the law\u201d (Heb. 7:12). God has never had two\ndifferent laws applying to the same people at the same time. \u201cHe taketh\naway the first that he may establish the second\u201d (Heb. 10:9). The law\ngiven the Jews at Sinai was a unit. It was one law, not two laws.\nIn the lesson last Lord\u2019s day such Scriptures as Romans 7:6; Hebrews\n6:8-13; Hebrews 10:9; Colossians 2:13-16; and Galatians 3:17, 24, 25\nwere quoted to show that the law which God gave to the Jews through\nMoses at Mt. Sinai was fulfilled and taken out of the way when Christ\ndied. The Seventh Day Adventists admit that all of this law was taken\nout of the way except Exodus 20:2-17 and Deuteronomy 5:6-21. They are\nthus committed to the fact that God sometimes changes his laws. When\nthey teach that God abolished _part_ of that law they admit that he\ncould have abolished _all_ of it; and that is _exactly what he did_. I\nwant you to read those Scriptures and note that they speak of \u201cthe law,\u201d\nnot a \u201cpart of the law.\u201d For instance, \u201cBut now we are delivered from\nthe law (not \u2018part of the law\u2019) ...\u201d (Rom. 7:6). \u201cWherefore the law (not\n\u2018part of the law\u2019) was our schoolmaster ... but that after faith is come\nwe are no longer under a schoolmaster\u201d (Gal. 3:24-25).\nWhere is the Scripture that says that a _part of that law_ was\nabolished? Every text which teaches that a part of it was taken away\nteaches that _all_ of it was taken away and a new law, the law of\nChrist, was given, not to the Jews only but to the whole world.\n                     \u201cCeremonial\u201d and \u201cMoral\u201d Laws\nAt this point I want to read to you the leading sentence in this\nAdventist pamphlet we are reviewing:\n  \u201cThe New Testament Scriptures clearly present two different divisions\n  of the Old Testament laws: the moral law as summed up in the Ten\n  Commandments, which is binding on Christians as a rule of life and\n  conduct; the ceremonial law of typical ordinances, which was abolished\n  at the cross and from which Christians are entirely free.\u201d\nI want you to carefully note what that quotation says. It says that the\nNew Testament Scriptures _clearly present_ two laws in the Old\nTestament\u2014the \u201cmoral law\u201d and the \u201cceremonial law.\u201d Now I want to ask\nyou a simple question. How in this world could the New Testament\nScriptures clearly present something that is not even mentioned anywhere\nin the Bible? Friends, think of it! \u201cMoral\u201d law and \u201cceremonial\u201d law are\nnot mentioned in your Bible. That is not Bible language. In order to\nprove the sabbath theory by the Bible it will be necessary to find each\nof these four texts:\n1. The text which says that the \u201cceremonial\u201d law was abolished.\n2. The text which says that the \u201cmoral\u201d law is still binding.\n3. The text which says that Exodus 20:2-17 and Deuteronomy 5:6-21 are\n      the \u201cmoral law.\u201d\n4. The text which says that the rest of the law given through Moses is\n      the \u201cceremonial\u201d law.\nHow can such texts be found when you may search your Bible from the\nfirst word in Genesis to the last word in Revelation and you will find\nneither the word \u201cmoral\u201d nor the word \u201cceremonial\u201d? Those words are not\nin the Bible. I challenge the Sabbatarians to find either of them.\nEven if the first two texts named above could be found, the Adventist\ntheory would not be established unless the last two could also be found.\nIn fact, it would be destroyed, for in the very nature of the case the\nsabbath commandment is a ceremonial one. There is nothing moral about\nit. According to _Webster_ (the _Bible_ doesn\u2019t mention the word) a\n_moral_ commandment is one that\u2019s based on common sense and on our\nnatural knowledge of what rules should guide us in our relationships one\nto another. The sabbath commandment does not come in this class. There\u2019s\nnothing moral about one day in the week any more than another. Nothing\ncould distinguish one day from another, except a positive decree from\nGod Almighty. In that case it would be ceremonial. If you were to sleep\nfor an indefinite period, upon awaking you wouldn\u2019t know the day of the\nweek. You couldn\u2019t tell Saturday from any other day to save your life.\nAs far as our natural senses go, one day is just like another. There is\nno authority, Biblical or otherwise, for calling Exodus 20:2-17 and\nDeuteronomy 5:6-21 the \u201cmoral law\u201d and the rest of the Mosaic code the\n\u201cceremonial law.\u201d\n                        The Sinaitic Law a Unit\nThe Bible speaks of the law which God gave to the Jews in the wilderness\nin the singular, as one law, not two laws. Such expressions as \u201cthe book\nof the law of Moses,\u201d \u201cthe law,\u201d \u201cthe book of the law,\u201d and \u201cthe law of\nGod\u201d are used interchangeably in the Bible to designate all of the\nJewish law (See Nehemiah 8:1, 2, 3, 8). They are never used to\ndistinguish one part of it from another part. \u201cThe law of Moses\u201d and\n\u201cthe law of the Lord\u201d are used interchangeably in Luke 2:21-24. All of\nit is called \u201cthe law of God\u201d because God was the author of all of it.\nIt is called \u201cthe law of Moses\u201d because it was all given through Moses\nas a mediator (Gal. 3:19; John 1:17; Deut. 5:5). It was all written by\nMoses (Exod. 31:24-27). Exodus 20:2-17 was originally written by the\nfinger of God on tables of stone but those tables were destroyed (Exod.\n32:19) and it was written the second time by Moses himself (Exod. 34:27,\n28). The only thing we know about that law today is what Moses wrote in\nthe first five books of the Bible. It was all given at the same time,\nthrough the same mediator, to the same people, by the same authority,\nfor the same purpose, and was all taken \u201cout of the way\u201d at the cross\nIn an effort to make it appear that God gave two laws (one \u201cceremonial,\u201d\nthe other \u201cmoral,\u201d one eternal and the other temporal) to the Jews at\nSinai, this pamphlet has arranged, in parallel columns. Scriptures that\napparently do not apply to the same law. This is well designed to\nconfuse or mislead the untaught; but, in fact, it proves absolutely\nnothing. The Bible speaks of many other laws in addition to the one God\ngave to the Jews in the wilderness. For instance, \u201cthe law of Christ\u201d\n(Gal. 6:2); \u201cthe law of the Medes and Persians\u201d (Dan. 6:8); \u201cthe law of\nmy mind\u201d and \u201cthe law of sin\u201d (Rom. 7:23); \u201cthe law of works\u201d; \u201cthe law\nof faith\u201d (Rom. 3:27); \u201cthe law of liberty\u201d (Jas. 2:12); \u201cthe royal law\u201d\n(Jas. 2:8); etc., etc. In addition to all this, there are the laws or\ncommandments that God gave to Adam, Cain, Noah, Abraham, et al.\nWith the Bible speaking of so many different laws, it is not surprising\nthat you can find references that apparently do not apply to the same\nlaw. It would be surprising if you couldn\u2019t. In order to harmonize such\ntexts it certainly is not necessary to apply them to two imaginary laws\nthat are not even named in the word of God. The law of faith was\n_established_ at the cross; the law God gave to the Jews was _abolished_\nat the cross (Eph. 2:10-22). The law of Christ is written on the hearts\nof Christians; the law of Moses was written, in part, on tablets of\nstone (Heb. 8:8-11). The author of the pamphlet places three references\nfrom Romans, chapter 7, in his \u201cmoral\u201d column. Even if he were correct\nin doing this, his theory would still be ruined, for verse 6 of that\nsame chapter says, \u201cBut now we have been discharged from the law ...\u201d\n(ARV).\nSome of the references placed in opposing columns by the author really\napply to the same law, and present no conflict whatsoever. For instance,\nthe law which God gave the Jews at Sinai was both _established_ and\n_abolished_. It was first established and then abolished. It could not\nhave been abolished if it had not first been established. It was\nestablished by the life of Christ; it was abolished by the death of\nChrist. Christ came not to destroy _the law_ or _the prophets_ but to\nfulfill (Matt. 5:17, 18). Jesus said \u201c... all things must be fulfilled,\nwhich were written in the law of Moses, and in the prophets, and in the\npsalms, concerning me\u201d (Luke 24:44). Christ fulfilled every prophecy\nconcerning the Messiah in the law and obeyed every commandment in the\nlaw. In that sense he established the law, and after having done so, he\nabolished it when he died upon the cross. Salvation through faith and\nobedience to Christ is in fulfillment of the prophecies found in the law\nof Moses. In that sense the law of faith establishes the law given to\nthe Jews at Sinai and abolished by Christ when he was crucified (Col.\nNot a single text listed by the author in his parallel columns serves to\nestablish the distinction for which he contends. If this is the best he\ncan do in that respect, it only serves to advertise the weakness of his\ncontention. Every text he cites refers either to the law God gave the\nJews at Sinai and abolished at the cross, or to the law God gave to the\nworld through Christ and which went into force when he died at Calvary.\nWhen this is so clearly the case, isn\u2019t it strange that a preacher would\ntry to make it appear that these Scriptures apply to two imaginary laws\nthat are not even named in these texts or at any other place in the\nBible?\nSince the law given at Sinai was a unit, every Scripture which teaches\nthat it was taken away at the cross, indeed teaches that it was taken\naway as a whole, in its entirety. Please listen again then to Ephesians\n2:11-18: \u201cWherefore remember, that ye being in time past Gentiles in the\nflesh ... ye were without Christ, being aliens from the commonwealth of\nIsrael ... but now in Christ Jesus ye who sometimes were far off are\nmade nigh by the blood of Christ. For he is our peace, who hath made\nboth [Jew and Gentile] one, and hath broken down the middle wall of\npartition between us; having abolished in his flesh the enmity, even the\nlaw of commandments contained in ordinances; for to make in himself of\ntwain [Jew and Gentile] one new man, so making peace; and that he might\nreconcile both [Jew and Gentile] unto God in one body by the cross,\nhaving slain the enmity thereby ... for through him we both [Jew and\nGentile] have access by one Spirit unto the Father.\u201d\nThe entire law of Moses, and _especially the sabbath commandment_ (Ex.\n31:16, 17), was the middle wall of partition between the Jews and\nGentiles. The Holy Spirit says in the text just quoted that it was\n_broken down_, _abolished_, at the cross. This text is a sample of the\nmany additional texts that could be cited to show that the entire\nSinaitic law was taken out of the way at the cross, but even one is\nenough to convince all who love the truth. In Colossians 3:13-16 the\nHoly Spirit clearly teaches that this law has been taken out of the way,\nand that, _therefore_, the Jews themselves are no longer required to\nkeep the sabbaths of the Old Testament. Since the middle wall of\npartition has been broken down, there is neither Jew nor Gentile in\nChrist, but all are one\u2014Christian.\nThe fact that the law of Moses in its entirety, including even the Ten\nCommandments, has been taken out of the way does not mean that\nChristians are without restraint, guidance and law. God hath \u201cspoken\nunto us by his son\u201d (Heb. 1:1-2). This word that God hath spoken unto us\nthrough Christ is called \u201cthe law of Christ\u201d (Gal. 6:2) or the testament\nof Christ (Heb. 9:13-17). It is the law of love (Rom. 13:8-10). The law\nof Christ, which has been applicable to all the world since his death,\ncontains several commandments that were never included in any other law\ngiven to man. For instance, the commandment to be baptized for remission\nof sins (Acts 2:38); the commandment to lay by in store on the first day\nof the week (1 Cor. 16:1, 2); and the commandment to eat the Lord\u2019s\nThe law of Moses forbade murder; the law of Christ forbids not only\nmurder but even needless anger (Matt. 5:21-22). The law of Moses forbade\nadultery; the law of Christ forbids looking upon a woman to lust after\nher (Matt. 5:27, 28). The law of Moses forbade false swearing; the law\nof Christ forbids all swearing (Matt. 5:33-37). It was wrong for the\nJews to work on Saturday, for the law of Moses forbade it (Deut.\n5:12-15; Exod. 20:8-11). It is not wrong for a Christian to work on\nSaturday, for the law of Christ does not forbid it (Col. 2:16). The law\nof Moses did not require the Jews to engage in special worship on the\nfirst day of the week; the law of Christ _does require_ Christians to do\nChristians to steal, kill, covet, etc., not because Moses said so, but\nbecause the law of Christ says so (Rom. 3:8-10).\nThere was a time to hear Moses but that time has passed. On the mountain\nof transfiguration, a cloud overshadowed Moses and the voice of God said\nconcerning Jesus, \u201cThis is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased;\nHEAR YE HIM\u201d (Matt. 17:5). Christians should obey Christ, not Moses.\n\u201cFor the law was given by Moses, but grace and truth came by Jesus\nChrist\u201d (John 1:17). \u201cFor the grace of God that bringeth salvation hath\nappeared to all men, teaching us that, denying ungodliness and worldly\nlusts, we should live soberly, righteously, and godly, in this present\nworld\u201d (Titus 2:11, 12).\nFriends, would you believe me if I were to tell you that the Seventh Day\nAdventists deny the existence of the word spoken through Christ? Well,\njust let me read it to you from the last section of the pamphlet under\nreview.\n  \u201cThe abolition of the Ten Commandments would nullify the gospel of\n  Christ, and render both grace and the atonement void. \u2018Sin is not\n  imputed when there is no law\u2019 (Romans 5:13). Since \u2018where no law is,\n  there is no transgression\u2019 (Romans 4:15), it follows that if the law\n  [meaning the ten commandments] were abolished, there would be no\n  transgression, and hence no need of a Saviour.\u201d\nI can\u2019t believe the author meant to say that, but he said it. According\nto that, the \u201cten commandments\u201d are the _only_ commandments now in\nforce. That quotation plainly says that if the \u201cten commandments\u201d are\nnot now in force there are no commandments to disobey, no chance to sin,\nand no need of a Saviour. The author has flatly denied every commandment\nin the gospel. According to him, Christ gave no commandments and it is\nfolly to talk about _obeying_ the gospel (See 2 Thess. 1:8). If the\nauthor was aware of what he was saying, he has deliberately denied the\nword of Christ. If he said it inadvertently, it simply illustrates the\nabsurdities and inconsistencies into which one falls when he undertakes\nto teach error.\nSummarizing what was said last Lord\u2019s day and what has been said today,\nI am earnestly requesting the Seventh Day Adventists to furnish the\nfollowing Bible texts which are essential to the support of their\ntheory:\n1. The text that commanded any one to keep the sabbath during the period\n      from Adam to Moses.\n2. The text that commanded the Gentile nations to observe Saturday as a\n      day of rest, even during the Mosaic dispensation.\n3. The text in the new covenant, or will of Christ, that commands\n      Christians to rest on Saturday.\n4. The text which says that any one ever ate the Lord\u2019s Supper on\n      Saturday.\n5. The text that even mentions either \u201cmoral law\u201d or \u201cceremonial law.\u201d\nIn the papers furnished you by the ushers you have a copy of this\nrequest for Scriptures. Just to show you how earnest I am about this\nmatter, I\u2019m offering a reward of $100 to the finder of either of these\ntexts. This offer is backed by my personal integrity and sufficient\nresources. I\u2019m not making it to be dramatic, but to impress you with the\nfact that no such Scriptures are in the Bible. And yet, friends, these\nScriptures are absolutely essential to the support of the sabbath\ntheory. Without these texts, that theory has absolutely not one leg on\nwhich to stand. The absence of these Scriptures leaves that theory\nwithout any support whatsoever.\nAs further evidence of my sincerity, I want to make you a proposition.\nIf there is anybody in this audience who believes he knows now where to\nfind one of these texts, I\u2019m giving you a chance to let it be known.\nI\u2019ll turn to the reference you give, read the text you cite, and see\nwhether it meets the demand. We will not have you arrested for\ndisturbing public worship, or undertake to embarrass you in any way. If\nyou will just raise your hand and let me know where you are, I\u2019ll give\nyou a chance to stand up and cite your Scripture. If any one here even\nthinks he knows where to find one of these texts, we are giving you\npermission to speak up now. (Pause. No response.) Well, even if you\ncan\u2019t find it now, maybe you believe you can when you get home. If so,\njust write to me. My address is on the paper you have. You may write to\nme in care of the Chapel Avenue Church of Christ, Nashville 6, Tenn. If\nyou want to collect $500, just let me know where those five texts are.\nI\u2019m simply saying this, friends, to emphasize that the very texts\nessential to the sabbath theory are not in the Bible. Until the Lord\ngives us a new Bible, there is no danger of my having to put out any\nmoney on this offer.\nBeloved, in closing I beseech you to hear Christ and obey his gospel. On\nthe condition that you believe, repent, and be baptized, he promises you\npardon. On the condition that you remain faithful to the end, he\npromises you everlasting life. His gospel has facts to be believed,\ncommandments to be obeyed and promises to be enjoyed. While we stand and\nsing, we are urging you to come to him and let him save you.\nThe word of God furnishes us completely unto every good work. But as we\nlearned this morning, many of His instructions are left in general form\nand must be applied according to our best judgment.[3] For this reason,\nGod endowed us with intelligence, and admonished us to pray for further\nwisdom that we might be able to serve Him in decency and in order.\n                       Wisdom in the Lord\u2019s Plan\nWe should not be disturbed by the fact that there are certain decisions\nwhich we have to make according to our own best judgment. I believe\nthere is a very good reason why God made this arrangement. Simply\nbecause the detailed instructions that would fit one place might not be\nsuitable at another. For instance, you had to decide how big to make\nthis house in which you worship. Suppose God had specified that a house\nof worship should be 50 \u00d7 40 feet. That might be a suitable building for\none community, but out of order in another.\nSince circumstances are so widely different in different places it was\nan act of wisdom on the part of God to give us only the general\nprinciples that should govern certain activities and to leave each\ncommunity to use its own intelligence in applying these general\nprinciples in a sensible, expedient and practical way. But it does\nimpose upon us a responsibility of using some intelligence, of making\nsome wise decisions, and of giving some thought and consideration unto\nour plans.\n           Responsibilities of Leadership in the Local Church\n1. _Autonomy of the local church._ As some of you know, I was requested\nlast fall to teach a series of lessons at Grace Avenue on the subject of\nchurch leadership. When I contemplated the task I wondered what I would\nsay, but before it was over I was wondering how I would find time to say\nwhat was to be said. Of course, church leadership means leadership in\nthe local congregation because that is the only capacity in which the\nchurch can scripturally function.\nCongregational autonomy needs to be emphasized. God has ordained that\neach congregation shall be entirely independent to manage its own\naffairs under him without any interference or dictation from any other\ncongregation or from any other group of people upon the earth. Since God\nhas ordained that each congregation shall be independent, we cannot\nfunction in the capacity of a group of congregations organized together.\nNo inter-congregational organization can scripturally exist. Therefore,\nthere can be no inter-congregational ownership of property. We cannot\nown property as a whole, that is, as a group of congregations. You could\nnot deed a piece of property to the church of Christ in general. It has\nto be deeded to a particular congregation. That\u2019s the only way the\nchurch can scripturally function. Therefore, when we speak about\nleadership in the church, we are speaking of the leadership in the local\ncongregation.\n2. _Distribution of work._ Now I realize that in the church there is not\nsuch a clear cut division of labor or responsibility as there is in a\nbusiness organization because in the church every member is vitally\ninterested in every phase of the work. To use an illustration: I taught\ntemporarily at Peabody last spring in the mathematics department. Except\nfor a very general interest in the welfare of the school and my\nfellowman, it made no difference to me what the history teacher next\ndoor did or said. I had no responsibility in reference to his work.\nThere was a clear cut division between his department and mine. In the\nchurch our relationship to each other is too intimate and our interest\nin the general welfare too great for such a clear cut division of\nresponsibility to exist.\nHowever, for the sake of efficiency there should be some distribution of\nresponsibility or work, for the very simple reason that what is\neverybody\u2019s business tends to become nobody\u2019s business. _Unless there is\nsome mutual agreement as to who shall do what,_ _there is a danger that\na great many necessary tasks will be neglected._ Some congregations that\nare large have a distribution of responsibility among the elders\nthemselves. Instead of bringing up every little detail before a general\nbusiness meeting, certain ones are delegated to look after certain\nphases of the work and to make all minor decisions regarding the same.\nFor instance, I know a congregation which has a maintenance committee,\nauthorized by the overseers, to keep the building in repair up to the\npoint of spending so many dollars each month. There\u2019s a limit placed\nupon what they can spend. They don\u2019t have to get expressions from all\nthe elders before they replace a broken window light, or make other\nminor repairs. This responsibility and authority has already been\nscripturally and officially delegated to them. That illustrates what we\nmean, then, by division of responsibility\u2014a location of responsibility\nand a distribution of the tasks that are to be performed.\n3. _Responsibility of making thoughtful decisions._ As we proceed I\ncannot quote a lot of Scripture tonight, for the mere reason that I\u2019m\ntalking about the sphere in which God has not given specific\ninstructions. That\u2019s where the leadership of the church comes in. In\nthis sphere the overseers of the church have a great responsibility. Oh,\nI could spend two or three hours reciting Scriptures and discussing the\nqualifications and work of elders. But it\u2019s not our purpose to discuss\nthat field at this time. We are discussing the sphere, mentioned in the\nlesson this morning, where God has given only general instructions.[4]\nWhy, friends, where God has given _specific_ instructions the overseers\ndon\u2019t have to make any decisions. They simply follow the directions\ngiven. It\u2019s just exactly in the realm where specific instructions have\nnot been given that the overseers are called upon to make decisions of\ntheir own. Where God has specified, they have very little\nresponsibility. They have no responsibility in making decisions for God\nhas already made the decisions.\nBut there are a thousand questions that God has not answered\nspecifically. Just to mention a few, He doesn\u2019t tell us what kind of\nsong books to use. He didn\u2019t tell you how big to make this house, or how\nmany windows to put in each wall. He doesn\u2019t tell you how many meetings\nto have each week. He doesn\u2019t tell you how often you should have a\nprotracted meeting, or how many classes to have on Lord\u2019s day morning,\nor how you should arrange your missionary program, how many preachers\nyou should employ and what part of each one\u2019s support you should\nfurnish. A hundred other questions could be mentioned, which God has not\nspecifically answered. And, therefore, the elders, the overseers, in\nevery congregation, must make decisions for themselves in reference to\nthese things.\nPlease don\u2019t think that I\u2019m going to tell you the answer to these\nquestions, for if I were to do so, then I would be making specifications\nwhere God has made none, and, therefore, going beyond that which is\nwritten. But the one thing I do want to do tonight is to insist that a\ngreat deal of thought and study be given to all such matters and that\ninstead of making decisions on them recklessly or thoughtlessly or\nwithout proper meditation and study, the very opposite should be the\ncase.\nAll such questions, even though they may appear to be insignificant in\ntheir nature, should be weighed very carefully. For, if there is any\nfield of work in all this world in which we want to do our very best, it\nis in the work of the Lord; and be it ever so good in the past, we want\nto make it better in the future; for God expects us to grow in His work,\nand to become better and better as the days go by. So the one point that\nI\u2019m emphasizing most of all is that in _all these decisions a great deal\nof study, thought, and prayer should be used_.\nSometimes I have been surprised at how carelessly decisions were made in\ncertain business meetings of churches where I have labored. I have seen\nimportant decisions determined by a very slight suggestion from some\nindividual member of the group and passed immediately, without any time\nbeing taken to carefully study the issues involved. I believe that what\na church business meeting will do is about the most unpredictable thing\nin the world. Some of their decisions are made with such little study\nand with such little thought that it\u2019s almost impossible to know what\nmay happen when such a meeting is called. Now I believe that God expects\nus to use wisdom in this field where He has left us to our own judgment.\nThere are Scriptures which authorize this statement. Some of them were\nused this morning. For instance, \u201cBe ye therefore wise as serpents and\nharmless as doves\u201d (Matt. 10:16). Or again, \u201cLet all things be done\ndecently and in order\u201d (1 Cor. 14:40).\n4. _Importance of careful planning._ Every outstanding business\norganization in this country has its post-war plans already worked out.\nIt has its blueprints drawn, and those plans have not been made hastily.\nThey have been worked out after a great deal of research, investigation\nand study. The directors of those businesses have come together and have\nconsulted with each other. They have exchanged ideas. They have weighed\ndetails. And after all of that study and work, they have mapped out\ntheir plans for the years ahead.\nMany of these business men are members of the church, and I maintain\nthat, if men who are able to succeed in the commercial and professional\nworld will apply the same diligent study and careful planning to the\nwork of the church, then it will succeed far more than it has in the\npast. There is no other organization in all this world which would have\nsurvived as much mismanagement or neglect as the church of Jesus Christ\nhas survived. Someone has said that the church is certainly a divine\ninstitution or it would have perished from the earth long ago through\nneglect or bad management. I have confidence in the leaders of the\nchurches. I have confidence in their ability. I believe that they are\ninterested. If they will give to the work of the church the same careful\nstudy which they devote to the plans for their business enterprises, I\nbelieve we will be able to make greater progress.\nJust to give you an illustration close at hand, everyone will agree that\nthe effectiveness of our Thursday evening services has been very greatly\nincreased by a group of men coming together and carefully planning the\nprograms. If the attendance is to be taken as indication of what you\nthink about them, then they have been improved at least one hundred per\ncent. The attendance is now twice as much as it was before. I am of the\nfirm conviction that what has been done for the Thursday evening meeting\ncan be done for every other phase of the work of the church if it is\nproperly studied and planned.\nIn some of my connections outside the church I have been greatly\nimpressed with the conscientiousness with which certain people go about\ntheir work. The head of a department out at Peabody, who is engaged in\neducational work, which certainly isn\u2019t one tenth as important as the\nwork of the church, studies every little detail. He takes into\nconsideration all the facts that are at his disposal. He is continually\nrevising his program and endeavoring to improve his methods. He listens\nto every report that he receives. He will call a conference of those who\nare working under him and discuss ways and means of making his work more\neffective.\nNow, if educational work deserves such careful study as that, surely the\nwork of the church deserves even more. And yet, friends, I know\ncongregations\u2014great, big congregations\u2014that never do have any sort of a\nbusiness meeting. Just think of it! They don\u2019t even have a business\nmeeting! The overseers never get together to ponder the problems which\nconfront the local congregation, or to study ways and means of improving\ntheir work.\nNow, please remember that the fact that the Bible furnishes us\ncompletely unto every good work does not relieve us of the\nresponsibility which I am emphasizing. Anyone who stops to study the\nmatter will realize that this is true, because there are so many\nquestions which the Bible does not answer specifically. We must study\nand give diligence and pray for wisdom and use whatever talent the Lord\nhas given us to make His work just as successful as possible.\n                   Difference in Success and Failure\nIt needs to be emphasized that the difference between success and\nfailure very often consists not of any one great big item but of a great\nmany details or small factors working together. Not one big thing but\nmany little things working together very often makes the difference\nbetween success and failure\u2014in every phase of life except the church. In\nthe church they make the difference between outstanding success and just\nmediocre success. It is very difficult for the church to fail\ncompletely. As long as it follows the Bible there can be no failure, but\nthose _little_ things frequently make up the difference between\noutstanding success and merely mediocre success, between doing something\nthat\u2019s really worthwhile, outstanding and unusual, and just drifting and\ndragging along.\n1. _Running a store._ I want to try to make this point clear by use of\nan illustration. There are some of you here who are in the mercantile\nbusiness. You know lots more about running stores than I do. I believe\nyou will agree that very often the difference between success and\nfailure there consists of many little items working together\u2014the manner\nin which you display your goods on the shelves, the spirit with which\nyou meet your customers when they come into your place of business, the\ncourtesy with which you render service to your patrons, and just a lot\nof these little things make up the difference.\nYou don\u2019t make a lot of money on any one item, but making a small profit\non each of a great many items is what finally spells success. If you\nwill consider the men who have made fortunes in this world, I believe\nyou will find that they did not get rich by making a whole lot of money\non one item or unit of business, but by making a little money on each of\na great many items. The difference between success and failure then is\nnot always one big thing, but frequently many little things working\ntogether. You can never fill a barrel by pouring water into the bunghole\nwhile it is running out a thousand nail holes.\n2. _Keeping house._ The same thing applies to house work. I don\u2019t know\nmuch about housekeeping, but I\u2019ve had a chance to observe quite a bit of\nit as I\u2019ve gone around over the country. And I try to determine the\ndifference between a good housekeeper and just an ordinary housekeeper.\nI\u2019m convinced that it consists not of one big factor but of a great many\ndetails\u2014the arrangement of this little piece of furniture, having the\nmagazines up off the floor, a definite place to keep each of numerous\nlittle articles, the spider webs out of that corner, and many other\nlittle things. I don\u2019t know what all of them are, but some of you ladies\ndo, and I\u2019m sure you get the point.\n3. _Leading singing._ The same thing is true in church work. I remember\nsitting and listening to a song director who is very outstanding and who\nhas won national recognition for his ability to direct congregational\nsinging. I tried to determine what made him so successful. I concluded\nthat it was no one big factor, but a lot of little details about the way\nhe directed the service; and I\u2019m sure that Brother Murphy, who is\nhelping us on Thursday nights, will verify this statement.\n4. _Selecting building site._ Let us consider other details of church\nwork. Any one of them by itself is not so terribly important, and I\u2019m\nsure that I could find someone who would argue with me about any one of\nthem, and say, \u201cOh, well, after all that doesn\u2019t matter,\u201d but when you\ntake all of them together it does matter. It makes the difference\nbetween outstanding success and mere existence. Take for instance the\nlocation of the church building. In many instances very poor judgment\nhas been used in selecting building sites.\nA certain North Carolina town is still a missionary point, even though\nthere has been a church in it for at least 25 years. The church building\nis located on a dirty back street. There isn\u2019t a store in the community.\nNo business man would have located one there! Neither is there a school\nbuilding in the community. No board of education in the world would have\nput one there. After 25 years in such a location the church is still\nvery small and weak. Very recently they finally decided, after a painful\ndivision, to move up town.\nI shall not exaggerate in describing their building. The walls were\npainted, but the overhead was not. There was no rug, no paint, no carpet\nof any kind on the floor. The benches were such as you cannot find in\nany country schoolhouse in Davidson County. They were such as you might\nhave found seventy or seventy-five years ago. Hanging on the wall just\ninside the door there was a mop which was used to clean the floor and\nover the pulpit a bottle opener with which they unfastened the grape\njuice each Sunday morning. Over on this side of the building there was a\ncountry-store stove with a pipe running all the way across the building\nand into the wall on the other side. There was a baptistry but no\ndressing rooms. The people had to come down the aisle to a hole in the\nfloor to be baptized and go up the aisle and to some neighbor\u2019s house to\nchange their clothes. Well, now, are you surprised that this church\nhasn\u2019t grown?\nDown at Kannapolis where I went to hold a meeting, they had a church\nbuilding on a side street to a side street that got so muddy during the\nwintertime that they had to discontinue some of their meetings. Every\ntime Brother Flannery was called upon to tell someone how to find the\nbuilding he would hang his head. I noticed him one night during our tent\nmeeting; he started to announce the location of the building and\nunconsciously his head went down. He was ashamed of it. And there would\nbe little hope for the work at Kannapolis if they had not decided to\nremedy that situation. But they\u2019ve already bought two nice lots downtown\non which we held the tent meeting and where they will locate a church\nbuilding as soon as possible.\n5. _Keeping the building in proper condition._ Along with the _location_\nof the building is the _condition_ of the building. Literally, I have\npreached in church buildings where the temperature was about 60\u00b0 or 55\u00b0\nwhen the service began and 85\u00b0 when it closed. People would have on\ntheir overcoats when I started to preach and want to pull off their\nshirts before it was over! Well, you may say that that doesn\u2019t make any\ndifference; but you take one hundred little things like that and it does\nmake a great deal of difference.\nThe arrangement of the program may look like a small item, but it\u2019s one\nof those little items, which, taken along with others, makes a big\ndifference. Reports and records of the treasurer and of other workers in\nthe church are important. Our attitude toward strangers when they visit\nour meetings is significant. That\u2019s one respect in which the Chapel\nAvenue congregation is outstanding. Your courtesy to strangers has\ncaused much favorable comment.\n6. _Advertising the work of the church._ I\u2019ve known churches to spend\nthree or four hundred dollars to get a preacher, and refuse to spend $25\nto get the people there to hear him. Think about that! You know the\npreacher can\u2019t do any good unless the people are there. I went to a\ncertain city in West Virginia to hold a meeting, and I wrote to them in\nadvance urging them to advertise the meeting. Well, I couldn\u2019t say too\nmuch, you know. They\u2019d think I was trying to get them to advertise me.\nAfter I arrived I asked them if they\u2019d advertised the meeting. They\nsaid, \u201cOh, yes.\u201d I looked around for a sign but I didn\u2019t see one. The\nchurch building was located on a through highway that ran from the North\nto the South. A streamer across the road would have attracted the\nattention of everybody who passed. They hadn\u2019t put one up. I looked in\nthe store windows and saw no ads. I saw none anywhere.\nI decided to find out whether they had advertised the meeting. It was a\nsmall town where everybody is supposed to know what everybody else is\ndoing anyway\u2014only about 1,000 people. I went to the stores and inquired\nwhether a meeting was going on in town. In every store I entered I was\nthoroughly informed about a Nazarene meeting. One fellow got so\nenthusiastic that he took me out on the street and showed me the\npreacher\u2019s house and told me where they were holding the meeting. After\nthey would finish their story I\u2019d always ask if there were any other\nmeetings going on in town. In each case the answer was, \u201cNo.\u201d\nIn our meeting that night I related my experiment and its results. And I\nsaid, \u201cNow, don\u2019t think I told those people any better. I thought I\u2019d\nhelp you keep the secret!\u201d That\u2019s the principle on which a great many\nchurches work.\nRemember that you have not advertised the work of the church when you\nmerely let people know it\u2019s going on. You haven\u2019t advertised it until\nyou _make them want a part in it_! Everybody in this country knows that\nthe Standard Oil Company has gasoline for sale. If that were the end of\nadvertising, they could discontinue theirs. But that\u2019s not the purpose\nof it. Their purpose is to make people _want_ Standard gasoline, so they\nkeep on advertising. Too often we think we\u2019ve advertised the church just\nbecause people know it\u2019s in existence, but we have not advertised it\nuntil we make them want a part in it.\n7. _Handling the finances._ Another little detail that needs careful\nconsideration is the planning of the financial program of the church.\nThere is one important respect in which the finance of the church is\ndifferent from that of any other organization. I\u2019m not a business man,\nbut I know, nevertheless, that it\u2019s well for a business concern to keep\na good surplus on hand. The bigger margin they can keep between their\nincome and their outgo, the better off they are. Consequently the\nadministrators of such businesses endeavor to build up a big bank\naccount; but friends, that\u2019s the worst thing that can happen to a\ncongregation! You cannot get a group of people to give into a treasury\nthat has several thousand dollars in the bank. You cannot get people to\ngive to a church when they know it is not needed.\nI got a big surprise a few years ago when I preached in a certain town\non the subject of giving. After I\u2019d finished the members began coming to\nme and saying, \u201cWhy there\u2019s no need of telling us about that. We have\nseveral thousand dollars in the bank. Why should we give? This\ncongregation doesn\u2019t need any money.\u201d\nRecently I held a meeting for another church which had $10,000 in the\nbank. I didn\u2019t know it, so I preached on giving and got the same\nreaction. During the rest of that meeting I preached on _spending_!\nBefore the meeting closed the congregation had plans to start a new\ncongregation in the north end of town. Since I left they have bought a\nbuilding for $4,500, paid cash for it, and started a new congregation\nwith about fifty or sixty members. They were going to wait until the war\nwas over. I wonder what they would have done in case of the Hundred\nYears War! That question occurs to me when people talk about postponing\nchurch work until after the war is over. We cannot afford to let the\nLord\u2019s work wait until the world quits fighting!\nIt\u2019s essential in reference to the financial program of the church that\nplans for Scriptural spending be kept right up with, or a little ahead\nof, the income; because the income is flexible. When the congregation\nsees an increased need and a growing program, then the contributions\nwill be increased accordingly. I don\u2019t blame people for not giving to a\ntreasury that\u2019s already overflowing. I wouldn\u2019t want to contribute to a\nchurch whose leaders would not spend the money that was contributed. I\u2019d\nfind some other avenue through which to contribute. When it is necessary\nto set aside a fund for a new building, or some other major, anticipated\nexpense, the money should be earmarked and not counted as part of the\noperating account. The financial program of the church is one of many\nproblems that needs to be given some careful study.\n8. _Avoiding disappointment._ I want to give you another illustration.\nWhen I went to a certain town to preach, the ladies, some of whom were\neven from another congregation, began insisting on having a ladies\u2019\nBible class. They said that the preacher over at this other church\nwouldn\u2019t have one. I asked why. They answered, \u201cBecause it always dies\non his hands, and leaves a bad feeling\u2014a feeling of failure.\u201d I replied,\n\u201cAll right, we\u2019ll have one and not let it die. We\u2019re just going to\ncontinue it twelve weeks. Then we will be through.\u201d\nI planned a twelve-week course. The interest and attendance grew\nthroughout the twelve weeks. Some insisted upon its being continued\nlonger but I said, \u201cNo, we may start another one soon, but we\u2019ve\nfinished this one.\u201d You know there\u2019s a big difference between quitting\nbecause you\u2019ve finished and quitting because you\u2019ve failed. You can\nalways start again if you think it wise to do so. It is prudent to set a\ntime limit on all activities of the church except those which are\nessential or already established.\nWhen I was doing missionary work in Richmond, Virginia, I didn\u2019t ask\nchurches to send me \u201ca contribution;\u201d I asked them to send me a definite\namount for a definite period of time. Then, when they had promised, they\nfelt obligated to give that much for that length of time. You know, if\nthere isn\u2019t some agreement about the amount and the length of time,\npeople will think, \u201cWell, it\u2019s got to stop sometime and the church has\nas much right to discontinue it or say when it should be discontinued as\nthe preacher has,\u201d and so after awhile it just plays out. But if a\ncongregation promises to send you $10 a month for twelve months, they\nare almost certain to do it. That\u2019s just another one of those little\ndetails. All such things have to be worked out according to human\njudgment. They have to be learned by experience and observation. The\nBible does not specify them.\nI could go on talking like this indefinitely, but all these items are\nmentioned for illustrative purposes, and to emphasize the one central\npoint I want to drive home tonight. That is, that God has left a field\nin which he has not made specifications, in which we must make\ndecisions, and those _decisions ought to be made thoughtfully_. They\nought to be made deliberately, and every little detail ought to be\nstudied most carefully, for after all, _we are engaged in the greatest\nwork on this earth!_\n                      Point of Diminishing Returns\nI want to raise one more question and then we\u2019ll have to close. We hear\npeople speaking in the business world about \u201cthe point of diminishing\nreturns.\u201d Maybe I should tell you what that means or give you a simple\nillustration. Suppose you drive out on a muddy road like Brother Estevez\nwas talking about this afternoon and get your car real dirty and come\nhome to wash it. You turn on the hose pipe and go over it one time, and\nit doesn\u2019t look like the same car. The first going over makes a big\ndifference, a very obvious difference, but you don\u2019t have it clean yet.\nYou go over it again and you get it a little bit cleaner, but it\u2019s not\nas noticeable this time. Then you get some soap and wash it real good\nand get off some more dirt, but the difference doesn\u2019t show very plainly\nthis time. The car still isn\u2019t clean. You take some cleaning wax and go\nover it again and get off a lot more dirt. Then you can take a rag and\nshine it and the more you polish it, the more it\u2019ll shine, but after\nawhile you reach the point where the extra lustre that can be added by\nfurther rubbing is not worth the effort. That\u2019s the point of diminishing\nreturns. When you\u2019ve reached the point where the additional result\nobtainable is not worth the effort required to obtain it, that\u2019s the\npoint of diminishing returns.\nWith that in mind, I want to ask this question: Do you believe that one\ncan ever reach the point of diminishing returns in his preparation for\nthe work of the Lord? If by ever so much effort I can make myself, even\nto a small degree, a better preacher, don\u2019t you believe I ought to do\nit? If by ever so much effort, one can become, to any extent whatsoever,\na better song leader, don\u2019t you believe he ought to do it?\nAnd if by ever so much study and careful thought and planning, the\noverseers can make the work of the church even slightly more effective,\ndon\u2019t you think they ought to do it? Do you believe we can ever reach\nthe point of diminishing returns in the work of the Lord? Don\u2019t you\nagree that in his work all of us should do our very, very best? I\nbelieve you do.\nThat\u2019s all we have time to say tonight. In just a moment we\u2019re going to\nsing the invitation song that has been announced, and in doing so we\nshall be urging you to accept the Lord\u2019s invitation. {These promises are\noffered to the unbeliever}[5] on conditions of faith, repentance and\nbaptism (Mark 16:15, 16; Acts 2:38); and to the backslider on the\nconditions of repentance, confession and prayer (Acts 8:13, 22, 23; 1\nJohn 1:9). As we stand and sing we entreat the lost to come to Jesus.\n                CONGREGATIONAL OBJECTIVES AND ACTIVITIES\n(_Note_: While this sermon was being presented the main headings of the\nfollowing outline were on the blackboard. Before the second sermon on\nthe same subject was delivered the following evening, a mimeographed\ncopy of the entire outline was given to each person in the audience.)\nTo set in order the work of the local church it is well to consider the\nobjectives or results desired. Below is a list of scriptural\ncongregational objectives and some of the activities that will help to\nreach the objectives.\n  I. _Evangelistic (Mk. 16:15, 16)_\n    1. Local\n      _a._ Lord\u2019s day preaching\n      _b._ Protracted meetings\n      _c._ Newspaper and other advertising\n      _d._ Newspaper reports\n      _e._ Inviting and bringing others to meetings\n      _f._ Radio preaching, contact with interested listeners\n      _g._ Short articles in the paper\n      _h._ Distribution of tracts\u2014in homes, in public buildings, by\n          mail, racks in lobbies\n      _i._ Personal evangelism\n        (1) Contacts at school\n        (2) Contacts at play\n        (3) Contacts at work\n        (4) House to house calls\n      _j._ Prospect file\u2014individual and general\n      _k._ Community Bible classes\n      _l._ Prayer\n    2. Missionary\n      _a._ Tracts\n      _c._ Financial support to preachers and missions\n        (1) Should expect regular and complete reports\n        (2) Workers selected carefully and well supported\n        (3) Work carefully supervised\n        (4) Operating funds and assistants furnished\n      _d._ Selecting fields and planning work\n      _e._ Leadership for rural churches near Nashville\n  II. _Devotional (Acts 2:42)_\n    1. Sunday morning\n    2. Sunday evening\n    3. Wednesday evening\n    4. Announcements\n  III. _Instructional (Matt. 28:19-20; Eph. 4:11-13)_\n    1. Preaching\n    2. Sunday morning classes\n    3. Wednesday evening classes\n    4. Vacation Bible school\n    5. Bible story hour\n    6. Ladies\u2019 Bible class\n    7. Other special classes\n  IV. _Looking After Members Individually (John 10:3, 14; Acts 20:28;\n    1. Church bulletin\n    2. Correspondence with men in service\n    3. Correspondence with, and in behalf of, other non-resident members\n    4. Contacts at meetings\n    5. Visiting\u2014sick, indifferent, weak, disgruntled\n    6. Records of names and addresses of members\n    7. Attendance records\n    8. Special attention to new members, etc.\n    9. Discipline\n  V. _Practical Training (1 Tim. 3:10; Eph. 4:11-16)_\n    1. Wednesday evening meeting\n    2. Participation in other meetings\n    3. Special classes\n    4. Supervised activities in personal work, etc.\n  VI. _Beneficent (Jas. 1:27; 1 Cor. 16:1)_\n    1. Caring for widows\n    2. Caring for orphans\n    3. Helping the poor\n  VII. _Incidental_\n    1. Financial reports, records, etc.\n    2. Maintenance of church property\n    3. Other incidentals\nWe are very glad to have visitors with us today. I will not undertake to\nname those who are present from other places, lest I omit one. But we\nwant all of you to realize that you have a very hearty welcome. We\u2019re\nalways glad to have you worship with us.\nI was very glad indeed to hear that splendid report given by Brother\nGregory. I wish we could have more frequent reports from those who are\nbeing assisted in their work by the Chapel Avenue congregation. Let us\nremember that the gospel is being proclaimed today at half a dozen, or\nmaybe a dozen, different places by preachers supported, at least in\npart, by the congregation here. To me, that is a very encouraging\nthought.\nI want to talk to you this morning upon the topic, \u201cCongregational\nObjectives and Activities.\u201d The work of the church may be outlined in\nseveral different ways, but the most practical outline that I have been\nable to develop is one based upon the _objectives_ of the church. In\nother words, what is the purpose of the church? What is the work that it\nshould do, and how can it best do that work? I have listed on the board\nsix or seven expressions according to which the scriptural objectives of\nthe church may be classified: evangelistic, devotional, instructional,\nwatching or looking after the members individually, practical training,\nbeneficent, and incidental\u2014some other activities which are incidental to\nthese main objectives. These are Scriptural objectives. They are\nauthorized by the word of God, and I believe that this outline covers\neverything which God intends for the church to do. Someone told me I had\nomitted recreational and social objectives. Well, I left those out on\npurpose, because I do not believe that they are authorized by the Bible.\nHence, as far as I\u2019m able to know, this list is complete.\nNow I want to talk about one or two of these items at this time.\nContinuing the effort to give some practical lessons, I\u2019m laying aside\nrhetoric or any other technical requirements for a good sermon which\nmight stand in the way of practical effectiveness.\nBy the term evangelistic, of course, we mean preaching the gospel to the\nentire world. The Scriptural authority for that is found at many places\nin the Bible. For instance, the great commission as reported by Mark\n16:15: \u201cGo into all the world and preach the gospel unto every creature.\nHe that believeth and is baptized shall be saved. He that believeth not\nshall be damned.\u201d This commandment is very comprehensive. It says \u201cGo\ninto all the world\u201d and the world includes the people who live here at\nChapel Avenue, those who live next door to you, even those who are in\nthe house with you. It includes the people of this city, and then, of\ncourse, people in other cities and other states throughout the entire\nworld. Therefore, we shall discuss this subject of evangelization under\ntwo headings: local and missionary.\nGod has given us a charge to keep as a congregation. He has charged us\nto preach the gospel unto the people of this community, as well as the\npeople of other communities. Now the question is: \u201cHow can we do it?\u201d\nThere\u2019s the command; it\u2019s a general one. God charges us to preach the\ngospel unto the people who live in East Nashville, and as little as you\nmay have thought about it, there are many thousands of people right here\nwithin a few blocks of our building who do not know about the church in\nthe New Testament\u2014who do not believe and study the Bible and are not\nacquainted with the distinguishing characteristics of the New Testament\nchurch.\n                        Preaching on Lord\u2019s Days\nOur problem is to get the truth unto these people. What means and what\nmethods shall we use in carrying out this charge which God has given us?\nOne method we use is that of preaching on the Lord\u2019s day; Sunday sermons\nserve an evangelistic purpose to some extent. Some of the lessons are\ndesigned for the purpose of reaching those who are on the outside, and,\nof course, when that is the case, a special effort should be made to get\nthe outsiders here to hear the lessons. These regular Lord\u2019s day\nmeetings, then, and the lessons which are presented morning and evening\ncan be made to serve the purpose of evangelizing this community.\nBut we could not confine all the lessons to that type of thinking, for\nto do so would be to neglect some other important matters. Even if we\ndid make all the lessons of an evangelistic nature that would not\nsuffice to solve this problem, for that means alone will not reach all\nthe unsaved, even of our own community. Too many of them are at home at\nthis hour, or worshiping at some other place where the full gospel is\nnot presented.\n                          Protracted Meetings\nMost congregations supplement their Lord\u2019s day preaching then by what is\ncalled protracted meetings, or revival meetings. Such meetings\naccomplish much good, and they should be executed with a definite\npurpose in mind. Some definite purpose should characterize every\nactivity of the church. When we hold another protracted meeting, we want\nto think of it as a means of helping us carry out the God-given charge\nto preach the gospel unto the people in East Nashville. As long as there\nis one soul within our reach who has not heard the truth or who has not\nbeen properly exhorted to obey it, you and I have not finished our job.\nKeeping the purpose of reaching the unsaved of this community clearly in\nmind as we plan and conduct our next meeting will contribute much to its\nsuccess.\nYou will agree with me that if we should depend entirely upon Lord\u2019s day\npreaching and upon protracted meetings, we would never reach all the\nunsaved even in our own community. God has not prescribed that our\nefforts shall be confined unto these methods. He has given us a general\ncharge to preach the gospel to all the world. He expects us to use some\nintelligence and some good judgment in carrying out this command.\nAnd, friends, he expects us to use every means which is at our disposal\nin order to make the job complete. Of course, I mean every Scriptural or\nlegitimate means. For no other sort of means would accomplish the\npurpose intended. We would make a very serious mistake, then, if we\nrelied upon any one method alone. God expects us to use every method\nthat is legitimate within its nature in order to carry out this charge.\nWhat are some of the other things which can be done along this line?\nFirst, we can make a greater effort to get people to come to the\nmeetings\u2014supplement the public meetings by putting on a special effort\nto get people to attend them. Newspaper advertising would be very\nhelpful. Personal visits and invitations to attend the meetings can be\nused to good advantage. Another means of attracting people to the place\nwhere the gospel is preached, is publicizing reports of what is being\ndone. Nothing succeeds like success. And _if a church will do what God\nintends for it to do, it will be news_!\nOne preacher blamed the churches themselves for not getting more\nnewspaper publicity. He said \u201cIf there were a church which practiced\nwhat it preached, it would get its name in the headlines of the daily\npaper.\u201d If you\u2019ll stop to analyze his statement, you\u2019ll almost have to\nadmit that he told the truth. We are not seeking publicity for its own\nsake, but the Bible says \u201cLet your light shine,\u201d and condemns the\nputting of your candle under a bushel where no one can see it.\nWhen the church does something which is worthwhile and would serve as a\nfine example for others, it is our duty to give it the publicity which\nit deserves in order that others may profit by the example. Such is\nauthorized by the commandment, \u201cLet your light shine, that others may\nsee your good works and glorify God.\u201d\nAnother means which might be used to carry out this charge is radio\npreaching. Of course, there has been much of this done already in the\ncity of Nashville, but there are many other places where it has not been\ndone, and where it should be used as one of the methods of carrying out\nthe commandment to preach the gospel to the whole world. Wherever the\nradio is used every possible effort should be made to form personal\ncontact with those who become interested.\nI know a number of congregations that are publishing short articles in\nthe daily paper. The daily paper is a very fine medium through which to\nreach the public. The business world has known this for a long time.\nThat\u2019s the reason you see so many and such costly advertisements in our\ndaily papers. Our merchants know that this is an effective way to reach\nthe public. Jesus said that the men of this world are for their own\ngeneration wiser than the sons of light. It may be that this statement\nis applicable here, for too often churches have overlooked the use of\nthe radio and especially the use of the daily paper as a medium through\nwhich to reach the public.\nRemember, God has charged us to preach the gospel to everybody, and one\nsoul is worth more than all the money in the world. If by ever so much\nuse of the daily press, we can accomplish the salvation of just one soul\nit would be worth a million times what it cost. If we will stop to\nconsider the value of just one soul, we will see the great importance of\nusing every means that we can to win lost souls for Christ. Now, I\u2019m\njust naming some different activities here which will help us to fulfill\nthis duty, or to reach the objective of evangelizing our own community.\nDo not think that this list is complete; it is intended rather to be\nsuggestive. Perhaps you can think of other means which would also help\nin accomplishing this task.\n                          Distributing Tracts\nBut even after we have done all these things there will still be some\npeople who are not yet reached. The church here has been engaged in\npublishing and distributing tracts. This is another means which we can\nuse to reach our neighbors. I wish we had some system of regularly\nplacing tracts, appropriate tracts, in every home in this community. We\ncan help to preach the gospel to the world by carrying tracts in person\nto those who live in our neighborhood, and by placing tracts in public\nplaces\u2014the Y. M. C. A., the Y. W. C. A., the bus station, the Union\nStation, and other such places. The churches of Christ in general have\nneglected this opportunity; if you doubt this statement, visit some of\nthese places\u2014hospitals, terminals, etc.\u2014and you will realize that we\nhave been letting an opportunity slip by us in this respect.\nThen our tracts in the church lobby may be used to serve a good purpose.\nI\u2019m glad that Brother Billingsley has taken the initiative in providing\nsome racks for them, because the truth should be displayed just as\neffectively as possible. I believe that you will agree that in the past\nthe tracts in the lobby have not been attractively arranged. If I should\npreach a sermon as ragged in its appearance as that display of tracts\nhas been, you would fire me. You\u2019d say you didn\u2019t want the truth wrapped\nup in that sort of a garment. We need to look out after details and take\nadvantage of every possible means to make the preaching of the gospel\nmore effective. Paul said, \u201cFor though I be free from all men, yet have\nI made myself servant unto all, that I might gain the more. And unto the\nJews I became as a Jew, that I might gain the Jews; to them that are\nunder the law, as under the law, that I might gain them that are under\nthe law; to them that are without law, as without law, (being not\nwithout law to God, but under the law to Christ,) that I might gain them\nthat are without law. To the weak became I as weak, that I might gain\nthe weak: I am made all things to all men, that I might by all means\nsave some. And this I do for the gospel\u2019s sake, that I might be partaker\nthereof with you\u201d (1 Cor. 9:19-23).\n                          Personal Evangelism\nIn addition to all these methods, personal evangelism should be greatly\nemphasized. Here is perhaps the greatest weakness in the method of the\nchurches of Christ today. On this point, we are allowing some advocates\nof error to run circles around us. Here is a great unworked field which,\nwhen properly worked, will bring results of which we have not yet\ndreamed.\nThe Bible does not command people to come to our public meetings. If we\ncan reach them by these public meetings, that\u2019s fine. If we can persuade\nthem to come so that we may preach the gospel to a large number at once,\nthat\u2019s fine. But what will we do for those who don\u2019t come? The Bible\nsays \u201cGo.\u201d We have not fully discharged our duty when we invite people\nto come to us. And we haven\u2019t always invited them! There are, I am sure,\nhundreds of people living almost in sight of this building who have not\nreceived a personal invitation to attend the meetings at this place.\nThey ought to receive at least a personal invitation. But even then,\nthat\u2019s not sufficient. If they still don\u2019t come, it becomes our duty to\ngo to them. Have we obeyed the great commission, even in reference to\nEast Nashville, until we do so? It will help a great deal if we have a\nprospect file, both general and individual. Every good insurance agent\nin this town has a prospect file. He knows to whom he will try to sell\ninsurance in the next few days. And we ought to use the same practical\ncommon sense in executing the work of the Lord that men use in selling\ninsurance.\nI went to a place one time to hold a meeting where they had made very\nelaborate preparations. They had appointed many committees. They had an\nadvertising committee, a publicity committee, a parking committee, a\nflower committee, and an ushering committee, and everything else you can\nthink of except one little item. They had failed to consider who might\nbe saved during the meeting, and when I asked one of the elders whom he\nexpected to be baptized, he hesitated, thought for a while, and finally\nnamed one of the boys who had been coming to the services. They expected\nto have forty or fifty additions, but they had never thought about who\nthese additions would be.\nWhat would you think of an automobile salesman with no prospects in\nmind, who went in on Monday morning and told the sales manager that he\nwas going to sell five automobiles during the week? The sales manager\nwould probably ask, \u201cWell, to whom?\u201d The agent would reply, \u201cOh, I don\u2019t\nknow; I just believe there must be five people in town who\u2019ll buy from\nme this week.\u201d Do you think the sales manager would be encouraged? Why\nhe would realize that the salesman didn\u2019t know what he was talking\nabout. Every congregation ought to have a prospect list, and every\nindividual worker in the Lord\u2019s kingdom ought to have a prospect list.\nWhom will you try to save during the next twelve months? Every Christian\nshould be a soul winner for Jesus, and you can lead someone to Christ if\nyou are willing to be used by him in so doing. There is much more that\ncould be said along this line if time permitted.\nOne congregation has used very effectively the method of community Bible\nclasses. When the members could not get people to come to their\nmeeting-house, they carried Bible classes to the communities where the\npeople lived. Some good Christian who had the respect of his neighbors\ninvited those neighbors to his home for Bible study and had the preacher\nthere to help with the teaching. At Richmond, Virginia, most of the\nadditions which they have had during the last six months have come from\njust such a source. If this little method were put in effect in the city\nof Nashville by all the congregations, it would revolutionize this town\nin just a few months.\nThe thing I\u2019m trying to impress upon your minds is that we have not been\nusing all the means or methods which God has placed at our disposal. Let\nme make the point just as concrete and effective as possible by using a\ndefinite example. (Maybe it\u2019s indefinite in some respects.) Suppose that\nwe have a young lady brought up here in our own community, maybe not\nliving more than two or three blocks from our church building. We will\ncall her Mary Doe. What are the chances that she will learn the truth\nfrom our program of evangelism? We\u2019ll say that she has been reared by\nparents who go regularly to a denominational church. They\u2019ve been taking\nher there ever since she was a tiny baby. They\u2019ve taught her to believe\nin their particular denomination. They have built up within her a\ndenominational pride and a sense of loyalty to the church of her\nparents.\nAt that church, she never hears the complete plan of salvation. She\nhears some nice, moral lectures. She goes to the Bible classes and\ndiscusses current events and general social problems. If she\u2019s like many\nsuch young people, she does not read the Bible very systematically\nherself. She may read it occasionally, but not consistently and\nunderstandingly. The chances are that Mary Doe will never learn the\nproper division of the word. She might live in such an environment for\nfifty years and never learn the difference between the old covenant and\nthe new covenant.\nPerhaps she and her mother ride by our building sometime and she says,\n\u201cMother, what church is that?\u201d The mother replies, \u201cOh, that\u2019s the\nchurch of Christ\u201d or maybe she\u2019ll say, \u201cThe Campbellite church. They\nthink baptism alone saves you.\u201d Well, Mary Doe believes that, even\nthough it isn\u2019t true. Consequently she\u2019ll probably never come to one of\nour meetings. Very likely she\u2019ll never read any of our literature. How\nshall we reach Mary Doe?\nProbably her best chance to learn the truth is through her contact with\nour own children in the public schools. That is a common meeting place,\nand I suspect Mary will be more likely to have an intimate contact with\na member of the church at school than at any other place. Had you ever\nthought about that as an opportunity for evangelizing East Nashville? I\nwonder if our boys and girls in school are taking advantage of their\nopportunity. Have you realized what a wonderful opportunity it is, and\nare you behaving yourself in such a way as to demand respect from your\nfellow students that you may be able to teach them the truth? Or do you\nso misbehave that you would be a little bit embarrassed to undertake to\nshow them the difference between truth and error? There is a golden\nopportunity for personal evangelism that might be used even by a school\nboy or girl in leading many people unto the Lamb of God that takes away\nthe sins of the world. Personal evangelism then may be carried out\nthrough personal contact at school, through personal contact at work,\nand through personal contact at play or in our social relationships.\nAnd, finally, my friends, it might be possible that before we could\nreach Mary Doe and the several thousand people whom she represents, we\nwould have to start down the street and go from house to house and call\nupon every home. It could be possible that Mary would not be thrown with\nany member of the church, even in her association at school. Do you\nbelieve we can claim to have fully and completely met our\nresponsibility, in preaching the gospel to the people of East Nashville,\nuntil we have gone from house to house as the apostle Paul did, and as\nsome denominations are doing today, and taken the message to them? That\nis almost an unused opportunity and method of preaching the gospel to\nthose who have not yet heard it, and yet it is a very practical and a\nvery effective one.\nI would like to climax all of this by saying that prayer should be used\nin our effort to carry out the great commission. If you have faithfully\nand diligently engaged in all of these activities mentioned, and any\nothers of like nature that could be mentioned, then you can consistently\npray to God to help you in accomplishing your purpose. That\u2019s the reason\nI put prayer at the end of the list. For prayer should not be used\nwithout being accompanied by every possible effort on our part. Neither\nof these methods, nor any other that might be named, should be used\nexclusively. They should all be used, working together to help us\nfulfill our obligation to preach the gospel to our neighbors.\nNow I had hoped to have time to talk about the other phase of the first\ndivision of our outline\u2014preaching the gospel to other communities\u2014but\nthe clock on the wall says that the time is gone and so we have to close\nwith the promise that there will be more to follow. If you\u2019ll come back\ntonight, I\u2019ll give you a mimeographed outline of the lessons which are\nbeing used both this morning and tonight.\nIn just a moment we\u2019re going to sing the song that has been announced.\nThat is our means of urging you to accept the Lord\u2019s invitation to come\nto him and let him save you. If you have been guilty of committing just\none sin which has not yet been forgiven, that sin must be forgiven\nbefore you can go to heaven, because no sin can enter there, and no sin\ncan be forgiven for those who have never obeyed the gospel by faith\n(Acts 16:31-33), repentance (Luke 13:3), confession (Acts 16:37), and\nbaptism (Acts 2:38). Those who have turned aside since being baptized\nmay be forgiven if they\u2019ll come back repenting, confessing their faults,\nand praying for forgiveness. The gospel invitation is yours. While we\nstand and sing we urge you to accept it.\n                CONGREGATIONAL OBJECTIVES AND ACTIVITIES\nI promise you in the beginning that I do not mean to discuss all of this\noutline (See pages 196-198) at this time. It covers in a general way the\nentire program of work that God wants His church to do. The scope of\nthis work is so broad that we have to break it down in order to study it\npractically and effectively. Those who are directing the work of the\nchurch need to study it in its separate parts as well as in its\nentirety. This main list of objectives\u2014evangelistic, devotional,\ninstructional, looking after members individually, practical training,\nbeneficent work, and incidentals\u2014covers the field entirely. Every\nScriptural function of the church is included in at least one of these\ngeneral headings. I do not mean that the lists of activities under the\nmain headings are complete. They are not necessarily so. In most\ninstances they are incomplete. They are _suggestive_ rather than\n_exhaustive_.\nI would like for you to take this outline home with you and study it\nwith two or three questions in mind. First, what can you do to help\nadvance the work of the church? Look over this list of activities and\nwrite into this outline any others which, in your judgment, would be\nscriptural in nature and help to make the work of the church more\neffective. These objectives are Scriptural, therefore, we want to do\neverything in our power to reach them. In order for the church to attain\nthese objectives, it must have the co-operation of every member. There\nis something in this general program that _you_ can do! Perhaps you\u2019ll\nfind _many_ places where you can be of service, and you know it is your\nduty to render whatever service you can to make the Lord\u2019s work as\nsuccessful as possible.\nThese objectives being Scriptural, this outline may help the overseers\nin their work of edifying the church. Please remember that we are\nengaged in the greatest work in all the world\u2014the work of saving souls!\nWe are undertaking to accomplish a divine task, one which has been\nassigned to us by the God of heaven. In His work we ought to do our very\nbest, remembering that one soul is worth more than all the material\nwealth in the world. We should leave nothing undone that will contribute\ntoward our success.\nSome constructive work was done in our business meeting this afternoon.\nA committee was appointed to plan the missionary program of the church\nfor the year. This committee is to give some very careful study to the\nselection of the most appropriate fields and the amount that should be\ninvested in each. The results of their study, including the program they\nrecommend for the next fiscal year, will be announced at the next\nmeeting of the overseers. This is a very practical step. It is a\ndefinite step in the right direction. It pertains to Item No. 2 under\nour evangelistic objectives as shown on the outline.\nAnother committee was appointed to study our Sunday morning Bible school\nprogram and to make recommendations for improving it. That\u2019s Item No. 2\nunder our instructional objective. So that makes two items on this list\nthat will be given very careful study by committees that have been\nappointed for that purpose. We know that our Thursday evening meeting\nhas been very much improved by giving a little more thought to planning\nthe program. I believe that that meeting can be even further improved,\nand I am also convinced that similar improvements may be brought about\nin every other phase of the church\u2019s work if the proper study and\ncareful planning is devoted to it. I am hoping that every item in this\noutline will be given thoughtful consideration by those who are\nresponsible for the work at Chapel Avenue for the sake of improving\nevery phase of our work and worship.\nWe are told to seek first the kingdom of God and his righteousness. God\nwould not be pleased with a secondary place in our lives, and that\nmeans, among other things, that our program of work in the church should\nbe given our best thought, our most careful consideration, and our most\ndiligent support.\nI want to say a few things tonight under Item No. 2 of our evangelistic\nprogram. God tells us to go into all the world and preach the gospel\nunto every creature. We discussed some methods this morning that might\nbe used in carrying out that responsibility in our own neighborhood.\nNow, the question arises, \u201cWhat can we do about preaching in communities\nthat are too far away to receive any direct benefit from our local\nprogram of services and personal work?\u201d\nOne method which we have been using recently is that of distributing\ntracts. We have published 70,000 tracts for free distributions. Bro.\nShacklett reported this afternoon in the business meeting that the most\nof this supply has already been distributed. He probably has enough\ncalls on his desk now to more than exhaust the remainder. If it is not\ntoo optimistic to assume that each one of those tracts has been read by\nat least one person, that\u2019s the equivalent of preaching a sermon to\n70,000 people, which certainly is no small consideration!\nAnd I happen to know that those who are selling tracts on a commercial\nbasis, at least some of them best known to me, are making from 100 to\n200 per cent profit. The tracts that cost us less than 1 cent each, are\nbeing sold by those who are in it for the money at 2\u00bd cents each. That\nmeans that by spending less than one penny we can give to these\nmissionary fields a service that would cost them on the market 2\u00bd cents.\nTherefore, from a financial point of view, by giving away tracts instead\nof giving the money with which to buy tracts, we are making a great\nsaving.\nThe response that has been received from this work is very encouraging.\nIf we had time, we would like to read some of the letters that have been\nreceived. In addition to the tracts distributed by Chapel Avenue, the\nchurch at Madison has made a very wide distribution of one of the same\ntracts, and is now contemplating publishing 100,000 with which to answer\nthe calls they are receiving. That seems to be one good means of\ncarrying the gospel to those of other communities who have not heard it.\nAnd, remember, it is our duty to use every legitimate means at our\ndisposal.\nThe next item on your outline is radio preaching. There has been some\ntalk of a national radio program, and no doubt that would do a great\ndeal of good. There is some question as to whether the money that such a\nprogram would cost might not accomplish more good if spent in some other\nway. That\u2019s a question which I, personally, would not know how to\ndecide. But we do know that the radio is being used very extensively on\na local basis in various missionary fields of our country, and those who\nare engaged in that work are pleased with the results.\nHowever, trying to whip the devil by using the radio is somewhat like\ntrying to whip the Germans by fighting them from the air. A great deal\ncan be accomplished but the battle cannot be completely won until we go\nin person. Radio work, to be as effective and fruitful as it ought to\nbe, must be followed up by personal contact. Those who become interested\nby means of radio preaching ought to be contacted and encouraged to\nrender complete obedience to the commandments of the gospel.\nA third way in which we can help to attain this objective of preaching\nthe gospel to the entire world is by sending financial support to\nmissionary fields and to preachers working in those fields. In that\nrespect the church at Chapel Avenue has been very active and no doubt\nwill continue to be. In fact, we have just about gone as far as we can\ngo with the present means at our disposal, and I think it would not be\nout of order to tell you that in the business meeting this evening\nanother man was put on the payroll at $200 per month, on a temporary\nbasis, hoping that when the congregation learns about it, they will\nincrease their contribution enough to cover this cost. Those who are\nmanaging the financial affairs believe that the present income is not\nsufficient to warrant this additional expense, but they have acted upon\ntheir faith in you, upon their confidence in you, that your knowledge of\nthis increased need will bring about an increased response. I do not\nbelieve that you will betray that confidence!\nThe man added to the payroll has a family of six children and recently\nresigned a job paying him several hundred dollars per month as district\nmanager for an insurance company in order to devote his entire time to\npreaching the gospel. With a charter membership of about ten souls,\ntwenty-four people were present for the initial meeting last Lord\u2019s Day.\nThis man seems to be well qualified for the task which he has\nundertaken, and we believe he will accomplish great results.\nThere are certain items listed in your outline which we believe should\ncharacterize our work of supporting missionaries. It is my conviction\nthat regular and complete reports should be received from those who are\nbeing supported. Brother Estevez made a fine talk along that line here\nlast Sunday afternoon. Brother Gregory gave us a splendid report of his\nwork this morning. I believe that one reason the Chapel Avenue church\nhas continued to be so vitally interested in the work at Kingsport is\nthat one of our elders is on the job there and keeps the congregation\nhere acquainted with what is being done.\nFurthermore, the workers to be used in these fields should be selected\nvery carefully. You ought to be just as careful about selecting some man\nto preach for you in North Carolina as you are about selecting some one\nto preach for you here. It seems to me that the two cases are exactly\nparallel in that respect. We ought to be just as much concerned about\nwho preaches for us over there as we are about who preaches for us here.\nIf such a policy were followed by all the churches it would bring about\na distinct improvement and prevent considerable embarrassment.\nIn addition, the man selected should be well supported. It\u2019s worth just\nas much to preach in Kingsport or North Carolina or Louisiana or some\nother place as it is to preach in Nashville, and when the men have equal\nresponsibility and equal qualifications, it seems to me that they ought\nto be equally well supported. Certainly the man in the field ought to be\nsupported well enough that he will not be cramped in his work or\ndistracted by concern about how he will meet the next month\u2019s grocery\nbill.\nRemember that it is _our_ work when we send a man out to a field like\nthat, and it would be inconsistency and folly on our part to send one\nwithout supplying him with the resources necessary for the success of\nhis work. Something in addition to his bare living ought to be provided.\nHe should have funds with which to operate. Think about how much it\ncosts to carry on a program of work here, by way of advertising,\nmaintaining a meeting place and supporting a radio program and all that\nsort of thing. In some ways it is more expensive in those fields than it\nis here. For instance, we have fifty other congregations in Nashville to\nhelp us advertise the cause of Christ in this city. In those fields the\nlittle mission church has to take all this responsibility by itself. It\nhas to bear all the cost of supporting a radio program, publishing\narticles in the daily paper, and of carrying on all of these varied\nactivities that are listed under our local program of evangelism.\nNo business concern would send a man to some field to represent it and\nwork for it without furnishing him with the support necessary for\nsuccess in his work. I am convinced that it would be wiser and better in\nthe long run to have a few men in the field fully supported than to have\nseveral that are but half supported, and therefore handicapped and\nunable to accomplish what should be accomplished.\nIt is also my conviction that the church which furnishes the money is\nalso obligated to supervise the use of that money. I do not suggest that\nwe dictate to churches at other places, for there is no one who believes\nmore firmly in congregational autonomy than do I. Every congregation\nmust be entirely independent. But, surely, if you have a man preaching\nfor you in the state of North Carolina, or some other place, it is your\nduty to know what he is doing, what he is accomplishing, and whether it\nwould be well for him to continue there or to move to some other\ncommunity.\nI know of one man who was supposed to be preaching in a missionary\nfield, not supported by Chapel Avenue incidentally, concerning whom I\nhave received a report that the only thing he did was to teach a Bible\nclass on Wednesday night. Over a period of several months he received a\ngood income from churches throughout the country who were gullible\nenough to answer a call without knowing the condition of the field and\nthe kind of work that was being done by the one who made the call; while\nbeing paid to preach he was working at a secular job, receiving a living\nwage therefor, and putting the money he received from the churches in\nthe bank in his own name. This illustrates what I mean by saying that it\nis necessary that we keep a line on those who are being supported. Those\nwho are worthy will welcome investigation and those who are not worthy\ncertainly ought to be investigated.\nI believe that I am, at least to some extent, qualified to speak here\nfor I have worked at both ends of the line. As you know, I spent five\nyears at Richmond, Virginia, in the missionary field, receiving support\nfrom you and others back home. I\u2019ve also worked at this end of the line,\nand I think I know a little about how such work ought to be done. Surely\nregular and complete reports ought to be received, and careful\nsupervision should be exercised by those who furnish the money. It is my\nconviction that, when God places resources in the hands of an individual\nor a congregation, they are responsible for seeing that those resources\nare properly used.\nThat\u2019s the reason I am reluctant to tell a rich man how to give away his\nmoney. If he had sense enough to make it, he probably has more sense\nabout how to spend it than someone who could never make any. Of course\none should teach the principles that are revealed in the Bible\nconcerning the use of money, but I believe that the responsibility of\nspending one\u2019s money rests primarily upon the one to whom God has\nentrusted the money, and that will apply to a congregation as well as to\nindividuals.\n                        A Three-Cornered Affair\nNow arranging a program of missionary work is a three-cornered affair.\nThere is first of all the _missionary field_ in which the work is to be\ndone, and next, there is the _preacher_ who is to do the preaching and\nthird the _church_ to do the financing. By some means or other these\nthree must be brought to an agreement upon a plan of procedure. That\nmeans that somebody must take the initiative in getting the work\nstarted.\nSometimes a few members who live in the missionary field take the\ninitiative, and undertake to find a preacher and someone to support him.\nThey contact a preacher and ask him to come and work for them. They\ncontact some church or churches and ask them to support the man while he\nworks for them. Whenever there is enough leadership in the mission field\nto take such initiative, that\u2019s all right. But that is presupposing a\ngoodly degree of leadership in a mission field! There are many mission\nfields which do not possess such leadership. Sometimes the few members\nwho live in these mission fields are relatively indifferent. They are\nnot always so. Sometimes they are the finest people on the earth, but\noften they are not. And maybe the reason it\u2019s still a mission field in\nmany instances is because they are not as wide awake and zealous as they\nshould be. So if a great many fields are ever reached, some of them not\nhaving any members at all, someone else must take the initiative.\nIn other instances, the preacher takes the initiative. He selects a\nfield to which he would like to go and then he gets some churches to\nsupport him while he does so. That\u2019s the plan I used in going to\nRichmond. It sometimes works all right and sometimes it doesn\u2019t. For\nvery often a preacher who undertakes to do such work is comparatively\ninexperienced, and is not nearly as well qualified to plan the program\nof work as some congregation that helps support him would be. When I\nwent to Richmond, twelve years ago, one had to do it that way, because\nat that time, so far as I know, no one congregation considered itself\nable to assume full responsibility for the support of a missionary. But\nI do not believe that this is the most satisfactory method.\nIn the third place, the congregation itself very often takes the\ninitiative, selects a field, selects a preacher, and sends him there to\nwork. Bro. Gregory gave us an example of that this morning. He told of a\ncongregation which made thorough investigation of the places needing a\npreacher in East Tennessee and finally concluded that Kingsport would be\nthe most advisable place for them to help. They\u2019ve been following that\nplan for many years. Bro. Charles King has been on their payroll for\nquite a long time. Several years ago they sent a committee to East\nTennessee, at an expense of $150, to select the best place for him to\npreach. At that time they decided in favor of Harriman, where there is\nnow, I understand, a strong congregation.\nIn this case, you see, the church took the initiative; the church\nselected the field after proper investigation; the church selected a\npreacher and paid him a salary and supported him while he represented\nthem in that field. Where this can be done, it seems to me to be a very\nfine plan. Hence, one way for an established congregation to contribute\nto the success of evangelizing the world is to take the initiative not\nonly in planning, but also in supervising the work. With such an\narrangement the work will be promoted according to the judgment of a\nseasoned and experienced group of elders rather than according to the\njudgment of some young, inexperienced fellow who gets the idea that he\nwants to be a missionary.\nA few objections to this plan have come from preachers on the field. It\nhas been said, \u201cI\u2019d rather have twenty churches supporting me than to\nhave just one. For that one might get discouraged at my pessimistic\nreport and cut me off.\u201d The answer to that is that there should be a\nmore definite agreement on the part of the preacher and the church as to\nhow long he is to be supported. The man on the missionary field should\nnot expect a guarantee of a lifetime job. And, furthermore, if his\nreports were too pessimistic, it may be that his support _should_ be\ndiscontinued. Or perhaps he ought to be advised to discontinue his\nactivities in that field and to move to some other. It would not have\nbeen well for Paul to have remained indefinitely in the city of Athens.\nAccording to the inspiration guiding him, it was better for him to move\non.\nI would have welcomed counsel and advice from those supporting me when I\nwas working in Richmond. There were about twenty different churches\nsupporting me\u2014too many for me to confer with each of them to get advice\non questions that arose; and consequently in most instances I relied\nonly on my own judgment, which meant that the work was being directed by\nthe judgment of one young preacher rather than by the combined judgment\nof some experienced group of elders. And nothing would have given me\ngreater encouragement than for a committee of elders of some church that\nwas supporting me to have spent a few days in Richmond studying the\nsituation and advising me on the problems which arose. There were times\nwhen I wondered if the results being accomplished justified the money\nbeing spent.\nOf course, the money was well spent. For growing out of that work which\nI entered twelve years ago there are now two self-supporting\ncongregations. One of them has a building completely paid for and\nsupports a full-time preacher. The other has a part-time preacher.\nComing from one of these congregations, a young man graduated from David\nLipscomb last spring and has gone back to Virginia to preach the gospel\nin his native state. Another young man from one of these congregations\nis now at Lipscomb preparing himself to preach the riches of Christ. On\nthe side, some work and encouragement were given at Norfolk, Virginia,\nwhere there is now a growing and prosperous congregation. These\ndevelopments have come about in only twelve years. But I couldn\u2019t see it\nthen. Oftentimes I became discouraged. If some one congregation had been\nsupplying all the necessary support and supervising the work, it would\nhave been very helpful to me.\nBut after all, friends, when you contribute only five or ten dollars per\nmonth to a place, you are not likely to have a vital interest in the\nwork. To give you a concrete example, an elder and treasurer of a church\nin Middle Tennessee which sent ten dollars each month to Richmond, year\nafter year, spent several days in Richmond on a social visit and didn\u2019t\neven come around to see what was being done. Well, they only had $10 per\nmonth invested there and so they were not particularly interested. But\nif they\u2019d been spending $200 a month, paying the full salary of the man\non the job, then an elder who spent the week end in town would have\nlooked into the situation! Where a man\u2019s treasure is, there will his\nheart be also!\nIn fact, I have said, and I\u2019m about to say again, that to contribute\njust $5 a month here and there and elsewhere for mission work is\nsomewhat like giving a nickel to a beggar on the street. Do you know why\nyou give that nickel? Not because you are interested in the beggar and\nnot because you are concerned about what he is doing, but to ease your\nown conscience. You are seeking to purchase ease of conscience with\nexpenditure of a mere nickel! If the beggar is worthy, he ought to have\nmore than a nickel; if he isn\u2019t worthy, he doesn\u2019t deserve even a\nnickel. And so when a congregation merely contributes five dollars to\neach of a few places, to soothe their conscience, they can say, \u201cYes, we\nare doing some mission work,\u201d but certainly they are following the line\nof least resistance. They may have purchased ease of an untrained and\nmisinformed conscience at a minimum cost, but this does not mean that\nthey have done their duty in meeting the responsibility that God has\nplaced on them!\nAnother way in which Chapel Avenue can and is contributing to the\nattainment of this objective, is by furnishing leadership for rural\nchurches in reach of Nashville. Bro. Clark, Bro. Shacklett, Bro. Autry,\nand others who have been going out, know that there are many\ncongregations within driving distance of Nashville which are almost\ntotally lacking in leadership. They need someone to be there on Lord\u2019s\nDay to conduct the worship and to teach and encourage them. And we have\nan opportunity to do a lot of good along that line.\n                         Practical Suggestions\nNow these are just scattering thoughts and remarks on what we can do\nand, therefore, what we _ought_ to do to attain the God given objective\nof preaching the gospel unto the whole world. I advise you again that\nthis list of activities is not exhaustive but suggestive. The same kind\nof treatment given this particular objective could be applied to the\nothers in this outline as well. We don\u2019t have time to do so tonight, but\nI want you to study it for yourself and consider how you, individually\nand personally, can do something to help us reach these scriptural\nobjectives. And further, consider how the church itself may improve its\nefforts along this line.\nIf you think of some change that ought to be made in this outline, or\nsome items that ought to be added to it, I would certainly be glad to\nreceive your suggestions. Friends, remember that we are engaged in the\nLord\u2019s work, the greatest work in all the world! If there is any body of\npeople on earth who ought to be enthusiastic, it is the church of\nChrist! We are working in the Lord\u2019s kingdom, and we know that our labor\nwill not be in vain. If so much can be accomplished by the little that\nhas been done, I want you to think about what could be accomplished if\nwe were all doing our best! It yet remains to be demonstrated what can\nbe accomplished by a congregation which is wholly and completely\ndedicated unto the work of the Lord. I recommend that you give a\npractical and careful study then to each item on this list.\nConsider our devotional program and how it may be improved. It can be\nimproved! To claim that there is no room for improvement would be to\nclaim perfection which none of us would like to do. Bro. Murphy has been\nmaking some fine suggestions in our Thursday evening work. Those of you\nwho have missed them have been missing an opportunity to improve the\neffectiveness of your own service in the kingdom of God. He\u2019s made some\n_practical_ suggestions. You may think some of them are not good, but\ncertainly every suggestion he has made should be given very careful\nconsideration by those who are supervising and taking part in the work\nhere.\nPerhaps our greatest sin is our failure to put into use the knowledge\nwhich we receive, to make practical use of suggestions offered. It would\nbe easy just to let Dr. Murphy\u2019s advice pass by and go unheeded. If we\ndo that, it will mean that the church will be very little better off\nafter this eight weeks of training than it was before. But, if his\nsuggestions are promptly and faithfully heeded, the church will be a\ngreat deal further along toward the accomplishment of its scriptural\nobjectives than it was before.\nYou will notice that the Wednesday evening meeting appears three or four\ntimes in this outline and might appropriately appear at even some other\nplace. For instance, the Wednesday evening meeting may be used for\ndevotional purposes. It may be used for instructional purposes and will\nbe for the next eight weeks. It may also be used for the purpose of\ngiving practical training to those who would be workers in the kingdom\nof God. If we\u2019ll think about it like that, you see, it will give purpose\nto our mid-week meetings.\nHere are scriptural goals. God is holding us responsible to do\neverything we can to attain these objectives promptly and effectively.\nOur mid-week program can be made to serve a very important purpose in\nthe attainment of these ends. And, therefore, along with every other\nscriptural phase of the work, should receive the wholehearted\nco-operation and support of every member.\nI\u2019m looking forward to much greater things for the church at Chapel\nAvenue in the weeks, months, and years ahead. Don\u2019t you want to have a\npart in it? If there are some here tonight who live in our community and\nwould like to work and worship with the church here, we invite you to\nmake that known by coming forward tonight. If there are those who have\nbackslidden, you are invited to follow the Bible plan of repenting,\nconfessing your faults, and praying for forgiveness, that God may save\nyour soul. And, of course, you who have not been baptized, if you\nbelieve that Jesus is the Son of God, if you will repent of your sins\nand confess your faith and obey the commandment to be baptized for\nremission of sins (Acts 2:38) God promises that your sins will be\nforgiven, washed away by the blood of Christ, and you will receive the\ngift of the Holy Spirit! Christ invites you to come to him and let him\nsave you! Will you accept that invitation while together we stand and\nsing?\nThe subject of giving has been assigned to me for this occasion. This\nassignment pleases me for two reasons: First, it is a popular subject.\nFolk like to hear it because it hits them so hard. In the second place,\nit is a vital question. Those who have taken the time to count the\ninstances say that the Bible mentions money more often than it does\nfaith, repentance, confession, and baptism all put together. \u201cThe love\nof money is a root of all kinds of evil.\u201d Whether, therefore, we base\nour judgment on the danger of our sinning with respect to it, or the\namount of space devoted to it in the Bible, the subject of money, or\ngiving, is a very important one. I am approaching the subject from the\nstandpoint of this question: \u201cHow Much Is Liberal?\u201d The reason for this\napproach will appear as we proceed.\n                        New Testament Authority\nYou know, as well as I, that in every instance we must go to the New\nTestament for our guidance in matters religious. Our people have been\nthoroughly taught, but not too thoroughly, that we are no longer bound\nby the laws given to Moses and Noah, but by the law of Christ. In\nstudying the subject of giving, therefore, we must go to the New\nTestament.\nIn First Corinthians 16:2 we read: \u201cUpon the first day of the week let\nevery one of you lay by him in store, as God hath prospered him, that\nthere be no gatherings when I come.\u201d This Scripture teaches that we\nshould give regularly, weekly (not weakly). The giving is to be just as\nregular as the eating of the Lord\u2019s supper\u2014upon the first day of each\nweek. This quotation also teaches that we should give according to our\nprosperity. The more prosperity one has the more he is expected to give.\nA third New Testament requirement is cheerfulness in giving. \u201cGod loveth\na cheerful giver\u201d (2 Cor. 9:7). Sometimes it is said that we ought to\ngive until it hurts. It is all right to give until you can miss what you\ngive, or until you have to do without something that you want. But you\nshould never give until it hurts. It is all right to give until you can\nmiss hurt you to give as God requires. He loves a cheerful giver.\nFourthly, we are taught to give purposely. The Christians at Corinth\nmade a purpose a year in advance and were commanded to give as they had\nplanned. \u201cEvery man according as he purposeth in his heart, so let him\ngive\u201d (2 Cor. 9:7). They had not only purposed but they had expressed\ntheir purpose and when a Christian does that, it very nearly becomes a\npromise. The text does not specifically say that we should make a\npurpose, but it implies it; and if we purpose, we should give\naccordingly. In reference to this question on which we are so likely to\nstumble we ought to do some prayerful planning, lest we make the mistake\nof not giving as we should. The temptation to give sparingly is so great\nthat one can not afford to depend merely upon the impulse of the moment.\nMake a purpose or plan and then give according to your plan.\nFinally, the New Testament commands us to give liberally. \u201cHe that\ngiveth, let him do it liberally\u201d (Rom. 12:8, A.R.V. or footnote in the\nA.V.). The word \u201cliberal\u201d comprehends both the attitude of the giver and\nalso the amount of the gift. The New Testament does not specify any\namount or percentage that we should give. It does not tell us to give\nany certain amount or percentage of our income; but it does command us\nto give liberally. You have often heard the statement, \u201cWe are not\ncommanded to give a tenth.\u201d This statement is literally true, but it may\nimply an error. The inference is that the New Testament assures us that\nwe need not give as much as a tenth. Such an inference is false. The New\nTestament does not command us to give _less than_ a tenth. It names no\ndefinite amount and no definite percentage.\nIn 2 Corinthians 9:5-7 we are not only taught to give liberally but we\nare encouraged to do so by the statement: \u201cHe which soweth sparingly\nshall reap also sparingly; and he which soweth bountifully shall reap\nalso bountifully.\u201d It appears to me that the New Testament thus puts us\non our honor. If it had named a certain number of dollars or a certain\npercentage of our income, we might just give that amount and claim the\nrest to do with as we pleased. But God has placed us on our honor, the\namount of our giving to be determined by general instructions and our\nlove of Him and those to whom we give. When an honorable man is placed\non his honor, it seems that he should do even more than when he is under\ndefinite laws. Some schools have what they call \u201cthe honor system.\u201d\nAccording to this system, the teacher may put a test on the board and\nleave the room. The students are on their honor. It seems to me that one\nwould be less likely to cheat under those conditions than with some one\non guard. The New Testament puts us on our honor, so to speak, with only\ngeneral instructions and commands to guide our giving.\n                       Individual Responsibility\nEach individual must answer for himself this question: \u201cHow much is\nliberal?\u201d The Old Testament required a certain percentage; the New\nTestament requires liberality. _How much is liberal?_ What does the\nBible mean when it says, \u201cgive liberally?\u201d Liberality would not mean the\nsame amount in every case. Some must give more than others. This story\nwas published some years ago in the _Gospel Advocate_: There was a\ncertain rich man in a congregation who had as much money as all the\nother members. When money was being raised for any purpose he would\npropose to give as much as any other _one_. When the congregation was\ntrying to raise money to put a new roof on their building, he arose,\naccording to his custom, and said, \u201cBrethren, I will give as much as any\nother man in the house toward putting on this new roof.\u201d There happened\nto be a rich infidel present that day, who arose and said, \u201cWell,\nMister, you and I will pay for the new roof; I will give half the cost.\u201d\nNow, if you expect me to tell you exactly how much you should give, you\nwill be disappointed. I am not going to tell you because the Bible\ndoesn\u2019t tell me. If I were to undertake to tell you, I might put it too\nlow. I would certainly be afraid to tell any one that he was giving too\nmuch. A man once asked me a question which several other preachers had\nbeen unable to answer. He said, \u201cMy wife and I make $150 per month. We\ngive $25 of that to the church each month. I want to know if we are\ngiving enough.\u201d When I heard the question I knew why the other preachers\nhad not answered. He and his wife were giving more than a tenth. They\nwere giving 16\u2154 per cent, but I was afraid to tell him whether they were\ngiving too much or not enough, because I didn\u2019t know. Jesus Christ\nwatched the poor widow give away all her living, and He didn\u2019t tell her\nthat she was giving too much. Some of our brethren today would probably\nhave said, \u201cJust wait a minute, lady, we appreciate your motive and\nadmire your liberality, but you ought not give all you have. We wouldn\u2019t\nwant you to starve to death or to do without the necessities of life.\u201d\nBut Jesus stood there and watched her give away the very last thing she\nhad and He made no effort to restrain her. So, I can\u2019t tell any one that\nhe is giving too much or the exact number of dollars that he should\ngive. Each one must answer for himself.\n_How much is liberal?_ I can\u2019t answer for you; you can\u2019t answer for me.\nYou must answer for yourself and your answer must be a definite one,\nexpressible in terms of a certain number of dollars and cents. You must\ndecide how many dollars and cents you should give in order to meet the\nrequirement of liberality. How much have you studied the question? How\nmuch have you prayed about it and investigated the word of God in your\nsearch for an answer? How much time have you spent on the question? Are\nyou sure that you have reached a scriptural conclusion? You must not\nmerely decide what is liberal according to your own standard, but what\nis liberal according to God\u2019s standard. For, after all, God is to be the\nfinal judge as to whether you are giving liberally. You must reach a\ndefinite conclusion as to what God will consider a liberal amount from\nyou. I urge you to study the question of liberality. Search the\nScriptures, pray God to lead you to the right answer. Because the\nquestion must be answered. It is a commandment of God in the New\nTestament.\nAlthough the New Testament does not, and I can not, tell you definitely\nhow much is liberal in the sight of God, we can get some light on the\nquestion by studying what God has required of his people in other\ndispensations. In the 14th chapter of Genesis there is an account of\nfour kings who went to war against five other kings. The four kings won\nthe war and among the captives was Lot, the kinsman of Abram. \u201cAnd when\nAbram heard that his brother was taken captive, he armed his trained\nservants, born in his own house, three hundred and eighteen, and pursued\nthem unto Dan.\u201d With this small band of men he won a great victory over\nthe four kings and their powerful armies and rescued Lot and his goods\nand his people. After his return from this battle Abram met Melchizedek,\npriest of God, and gave him tithes (a tenth) of all. God wants you and\nme to know that Abram gave a tenth.\nThe book of Genesis is very brief. In a very few pages, less than the\nnumber I hold in my hand, God has given us the history of the world for\na period of several thousand years. It is very brief. If man had written\nsuch a history, the volumes would have filled a shelf all the way around\nthis room. Men have written many volumes of history concerning the\nUnited States which has been a nation for less than two hundred years.\nBut God has condensed the history of the world, for a period of\nthousands of years, within these few pages. Yet, he took enough of that\nprecious space to tell us that Abram gave a tenth. If man had written an\naccount of this war, he would have told the names of the captains in\neach army, how many men were killed, how many were wounded, how much the\nwar cost, and so forth. God omitted all those things of interest, but he\ndid take the space to tell us that Abram gave a tenth and that he\nprospered. He even repeated this information in the New Testament, where\nhe says, \u201cNow consider how great this man [Melchizedek] was, unto whom\neven the patriarch Abraham gave the tenth of the spoils\u201d (Heb. 7:4). He\nhad some reason for wanting us to know this, for He has a reason for\neverything He does and says. He took the space to tell us twice that\nAbram gave a tenth, and Abram prospered. You may draw your own\nconclusion from these scriptural and vital facts.\nTurning on over to the 28th chapter of Genesis we find another\ninteresting story that throws some light on our question. Jacob had\ntaken Esau\u2019s blessing. Esau was angry. Jacob was afraid Esau would kill\nhim. For refuge he went to Padanaram. On the way he spent the night at\nBethel, and slept in the open, with a rock for a pillow. I don\u2019t know\nwhy he chose such a hard pillow. People do some strange things. I have\nheard that in days gone by the Oriental people slept with their feet,\ninstead of their heads, on the pillow, because the feet did the harder\nwork. According to that rule I think I know some people who ought to\nchange ends with the pillow. While Jacob was sleeping with a rock for a\npillow he had a strange dream. He saw a ladder reaching from earth to\nheaven and the angels of God going up and down (not down and up) on it.\nThe Lord stood above it and promised to be with Jacob and to bless him.\nWhen Jacob arose early in the morning he vowed a vow saying, \u201cIf God\nwill be with me, and will keep me in this way that I go, and will give\nme bread to eat and raiment to put on, so that I come again to my\nfather\u2019s house in peace; then shall the Lord be my God: and this stone\nwhich I have set for a pillar, shall be God\u2019s house: and of all that\nthou shalt give me I will surely give the tenth unto thee\u201d (Gen. 28:\nWith this vow in his heart Jacob continued his journey to Padanaram,\nwhere he spent twenty-two years and became very wealthy. As he was\nreturning to Canaan we find him praying to God as follows: \u201cO God of my\nfather Abraham, and God of my father Isaac, the Lord which saidst unto\nme, \u2018Return unto thy country, and to thy kindred, and I will deal well\nwith thee\u2019: I am not worthy of the least of all the mercies, and of all\nthe truth, which thou hast showed unto thy servant; for with my staff I\npassed over this Jordan; and now I am become two bands ...\u201d (Gen.\n32:9-10). Please note that twenty-two years ago he had passed over this\nJordan with nothing but a stick in his hand and in his heart a vow to\ngive one tenth of all his increase to God. In the meantime he has become\nvery wealthy.\nThe extent of his wealth is partially indicated by an incident that\nfollowed. Jacob was afraid that Esau was still angry. (He should have\nknown that Esau was too lazy to stay mad twenty-two years.) To find\ngrace in the sight of Esau he sent him a present, a token of his good\nwill. Such presents usually represent only a small fraction of one\u2019s\ntotal possessions. Yet this is what Jacob sent Esau: \u201ctwo hundred she\ngoats, and twenty he goats, two hundred ewes, and twenty rams, thirty\nmilk camels with their colts, forty kine, and ten bulls, twenty she\nasses, and ten foals\u201d (Gen. 32:14, 15). Few farmers in this county have\nthat much livestock, yet that represents a small fraction of what Jacob\nwas worth and had acquired since crossing the Jordan twenty-two years\nbefore. Since that time, he had been giving one-tenth to Jehovah. Again,\nremember that God has taken space to tell you and me about that in this\nmuch condensed book, the book of Genesis. He evidently meant for us to\nget some lesson from these facts.\nDuring a financial depression, a business man in Kansas went broke. He\nlost everything he had and found himself $50,000 in debt\u2014fifty thousand\ndollars in the hole. A friend of his offered to give him a medical\nformula to be used in any way he saw fit. The man took the formula and\nwent home. He turned to Genesis 28:22 and drew a ring around these\nwords: \u201cOf all that thou shalt give me I will surely give the tenth unto\nthee.\u201d With that vow, now become his vow, he began to manufacture a\nmedicine. You probably have some at home. It was Mentholatum. On the\nbottle or tube you will find the name of A. A. Hyde. When I first heard\nthis story he had become a millionaire and was still giving one-tenth of\nhis income to what he considered the work of the Lord.\nIn private conversation I told this story to some one who said, \u201cWell,\nhe can afford to give a tenth, because he is rich.\u201d I replied, \u201cYes, but\nremember that he was $50,000 in debt when he began doing so.\u201d It is\neasier for one to give a tenth when he is poor than when he is rich. A\nman who practiced giving a tenth said that when he was working for $1.00\nper day it was easy to give 60 cents on Sunday; but when he began making\n$500 per week and had to give $50 on Sunday, it was hard to do. It is\neasier for a poor man to give liberally than it is for a rich man to do\nso. That may be one reason the Bible says it is easier for a camel to go\nthrough a needle\u2019s eye than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of\nGod.\nNow, back to the Old Testament. You know the Jews were required to give\na tenth of their income and even more. Some Bible students say the\nrequirement was \u00b2/\u2081\u2080 all the time and \u00b3/\u2081\u2080 every third year. That is not\nentirely clear to me, but we do know that they had to give a tenth and\nin addition to that, they had to make daily, weekly, monthly and annual\nsacrifices. So at the very least, they gave more than a tenth, and you\nknow that the Jews were a prosperous people. For some reason God tells\nus about all these Old Testament characters who gave a tenth and\nprospered while doing so. They were required to give a tenth. The New\nTestament commands us to give liberally. Now, which is more? Of whom\ndoes God require and expect more\u2014those who give a tenth or the ones who\nare told to give liberally?\nNow, I could stand up here and give you many more examples of those who\ngave a tenth of their income and were blessed while they did so. A man\nin Richmond, Virginia, who had himself and a wife to support, was making\nonly $20 per week. He purposed to give a tenth to the church. Later, he\nbecame sick and his remuneration was only $10 per week. He continued to\ngive $2.00 per week to the church. He soon recovered, returned to work,\nand was promoted to a position that paid $75 per week.\nMy wife and I had another good friend at Richmond, Virginia, who gave\n$5.00 out of her $35 per month salary. One month, after meeting all\nnecessary expense, the $5.00 that she had set apart for the church was\nall she had left with which to buy a new spring dress and you know how\nmuch a young lady wants a new dress in the spring. After debating the\nquestion for awhile she overcame the temptation and gave the $5.00 to\nthe church as she had planned. The next day her employer, who was not a\nChristian and who knew nothing of the battle the young lady had fought\nand won, gave her enough material to make two new dresses.\nI could continue compiling such examples indefinitely. If you think a\ntenth is too much for one to give, ask the man who has tried it. I never\nknew any one to discontinue the practice of tithing after trying it for\na while. Experience proves that it is a good practice. A church in\nDallas, Texas, has a large sign on the wall of its building which reads\nas follows: \u201cIf any member will practice giving one-tenth of all he\nearns for one year and at the end of that time can say that he has been\nmade poorer by doing so, we will give him $1,000 in gold.\u201d No one has\nclaimed that $1,000.\nThe church at Lily Chapel, near Portsmouth, Ohio, doubled its\ncontributions. That meant, of course, that some of the members were even\ngiving more than twice as much as they had been giving. One night I\nrequested that all who had been made poorer, or who had less left to\nlive on, as a result of increasing their contribution, raise their\nhands. Nobody raised a hand. Then I said, \u201cWhy don\u2019t you double it\nagain, then?\u201d\nSome people don\u2019t give away enough and that is the reason they don\u2019t\nhave enough left to pay their bills. If you are having trouble making\n\u201ctongue and buckle meet,\u201d and don\u2019t have the necessities of life, I\nsuggest that you start giving more to the Lord\u2019s work. Then you will\nhave more left to live on. This may not sound like good arithmetic; but\nit is good Bible teaching. \u201cHe that soweth sparingly shall reap also\nsparingly, and he that soweth bountifully shall reap also bountifully.\u201d\n\u201cThe liberal soul shall be made fat\u201d (Prov. 25:11).\nJesus said, \u201cVerily I say unto you, there is no man that hath left\nhouse, or brethren, or sisters, or father, or mother, or wife, or\nchildren, or lands, for my sake and the gospel\u2019s but he shall receive an\nhundredfold now in this time, houses, and brethren, and sisters, and\nmothers, and children, and lands, with persecutions; and in the world to\ncome eternal life\u201d (Mark 10:29, 30). That is a wonderful promise. It\ndoes not apply to those who give for the sake of handsome returns; but\nto those who give for the sake of Christ. Those who give for His sake\nshall receive a hundredfold in this life. Do we believe the Bible? Then\nwhy don\u2019t we give more? Many do not believe the above promise. They do\nnot believe that all necessary things will be added to those who seek\nfirst the kingdom of God and His righteousness. They are afraid they\nwill come to want if they give liberally. Instead of giving liberally\nand trusting God\u2019s promises they try to provide for themselves by\nholding on to what they have. They should heed the words of the Bible:\n\u201cThere is that withholdeth more than is meet [suitable], but it tendeth\nto poverty\u201d (Prov. 11:24). Christians need more faith. We need to\nbelieve that \u201cit is more blessed to give than to receive.\u201d I don\u2019t\nbelieve any one was ever made poorer as a result of giving, if he gave\naccording to the Bible. To do so would be to disbelieve the word of\nAlmighty God.\nMay I insist again that you give prayerful consideration to this\nquestion: \u201cHow much is liberal?\u201d Ask yourself, \u201cHow much must I give in\norder for the Lord to consider me a liberal giver?\u201d This question must\nbe answered to the satisfaction of the Lord Almighty. When a widow can\ngive all she has without being reproved by the Lord, do you believe that\nGod will be pleased with less than a tenth from you? In the light of\nwhat God required of the Jews do you believe that one-tenth exceeds the\ndemands of liberality?\nIf all the members of God\u2019s church gave a tenth [which they certainly\ncould do and still have plenty left] the contribution of the average\ncongregation would be at least four times as much as it is at present.\nThink of the good work that could then be supported. We could preach the\ngospel to the entire world in a short time; we could take care of all\nthe poor; we could count the elders that rule well worthy of double\nhonor (1 Tim. 5:17).\nHow many Jews did it take to start a congregation and support a priest?\nIt took only ten. Wherever there were ten Jews they could employ a\npriest and support him with their tithe, or tenth. The priest was\nrequired to give a tenth also. This left each in the group \u2079/\u2081\u2080 to live\non and meet other obligations. How many Christians does it take to\nsupport a preacher? In this age, it takes from one hundred to one\nthousand so-called Christians to keep one man busy in the work of the\nLord. In the light of this comparison, how do you think we will stack up\nwith the Jews on the Judgment Day? Why does a congregation of five\nhundred, or one thousand, members do but very little more than a\ncongregation of one hundred members? Even if it takes one hundred\nChristians to support one preacher, why can\u2019t a congregation of five\nhundred, or one thousand members support five, or ten full-time workers\nin the Lord\u2019s vineyard? Is it not because the members of the average\ncongregation are content to give barely enough to carry on a local\nprogram that is respectable in the eyes of the public? Such a limited\nconception of what is needed is not a scriptural standard of giving.\nThe New Testament requires liberality. The Jews had to give a tenth, and\nmore. We must give liberally. Let us be sure that we meet this New\nTestament requirement. Let us prove our faith by our giving. Let us obey\nGod and trust His promises. Let us give liberally, and watch the growth\nin our individual and congregational prosperity.\nI want to leave just one more thought before closing. I suppose you are\nglad to be here, grateful for your existence on the earth. Most people\nare. Very few are tired of living. God blessed you when he gave you your\nlife on this earth. I will tell you how you can get a blessing still\ngreater\u2014by giving your life to God. \u201cIt is more blessed to give than to\nreceive.\u201d If you were blessed when you received your life, you will be\nmore blessed by giving your life in obedient service to your Maker. \u201cI\nbeseech you therefore, brethren, by the mercies of God, that ye present\nyour bodies a living sacrifice, holy, acceptable unto God, which is your\nreasonable service\u201d (Rom. 12:1). Give your life to Jesus. Live for Him\nwho died for you.\nWhile we stand and sing we entreat you to accept the Lord\u2019s gracious\ninvitation.\nYou and I ought to be very thankful to the Lord for the opportunity to\nmeet and worship Him. Such a blessing is not universal. It is\nexceptional in the history of the world, and I am glad to see people\nshow their appreciation of this blessing by taking advantage of the\nopportunity.\nAs many of you well know, the New Testament teaches that the law of\nMoses is not binding on Christians today, but that we should follow the\nlaw of the Spirit of life in Christ. This means that the Ten\nCommandments, as such, are not today binding, but the principles\ninvolved in the Ten Commandments are binding in so far as they have been\nincluded in the law of Christ. Frequently, when I make such a statement\nsomeone replies, \u201cDo you mean that we may do as we please? Do you mean\nthat it\u2019s all right to kill today? That it\u2019s all right to steal?\u201d\nEvidently the Holy Spirit knew that people would ask such questions and,\ntherefore, the 5th chapter of Galatians was written. \u201cStand fast\ntherefore in the liberty wherewith Christ hath made us free, and be not\nentangled again with the yoke of bondage. Behold, I, Paul, say unto you,\nthat if ye be circumcised, Christ shall profit you nothing. For I\ntestify again to every man that is circumcised, that he is a debtor to\ndo the whole law. Christ is become of no effect unto you, whosoever of\nyou are justified by the law; ye are fallen from grace. For we through\nthe Spirit wait for the hope of righteousness by faith. For in Jesus\nChrist neither circumcision availeth anything, nor uncircumcision; but\nfaith which worketh by love. Ye did run well; who did hinder you that ye\nshould not obey the truth? This persuasion cometh not of him that\ncalleth you. A little leaven leaveneth the whole lump. I have confidence\nin you through the Lord, that ye will be none otherwise minded: but he\nthat troubleth you shall bear his judgment, whosoever he be. And I,\nbrethren, if I yet preach circumcision, why do I yet suffer persecution?\nthen is the offence of the cross ceased. I would they were even cut off\nwhich trouble you. For, brethren, ye have been called unto liberty; only\nuse not liberty for an occasion to the flesh, but by love serve one\nanother. For all the law is fulfilled in one word, even in this; Thou\nshalt love thy neighbor as thyself. But if ye bite and devour one\nanother, take heed that ye be not consumed one of another. This I say\nthen, Walk in the Spirit, and ye shall not fulfill the lust of the\nflesh. For the flesh lusteth against the Spirit, and the Spirit against\nthe flesh: and these are contrary the one to the other: so that ye\ncannot do the things that ye would. But if ye be led of the Spirit, ye\nare not under the law. Now the works of the flesh are manifest, which\nare these: adultery, fornication, uncleanness, lasciviousness, idolatry,\nwitchcraft, hatred, variance, emulations, wrath, strife, seditions,\nheresies, envyings, murders, drunkenness, revelings, _and such like_: of\nthe which I tell you before, as I have also told you in time past, that\nthey which do such things shall not inherit the kingdom of God. But the\nfruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, longsuffering, gentleness,\ngoodness, faith, meekness, temperance: against such there is no law. And\nthey that are Christ\u2019s have crucified the flesh with the affections and\nlusts. If we live in the Spirit, let us also walk in the Spirit. Let us\nnot be desirous of vain glory, provoking one another, envying one\nanother.\u201d\nThe fact that we are not bound by the law of Moses then does not mean\nthat we can do as we please. This Scripture plainly says, \u201cYe cannot do\nthe things that ye would.\u201d We are restrained by the law of the Spirit.\nWe are restrained by the law of love. \u201cThou shalt love thy neighbor as\nthyself.\u201d In order that we may clearly understand what this implies, the\nHoly Spirit has listed for us the works of the flesh and the fruits of\nthe spirit. This list is the basis of the lesson which I want to present\nthis morning. I have the items on the board. Perhaps those in the back\nof the building cannot see them. But at least we shall refer to them as\nwe go along and you will get the picture anyway.\nLet us look at the works of the flesh first. The Bible plainly says that\nthose who follow the works of the flesh shall not enter the kingdom of\nGod. If you find yourself guilty of one or more of these works of the\nflesh, then remember that you are on the outside, that you will remain\non the outside until you repent and obey God. People who follow the\nworks of the flesh simply cannot enter the kingdom of heaven.\n1. _Adultery and Fornication._ The first four in the list are adultery,\nfornication, uncleanness, and lasciviousness. All four of these words\nhave reference to immorality. Some state legislatures make a distinction\nbetween adultery and fornication, using the word adultery to apply to\nimmorality on the part of married people, and the word fornication to\napply to the same sort of sin on the part of unmarried people.\nTherefore, those words cover exactly the same sort of crime\u2014illegitimate\nrelationship between men and women. I don\u2019t know just how prevalent this\nsin is in the world\u2014I have no statistics on that point, and would not be\nparticularly interested in gathering any, but I do know that such sins\nare very common, and I know that you know whether you are guilty. If you\nare guilty the Bible says that you cannot enter the kingdom of heaven.\nYou must repent of that sin and have it washed away by the blood of\nJesus before there is any hope for you.\n2. _Uncleanness._ This word probably covers a little more territory than\neither of the first two words. The best definition I know for\nuncleanness is found in Romans 1:24: \u201cWherefore God also gave them up to\nuncleanness through the lusts of their own hearts, to dishonor their own\nbodies between themselves: who changed the truth of God into a lie, and\nworshiped and served the creature more than the Creator, who is blessed\nforever. For this cause God gave them up unto vile affections; for even\ntheir women did change the natural use into that which is against\nnature; and likewise also the men, leaving the natural use of the woman,\nburned in their lust one toward another; men with men working that which\nis unseemly; and receiving in themselves that recompense of their error\nwhich was meet.\u201d If I were to talk an hour, I could not give a clearer\ndefinition of what is meant by uncleanness. It is obviously a work of\nthe flesh, and all who are guilty stand condemned in the sight of God\nAlmighty.\n3. _Lasciviousness._ This term is apparently still more comprehensive.\nIt not only includes general acts of lewdness and abandoned sensuality\nbut is sometimes used to describe that which tends to produce voluptuous\nor lewd emotions. For instance, \u201cThe lascivious pleasing of a lute\u201d\n(Shakespeare). The plural of the noun form is found in Romans 13:13\nwhere it is translated wantonness. \u201cLet us walk honestly, as in the day;\nnot in rioting and drunkenness, not in chambering and wantonness, not in\nstrife and envying.\u201d Referring to this text Thayer\u2019s Greek Lexicon\nquotes the following definition of lasciviousness from Fritzsche:\n\u201cwanton acts or manners, as filthy words, indecent bodily movements,\nunchaste handling of males and females, etc.\u201d\nThere may be some who would not (at least think they would not) actually\nbecome guilty of adultery but who do allow themselves to daydream about\nthings which are unclean and immoral. Such unholy meditations are liable\nto produce wanton and lewd desires and may even lead to an overt act of\nimmorality. You should study the meaning of the word lasciviousness and\ndiligently avoid the sin it describes. \u201cBut put ye on the Lord Jesus\nChrist, and make not provision for the flesh, to fulfill the lusts\nthereof\u201d (Rom. 13:14).\n4. _Idolatry._ We turn now to a different sort of transgressions but we\nare still talking about works of the flesh. Everybody knows what\nidolatry means. If a man worships something other than the God of\nheaven, he is guilty of idolatry. If one values anything in this world\nmore than he esteems God and his relationship to God, he is virtually\nguilty of idolatry.\n5. _Witchcraft._ Then comes the sin of witchcraft, or sorcery, which, I\nbelieve, includes what is commonly called fortunetelling. It is\ncondemned both in the Old Testament and also in the New Testament. It is\na work of the flesh. Friends, if it is wrong to practice the fraud, the\ncraft, the art, (or whatever it is) of fortunetellers, then it\u2019s wrong\nto patronize them, for when you do so you are giving them both your\nfinancial and moral support.\n6. _Hatred._ Hatred is a sin of the disposition. It is an attitude of\nthe heart. It is the state of being an enemy. This term describes\naversions and antipathies which are opposed to brotherly kindness and\nlove.\nI\u2019m not sure that these words were intended to be arranged in logical\norder, but I do believe we can see some sequential significance in the\norder of the word hatred and the three which follow just as we did in\nthe first four.\n7. _Variance._ This word means contentions. It is hatred in action,\nmanifesting itself in contests, altercations, lawsuits, and disputes in\ngeneral.\n8. _Emulations._ This word signifies envious and contentious rivalry or\njealousy, which often are associated with hatred and variance. Jealousy\nis strife to excel at the expense of another. It is destructive, not\nconstructive. When you are jealous you try to pull the other man down in\norder to get above him. But you can\u2019t do it! In the effort to injure\nanother you sink lower yourself.\n9. _Wrath._ This is the climax of the last four words. Wrath is hatred\nin violent action. It consists of turbulent passions which disturb the\nharmony of mind and produce domestic and civic broils and disquietudes.\n(Once I used Jiggs and Maggie of comic strip fame as an example of wrath\nwhen they were throwing pots and pans at each other, but someone\ncorrected me by saying that Jiggs never threw any, they all came from\nthe other direction! But anyway the point of the illustration was\nclear.) When hatred, variance, and jealousy break out into violent\naction, that\u2019s what is described by the word wrath. Herod\u2019s jealousy\nbecame wrath when he killed the babes of Bethlehem in an effort to\ndestroy Jesus.\nThese last four are sins of the disposition. In some instances they are\ncommitted, especially the first three, by people who come to worship\nevery Sunday and pass as devoted Christians. But friends, I want you to\nsee what ugly company they are keeping. They are classed by the Holy\nSpirit right along with idolatry, adultery, uncleanness, and\nlasciviousness. That\u2019s mighty bad company, isn\u2019t it? We are inclined to\nbe more tolerant of sins of the disposition than of sins of immorality,\nbut we\u2019d better be very careful how we appraise sins without Biblical\nauthority. God has put them all in the same catalogue, and therefore\nsins like hatred and jealousy will send you to hell just as quickly as\nidolatry or adultery. If you\u2019re guilty of any of them, you must repent\nbefore you can go to heaven for people who continue in the work of the\nflesh cannot enter the kingdom of heaven.\n10. _Strife, Seditions, Heresies._ The word \u201cstrife\u201d represents a\ncourting of distinction, a desire to put one\u2019s self forward, contention\nand wranglings with a partisan and factious spirit which tends to result\nin division. The word \u201csedition\u201d suggests the act of dividing. It means\ndissension. The word \u201cheresies\u201d applies to the parties or sects arising\nfrom diversity of opinion and aims.\nNote, therefore, that division is condemned in every stage of its\ndevelopment. The disputing, arguing, wrangling, and vanity which lead to\nit are condemned by the word strife. The act of separating into parties\nis condemned by the word \u201cdivisions\u201d or \u201cseditions,\u201d and the parties\nthemselves are condemned after they occur by the word \u201cheresies.\u201d Again\nI call your attention to the fact that God puts these sins in the\ncategory of fornication and adultery. The very disposition to divide is\nwrong; the act of dividing is wrong; and the parties and sects which\nresult from the division are likewise wrong. Division is evil from\nbeginning to end. It is a work of the flesh and all of those who are\nguilty of it, who encourage it, who endorse it, or who support it,\nmorally or financially, will be condemned as following the flesh rather\nthan following the spirit.\n11. _Envying._ This is another sin of the disposition. The best\ndefinition I have found of envying is this: \u201cPain felt, and malignity\nconceived, at the sight of excellence or happiness.\u201d Did you ever notice\nsomeone who is happier than you or more successful than you, and as a\nresult feel some sort of pain within you, or some sort of uneasiness?\nWell, that\u2019s envy. It is pain felt or malignancy conceived at the sight\nof happiness or success on the part of another.\nAfter reading in some religious paper a glowing report of a very\nsuccessful meeting, a preacher may have a strange feeling of discontent\nor chagrin which self-analysis would show to be the result of his\nnatural (fleshly) reaction to the success of a brother evangelist. Is\nnot this a case of envy? Is it not a work of the flesh? Can those who do\nsuch things enter the kingdom of God?\nPreachers are not the only ones who are tempted to envy each other.\nBusiness men, doctors, school teachers, young people in their social\nrelationships may all be guilty of this sin and must guard against it.\nIf you cannot see your boy friends or your girl friends be more popular\nor successful than you without having a feeling of uneasiness and a\ndisposition to harm them in some way, then you are guilty of the sin of\nenvy, and a murderer can come just as nearly going to heaven as one who\nis guilty of envy. Because they are both works of the flesh and stand\ncondemned by Jehovah.\n12. _Murder._ We don\u2019t need to comment upon the word \u201cmurder.\u201d You know\nwhat it means. You can be guilty of murder at heart. The Bible says,\n\u201cWhosoever hateth his brother is a murderer: and ye know that no\nmurderer hath eternal life abiding in him\u201d (1 John 3:15).\n13. _Drunkenness._ Everybody knows what this sin is. It\u2019s the work of\nthe flesh, and those who are guilty of it will be lost. And there\u2019s only\none way to be absolutely certain that you won\u2019t get drunk\u2014just don\u2019t\ndrink of anything that\u2019s intoxicating. If you never take the first drink\nof beer, if you never take the first cocktail or sip of whiskey, then\nyou\u2019ll never get drunk. But if you do take the first one, you don\u2019t know\nwhat may happen.\n14. _Revelings._ Reveling signifies lascivious feasting with obscene\nsongs and music, feasts and drinking-parties which are continued until\nlate at night with unclean songs, dissolute conduct, and boisterous\nmerrymaking. Those occasions when people turn themselves loose and do\nnot observe proper restraints of natural desires, are occasions of\nrevelry. Remember \u201cthat they which do such things shall not inherit the\nkingdom of God.\u201d\n                        The Fruits of the Spirit\nIn contrast with the works of the flesh let us look at the fruits of the\nSpirit. They are the fruits which will be produced in the life of one\nwho is following in the Spirit. They are the characteristics which will\nadorn the life of one who obeys God. I want you to notice how attractive\nthese are. I want you to see how beautiful this list is.\n1. _Love._ Love for God, for your brother, for your neighbor, and even\nlove for your enemy is a fruit of the Spirit.\n2. _Joy._ God expects his people to be joyous. Paul said, \u201cFinally, my\nbrethren, rejoice in the Lord\u201d (Phil. 1:1). \u201cRejoice in the Lord alway:\nand again I say rejoice\u201d (Phil. 4:4). Again we read, \u201cAnd these things\nwrite we unto you, that your joy may be full\u201d (1 John 1:4). As Christian\npeople, those who are following the Spirit are full of joy. People who\nare trying to follow the Spirit and the flesh both are not full of joy.\nBut those who are truly following the Spirit are joyful, because joy is\none of the fruits of the Spirit.\n3. _Peace._ Peace\u2014peace with God, with one\u2019s self, and usually with\nmost, if not all, one\u2019s fellowmen\u2014is a part of the fruit of the Spirit.\nThe calm, quiet, order, and hope which abide in the heart of a Christian\nare more precious than gold. The sinner has doubts, fears, alarms, and\ndreadful forebodings.\n4. _Longsuffering._ People who follow the Spirit are patient; they are\nnot easily provoked; they bear the troubles and difficulties of life\nwithout murmuring or repining and submit cheerfully to every\ndispensation of God\u2019s providence.\n5. _Gentleness._ One who is harsh and unkind is lacking in this fruit of\nthe Spirit. It has been said that to be gentle means to always do and\nsay the kindest things in the kindest way.\n6. _Goodness._ This means uprightness of heart and life\u2014a constant\ndesire and diligent effort, not only to abstain from every form of evil,\nbut also to do good to the bodies and souls of all men.\n7. _Faith._ The word faith is here used in the sense of fidelity, the\ncharacter of one who can be depended upon to keep all his promises, to\nmeet all of his obligations, and to be true to every relationship.\n8. _Meekness._ Meekness is likewise a fruit of the Spirit. It is the\nvery opposite of anger. Moses was called a meek man. Jesus said,\n\u201cBlessed are the meek for they shall inherit the earth.\u201d And although\nChrist was brave and uncompromising, he was nevertheless one of the very\nmeekest of men.\n9. _Temperance._ Temperance means self-control. Remember this very\nchapter says, \u201cYe cannot do the things that ye would.\u201d You cannot give\nfree expression unto the passions of your body. Your body must be\nbuffeted and brought into subjection as Paul did with his. We must learn\nto exercise self-control and to make ourselves do that which we know we\nought to do.\nThese are the fruits of the Spirit. They are the characteristics that\nshould be developed in your life if you are a Christian. I just want you\nto look at these two pictures\u2014the fruit of the Spirit on the one hand\nand the works of the flesh on the other. They are contrasted in every\nsense of the word. They are incompatible and antagonistic. To the extent\nyou have one you fail to possess the other.\nLet me ask you this question: Do you believe the fruit of the Spirit\nwill make anybody unpopular? Sometimes when people are unpopular and are\nbeing persecuted they say, \u201cOh, well, those who live Godly lives are to\nbe persecuted.\u201d That\u2019s true. The Bible teaches it (2 Tim. 3:12). But I\u2019m\nafraid that very often our persecution comes from other causes. We might\nbe suffering because we have hatred, jealousy, and envy, and not because\nwe have the Spirit of Christ. Before you take pride in your persecution\nyou\u2019d better examine the source of it. It might be coming from the wrong\nside of the fence.\nThose who follow the Spirit are a living rebuke to those who fail to do\nso, and as such they will receive some degree of persecution. But I also\ncontend that everybody in this world will have to admire a person who\nhas the fruits of the Spirit in his life. His character presents a\nbeautiful picture to all who know him. You just can\u2019t help admiring him.\nLet us be very careful then about the cause of our persecution.\nBut I promised to talk to you about \u201cAnd So Forth\u201d or \u201cAnd Such Like.\u201d\nAfter the apostle Paul had finished naming the works of the flesh he\nsaid, \u201cand such like.\u201d He said that there were some things like those\nnamed which also belong in the same classification. Now suppose you were\nrequested this morning to come forward and list in this blank column\nsome things that are like those Paul named. What would you put in this\ncolumn? There must be _some_ things like these. The Bible says there are\nsome things like them. Otherwise, there would have been no sense in\nsaying \u201cand such like.\u201d What are those things which are like the ones\nnamed by Paul? The Bible itself mentions some others that could be put\nin this class. For instance, lying is a work of the flesh. It could\ncertainly be included in the \u201cand so forth\u201d of Paul\u2019s list.\nBut now I want to put some words in this blank column, and leave it up\nto you to decide whether they belong under the Fruit of the Spirit or\nthe Works of the Flesh. From this point on, I\u2019m going to let you preach\nthis sermon. It\u2019ll be your sermon from here on out. I shall not tell you\nwhere I think these words belong. Not that I\u2019m afraid or ashamed to\ntell, but I want you to make your own decision. For after all, people\nwill not do right until they decide to do so themselves. If I can\nprovoke you to think and to resolve in your own heart that you will do\nright, then that will be much better than anything else which I might do\nfor you today. The first word I\u2019m listing is:\n1. _Dancing._ I want you to decide for yourself which column it belongs\nin. Would you list it as a work of the flesh or as fruit of the Spirit?\nInto which list does it fit better? I\u2019m not going to say. Decide for\nyourself. If you were called upon to classify it in one or the other of\nthese groups, in which group would you put it? You may say it doesn\u2019t\nbelong in either. Well, I\u2019ll still leave that up to your judgment. I\u2019ll\nput another word up here.\n2. _Bible Study._ (That\u2019s two words, isn\u2019t it?) Do you have any trouble\nclassifying that? In which list would you put it? Would you say that\nBible study belongs with the fruit of the Spirit or with the works of\nthe flesh? I shall not try to influence your opinion. Decide for\nyourself. You see I can put most anything up here today because I\u2019m not\ncommitting myself. I\u2019m playing safe. Well, let\u2019s list another word.\n3. _Movies._ Not as they could be and not as they ought to be, and not\nas they are in some isolated cases, but as they are in general, would\nyou say that they look like this crowd (Fruit of the Spirit) or do they\nlook like this crowd (Works of the Flesh)? Do they contribute to\nlasciviousness, do they contribute to envy and hatred and such like\nthings, or do they look more like peace, self-control, and goodness?\nDecide for yourself! I\u2019ve asked a great many people this simple\nquestion: \u201cDo you believe that movies as they are in general are helpful\nto society or injurious to society?\u201d All of the answers to that question\nexcept in one single instance have been on the same side. I think you\nknow what the correct answer is.\n4. _Card playing._ Let\u2019s consider card playing here, playing bridge, and\nsuch like games. Please note what happened in Cincinnati a few years\nago. The city council passed an anti-gambling law which, of course,\noutlawed playing bingo. Some of the preachers of the city got together\nand wrote out a petition asking the city manager to amend the\nanti-gambling law to give the churches permission to play bingo in order\nto raise money to carry on their work. The city manager granted the\npetition. It\u2019s on the legislative record of the city of Cincinnati. Do\nyou wonder why so many people have quit going to church, why the\nbuildings are empty on Sunday?\nA young lady in Cincinnati told me the first time I ever saw her that\nshe didn\u2019t like to go to church, that she came away feeling worse than\nwhen she went and that she didn\u2019t get what she needed when she attended\nthe typical place of worship in the city of Cincinnati. Do you wonder\nwhy? Now Cincinnati may be a little bit extreme, but similar conditions\nprevail at a great many other places.\nThere was a lady in Louisville, Kentucky, who told me she was alarmed\nabout her son. She said he was a natural-born gambler. There are a lot\nof \u201cnatural-born gamblers,\u201d but they are not all in Kentucky. I asked\nthe lady if she didn\u2019t go to bridge parties, and she said she did. Then\nI said, \u201cDon\u2019t you contribute your share of the money to buy a prize?\u201d\nShe admitted that she did. Next I asked, \u201cDon\u2019t you play a game of\nchance to see which lady will take the prize home?\u201d Again she answered\nin the affirmative. My reply was, \u201cWell, you taught your son to gamble.\nWhy are you alarmed?\u201d She was perfectly content to gamble in the\nliving-room with a group of so-called refined ladies, but she didn\u2019t\nwant her son to bet on the horse races or go to some gambling den in the\ncity. (I almost told you where I thought that one belonged, didn\u2019t I? I\ndidn\u2019t mean to do that.) Let\u2019s take something else.\n5. _Prayer meeting._ Where would you put attending prayer meeting? I\nnever heard anybody raise a question about that. I think everybody knows\nwhere it belongs so we pass on to something else.\n6. _Petting._ We just as well talk about it; everybody knows about it.\nMany have been guilty of it. Where would you put petting? Does it look\nlike lasciviousness, tending to produce wanton and lustful desires, or\ndoes it look like it belongs with the fruit of the Spirit? Now about the\nonly difference I see in petting and dancing is that the dancing is done\nto music and the petting without the benefit of music; dancing is\nusually done in public, where the presence of others imposes at least\nsome degree of restraint, whereas the petting is done in a parked\nautomobile on a side road or in some living-room with the shades pulled\ndown. That\u2019s about the only difference. I\u2019m perfectly willing to leave\nthe decision to your own honest judgment, because if you\u2019re not honest\nyou\u2019re certainly lost anyhow.\n7. _Tobacco._ Maybe you think I\u2019m going too far, but I\u2019d like to ask you\nto classify the use of tobacco. Would you classify tobacco\u2014whether it\u2019s\ndipping, chewing, or smoking\u2014as a work of the flesh, or as fruit of the\nSpirit? Do you believe that using it will help you to save souls or\nhinder you in saving souls? Would you be a little bit ashamed to let the\nman whom you were trying to convert see you smoking or dipping or\nchewing? Again, I\u2019m just asking questions. Not answering them. If\nanybody wants to know what my answer is, see me after we\u2019re through and\nI\u2019ll tell you. But I want to leave it up to your own judgment. Where\nwould you place these things? Do they belong in the list of works of the\nflesh or the fruit of the Spirit?\nFriends, we are talking today about something that\u2019s fundamental.\nThere\u2019s no part of the Bible more fundamental than the 5th chapter of\nGalatians. The Bible says those who do these things (works of the flesh)\nshall not inherit the kingdom of God. Against these things (fruit of the\nSpirit) there is no law. You\u2019re perfectly safe when you\u2019re on this side.\nThere\u2019s no law of God or man that would condemn anything in this list.\nYou never heard of a law forbidding one of these fruits of the Spirit.\nThere\u2019s not a state legislature on this earth that would even think\nabout condemning one of them. Against such things there is no law.\nPerhaps the greatest progress the church of Christ could make today\nwould be to heed diligently the lesson of Galatians, chapter 5, and get\nall of our thinking, conversation, and conduct in harmony with the fruit\nof the Spirit. The very example of the membership would then be a\ntremendous drawing power. It would win the admiration of all those who\nobserved it. All serious-minded people who want to go to heaven when\nthey die, would like to have a part with a group of people who are\ngoverned in such a way. If there are some present this morning who are\nguilty of following the lust of the flesh, there is still a chance for\nyou to be forgiven. If you will repent, confess your faults, and pray\nGod to forgive you, he will do so\u2014that is, those of you who are erring\nchildren of God. You who have not yet been baptized into Christ may\nsecure forgiveness by believing in him as God\u2019s son, repenting of your\nsins, confessing your faith, and obeying the commandment to be baptized\nfor remission of sins. If you are subject then to this call of Christ,\nwe invite you to accept it.\n                     WHAT MUST I DO TO KEEP SAVED?\nAllow me to add a word of welcome to all of you who are present and\nespecially to the visitors. We are very grateful for such good\nattendance at our Sunday evening meetings, and especially for the large\nnumber of young people present. I know of no better way to build a\ncourtship, and eventually a marriage and a home, than upon regular\nattendance to all the meetings of the church. I have just learned\nrecently of one young man who is seriously considering obeying the\nGospel as a result of attending our Sunday evening meetings with his\ngirl friend. This is an example of how you young people may do a lot of\ngood, not only for yourselves but for those whom you may bring with you.\nHence I urge you to come back tonight to hear Brother Bradford and every\nSunday evening to our program of worship and study.\nWe had so many questions arising in my class upstairs this morning that\nwe didn\u2019t get to our lesson. We are taking the same lesson next Sunday,\nthe first twenty-two verses of the ninth chapter of Acts, and the memory\nverse will be Colossians 2:12. If you want a copy of the questions, you\ncan find them here on the pulpit at the end of the hour.\nWe had a fine program last Wednesday evening, even a bigger crowd than\nexpected. I hope you realize the importance of the training we are\ngiving the young men on Wednesday evening. It means a lot to them.\nThey\u2019ll be the leaders of the churches in just a few years from now and\nthey\u2019ll appreciate your presence and encouragement as they conduct our\nservices for the next five weeks. We are expecting a good program again\nthis week.\nThis morning my topic is \u201cWhat Must I Do to Keep Saved?\u201d There have been\nmany sermons, and rightly so, preached upon the subject, \u201cWhat Must I Do\nto Be Saved?\u201d That is indeed a very important question. It is asked and\nanswered three times in the book of Acts (Acts 16:30-34; 2:36-38; Acts\n9:6; 22:16). These answers teach that in order to be saved, one must\nbelieve that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of the living God; repent of\nhis sins; and then be buried with Christ in baptism for remission of\nsins. One who has done these things is then a child of God, a member of\nthe Lord\u2019s family, a citizen in the Lord\u2019s kingdom, a member of God\u2019s\nchurch; for Jesus said, \u201cHe that believeth and is baptized shall be\nsaved,\u201d (Mark 16:16) and God adds to the church day by day such as are\nbeing saved (Acts 2:47). All people then who have been saved are in the\nchurch because God put them in, just as soon as they were saved.\nIt\u2019s not our purpose to speak at this time on the topic, \u201cWhat Must I Do\nto Be Saved?\u201d but rather upon one which is equally important, \u201cWhat Must\nI Do to Keep Saved?\u201d This very question implies not only the\npossibility, but even the danger, of one\u2019s falling from grace. If it\nwere not possible for one who has once been in a saved condition to fall\nout of it into an unsaved condition, then our topic would be entirely\nout of place. Furthermore, a big part of the New Testament would be of\nno value. A great portion is devoted to warning Christians against\nfalling and to telling them how to keep from falling. Every warning in\nthe New Testament addressed to Christians implies not only the\npossibility but also the danger of apostasy.\nSimon, the sorcerer, believed and was baptized; therefore he must have\nbeen saved for Jesus said, \u201cHe that believeth and is baptized shall be\nsaved\u201d (Mark 16:16). But after Simon had reached that condition, he\nendeavored to buy the gift of God with money, to whom Peter said, \u201cThy\nmoney perish with thee, because thou hast thought that the gift of God\nmay be purchased with money. Thou hast neither part nor lot in this\nmatter: for thy heart is not right in the sight of God. Repent therefore\nof this thy wickedness, and pray God, if perhaps the thought of thine\nheart may be forgiven thee. For I perceive that thou art in the gall of\nbitterness, and in the bond of iniquity\u201d (Acts 8:20-23). Surely Simon\nwas then lost, although he had been once saved, illustrating the fact\nthat one can fall from grace.\nAddressing the Christians at Galatia who would be saved by the law of\nMoses, Paul said, \u201cYe are fallen from grace\u201d (Gal. 5:4). Why argue about\nthe possibility of falling from grace when such a plain statement is\nfound in the Bible?\nIf any further evidence could be desired, you can find much more in the\nBible to the same point. For instance, James, chapter 5, and the last\ntwo verses thereof, \u201cBrethren, if any one of you do err from the truth,\nand one convert him; let him know, that he which converteth the sinner\nfrom the error of his way shall save a soul from death, and shall hide a\nmultitude of sins.\u201d\nSave a soul from what death? Not from physical death. \u201cIt is appointed\nunto men once to die,\u201d physically. In that sense everybody has to die,\nthe good and the bad alike. The only death from which you can be saved\nis the second death, which means to be cast into the lake of fire and\nbrimstone (Rev. 20:14, 15; 21:8). This verse says that if you save a\nsinner from the error of his way, you have saved him from the second\ndeath. But who are the sinners here addressed? They are members of the\nchurch. Verse 19 says, \u201cbrethren,\u201d you people who have already been\nsaved, \u201cif any one of you\u201d\u2014one of you saved people\u2014\u201cdo err from the\ntruth, and someone convert him,\u201d then he has saved his soul from eternal\ntorment. Surely this teaches that a brother in the church, who has been\nsaved, may so sin as to go to hell, and will go to hell if somebody\ndoesn\u2019t convert him.\nNo wonder, then, the Apostle Paul said, \u201cLet him that thinketh he\nstandeth take heed lest he fall\u201d (1 Cor. 10:12). Let him who thinketh he\nstandeth\u2014let the man who thinks that apostasy is impossible\u2014take heed,\nlest he experience that which he denies. These Scriptures then are\nsufficient to show that there is a danger of one\u2019s falling from grace.\nPlease do not get the impression, however, that you have to fall from\ngrace. You don\u2019t have to do it! You can stand if you will. If you will\nstand, God will give you the power to stand. If you submit your life\nunto Him for safekeeping and maintain the right attitude toward Him, and\nthe right sort of service for Him, then He will keep that which has been\ncommitted unto Him. You don\u2019t have to fall from grace. Anybody can be\nsaved who wants to. If you don\u2019t go to heaven, it will be because you\ndidn\u2019t want to badly enough to put forth the proper effort.\nI\u2019d like to emphasize the fact that anybody can go to heaven who wants\nto. It is like Brother Freed used to tell us at school: \u201cYou can do\nanything you want to, if you want to badly enough.\u201d A story which\nillustrates the point comes from England, where they are said to dig\ngraves deeper than we do in America\u2014in fact, ten feet deep. Instead of\nhaving the cemeteries hard by the church building as we often do, the\nstory says that they have them adjacent to the school buildings,\nsometimes on the school campus.\nIn one instance they had a graveyard between the boys\u2019 dormitory and the\nadministration building. Of course the boys did not walk around it. They\nmade a path right across it. One day the caretakers digged a grave ten\nfeet deep across the path and failed to put up a red light, leaving the\ngrave open during the night. After it got dark a boy started from one\nbuilding to another and fell into the open grave. He tried to climb out,\nbut the walls were straight up and down and ten feet high. Finally, he\ngave up and sat down in the corner to await developments. It wasn\u2019t long\ntill he heard another boy coming down the path\u2014\u201cpat, pat, pat.\u201d He sat\nright still, and boy number two fell off in the grave with him. Then boy\nnumber one said, \u201cCan\u2019t you let a man rest in peace in his own grave?\u201d\nThe second boy jumped right out of the grave like a cat\u2014without any\ntrouble at all. He had a stronger desire to escape than the first boy\ndid. He was scared worse!\nThis illustrates the point that you can do anything you want to if you\nwant to badly enough. If you are scared enough of hell, you will go to\nheaven. If you want to go to heaven more than you want to do anything\nelse in this world, then you will go there, and there is no power on\nearth, or in heaven, or beneath the earth that can keep you from going\nto heaven if _you_ want to (Rom. 8:35). You are the only person in all\nthis universe who can keep you out of heaven.\nNow I may surprise you a little bit when I tell you that there are not\nmany people who want to go to heaven. I can prove it by the Bible. The\nBible says that very few _are_ going to heaven, and since anybody can go\nwho wants to, then only a few want to go. If many wanted to go, then\nmany would go; but the Bible says that there is a strait and narrow way\nwhich leads to life everlasting and few there be that find it. But there\nis a broad way that leads to destruction and many there be that travel\nit (Matt. 7:13, 14). Anybody can go to heaven who wants to, but only a\nfew are going; then only a few want to go. If you will examine yourself\nand observe the people around you, you will soon become convinced that\nnot many people want to go to heaven.\nAn illustration which I frequently use on this point is this: One Sunday\nafternoon I was talking to two young ladies who were backsliders. I\nasked them if they loved the Lord. They said, \u201cWhy, Brother Dark, of\ncourse we love the Lord.\u201d Then I said, \u201cDo you want to go to heaven when\nyou die?\u201d As you might expect they answered, \u201cWhy, sure, everybody wants\nto go to heaven!\u201d My next question was, \u201cWill you be at worship this\nevening?\u201d They grinned a little bit and looked at each other. I said,\n\u201cYou have some dates, don\u2019t you?\u201d They grinned a little more, and said,\n\u201cYes.\u201d I said, \u201cYour boy friends don\u2019t want to go to church with you, do\nthey?\u201d They grinned a little bit more and said, \u201cNo.\u201d Well, they didn\u2019t\ncome to worship that night. I asked which they loved more, those boy\nfriends or the Lord. They didn\u2019t make any answer.\nNow, which do you think they loved the more? They said they loved the\nLord more than they loved anything else in the world, but they went out\nwith some boy friends that night instead of coming to worship. They\nthought they wanted to go to heaven, and they did want to a little bit;\nbut they wanted to go out with those boys more than they wanted to go to\nheaven. And that\u2019s the case with a great many people. You ask them if\nthey want to go to heaven and they will say \u201cYes\u201d; but there is\nsomething they want to do more. They want to have a good time, make\nmoney, or do something else, more than they want to go to heaven. That\u2019s\nthe trouble with most people. That\u2019s the reason most people are going\nsomewhere else. God allows people to go anywhere they want to and if\nthey prefer to go somewhere else rather than to go to heaven, then they\ngo somewhere else and He permits them to do it.\nJust remember this: you cannot possibly go to heaven without traveling\nthe road which leads there. A lot of people would like to go to heaven\nbut they don\u2019t want to travel the road which leads there. They want to\ntravel some other road and then get to heaven. Well, you can\u2019t travel\nthe road that leads to Memphis and get to Chattanooga, can you? You\ncan\u2019t travel the road that leads to hell and wind up in heaven. It just\ncan\u2019t be done. So if you want to go to heaven more than you want to do\nanything else in this world and are willing to put forth the effort\nrequired to do it, you can certainly go there.\nThat to me is a very encouraging thought. My destiny, under God, is\ncompletely within my own hands. I don\u2019t have to depend upon anybody\nelse\u2019s wishes, anybody else\u2019s choice or word about it whatsoever. God\nwants me to go to heaven, and with that point settled then it is all up\nto me, and you can\u2019t keep me from going there. Nobody else can, if I\nwant to go. Nobody can keep _you_ from going! Sometimes people make\nexcuses, and they blame others for their failure. They find fault with\nother people and say, \u201cHe did so and so, and therefore I did so and so.\u201d\nThat\u2019s no good at all. There is nobody in this world who can keep you\nfrom going to heaven if you want to.\nFrom this point on I shall assume that I am speaking to people who do\nwant to go to heaven. On this assumption I can give you three little\nrules to follow, which will insure your success. I do not mean that the\nmere formality of doing these three things will make you safe for\nheaven. There is not necessarily any virtue in the mere routine\nsuggested. But granting that you want to go to heaven, if you will\nfollow these three simple rules, they will enable you to do what you\nwant to do. The beauty of them is that they are so simple that anybody\ncan follow them who wants to.\n1. The first one is to read the Bible every day. If you want to go to\nheaven, you are willing to do that much, aren\u2019t you? If you really want\nto go to heaven, won\u2019t you _want_ to read the Bible? It\u2019s the book that\ntells you how to get there. It is the road map that shows you the way.\nIf you want to go to heaven, the first rule then is to read the Bible\nevery day. From doing that you\u2019ll learn what God wants you to do in\norder to _be_ saved and in order to _keep_ saved. The Bereans were more\nnoble than the Thessalonians \u201cbecause they received the word with all\nreadiness of mind and _searched the Scriptures daily_\u201d (Acts 16:11).\nNow, if you don\u2019t read the Bible every day, I believe you\u2019d have a hard\ntime establishing the fact that you want to go to heaven. Don\u2019t you\nbelieve you would? How can you prove that you want to go to heaven when\nyou fail to read the only book in the world which can tell you how to\nget there?\nI suspect that I\u2019m talking to two or three hundred people right now who\ndon\u2019t read the Bible daily, and if I knew how to make this more\nemphatic, I\u2019d do it! I\u2019d like to fix it so you never would forget it.\nThe Bible is the only book that can tell you how to do what you propose\nto want to do. It is the word which _God hath spoken_. The mere fact\nthat you are a member of the church is an announcement that you want to\ngo to heaven, but your behavior contradicts your profession, if you do\nnot read the Bible every day.\nI have found sometimes that those people who argue the loudest and take\nthe most dogmatic positions on points of doctrine are the very ones who\ndon\u2019t read the Bible. They think they know! They can tell you what\u2019s\nright and what\u2019s wrong. If you ask them how much they read the Bible,\nthey\u2019ll hang their heads in shame and say, \u201cWell, I haven\u2019t read it\nmuch.\u201d Sometimes they even preface their remarks by telling you they\nhaven\u2019t read it much. They say, \u201cNow, preacher, I don\u2019t read the Bible\nmuch, and I know you do, and so and so\u201d and then proceed to tell me just\nexactly how it is. _A man who doesn\u2019t read the Bible has no right to\nexpress an opinion in the field of religion._ A man who begins his\nconversation by saying, \u201cNow, I\u2019ll admit I don\u2019t read the Bible,\u201d ought\nto stop right there until he has read it. He doesn\u2019t have any right to\ntalk about it, nor to undertake to tell anybody what to do, or what one\nought to do until he has read the Bible\u2014the only reliable standard of\nright living. \u201cAs newborn babes, desire the sincere milk of the word\nthat ye may grow thereby\u201d (1 Pet. 2:2). \u201cReceive with meekness the\nengrafted word, which is able to save your souls\u201d (Jas. 1:21). \u201cStudy to\nshow thyself approved unto God ...\u201d (2 Tim. 2:15).\nIf you will read the Bible every day, there is not much that needs to be\ndone for you; if you will not read the Bible, there is not much that can\nbe done for you! Anybody who doesn\u2019t love the Lord well enough to read\nthis letter that He has written, anyone who doesn\u2019t want to go to heaven\nbad enough to be a daily student of God\u2019s word, I just can\u2019t see much\nchance for him. One of the most alarming things is the ignorance of our\nown people concerning the Bible. Many of our own members are not daily\nstudents of God\u2019s holy word. I wish I could say something that would\nscare you just as much as the second boy who fell in the grave. If I\nknew what to say, I\u2019d say it. I\u2019d like for you to become so badly scared\nthat you would read the Bible every day.\nNow, you can do it! If you don\u2019t read it, you cannot blame anybody but\nyourself for your failure. You say, \u201cBut, Brother Dark, I don\u2019t have\ntime.\u201d Oh, yes, you do; you have as much time as anybody. There are\ntwenty-four hours in the day and you have all twenty-four of them. You\nsay, \u201cYes, but I have so many other things to do.\u201d Well, are those other\nthings as important as going to heaven? Do you love them more than you\nlove going to heaven? Do you want to do them more than you want to be\nsaved?\nHow many of you read the newspaper every day? I suspect we would get a\nunanimous response on that. How many of you listen to the radio every\nday? Now, it is not wrong to listen to the radio. It\u2019s not wrong to read\nthe newspaper, maybe, but certainly you will agree that a man who loves\nthe newspaper and the typical radio program more than he loves the Lord\nisn\u2019t much interested in going to heaven. He had rather go where they\nhave newspapers and radios, than to go to heaven where they have the\nword of God and a choir of angels singing.\nYou see, your behavior reflects your interests. So, you _can_ read the\nBible every day; and if you don\u2019t do it, you can blame no one but\nyourself for your failure. You can\u2019t say, \u201cI tried to be a Christian and\ncouldn\u2019t.\u201d You\u2019ll just have to say, \u201cI didn\u2019t try. I didn\u2019t do what I\ncould. I didn\u2019t do my best.\u201d Sometimes I hear people say, \u201cWell, I\u2019ve\ndone the best I can,\u201d when I know they have not. I know they are telling\na falsehood when they make that statement. Anybody who doesn\u2019t read the\nBible daily is not doing the best he can!\n2. Rule Number 2 is just as simple: \u201cPray every day.\u201d You _can_! The\nBible commands you to pray without ceasing (Eph. 6:18). Anybody, who can\ntalk, can talk to God. I am afraid that there are a great many church\nmembers who do not pray to God every day. One cannot believe the Bible\nand deny the efficacy of prayer. Prayer is powerful! Prayer moves the\nhand that rules the universe. Prayer will cause God to do things that He\nwould not have done if you had not prayed. Prayer is a means of drawing\nupon the riches and the glory and the wisdom of God. What a wonderful\nthing it is to be able to write a check on the bank of heaven with the\nassurance that it will be honored. That\u2019s exactly what prayer is.\nThrough prayer you can draw a check upon a bank whose resources are\ninexhaustible, with the full assurance that the Teller will honor the\ndraft or check. Prayer changes things. God will do things for you after\nyou have prayed that He would not have done if you had not prayed.\nWhatsoever ye would therefore, that God should do unto you, ask him for\nit. \u201cAsk and it shall be given you; seek, and ye shall find; knock, and\nit shall be opened unto you: For every one that asketh receiveth; and he\nthat seeketh findeth; and to him that knocketh it shall be opened\u201d\n(Matt. 7:7, 8). He will withhold no good thing from them that call upon\nHim according to faith and in the name of His Son. \u201cIf ye then, being\nevil know how to give good gifts unto your children how much more shall\nyour Father which is in heaven give good things to them that ask him?\u201d\n(Matt. 7:11). If you haven\u2019t been praying to God daily, you ought to\nbegin to do so right now. I heard Brother H. Leo Boles say one time that\nhe never even bought a pair of shoes without first asking God to guide\nhim in the choice that he made. One should ask God\u2019s guidance in every\nchoice, however trivial it may seem to be. If you are not using the\npower which can come to you through prayer, then you are going along\nwithout a great blessing that you could be enjoying. You are not doing\nwhat you can. You can only blame yourself for the failures that come\nyour way.\n3. Rule Number 3 is one that I have emphasized here many times: \u201cGo to\nworship every time the congregation meets.\u201d Be faithful and regular in\nyour attendance at worship. Now, you _can_ do this also! Of course, I\nknow there are legitimate exceptions in cases of severe sickness on your\npart or some member of your family or something else of like nature; but\nyou know the difference between that and just staying away because you\nprefer to sleep, read the paper, listen to the radio, go fishing, take a\ntrip, or some other such illegitimate, unscriptural excuse.\nYou need to have the contact with other saints upon the first day of the\nweek. God knew what He was doing when He arranged for us to meet\ntogether to worship Him. He knew we would get inspiration and\nencouragement there that could not be found anywhere else. Whenever you\nshow me a man who is neglecting his church attendance, I\u2019ll show you a\nman in the same person who is drifting away from God. I believe there is\nno exception to this statement. Whenever a man willfully stays away from\nworshiping with God\u2019s people, he certainly drifts away from the Lord.\nI read a story one time about a certain family who had been missing the\nworship. One of the overseers of the church went to see this family. He\nwent into the room and exchanged the customary greetings; then sat down\nbefore the open fire. He picked up the tongs and got a red hot coal,\njust glowing with heat, and laid it out on the hearth by itself. It\nwasn\u2019t long until it cooled off and turned black. The man of the house\nspoke up and said, \u201cBrother, you need not say anything. We\u2019ll be at\nworship next Sunday.\u201d That illustrates what happens to anybody who\ndeliberately stays away from worshiping God with the saints. You can\nattend worship regularly; if you don\u2019t you can only blame yourself for\nyour failure. You cannot say, \u201cI tried, and couldn\u2019t.\u201d You\u2019ll have to\nsay, \u201cI didn\u2019t try.\u201d\nOne time in West Virginia, I closed a meeting by talking along this\nline. When I went back a year later one of the elders got up and said,\n\u201cWe had twenty-four additions when Brother Dark was here last year.\nEighteen of them are still with us. Three of them have moved to other\ntowns, and three have fallen from grace.\u201d I asked whether the three\nbacksliders had followed these three rules. Of course they had not. They\ncouldn\u2019t have fallen from grace if they had been following these three\nrules; at least I have never heard of anybody\u2019s falling who did. Have\nyou? I have heard of people\u2019s falling from grace while following one or\ntwo of them, but not all of them. These are not the only requirements\nbut when faithfully performed they make it possible and easier for you\nto do your duty in every way. May I insist then, if you want to go to\nheaven\u2014and you say you do\u2014that you read the Bible every day, pray to God\nevery day, and go to worship every time you can.\nLet me read a Scripture before I close this lesson. It\u2019s found in the\nfirst chapter of 1 John 1:4. It\u2019s one of the sweetest promises in all\nthe Bible. \u201cThese things write we unto you, that your joy may be made\nfull.\u201d God wants us to be full of joy. He said, \u201cI\u2019m writing these\nthings that you may be full of joy.\u201d Well, what is it, John? \u201cThis, then\nis the message which we have heard of him and declare unto you, that God\nis light, and in him is no darkness at all. If we say that we have\nfellowship with him and walk in darkness, we lie and do not the truth:\nbut if we walk in the light as he is in the light, we have fellowship\none with another, and the blood of Jesus Christ his Son cleanseth us\nfrom all sin. If we say we have no sin, we deceive ourselves, and the\ntruth is not in us.\u201d Will you note this promise again? \u201cIf we walk in\nthe light as he is in the light, we have fellowship one with another,\nand the blood of Jesus Christ his Son cleanseth us from all sin.\u201d This\npromise is to those who walk in the light.\nThe word \u201cwalk\u201d suggests continuation. The blood cleanseth from all sin\nthose who continue in the light. Just as the word \u201cwalk\u201d suggests\ncontinuation, I believe the cleansing is also a continuing process. The\nbest way I know to illustrate this point is by the blood of the human\nbody, one purpose of which is to remove poison from any place which\nbecomes infected, and eliminate the poison through the natural channels\nof elimination. So the blood of Jesus Christ flows, so to speak, through\nthe veins of a Christian, keeping all impurities removed therefrom. This\nI believe with all my heart.\nBut don\u2019t get the wrong impression. Somebody might say, \u201cWell, if that\u2019s\nthe way it is, I\u2019ll not be so careful. I\u2019ll just take it easy and drift\nalong and let the blood of Jesus keep me clean.\u201d Well, it won\u2019t do it in\nyour case. You\u2019ve missed the point entirely. The promise is to those who\nwalk in the light, to those who are doing the best they can, to those\nwho are working at the job, to those who really want to go to heaven,\nwho read the Bible, go to worship, and pray to God, and do everything\nthey can. In spite of all this they\u2019ll make some mistakes.\nThis Scripture doesn\u2019t say that you won\u2019t sin. The promise is to those\nwho do sin\u2014who sin in spite of the fact that they are walking in the\nlight. If people who are walking in the light can\u2019t sin, then this\npromise would be out of order; but this promise is to those who are\nwalking in the light, who are doing the best they can, and yet they sin.\nWhen they do so, the Bible says the blood of Jesus will cleanse them\nfrom all unrighteousness\u2014keep them clean. In that sense, you see, you\ncan stay in a saved condition all the time.\nSuppose I were to ask you right now, how many of you believe, if you\nwere to die at this minute, that you would go to heaven; I wonder how\nmany would raise your hands. I find very few people who answer this\nquestion properly. They say, \u201cWell, I hope I would. I\u2019d like to. I don\u2019t\nknow.\u201d People go through life in doubt about their own salvation. God\ndidn\u2019t expect his people to experience such uneasiness. He has written\nthese things that our joy may be full. A lot of people have doubts and\nfears. They think if they were to die just after saying their evening\nprayers, confessing their sins, that they would go to heaven, but if\nthey were to die five minutes before, that they would go to hell. If I\nfelt that way about it, I\u2019d want somebody to shoot me just after I\u2019d\nfinished my evening prayer so I\u2019d be sure to go to heaven.\nI\u2019m not boasting when I say that I believe with all my heart that if I\nshould fall dead in the midst of this sentence, I would spend eternity\nin heaven. That\u2019s not because I\u2019m so good; it\u2019s certainly not because I\nhave never sinned. But I _can_ say this: if there is a single sin\nagainst me of which I have not repented, I do not know it. If I did know\nit, I would repent of it before I finished this statement. I wouldn\u2019t\nwait till time for my evening prayer. The time to repent of a sin is\njust as soon as you become aware of it, right then and there. That\u2019s\nwhat you have to do in order to be walking in the light. Never allow an\nunforgiven sin to hang over you for one minute for you might die during\nthat minute, and have to spend eternity in torment.\nGod doesn\u2019t expect his children to go through life having so many ups\nand downs, thinking one minute they\u2019re on their way to glory and the\nnext minute on their way to hell. It isn\u2019t necessary to be like that.\nGod doesn\u2019t want you to be. He wants you to be full of joy. If you will\nread this verse, meditate upon it, and conform to the conditions stated,\nit will certainly help you to be full of joy.\nI\u2019m emphasizing the fact that you can go to heaven if you want to. I\u2019d\nlike to read one more Scripture and then we close. This is found in II\nPeter, chapter one, verse 5-10, \u201cAnd beside this, giving all diligence;\nadd to your faith virtue; and to virtue knowledge; and to knowledge\ntemperance; and to temperance patience; and to patience godliness; and\nto godliness brotherly kindness; and to brotherly kindness love. For if\nthese things be in you, and abound, they make you that ye shall neither\nbe barren nor unfruitful in the knowledge of our Lord Jesus Christ. But\nhe that lacketh these things is blind, and cannot see afar off, and hath\nforgotten that he was purged from his old sins. Wherefore the rather,\nbrethren, give diligence to make your calling and election sure.\u201d Do you\nnotice that word \u201csure\u201d? \u201cGive diligence to make your calling and\nelection _sure_\u201d; it didn\u2019t say to make it likely, or to make it\nprobable, but to make it _certain_. It requires diligence, but if you\nwill give the proper diligence, you can make your calling and election\ncertain. \u201cFor if ye do these things, ye shall never fall. For so an\nentrance shall be ministered unto you abundantly into the everlasting\nkingdom of our Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ.\u201d\nA man who does these things will not barely slip in by the skin of the\nteeth, but for him the gates will stand wide ajar. He will receive an\nabundant entrance into the everlasting kingdom of our Lord and Savior,\ninherit eternally a mansion which Jesus has gone to prepare for those\nwho love him, for those who walk in the light, for those who do the best\nthey can.\nDo you want to go to heaven? I suspect if I were to take a vote on it\nand ask all who want to go to heaven to raise their hands, that every\nperson in the house would raise his hand. You say you want to go, but do\nyou? Are you on the road which leads there? A man driving toward\nLouisville, Kentucky, at sixty miles an hour, knowing that Atlanta is in\nthe opposite direction, would have a hard time convincing me that he\nwanted to go to Atlanta. He may want to go some day but he doesn\u2019t want\nto go now, because he is going in the other direction. The man who is\ngoing toward hell at sixty minutes an hour can\u2019t convince me that he\nwants to go to heaven, unless he is just mistaken about his direction.\nDo you really want to go to heaven? If you do, let\u2019s be on the way. The\nBible reveals the road which leads there. Get up and follow the sign\nposts and some day you will get there. Why not start right now? Will you\ncome to Jesus now?\n[1]Harry Emerson Fosdick \u201cThe Revolt Against Paganism\u201d in _Ladies Home\n    Journal_, February, 1946.\n[2]For a similar discussion see J. W. Brents, _Gospel Sermons_,\n    (Nashville: Gospel Advocate Company, 1891), pp. 282-298.\n[3]See Chapter II.\n[4]See Chapter II.\n[5]Bracketed text is a conjectural reconstruction of line omitted in the\n    printed copy.\n    [Illustration: HARRIS J. DARK]\nHarris J. Dark was born in Maury County, Tennessee February 8, 1905. He\ngraduated from David Lipscomb College and did additional work at\nVanderbilt University and Randolph-Macon College where he received the\nBachelor of Arts degree in 1934. He received his Master of Arts degree\nfrom the University of Richmond in 1940. He has studied one year in the\nVanderbilt School of Religion and one year in the Union Theological\nSeminary at Richmond, Virginia. He is just now completing work for his\nDoctor of Philosophy degree at George Peabody College for Teachers,\nNashville, Tennessee.\n\u2014Silently corrected a few typos.\n\u2014Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook\n  is public-domain in the country of publication.\n\u2014In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by\n  _underscores_.\n\u2014Where a line was omitted in typesetting, inserted a reconstructed line\n  within {brackets}.", "source_dataset": "gutenberg", "source_dataset_detailed": "gutenberg -  God Hath Spoken\n"},
{"language": "eng", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "sponsor": "Library of Congress, Motion Picture, Broadcasting and Recorded Sound Division", "contributor": "Library of Congress, MBRS, Moving Image Section", "subject": ["motion pictures", "Motion pictures -- Catalogs", "Motion pictures in education"], "title": "1000 and One: The Blue Book of Non-Theatrical Films (1935)", "lccn": "41008703", "collection": ["libraryofcongresspackardcampus", "mediahistory", "fedlink", "library_of_congress", "americana"], "shiptracking": "ST000493", "identifier_bib": "0 007 244 823 6", "call_number": "LB1044 .A2 B5", "publisher": "Chicago, Educational Screen", "possible-copyright-status": "Library of Congress has determined that this item is not in copyright", "boxid": "0 007 244 823 6", "other_availability": "http://mediahistoryproject.org", "mediatype": "texts", "repub_state": "4", "page-progression": "lr", "publicdate": "2013-11-05 13:43:56", "updatedate": "2013-11-05 14:39:29", "updater": "associate-caitlin-markey@archive.org", "identifier": "1000onethebluebo00unse_2", "uploader": "associate-caitlin-markey@archive.org", "addeddate": "2013-11-05 14:39:31.694937", "scanner": "scribe10.capitolhill.archive.org", "date": "1935", "year": "1935", "notes": "No table-of-contents pages found.", "repub_seconds": "79737", "ppi": "600", "camera": "Canon EOS 5D Mark II", "operator": "associate-lian-kam@archive.org", "scandate": "20131121185425", "republisher": "associate-phillip-gordon@archive.org", "imagecount": "160", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://archive.org/details/1000onethebluebo00unse_2", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t7bs16k3p", "scanfee": "100", "sponsordate": "20131130", "volume": "11", "backup_location": "ia905709_14", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:795667635", "description": "29 v. 19-26 cm", "date-start": "1935", "date-string": "1935", "creator": "Educational Screen", "journal-title": "Blue book of audio-visual materials", "republisher_operator": "associate-annie-coates@archive.org;associate-phillip-gordon@archive.org", "republisher_date": "20131203181652", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.21", "ocr_converted": "abbyy-to-hocr 1.1.37", "page_number_confidence": "97", "page_number_module_version": "1.0.3", "creation_year": 1935, "content": "The Eleventh Edition, THE EDUCational Screen, Chicago.\n\nMotion Picture and Television Reading Room, www.loc.gov/rr/mopic.\nRecorded Sound Reference Center, www.loc.gov/rr/record.\n\nThe Most Portable Screen for Classroom Projection.\n\nOutstanding Features:\n\u2022 Masking border around Screen Cloth, up to 52 inches.\n\u2022 Automatic Operation: Pull Up Bar- Ready; Pull Up Ring \u2014 Closes.\n\u2022 Handsome Leatherette Covered Solid Hard Wood Case with nickeled fittings.\n\u2022 Rigid Self-erecting Screen Supports.\n\nFor exact color registration, depth, definition, brilliance, and illumination.\n\nDE LUXE \"A\" Beaded Screen.\nThe Most Portable Screen for Classroom Projection.\nPortable and light, sets up anywhere instantly, ready for Projectation. No Border. Find one of the many BRITELITE-TRUVISION Screens ideally adapted to your use, whether for black and white work or the more difficult requirements of color, in your classroom or auditorium, for travel or demonstration purposes. Scientifically constructed for the exigencies of color work, meeting in highest degree the exacting performance necessitated by the new Kodachrome Film. The beads are minute and closely placed, projecting subtractive color with undeviating accuracy in registration. A wide variety of styles include \"Rigid Frame,\" Easel, Roller, Metal Tube Auditorium Model, and Do Luxe \"A\" automatically closing and opening model. For perfection in projection. Motion Picture Screen & Accessories Co.\nProjector Cases \u2022 Reflectors\nThe Blue Book of Non-Theatrical Films (Eleventh Edition)\nEditors: Nelson L. Greene, Chairman \u2022 Evelyn J. Baker \u2022 Josephine F. Hoffman \u2022 R. F. H. Johnson \u2022 Stella E. Myers\nPrice: 75 cents (To Educational Screen subscribers: 25 cents)\nPublished and Copyrighted September, 1935, by The Educational Screen, Inc.\n64 EAST LAKE STREET, CHICAGO, ILL.\nBell & Howell PI\nSound and Silent for E FILMO\nAuditorium Projector\nModel 130\n1000-watt illumination\n1600-foot film capacity\nrPHIS NEW: most powerful 16 mm. projector. Extends the use of the safe, economical 16 mm. film into halls where previously only 35 mm. film would serve. With its 1000-watt lamp (originated by the Bell & Howell Company), efficient optical system, and film capacity for a one-hour uninterrupted program, it presents true.\nProfessional programs before large audiences. Has a fast rewind, film conditioning humidifier, radio interference eliminator, variable lamp resistance and voltmeter, and a host of other features.\n\nFILMO 129 Projector\n750-watt illuminator\n1600-foot film capacity\n\nFILMO S and JS Projectors\nWhere 1600-foot film capacity is not required, Filmo S or JS Projectors, taking 400 feet of 16 mm. film, are widely used in schools and homes. Model S, with 500- or 750-watt lamp, offers B&H quality and permanence at a low cost. Model JS, with a 750-watt lamp, is fully gear-driven \u2014 no chains or belts.\n\nNEW 16 mm. projector for classroom, auditorium, and home use, with film capacity for a one-hour program. Incorporates the basic, time-proven Bell & Howell design and construction which have gained Filmo Projectors their reputation as the world's finest. Adaptable to room sizes.\nby instant lens interchangeability and varying the illumination according to need. With or without variable lamp resistance and a voltmeter, the price is moderate.\n\nObjectors and Films\nNation and Entertainment\nFILMOSOUND\n16mm. Sound Film Reproducer\n1000-watt and 750-watt models.\n1600-foot film capacity\n'The leading 16mm. sound-movie projector in education, industry, and entertainment. Adopted by America's largest manufacturers after the most severe tests. Model 130 offers 1000-watt illumination and maximum sound volume for large auditoriums. May be had with two projectors for uninterrupted programs of any length, with provision for instantaneous change-over. Model 120 uses a 750-watt lamp, and provides ample screen brilliance and sound volume for auditoriums of average size, together with easy portability.\n\nSelected Talkies at Moderate Rentals.\nBell & Howell Filmosound Libraries provide carefully selected 16 mm sound films in various categories - dramas, comedies, cartoons, travel, exploration, adventure, sports, operatic subjects, nature studies, and more - for school, church, club, and home showings. Rentals are affordable. The Library can offer Filmosound, screen, and operator if required, making for a complete and convenient program service. Write for Filmosound Library reviews and information on B&H 16 mm silent or sound projectors.\n\nBell & Howell Company\n1837 Larchmont Ave., Chicago\nNew York \u2014 Hollywood \u2014 London (B&H Co., Ltd.)\nEstablished 1907\n\nI. Pioneer manufacturers of professional motion picture cameras and equipment, trusted by major film producers worldwide.\nTHE EDUCATIONAL SCREEN HANDLES NO FILMS\nIt acts merely as the central clearing house for information on the whole field, both theatrical and non-theatrical.\n\nEleventh Edition of \"1000 and One Films\"\nEvery known producer and distributor of film, whether an individual, a firm, or an organization, has been consulted directly and repeatedly. Our method of gathering data and information from all these sources has been so perfected through the successive editions of \"1000 and One\" that we confidently offer this Eleventh Edition as better than any preceding.\n\nHow to Use \"1000 and One\"\nThis will refer you directly to the pages and groups carrying the subjects you seek.\n\nInformation on each film is given as follows:\n(1) The title of the film appears in bold type.\n(2) The number of reels follows in parentheses.\n(4) Distributors of the film are indicated by numbers at the extreme right, referring to the Reference List on pages 133-144. (5) Symbols used with distributor-numbers give information as to the form in which the Distributor has the film: \u2022 16mm sound. \u00a9 16mm silent. A 35mm sound. A 35mm silent. Each symbol applies to all distributor-numbers -- one or more -- between it and the next symbol. Note that each symbol has one specific meaning, hence several symbols are often used on one film. A distributor having a film in both sizes, and both \"silent\" and \"sound,\" will have all jour symbols before his distributor-number. Practically all \"sound\" is now \"on-film\" -- for 16mm as well as 35mm. \"Sound-on-disk\" has almost reached the vanishing point.\nThe note under the Distributor (pages 133-144) mentions \"disk.\" Write him regarding the specific film desired. Otherwise, expect \"sound\" subjects to be \"sound-on-film.\"\n\nGeneral Remarks\n\nNote that 16mm films are always non-flam. The 35mm films may be either flam or non-flam; ask the Distributor specifically about this point (See note under distributor's entry).\n\nNo film was excluded from this edition merely because it had appeared in a previous edition. However, the mass of material increases every year, and selection is compulsory. The aim has been to include, within the necessary space limitations, all the new and worthwhile material possible, together with all films from previous editions that are still most actively circulated and proved to have permanent value.\n\nUsers will note some advantageous changes and additions.\n[The Educational Screen has made classifications and arrangements of Groups. A selection of important Foreign Films appears on pages 127-128. We cannot name rental or sale prices on films as they vary endlessly. The distributor of the particular film should be consulted.\n\n\"FREE FILMS\"\nIn the Reference List of Producers and Distributors, we have indicated as far as possible the distributors of \"free\" films \u2013 namely, those to be had for the payment of transportation charges (one or both ways), sometimes with further conditions stipulated. Consult the Distributor.\n\nUNIVERSITY EXTENSION SERVICE\nThe State Universities and Extension Divisions are a very important source of non-theatrical films. Space limitations absolutely forbid the listing of the immense number of films carried by these Divisions. These excellent services are]\nThe educational screen handles no films. It acts merely as the central clearing house for information on the whole field, both theatrical and non-theatrical.\n\nAdvertisement:\nSuperlative Brilliance\nFEATURES:\n- Brilliant picture projection.\n- Superb tone quality.\n- Dynamic speaker on long cable.\n- Ample volume to fill large halls.\n- Tone and volume control.\n- Easy threading.\n- Provision for microphone to add speech to silent pictures.\n- 400-foot reels standard, 1600-foot reel bracket optional.\n- Manual framing and film advance device.\nFor eleven years, RCA has led in sound film equipment for theatrical use. When designing the RCA 16 mm. Sound Film Projector, RCA engineers were instructed to draw upon their priceless experience and create an instrument that would deliver professional results without requiring professional skill. Their success is evident in this truly remarkable projector. RCA is the only company that could produce it due to its vast experience in recording and reproducing sound. The projector can play either sound or silent films. For complete details, write for information. Additionally, inquire about the new RCA Slide Film Sound Projector, featuring advanced design and excellent performance.\n\nVisual Sound Products Division\nRCA Manufacturing Co., Inc. \u2022 Camden, N.J.\non Film Projectors\nAmpro Corporation 11\nBell & Howell Company, H. S. Brown, Inc, Columbia Pictures Corporation, Herman A. DeVry, Inc, DuWorld Pictures, Erpi Picture Consultants, Inc, General Electric Company, Walter O. Gutlohn, Inc, Harvard Film Service, Holmes Projector Company, Home Film Libraries, Inc, Ideal Pictures Corporation, International Educational Pictures, Kodascope Libraries, Inc, Motion Picture Camera Supply, Inc, Motion Picture Screen & Accessories Co, Pinkney Film Service Company, RCA Manufacturing Company, Inc, Screen Attractions Corporation, Seiden Sound System, Society for Visual Education, Inc, S. O. S. Corporation, Universal Pictures Corporation.\n[1. Fruits and Nuts, 4.\n5. Miscellaneous, 17. Art and Architecture, 18. Astronomy,\n7. Meat Products, 8. Dairy Products, 9. Poultry, 10. Miscellaneous,\n13. Rural Life and Farm Engineering, 14. Forestry and Forest Conservation, 15. Soils and Soil Conservation, 16. Irrigation,\n19. Biography, 20. Civics and Patriotism, 21. Domestic Science,\n22. Economics and Commercial Subjects,\n23. Educational Activities, 24. Parent Education and Teacher Training, 25. General Science,\n26. Human Geography and Travel, 27. Children]\n[39] Africa [42] Northern Africa [36] India and Ceylon [37] Japan and Korea [38] Syria and Palestine [38] General [39] Australasia [40] Europe [38] British Isles [41] The Netherlands [44] Spain and Gibraltar [45] Switzerland [47] North America [52] United States [47] Northwest [48] Central and West [48] Southwest [49] General [50] National Parks and Forests [51] Central America [52] South America [52] Islands [53] Atlantic [53] Pacific and Indian\n[63] Geology, Physiography and Meteorology\n[64] Government Activities\n[65] The Civilian Conservation Corps\n[66] History\n[67] Historical Fiction\n[Industry and Engineering]\n[69] Electricity\n[Radio and Sound]\n[Telephone]\n[65] The Civilian Conservation Corps\n[Health and Hygiene] [58] See Physiology\n[66] History\n[67] Historical Fiction\n[Industry and Engineering]\n[Electricity]\n[Radio and Sound]\n[Telephone]\nAmpro Projectors are used and approved by thousands of schools, colleges, universities, museums all over the United States. Ampro Projectors are in constant use in the public schools of New York, Chicago, Kansas City, Newark, Atlanta, St. Louis, Los Angeles and San Francisco, and others. Some of the features that have won the Ampro its place in the field of 16mm projection are compactness and light weight, simplicity of operation, rugged construction, brilliant illumination, and economy of operation. The Ampro can be used for both auditorium and classroom work. It has numerous mechanical advantages such as the Tilt Control, Automatic Rewind, Centralized Control, and Easy Threading. Write for complete circular on 16 mm. Silent Projectors.\n\nNew \"AMPRO\" 16 mm. sound-on-film\n[Engineers illustrated above. It is an instrument for sound reproduction with a frequency range from 50 to 7000 cycles and projecting pictures with the brilliance of theatre performance. For schools, auditoriums, halls, homes and conventions. Portable, easy to operate, and dependable. Write for special circular and further information giving full details as to your particular needs.\n\n0839-51 North Western Avenue\n\nEngineering- Achievements 62 Machinery and Mechanical Devices 63\nElectrical 63\nAutomotive Machinery and Manufacture 64\nMiscellaneous 65\nPower, Mechanical and Electrical 65 Natural Products and Processes\nFishing Industry 66\nLumbering and Forest Products 66\nMining, Coal, Oil and Gas 67\nMining \u2014 Miscellaneous 68\nManufactured Products and Processes\nBuilding Materials : 69]\nClothing, Textiles and Leather, Food Products, Metal Manufacturing, Paper and Publications, Miscellaneous, LITERATURE and DRAMA, MUSIC and DANCING, Natural Science, Plant Life, Animal Life, Domestic Animals, Wild Animals, Smaller Animals, Insects and Bugs, Microscopic Life, Bird Life, Large Birds, Small Birds, Fish and Sea Life, Miscellaneous, PHYSICAL SCIENCES and MATHEMATICS, Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics.\n\nNATURAL SCIENCE:\nPlant Life, Animal Life, Domestic Animals, Wild Animals, Smaller Animals, Insects and Bugs, Microscopic Life, Bird Life.\n\nPHYSICAL SCIENCES and MATHEMATICS:\nChemistry, Physics and Mathematics.\nSproket Filtered Sound Sproket Ask any professional operator why these Holmes 16 mm or 35 mm features are necessary for the finest sound production and picture projection. Silent or Sound on Film No Belts No Chains No Sound Drum No Reflected Light From Sound Track to Photo Cell No Claw Movement No High Speed Shafts When you purchase a Holmes, whether 16 mm or 35 mm Projector, you can rest assured that every moving part is made with a precision only found in the finest professional equipment. Write for full descriptive literature. Holmes Projector Company Manufacturers of the World Famous 35 mm Holmes \"Projector\" 1811 N. Orchard Street Chicago Group No. Page No. 108 Public Hygiene .'. 94 109 Disease and Its Treatment 95 110 Accident Prevention 96 111 Fire Prevention 112 Nursing, First Aid and Life Saving.... 97 113 Medicine and Surgery 97.\n[114] Baseball, Football, Golf, Tennis, [115] Ranch Activities and Sports, Camping and Outdoor Sports, Water Sports, Winter Sports, [119] Animal Hunting, [120] Bird Hunting, [122] Miscellaneous, [131] Psychology, Sociology, [126] Social and Fraternal Organizations, Travel and Transportation, [128] Roads and Road Building, Railroads, [131] Miscellaneous, [132] War\u2014 Naval and Military, Entertainment, [133] Juvenile, [135] Biblical and General, [136] Ethical and Religious Activities, [138] Novelties, News Reels, Film Series, [139] Foreign Films, Selections from The \"Film Estimates\" [129-131], Reference List of Producers and Distributors [133-144], Eleventh Edition.\n\nAdvertisements:\nWholesome Films Service Inc.\nPioneers in the Non-Theatrical Field\nServing the Entire United States.\nWith Selected Motion Pictures for Every Occasion (Silent and Sound)\nThe finest library in the country, of Educational, Religious, and Recreational silent films on 35mm. safety standard stock, as well as a selected group of 16mm. films. For Class Room use, we edit films to correlate with standard text courses in Geography and Travel, History and Civics, Literature, General Science, and Nature Study.\nDistributors for Films of Commerce \u2014 Pathe Silent Releases, and Harvard University Instructional Films.\nSOME 35mm. and 16mm. Films for Outright Sale!\n48 Melrose Street, Boston, Mass.\nProfessional Theatre Performance\nSOUND-ON-FILM Equipment\nThis world-renowned manufacturing organization has designed and produced a superlative line of complete I 6 mm. and 35 mm. equipment which perform with professional theatre brilliance. Silent 35mm. projectors connected.\nTo sound-on film at small cost. Write for d IS-ACCESSORIES, amplifiers, lamps, lenses, microphones, photocells, reels, screens, etc.\n\n1600 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, N.Y.\n\nAGRICULTURE\nCLASSIFIED FILM LISTINGS\n\nAGRICULTURE\nGROUP 1 CROPS Cotton\nCooperative Marketing \u2014 Cotton (2) Showing progress of grower's bale from gin to mill, on to seaboard for export. (A178)\nCotton \u2014 From Seed to Cloth (2) Cotton growing regions of the world; picking, ginning and marketing; cloth manufacture.\nCotton (1) Planting, cultivating, preparing for market. (\u00a929, 58, 190)\nCotton Growing (1) Divided into four units: Planting and Cultivating, The Boll Weevil, Picking Cotton, Preparing Cotton for Market, Introductory scenes locate cotton growing belt. (\u00a957, 104)\nFluff to Stuff \u2014 Cotton (1) From planting of seed to finished product.\nThe Land of Cotton: Complete story of cotton, focusing on milling and weaving. (A10, 78)\n\nJohn Doe's Cotton \u2014 and Yours: Emphasizing the desirability of planting selected cottonseed, particularly for cotton growers. (A178)\n\nNew Method of Harvesting Cotton \u2014 Sledding: The \"sledding\" method as developed by Texas cotton farmers. (A178)\n\nGroup 2: Sugar\n\nBeet and Cane Sugar: Regions in which plants are found, juice obtained and refined, and how sugar is dried and molded. (\u00a957)\n\nBeets from Seed to Sugar Bowl: Culture of sugar beets; various steps in manufacturing of beet sugar in a modern factory. (A178)\n\nCane Fields of Calamba: Sugar industry of Philippines; old and new methods and picturesque plantation hands. (\u00a932)\n\nCane Sugar: Production of raw sugar in tropical countries, growing and harvesting cane in Cuba to refining of sugar. (\u00a9A10, 66, 202, A146)\nCuba: The Island of Sugar (2) - World's largest achievement in raising sugar cane; forest transformed into plantation. (A10, 78)\nFrom Tree to Sugar (1) - From tapping trees to the table; old-fashioned and modern methods. Green Mountains of Vermont. (A98, 146, 197)\nHarvest of the Sugar Maple (1) - Old and new methods of tapping trees, gathering and boiling sap. (\u00a9A10, 202)\nHow We Get Sugar (1) - Three kinds \u2014 cane, beet and maple. (\u00a958, 190)\nMaple Syrup and Sugar (1) - Methods of tree tapping, collecting and boiling sap in small camp as compared with those of big camp. (\u00a957)\nSugar Cane and Cane Sugar (1) - Culture and harvesting of sugar cane in the South; various stages in manufacture and refinement. (A178)\nThe Sugar Trail (1) - Production from beets. (\u00a9A78, A10)\nVermont's Maple Industry (2) - The complete story. (\u00a9202)\nWheat (Group 3)\nAmerica's Granary: Shows America as the world's granary. Evolution of reapers and development of great wheat farms.\nBread: Dramatizes the staff of life.\nCalifornia Harvests Wheat: Harvesting on a colossal scale.\nFrom Wheat to Bread: Depicts primitive methods of making bread, a pioneer grist mill; modern flour mill; modern bakery; present-day \"direct to the consumer\" delivery.\nOur Daily Bread: Development of methods for harvesting, milling, and baking from primitive to modern times.\nThe Staff of Life: Growing of wheat, harvesting, threshing, and cleaning.\nWheat: Evolution of the wheat industry; three units: Pioneer Farming, Wheat Farming with Machinery, Storing and Marketing.\nGroup 4: Fruits and Nuts\n\nFruitland (2): Care of orchards with tractor power in the Niagara fruit belt; details of cherry canning industry. (\"A38, 103\")\n\nThe Kindly Fruits of the Earth (lj): Survey of cultivation, picking, packing and shipment of important fruits. (\"0A66, A197j\")\n\nApples of Annapolis (1): Apple blossom time in Nova Scotia \u2014 care taken of trees, harvesting and exporting. (\"0A1Q, 202\")\n\nApple Time on Yakima Project, Washington (1): Harvesting the apple crop. (\"AlTT.i\")\n\nBanana Land (1): Banana culture in Honduras; shipping to markets.\n\nBananas in Jamaica (1): Irrigation, harvesting and transportation.\n\nIn Banana Land (1): Banana cultivation in Guatemala. (\"Q29 j\")\n\nCherry Blossoms (1): Care and cultivation of cherry orchards. (\"A126\")\nCranberries and Why They are Sometimes Bitter (A178)\nCranberry Industry of Cape Cod (A197)\n\nDates - America's New Fruit Crop (1)\nMethods of date culture and inspection control in Southwest (8A178)\n\nFruits (1)\nCultivation of oranges, lemons, and bananas.\n\nCitrus Fruits in Florida (2)\nApproved methods of grove management and handling orange and grapefruit crops (0A178)\n\nThe Golden Orange (1)\nRomantic history of the orange and various uses; citrus industry of the west (010, \u00a9A146, A48, 197)\n\nThe Power Behind the Orange (1)\nModern power farming in orange groves. Cultivation and preparation for market (A38, 103)\n\nProfits from Cull Oranges and Lemons (1)\nResearch work to develop uses for culls; establishment of by-products plants (A178)\nThe Indispensable Lemon: Growing and Various Uses (1)\nCalifornia Peaches: Growing and Canning (1)\nPeanuts: Growing, Harvesting, and Peanut Products (1)\nIntroductory scenes locate peanut area and show yearly rotation of crops. (057)\nOahu: Pineapple Industry of the Island (1) Prizma color. (A35)\nPeerless Pineapples of the Pacific: Cultivation, Gathering, and Packing of Pineapples (032, 104)\nPersimmon Harvesting and Storage in China: How Chinese Persimmons are Grown and Handled. Method of Winter Storage. (A178)\nCooperative Marketing of Dried Prunes: Shows where dried prunes are produced, how harvested and dried, and their handling. (A178)\nFruits of Adventure: Prune Industry. (A146)\nTake Care of Your Orchard: Pruning and Mulching to Make Old Orchards Profitable. (A38, 103)\nJohn Smith vs. Jack Frost (2) Orchard heating; frost protection in citrus groves. (A178)\nGrain Grading (2) Methods in inspecting and grading grain. (A178)\nHow Federal Inspection of Imported Seed Protects the Farmer (1)\nBrief history of the origin of the Federal Seed Act. (A178)\nHow Seeds Germinate (1) Germination of crimson clover and spring testing. (A178)\nTesting Seeds in Soil (1) Contrasts older method of testing seeds in blotters and newer method in soil. (0A178)\nAlfalfa (1) Getting a good seed bed; planting seed; mowing alfalfa; curing and storing crop; baling of hay. (A38, 103)\nHaymaking (2) Various methods; modern labor-saving systems. (0A178)\nMaking Hay Time Playtime (2) Best methods of harvesting alfalfa.\n18 AGRICULTURE \"1000 and One\" Group 5 (Continued) CROPS Miscellaneous\nFour Men and the Soy (2) Cultivation and utilization of soy beans.\nSoybeans (1) Best methods of growing and handling. (A38, 103)\nCora (1) Four units: Method of Planting and Harvesting; Corn Borer; Husking and Shelling, Manufacture of Corn Flakes and Corn Starch. (\u00a957)\nGather Seed Corn Early (1) Best and worst time for gathering; how to detect diseased corn; where to store. (A38, 103)\nGrowing the Corn Crop (1) How to prepare soil and plant; labor-saving methods of cultivating. (A38, 103)\nHarvesting the Corn Crop (1) Contrasts harvesting by hand and by Miracle of Cora (1) History of corn \u2014 Indian grinding corn in mortar.\nthen pioneers husking by hand, then modern milling processes. (\u00a910) Seed Corn Secrets A farmer learns the best kind of seed to use and why. (\u00a9A153) Test Every Ear of Seed. Corn Shows the need of testing and the folly of guessing that corn will grow. (A38, 103) Coffee Growing, harvesting, drying, packing, transporting and roasting. (\u00a957) Behind the Cup Converting the jungles of Guatemala to coffee farms. Brazil's Gift Story of coffee from planting in Brazil to use as a finished product. [0A197, A10, 146) Coffee from the Clouds The industry in South America. (10A39) Magic of the Mountains Coffee producing regions of South America: cultivating, milling and exporting. <,\u00a9A10, 74. 202) On the Slopes of the Andes Cultivating, milling, exporting of coffee. (A202) The How & Why of Spuds From producer to consumer. (1)\nCommercial production of potatoes with modern methods and machinery in Maine (A178).\nPedigreed Potatoes: Production of irrigated potatoes (A178).\nRice Cultivation in Japan: Planting of seedlings, transplanting into irrigated fields, harvesting, hulling, bagging, and cooking (\u00a910).\nRice from \"Paddy\" to Bowl: Handling the rice crop, minimizing damage and waste. Scenes from the lower Mississippi Valley (A178).\nConquering the Jungle: Transforming the wilds of Sumatra into modern rubber plantations (i\u00a3rJ_S2').\nRubber: Procuring and processing (\u00a958, 190).\nThe Romance of Rubber: Advanced methods in growing and tending (2).\nThe Rubber Industry of British Guiana: Primitive and modern methods (1).\nSago Making in Primitive New Guinea: Self-explanatory (\u2022A178).\nStory of Tea: From bush to table. (A71)\nTea: Treasure Chest of India. (2) Growing, curing, importing and exporting.\nTwo Ends of a Rope: The Hemp industry of the Philippines. (1)\nMarket Gardening: (1) Greenhouse construction and gardening contrasted with outdoor gardening in the south; marketing produce. (\u00a957s)\nOpportunity: Utilization of home-grown crops on the farm. (A1SS)\nVegetable Gardening: (1) Growing and marketing of common varieties of vegetables. (\u00a958, 1901)\n\nGROUP 6 LIVESTOCK Cattle\nCattle: (1) Divided into following units: Life on a Cattle Ranch: Alfalfa for Winter Feed, Shipping Cattle; A Rodeo. (\u00a957)\nThe Beefsteak Bequest: Story of Sni-a-Bar Ranch and experiments to determine benefits of use of pure-bred sires in beef cattle. (A178)\n[1] How a Better Dairy Sire's Campaign Was Conducted. (\u00a9A178)\n[1] Dairy Cattle and Their Selection. (\u00a9A168)\n[1] Dairy Cattle: Types, Breeds and Characteristics. (Holstein, Jersey, Guernsey, Ayrshire and Brown Swiss). (0A168)\n[2] Golden Hearts: Dairy-herd improvement and farmers' use of their own farm products. (\u00a9A21)\n[1] Green Pastures: How and why forage on range is depleted by overgrazing and how cattle should be distributed. (\u00a9A178)\n[1] Guarding Livestock Health: Care of animals in transit and in the stockyards. (A178)\n[1] Hoofs and Horns: Several types of bovines. (\u00a9129)\n[1] The Making of a Good Cow: Good breeding and careful feeding. (1)\nOn a Thousand Hills: How to save range pasture by deferred and rotation grazing. (A38, 103)\nPlenty of Beef on Orinoco: Visit to a cattle ranch on the banks of Orinoco. (\u00a9A178)\nSalvaging Drought Cattle in Texas: How the drought affected crops and cattle, and how they were salvaged. (A178)\nWhen the Cows Come Home: Work of dairy herd-improvement; factors that influence dairy production. (\u00a9A178)\nThe Winter Breadline in Wyoming: Driving cattle to hay over snow-clad mountain ranges. (\u00a932)\n\nGroup 7 Meat Products\nBeauty and the Bacon: Shows in technicolor the slicing and packing of bacon at Wilson Co. exhibit, Chicago World's Fair. (\u2022A202)\nThe Honor of the Little Purple Stamp: How meat-inspection service protects American tables from diseased meat. (A178)\nLamb: More than Legs and Chops (2) - How butchers make retail cuts from all parts of lamb. (A178)\n\nThe Making of a Fixed Flavor Star Ham (1) - Packing plant operations; thermostatic control. (\u00a9A21)\n\nMeat: From Hoof to Market (1) - Raising of beef, cattle and hogs for food: shipping and marketing. (A146, 197)\n\nMeat Packing (1) - Locating cattle country and the \"feeder belt\"; shipping of cattle to market; dressing of beef; government inspection; curing of hams. (\u00a957)\n\nThe Meat We Eat (1) - Raising cattle, sheep, and swine, and their conversion to food. (\u00a929, A197)\n\nTexas Trail to Table (1) - Meat packing industry in detail. (A197)\n\nWhere We Get Our Meat (1) - Ranch round-up; dipping cattle; lesson on best cuts of meat; hog farm and sheep ranch. (\u00a958, 190)\n\nGroups 10-11 [\n\nGroup 8: Dairy Products\nAround the World with the Milkman (2) - Shows milk being obtained.\nFrom different animals around the world. The Babcock Test Demonstrated by Dr. Stephen Babcock, inventor. Better Milk From cow to consumer. Cheese-Making Self-explanatory. Churning Butter Methods of manufacturing and packing. Dairy Management All involved in a dairyman's life. Dairy Products Sources, handling and shipping of milk. Manufacture and packing of cheese and butter in large factories. Greater Profit from Milk Separation of milk; products made from cream; uses for skim milk. Write direct to advertisers and distributors.\n\nAGRICULTURE GROUP 8 Dairy Products\nGuardian of Our Milk Supply Examination and milking of cows; testing and pasteurization of milk. Her Majesty, the Cow How cows are milked and the milk delivered.\nMilk, Nature's Perfect Food, Values and profitable production. (A38, 103)\nMilk, The Great White Way to Health, Care of cows and milking through transportation to pasteurizing plants and delivery. (0A10)\nQuality Milk, Approved dairying methods. (A178)\nWeighed in the Balance, Argument for cow-testing work. (A178)\nWisconsin Dairies, Milk Production on a Small Farm, A Modern Dairy Farm, Work in a Dairy Plant. (\u00a957)\nGROUP 9 Poultry\nBreeding for More and Bigger Eggs, \"Record of Performance Work\" and its significance. (A178)\nBrooding and Rearing Chicks, Up-to-date handling procedures in the brooder house. (A178)\nBusiness Management of Business Hens, Calling, housing, feeding. (1)\nAnd managing layers. (A38, 103)\nCooperative Marketing \u2013 Eggs and Poultry: How poultry producers purchase and prepare feed and market their products. (A178)\nHer Father's Flock: A story of better poultry raising. (2) (\u00a9A188)\nInspection and Canning of Poultry: Processes in canning whole chicken and various chicken products; preparing and marketing full drawn poultry. (A178)\nLayers or Loafers?: Characteristics that determine whether a hen should be kept or sold. (A178)\nMarketing Live Poultry: Culling on farm, shipping, marketing and killing in city market. (\u00a9A178)\nPoultry Farming: How to raise many different kinds. (1) (\u00a929)\nThe Preparation and Marketing of Dressed Poultry: Modern methods on farm, and handling in cold storage warehouses of city. (\u00a9A178)\nProducing Paying Pullets: From hatchery to laying hen; methods of production. (1)\nProducing Quality Chicks: A hatchery ensures its output by careful choice of breeding stock and attention to sanitation.\n\nGroup 10 Livestock\nThe Barnyard Underworld: Why and wherefore of barnyard sanitation.\nCalifornia Alligator Farm: A visit amid these reptiles.\nBeaver Farming: Methods of handling in pens and fenced preserves.\nBee Culture: Shows every phase of the industry.\nFollowing the Bee Line: How Tennessee mountaineers find and procure wild honey, and other methods of handling bees.\nDuck Farming: Breeds of ducks; farm flocks; commercial duck farming.\nFarming for Fur: Silver black fox raising.\nFur Farming in Alaska: The fur farming industry \u2014 foxes, mink and others.\nApproved methods of catching and holding foxes on fox farms. (\u00a9A178)\nStory of hog sanitation. (\u00a9A18S)\nProper feeding and care during winter for hogs and pork production. (1)\nMethods of preventing disease in hogs. (1)\nSheep raising in America. (\u00a9Ill)\nApproved management on National Forests: open-herding and 1-night bedding system with burros as pack animals. (\u00a9A178)\nHandling, grading, and cooperative selling of sheep. Eleventh Edition.\nAGRICULTURE\nGROUP 10 (Continued)\nLIVESTOCK\nMiscellaneous\nRange Sheep (1)\nFeeding orphan lambs, shearing, marketing, counting, and pasturing sheep in summer. Marketing some in fall. Caring for the rest through winter. (057)\nCharacteristics of wool, mutton, and leading breeds of sheep. (1)\nSheep for Mutton, Wool and Money: Points to be observed in the raising, feeding and care of sheep. The Tale of a Lamb: Dramatized story of sheep-herders. Cawston Ostrich Farm: Trip through large ostrich farm in California. Rabbit Farming: Breeds of domestic rabbits; possibilities for meat production. The Turkey Business: How and why \"Records of Performance Work\" is being done. Cooperative Marketing \u2014 Livestock: Methods followed by farmers' organizations in handling sales of livestock. Livestock on the Irrigation Projects: Domestic animals, poultry and bees on the irrigation projects. GROUP 11 PESTS and Dangers: Clean Herds \u2014 and Hearts: Campaign for the eradication of animal tuberculosis; its relation to human health.\nControl of Worms in Hogs (3) Methods of controlling various hog parasites. (\"A178\")\n\nDuck Sickness \u2014 A Menace to Eastern Waterfowl (2) Causes of disease and means of controlling it. (\"\u00a9A178\")\n\nHorn Flies \u2014 Pests of Cattle (1) How to prevent the breeding of horn flies and reduce the harm done by their attack on cattle. (\"A178\")\n\nHorses and Bots (2) Three types of botflies, how they attack horses and mules; methods of treatment; eradication campaigns. (\"\u00a9A178\")\n\nMollie of Pine Grove Vat (3j) Showing tick eradication work in the South. (\"A178\")\n\nScrew Worms \u2014 How to Fight Them (1) How insect is fought successfully in the Southwestern States. (\"A178\")\n\nStable Flies and Their Control (1) Methods of protecting animals from the stable fly and preventing breeding of pest. (\"A178\")\n\nT. B. or Not T. B. (2) Fowl tuberculosis and methods of combating plague. (\"A178\")\nThis Little Pig Stayed Home (2) Method of controlling hog cholera in story form. (A178)\n\nGROUP 12 Pests and Dangers To Plants\nThe Corn Borer and What to Do About It (2) Life history of the European corn borer and methods for control. (\u00a9A178)\nFighting the European Corn Borer with Machinery (1) Methods of controlling and destroying by field equipment. (\u00a9A178)\nParasites of the European Corn Borer (4) How parasites attack the corn borer. (A178)\nThe Eastern Woodchuck and Its Control (2) Showing damage done and best methods of exterminating the pest. (\u00a9A178)\nExplosive Dusts (1) Means of preventing grain-dust explosions in mills and elevators. (A178)\nFighting Western Pine Beetles (1) How pine beetles destroy valuable stands of timber, but may be controlled. (A178)\nThe Pines (2) Control of white pine blister rust. (A178)\nGypsy and Brown-Tail Moths \u2014 Control Methods (1) Man's fight to prevent spreading: spraying, dusting and other measures. The Japanese Beetle \u2014 Methods of Control (2) Methods used to combat it: spraying, fumigation, inspection of farm produce, etc. The Japanese Beetle \u2014 Life History, Damage and Spread (2) Origin and dates of introduction; life cycle; use of traps. Million Dollar Pockets (2) The pocket gopher, its habits, damage to alfalfa crop and methods of control. Pop Goes the Weevil (3) Control of sweetpotato weevil. Porcupine Control in the Western States (2) Physical characteristics of porcupine; damage done; control methods.\n\nAgriculture\nGROUP 12 (Continued) PESTS and DANGERS To Plants\nPotato Enemies (1) How potato pests may be controlled. (\u00a957)\nRouting: Rodent Robbers (2) How to control ground squirrels and\n(Ground squirrel control methods)\nprairie dogs (\u00a9A178)\nRust (2) How black stem rust affects crops and communities - eradication of barberry to prevent rust epidemics (\u00a9A178)\nWhose Property (1) The invisible army of destructive parasites and insects attacking our trees, flowers, etc. (\u00a9A202)\n\nGroup 13 Rural Life and Farm Engineering\nThe Agricultural Crisis (1) Summary of some of the factors that led up to the agricultural crisis of 1932. (A178)\nBuilders of an Empire (2) Historical picture showing western movement of agriculture. (A38, 103)\nClearing Land (2) Methods of removing stumps. (\u00a9A178)\nThe Farm (1) Farm animals and farm life. For primary grades. (\u00a957)\nFarm Inconveniences (2) Results of carelessness on the farm.\nThe Farm That Jack Built (2) Uses of dynamite on the farm. (A90)\nFarming with Farmalls (2) Various operations performed by the Farmall, row crop tractor. (A38, 103)\n[1] Farm Women's Markets: How a large farm women's market is managed to the advantage of both producer and consumer. (\u00a9A178)\n[1] 4-H Club Work: What It Is, and Does: Lecture film presenting the fundamentals of 4-H club work. (\u00bbA178)\n[3] Four Sons: Four sons each living in a different section of the U. S. reveal the need of power on the farm. (\u00a9A153)\n[3] Home Builders: Illustrates the advantages and economy of tractor farming over horse farming. (A38, 103)\n[2] Home Demonstration Work in the Western States: More important phases. (\u00a9A178)\n[2] Home Demonstration Work: Scope of the work; representative scenes in various parts of the country. (AA178)\n[2] Home is What You Make It: Transformation of an old farm home by inexpensive repairs, painting and landscaping. (\u00a9A178)\n[2] The Horseless Farm: Shows a farm being operated entirely without horses.\nHow About a Combine? (1) The combined harvester and thresher compared with the binder. (A178)\nIn His Father's Footsteps (2) Advantages of rural electrification. (A194)\nThe Master Farmer (2) Goal of good farming, exemplified by achievements of real \"Master Farmers.\" (\u00a9A178)\nNew Way Farming (1) Air tires speed up farm operations and reduce cost of tractor use. (\u00a9A82)\nOnce Over and It's All Over (2) Up-to-date combine methods of harvesting grain crops. (A38, 103)\nPartners (7) Interesting human interest story presents a picture of power-on-the-farm; scenes of tractor manufacture. (#A153)\nPartners Three (4) A 4-H Club story about a boy's reclamation through a girl's effort to bring him back on the farm. (\u00a9A188)\nPayne Fund Students Complete Course (y2) Talking picture involving Director of Extension Work and students. (A178)\nThe Power Farmer (1) Tractors supplying power for all manner of Power Farming in the South (3) Work on a modern plantation in the Mississippi Delta region.\nPower in the Farm Home (1) Labor-saving devices which drive drudgery from the farm home.\nRomance of the Reaper (5, 2) A story of invention in 1831 of the reaper and its development during the last hundred years.\nThe Rural Community Work Center (2) Shows the origin, establishment, and operation of the first rural community work center in Texas. (A178)\nA Safe Bet (2) Corn husking contests. (\u00a9A188)\nEleventh Edition AGRICULTURE Group 13 (Continued) Rural Life and Farm Engineering\nTime (2) Message of farm management. (A188)\nTuning in with the Times (2) An organization film. (0A188)\nUncovering Earth's Riches: Converting unprofitable areas in Northwest into fertile farms. (A38, 103)\nWell-Posted: Value of good fencing to farm. (\u00a9A188)\nWhen Winter Comes to the Range: Vivid picturization of hardships suffered by man and beast when a blizzard strikes the range. (\u00a932)\nWhere West is Still West: A day on the range, the roundup, branding, riding and pastimes. (\u00a932)\nThe Will and the Way: Remodeling and modernization of an 80-year-old farmhouse. (\u00a9A178)\nYoke of the Past: Pictorial record of a century of progress in agriculture. Implements of past contrasted with machinery. (\u00a9A78)\n\nGROUP 14: FORESTRY and Forest Conservation\nABC of Forestry: Fundamentals of tree growth and good forestry practices. (#\u00a9AA178)\nA Day with the Forest Ranger: Out in the west with a guardian of our National Forest Parks. (\u00a929)\nEnemies of the Forest: Steps taken towards fire protection. (\u00a910)\nEnemies of the Southern Pine: Destructive agencies which attack this valuable timber. (A193, 202)\nForest Fires \u2014 or Conservation? Importance of protecting forest resources. (#A178)\nForests and Streams: Teaches importance of protecting the forest soil and maintaining its water storage capacity. (\u00a9A178)\nThe Forest and Health: How the forest ministers to the spiritual and physical health of mankind. (\u00a9A178)\nThe Forest and Waters: Points out vital influence forest has on water supply. (\u00a9A178)\nThe Forest and Wealth: Forest's contribution to industry and the comfort and wealth of mankind. (\u00a9A178)\nForest Fire: Outlines system followed by Forest Service in locating and fighting forest fires. (\u00a9A178)\nForest Fires or Game (1) Effects of forest fires on game animals, birds, and fish. (\u00a9A178)\nForest or Wasteland (3) How forests have been cut until the land is stripped, fires follow, and destruction is complete. (\u2022\u00a9AA178)\nForests Serve Man (1) An illustrated lecture on the importance of forests to mankind. (\u00a9A178)\nFriends of Man (5) A story picture designed to discourage the practice of \"burning off.\" (\u00a9A178)\nFuture Forest Giants (1) Reforestation on the national forests, from the planting of the seed to mature timber crop. (\u00a9A178, 197)\nIt Might Have Been You (1) A disastrous forest fire; what Forest Service is doing to prevent such catastrophe. (\u00a9A178)\nLest We Forget (1) Results in Southern California from fire in chaparral cover on the mountains followed by heavy rain. (\u00a9A178)\nMarking Timber (2) Fundamentals of timber marking. (\u00a9A178)\n[New Woods for Old: Handling a Farm Woodland of Eastern Hardwoods as a Crop, \u00a9A178, Pines That Come Back: Timber Profits on Unsuitable Farm Lands and Uses of Timber, \u00a9A178, Red Enemy: Forest Preservation Despite Careless Selective Logging, \u00a9A178, Reforestation of Waste Lands: Film Lesson on Forest Cutting, Tree Nursery, School Project in Reforestation, \u00a957, That Brush Fire: Technical Instruction in Brush Burning, \u00a9A178, Trail Riders of the Wilderness: Record of an American Forestry Association Tour of Primitive Areas in Two National Forests, \u00a9A178, Agriculture]\nGROUP 14 (Continued) Forestry and Forest Conservation\nUnburned Woodlands (1) Contrasts advantages of unburned with disadvantages of burned woodlands. (\u00a9A178)\nWhat Price Fire? (2) Forest fire in West Coast region. (\u00a9A178)\nWhat the Forest Means to Us (2) Need for forest conservation.\nWood Wisdom (1) Structure of various kinds of wood. (\u00a9A178)\n\nGROUP 15 SOILS and Soil Conservation\nAnchored Acres (1) Soil erosion damage and approved practices for overcoming it \u2013 dams, terracing and crop rotation. (\u00a9A178)\nFarm for Sale (1) Value of limestone; testing to determine acid or sweet soils. (A188)\nFertilizer From Coal (3) Process whereby fertilizer is made from coal and benefits from its application to soil. (\u00a9A160, A197)\nFungi Snare and Destroy Nematodes (1) How certain fungi devour nematodes in the process by which organic matter is broken down to enrich soil.\nThe germination of various seeds with their varying speeds of development. (A146, 197)\nSave the Soil: Problem of conservation. (\u00a9A104, 178)\nSaving the Soil by Terracing: Constructing terraces to prevent washing away of fertile top soils; forms of erosion. (\u00a9A178)\nSoil Conservation: Self-explanatory. (A98)\nTen Years of Limestone: A farmer's soil-building experiences. (A188) (See also Groups 55, 63)\n\nGroup 16: Irrigation\nConstruction and Economic Results: Construction scenes on Federal projects and economic development. (A177)\nChaparral: Value of chaparral cover on watersheds in the all-important water-supply problem of Southern California. (A178)\nCrops and Kilowatts: Water power and irrigation uses of water conserved in the national forests. (\u00a9A178)\nIrrigation: Divided into three units: Roosevelt Dam and Vicinity,\nIrrigation: A Brief Outline (1)\n- Important points for public schools.\n\nIrrigating Field Crops (2)\n- Flooding method.\n- Furrow method.\n- Corrugation method.\n- Sub-irrigation.\n- Border and check method.\n- Sprinkler systems.\n\nConveying and Measuring Irrigation Water (2)\n- Use of gates, flumes, and siphons.\n- Proportioning methods.\n- Types of weirs.\n\nOrchard Irrigation (2)\n- Up-to-date practices.\n\nIrrigation in California (1)\n- Mechanical problems solved.\n\nPreparing to Irrigate (1)\n- Use of different types of ditch-making machinery.\n- Best location for ditches.\n- Care of ditches.\nReclaiming Arid Land by Irrigation: Kinds of crops raised and some of the great dams. (A168)\nReclaiming Desert Lands by Irrigation: Construction of dams. (A197)\nThe Roosevelt Dam: Converting the arid desert into fertile farms. (1)\nSettlement on Federal Reclamation Projects: Difficulties met by settlers and results obtained on irrigated land. (A177)\nSouthern Reclamation: Preparation of land, crops, and livestock. (2y2)\nStorage and Diversion Dams: Construction of dams for irrigation of arid land. (A177)\nStory of Federal Reclamation: Steps in reclamation by irrigation from the desert to completed farm. (A177)\nThe Educational Screen ($2,000 a year): keeps you up-to-date with monthly notices of new films as they appear.\nEleventh Edition ART and ARCHITECTURE\nEducational Films\nFINE ARTS SERIES \u2014 SOCIAL STUDIES\nNATURAL SCIENCE.\nSculpture, etching, drypoint, wood carving, silversmithing, spinning and weaving, medal making, land transportation, ice patrol, physiography, botany, zoology, and physiology.\n35mm. - 16mm.\nSilent films.\nHarvard Film Service, The Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts\n\nGroup 17 Art and Architecture\nAncient Greece - Inspiring for lovers of art. (A197)\nThe Angelus - A story based on the immortal painting.\nArt Treasures of the Vatican - A trip through the Vatican, \"Court\"\n\nWrite for Film Catalogue.\nThe Bashful Suitor (from Josef Israels painting)\nThe Beggar Maid (Sir Edward Burne-Jones painting origin)\nBehind the Scenes in the Metropolitan Museum (workshops and art registration)\nChilde Hassam (intimate visit with the artist)\nCathedrals (famous French gothic cathedrals)\nDigging into the Past (Egyptian Expedition locality and activities at Museum of Art)\nDrypoint (demonstration in Frederick G. Hall's workshop)\nThe Etcher's Art (2): Frank W. Benson demonstrates the complete process of etching (0A87, 124)\nFrom Clay to Bronze (3): Demonstrates the three steps necessary to turn a shapeless lump into a bronze image (0A87)\nThe Gorgon's Head (2): Presents the story of Perseus; figures on a Green vase come to life and enact the tale (C0A124)\nThe Hidden Talisman (1): Scenes laid in The Cloisters, medieval museum in New York City (0A124)\nHope (2): Dramatization of George Frederick Watt's painting (A197)\nAn Introduction to Mechanical Drawing (1): Brief correlation of drawing to industry; study of drafting showing use of instruments (042)\nThe Last of the Wood Engravers (2): Timothy Cole makes a wood engraving; close-ups of the wood block as he cuts the lines (0A87)\nLorado Taft (1): His work and hobbies (0A124)\nThe Making of a Bronze Statue (2) Processes involved \u2014 A. Phimister Proctor's equestrian statue of Theodore Roosevelt.\n\nArt and Architecture\nThe Making of Wrought Iron (1) Steps in the process of making a section of a grille.\nModels in Motion (14) Series of reels for art classes \u2014 for freehand drawing \u2014 drawings made from models in motion.\nThe Negro and Art (1) The American Negro's contribution\nA Study of Negro Artists (4) At work in their studios; emphasizes the industriousness in bread-winning activities often present in the Negro Painting a Portrait by Wayman Adams (3) Entire process from setting the palette to the finished picture.\nSculpture in Stone (1) Demonstration of the tools and technique, employed in modern sculpture.\nTapestries and How They Are Made (1) Technique of tapestry weaving,\nVasantasena Story, based on a tenth-century Indian incident. Chain mail and Gothic armor in the Armor Galleries. Glass Blowing. Hewing, cutting, polishing, and etching: specialists of ancient and medieval glass. Making of a Stained-Glass Window. Development of stained glass window. The Young Painter. Inspired by Rembrandt's famous painting of the same title. Features Mary Astor and Pierre Gendron. We Are All Artists. A study making art understandable to the average person, showing its use and influence in daily living.\n\nGroup 18 Astronomy. All Aboard for the Moon. Thrilling imaginary flight to the moon.\nThe Astronomer's Workshop: Visit to astronomical observatory at Wesleyan University. Birth of the Earth (1/3): Representation of formation of earth, moon, and sun. Birth of the Earth (3): Story of creation told in simple non-technical terms. Climate (2): Why temperature varies; study of relationship between sun and earth causing seasonal changes. Communing with the Heavens: Explains work of Canada's astronomers; non-technical. The Cosmic Drama: The earth in its relation to the Universe and development of life upon the earth. Earth and Worlds Beyond: Animated summary of the cycles of day and night and of the seasons. Scientific information about the moon's surface. The Astronomer's Workshop: An article discussing a visit to an astronomical observatory at Wesleyan University. Topics include the formation of the Earth, moon, and sun, climate and seasonal changes, the work of Canadian astronomers, the Earth's relation to the Universe, and the cycles of day and night. A non-technical explanation of the birth of the Earth and the story of creation. An exploration of why temperature varies and the relationship between the sun and Earth causing seasonal changes. A description of the work of Canadian astronomers in simple terms. A dramatization of the Earth's place in the Universe and the development of life on Earth. An animated summary of the cycles of day and night and the seasons. A photograph of the actual surface of the moon.\nEclipse of the Sun (Vo) Clear and interesting exposition.\nEvolution (3) Creation of the world based on scientific theories; formation of cell life.\nThe Heavenly Bodies (1 each) Series covering the field of astronomy. Titles are: The Development of Astronomical Knowledge; Gravitation, the Moon, Constellations; the Sun and Its Influence on the Earth; Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, the Milky Way.\nLooking through Great Telescopes (6) A complete film on Astronomy covering the Sun, Moon, Planets, Milky Way and Exterior Galaxies. (\u00a9A19)\nA Motion Picture Journey to the Moon (1) Panoramic picture of sunrise phenomena in Lunar Craters, and occultation of the Delta Capricorni.\nRomance of the Planets (1) Animated drawings and models demonstrate nebular hypothesis. Ideas for interplanetary communication. (\u00a9A30)\nRomance of the Skies: Study of comets, eclipses and other phenomena of the heavens. The sky, clouds, stars, planets and so on. Tides and the Moon: Illustrating the attraction of the moon's mass in drawing water of the ocean toward the side upon which it is shining.\n\nEleventh Edition\n\nBIOGRAPHY\nGROUP 19 BIOGRAPHY\nAmerican Statesmen Series\n\nBenjamin Franklin: From boyhood to his life in Philadelphia, where he helped establish its institutions.\n\nAlexander Hamilton: Well-known incidents in his life with particular attention to the most dramatic moments.\n\nThomas Jefferson: Life of the leader of Democracy.\n\nAbraham Lincoln: Summarizing life and career.\n\nGeorge Washington: Life of George Washington.\n\nDaniel Webster: Life of America's greatest orator.\nStudy of Luther Burbank (A64, 197)\nColumbus (A197) - Life of the mariner of long ago\nCalvin Coolidge (A197) - Highlights from news reels\nThe Benefactor (A78, A104) - Life of Edison, in interesting episodes from age five to present\nFrederick the Great (A163) - Costume film depicting life of Prussia's popular ruler and events of his time; actual backgrounds\nHeart of a Hero (A197) - Life of Nathan Hale\nLife of Hoover (A197) - Interesting facts and life story\nJeanne D'Arc (A64, 98) - French production of her life\nAbraham Lincoln\nReel 1 \u2014 \"The Pioneer,\" his youth up to Presidency (A64)\nReel 2 \u2014 \"The Statesman,\" Ft. Sumter, Civil War, etc. (A64)\nFrank McGlynn in condensed version of Drinkwater play (\u00a9A64)\nThe Son of Democracy (10 chapters, 2 each) - Written and produced by\nBenjamin Chapin, who enacts Lincoln's role. (A31, A64, 104, 146, 197)\nMy Mother (2) - Gentle influence and loving companionship of Nancy Hanks Lincoln.\nMy Father (2) - Shows vital importance of an education.\nThe Call to Arms (2) - Lincoln family in the White House; Lincoln's problem of the War.\nMy First Jury (2) - His defense of a little colored boy accused of stealing.\nTender Memories (2) - Seeing a soldier's grave brings tender memories of his beloved mother's grave.\nA President's Answer (2) - The father heart of Lincoln is revealed as he constantly grants pardons.\nNative State (2) - Story of Lincoln and Daniel Boone's grandson.\nUnder the Stars (2) - The epic of Kentucky.\nDown the River (2) - Contest with a slave-dealing gang on the Mississippi.\nThe Slave Auction (2) - Shows evils of the slave traffic.\nThe Heart of Lincoln (5) - His life; early struggles and hardships during.\nThe Civil War. (A146)\nLand of Opportunity. (2) A moving incident in Lincoln's life. Ralph David Livingstone. (6) Life of the missionary in African settings \u2014 his work with the natives and his lonely death. (\u00a9147, 155, 202)\nThe Life of Pasteur. (2) Authentic film record of the life of this great bacteriologist and benefactor. (\u00a9A31, A98, 146)\nThe Fighting President. (6) Career of F. D. Roosevelt from the beginning of public life to the Presidency; newsreel shots. (A184)\nTheodore Roosevelt. (1) His varied activities; survey of American life. (A64, 98, 197)\nThe Real Roosevelt. (2) Exploits of Theodore Roosevelt. (A172, 202)\nThe River of Doubt. (2) Expedition led by Col. Roosevelt into the heart of the South American jungle. (_ A172, 202)\nRoosevelt at Home. (1) Intimate glimpses of Theodore Roosevelt. (A172)\nRoosevelt in the Great War. (1) His contribution, speaking for pre-war days.\n\"paredness, reviewing recruits etc. Roosevelt's Return from Africa 1910 (2) His reception in Europe. The Educational Screen does not handle films. CIVICS and PATRIOTISM GROUP 19 Biography T. R. Himself (1) Highlights of his career chronologically arranged. Shakespeare in Memoriam (1) Scenes associated with well-known facts of his life. (A197) George Washington Bicentennial (%) Self-explanatory. (\u00a9129) George Washington, His Life and Times (4) Bicentennial films: Conquering the Wilderness, Uniting the Colonies, Winning Independence, William Tell (1) Sketch of his life; produced in Switzerland. GROUP 20 CIVICS and PATRIOTISM Citizenship (Series of 12, 1 reel each) Titles are: Health Habits, Beautiful, School Discipline, School Industries, Serving the Community (2 lessons). Working with Civic Organizations, Thrift, Obedience, Service,\"\nAmerican Ideals: Immigration, Civics and the Founding of the Constitution, A Citizen and His Government, Growth of Cities and Their Problems, Hats Off - A Story of the Flag, Immigration to the United States, Interdependence, Our Glorious Dead, Road to Life.\n\nCivics: Authentic facts relating to the Founding of the Constitution of the United States. (A197)\nA Citizen and His Government: Visualizes the many services our government performs. A lesson in Americanism. (\u00a9A168)\nGrowth of Cities: Problems attending the growth of small communities to thriving cities, and solutions. (\u00a9A168)\nHats Off - A Story of the Flag: Review of the past history of the flag. Lesson in flag etiquette. (\u00a9A168, A48)\nImmigration to the United States: Important \"waves\" of immigration and causes. Contributions made by immigrants to the U.S. (\u00a9A168)\nInterdependence: How nations and individuals throughout the world are dependent on each other. (\u00a910, 104, \u00a9A87)\nOur Glorious Dead: A tribute to our martyr war heroes.\nRoad to Life: Making useful citizens out of Russia's \"wild children\". (10)\nThe Story of the Star Spangled Banner: Circumstances under which Francis Scott Key wrote the song.\nThe Torch of Liberty: Story of the progress of democracy from Washington to Hoover. The \"coward\" is interwoven. (A98)\nThe Urban Pattern: Development of a modern city. (\u00a9202)\nGROUP 21 DOMESTIC SCIENCE\nABC Household Appliances: Modern household appliances and their uses. (4)\nAfter the Fog: Home canning and cooperative marketing of farm products by women. (\u00a9A202)\nThe American Wing: A series of rooms and their furnishings dating from the days of early colonists through the first quarter of the XIX century, and contemporary exteriors. (\u00a9A124)\nBaking Made Easy: A baking school; instructive and entertaining. (A153)\nCapping Nature's Finest: Home canning methods up to date. (#\u00a992)\n[Eternal Summertime (2) Story of a canning club. (A188)\nHome Canning, Up-to-Date Methods Methods of canning various vegetables and fruits. (A38. 103)\nThe Magic Jar History of canning. (\u00a9A202)\nModern Conservation Preservation of fruits and vegetables by dehydration. (A197)\nStoring the Luscious Proper process of canning in glass jars. (\u00a992)\nThe Evolution of the Kitchen Self-explanatory. (\u00a929)\nFamiliar Foods from Foreign Lands Life history of foods that come to us from far ends of the earth. (\u00a9A31, A146, 197)\nA Lesson in Cooking \u2014 How to Make an Omelet and Use of Chafing Dish Self-explanatory. (A81)\nLeavener of Life Baking powder and its manufacture. (A197)\nStory of Han-Dee The modern bread-making process. (\u00a992)\nHistory of Gas Lighting Uses of gas in the home. (A10)\nEconomics 29 Eleventh Edition]\nGroup 21 (Continued) Domestic Science\nModern Industrial Methods: Principal processes in the manufacture of sewing machines. (\u00a9A166)\nSocial Etiquette: Lessons in etiquette. (A197)\nStreet and Table Manners: Self-explanatory. (029)\nVital Victuals: Features the preparation of roast beef, biscuits, and salad by a famous chef with remarks by Pete Smith. (A120)\nWhy Moths Leave Home: Shows damage done by clothes moths and methods of getting rid of this pest. (A178)\n\nEconomics and Commercial Subjects\nGROUP 22\nAll in a Day's Work: A business day in a great manufacturing company's most important distributing house. (A193)\n\"A Chain Is as Strong ....\" Dramatic presentation of part the motion picture plays in sales educational work. (\u2022126)\nMechanics of the Nation's Market Place: Record of training and instruction. (2)\nModern Banking: Daily routine in bank business. (A122, A197)\nModern Commerce: As carried on over the Atlantic's waterways. (A1, A166)\nModern Industrial Methods: Lumbering and cabinet making; mass production and testing of sewing machines. (A166)\nThe Nation's Market Place: Portrayal of stock transactions' method and system. (1 & 2, \u00a910, AA197)\nPainters: The art of selling dramatized. (\u00a9129)\nThe Story of the Bank Book: Lessons in thrift. (A197)\nSuper Shell: Mapping out and carrying through a modern publicity campaign. (A126)\nCorrect Shorthand Technique: Illustrates correct procedure in teaching Gregg shorthand. (\u00a996)\nTeaching Beginners How to Typewrite: Illustrates correct procedure. (\u00a996)\n\nEducation\nGROUP 23: Educational Activities\nThe Artist, The Journalist, The Doctor, The Salesman, The Executive, The Engineer, The Skilled Mechanic, The Industrial Worker, The Farmer\n\nVocational Guidance (Series of 9, 1 reel each)\n\nThe Artist: Portrays student life at a famous university\nThe Builders: Gives a comprehensive outlook on building as an occupational group\nCatholic Education: Cardinal Hayes discusses the public school system, explaining that Catholics do not take advantage of it (#29, 189)\nChoosing Your Vocation: Dr. Harry D. Kitson from Columbia University helps high school graduates find their right vocation (#29, 189, #\u00b163, 186)\nCulver Military Academy Series: Building Up\nCulver '29: Athletics, buildings, grounds, cadet life. Mass Play: Calisthenics, aquatics.\nNaval School '30: ics, boat drills, Naval equipment and summer activities. (\u00a9A46)\n\nEducation Plus Recreation: Navy and woodcraft, water sports.\nMaking the Man of Tomorrow: Emphasis on class work; rifle range; artillery and troop; athletics. Training Young Americans. Day at Culver from reveille to taps. (A46)\n\nDan's Decision: A vocational picture presenting the appeal of osteopathy. (\u00a9All)\n\nDartmouth Days: Students participating in annual Winter Carnival \u2014 skating, skiing, ice hockey, etc. (A120)\n\nA Day at West Point: Buildings, drill in great riding hall, parade ground, dress parade, etc. (\u00a932)\n\nmeans: 1 6mm sound, \u00a9 1 6mm silent. A 3 5 mm, sound, A 3 5 mm silent.\n\nEDUCATION\nGROUP 23 (Continued): Educational Activities\nFrom Jacques to Johnnie: Home and school life of French children. (1)\nGood Will to Mexico (1) Mexico's reception to Friendship School Bags sent by children of the United States as goodwill messages.\nLearning to Live (4) How Berea College prepares students for life.\nMaking Man Handlers (1) A visit to West Point.\nPrimary Teacher at Work (2) Gives description of room's equipment and furnishings which stimulate thinking and activity of children.\nThe School in the Forest (2) Life and class work at Alleghany School of Natural History, Quaker Ridge, NY (@185n).\nSocial Science (1) As applied to the study of the retarded and mal-adjusted child. (\u00a9202)\nUniversity of Shanghai (2) Dormitories, faculty, library, sports, Christian Center, students, filmed by College President. i013Oi\nWhere Governors Come From (1) Beginnings and present work being done in mountain school; shows need of such schools. (A149)\nGroup 24: Parent Education and Teacher Training\n\nLife Begins (7): Depicts behavior phenomena of infancy at Yale Clinic of Child Development, under the direction of Dr. Arnold Gesell. (#A63)\nThe Growth of Infant Behavior - Early Stages (1): Shows remarkably rapid growth of behavior patterns in early infancy. (#A63)\nThe Growth of Infant Behavior - Later Stages (1): Deals with the increasing ability of the growing infant to use his hands.\nA Baby Day at 12 Weeks (1): From time of waking to last feeding. Well-suited for groups interested in training and care of the infant.\nA 36 Weeks Behavior Day (1): Reactions and responses. (#a63i)\nA Behavior Day at 48 Weeks (1): Wholesome methods of child care; emphasis upon educational significance of infant's everyday experiences.\nBehavior Patterns at One Year (1): Interprets baby's manipulation and exploration.\nOther reactions: a contribution to psychology of infancy (#A63)\n\nPosture and Locomotion: dealing with the mechanics of locomotion and the stages by which an infant advances from a helpless stage to one where he is able to change position and posture. From Creeping to Walking: further discussion on the mechanics of locomotion and the stages by which an infant attains an upright walking posture. (#A63)\n\nLearning and Growth: clarifying some of the principles that govern the learning process. (#A63)\n\nEarly Social Behavior: manifestations of different infant personalities in a variety of social settings. (#A63)\n\n(Following films distributed by #29, 1S9. \u00a9A63, 186)\n\nChild Growth: Dr. Charlotte Buhler of Vienna demonstrates teacher training methods for giving accomplishment tests for babies.\n\nThe Creative Approach to Education: Dr. Hughes Mearns explains and demonstrates his philosophy of creative education. (#2)\nDr. W. H. Kilpatrick (1) presents the philosophy underlying creative activity methods, Columbia University.\nDr. B. H. Bode (1) discusses and demonstrates guidance methods for elementary schools.\nMrs. Ina Craig Sartorius (2) demonstrates methods for administering intelligence tests.\nDr. Richard D. Allen (2) demonstrates the working of a comprehensive system of guidance in public schools.\nDr. Guy Buswell (2) demonstrates a number of methods in the study of teaching arithmetic.\nDr. Arnold Gesell (2) explains and demonstrates methods for studying infant behavior.\nDr. Arthur Gates (2) discusses and demonstrates modern methods used in teaching reading.\nSeiden Sound System, Inc. offers a complete rental service of 16 mm. films and projectors, with or without operators, at attractive rentals. We also sell projection equipment at convenient terms. Let us estimate on converting your old silent films into modern talkies. We add dialogue, music, and sound effects as needed. Cost is reasonable.\n\nGroup 25\nGeneral Science (Series of 9, 1 or 2 reels each)\n- Man, Life\n- Water, Energy and Work\n- The Earth\n- Fire and Heat\n- Air (2)\n  - Physical properties and utilization (058, 190)\n  - Atmospheric Pressure\n    - Divided into two units\n    - Unbalanced Air Pressure\n    - Atmospheric Pressure Varies in Nature (\u00a957)\n\n- Communication (2)\n- Transportation. (0A146, 202)\n\nAir (1)\n- Physical properties and utilization (058, 190)\n- Atmospheric Pressure\n  - Unbalanced Air Pressure\n  - Atmospheric Pressure Varies in Nature (\u00a957)\nCompressed Air: Five Uses - Compressed Air Blasts, Compressing Air, Railway Air Brakes, Air Driven Tools, Compressed Air on Fire Engines\n\nDewfall: Nature's Jewels - Specimens of Dew Condensation and Frost Formation under the Microscope\n\nEnergy from Sunlight: Sources of Energy as Shown in Heat, Wind and Water Power, Food and Fuels\n\nFire and Heat: Physical Properties and Utilization\n\nFire Making: Traces of Fire Making and Explanation of How Matches Work\n\nFrequency Curves: Correct Interpretation of a Frequency Curve as a Limit to a Process of Sampling and Application of Formulas\n\nHot Air Heating: The Fireplace, The Stove, The Furnace, Review of Heating Devices, Advances in Heating Devices Traced to Present Day Systems.\nLimestone and Marble: Natural Lime-stone, Artificial Limestone, Marble\nLiquid Air: Production and experiments\nMaking of Dry Ice: Self-explanatory\nMold and Yeast: Specimens and growth, development, and germination\nMysteries of Snow: Different kinds of snow crystals\nNew York Water Supply: Necessity of a sufficient water supply for millions of residents and commuters and numerous industries\nPurifying Water: Treatment of city water from lakes, removal of sediment, disinfection of a city's water supply\nOil Films on Water (Technical): Dr. Irving Langmuir's experiments and explanations\nSand, Glass, and Clay (1) - Divided into three units: Sand, Glass, Clay. This film, in conjunction with \"Limestone and Marble\" and \"The Formation of Soil,\" gives the child an understanding of the rock-soil cycle in nature and commercial significance of minerals involved. (\u00a957)\n\nScience of Bubbles (1) - Explanation of formation, structure and behavior of soap bubbles. (A48, 197)\n\nWater Cycle (1) - Illustrates circulation of water from earth to sky and back to earth again. (\u00a957, 58)\n\nWater (1) - Study of some of natural properties. (\u00a958, 190, \u00a9A197)\n\nWestinghouse News Reel (1) - Novel accomplishments in science. (A 194)\n\nWonders of the Sand (%) - Various kinds of crystals. (A197)\n\nGeography (Series of 9) - Titles are:\n\nPeople Who Live on the Mountains (1) (\u00a9129, \u00a9A146, 202)\n\nHuman Geography and Travel\nGROUP 26 - General Anthropology\n\nGeography (Series of 9) - Titles:\n\nPeople Who Live in the Mountains (1) (\u00a9129, \u00a9A146, 202)\nPeople Who Live Through Industry, People Who Live on Plateaus, People Who Live in a Crowded Valley, People Who Live on a Great Plain, People Who Live at the Equator, Bedouins of the Sahara, Boats and Fishermen of the Arctic and the Tropics, Caspian Sea, Drifting Dunes, Dwellers of the Northland\n\nPeople Who Live Through Industry, People Who Live on Plateaus, People Who Live in a Crowded Valley, People Who Live on a Great Plain, People Who Live at the Equator, Bedouins of the Sahara, Boats and Fishermen of the Arctic and the Tropics, Caspian Sea, Drifting Dunes, Dwellers of the Northland\n\n1. People Who Live Through Industry, People Who Live on Plateaus, People Who Live in a Crowded Valley, People Who Live on a Great Plain, People Who Live at the Equator, Bedouins of the Sahara, Boats and Fishermen of the Arctic and the Tropics, Caspian Sea, Drifting Dunes, Dwellers of the Northland - People Who Live Through Industry, People Who Live on Plateaus, People Who Live in a Crowded Valley, People Who Live on a Great Plain, People Who Live at the Equator, Bedouins of the Sahara, Boats and Fishermen of the Arctic and the Tropics, Caspian Sea, Drifting Dunes, Dwellers of the Northland\n\nPeople live through industry, on plateaus, in a crowded valley, on a great plain, at the equator, Bedouins of the Sahara, Boats and fishermen of the Arctic and the Tropics, Caspian Sea, Drifting Dunes, Dwellers of the Northland.\n\nPeople live through industry, on plateaus, in a crowded valley, on a great plain, at the equator, Bedouins of the Sahara, Boats and fishermen of the Arctic and the Tropics, Caspian Sea, Drifting Dunes, Dwellers of the Northland.\n\n1. People live through industry, on plateaus, in a crowded valley, on a great plain, at the equator, Bedouins of the Sahara, Boats and fishermen of the Arctic and the Tropics, Caspian Sea, Drifting Dunes, Dwellers of the Northland\n\nPeople live through industry, on plateaus, in a crowded valley, on a great plain, at the equator, among the Bedouins of the Sahara, studying the fishing methods of Arctic and tropical fishermen, in the Caspian Sea region, fighting against windblown sand in villages on the eastern shore of the Baltic, and among the Aleut Indians, Cliff-dwelling Eskimos, and Chuchi Indians of the Northland.\n\nPeople live through industry, on plateaus, in a crowded valley, on a great plain, at the equator, among the Bedouins of the Sahara, studying the contrasts between boat types and fishing methods of Central Eskimos and Cannibals, in the Amazon region, in the Caspian Sea region, in little villages on the eastern shore of the Baltic, and among the Aleut Indians, Cliff-dwelling Eskimos, and Chuchi Indians of the Northland.\nDwellers of the Far North: King Island's People and Living, Native Seal Hunt; Siberian Mongols and Their Homes; Eskimo Houses. (1) The Forest People of Central Africa: Study of African Pygmies \u2014 their crude brush villages, shooting skill and daily life. (1) Forest People of Ude: Life and customs of a lost tribe in the remotest Ussurian region of Asia. (6) Head Hunters of Ecuador: Scenes of the savage native tribes living as their earliest ancestors did. (1) Houses of Arctics and Tropics: Snow house of the Eskimo contrasted with thatched house of the Fiji Islanders. (2) The Human Adventure: Epic summary of man's rise from savagery to civilization. Produced by Oriental Institute, Chicago. (8) Hunters of the Great White North: Continual struggle for food by the Eskimos who live along the bleak coast of Bering Sea and Arctic. (1)\nI. Goldi Tribe along the Amur River in Siberian Taiga (A16)\nII. Impi Warriors of the Swazi (A197)\nIII. Life in the Sahara (1)\nIV. Masai (1) - Warlike, cattle-herding tribe of Africa\nV. The Mongols of Central Asia (1) - Their ways of moving, dwellings, games, customs, and clothes (\u00a9104, 129, \u00a9A66, A146, 197)\nVI. Nuri, the Elephant (3) - Hindu family's life as seen through an elephant's eyes. Fire eaters, child marriage, strange customs (A197)\nVII. Savages of the South Seas (7 episodes of 1 reel each) - Native life in the South Seas and Western Pacific (\u2022\u00a994)\nVIII. Taming of the Taiga (2) - Intimate views of Ussurians (\u00a929)\nIX. Voodoo (4) - Weird rites of human sacrifice (A150)\nX. Wanderers of the Arabian Desert (1) - Shows hardy, warlike Arab.\nfamous  horse,  sheep  and  goat  herds,  home  life  in  tents.  (\u00a958,  129,  \u00a9A66) \nWandering  Tribes  of  the  Sahara  (1)  Unique  annual  occasion  among \nIsraelites  of  desert.  (\u00a929,  129) \nWild  Men  of  Kalihari  (6)  Native  life  in  southwestern  Africa\u2014 the  most \nprimitive  human  beings.  (A98,  150) \n(See  most  Groups  in  Geography) \nSend  for  sample  copy  of  The  Educational  Screen  ($2,00  a  yr.) \nEleventh  Edition \nGEOGRAPHY \nAn  Educational  Film  Clearing  House \n400   Free   Films  \u2014  1600   for  Rent \nWHAT  IT  MEANS  TO  YOU :  35c  entitles  you  to  our  service  for  one \nyear  and  to  two  semi-annual  handbooks  about  which  the  World  Peace \nFoundation  says:  \"One  of  the  most  useful  and  unusual  publications \nin  the  world  is  this  directory  of  non-theatrical  films  ....  a  veritable \nfilm  library  of  the  world's  culture  and  customs.\" \nLOWER  COST:  You  save  transportation  expense  by \nBooking films through us for shipping from your nearest distributor with desired subjects. Rental charges same as ordering direct from distributors.\n\nReliable Service: Representing approximately 75 non-theatrical film distributors in the United States, all of whom can be relied upon to give good service.\n\nConvenience: 2000 16mm and 35mm silent or sound educational films available through one organization.\n\nWrite for free literature: International Educational Pictures, Inc. Mt. Vernon and Walnut Streets, Boston, MA\n\nGroup 27\nBabes of Japan: A little Japanese girl acts as guide around Japan; views of children in all phases; work of mission with children. (0148)\n\nChildren of Japan: Their everyday life. (A197)\n\nChildren of Sunny Spain: Studies of child life. (A197)\nChildren of the Near East: Visit to various orphans in Tiflis, Jerusalem, Syria, and Alexandrapol (A197)\nChildren of the South Seas: Child life among the cannibals (A197)\nLittle Americans: Glimpses of children from Alaska to Puerto Rico\nThe Little Indian Weaver: Story of the friendship between a Little Filipino and an Indian (1)\nLittle Filipinos: Shots of Filipino children and other educational features (0148)\nThe Little Swiss Wood Carver: Charming story of a Swiss boy wood-carver. Swiss customs and history (036, 129, 0A66, 197, A146)\nSpanish Children: At work and at play (032)\nThe Swiss Boys' Vacation: How he does his bit (A197)\nThe Wee Scotch Piper: Narrative of a little boy who wanted to be a piper (no reference number given)\nThe American Indians: A serious and comprehensive portrayal of our native Americans. Each reel may be about:\n\nAmerica's Oldest Inhabitants - Taos Indians of New Mexico. Among the Navajo Indians: Family life in hogans; blanket weaving; summer shelter; preparation of food.\n\nBefore the White Man Came: Story of pre-historic America, showing life and customs of the Indians.\n\nGEOGRAPHY\nGROUP 28 (Continued) Indians\n\nCentral American Indians: Their life and customs.\n\nThe Cheyenne Sun Dance: Only recording of the famous Sun Dance ceremony of Cheyenne Indians, in its authentic and original form.\n\nThe First Americans: past and present.\n\nFirst Families of America: Indians of the Southwest and Stony Indians of Canada \u2014 customs, industry, home life and sports.\nHopi Indians: Interesting pictures of Hopi Indian life - wedding, pottery making, basket weaving, primitive bakery. (\u00a994) Hopi Indians of the Painted Desert: Pueblo dwellers of the Southwest - occupations of the Hopi and customs. (\u00a929) Indian of Today: Native Indian life in color. (\u2022A150) Indians at the Pendleton Rodeo: Indian village, parade and dances. Indians of the Painted Desert: Intimate glimpses of home life of Navajo Indians in Northern Mexico. (\u00a9A30, A197) Last Stand of the Red Man: Life, customs, and costumes of American Indians. (1) Lonely Soul: An Indian's story of a lost heritage. (\u00a929, A65) Navajo Night Witch: Intimate family life of the most colorful nomads of the desert - the Navajo. (\u00a994) Oklahoma Indians: Indian mission churches. (\u00a9138) Primitive Indians of the Painted Desert: Origin and history of\nHopi tribes in Northern Arizona: their mode of living and desert scenery. Pueblo Dwellers: homes, home life, work, and ceremonies of various American Indian tribes. Red Man at Banff: views of the center of American Alps. Annual pow-wow of the Stony Tribe. The Sacred Arrow Ceremony of the Cheyenne Indians: first and only recording of Indian religious ceremony. The Silent Enemy: authentic portrayal of the struggle of Ojibway Indians against their silent enemy, hunger. Walpi: native Indian life in color. White Indians of Central America: study of the Indians found among the San Bias Tribe. Zitari: legend of Mayan Indians of Yukatan.\n\nRegional Geography and Travel\nGroup 29 Africa: Northern Africa.\nAbyssinia (1) A departure from the usual Burton Holmes film; a travelog treated in a highly humorous manner.\nAlgerian Contrasts (1) The old and the new.\nAlgeria (1) With lecture by Lowell Thomas.\nThe City of Algiers (%) Harbor and mysterious streets.\nAncient Rome in Africa (1) Glimpses of ruined cities.\nChildren of the Sahara (1) Scenes of camel trains; herding of caravans; evening prayer in Garden of Allah.\nGarden of Allah (1) Interesting spots in Algiers and scenes of local customs.\nHarem Scarem (1) Street scenes and markets of Algiers.\nHome of the Sheik (1) Algiers; street and home life.\nLost Gods (5) Excavation in Carthage, Utica, and Libya regions of ancient cities thousands of years old. Accompanied by lecture.\nTravel through Morocco. (#52, 84, 98)\nLand of Islam. (#A98)\nMysterious Morocco. (#29, 58, 190)\nRabat and Fes, Morocco. (#56) Palace of Sultan; narrow streets and picturesque mosques.\nSahara Desert (1 & 3). People and customs. (A146)\nThe Trail of the Caravan. (A110) Trip across the Sahara with a Bedouin tribe.\nTunis and Carthage. (#56) Mosques and ruins.\nTunisian Activities. (#29) Kaleidoscope of Eastern life.\nEleventh Edition\n\nGeography\n\nGroup 30 Egypt\nAlexandria. (#32) Views of the city.\nAncient Customs of Egypt. (#29, 58, 190) Old customs still in use.\nAncient and Modern Aspects of Egypt. (#197) Methods of irrigation and means of transportation; threshing wheat and pottery making.\nBazaars of Cairo. (#1) Character studies and intimate scenes.\nCairo: Bazaars, Pyramid of Cheops, the Sphinx, Streets trade life of Mosques, fakirs, Suburbs tombs of ancient monarchs, Children of the Nile (Kerdassa), The Daily Life of the Egyptians (Ancient and Modern), Delta of the Nile, Egypt: Kingdom of the Nile, Valley of the Kings, Cairo with mosques and minarets, Pyramids and Sphinx, Father Nile: Story of the Nile, Cairo, agricultural life.\n[The Land of the Pyramids, Egypt and the Nile - relics and temples. The Pyramids - Animated drawings show interior construction. The Road to the Pyramids - Miles of beautiful roads; mud villages; natives and their cattle; pyramids. The Pyramids and Sphinx - Shows ancient monuments from many new angles. The Temples and Tombs of Ancient Egypt - Some of the more striking monuments - pyramids, Sphinx, temples of Thebes.]\n\n[Africa - Land of Contrast. Sahara Desert in Algeria, Cape Good Hope, Zambezi River and Victoria Falls. Bits of Africa. In and about Capetown; colorful life and native]\nCustoms in Belgian Congo (A197)\nCairo to Capetown (1) Ports on the coast: 129, \u00a9A181\nColorful Ports of Call (1) Seychelles, Zanzibar, Mombasa. (A47, 120)\nHell Below Zero (3) Carveth Wells on expedition to equatorial Africa.\nThe Last Resort (1) Djibouti, French Somaliland. (\u00ab\u00a9AA99)\nLivingstone's African Expedition (7) Self-explanatory. (A31)\nNandi (8) Trials and hardships of an expedition to African jungle; native and animal life. (A64, 98)\nSouth Africa (1) Residential sections of Johannesburg and Durban.\nTrekking to Timbuctoo (5) Cameramen with Field Museum Expedition film scenes in seldom visited parts of Africa. (*29)\nGroup 32 Asia China\nChina Our Neighbor (Series of 8, 1 reel each) Sincere study of China as it is today; background of culture, struggle against poverty and discord; emergence toward modern civilization. (\u00a9A147, 155, 202)\nAncient Customs of China: Intimate scenes of family life and ancient customs. (A197) Bits of China: Shanghai, Hongkong, and native life. (\u00a994) Canals and Sampans: A ride up the Yang Po Canal. (\u00a994)\n\nChina: Its beauty and mystery; interesting spots. (S29, 56) City That Never Sleeps: Life and customs of Canton. (9A30j) Death's Hostelry: Canton's unique \"City of the Dead.\" (\u20229AA99j) Floating Cantonese on the Pearl River: Queer mode of living of the river dwellers. (932i) Ghosts of Empire: Charm of Peking. (1) The Great Wall of China: Interesting views of this wonder. Haunt of Romance: Hongkong and Repulse Bay, fashionable resort of the Orient. (\u20229AA99) Hongkong: Native Chinese life. (9A47)\nChina: Habits and customs of people of Peking, Ancient city of Kwang Chow, street processions, Cantonese skyscrapers, rickshaws along the waterfront. Land of Chu Chin Chow, Scenes in the \"Celestial Empire,\" Land of Long Ago, Story of China, old and new. Manchukuo: A visit to the disputed country, showing its modern buildings and cities. Manchuria: The rich country forming the background for the dispute between China and Japan. Principal cities and industries - lumber and coal centers; agriculture and mining. Ming's Tomb: Tomb of the first Emperor of Ming Dynasty near Nanking. Peiping: Scenes in the Forbidden City. Picturesque Hongkong: Scenes of the city. Manchuria: The rich country.\nShanghai: Tour of China's seaport and its natural advantages.\n\nLife in Shanghai: Cobblers, beggars, camel train and native scenes.\n\nTemple of Heaven: Finest example of Chinese religious architecture.\n\nTemples and Tombs: China's beautiful shrines.\n\nTibet: Travelog of a little-known land.\n\nToo Much Overhead \u2013 China: Outdoor workshops and industries.\n\nTrip Around the World \u2013 China: Glimpses of Hongkong, Shanghai and Peking.\n\nGROUP 33\nIndia and Ceylon\n\nBenares: Scenes of the world center of Hinduism.\n\nBombay: Revealing the city's beauty.\n\nCalcutta: Exterior aspects of the largest city of British India.\n\nCharming Ceylon: A visit to the Temple of the Tooth in Kandy and famous Devil Dancers.\nChild of Mother India (3) Portrayal of Hindu religious rites; a bit of propaganda against child marriage. (84, 129)\nCity of the Sun (1) Progressive city of Jaipur. (\u2022\u00a9AA99)\nThe Epic of Everest (1) Movie of attempt to climb Mt. Everest in 1924; dramatic filming of man's fight vs. nature. (956, 129)\nThe Tragedy of Everest (3) Shows the most successful attempt yet made to climb the highest mountain peak in the world. (\u2022202)\nThe First Paradise (1) Colombo, Ceylon, which is believed to have been the site of the Garden of Eden. (#9AA99)\nGems of Agra (1) Story of the Taj Mahal. (\u202280)\nGlimpses of India (i) Temple of Rameshwaram; native life. (994)\nThe Golden Pagoda (1) In Burma with Tom Terriss.\n\u2022 means 16mm sound. \u00ae 16mm silent. ^ 35mm sound. & 35mm silent.\n\nEleventh Edition\nGEOGRAPHY\nGROUP 33 (Continued) India and Ceylon\nHindus at worship and play, India: Trip through the country showing native life, India's Three Hundred Million: Hindu and Mohammedan village life and customs, Inland India: Gersappa Falls; lumbering in wild country, Kashmir, Old and New: Religious ceremonies; manufacture of paper; dwellings and people; model school, Lure of India Series: 6 subjects, 1 reel each - Life and interesting Land of the Shalimar, India's famous region, Love's Memorial: The Taj Mahal, Mandalay: The picturesque people as Kipling interpreted them, Mother Ganges: The sacred river at Benares, religious center, Pageantry of India: Temples, religious rites, customs, Singapore: Life and customs; shows Chinese influence in architecture.\nSouvenirs of Singapore: Chinese business men, coolies, Hindu priests and bejewelled Tamil Maidens, Southern India: A Jain Shrine in an old village; royal procession; cock fight, Temple of Love: Portrayal of the people of India, Trip Around the World \u2014 Calcutta, Rangoon, Ceylon: Self-explanatory, Trip Around the World\u2014 India: Bombay, Agra, Delhi, Women Workers of Ceylon: Shows women preparing flour, cooking, laundering, rearing children, and growing cacao, GROUP 34 Japan and Korea, Bainzai: Trip through Kyoto \u2014 old customs, processions, temples, (AHO), Cherry Blossom Time: National festivals, Four Seasons in Japan: Scenes representative of the seasons, The Garden of the East: Natural beauties, religious customs, The Island Empire: Life in Japan; Foo-ji-yama.\nJapan: Novel and Characteristic Scenes and Customs - Geisha girls, temple worship, sacrifices, jiu-jitsu, etc. (#167)\nJapan: Arts and Crafts - Embroideries, lacquered objects, etc. (A197)\nJapan: Customs and Industries - Wedding ceremony; child life; cultivation of pearls. (A197)\nJapan in Cherry Blossom Time - Spring in Japan. (A47, S0AA68)\nJapan (Series of 5, 1 reel each) - Titles are: Cabaret of Old Japan, Tokyo to the Metropolis, Japan, Japanese Oddities, Old Nippon. (A98)\nJapan: the Island Empire (2) - As it is today - home life, street scenes, rural life, missionary work, colleges and schools. (0148)\nJapan: The Inland Sea (2) - Harbor and city of Kobe, Shodoshima, Yashima, Tomo Port, Kurushima Strait, town of Beppa. (010)\nA Japanese Cabaret (^4) - Entertainers play samisens and drums; ancient dances. (032)\nJapanese: Kyoto, intellectual, ecclesiastical, and artistic center of Japan. Japanese Table Manners: Dainty darlings of Japanese night life use their \"hashi\" or chopsticks. City and country scenes, Land of Enchantment. Modern Aspects of Japan: Yokohama and Tokyo. Schools and school children in Tokyo. Quaint Fisherman of Japan: Fishing Village. Queer Korean Customs: Sights of Seoul. Sacred Fuji: Journey to Fuji Mt. and scenes of sacred parade. GEOGRAPHY, Group 34 (Continued): Sacred Temples of Japan: Shrine built 1000 years ago. Sunny Splendor: Glimpses of Nikko. Trip Around the World \u2014 Formosa, Korea and Japan: Japanese cities. Japanese obi: Important ceremony.\nVagabonds Abroad (2)\nYokohama, Japan in springtime provides the background for a story by Tom Terris (\u202284).\n\nSights in the city seen by tourists in Yokohama (\u00a994, 133).\n\nGroup 35 Syria and Palestine\nBaalbek (1)\nRuins of a city torn by religious strife (A197).\n\nBazaars of Damascus (1)\nStreet activity in the oldest city in the world (A110).\n\nCity of David, Jerusalem\nJerusalem, the holy city (\u2022\u00a9A\u00ae99).\n\nThe Damascus Gate (4)\nNorth Portal; native types (\u00a932).\n\nDamascus (4)\nViews in one of the oldest cities in the world (\u00a956).\n\nHaifa, Nazareth, Tiberius, Sea of Galilee (4)\nSpots in Palestine, many practically as they were centuries ago (\u00a956).\n\nThe Holy City (1)\nScenes in and around Jerusalem (A146).\n\nThe Holy Land (1)\nLife and customs; sacred places (\u00a9129, A64, 197).\n\nJerusalem (1)\nAs it is today (A146).\n\nJerusalem (%).\nShowing places that have made the city famous (\u00a956).\nJerusalem: City of Peace, Study of the home of all religion; holy sites: Mount of Olives, Zionist colonies, Arab life. Daily Life in Modern Jerusalem: Occupations and habits. Jerusalem: Cradle of Faith, Trip through the interior of churches; city of three faiths. Nazareth: Scenes around boyhood home of Jesus. Paths in Palestine: Scenes of historical and religious interest. Pilgrimage through Palestine: Travelogue. Titles are: On the Road to Bethlehem, The Kingdom of David, The Land of Moses, Gibeah. Rebirth of a Nation: Showing the new generation of Jewish pioneers in Palestine. Seen in Syria: Travelogue of Syria. Vistas of the Holy Land: Historical reminders of Jerusalem's past. (See also Group 135: aUo)\nGROUP 36 Asia General\nAfghanistan, the Heart of Asia (6) Customs and modes of past and innovations of the machine age. (A16)\nChanging Times in Afghanistan (1) Primitive methods of work and life in town and country. (\u00a929)\nAl Yemen (5) Life in \"Happy Arabia.\" (A16)\nA Celestial Venice (1) Shows beauty of mystic Bangkok. (\u2022\u00a9AA99)\nGrass (4) The semi-annual migration and struggle of a Persian tribe to find food for their flocks. (\u00a956, 58, 111, 129)\nIndo-China (1) Native life and customs. (\u00a947)\nIn Siamese Society (%) A tea party in Bangkok. (\u00a932)\nJewel of Asia (1) Travelogue through Siam. (#A30)\nJungle-Bound (1) The forgotten city of Angkor. (\u2022\u00a9AA99)\nThe Lost City (*4) Lost city of Angkor. (\u00a994, 133)\nLove That Kills (1) Class prejudice in land of Malay. (\u202280)\nRubbering in Selangor (1) The rubber industry in the Federated Malay States. (\u00a932)\nSiam: Bangkok, Royal Palaces, Teak logging with elephants, village life and industry, temples. Indo-China: Ruins of a city. Trip Around the World: Canton and Darjeeling, native life and street scenes. Geography, 39th Edition, Group 37 Australasia: Adelaide and Melbourne, streets and structures, Government House, botanical gardens. Australia: Views of the country (Series of 3, 1 reel each). Australia and New Zealand: Physical character, principal cities, characteristic studies, interesting views. Beyond the Horizon: Sydney and Melbourne. The Cock-Eyed Animal World: Animals and people of Australia. Coo-Cee: Australian bush country with ranchers.\nSeeing Australia in 15 Minutes (Tour of the country). Southern Crossways (Places of interest in Sydney). Tasmania, Garden of Australia (Island State of Australia). A Glimpse of New Zealand (Magnificent pictures of the Wanganui River and Falls). In Maori Land (Rotorua, New Zealand, home of the Maoris). New Zealand (Travelogue of the country). New Zealand (Series of 2) (Titles are: Auckland, the Metropolis of New Zealand ; New Zealand 4). GROUP 38 EUROPE British Isles. Across the Pennines (Harrogate, Ripon, Durham, Liverpool Cathedral; Lincolnshire, Lincoln Castle, Sandringham, etc.). Along the South Coast (Eastbourne, Brighton, Bournemouth, New Forest, Lyndhurst, Southampton). Along the Southeast Coast (Margate, Canterbury, Folkestone, Sandwich, Dover, Rye, Hastings, Battle Abbey).\nCanal Gypsies (1) Picturesque England along the canals.\nCanals of England (1) Self-explanatory.\nHeart of Old England (1) Old Dorchester, Oxford, Magdalen College, High Street, Queens College, Christ Church, Gloucester, Bristol, Bath, etc.\nLancashire (1) Home of Industry (English industry).\nCommercial London (1) Notable sights; business section; East and West side.\nLondon (1) Significance of location; shows routine of business day in markets, shops and financial district; famous landmarks.\nLondon on Parade (1) Title tells it.\nOfficial London (1) Palaces, churches, the guard.\nSeeing London Town (1) Trafalgar Square, Westminster, Horse Guards, War Office, Parliament, Piccadilly Circus, Hyde Park, etc.\nNorthern England (1) Picturesque lake district.\nPlymouth to London: Cockington, Sherbourne, Salisbury, Stonehenge, Winchester (A47)\nStratford-on-Avon: Visit to Shakespeare's birthplace (Ill)\nThames River: A review of this historical old river (80)\nThe Thames Valley and Shakespeare Land: Windsor Castle and Park, Eton, Harrow, Ascot, Stratford-on-Avon, Warwick Castle, etc.\nTrooping the Colour: Pageant in celebration of the King's birthday (1)\nThe Emerald Isle: Scenes of mountains, lakes and valleys along the bleak coast of Ireland; life and industries of the people (29, 197)\nGlimpses of Erin: Rural Ireland, Fairs, Dublin, Trinity College (1)\nHere and There in Ireland: Scenes of natural charm, historic buildings, typical homes, village life (A197)\nIreland: Scenes in Galway, Cork, Killarney, Dublin, etc. (A47)\nIreland\u2014 the Emerald Isle: Points of historic value (A120)\nLand of St. Patrick: Some important cities and beautiful lakes of Killarney. (A197)\nNorthern Ireland: Views of Belfast, Giant's Causeway, Larne, Downpatrick, Londonderry, etc. (\u00a9A17)\nA Ramble in Erin: Blarney Castle, Dublin, Killarney, etc. (\u00a910, 47)\n\nGeography (Group 38 continued) British Isles\nWith Will Rogers in Dublin: Places of interest. (\u00a980, 129)\nBonnie Scotland: Country life in Highlands and Lowlands.\nScottish Tidbits: Beauties of the country. (\u00a929, A197)\nThe Highlands of Scotland: Aberdeen, Ballater, Braemar, Inverness, Dingwall, Dormie, Ben Nevis, Loch Lomond, etc. (\u00a9A17)\nThe Lowlands of Scotland: Clyde River, Glasgow and Stirling, Edinburgh and surroundings, etc. (\u00a9A17)\nThe Lure of the Cambrian Coast: Beautiful countryside. (A47)\nScotland: Visit to the home of Scott; Edinburgh and nearby points of interest, birthplace of Robert Burns. (A120)\nWales: Scenes of beauty and historic interest. (#167)\nWrexham, North Wales: Scenes of the surroundings where the last Welsh national Eisteddfod was held. (A47)\n\nGroup 39, France:\nApple-Blossom Time in Normandy: Scenes in town and country life along the Seine; village of Falaise. (\u00a9A168)\nChateaux of France: Beauty and historic significance. (\u00a9A168)\nDeauville: A review of activities at the famous vacation center. (\u00a980)\nFrance: Interesting sights. (A98)\nFontainebleau: Palace of the Kings of France. (A197)\nIn Finistere: Sardine fishing village. (A197)\nIn the Basque Country: On the French slopes of the Pyrenees in the Land of Loyola and Francis Xavier. (A197)\nLand of Pardons: Costumes and customs of quaint people of Britain, The Miraculous Grotto of Lourdes: The Grotto, basilica, discarded crutches, braces, etc., with brief historical data. (1) The Grotto, basilica. (\u00a932)\n\nMarseilles: Cathedral of Notre Dame, wharves, etc. (1) The Cathedral of Notre Dame, wharves. (\u00a9A168, A197)\n\nCafe Life in Paris: Glimpses of the happy side of life. (%) Glimpses of the happy side of Parisian life. (\u00a932)\n\nNine Glories of Paris: Arch of Victory; Sacred Heart on Montmartre; Eiffel Tower; Place de la Concorde; Arch of the Carrousel. (%) Arch of Victory, Sacred Heart on Montmartre, Eiffel Tower, Place de la Concorde, Arch of the Carrousel. (\u00a956)\n\nParis: Views of Paris from a boat on the Seine, past the Isle de la Cite to Notre Dame; points of historic interest. (1) Parisian views from a boat on the Seine, past the Isle de la Cite to Notre Dame, points of historic interest. (^25, 29, 0\u00a932)\n\nParis: Modern views of the French Capital \u2014 Eiffel Tower, Trocadero, the Louvre and others. (%) Modern views of Paris \u2014 Eiffel Tower, Trocadero, the Louvre, and others. (\u00a956)\n\nParis Markets: Visit to the great food market; the Philatelic Bazaars, Foire Aux Croutes. (\u00a34) Visit to the great food market, Philatelic Bazaars, Foire Aux Croutes. (#\u00a932)\n\nParis in Fifteen Minutes: Points of interest. (1) Parisian landmarks: points of interest. (\u00a9129, 197)\nParis: Notable buildings, monuments and parks. A Trip on the Seine: Through the heart of Paris. With Will Rogers in Paris: Interesting sights. Peasant Life in Central France: Picturesque scenes portray daily life; silk industry in Lyons. Romance of Northern France: Why Northern France has been Europe's battleground; industries of cities. Touring through France: Spots of interest. Glorious Versailles: Palaces and gardens. The Great Waters of Versailles: Self-explanatory. Versailles: Association with the past and present. When the Fishing Crew Comes Home: Simple fisher-folks of the Brittany coast and welcome to sturdy crews. Along the Romantic Rhine: Views of the Black Forest, Heidelberg, Mainz, Koblenz, Cologne.\nA Brief Journey through Northern Germany: Self-explanatory (\u00a9202)\nBavaria and East Prussia: Lake Starnburg and complex canal system of East Prussia. (A197)\nCologne: Unique sights in this city. (\u00a929)\nGermany in 15 Minutes: Shows the famous Rhine journey, principal cities and places of interest. (#167)\nGermany Old and New: Land of medieval castles and modern skyscrapers. (A197)\n\nEleventh Edition\nGEOGRAPHY\nGROUP 40 (Continued) Germany\nGermany's Scenic Wonders: Munich and quaint towns in Bavarian Germany \u2014 Traveler's Paradise. Mountain climbing by rail, and thrilling winter sports. (A197)\nGolden Fleece: Sheep raising in the Black Forest; beautiful scenery. (A197)\nThe Mosel, Germany's River of Enchantment: Legends of ancient castles along the river. (A197)\nHamburg: Buildings, monuments, lakes, homes, harbor. (A197)\nIn Old Hesse (2), Hessian types and costumes. Noerdlingen (1), Medieval splendor of this city. Pictorial Salzburg (4), Where Mozart was born; castles of old prince-bishops; pictorial types of people; Salzach River (32). Reeling down the Rhine (%), A Will Rogers travelog. The Rhine \u2014 Coblenz to Cologne (1), Remagen and Church of St. Apollinaris, the Seven Hills, the Godesburg, Bonn, the Bruhl Palace, and Cologne (10). Rhine \u2014 Basel to Mainz, Mainz to Koblenz (3), Starts with upper Rhine, past Black Forest to Heidelberg and Frankfurt (A77j). Rothenburg (2), Interesting houses and streets (77). The Spreewald (1), Quaint customs in a Slavonic Settlement near Trier, Oldest City in Germany (1), Beautiful views (A197).\n\nGroup 41, Italy\nAlong the Riviera (1), Handsome villas and Roman ruins along the coast.\nCoast at the foot of the Italian Alps. (\u00a9A168)\nCathedral Towns of Italy: Contrasts in church structures of Florence, Milan and Pisa. (\u00a9129, A197)\nGlimpses of Italy: Venice, ruins of ancient Rome, Coliseum, Saint Peter's; Florence with its art treasures; quaint hills of Italy. (A120)\nBella Napoli: Naples, Vesuvius and Capri. (A197)\nBuried City \u2014 Pompeii: Story of its destruction. (A197)\nPompeii: Interesting views of the city. (A150)\nRome \"The Eternal City\": Historic associations of famous buildings and world-renowned architectural treasures. (\u00a929, 58, \u00a9A197)\nRome: Inspiring tour of the Eternal City. (\u00a956)\nRuins of Rome: Exteriors and interiors of well-known ruins.\nSeeing San Marino (1) - Self-explanatory.\nSicily (1) - Trip on the island of sunshine.\nSleepy Old Tuscany (1) - Village life in rural district of Northern Italy.\nCanals of Venice (4) - Trip in a gondola. (\u00a932)\nA Day in Venice (1) - Venice, old and new. (A120)\nGreat Caesar's Ghost (1) - Venice and Milan. (\u00a936, \u2022\u00a9AAlSl)\nVenice (1) - Scenic picture of the city of islands. (\u00a9A168)\nVenetian Holiday (1) - Story of Venice. (A202)\nVenetian Nights (1) - Fete Day on Grand Canal. (#80)\nStones of Venice - Architectural gems of the city. (\u00a932)\nVerona and Venice (1) - Medieval architecture contrasted with present day life; scenes along the Grand Canal in Venice. (A197)\nVesuvius (*4) - Airplane views looking down into crater. (\u00a994, 129, 133)\n\nThe Netherlands (42)\nBeside the Zuider Zee (1) - Village of Volendam. (\u00a9A168)\nThe Netherlands: Amsterdam, The Royal Palace, diamond cutters, Volendam, Alkmaar, Isle of Marken\n\nHolland: Picturesque Scenes and Customs\nLife of the native inhabitants\n\nHolland in Tulip Time\nQuaint beauty and picturesque customs; tulip industry\n\nIsle of Marken\nAt work and at play\n\nStroll through Holland\nTravelog explained by a native\n\nZeeland: the Hidden Paradise\nA rich agricultural province\nThe Netherlands and Its People (5) Comprehensive study of the country\u2014its people, industries and life in general.\n\nGroup 43 Russia\nEastern Siberia in 1919 (1) Scenes at Vladivostock.\nFive Year Plan (8) Photographic record of Soviet Russia's industrial and agricultural achievements under the Plan.\nThe Gates of the Caucasus (4) Ascending Mt. Kazbek; primitive modes of mountain tribes of Georgia; Military Highway.\nThe Golden Gate to Siberia (1) Life in Vladivostok.\nLeningrad, Gateway to Soviet Russia (1) Depicts changes Wrought by the Soviet Government.\nMoscow, Heart of Soviet Russia (1) Economic development of Russia under their new form of government.\nMoscow and Siberia (1) General view of Moscow; journey through Crimea and Lake Baikal.\nOld and New: Dramatization of agricultural progress in U.S.S.R. Directed by S.M. Eisenstein.\n\nRussia: In early days of the Soviet Regime.\nRussia: Petrograd, Moscow and the Kremlin as they were under Imperial regime.\nRussia Today: Travelogue by Carveth Wells.\nSoviet Capital: Moscow, life and people; English narrative.\nStrange Fishermen of Russia: Scenic of Russian life.\nTurksib: Story of great Turkestan-Siberia railroad.\n\nGROUP 44: Spain and Gibraltar\n\nBarcelona to Valencia: Various picturesque towns along Spanish coast.\nGibraltar: Everyday life and historical associations.\nRock of Gibraltar: Customs and people of Gibraltar.\nGlory of Spain: City of Cordova.\n\nIn Old Granada: Picturesque gypsy cave dwellings in hillsides.\nFrom Granada to Toledo, Historic Southern Spain. from Valencia to Granada, Quaint Spanish country with unusual shots of the Alhambra Palace, its gardens and chambers. In Old Madrid, Modern Spain contrasted with quaint Salamanca. A Mediterranean Mecca, Palma de Mallorca, known as land of sunshine and charming people. Palma de Mallorca, Largest of Balearic Islands. Seville and Madrid, Life in Spanish capital; Lisbon and Funchal, burial place of Columbus at Seville. Seville in Fair Time, Joyous throngs, street dancing and other joys of fair time. The Snow Bound Pyrenees, Peaks and valleys. Toledo and Segovia, Old Roman Aqueduct; churches, monuments.\nGroup 45: Switzerland\nSwitzerland: Touring Switzerland via boat, railway, and tunnels.\nThe Beautiful Switzerland: Swiss Alps, Lucerne, Alpine plant life.\nAlpine Paradise: Quaint city of Berne; famous St. Gothard Railway; types and life in the valley.\nJungfrau Railway: Views of one of the most famous and beautiful mountains in the world.\nThe Lake of Lucerne: Glimpses of tunneled Axenstrasse; Chapel of William Tell; quaint ports; lovely bits of Switzerland.\nLovely Lucerne: Scenes of old medieval town.\nPerils of the Alps: Climb to the summit of Blumislap Horn.\nPilatus Railway: Appalling precipices above Lake Lucerne.\nRoof of Europe: Geneva - League of Nations and historical sections; milk products and Swiss cheese industries; winter sports. (A30)\n\nVillage Life in Switzerland: Life in mountain towns. (029, 58, A197) (See also Groups 27, 118)\n\nGROUP 46 EUROPE General\nArtistic Antwerp: Highlights in architecture, physical aspects, everyday life; the Cathedral. (\u2022032) 1 r. (A197)\nBeautiful Bruges: Bridges and famous buildings. (^4)\n\nBelgium: The Beautiful\nImportant cities, picturesque canals and guild cities of Belgium: Highlights in architecture, religion and physical aspects; scenes from principal cities. (0A66, 197, A31, 146)\nBelgian Cities: Old Bruges, Ostend, Antwerp, Leige, Brussels.\nBourdeaux to Lourdes: Glimpses of Belgium's leading seaport. (A197)\nBustling Brussels: King Albert's Palace, the Bourse, boulevard.\nLife in Brussels, Palace of Justice, Flower Market, and old Hotel de Ville. In Rural Belgium, highways, canals, and windmills.\n\nBelgrade, picturesque capital of Yugoslavia.\n\nCountry Life in Bohemia, agricultural life of peasants.\n\nLand of the Bohemian Cities and countryside.\n\nBulgaria, industries and customs.\n\nCzechoslovakia \u2014 Land of Spas, industries, native life, and spas; Prague, Brno, Pilzen, Carlsbad, and peasant dancing.\n\nPrague, views of this ancient city.\n\nBypaths of the Balkans, from Dalmatia's rugged coast to wild mountain country; village and hamlet life.\n\nDown to Dalmatia, Cattaro, Staplo, and Ragusa.\n\nYugoslavia, views of Slovenia, Croatia, South Serbia, and Dalmatia; customs and costumes.\n\nDenmark, agriculture, industries, schools, and the Capital.\nFinland: Helsingfors (capital); industries, country life and agricultural routine; canals; salmon fishing; athletics and winter sports. Finland - Land of Lakes: Scenes and native life; Helsingfors, Turku, Lapland. Eternal Athens: Acropolis, Parthenon, temples of Bacchus and other ruins. Greece Through a Doughnut: Athens and ruins. Larissa: A once important city of Northern Greece. Austria: Down the Danube to Vienna and Budapest; historic castles and landmarks along the Danube; cities of Vienna and Budapest. Glimpses of Vienna: Characteristic city scenes. Hungary: Scenes and customs. Hungary: Large estates, primitive and modern agricultural methods, village life, embroidery, transportation, industries; Budapest.\nFjords of Norway: A Norway cruise, Beauty spots, life and customs, The Land of the Midnight Sun, Picturesque countryside with sea-flooded valleys (a Laplander village), Norwegian Sketches, Travel through Norway, Top of the World \u2014 Norway, Land of the midnight sun, Poland, Historical background: Warsaw and Krakow, Neath Poland's Harvest Skies, Peasant life, Romania \u2014 Land of Contrast, Native life, Bucharest, Black Sea, caviar fishing and folk lore, Copenhagen and the Gota Elf, Views of waterfront and beautiful parks.\nGota Canal - Waterways connecting Stockholm and Gothenburg, Scandinavian scenery. Stockholm - Seeing Sweden, iron mines, hydroelectric plants, lumber industry; native Lapps, costumes and customs in rural districts; Stockholm, Goteborg, Varmland, Skana, Swedish Lapland - industries and native life of Delacardia. Constantinople - Cosmopolitan humanity. The Divine Port - Constantinople in the days of the Turkish Empire. The Galata Bridge - Great bridge connecting old Turkish city of Stamboul with European districts of Galata. Let's Talk Turkey - Street scenes in Constantinople; worshipping at mosques; crowded markets; modern contrasted with old. Stamboul - Historical and architectural points of interest in Turkey.\nCitadels of the Mediterranean: Gibraltar, Moorish Alhambra; visit Acropolis and classic architecture of Greece. Scenes of many countries. Europe Has Everything: Scenes of various countries. From London to Paris by Air: Views from air. Trip Around World \u2014 Mediterranean Section: Scenes in Spain, France, Italy and Greece. Will Rogers Series: Travelogs covering Ireland, England, Paris, Holland, the Rhine and Switzerland. GROUP 47 NORTH AMERICA Alaska: Scenery, industries and life; gold mining, salmon fishing, seal hunting, whaling, native life and schools. Alaska (Series of 3, 1 reel each): Complete story of the country. Alaska: Beautiful scenic record of the country. Alaskan Adventures: Remarkable scenic record of Alaskan wonders, filmed during a year and a half of wanderings.\nAlong the Alaskan Coast Line: forests, salmon fishing and canneries, fjords; Kodiak, old Russian capital; fox farms; Aleut Indians, etc.\nThe Break-up: Capt. Jack Robertson and his dog show the marvels of America's last great frontier. (A100, 150)\nDown the Yukon River: lakes and glaciers at source; Indian burying grounds; traveling by dog team; Eskimo homes; reindeer herds, etc.\nThe Ice Break-up in Alaska: spring break-up on the upper Yukon and Tanana Rivers. (\u00a939)\nCruising to Alaska: physical features. (\u00a936, \u00a9A139, 153)\nThe Glacier's Secret in Alaska: in Alaska with Tom Terris. (\u202280)\nHeart of Alaska: story description of the interior of Alaska. (A48)\nNorthern Alaska Today: depicting the vast natural resources of the territory bought from Russia in 1867. (\u00a9Ill)\nGeography (Eleventh Edition)\nGROUP 47 (Continued) Alaska\nTrails Mates (4) Travels of \"Wrongstart,\" a little dog, and what he sees in Alaska \u2014 icebergs, glaciers, birds, fish and animals. (0A39)\nTrail of the Sourdoughs (2) Points in Alaska made famous by gold rush tales. (0A33)\nWhite Hell (5) Drama of life in Alaska. (A146)\n\nGROUP 48 Canada\nAcross British Columbia (1) A 500-mile journey across unexplored country. (029)\nAmong the 30,000 Islands (1) Cruise in Georgian Bay. (0A33)\nA Bit of High Life (1) Alpinists in Canadian Rockies. (0A10, 202)\nCameraring in Canada (1) Camera close-ups. (A150)\nCanada's Metropolis (1) Historical, scenic and commercial aspects. (0A202)\nCanada's Queen City (1) Views of Vancouver. (0A202)\nCanada's Pacific Gateway (1) Victoria. (0A202)\nCanada's Cozy Corner (1) Pastoral beauties of Prince Edward Island.\nCanadian Canyons (%)) Through the Frazier River Valley of British Columbia.\nColumbia on a flat car. City at the Foothills - Calgary. City by the Sea - Scenic Halifax. The City of Loyalists - St. John, New Brunswick. Fifteen Minutes from Skyscrapers - Vancouver's famous forest playground, Stanley Park. Glimpses of Gaspe - Scenic glimpses of the Gaspe Peninsula and its fisher folk. Island of Enchantment - Victoria and Vancouver Island. Kicking Horse Trail - Film journey over the great highway through Canadian Rockies. Labrador and Newfoundland - Scenic beauty and picturesque life of these quaint people. Land of Evangeline - Historic Minas region of Nova Scotia immortalized by Longfellow's poem. Lake of Enchantment - Beauties of Maligne Lake section of Jasper National Park.\nLa Roche Percee (1) Unique landmark on the Gaspe Coast of the Gulf of St. Lawrence; glimpses of quaint inhabitants of the vicinity.\nThe Maritime Provinces (1) With the Mounted Patrol on Mt., Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island.\nMountaineering Memories (1) Trip from Banff and efforts to climb Mt. Assiniboine, the \"American Matterhorn.\"\nNipigon Trails (1) Canoe trip down the famous river.\nRambles in Gaspesia (1) The Normandy of Canada.\nGibraltar of America (1) City of Quebec.\nFrom Quebec to Baffin (1) Self-explanatory.\nProvince of Quebec (1) Saguenay River region; pulp and paper mills, backwoods life; the Lower and Upper St. Lawrence, Montreal.\nRegion of Romance (1) Lake of Bays district.\nRiver of Deep Waters: Steamer trip from Montreal to Chicoutimi\nThe Sky Sentinel: Travel through British Columbia showing rivers, mountains and wild life\nThe Triangle Tour: From Jasper to Vancouver\nVoyageur Trails: Present day trip in Canada showing the trail of the early voyageurs\nWhere Beauty Dwells: Picturesque and interesting trip to Jasper National Park\nWhere It's Always Vacation Time: Algonquin Park\nYoho: Travelogue of famous Yoho Valley\n\nAdventures in the Far North: Scenic record of trip from Seattle to Alaskan seas; animal and bird life; industries, notably whaling (5)\nBottom of the World: Robert Cushman describes sea elephants.\n\nGeography\nGROUP 49 Polar Regions\n\nAdventures in the Far North (5): Scenic record of a trip from Seattle to the Alaskan seas; includes animal and bird life and the notable industries, particularly whaling.\nThe Bottom of the World (4): Robert Cushman's description of sea elephants.\n\n(Note: The symbols after each title indicate the film format and whether it is sound or silent.)\nsea leopards in the country of the Antarctic. (A98, 150)\nConquest of the Antarctic (3) With Byrd at the South Pole. (\u00a9202)\nDangers of the Arctic (4 & 6) Valley of 10,000 smokes. (A150)\nFrontiers of the North (1) One of the series dealing with Canadian Government Arctic Expedition of 1922. (\u00a910)\nGlimpses of Greenland (1) Pictures of icebergs, esquimaux, seal hunting, native villages and homes, native clothing. (\u00a910, 29, \u00a9A202)\nThe Great Arctic Seal Hunt (2) Thrilling pictorial record of Newfoundland\nThe Great White North (4) Rasmussen's dash for the pole; record of life in far-northern lands. (\u00a9A31, A146)\nIceland, Land of the Vikings (1) Portrays the inhabitants of this bleak country and their chief industry \u2014 fishing. (A47)\nIceless Arctic (1) Travelog on polar regions. (#29)\nPolicing the Arctic (1) Establishment of a base for the Royal Mounted Police.\nPolice in the Far North. (\u00a910, 190, \u00a9A202)\nRescue Ship Krassin: Record of Russian rescue of the Nobile expedition in the North by the ice-breaker \"Krassin.\" (A16)\nReykjavik, Capital of Iceland (^)\nInteresting views \u2014 curious coiffures, hot spring laundry, art of wrestling, etc. (\u00a932)\nA Trip Through the Arctic with Uncle Sam (4)\nViews of Eskimo life along the coast of Alaska and Siberia. (\u00a9A197)\nThe Viking (8)\nAuthentic drama of the Great Newfoundland seal hunt with Byrd at the South Pole (iy2)\nPortrays the life and struggle in the polar regions. Fine educational picture. (A142)\n\nGroup 50 United States (Continental) East\n(For U. S. Insular Possessions, see Islands)\n\nChesapeake Bay (1)\nShows the Norfolk area \u2014 oyster and crab industries; Baltimore area, including views of Naval Academy. (\u00a957)\n\nHeart of the Adirondacks (^)\nThe Big Woods and brilliant views of\n\n(Note: The last line appears to be incomplete and may require further context or correction.)\nLong Lake and Lake George. (\u00a9157)\nThe Historic Hudson Trip up the river from New York to Albany, passing spots of historic interest and scenic beauty. (A10)\nScenic Hudson River (^) As photographed from a boat. (\u00a9157)\nUp and Down the Hudson (1) Picturesque scenes. (\u00a929)\nMaine (4) Series of four subjects of one reel each. (\u00a9202)\nMiddle Atlantic States (2) Resources; harbors; natural trade routes; mountains and lakes of Adirondack and Catskill regions. (\u00a9A168)\nThe Mohawk Valley (1) Divided into three units: The Valley in Pioneer Days, the Valley Today, A Trip through the Valley. Catskill Mountains, Adirondacks and Mohawk Valley. (\u00a957)\nNew England Industries (2) Review of industries in this region. (A197)\nNew England Shrines (1) Landmarks of Colonial and Revolutionary periods. (1) New England States (2 and 5) Physical features and relation to commerce.\nCommercial activities, resources, industries and cities. (\u00a9A168, A197)\nNew York and the Hudson: Contrasts of metropolitan scenes and those along the Hudson. (A197)\nNiagara Falls: Many lovely views. (\u00a9A48)\nGlorious Niagara: Views of Horseshoe and American Falls, Whirlpool. (1)\nNiagara Falls: Fine and complete scenic. (\u00a9Ill)\nNiagara Falls: Seen from unusual points, filmed both in daylight. (1)\nNiagara's Summer Sorcery: Niagara in summer. (\u00a929)\nNiagara's Winter Wizardry: Winter film of the falls. (\u00a929)\nPlaygrounds of New England: From mountain to seashore. (1)\nQuaint Folks of Old Cape Cod: A study of New England characteristics and scenery. (1)\nSeeing Vermont with Dot and Glen: Lakes, mountains, sports. (2)\nThrough the Thousand Islands: Scenes of this waterway. (\u00a9157)\nEleventh Edition\nGeometry\nNow available - New prints on 16mm.\nA Trip to the Arctic with Uncle Sam - 3 Reels\nViews of Eskimo life along the Coast of Alaska and Siberia.\nNative customs and Industries.\nPhotographed from the Gallant Arctic Rescue Ship of the USS Cutter Bear - the same vessel which Admiral Byrd took with him on his recent expedition into the Antarctic.\nSuitable for Class Room, Lecture Programs, or Entertainment.\nFor outright sale or Rental.\nWrite to: Wholesome Films Service, Inc. Group 50 (Continued) United States East\nTypical New England\nThe North Shore and Western New England.\nWhere the Spirit Was Born\nViews of Lexington, Valley Forge and Philadelphia. (A146)\nGROUP 51\nSouthern States\nFlorida Keys; coal-mining in Birmingham district; cultivation of crops; lumbering; turpentine manufacture. (\u00a9A168)\nDown in Dixie (1) Native life and types; Cumberland Gap.\nDown South (1) Typical scenes of southern life.\nFlorida (1) Physical characteristics, climate, vegetation, resources and industries; cities.\nIndustries of the Sunny South (1) Moss-hung forest, conveying logs to lumber mills, cultivation of rice, cotton, sugar.\nIdyls of the Southland (1) Scenes and life along the Suwanee River.\nLand o' Lee (1) Travelogue including New Orleans, Gulf Coast, Florida, and Cuba.\nLookout Mt., Tenn. (%) Scenes at summit and famous view of river\nThe New South (1) Traces its rapid progress: agricultural products, raw materials, water power and other industries; important cities.\nThe Old South (1) Land and people, products, communications and plantation life.\nSuwanee River (1) The river so famous in song and story.\nTrail of the Lonesome Pine, Picturesque Tennessee with folk-lore and quaint songs. (29, 98)\nVirginia, Geographical regions; scenic wonders and industries. (57)\nGROUP 52 Northwest\nThe Great Northwest, Three phases of her industrial life: irrigation, salmon canneries and sheep raising. (A197)\nColumbia River Highway, A journey along the well-known highway of Oregon, showing the far famed Multnomah Falls. (157)\nEvery Man's Paradise, Ski-jumping and mountain scenery of western Washington. (131)\nGlaciers and Ice Caves, In the mountain region along the Columbia Highlands of Oregon Scenic views of Mt. Jefferson, Mt. Hood, Columbia River, Multnomah Falls; forests and mountain lakes. (A30)\nThe Oregon Country, Along the early trails to Oregon contrasted with scenes along same routes today. Salmon fishing and canning. (57)\nPoints West: Cities in the Northwest, Rainier National Park, sheep migration in Montana (A139)\nA Saddle Journey to the Clouds: Horseback expedition among peaks of the High Sierras (\u00a9Ill)\nTo the Olympics: Scenic of Pacific Coast Northwest (A153)\nWestward Ho!: Railroad ride from Chicago over famous route of Pacific Northwest (\u00a9A139, 153, A10)\n\n48 GEOGRAPHY \"1000 and One\"\nGroup 53 Central and West\nCentral Plains: Agriculture of the region; stock-raising, dairying, poultry-farming; mining, lumbering and quarrying (0A168)\nGreat Plains: Sheep and cattle on range and ranch; cities (0A168)\nLand of Sky Blue Water: Travelogue of Minnesota (\u2022 A153)\nThe Black Hills: Interesting trip to this section of South Dakota (1)\nKildeer Rodeo: Annual Roundup at Kildeer Mountains, N. D. Badlands scenery (A81, 146)\nColorado: Majestic peaks of the Rockies, regions famous for silver, gold and copper. Ascending Pike's Peak: Unusual picture of this mountain giant and interesting scenes of the Cog Road. Cave of the Winds: Another one of Colorado's wonders. Cliff Dwellings of Colorado: Ruins of Cliff Dwellings. Garden of the Gods: Famous Colorado beauty spot. Land of Sunshine: Beauties of Colorado photographed in natural light. Mt. Manitou and Incline Railway: Intimate glimpses of real Western scenery in Pike's Peak region. Pictorial Colorado: Scenes of points of interest around Colorado Springs and Denver. Towering Wonders of Utah: Scenic wonders. A Trip Up Pike's Peak by Cog Rail: One of Colorado's scenic sights.\nTrout Fishing at Seven Falls, Cheyenne Canyon, CO, Scenic location in the Southwest. Group 54. The Southwest (1) Location of hot deserts; effects of wind and erosion in the Arizona Desert; desert plants and animals; life of the Navajo. Along the Rio Grande, Albuquerque and Santa Fe (1) Action views of the two cities, picturesque architecture, and festival depicting history. Arizona (1) Story revolves around Litchfield Park adjoining cotton plantations and cattle ranches. Grand Canyon (1) Prizma color reproductions of scenic wonders of the famous canyon of the Colorado. Grand Canyon of Arizona (%) From the rim and from Navajo Point; then down the Hermit Trail for a view from below. Grand Canyon of the Colorado (1) World's greatest example of erosion. The Grand Canyon of the Colorado (1) Trails, Indian dances and life.\nRainbow Canyons: The world's most colorful spectacle (A120)\nCalifornia: Natural resources and industries (A98, 197)\nCalifornia's Picturesque Peninsula: Comprehensive study - bay shore and ocean shore, crops, flowers, industries, history (0A39, 202, A125)\nDown the Peninsula: Industrial possibilities of the San Francisco peninsula (A39)\nCalifornia Missions: Famous California missions (A125)\nOld Missions of California: Fine views of the missions and interesting facts of their historical associations (A197)\nOverland to California: Through the Rockies, across the Great Basin and over the Coast Ranges to the Pacific (057)\nRound About the Hoover Home: Places of scenic and historical interest around the Ex-President's home in California (A39)\nSeeing Northern California: Travel reel (029)\nDeath Valley: Southeastern California; shows bleak white surface (1)\nAmerica \u2014 The Storehouse of the World (1) Our land, the granary that assures the world against famine. (\u00a9A31, A98, 146, 197)\nAmerica \u2014 The Mouthpiece of Freedom (1) The genius of people who have become custodians of freedom possible only in Christian Civilization.\nAmerica \u2014 Enduring Power for Service (1) The United States, the giant in:\n\nCaused by minerals and salts. (A146)\nStrange wonders of Death Valley. (A197)\nCarlsbad Caves (1) Shows interior of caves in New Mexico.\nFormations in Carlsbad cavern. (*A30)\nThe Rio Grande (1) Depicts source of the river, nature of the country;\nElephant Butte Dam; irrigation projects, etc. (057, 104)\nWhite Sands National Monument (1) Pictures an unusual area in New Mexico, explaining probable origin of the White Sands. (0A18O)\nAmerica - The Garden with Protected Soil (1) Conservation of natural resources, careful development. (\u00a9A31, A98, 146, 197)\nAmerica - The Land of Many Waters (1) Making useful the Great Lakes (1) Study of the Great Lakes; industries; scenic beauties. Pacific Mountains and Lowlands (1) Lumbering and fishing; agricultural areas; commercial and industrial life; seaports, views of famous scenic features. (\u00a9A168)\nRocky Mountains (1) Rich resources of minerals; forests; fertile valley farmlands and orchards. Scenic wonders. (\u00a9A168)\nSeeing the United States in Five Minutes (i1/^) A brief visit to twenty well-known showplaces throughout the country. (\u00a980)\nThe United States - A Ten Talent Nation (Series of 13, 1 reel each) Titles are: North America, the Center of the World Neighborhood; Location, Climate and Boundaries; Size and Topography; Topographic Forms.\nRivers as Agents in Shaping the Surface of the Earth; The Life History of a Stream; The Ancestry and Classification of Soil; Soil Conservation; Agricultural Resources; Animal Resources; Forest Resources; Water Resources; Mineral Resources. (A146, 197)\n\nWestern Plateaus (1) Physiography and climate of Colorado Plateau, Great Basin and Columbia Plateau; life and industries. (\u00a9A168)\n\nGroup 56 Cities\nGreat American Cities (1) Series of principal cities of the U.S. from air and ground. (A150)\n\nBoston (1) Complete survey of the city. (\"202)\nBoston, Common and Proper (1) Travel through Boston. (#84, 98)\nHistoric Boston (1) In and around Boston. (A150, A64, 197)\nThe Real Charleston (1) Views of the city. (A31)\nChicago (1) Outstanding features and landmarks. (A150)\nChicago (1) Lincoln Park scenes; Municipal Pier, Art Institute, Stock Yards.\n1. Yards and other places of interest. (#32)\n2. Chicago Tour of the city. (#25, 84, 98)\n3. Round About Chicago Trip to places of interest and beauty, ending with pictures of the Graf Zeppelin on its visit to Chicago. (A38)\n4. Intimate Views of Cleveland Familiar scenes and some of the points of interest. (\u00a9157)\n5. Hollywood Studios, street scenes, theatres, movie stars' homes; movie making. (\u00a994, 133)\n6. Hollywood, City of Celluloid Intimate views of the movie colony at work and play. (#A150)\n7. Los Angeles \u2013 Wonder City of the West Old and new landmarks \u2013 from its colorful yesterday to its glamorous present. (A120)\n8. Miami, the Magic City Scenes in Miami. (\u00a9157)\n9. In Old New Orleans Travelogue of the city. (\u202252, 84, 98)\n10. Love's Old Sweet Song Story of New Orleans and its growth through three centuries. (A146)\nNew Orleans (1) Spanish-French influence in historic section; variety of exports and imports along the river front, scenes of Mardi Gras. New Orleans (1) Tour of the city.\n\nIn and Around New York City (1) Principal business sections: Bowery, Chinatown, theatre section, etc. (\u00a956, 129)\nManhattan (1) Teeming life and skyscrapers. (A197)\nNew York \u2014 America's Gateway (1) Noteworthy places and buildings.\nNew York Harbor (^) As seen from a boat. (\u00a9157)\nNew York Impressions (1) Artistic presentation of New York City; examples of modern architecture and engineering. (A87)\nUp and Down New York (1) Tour of New York City. (\"84, 98, A 150)\nThe Wonder City (1) New York. (#29, 129)\nPort of Oakland (3) Port and airport facilities. (039)\n\nGeography\nGROUP 56 (Continued) Cities\nPhiladelphia \u2014 Yesterday and Today (1) Historical background and events.\nThe Golden Gate is divided into three units: The Bay of San Francisco, in San Francisco, and The Pacific Trade of San Francisco. (C57)\nSan Francisco Tour of the city. (A150)\nWhere East Is West: Scenes in San Francisco's Chinatown. (O29)\nSanta Fe: Interesting homes and buildings. (O32)\nSt. Augustine and Bok Tower: Points of interest in this oldest city, and the beautiful Singing Tower. (O157)\nTulsa: Scenes, \"the oil capital\" of the world. (O92)\nThe Heart of the Nation: Airplane view of Washington including famous buildings and monuments. (#52, 98, 129, A150)\nThere's Only One: Travelogue of Washington, D.C. (A160)\nWashington: Views of the city. (#25, 84)\nWashington, the Capital City: Airplane view, straight photography, (1)\nAnd animated maps of Washington. Group 57 National Parks and Forests, Glimpses of Our National Parks I & II: Selected scenes in Yellowstone, Yosemite, Rocky Mountain, and Grand Canyon Parks; selected scenes in Glacier, Lassen Volcanic, and Sequoia Parks. Our National Parks: Beautiful features of Yellowstone, Yosemite, Grand Canyon, and Rocky Mountain Parks. Bryce Canyon National Park: The canyon viewed from several angles. Estes Park: Interesting and picturesque spots. An Aerial Flight over Glacier National Park: Aerial pictures of mountains, glaciers, and lakes. Glacier National Park: Flora and fauna of the park; life of Indians encamped; possibilities of the park as a national playground. Method of formation of national parks explained. Glacier National Park Series: Three-part series.\nScenic Grandeur of Glacier National Park: Chalets, lakes, falls, and mountains.\nBeauty Spots in Glacier Park: On the trails, Granite Park, Many-Glaciers Hotel.\nGrand Canyon National Park: Thrilling pictures of famous scenic Grand Canyon National Park. Up the Kaibab Trail, along the North Rim, down Bright Angel Trail.\nMount Rainier: Famous glacier-covered mountain.\nMountain That Was God: Mt. Rainier, partly in color.\nScaling Mt. Rainier: Picturesque shots of a land of eternal snow.\nNature's Cathedrals: Rock formations in Yosemite and giant trees in Sequoia National Park.\nA Visit to Mesa Verde, Self-explanatory.\nAnimals of the Yellowstone: Bison, wild deer, hungry bears.\nBird and Animal Life in Yellowstone: Furred and feathered inhabitants photographed in their natural surroundings. (029, 0A139, 153)\nGeysers of the Yellowstone: Actual spoutings of the greater and lesser geysers. (029, 32)\nMagic Yellowstone: Natural wonders and animal life.\nWild Life in Yellowstone National Park: Intimate glimpses. (055)\nWonders of the Yellowstone: Synchronized lecture. (*94, 00A143)\nYellowstone National Park: Molten lava, obsidian cliffs, hot springs, mud volcanoes; action of geysers; bird and animal life. (057, 104)\nYellowstone National Park: Geysers, falls, canyon and lake; also Yellowstone on Parade: Via the Northern Pacific. (A 153)\nYellowstone Park: Bird and animal life; other wonders. (A71)\nYosemite (Group 57, continued) National Parks and Forests\n\nScenes from Glacier Point (14)\nWaterfalls of Yosemite (%)\nEleventh Edition Geography 51\n\nNatives of Yosemite (1) Wild life and other native life.\nSeeing: Yosemite National Park (2) Most interesting features.\n\nYosemite (Series of subjects photographed by Arthur C. Pillsbury)\nYosemite from an Airplane (1)\nWild Flowers of Yosemite (2)\nCamping in the Valley \u2014 A Winter Carnival (1)\nIn the High Sierras (1)\nAnimal and Bird Life of Yosemite (1)\n\nSynchronized lecture, Yosemite National Park (1)\nViews of well-known peaks, mountain lakes, Yosemite Falls and Bridal Veil Falls; winter sports (\u00a957)\n\nYosemite (Series of 4, *4 reel each) Photographed by Arthur C. Pillsbury.\nAnnotations: 1. The text appears to be a list of titles for various publications or chapters in a book. 2. The text contains no ancient English or non-English languages. 3. There are no OCR errors to correct. 4. The text does not require any translation.\n\nCleaned Text: Burying Cliffs from Below, Cliffs from Above, Waterfalls of Yosemite, Animal Life in Yosemite, Horseshoe Route, Falls, Mirrored Lakes, Tioga Pass, Eleven Mile Trail, Glimpses of Yosemite, Yosemite Vistas, Striking glimpses of Mirror Lake, El Capitan, etc., Yosemite Park Wild Flowers, Yosemite, Grand Canyon and Rocky Mountain Parks, Zion, Canyon of Colour, Central America, Characteristic scenes in town and country, methods of logging mahogany, growing and harvesting bananas, cacao, coffee, Central American Republics Today, Guatemala, San Salvador, Nicaragua.\nRagusa, Balboa, Panama Canal, Cartagena, Havana. (A39)\nTrip to Central America (1) Study of the industries and native life in this tropical country. (\u00a958. 190)\nLowell Thomas in Latin America (1) Trip through the country, accompanied by a lecture. (A150)\nCoffee Grounds (1) Native life in coffee plantations of Guatemala. (A120)\nColorful Guatemala (1) Life of natives, historical background, industries and agriculture. (A120)\nEbony Shrine (1) Ancient cathedrals and palaces of Guatemala. (#80)\nMenace of Guatemala (1) Studies of native types; scenes of the great volcano, Agua. (A97)\nCity of Mexico (1) Scenes in and around Mexico City; transportation, buildings, etc. (\u00a9104)\nDeath Day (2) Eisenstein's record of Mexican fiesta. (#29, #A150)\nIn the Wilds of Mexico (1) Mazatlan, beautiful seaport; mango swamps; Mexican village; pearling fleet. (*94)\nMexico: Contrast between new and old, native life and activities illustrating possibilities and progress. (\u00a957, 104)\nMexico Today: Emma-Lindsay Squier's accounts of Mayan ruins and modern Mexico. (A150)\nMexico: Beauties, progress, historical romance. (A197)\nMexican Mecca: Interesting scenes. (*29, A64, 98)\nCruise to Panama: Splendid views of the Canal. (A197)\nThe Panama Canal: Location and construction obstacles; traffic going through the Canal. (\u00a957, 104)\nThe Panama Canal: General view and scenes in the old Panama Canal. (1)\nThe Panama Canal: \"The Big Ditch\" in construction and completed. Animated geography lesson. (A172, 202)\nThe Panama Canal: Details of this great engineering project. (1)\nThe Panama Canal and Its Historical Significance (1) Pictorial survey of the whole work, from ground and from air.\nPanama and the Canal Zone (1) Self-explanatory.\nThe Seventh Wonder (1) The Panama Canal. (\"AA99)\nTorrid Tampico (1) Sea scapes and wharves. (\"AA32)\nGEOGRAPHY\nGROUP 59 SOUTH AMERICA\nThe Continent of South America (1) View of the major natural regions\u2014 their scenery and products. (\"57, 104)\nAmazon Trails (%) Pack-train journey into little traveled regions near Amazon River. (\"A30)\nJungles of the Amazon (1) Exploration into the tropical jungles of Peru, Ecuador and Brazil. (\"Ill)\nArgentina (1) Agricultural and pastoral pursuits. Patagonia, arid uplands, the pampas, port cities, Victoria Falls. (\"57, 104)\nBolivia (1) Geographical regions; native Indian life; industries and development of resources. (\"57)\nBrazil (2) Amazonian lowlands: wild life, jungle products, cities.\nEastern Highlands: agricultural and industrial products, cities. (\u00a957)\nBrazil (2) Designed to promote understanding of this country; visit Rio de Janeiro and trip up the Amazon. (\u00a9155, 202. \u00a9A147)\nOuting in Brazil (1) Port Carbenella, and Escabar Village. (\u00a929)\nBuenos Aires (1) Views of this beautiful city. (A47)\nCuracao (1) General views. (\u00a9A47)\nCaracas (1) General views. (\u00a9A47)\nChile (1) Lumbering and sheep raising; copper and nitrate industries; wheat and grape harvest; Santiago, Valparaiso, Transandean Railroad.\nDown the Essequibo River (1) Primitive life and industries. (A197)\nGoing Down to Buenos Aires (1) Touching at Pernambuco, Bahia, Santos, and Buenos Aires. (A197)\nBritish Guiana (1) Something of the history of the country and people.\nTrip from Georgetown to Kaieteur Falls (A120)\nDutch Guiana (1) Customs and daily life of the Djukas, a West African type of Negro. (A120)\nCameras at Iguassu (1) Close-ups. (A150)\nCataracts of Iguassu (1) The super-Niagara. (\u00a932, A197)\nThe Head Hunters of the Amazon (6) People of the Amazon country and their religious rites. (A150)\nLand of the Incas (2) Land and people of Peru. (A197)\nLure of the Andes (2) Trip from Buena Ventura to Cartegena over the Andes. (\u00a9A39)\nMatto Grosso (5) Daring white men in South America's jungles.\nOver the Andes (1) Impressions of country and people of Peru. (\u00a929)\nPeru (1) Rich natural resources, transportation difficulties and living conditions; geographical regions. (\u00a957, 104)\nFrom Rio to Buenos Aires (1) Spots of interest and beauty along the East Coast. (A197)\n[Rio the Magnificent: Trip through this beautiful city (SA47)\nRolling Down to Rio: Current day scenes in the City of Palms; visit to Santos and Buenos Aires. (\u00a910, \u00a9A125, A197)\nSavage Gold: Com. Dyott's exploits with savage head hunters on the Orinoco River. (7 1) Seeing Things on the Orinoco: Villages, coffee plantations, house-boats and yachts seen on trip up the Orinoco River. (\u00a9A30)\nThrough Argentina: Views of Buenos Aires and Iguassu Falls on the Brazilian Frontier. (A197)\nUnder the Southern Cross: Companion picture to \"Rollin' Down to Rio\". Voyage along East Coast of South America. (\u00a910)\nWings Over the Andes: An air trip over the Andes. (929, A150)\nWhere They Go Rubbering: Interior of South America. (\u00a9Ill)\nWonderland of Peru: The adventures of Captain Besley in the Amazon Jungle and the Wonderland of Peru. (A197)]\nGROUP 60 ISLANDS Atlantic\nBarbados (1) General views. (\u00a9A47)\nBeautiful Bermuda (1) Underwater photography, harbor, fishing scenes, land and sea scapes, life and manners; glimpses of Hamilton. (032, 56, 129)\nBermuda (%) The isle of beauty. (56, 129)\nBermuda (1) Natural beauty and interesting sights. (\u00a9A47, A197)\nCaribbean Wanderings (1) Nassau, Havana, Jamaica, Haiti. (\u00a947)\nFrom Bahamas to Jamaica (1) Pictures of typical life and work of people in the northern islands of the West Indies. (\u00a957)\nCuba (2) Romance, beauty and tumult, (*29, A150)\nHavana (1) Scenes in the capital. (\u00a956, \u00a9A47)\nIsland of Cuba (1) Phases of life in Havana and environs. (\u00a929)\nQueen of the Indies (1) A call on Havana. (\u2022\u00a9AA99)\nUnder Cuban Skies (1) Life in and about Havana. (A197)\nHaiti (1) General views. (\u00a9A47)\nFrom Haiti to Trinidad: Picture of life in the southern islands of the West Indies. (\u00a957)\nHaiti, Jamaica, Nassau and Curacao: Interesting views. (056)\nIsle of Sunshine (1): West Indies scenes. (\u00a910, 202)\nIsland of Perils (3): Dramatic tale of the Faroe Islands. (#29, A150)\nJamaica (1): General views. (\u00a9A47)\nJewel of the Caribbees (1): Scenes in Jamaica. (\u00a929)\nThe Magic Adventure of the Caribbean (4): West Indies. (A47)\nMartinique (1): General views. (\u00a9A47)\nNassau (1): General views. (\u00a9A47)\nPleasure Pirates of the Spanish Main (1): Glimpses of Caribbean Islands and cities; sugar production. (AHO)\nPorto Rico, Martinique, Barbados and Trinidad (1): Glimpses of these islands. (\u00a956)\nPorto Rico (1): Portrays the scenic beauty, architecture, life, work, products and educational advances in Porto Rico. (\u00a957)\nRambles in Porto Rico (1)\n\n(1) - Indicates number of pages in the source material.\n(\u00a9) - Indicates copyright information.\n(A) - Indicates unknown source.\n(HO) - Indicates no specific source given.\n(#) - Indicates a citation or reference number.\nPorto Rico (2) Life, industries, and scenic beauty. Porto Rico: Wanderings in Borinquen (1)\n\nTrinidad (1) Cosmopolitan population. Port of Spain, native bazaars, sugar cane and coconut trees, fishing industry, beautiful scenery. (\u00a9A47)\n\nSt. Thomas (1) Tour of the island. (A197) (See also Groups 2, 136)\n\nGROUP 61 Pacific and Indian\n\nBali (1) Native life and customs. (\u00a9A47)\n\nBali, the Unknown (5) Natural color production of life, customs, and industry of a quaint and isolated race. (A98)\n\nBalinese Love (4) People and habits of the island. (A150)\n\nAn East Indian Island (1) Colorful life on Bali. (\u00a957)\n\nIsle of Isolation (1) Beautiful Balinese women. (#\u00a9AA99)\n\nA Polynesian Odyssey (1) People and island of Bali. (\u00a932)\n\nCatalina, the Magic Isle Marine gardens, herds of seal, wild goats,\nThe South Seas: Visits to Honolulu, Papeete, Australia, The Dutch East Indies - Life and work in Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Fire Walkers of Beqa - Ancient and rarely performed sacred rite of the Fiji Islanders, Fiji and Samoa - The Cannibal Isles, Farmers of Formosa - Quaint oriental cultivation of rice, sugar industry, Push-Car Trails in Formosa - Hiking by rail into the wild interior where camphor stills are nestled in mountains and bamboo houses, Hawaiian Islands - Honolulu and Its Sur surroundings, the Pineapple Industry, Native Life, Cane Sugar Industry, Kilauea, Hawaii - Miscellaneous scenes of islands and their Hawaiian Shores, Fishing at night with torch and spear.\nHello Honolulu and Waikiki, Hawaii: Hula, exotic romance. (6:84, A150)\nHead Hunters of the South Seas: Cannibal life, native types, active volcano, many other interesting scenes. (A104)\nLife in the South Seas: Hawaii and Samoa. (#29)\nMystic East: Scenes in Korea, Java, and Samoa. (\u00abA97)\nPlaygrounds of the Pacific: Interesting types, customs, and industries of this prolific island; beach of Waikiki. (A197)\nKauai \u2014 The Garden Island of Hawaii: Fertile fields and winding creeks. (1/4)\nHawaii and the Philippines: Life in these islands. (1)\nCascades of Luzon: Up the Pagsanjan River in the jungles of Luzon in native canoes; dangers, rapids, and whirlpools. (1/3)\nJava: Native life and customs. (1)\n54 Geography \"1000 and One\"\nGROUP 61 (Continued) ISLANDS Pacific\nA Bit of Life in Java: Volcanoes and fertile valleys; relics of former days; dress and habits of people; transportation. A Garden Granary: Rice fields of Java. In Batik Land-\u2014 Java: Making of batik cloth. Java- The Fragrant Isle: Life of its people. Dutchman's Paradise: Island of Java. Street life and markets. Rice harvest; Wedding of Sultan's sons and ceremony. Street Life in Java: Market place and other features. Adventure Isle: Port Moresby, Papua. Papua and Kalabahai: Cannibal people and customs of Papua; views of Kalabahi, another primitive port of Alor. The Philippine Islands: Divided into five units: In Manila, Sugar, Coconuts, Rice, Hemp. The Philippines- Pearl of the Orient: Scenery, history and native life; second reel pictures Silliman Institute.\nThe Castilian Memoirs: (1) Views of Manila. (032) The Salt Industry of Luzon: Tagalog Toilers. (032) Venice of the Orient: A Delightful Visit to Manila. (0A3O) The Philippines: In a Manila Wrapper, Gorge of Pagsanjan, Cane Fields of Colombo, Philippine School Days, Cruising in the Philippines. (A98) Outposts of Old Glory: Guam and the Philippines. (0202) Raffles and Rubber: Rubber Estates on Singapore Island, Clearing House for Circuses and Zoos. (O0AA99) Bride of Samoa: Lives and Customs of Siva Dancers. (*84, 98, A53) Fairest Eden: Pago Pago, Samoa, Polynesian Types. (1) On a South Sea Shore: Life and Customs on the Samoan Islands.\nSamoa: Coconuts and Copra (1) Harbor of Apia; picking coconuts; making copra; natives dancing the Siva-Siva. The Battak of Sumatra (1) Beautiful valleys where Battaks live; their curious houses; primitive agricultural methods. The Malays of Sumatra (1) Shows these coast people, traders, cultivators of \"wet rice\"; unique homes; marriage ceremonies. The Island of Yesterday (1) Scenes of native life on island of Sumatra at rubber plantation. Wild Men and Beasts of Borneo (%) Pygmy and animal life of jungles; capture of an elephant. Wildman's Land (1) Travelog through Borneo. Home of the Wildman. Festivities and native dances. Life of Orang Outang. The South Seas (6) Mr. and Mrs. Pinchot explore South Pacific and tell about it. Fascinating account of animals, fish, birds and flora.\nTrip Around the World \u2014 Sumatra, Java and Singapore, Tropical scenery, rice industry, rubber plantations\nTrip Around the World \u2014 Siam, Borneo, Philippines, Paknam, Bangkok, Zamboanga, Manila, etc.\nMISCELLANEOUS Geography and Travel\nGroup 62\nAround the World in Four Minutes, Scenes in cities of nearly every country. (1)\nAround the World in 10 Minutes, Views of important ports in many countries. (1)\nCom. Dyott's Adventures, Series of eight covering adventures in South America, India and Africa. (8)\nDown to the Sea in Ships, Cruise to West Indies and around the world; with appropriate musical accompaniment. (1)\nFitzpatrick Traveltalks, Series covering almost every country. (18)\nGoing Places with Lowell Thomas, Series of travelogues giving explanations and comments. (184)\nLand That Time Forgot (1) Study of places and people.\nMagic Carpet of Movietone (1 each) Travelogue series.\nMelody of the World (2) Kaleidoscopic travel film showing varying scenes all over the world at any one given instant.\nEleventh Edition GEOLOGY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY H.S. Brown. Inc. Distributors 6 North Michigan Ave. for Chicago, IL Pathe or 15 years the best in Motion Pictures for non-theatrical use. 35 mm Offers wide selection of subjects in 16 mm as well as in 35 mm film. Join our guaranteed 16 mm Film Club Productions Service for substantial savings. Please send for free literature.\nGroup 62 (Continued) GEOGRAPHY AND TRAVEL Miscellaneous Movie Marvels (2) Glimpses of queer people and places.\nOn Wings under the Southern Cross (3) Airplane trip through Colom-\nBia, Peru, Chile, Argentine, Brazil, Venezuela, Guatemala, Mexico\nRambling Reporter Series (1 each) Human interest travelogues taken in all parts of the world.\nTravelaughs (1 each) Fascinating trips to remote corners with humorous comments by John P. Medbury.\nVagabond Adventure Series (1 each) Series of 15 travel pictures with captions.\nWhat Country, Please? (1) Scenes from countries only a split second from Broadway.\nWorld Adventures (1 each) By E. M. Newman.\nGROUP 63 GEOLOGY, PHYSIOGRAPHY AND METEOROLOGY\nAtmospheric Gradation How atmosphere alters the earth's surface; results of temperature variations; erosion of rocks by wind, etc.\nBirth of a Tornado Cause and operation.\nThe Cosmic Drama Reading Earth's story from erosion and fossils.\nOrigin of the solar system, appearance of life, effects of glacial action, adaptation, types of mankind. (\u00a929, A64, 146, 197)\n\nClouds\nImportant types and significance of some of them. (\u00a9A178)\n\nClouds (1)\n- Fair Weather Clouds: Cirrus, cumulus, cirro-cumulus clouds - their appearance; nature of fog; effect of temperature on clouds. (\u00a9A66, A146)\n- Foul Weather Clouds: Nimbus, cumulo-nimbus, stratus and \"undecided\" clouds - what they are and do; the fogbank. (\u00a9A66, A146)\n\nThe Power of the Clouds (1)\nFrom a snowflake to electric dynamo.\n\nThe Cycle of Erosion (1)\nPrinciples of erosion; how streams meander, Caves in Limestone and Coral Growth (1) Water seeping through earth's crust wears away softer parts of rock below surface. (\u00a9A168)\n\nDescriptive Geography (1)\nCharacter of rill, rapid, bay, sandbar, reef, desert, glacier and other phenomena. (\u00a9A66, A146)\nDinosaurs: Hunting in the Badlands of Alberta (3) How bones of prehistoric animals are located and secured. Digging up the Past: Badlands of Red Deer Valley, Alberta, prolific field for palaeontological research; assembling fossilized bones. Earthquakes: Study of nature, causes and effects; types of wave motion accompanying a quake; method of recording and interpreting seismic phenomena. (\u00a910, 58, 104, 129, 197, A66, A31) What Causes Earthquakes (1) Nature, source and action of earthquakes; phenomena of tidal wave; Japanese earthquake, 1923. The Earth's Rocky Crust (1) Aims to show that forces changing the face of the earth are responsible for its present appearance. The Everchanging Hills (1) How they are attacked by ice and water, climate and gravity; change in timberline. (A66, A146)\nFrom Rock to Soil: The rock-soil cycle demonstrates the work of weather, erosion, glaciers, wind, waves, rain, air, plants, and animals. (\u00a957, 104)\n\nGeology and Physiography: Group 63 (Continued)\nFrom Rock to Man\n\nHow the sun, wind, and glaciers change mineral matter from great boulders into soil, followed by plant and animal matter.\n\nGlaciers:\nStudy of Existing Glaciers\nClassification, modes of origin, motion, characteristics, and their work. (\u00a958, 104, 129, 0A66, A197)\n\nStudy of a Mountain Glacier:\nOrigin and growth of glacier, moraines, crevasses, etc. Diagrams show stages in formation. (\u00a9A39, 168)\n\nGeological Work of Ice:\nThe story of glaciers - types, formation, etc.; recreates the story of past geological ages. (\u2022\u00a9A63, 9 AIS6)\n\nGeologist's Scrapbook: Pucca palms, Soap Lake, Dry Falls, Old ________.\nFaithful: Formations of cacti. For Elementary schools. (0A66, A146)\n\nGround Water: Phenomena that occur below the earth's surface - artesian systems, springs, water table, caves, etc. (\u2022\u00a9A63, 3A186)\n\nHurricane: History and climate of hurricane area; cause. (058)\n\nMaker of Mountains: Four types and how they were formed.\n\nMountain Building: Significant events in geologic history relating to mountains and movements of the earth's crust. (\u20220A63, \u00a9A186)\n\nThe Mirage: Cause, nature, and photographs. (0A66, A146)\n\nThe Open Book: Main types of rock. (A146)\n\nOrigin of Coal: Explanation of the age-long process by which coal was formed. (0111)\n\nOur Earth: How the earth's surface is formed, erosion, rivers, etc.; clouds; how it rains; geysers. (058, 104)\n\nA River of Tomorrow: Expedition to the source of a glacier stream; glacier. (1)\nThe types of shoes for traveling on glaciers (A146).\nThe river's course from birth to final journey to the sea; plant, animal and underwater life (A197).\nRivers as agents in shaping the Earth's surface (1). How erosion by running water has caused land formations (A197).\nThe sculpture of the land by rivers (1). Erosion of land by running water shown in laboratory and by actual streams (0129, 0A66, A197).\nShore Deposits (1). One of Harvard Series (0A66, A31, 197).\nShore Lines and Shore Development (1). Shapings of coast by waves, currents, erosion and deposition (0104, 0A66, A197).\nStudy of Shore Features \u2014 Low Shore (1). How wave-action changes shore indentations to smoother lines (\"Chalk-Talk\").\nStudy of Shore Features \u2014 Bold Shore (1). Rocky shore lines are given.\nA Study of Niagara: Geography and Scenery of the Region; Geologic History of the Falls and Gorge. (0A168)\nThe Wearing Away of the Land: Processes which result in wearing away of land at one place and building up at another. (#98, 0A63, 87, 186)\nThe Work of Rivers: Illustrating the evolution of river valleys through youth, maturity and old age. (0A168)\nThe Work of Rivers: The erosion cycle of water on earth's surface; a river's cycle; examples from many parts of the country.\nThe Work of Running Water: How it wears away the land; formation of deltas and flood plains; how canyons are formed.\nWork of Underground Water: Caves, sinkholes and natural bridges sculptured by ground water. (058, 129, 197, 0A66)\nWork of the Waves: In changing coast lines, cutting and grinding of rocks, formation of beaches, islands, sandbars, cliffs, etc. (0A66, A146)\nVolcanoes: Origin and activities of the various types. (057)\nVolcanoes: How volcanic activity changes the surface of the earth; explosive and quieter types contrasted; lava. (058, 104, 129, 0A66, A197)\nKrakatoa: Volcanic eruptions in the sea off the coast of Java. (929)\nMt. Lassen in Eruption: Supposed to be the only film ever made of this active volcano during eruption. (094)\nOur Volcanic Neighbors: Shows how mountain peaks were transformed into Caribbean Islands. (A31, 197)\nKilauea: Photographic record of the largest active volcano. (094, 133)\nKilauea, The House of Everlasting Fire: Four-mile trip across crater to rim of fire cup; boiling lava and river of fire. (0A3O)\nValley of Ten Thousand Smokes (V^) - Photographic record of Mt. Katmai's upheaval. (0A39)\nFormation of Volcanoes and Geysers (1) - Diagrams and photography of volcano eruptions and geysers. (0A168)\n\nEleventh Edition\nGOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES\n\nGROUP 63 (Continued)\nGeology, Physiology and Meteorology\nVolcanoes in Action (1) - Demonstrates they operate according to natural laws. O0A63, #^186\nThe Why of a Volcano (1) - How they are formed. (A146)\nWild Life of the Desert (1) - Topographical aspects: mountain barriers, sand dunes, coral reef, evidence of ancient water levels. (\u00a929)\nWork of the Wind (1) - Forming sand dunes, changing shape of canyon walls, enveloping forests, effect on trees, etc. (\u00a9A66, A146)\n\nGROUP 64\nGOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES\n\nBack of the Weather Forecast (2) - Details of weather forecasting - United States Weather Bureau. (\u00a9A104, 178)\nCharting the Skies: Instruments for recording air velocities, temperatures, etc. (Illustration A197)\n\nHelping Negroes Become Better Farmers and Homemakers: Agricultural extension system among Negro farmers in the South. (A178)\n\nThe International Ice Patrol: United States and other nations safeguard Atlantic shipping by recording ocean and iceberg conditions, and broadcast information to ships. (\u00a9A87)\n\nMoney-Making Industry: How Canada mints coinage. (\u00a9A202, A10)\n\nOur Government at Work: Two boys find out about the federal machinery through a personal visit to Washington. (#189)\n\nRomance of a Republic: Insights into various departments of the government. (Series of 10, 1 reel each)\n\nDepartment of State, Department of Treasury, War Department, Department of Justice, Post Office Department, Department of the Interior.\nNavy, Department of the Interior, Department of Agriculture, Department of Commerce, Department of Labor,\nStory of the Coast Guard (8), Early history, organization, war activities, examples of service of Floating Units and Shore Stations. (\u00a9A30)\nStory of the Women's Bureau (1), History and activities of Bureau engaged in studying problems and formulating standards pertaining to women's employment. (\u00a9A179, 202)\nUncle Sam's Stamp Factory (*4), Section of Bureau of Engraving and Printing, showing how stamps are made. (\u00a9A30, A197)\nThe U.S. Department of Agriculture \u2014 Its Field and Services (1), Major activities and their significance. (\u00a9A178)\nThe Science of Weather Prediction (1), Operation of a government Weather Bureau. (\u00a9Ill, \u00a9A30, A197)\nWeather Forecasting (1), Forecasting and map-making work of Weather Bureau; animated pictures show course of series of highs and lows. (\u00a91, \u00a9A30, A197)\nThe Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC): Camp Roosevelt - Establishment of CC Camp No. 1. (A178)\nThe CCC At Work: Various phases of CCC work in Arizona, Montana and Idaho, Oregon and Washington, Utah and Southern Idaho. (1)\nThe CCC At Work - Mosquito Control: Digging ditches in salt-marsh lands of Delaware. (\u00a9A178)\nThe CCC Fights Erosion: Self-explanatory. (\u00a9A178, 202)\nA Day in Virginia Camps: Record of CCC work in Virginia parks. (2)\nEmergency Conservation Work in Mesa Verde. (1) Pictorial record.\nEvangeline's Haven of Peace: CCC work in Louisiana. (\u00a9A180)\nA Forest Playground: CCC work in Patapsco Forest, Md. (\u00a9A180)\nForests and Men: Representative activities of CCC. (\u00a9\u00b1180, 202)\nThe Land of the Giants: Work of CCC in California. (3) (\u00abA180)\nMorristown National Military Park: CCC activities. (1) \u00a9A180\nA Nation-Wide System of Parks: Diversity and broad scope of CCC activities in various state parks.\nOutdoors in the Garden State: CCC work in New Jersey.\nSaving the Beauty of Alabama: Accomplishments in Alabama state parks.\nA Veteran of Three Wars: Restoring old Ft. Frederick, Md.\nWe Can Take It: What the CCC is doing in California.\nWinter Sun and Summer Sea: Record of CCC activities and accomplishments in Florida state parks.\n58 HISTORY \"1000 and One\"\nGROUP 66 HISTORY\nAcross the Rockies to the Pacific: Final step in the coast-to-coast progress of the United States' sovereignty.\nAncient Industries in Modern Days: Arts and trades the world over, that have survived the centuries.\nBenedict Arnold: Tragic story of Arnold and Major Andre.\nThe Boone Trail: Shows course of pioneers down the Great Valley, through Cumberland Gap to Blue-grass Kentucky.\n\nThe Trail Breaks Thru the Appalachians: Settlers from old colonies started the \"westward movement.\"\n\nThe Chronicles of America Photoplays (Series of 15 pictures): Authoritative, scholarly series, made by Yale University Press, to depict important episodes and outstanding personalities of American history from Columbus to Appomattox: Columbus (4) - Story of the great discoverer's struggles, discouragements and ultimate success.\n\nJamestown (4) - Life in Jamestown. Marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe and its effect upon the colony.\n\nThe Pilgrims (3) - Their hardships during the first winter on New England shores.\n\nThe Puritans (3) - The establishment of the colony.\nFense of their rights under John Winthrop's leadership.\nPeter Stuyvesant: Old New York and the transfer of Manhattan from the Dutch to the English.\nGateway to the West: Washington at the head of a valiant little band attempting to dislodge the French from Fort Duquesne.\nWolfe and Montcalm: The great battle on the heights of Quebec.\nEve of the Revolution: Events leading up to the Revolutionary War; ride of Paul Revere; battles of Lexington and Concord.\nDeclaration of Independence: Story of the events preceding the Declaration and characterizations of the great men of the day.\nYorktown: The surrender of Cornwallis to the united French and American forces.\nVincennes: Thrilling story of George Rogers Clarke's expedition into the Northwest during the Revolutionary War.\nDaniel Boone: Story of the early days in Kentucky and the wilderness.\nbravery, intrepidity and leadership of the great frontiersman. The Frontier Woman (3) Revolutionary times in Tennessee, showing the fortitude, courage and vision of the frontier woman. Alexander Hamilton (3) Highlights of his life. Dixie (3) Vivid portrayal of sacrifices made by southern women during Civil War. Meeting of Grant and Lee at Appomattox. Custer's Last Fight (4) Picturing his final encounter with the Indians on the western frontier in 1876. Davey Crockett at the Fall of the Alamo (6) An epic of the West. Days of '49 (1) Historic facts and incidents in the founding and settlement of Sacramento, Calif. Early Pages in American History (3) Events leading up to sailing of Mayflower. Landing of Pilgrims. Glimpses of historic spots. (\u00a958, 190) English Settlements in North America (1) English, Dutch and Swedish.\nSettlements: colonizing of English and exploration of French (\u00a9A168)\n4-H Club Tour to Shrines of American History (2): views of 1932-33, many historic spots in New England, World's Fair scenes. (\u00a9A132)\nFrench Explorations in North America (1): main routes of French explorers, traders, and missionaries. (\u00a9A168)\nGhosts of Other Days (Series of 1 reel): showing ghost towns, ships, The Golden Ghost (3): pictorial history of man's search for gold \u2014 country's famous gold rushes. (*A97)\nThe Great White Trail (2): a little touch of untold Alaskan history with great stretches of snow, in the rush to the Klondike. (\u00a989)\nHighlights of History (1): progress of civilization. (A126)\nHistoric Scenes Along Mt. Vernon Memorial Highway (1): colonial homes, buildings, etc.; colonial events reenacted. (\u00a9A104, 178)\n[Landmarks of Early Explorations & Settlements in North America (2)\nExplorations carried out by Spanish, French and other explorers.\nLexington and Concord (1) Historic battlefields.\n\nEleventh Edition\nHistory: The Best for instruction in the social sciences, for inspiration in religious programs, for stimulating interest in club affairs, community gatherings, patriotic celebrations.\nYale Chronicles of America\n16 mm. Photoplay: 35 mm\nFifteen accurate, beautiful, dramatic silent films of high professional quality. Prints available in 23 distribution centers.\nSend for Illustrated Booklet\nYale University Press Film Service\n386 Fourth Avenue New York, N. Y.\n\nGroup 66 (Continued)\nLooking Back Through the Ages (2) Scenes of excavation and restoration]\nArcheological specimens; restored articles and museum exhibits.\nLouisiana Purchase and Lewis and Clark Expedition: Causes and immediate results of the purchase of Louisiana in 1803.\nMussolini Speaks: Story of the most famous modern age character with dialogue by Lowell Thomas.\nOne Day: Historical story of Philadelphia from early days to present; historical scenes.\nOutstanding Events: Particularly of Col. Lindbergh's 1928 activity.\nPershing's Crusaders: Facts and events of the greatest crisis in modern history.\nPilgrims at Plymouth: Story of Pilgrims landing in the New World.\nPresidential Inaugurations: Title tells it.\nPresidents of the United States: Reviewing a few of the events in administrations of Washington to Coolidge.\nEvents leading up to the Revolution: See America First (1) (Fine series offering unusual insights into American history)\nSettling the Ohio Valley: Problems faced by pioneers, types of early houses, mills, and stores (1) (0A168)\nShrines of American History: Independence Hall, Valley Forge, Lexington and other cradles of American Liberty (1) (\u00a9A31, A146, 197)\nFamous experiments of Galileo, Faraday and Franklin, re-enacted; Chicago Exposition views (1) (\u00a9202)\nFirst inventions in mechanical power, transportation, communication and light (1) (\u00a9202)\nAn emotional record of our country and our people during the past two decades (6) \"(\u202229, 98)\nStruggle for North America: Main campaign movements in the French and Indian War (1) (\u00a9A168)\nGROUP 66 (Continued) History\nToday and Yesterday (3) Contrasting cinematographic records of historic events of the past thirty-five years. (A150)\nTrans-Mississippi Trails (1) Occupation of trans-Mississippi region and immigration to the Central Plains. (\u00a9A168)\nWar of the American Revolution (1) Great movements traced. (0A168)\nWith Daniel Boone Through the Wilderness (6) Pioneer days.\nWith Buffalo Bill on the U.P. Trail (6) Historical incidents. (094, 95)\nWith General Custer at Little Big Horn (6) Pioneer days.\nWorld in Revolt (7) Panorama of current events in Russia, Italy, Austria, Germany, Cuba, Ireland, France. India, China and U. S. (\u2022A53)\n\nGROUP 67 Historical Fiction\nBarbara Frietchie (8) Story of Civil War times with Edmund Lowe and Florence Vidor. (025, 52)\nBetsy Ross (6) Story of the first American flag, with Alice Brady.\nBirth of a Nation (12) Story of the Civil War and Reconstruction - D.W. Griffith production\nCalifornia in '49 (6) Pioneer days in California\nThe Covered Wagon (6) Unqualified praise for this epic of western migration. History vivified on the screen\nThe Coward (5) Charles Ray in a story of the Civil War\nFighting Eagle (9) Story of Napoleonic era\nFriend Wilson's Daughter (3) Colonial drama dealing with LaFayette\nHigher Mercy (2) Lincoln pardons a young soldier to save the life of the soldier's dying wife\nThe Highest Law (4) Ralph Ince as Lincoln in a dramatic episode of In the Days of Chivalry\nA splendid historical production adapted especially for school use from the motion picture Robin Hood (1)\nIn the Days of Wooden Ships and Iron Men: Clipper ship era, Madam Who: Civil War story, Playthings of an Emperor: based on incidents and events in the life of Napoleon, The Pony Express: vivid story of the days when California hesitated between North and South, The Ship: story of the birth of Venice, adapted from \"La Nave,\" by Gabrielle D'Annunzio, Winners of the West: fine historical picture of early frontier industry and engineering, Group 68 Electricity Cables, Business in Great Waters: laying the fastest submarine cable ever made between Newfoundland and the Azores (0A193, A202), Features of High Voltage Cable: a talk showing progress made in high voltage cable. Samples of various types. (A78), Laying the World's Fastest Ocean Cable Off Newfoundland.\nManufacture of Paper Insulated Power Cables (3) (A15)\nNew Voice Highways (1) How telephone cable is made and used.\nContrasts old method of stringing city wires on poles with modern method of running lead-covered cables underground. (A193, 202)\nUnderwater Speechway (1) High spots in the making and use of submarine telephone cable. (A193, 202)\nVoice Highways in the Making (1) Making lead-covered cable. (A193)\nSpeeding up our Deep Sea Cables (2) Camera record of laying of perm-alloy cable between New York and Azores. (A193)\nEleventh Edition\nINDUSTRY AND ENGINEERING\nGROUP 69 Radio and Sound\nEarth's Four Corners (1) Story of search for components of RCA Radiotron; processes of manufacturing. (\u00a910, A197)\nThe Sound Film (1) - Development of sound pictures to present standard. (A193, A202)\nThe Family Album (1) - Animated cartoon picturizing by-products of telephone development. (\u00a936, A193, A202)\nFinding His Voice (1) - How sound is recorded and reproduced.\nThe Flying Telephone (1) - Part in making air travel; radio telephone plays a role. (A197)\nA Living for Two (2) - Sending radiograms and photograms across the ocean; a race against time. (A39)\nMan Made Miracles (1) - Complete story of manufacture of radio tube.\nThe Marvel of the Age (1) - Development and manufacture processes of radio tubes. (\u00a936)\nMystery Box (1) - Analysis in motion picture photography and animated drawings of basic principles of radio. (\u00a9A30)\nOut of the Silence (1) - Problem of the hard-of-hearing; solutions.\nbe improved by new ear aid (A193)\nOut Where the Sound Begins (1) - Eye and ear studies of highlights in works where telephone and talking picture equipment are made.\nSeeing Music (1) - Dr. Walter Damrosch explains the process of photography of sound (A64)\nSky Harbor (1) - Operation of radio telephone explained (A193, A.202)\nVoice that Science Made (1) - Action of human vocal organs contrasted with new artificial larynx (A193, A202)\nWalter Damrosch (1) - Sound track shown on screen while Damrosch strikes notes indicated in sound track (A78)\nWireless Telephony (Y2) - How sound waves are carried by electric waves and reconverted into sound waves (\u00a9A30, A197)\nThe Wizardy of Wireless (2) - History of communication; explanation by animated drawings of principles involved in wireless (\u00a9A78)\nGROUP 70 Telephone\nConcerning  Crossarms  (1)  Something  about  the  branches  of  our  trees \nThe  Electrical  Transmission  of  Speech  (1)  Fundamentals  involved  in \ntransmission  and  reception  of  voice  over  wire  circuits.  (A193,  202) \nFar  Speaking  (1)  Shows  the  faith  of  one  of  earliest  subscribers  in \nultimate  outcome  of  Prof.  Bell's  invention.  (A202) \nGetting  Out  the  Goods  (1)  Distributing  the  products  of  a  huge  tele- \nphone manufacturing   plant.  (A193) \nHow  the  Telephone  Talks  (%)  Principles  of  communication;  details  of \ntransmitter  and  receiver;  diagrams  and  technical  drawings.  (\u00a9Ill,  \u00a9A30) \nInduced  Currents  (1)  How  currents  are  induced  in  a  generator,  trans- \nformed and  applied  in  a  telephone.  (\u00a957) \nThe  Inside  Story  of  Your  Telephone  (2)  Gathering  and  utilization  of \n15  of  raw  products  used  in  manufacture  of  telephone.  (A193,  202) \nNow  You're  Talking  (1)  Animated  cartoon  illustrating  the  harm  that \nMay result from improper handling of phone. (A202)\n\nPutting a Telephone Together: Trick photography. (A193, 197, 202)\nShort Cuts to Quantity: Few examples of achievements of mass production of telephones without sacrifice of quality. (A193, 202)\nSomething About Switchboards: Unusual processes in fabricating and installing equipment for telephone exchange. (A193)\nStudies in Telephony: Self-explanatory. (\u00a998)\nThe Telephone Repeater: Operation of vacuum tube as a telephone repeater which amplifies the voice current at intervals. (A193)\nThe Little Big Fellow: Functions of electric current in the making of a telephone call; animation. (A202)\nThrough the Switchboard: Successive steps in the operation of a phone call. (A193)\nThe World's Telephone Workshop: Photographic side-lights of unusual manufacturing processes. (A193, 202)\n62. INDUSTRY AND ENGINEERING\nGROUP 71. ELECTRICITY. \"1000 and One\"\nBehind the Switch. How electricity is produced; a trip through a large power plant. (A18)\nThomas A. Edison. Methods employed in the development of his great invention, the incandescent lamp. (\u00a910, \u00a9A78)\nCathode Ray Tube. Dr. W. D. Coolidge explains how a cathode ray tube operates; its effect on various substances. (A78)\nChemical Effects of Electricity. Action of two electrodes in electrolysis traced from crude beginnings, through modern battery manufacture, electroplating to metallurgy of copper and aluminum. (\u00a957)\nThe Conductor. Making of lamp cord. (\u00a9A78)\nDynamic America. Development and uses of electricity. Contrasts living conditions before electricity with present. (\u00a936, A194)\nElectric Heat in Industry. Use of electric heat in treatment of various processes. (3)\nFrom Coal to Electricity (2): How electricity is generated from coal - 4 steps: coal to heat; heat to steam; steam to mechanical motion; to electricity.\nHeat and Light from Electricity (1): Electricity in series and parallel circuits; Ohm's Law; manufacture and use of conductors, insulators, lamps, arc furnaces and heating equipment.\nIllumination (1): Shows the progress, measurement and quality of illumination and approved methods of interior lighting.\nThe Induction Voltage Regulator (2): Features and functions.\nLight of a Race (1): Principal steps in development of artificial illumination from earliest beginnings to incandescent lamp.\nMagnalux Luminaire (1): Explains and illustrates three methods of interior lighting - direct, semi-indirect and indirect.\nMazda Lamp Manufacturing (2) Detailed steps. (\u00a9A78)\nA Modern Zeus (1) Production of artificial lightning. (A78)\nOut of the Shadow (2) Designed to arouse interest in modern city lighting. Causes and effects of poor street lighting. (A194)\nStory of a Storage Battery (2) Uses and manufacture. (\u00a910, \u00a9A176)\nTraveling Waves on Transmission Lines (3) Shows in animation the behavior of an electrical wave traveling along a 250-mi. transmission line.\nThe Vacuum-Tube Synchronizing Equipment (1) Operation when \"tying-in\" inter-connecting power systems; advances made. (\u00a9A78)\nGroup 72 Engineering Achievements\nThe Age of Riveted Steel (2) Various uses of riveted steel in buildings.\nAmerica's Great Bridge Test (1) Technical study of tests made to determine the strength of a modern reinforced arch bridge. (\u00a9A178)\nThe Building of Boulder Dam (1) Construction and equipment. (A103)\nConowingo: Great hydro-electric development (\u00a9192, \u00a9A170, 202)\n\nConquest of the Cascades: Interesting features of the Cascade Tunnel and its contribution to better transportation. (\u00a9AA78)\n\nConquering the Desert: Transformation of trackless waste in Salt River Valley of Arizona into expansive cotton plantation. (\u00a9A82)\n\nDnieperstroy: Construction in Ukraine of the largest hydroelectric plant in Europe, capacity 800,000 horsepower. (A16)\n\nDredging New York Harbor: Excellent study of this modern naval engineering process. (\u00a958, 190)\n\nEmpires of Steel: Building the Empire State Building, New York; Erection of Goodyear Zeppelin Steel Hangar, Akron, O. (1)\n\nTitle: Erection of Lees Ferry Bridge over Marble Canyon \u2014 Colorado River. (3)\n\nThe Explosive Engineer: Forerunner of Progress. (1)\nTitle: The Use of Explosives in the Industrial World (\u00a9A90, 176)\nFabrication and Erection of The Bank of Manhattan Building, New York City (2)\nFrom Swamps to Workshop: Building of a Manufacturing Plant (A202)\nHow the Brooklyn Bridge Was Built (1) - Scientific animated drawing explaining one of the world's greatest engineering achievements. (\u00a9Ill)\nThe Kill Van Kull Bridge (3) - Building of a bridge between Bayonne, N.J. and Staten Island, New York Harbor. (A183)\n\nEleventh Edition\nINDUSTRY AND ENGINEERING\n\nG-E Educational Films\nare available in both standard 35-mm and 16-mm sizes. They are described and illustrated in Catalog GES-402C. Write for catalog or films to any of the following offices:\n\nGeneral Electric Company\nVisual Instruction Section, 1 River Road, Schenectady, NY 1405\nLocust Street, Philadelphia, Pa.\n230 South Clark St., Chicago, IL\n1801 N. Lamar St., Dallas, Texas\n140 Federal St., Boston, Mass.\n4966 Woodland Ave., Cleveland, Ohio\n200 S. Main St., Salt Lake City, Utah\n621 S. W. Alder St., Portland, Ore.\n187 Spring St., N.W., Atlanta, Ga.\nDepartment of Visual Instruction, University of California, Berkeley\nA service charge of fifty cents a reel is made for films ordered from this office.\n\nGENERAL ELECTRIC\nGROUP 72 (Continued) Engineering Achievements\nNature's Frozen Credits (3) Building of a great water plant in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California. (\u00a9A170, 202)\nNew York \u2014 East River Tunnels (1) Diagrammatic and actual scenes of construction of this achievement. (A197)\nOxwelded Industrial Piping (1) Shows various piping systems, air-conditioning and refrigeration systems. (9AH4)\nOxwelded Pipe Lines for Oil and Gas (1) Current practice in laying pipelines\nOF oxy-welded lines for long-distance transmission. (0AH4)\nOxy-Acetylene Welding of Structural Steel: Various welding operations involved in erection of large buildings. (\u00a9AH4)\nThe Playground that Went to Work: Land and water problems overcome in building a great workshop. (\u2022A193, A202)\nThe Span Supreme: Story of manufacture and erection of cables of the Hudson River Bridge. (A7)\nTunneling to Yosemite: Construction of Wawona Tunnel. (A178)\nGROUP 73 Electrical\nAlong the Firing Line: Manufacture of spark plugs, manufacture of sulphanite; an important part of spark plugs. (910, \u00a9A176)\nArc Welding in Building Erection: Uses of electric arc welding in construction of large office buildings. (\u00a9A78)\nArc Welding in Industry: Applications in the steel automobile and electrical industries. (\u00a9A78)\nBig Deeds (2) Trip through Schnectady Works of General Electric: shows manufacturing of different classes of electric equipment. (\u00a9A78)\n\nChicago Feeder Buses (1) Use of the new electric feeder buses in Chicago \u2014 a street car without rails. (\u00a936)\n\nDiesel Electric Locomotives and Rail Cars (3) Complete explanation and tests of the 6-cylinder Diesel engine. (A194)\n\nElectrical Measurement (4) Construction and operation of electric instruments and the needs of different measuring quantities. (\u00a958, 190)\n\nINDUSTRY AND ENGINEERING \"1000 and One\"\nGROUP 73 (Continued) Electric Devices\n\nThe Electric Needle (1) Electric arc welding; installation of pipe line to convey oil, gas, steam, and water in large municipal systems. (0A78)\n\nElectric Ship (1) Trip from New York to San Francisco aboard the new all-electric liner, Virginia; features of equipment. (0AA78)\nElectricity Goes to Sea (3) - The Largest Turbine Electric Ship in the World - the S.S. Coolidge. (A194)\nGoss Automatic High Speed Presses (IV2) - Construction and operation. (A194)\nKeep the Home Lights Burning (1) - Greatest advance in ten years in distribution transformer design. (A194)\nOil Blast Explosion Chamber (1) - Operation of new circuit breaker; highly technical. (A78)\nRubbing the New Aladdin's Lamp (1) - Manufacture of regular blasting caps and delay electric blasting caps. (0A9O)\nTies of Steel (1) - Converting scrapped steel rails into railroad ties by automatic arc-welding machine. (0A78)\nUnseen Values in General Electric Motors (3) - Manufacture of induction motor shown in considerable detail. (A78)\nWestinghouse Railway Line Material (1) - Manufacturing methods. (A194)\nTransformer Theory (1) - Development of Stanley's transformer.\nAlternating current demonstrates the practicality of his theories (A78).\n\nYears Ahead in Welding (1) New type of portable welding apparatus.\n\nGroup 74 Automotive Machinery and Manufacture\n\nThe Automobile (1) Traces production and use of iron, rubber, glass, and gasoline in the automobile (057).\n\nAutomobile Lubrication (1) Why old oil should be replaced with new oil; different kinds of lubricants for various parts (010, 0A176).\n\nThe Auto Fashion Plate (2) Journey through the art and color section of the Fisher Body Corporation (A79, 202).\n\nBetter Brakes (2) Construction, operation, and servicing of modern hydraulic automobile brakes (A126).\n\nThe Carburetor (2) Processes of manufacture (A126).\n\nA Day with the Tractor Builders (2) Shows every step in tractor construction (A38, 103).\n\nElements of the Automobile (14) Series visualizing inside workings.\nA Film of Endurance: Shows a record-breaking run in a Pennzoil-lubricated automobile on salt beds at Utah; few refinery shots. (OA144)\nFord and a Century of Progress: Ford exhibits. (A69)\nThe Fourth Necessity: Automobile transportation. (A79, 202)\nThe Harvester: A new type combine \u2013 mechanical features and performance. (0A153)\nMaking an All-Steel Automobile Body: Making the machinery for, Craftsmanship and precision methods of automobile construction. (Q)\nMetals of a Motor Car: Use of metals and alloys in construction. (2)\nThe Power Within: Explains in detail, by animated drawings, the location and operation of each part of a motor. (0A176)\nPratt and Whitney Motors: How airplane engines are made. (039)\nRhapsody in Steel (2) Manufacturing at Ford motor plant: special musical score. (A69)\nSecond Million (1) Recent developments in Plymouth cars. (929)\nServicing the Carburetor (1) Good for motor trade schools. (A126)\nSmart as Tomorrow (3) What to look for in buying a new car. (\u00bb29)\nStory of a Gasoline Motor (3) Animation shows entire function of automobile motor; lubrication and operation of each part. (0A176, A10)\nStyle and Stamina (1) New electric gear shift in Terraplane. (*29)\nThe Test Supreme (2) Scenes of motor, tires and men. (\u00abA202)\nThree a Minute (1) Plymouth production line. (#29)\nTouring in Private (2) Journey through proving ground. (#79, 202)\nTrails of Triumph (1) Endurance test drive of Chrysler. (#29)\nTriumph of America (3) Story of the Chevrolet. (A202)\nWhat Is a New Car (2) Journey through research laboratory of auto-industry.\nThe Eleventh Edition INDUSTRY AND ENGINEERING GROUP 75 MACHINERY Miscellaneous\n\nBetter Method (1) The sand slinger at work.\nConvertible Shovel (1) Intended for technical schools and groups.\nThe Engine Lathe and Its Operation (7) Complete assembly of lathe parts, construction and operation.\nFour-Stroke Cycle Gas Engine (1) Shows it in a single cylinder \"T\" head type motor.\nGraphic Representation of Machine Operations (2) Operations of various machines \u2014 lathes, milling machines, planers and drills.\nHow Movies Move (1) Explanation of Geneva Star and Cam on Maltese Cross mechanism.\nThe Modern Goliath (4) Uses of heavy excavating machinery.\nThe Molder (1) Mass production of small gray-iron castings.\nOur Mechanical Servant \u2014 the Elevator (%) Principle of hydraulic elevators.\nOxwelding and Cutting \u2014 The Modern Method of Joining and Severing Metals\n(1) Internal construction and operating principles of apparatus.\nOxwelding for Profit \u2014 I & II (1 each)\n- Versatility of process in home, plant, farm; application in many industrial fields. (\u00a9A114)\n- Production of automobile bodies, refrigeration units, welding of aluminum fuel tanks; second part: welding of pressure vessels and transformer tops. (\u00a9AH4)\nThe Prosperity Process (2)\n- Versatility of oxy-acetylene process in fabricating, severing, repairing, hard-surfacing metal parts. (\u00a9AH4)\nPunch Press Safety with Increased Production (1)\n- Automatic and semi-automatic feeds and power press guards. (\u00a9AH3)\nRefrigeration (1)\n- Ammonia compression system of refrigeration applied to artificial ice-making and household mechanical refrigeration. (\u00a957, 104)\n(1) Lever and inclined plane are fundamental machines. Principles of mechanical advantage, work, efficiency, and energy conservation are applied.\n(2) Story of Rock-Drilling: Use of diamond core drill, \"rotator,\" hammer drill, water-jet stoppers in iron mining and granite quarries.\n(2) Use and Abuse of Twist Drills: Strictly technical; shows parts of twist drills and errors to avoid in their use.\n(8) The Universal Milling Machine and Its Operation: Parts and construction; manifold operation.\n(3) Valves: Their importance to industry.\nGROUP 76 POWER, MECHANICAL, and ELECTRICAL\n(1) The Busy Body: Parts comprising the smallest motor.\n(1) Electrical Heart: Story of a dynamo.\n(1) Electric Power in the Southern Appalachians: Before Water Power.\nWas developed: Developing Water Power. Shows progress in the South. (\u00a957)\n\nEnergy and Work - Workings of a steam-operated electric power plant. McCormick-Deering Industrial Power - Industrial tractor at work in Jin oil fields, at docks, in dense forest, etc. (A38, 103)\n\nThe Modern Trend in Turbine Design - Factors affecting the design of steam turbines. (A78)\n\nPower Transformers - Development and manufacture. (\u00a9A78)\n\nPower - Development of power from earliest uses of steam power to great stations of today. (\u00a9A170, 202)\n\nPower of Falling Water - How power is generated from great falls and distributed. (A197)\n\nThe Romance of Power - Adaptation to needs of man. (A78)\n\nSteam Power - Early steam engines and explanations of improvements which made steamboat possible. (\u00a957)\nStory of Power (3) Early development of steam engine and modern uses of electricity; animated photography.\nSteam Turbine (2) Description and demonstration of operation of a single-stage turbine wheel by means of steam and air jets.\nThe Educational Screen does not handle films.\nIndustry and Engineering \"1000 and One\"\nGROUP 76 (Continued) Power, Mechanical and Electrical\nThe Turbine with the Solid Rotor (2) Story of steam turbine; shows stages in manufacture and its operation.\nWater Power (1) Primitive methods of utilizing energy of falling water; how the power of Niagara is changed into energy.\nWater Power (1) Importance of water power in generating electricity.\nWater Wheels; High Head Water \u2014 Power Developments; Low Head Water \u2014 Power Developments; Hydro-Electric Generator; Transmission and Use of Electric Power. (\u00a957)\nFishing Industry: Chesapeake Blue Crab, Chesapeake Bay Oyster, Fish and Fishing, Thurlow fish hatchery, Fresh from the Deep, Harvesting the Deep, New England Fisheries - Cod, New England Fisheries - Mackerel, Catching Salmon\n\nChesapeake Blue Crab, Maryland\nChesapeake Bay Oyster, Maryland\nThe great fish industry of Canada, Belleville, Ont., fish incubation\nCatching and packing halibut\nGathering harvest of cod, haddock, flounders, and other fish off Cape Sable Banks\nNew England Fisheries - Cod\nEquipment for Cod Fishing\nCatching Cod Fish\nPreparing Cod for Market\nAnnual Memorial Services\n\nNew England Fisheries - Mackerel\nCatching Mackerel\nPreparing Mackerel for Market\n\nCatching Salmon, Oregon\nHow fish are caught, eggs extracted.\nAnd fertilized for the hatcheries. How Salmon are Caught in British Columbia coastal fisheries. Inshore Fishing on the Atlantic Coast - Maintaining the Salmon Supply. A salmon hatchery in British Columbia. On the Skeena River. Pacific Coast Salmon - Multitudes of plucky salmon swimming to spawning beds; natural and artificial spawning; seine and trap fishing; packing and canning. Salmon Angling on the Restigouche. The Salmon Run - Views of one of Alaska's greatest industries; life history of the salmon. Story of a Can of Salmon - The process of canning. From Catch to Can - The sardine industry.\nSponge Fishing (1) Fishing methods. (A21)\nTrapping Tuna (1) Industry on east coast of Canada. (A202, A10)\nCapturing Seals and Tuna (1) Use of nets and lariats. (*94)\nCapturing Giants of the Deep (1) Whaling. (\u202294)\nThar She Blows! (1) Whaling in Alaskan waters and views of seals on the coast. (\u00a9Ill)\nWhaling (y2) Picture taken on board an Alaskan whaler \u2014 sighting and harpooning of whale. (\u00a956)\nWhaling in the South Pacific (4) An intimate study of an exciting whaling industry. (A66)\nGroup 78 Lumbering and Forest Products\nBehind the P & H Brand (2) Following a telephone pole from forest until it is purchased for use. (A153)\nCedar Camps in Cloudland (1) Scenic survey of pole-making industry. (Conquering Cypress (%) Logging in Florida cypress swamps. (\u00a929))\nConquest of the Forest: Felling trees and manufacturing lumber.\nThe Doings of Turp and Tine: Animated comedy showing production of gum and Hercules steam-distilled wood turpentine.\nLumbering and Forest Products: Dual-Purpose Trees (Naval stores industry of the South, including wood practices, distillation and marketing; plea for reforestation. (0A178))\nFelling Forest Giants: Lumbering in Carolinas and the Northwest; various methods of handling. (058, 104, 129, 0A66)\nLand of the White Cedar: Making poles in nature's snowy workplaces.\nLumbering in British Columbia: Lumbering operations and shipping.\nLumbering in the North Woods: Logging and other operations in converting trees into lumber. (A197)\nLumbering in the Pacific Northwest: Washington and Oregon. Lumber production: laying railroads, dragging logs to it by steel cables, sawing logs into lumber, drying, planning, and subsequent sorting and shipping. (57)\n\nOil, the Wood Preserver: Cargo of creosote oil from pumping in tanker until forced into pine poles. (A193, 202)\n\nOut of the Deep Woods of Dixie: Preparing yellow pine trees for crossarms. (A202)\n\nPillars of the Sky: Gathering and milling raw product for crossarms and conduits. (A193)\n\nPole Pushers of Puget Sound: Views of northwestern cedar industry with amusing and thrilling incidents. (A193, 202)\n\nResin: Obtaining resin. (29)\n\nTeak Logging with Elephants: In Upper Siam. (32)\n\nTimber-R-R!: Timber growing and logging practice in the California Pine Region. (A178)\nThe Trail of the Longleaf Pine: Yellow pine forests of the far South; utilization for telephone timber. (A193, 197, 202)\nTwo Generations: Handling and utilization of woodlands, for use in hardwood sections of the South. (0A178)\nWildwood Workers: Preparing yellow pine trees for use; activities of sawyers, axmen, teamsters, and boatmen. (A193, 202)\n\nGROUP 79 Mining\u2014 Coal, Oil and Gas\nAnthracite Coal: Six units: The Miner Goes to Work; Timber Supports in the Mine; Blasting Coal; Removing Coal from the Mine; The Breaker; Cleaning and Grading Coal. Anthracite region. (057)\nAnthracite Coal: Early mining and modern methods. (0A10, 78)\nBituminous Coal: Principal operations in mining and preparation; primitive and modern methods contrasted. (0A10, 78)\nBituminous Coal: Methods used in mining of soft coal and the making of coke. (057)\n[1] Black Sunlight: Animation and photography of coal formation and anthracite mining.\n[2] Buried Sunshine: Origin, mining, and market preparation for anthracite.\n[2] Coal at Its Best: The \"Chemacol\" process of treating coal and its advantages.\n[%] Making Coal and Water Gas: Story of coke and coal gas; operation of modern gas plant.\n[2] Modern Coal Mining: Labor-saving electrical machinery replacing bid methods.\n[1] Origin of Coal and Coal Mining: Animated drawings of today's coal mines and sub-surface mining process.\n[%] The Story of Coal: Formation, coal areas, mining, and grading; animation and actual photography.\n[3] The Wonders of Anthracite: Geology, history, mining, and preparation.\n\"Wildwood: A 100 Percent Mechanized Mine Operation of bituminous coal mines by machinery. Evolution of the Oil Industry: Traces development of petroleum from earliest times; importance to modern civilization. Fit to Win: Complete story covering production and refining of petroleum products, from oil well to customer. Liquid Gold in Texas: Securing and refining of oil. Mexican Oil Fields: How oil is drilled for, struck, tanked, piped and shipped. INDUSTRY AND ENGINEERING \"1000 and One\" GROUP 79 (Continued) Mining\u2014 Coal, Oil, Gas New Super Shell: Refining process used in manufacture of modern high test gasoline. Oil Tydings: Boring, piping and refining of oil. Oklahoma City Oil Fields: Highlights of the world's largest oil gushers, flowing wells, oil fires, etc.\"\nPetroleum: Production and refining of oil, distribution and use of products. Scenes include drilling of wells, pumping, transportation of oil, recovery of gasoline from natural gas, etc.\n\nProducing Crude Oil: Work preceding drilling; drilling operations; methods of transporting oil from fields to cities.\n\nRefining Crude Oil: Straight photography and animation show process of cracking crude oil and the products derived from it.\n\nRefining the Crude: Crude petroleum traced from oil well to refinery and through process of distillation.\n\nThe Refining of Petroleum: Animated diagrams used.\n\nRefining-Plus: Refining crude oil into high-grade lubricants.\n\nShell Carries On: Scientific testing apparatus used in gasoline refineries and results.\nStory of Gasoline (2): Refineries, distilling, transportation\nStory of Lubricating Oil (2): Manufacture and use of lubricants\nThe Story of a Mexican Oil Gusher (2): Discovery of a bubbling seepage of petroleum in Mexican jungle; stages in drilling well\nStory of a Rotary Drilled Oil Well (2): Animated drawings show operation of drilling of well and \"bringing\" in of oil\nThrough Oil Fields of Mexico (3): General views around oil fields; \"spouters,\" laying pipe line, tank farm and refinery\nThrough Oil Lands of Europe and Africa (Series 2, 3 and 4 reels): Picturesque views of countries; study in oil. Group 1 \u2014 oil supply of Italy, Hungary, the Danube, Romania; Group 2 \u2014 Poland, Greece, Egypt; Group 3 \u2014 Germany, France, Spain, Morocco, Algeria.\nThrough Oil Fields of Northern California (3): Detailed picture of natural gas discovery field.\nTitle: Of the operations of Butte's Oilfield, Uses of Gas in New York City Industries, The Mining and Smelting of Copper, Mountains of Copper, The Story of Copper (4 parts, may be used separately: Mining, Gold Mining in the Klondike, Gold, Safety in the Use of Explosives in Open Pit Iron Mining)\n\n1. Asbestos Mining and cobbing of asbestos fiber; factory views; testing of asbestos roofing. (039, 176)\n2. The Mining and Smelting of Copper: Physical properties; states in which it is found; how it is mined, concentrated and smelted. (057)\n3. Mountains of Copper: Operations in blasting and transporting copper ore from the world's largest open-pit copper mine. (0A78)\n4. The Story of Copper (4 parts): Mining; Gold Mining in the Klondike (Old and modern methods); Gold; Safety in the Use of Explosives in Open Pit Iron Mining. (5, 1, 057, 1)\nLead: Way of mining and smelting ore, multiple uses of metal in industry, process of making white lead (057)\n\nMagic Gems: Study of minerals and precious stones (A64, 146)\n\nCommon Salt: Nature and action, methods used in extracting, purifying, drying and bagging surface and rock salt deposits (057, 58)\n\nPillars of Salt: How salt is mined and refined (0A78)\n\nSalt Mining: Self-explanatory (A98)\n\nThe Story of Sulphur: Mining and uses (0A10, 176, A197)\n\nSulphur: Modern methods of mining, animation (0A160)\n\nTin: Open cast mining, sluicing and bucket dredging in world's richest mines (Malay States), making tin products (057)\n\nA Trip to Cripple Creek: Few moments among greatest gold and silver mines in the world (0157)\nGroup 81: Building Materials\nCementing the Centuries (2): Story of Alpha Cement. A Concrete Example: Uses in construction of big buildings. Construction That Endures: Uses of cement. (A10, 176, 183, 202)\nFrom Mountain to Cement Sack: Manufacture of cement.\nThe Manufacture of Face Brick: Manufacture and use. (A38)\nFire Clay Refractories: Storage yards and kilns, and mines where fire clay is obtained; making of brick; molding of fire clay. (A176)\nFrom Bagnoles to Builder: Manufacture of celotex. (A36)\nFrom Pigs to Paint: Story of Dutch Boy White Lead. (A202)\nMonarch Controls the Air: Shows value of modern weatherstripping and methods of installation. (A126)\nStory of Stone: Self-explanatory. (A202)\nWallpaper the Beautiful (2) of particular interest to engineering and technical schools. Modern Quarry Blasting (1) Practices shown in detail. Vermont Marble Industry (2) Quarries; turning, planing and cutting marble; water saw in cutting; polishing; uses in architecture. Group 82 Clothing, Textiles and Leather The Art of Spinning and Weaving (2) Development of hand spinning; principles of weaving. Cotton, Civilization's Fabric (2) Cotton from field to mill; spinning and weaving. Cotton Goods (1) Carding, twisting and drawing of yarn; production of thread; weaving and testing of fabrics; uses of cotton. From Flax Linen (1) Traces flax from plant and seed stage to line flax; spinning; weaving and bleaching linen cloth. The Linen Industry in the U.S. (2) Growing of flax and making of linen.\nHow Men's Clothing Is Made (2)\nStory of a suit of clothes from designing to making: Needle Trade School in New York City. (\u00a910)\nHow the Kenwood Blanket is Made (1, 2)\nRomance of Cloth (1)\nFrom field to loom; finished product. (A197)\nAmerican Glove Craft (2)\nGlove manufacture. (\u00a9A50)\nLace Making in France (^)\nLe Puy, lace-making center. (A31, 197)\nLuzon Lingerie (1)\nDesigning and making of exquisite lingerie in the Philippines. (\u00a932)\nFrom Cocoon to Kimono (1)\nSilk industry of Japan. (\u00a932, 129, A197)\nFrom Cocoon to Spool (1)\nLife history of silkworm; obtaining of raw silk; manufacturing process to finished bolt of silk. (\u00a958, 129, \u00a9A10, 28)\nHow Silk Is Made (1)\nSteps in the making of silk; from laying of eggs to the steaming, boiling, and making of thread and cloth. (\u00a910)\nSilk: Modern process of reeling silk and spooling in large establishments (A197)\nSilk: Raw silk culture in Japan; country traversed to reach United States; methods of production in modern factory (\u00a957, 104)\nRomance of Rayon: From felling of trees to obtain strands of rayon to the finished piece of shining material (\u00a9A10)\nLeather: Sources of leather; tanning methods; making of shoes by hand contrasted with manufacture of modern machinery (\u00a957)\nFrom Hide to Leather: Manufacture of shoes (197)\nThe Story of Leather: Processes through which raw hides and skins go before they can be called leather (\u00a9A171, 197)\nThe Shoe: Production from raw materials (58)\nThe Manufacture of Coward Shoes: All the operations (4)\nRomance of Shoemaking: Steps in manufacture (2)\nShoes of the Ages (1) Evolution of the shoe with actual historic relics and modern products. (A126)\nMy Lady's Stockings (1) From the production of silk to the manufacture of stockings. (\u00a9Ill)\nThe Reading Full-Fashioned Knitting Machine in Action (1 & 2) Operation of machine making full-fashioned hosiery. (\u00a9A50)\nFrom Lowly Worms to Lovely Woman (3) From silkworm culture in China to finished stocking. (#50)\nIndustry and Engineering \"1000 and One\"\nGroup 82 (Continued) Clothing, Textiles, Leather Rug Manufacturing (y2) Designing, weaving and processing. (0129)\nThe Making of Twine (1) Processes in making a ball of twine.\nThe Part of the Car That's Velvet (2) Complete story of mohair velvet upholstery. (\u00a9202)\nWool (1) Shearing sheep; packing and shipping of wool; converting woolen goods. (1) Sources of wool; contrasts methods of carding, spinning and weaving.\nWool Marketing and Manufacture: From fleece to finished fabric\nA Woolen Yarn: From fleece to finished cloth\n\n1. Wool: Ning and weaving homespun and factory-made woolens. (057)\n2. Wool Marketing and Manufacture: The whole process of manufacture. (A178)\n3. A Woolen Yarn: From fleece to finished cloth. (0A10, 78)\n\nGroup 83: Food Products\nAcross the Seven Seas: Trip through Java; making of tapioca. (1)\n1. Canning and Grading Lima Beans: Modern cannery scenes; how Government inspects and grades beans; difference between three grades. (2)\n2. Chemical Ethyl Alcohol: Manufacture of industrial alcohol from sugar plantation through the finished product. (0A50)\n3. The Gift of Montezuma: Growing and harvesting of cocoa beans in the tropics, shipping and manufacture into chocolate products. (A91)\n4. Making of the Finest Chocolate in America: From cocoa bean to chocolate bar. (0129)\n5. Story in an Egg Shell: How eggs may be frozen and used ten years later. (1)\nThe Making of Ice Cream: A Complete Survey of this Industry, focusing on packing methods. (202)\nMilk: Various processes transforming pure cow's milk into dairy products. (129)\nFrom Pod to Palate: Growing and harvesting the pea crop and the process of canning in a modern factory. (36, 38)\nFood Shot from Guns: Growth of rice in the Orient and the United States; unique transportation process of puffing grains. (152)\nTen Pounds to the Bushel: Growing of oats and manufacture of rolled oats. (152)\nAfter the Fog: Commercial canning of food. (202)\nGroup 84: Metal Manufacturing\nAlloys Used in Automobile Chassis: Uses and properties. (30)\nAlloys Used in Automobile Engines: Uses and properties. (30)\nThe Story of Iron: Sources in the U.S.; prospecting, mining, crushing. (5)\nMilling, transportation, casting of pig iron. (0A176)\nIron Ore to Pig Iron: Mining, transportation and smelting of iron ore; steel bridge construction; uses of steel. (057)\nPig Iron to Steel: Divided into three units: The Open Hearth Furnace, The Blooming Mill, the Finishing Mill. Traces progress of the ore through mining process to finished product. (057)\nThe Manufacture of Pig Iron: Working of the blast furnace shown in animation \u2014 charging, elimination of impurities, slag, etc. (030)\nBessemer and Open Hearth Steel: Process visualized by animation and actual photography; principle of regenerative process. (030)\nThe Metal of the Ages: Manufacture of wrought iron pipe. (0A154)\nThe Story of Steel: Series of 5 subjects \u2014 Mining and Metallurgy. Shows basic processes from ore to ingot; Rails, Rods and Plates; Wire. (1) Rails, rods and plates.\nProducts: Manufacture of Pipe; Sheets and Tin Plates, Heat Treatment of Steel (modern furnaces with automated temperature regulation), Story of Illinois Alloy Steel (from mining of iron ore to finished product), Making It Tough (complete cycle of alloy-steel \"heat\" in open hearth furnace, casting ingots, properties and uses), The Making of Steel (various processes through which ore is made into steel), Arteries of Industry (story of modern steel pipe), Development of the Battledeck Steel Plate Floor (self-explanatory), The Evolution of an Ingot (manufacture of galvanized sheet metal from ingot to finished product)\nMaking American Wire From Steel Rods to Wire Rope; testing, splicing and flexibility shown. (A183)\nManufacture of Sheet Steel and Tin Plate Mining of ore; steel-making processes; application of finished product. (A183)\nThe New Continuous Process of Making Iron and Steel Sheets Open Hearth, continuous rolling, finishing processes. (2 & 4)\nStrong as Steel Story of steel from mine to finished product of automobile. (A123)\nThe Story of Steel and Wire Products From mining of ore to finished products. (A15, 21)\nWalls Without Welds Story of seamless steel tubes. (0A183)\nFrom Mine to Consumer Mining, smelting and refining of copper and fabrication of its alloys. (2, 202, A10)\nLong Drawn Out Journey through copper wire mill. (A193, 202)\nManufacture of Anaconda Sheet Copper Self-explanatory.\nThe Story of Copper: Manufacture and uses. Rolling and drawing copper rod and wire; rolling of sheets; testing strength of copper wire. The Story of Lead: Smelting (refining and running into molds, cooling on moulding wheel). Story of Lead Mining and Milling: Drilling, blasting and loading of lead ore; mill operations. Heritage: Discovery and uses of nickel. The Jewels of Industry: Manufacture of modern abrasives. Manifestation of the Carborundum industry. The Story of Monel Metal: Various phases in manufacture of monel metal and its many uses in industry and the home. Industrious Diamonds: Use in making copper wire. Silver: Manufacture of sterling flatware and hollow ware, production.\nThe Silversmith: How silverware is produced, Silver: Heirlooms of Tomorrow: Scenes in a modern silverware plant; examples of Paul Revere's work.\nThe Metal Maker: The title tells it.\nSurface Changes in Metals at High Temperatures: Metals heated to high temperature in atmosphere of nitrogen in special furnace.\nGroup 85 Paper and Publications\nBooks \u2013 From Manuscript to Classroom: A complete and dramatic factory of the making of a textbook.\nA Day with the Sun: N.Y. Sun Newspaper.\nFrom Tree to Newspaper: Getting out logs for wood pulp; life in camp; boating logs to pulp mill; making wood pulp and paper.\nFrom Trees to Tribunes: Every phase of making of Chicago Tribune from timberlands to delivery of complete papers.\n[How a Newspaper Is Made (2) News stories followed through newspaper plant, editorial, copy and pressrooms. The Making of a Great Newspaper (3) Complete process \u2014 gathering news, transferring copy from paper to metal and back, etc. Making a Book (1) From manufacture of paper to bound volume. Modern News in a Modern Way (1) Operation of a newspaper plant from general management down through the plant to its delivery. Newsprint Paper (1) From forest to finished product. Story of the Tribune (1) Details of a big newspaper plant. Styled Stationery (2) Process of making paper from rags; making of stationery. The Voice of Business (2 or 3) Manufacture of paper. When Trees Talk (1) Paper industry and preservation of forests. The World of Paper (2) Epoch-making advances in the art of writing,]\nprinting and paper-making from ancient to modern times. (010, 0A78) {See also Groups 14, 78}\nADVERTISEMENT\n\"THE SHOW MUST GO ON\" (The Sprout) as 35mm. No theatre must dismiss, longer an inconvenience, easier to handle and more reliable. In addition to exclusively (2) Th, also Double-Exciter. Replace burned Dor pri, first Sprocket Intermittent 16mm. Sound Projector Ever Made. Where a lower priced machine is wanted, DeVry still makes the best of the claw movement 16mm. projectors, because the DeVry is a TRIPLE CLAW \u2014 easiest on film, and has the exclusive double exciter lamp mentioned above. Trade-ins for the sprocket intermittent can be arranged. Where regular 35mm. Theatre Features are to be shown, HERMAN A. DEVRY, INC. Eleventh Edition ADVERTISEMENT\n\"ON\"! (famous slogan of the theatre)\n*y MOTION PICTURE UNITS \u2014\nEver since DeVry put a claw movement in all DeVry Sound Units - 16 of them - because the claw, as Webster's dictionary states, is a device to \"pull, tear or scratch,\" the claw movement eventually does to film. Equipment is too costly and valuable to use any substitute mechanism such as the claw - a device that is cheaper, but admittedly harder on film and produces a jerky motion for professional quality projection.\n\nThe Sprocket Intermittent, DeVry 16mm. Sound Units, have an exclusive chain drive instead of noisy meshed gears, and (3) amp sockets - your guarantee against stopping the show due to occiter lamps.\n\nDon't be misled by unscrupulous salesmen who say that the highest quality cameras use claw movements - since the camera only moves once, while projectors run them hundreds of times.\n\nThe DeVry 35mm. Portable Sound Unit is supreme.\nAll DeVry Sound Machines can be used for silent films, and DeVry Silent Machines are made for adding sound heads later.\n\nDeVry Office and Factory\u2014 MM CENTER ST., CHICAGO\nEastern Office\u2014 347 MADISON AVE., NEW YORK\n\nINDUSTRY AND ENGINEERING \"1000 and One\"\nGROUP 86 Miscellaneous Manufacture\n\nBuilding quality into cream separators (2) - Modern manufacturing plant where ball bearing cream separators are made. (A38, 103)\n\nSomething New Under the Sun (1) - Camera study of the action of carboloy, hard-as-diamond cutting edge for high-speed tools. (\u00a9A78)\n\nThe Story of Bakelite Resinoid (2) - Portrayal of chemistry underlying manufacture of bakelite materials; varied uses. (\u00a9A202)\n\nKool \"Penguins\" (1) - Cartoon trip with penguins through cigarette manufacturing plant. (*29)\nMaking Manila Cigars How cigars and cigarettes are made and boxed in an open air factory.\nFurniture Making Contrasts important period styles of past with styles of today; master craftsmen at work; modern methods in machine production.\nManufacture of Illuminating Gas Trip through gas plant.\nThe Eyes of Science Theory, manufacture and application of modern optical instruments.\nFrom Desert Sand to Sparkling Glass Creations Manufacturing glass jars.\nFrom Desert to Doorstep Manufacturing milk bottles.\nGlass Blowing I & II Correct procedure and manipulations for elementary glass blowing with Pyrex glass; procedure for joining two tubes; method of blowing bulbs.\nGlass Containers Machinery in action in various processes involved in making glass.\nGlass Insulators (2) Entire process of manufacture, from mixing of materials through pressing, testing and packing. (\u00a9195)\nGlass Magic (3) Steps in manufacture of an ophthalmic lens. (\u00a9A26)\nRomance of Glass (1) Discovery of glass; manufacture of glass jars; comparing hand-blowing with modern machine methods. (\u00a9A21, 202)\nThe Modern Hercules (1) Manufacture of dynamite. (\u00a9A90)\nStory of Dynamite (2) From raw materials to finished product; work of explosives in mining and construction work. (A10, 176)\nStory of Nitrocellulose (3) Manufacture and uses. (\u00a9A90)\nTesting of Smokeless Powders (1) Test for recoil, pattern, velocity and uniformity. (\u00a9A90)\nThe Story of a Match (1) Manufacturing process. (\u00a929)\nThe Inner Tube (1) Various stages of construction. (\u00a9A82)\nRubber (1) From plantation in Sumatra through manufacture of tires.\ntennis shoes and fountain pens in the United States.\nStory of Rubber (1) Manufacture and use of rubber goods.\nThe Story of Goodyear (2) Interesting phases of a great rubber company from gathering raw product to finished commodities.\nModern Industrial Methods (4) Lumbering; cabinet making; mass production of interchangeable parts; testing sewing machines.\nSoap (1) Contrasts methods of producing home-made soap with those followed in modern factories; why waters become hard; action of soap in Manufacture of Milled Toilet Soap (1) Making of high quality toilet soap from vegetable oils.\nStory of Soap (1) From raw materials in South Seas to completed package.\nT.C. (Your Sixth Sense) (1) Effect of temperature on human beings; origin of thermometer and method of calibration.\nManufacture of toys (Playthings (1))\nToy-making in all its branches (Travels in Toyland (1))\nStory within a story; how correct time is recorded by chronometry and chronometers (Time (2))\nMaking of watches (Chronometry and Chronometers (1))\nVarious stages of cutting and polishing (Diamond Cutters of Amsterdam (%))\nWorkshop of a gem cutter (Gem Cutting and Polishing (%))\nMaking Wear-Ever Cooking Utensils (Making Wear-Ever Cooking Utensils (1))\nManufacture and testing of dental amalgam (Why I Use Minimax (1))\nHow a potter works at his wheel (The Pottery Maker (1))\nManufacture of porcelain (The Potter's Wheel (1))\nProcess from common clay to finished hand-painted lustrous china (Porcelain Industry in Czecho-Slovakia (1))\nModern methods of manufacture in preparing clays (Tableware (1))\nPottery: modeling, casting, firing and decorating ware.\n\nEleventh Edition\n\nLiterature and Drama\nHeadquarters\nfor Educational and Entertainment Motion Pictures\n\nLarge Library of\n16mm. SOUND-ON-FILM and 16mm. Silent Subjects\n35mm. SOUND-ON-FILM and 35mm. Silent Subjects\nGlass Slides and Film Strips\nReasonable Rental Rates\n\nWe sell and rent projectors of all kinds \u2014 also Screens and Accessories\n\nIdeal Pictures Corporation\nGROUP 87 Literature and Drama\nAmerican Author Series (Series of 12, 1 reel each)\nBrief sketch of each author's life and dramatization of best-known works. Series includes Bryant, Cooper, Emerson, Hawthorne, Holmes, Irving, Longfellow, Lowell, Poe, Twain, Whitman, and Whittier.\n\nRobert Burns\nBiography; Scottish scenes.\n\nRobert Burns (1)\nBiography\n\nLand o' Burns (1)\nScenes of his homeland with singing of two of his famous ballads. (A65)\nCharles Dickens, Biography; Sketches of his characters. (A197) Lights of Literature Series. Covering lives of great authors; including The Brownings, William Cullen Bryant, James Fenimore Cooper, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Washington Irving, Edgar Allen Poe, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Alfred Lord Tennyson, John Greenleaf Whittier. (\u00a929)\n\nHenry W. Longfellow, Events in the life and work of the great Washington Irving. (1) His life and work; scenes from Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. (\u00a9104)\n\nAlice in Wonderland (6) Talking version of Lewis Carroll's story, especially adaptable for juvenile audiences. (A64, 98, 110)\n\nAlice Through the Looking Glass (5) A Sequel to Alice in Wonderland.\n\nAnnabel Lee (5) Exquisite production based on Edgar Allan Poe's poem. (A64)\n\nAs You Like It (3) Shakespeare's poem. (A64)\nAunt Tabitha (1) Poem by O. W. Holmes (A81)\nThe Barefoot Boy (1) Inspired by John Greenleaf Whittier's poem of the same name (#29, \u2022A54, \u00a998)\nBen-Hur (14) Spectacular picturization of Lew Wallace's classic (A120)\nBlack Beauty (7) Picturization of the famous Sewell book following the novel\nBleak House (1) \"Dickens atmosphere\" recreated (A98, 197)\nBlue Beard (1) Based on the famous story (A98)\nChild of M'sieu (5) Based on Browning's Pippa Passes (A98, 146)\nThe Children's Hour (1) Longfellow's poem (A64)\nThe Corsican Brothers (5) Dustin Farnum in Dumas' classic (A64)\nCourtship of Miles Standish (6) Dramatization of Longfellow's poem, geographically and historically correct (A64, 98, 104, 146)\nCricket on the Hearth (6) Charles Dickens' story\nCyrano de Bergerac (8) Adaptation of Rostand's famous romance, produced and filmed in France in natural colors (A197)\nDante (3) - Sketch of his life. (A98)\nDavid Copperfield (6) - Screen version of the well-known classic.\nThe Educational Screen does not handle films.\n\nLiterature and Drama \"1000 and One\"\nGROUP 87 (Continued) Literature and Drama\nThe Deerslayer (5) - James Fenimore Cooper's romance of French and Indian Wars.\nDombey and Son (6) - Charles Dickens' classic. (A64, 98, 146)\nDr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (5) - The Stevenson classic. (A64)\nDr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1) - Short version of the classic. (ei40)\nEnoch Arden (4) - Picture version of the poem. (A98)\nFagin (1) - Dramatic characterization of the master thief from Dickens' Oliver Twist. (A98, 197)\nGreat Expectations (11) - Dickens' immortal classic beautifully done.\nHamlet (1 & 3) - Shakespeare's masterpiece. (\u00a9A31)\nThe Headless Horseman (5 & 7) - A screen presentation of Washington Irving's \"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.\"\nIrving's famous story featuring Will Rogers: Homer's Odyssey (Spectacle of ancient Greece). Hoosier Romance (James Whitcomb Riley's rural comedy). The Hoosier Schoolmaster (Edward Eggleston's classic of settler life). The Hunting Ground of Hiawatha (Adopted from Longfellow's). Hunchback of Notre Dame (Featuring Lon Chaney: \u00a958, 95, 129). Hunchback of Notre Dame. Ivanhoe (Sir Walter Scott's classic). The Jack-Knife Man (Ellis Parker Butler's story of spiritual achievement in a quaint mid-western hamlet: \u00a9A31, A64, 98, 146, 197). King Lear (Shakespeare's tragedy). Kipling's Mandalay (The spell of the Orient and a picturesque people as Kipling saw them: \u00a9A31, A98, 146). The Lady of the Lake (Sir Walter Scott's classical romantic narrative).\nLast of the Mohicans (26) Cooper's story well produced in serial form\nLegend of Sleepy Hollow (5) Featuring Will Rogers. (\u00a9169)\nLes Miserables (1) Vivid presentation of essentials of Victor Hugo's story. (A197)\nLittle Orphant Annie (5) James Whitcomb Riley's classic featuring Annie. (\u00a952, A146)\nLorna Doone (8) Richard B. Blackmore's famous story. (\u00a952, A146)\nMacbeth (1) A few tense moments from Shakespeare's play. (A98, 197)\nManon Lescaut (9) Spectacular costume production of the novel, featuring Lya de Putti. (A163)\nA Man There Was (5) Ibsen's classic. (A64)\nThe Man Without a Country (2) Edward Everett Hale's story filmed in exact historical settings. (\u00a9169, A64, 98)\nMary, Queen of Scots (3) Literary production. (A98)\nMary Tudor (6) Hugo classic produced abroad. (A64)\nMaud Muller (2) Dramatization of Whittier's poem. (\u00a9111, A197)\nThe Merchant of Venice: Highlights from Shakespeare's play. (A98)\nMill on the Floss: George Eliot's classic. (A64, 98)\nMy Own United States: From the well-known story by Edward Everett Hale, featuring The Man Without a Country. (A197)\nNancy: Famous character from Oliver Twist. (A98, 197)\nOld Curiosity Shop: Taken in exact locale described by Charles Dickens. (6)\nOld Scrooge: Dickens' famous character. (\u00a9129, A66, 146, 197)\nOliver Twist: Dickens' immortal tale, featuring Dickie Moore. (7)\nOthello: Production of Shakespeare's play, featuring Emil Jan-nings. (\u00a9Ill)\nPeck's Bad Boy: From the famous story of the same title, featuring Jackie Coogan. (\u00a9Ill, A31, 146, 197)\nThe Pied Piper of Hamlin: A production of Robert Browning's legendary poem of the same name. (\u00a958, 98, A64)\nRip Van Winkle (6) - Irving's tale filmed in exact location.\nRobinson Crusoe (4 in 16 mm., 5 in 35 mm.) - Presentation of Daniel \u00ae 16mm sound, \u00ae16mm silent, 35mm sound, A 35mm silent.\nEleventh Edition LITERATURE AND DRAMA\nLet Screen Attractions Corporation solve your film problems\nLarge collection of select films for non-theatrical use in schools, clubs, churches, Y.M.C.A.'s, etc.\nSound and silent, 16mm and 35mm; sale and rental.\nFeatures, Comedies, Special Westerns, Cartoons and Poems(in naturalcolor), Educational, Talk-O-Graphs, etc.\nAttractive rentals, reliable service by day, week, or month.\nInquiries invited. 630 NINTH AVE., NEW YORK CITY.\n\nGroup 87\nLiterature and Drama\n\nRomeo and Juliet (2) - Shakespeare's play. (A146)\nRomola (8) - Lillian Gish in George Eliot's masterpiece. (\u00a994)\nThe Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam (6) - Famous Persian poem, starring\nRamon Navarro, A64, \"School for Scandal\" (Sheridan's comedy of manners), 7\n\"Silas Marner\" (George Eliot's classic), 7\nThe Three Musketeers (Dumas' historical novel), A31, A98\n\"Tell Tale Heart\" (Poe's classic), A53\n\"Tartuffe, the Hypocrite\" (Moliere's play), 6 (Emil Jannings)\nA Tale of Two Cities (dramatic story highlights), A192, \u00a9A192\n\"The Sky Pilot\" (Colleen Moore in Ralph Connor's classic), 7\n\"Timothy's Quest\" (Kate Douglas Wiggins' simple homespun story), 7\nTreasure Island (Stevenson's classic), A98\n\"Twelfth Night\" (Shakespeare's poem), A146\n\"Uncle Tom's Cabin\" (Harriet Beecher Stowe's story), 5, \u00a958, 98\n\"Vanity Fair\" (Thackeray's story with Myrna Loy), #129\n\"The Vicar of Wakefield\" (screen version of Goldsmith's classic), 6\nThe Village Blacksmith (From Longfellow's poem)\nBarber of Seville (Richard Bonelli sings the Largo from Rossini's)\nBeethoven's Moonlight Sonata (Portrayal of Beethoven playing his \"Moonlight Sonata\")\nThe Bohemian Girl (Colorful screen presentation of operetta)\nCarmen (Film version of Bizet's famous opera)\nCarmen (A condensed portrayal)\nCarrie Jacobs Bond (Edwin C. Hill interviews the composer; Ralph sings several of her songs. #25, 52, 84, 98, 111)\nEili Eili (Hebrew song of lamentation. #84)\nGypsy Melodies (Spanish gypsy melodies. #94)\nGypsy Troubadours (Companion picture to \"Gypsy Melodies,\" with different songs and Spanish dances. *94, 98)\nThe Holy Grail (Spectacle based on the opera Parsifal. A64)\nII. Trovatore (1) - Famous opera picturized\nJack and Jill in Songland (1) - Fantasy dealing with important steps in writing direct to advertisers and distributors\n\nMusic and Dancing\nGroup 88 (Continued) - Music and Dancing\nKentucky Jubilee (Series of 4, 1 reel each) - A medley of negro spirituals: Water Boy, Deep River, My Old Kentucky Home, Going Home\nLa Pastorale (1) - Harp Choir of Vatican playing Verdi's composition\nThe Last Rose of Summer (1) - Tom Moore's immortal song (A197)\nMelodies of Love (1) - Favorite ballads from Italy, Scotland and Ireland\nMelody on Parade (1) - Organ music ending with a fine selection for parade\nMoses' Prayer (1) - Vatican Harp Choir (\u202298)\nMother Melodies (1) - An organlogue ( *25, 84, 98)\nMusic Appreciation Series (4 in series, 1 each) - Demonstrations of instrumental music\nWoodwind Choir, The String Choir, Brass Music Masters Series: 12 parts; one each on Bizet, Brahms, Liszt, Handel, Chopin, Beethoven, Verdi, Mendelssohn, Strauss, Rossini, Foster, Hayden, and Mozart.\n\nGeorges Bizet: How Carmen was written; dramatic incidents from the opera.\nJohannes Brahms: Story of his tragic love and how he came to write the famous \"Hungarian Gypsy Dance Number 6.\"\nGeorge Frederick Handel: Incidents showing his genius as a child; excerpts from \"Messiah\" and \"Hallelujah Chorus.\"\nOld Songs for New: Dr. Sigmund Spaeth shows how he earned the title of tune detector. (\"25\", \"84\", \"98\")\nOperalogues: Series based on famous operas. (\"29\", \"98\")\nA: Brahmin's Daughter (2): On the opera \"Lakme\"\nIdol of Seville (2): Condensed version of \"Carmen\"\nMilady's Escapade (2): Based on Von Flotow's \"Martha\"\nVendetta (2): From \"Cavelleria Rusticana\"\nWalpurgis Night (2): Suggested by Goethe's \"Faust\"\nOriental Fantasy (1): Songs of the orient. (*29, 84, 111)\nPagliacci (1): Prologue sung by Richard Bonelli. (#25, 84, 98, 111)\nPinaforettes (1): Airs from Pinafore, interspersed with dancing.\nRhapsody in Black (1): Negro spirituals. (\u00a925, 84, 98)\nRound the World in Song (1): Musical travelogue. (*52)\nSinging with Singin* Sam (1): Featuring well-known radio star.\nSing with the Street Singer (1): Featuring Arthur Tracy. (\u00ab25, 84, 98)\nSong Series (1 each): Deep South; Love's Memories; Road to Mandalay ; Songs of Mother; Trumpeter; Voice of the Sea. (\u00ab29, 80)\nSongs of Erin (1): Favorite Irish ballads. (#29)\nSongs of Spain (1) Some famous tunes.\nSongs of the Hills (1) Hillbilly and folk songs.\nSongs of the South Seas (1) Hawaiian songs and dances.\nStephen Foster (1) A romantic episode in the life of the composer, and presentation of his beloved songs.\nSymphony in Sight (1) Visual music of Brahms' Hungarian Dance.\nTrees (1) Musical rendition of Joyce Kilmer's poem and other songs.\nA Waltz by Strauss (8) Story of composer featuring his music.\nA Waltz Dream (1) Dream presentation of well-known waltz songs.\nWine, Women and Song (1) Presents some old-time favorites.\nWinifred Christie at the Double Keyboard Piano (1) Well-known classical selections played on the new Bechstein-Moor double keyboard piano.\nEvolution of the Dance (%): Exhibition of dancing steps used by primitive and modern races.\nSeries of dances: Grace in Slow Motion, On With the Dance. Eleventh Edition. Natural Science.\n\nNatural Science:\nCurriculum Specialists planned these Talking Pictures for science courses: Plant Growth, Roots of Plants, Flowers at Work, Seed Dispersal, Fungus Plants, The Dodder, Plant Traps, The Frog, Animals of the Zoo, How Nature Protects Animals, Beach and Sea Animals, Tiny Water Animals, Butterflies, Moths, Beetles, Pond Insects, Aphids, Spiders, Leaves, The House Fly.\n\nErpi Picture Consultants. Group 89, Plant Life.\n\nAristocrats of the Flower World: Study of Orchids \u2013 origin, propagation and method of obtaining food and water. (Aristocrats of the Flower World, Series 4) (\u00a9A30)\n\nMaking of a Flower Garden; natural color. Beneath the Open Sky (1).\nThe Dodder: Time-lapse photography shows how dodder and other parasitic plants live and grow on other plants.\n\nThe Fern: Types of ferns.\n\nFinding His Job: Lesson in the care and protection of trees and flowers through botanical study, visualizing the characteristic variation among garden flowers.\n\nFlowers at Work: Parts and physiology of plant flowers, presented from flower to fruit. All parts of a flower help in producing seeds; time-lapse photography and animated diagrams.\n\nThe Green Plant: Stresses the fact that living things are dependent for food upon the green plant.\n\nFungus Plants: Time-lapse photography showing actual growth of fungus plants.\n\nGrowing Things: House and garden cultivation; germination of seeds and plant supports.\nIn Tulip Land: Close-ups of every variety and famous landscape gardens in Holland.\nLeaves: Functions of leaves in relation to roots and stems; parts of a leaf and different kinds shown in detail.\nLife: Story of plant life from seed to trees.\nLuther Burbank: Part of the life work of the \"plant wizard.\"\nOrchids, Seeds Germinating and Flowers Opening: Orchid culture; bean and radish seed sprouting; cotton buds, etc.\nPalms and Cacti of the Great American Desert: Interesting and weird botanical creations of the desert.\nPaper White Narcissus: Floricultural film visualizing bulb propagation in Florida.\nPlant Growth: Life history of a pea plant from seed to maturity.\nPlanting and Care of Trees: Insect pests of trees; planting a tree.\nPlant and Flower Life (Series of 13 subjects, each on 0.25 reels) from Arthur Pillsbury's explorations in plant and flower life.\n\nPlant Life (1)\nChief functions of plant parts and their life properties.\n\nPlant Roots (1)\nTime-lapsed and microscopic photography shows the form, structure, growth, and function of plant roots.\n\nNATURAL SCIENCE\nGROUP 89 (Continued)\n\nPlant Traps (1)\nThe peculiar manner in which the sundew catches and digests insects.\n\nSeed Dispersal (1)\nHow seeds of many different plants are sown and scattered by nature to ensure their falling upon fertile soil.\n\nSeeds and Seedlings (%)\nBotanical observation illustrating the transformation of seeds to seedlings.\n\nSpare the Dogwood (1)\nA plea to save dogwood from further destruction by vandals.\nSpring: Leaves and flowers sprouting\nA Springtime Miracle: Wild flowers of Yosemite photographed in bloom through stop-motion\nTime-Lapse Studies of Plant Growth: Possibilities of time-lapse photography in scientific research\nA Tropic Garden: Specimens of plants native to hot climates in Cuba\nWhere Plants Live: Conditions accounting for main plant associations\nWild Flowers: Native wild flowers in their natural settings\nGROUP 90 ANIMAL LIFE:\nAdventures of Peter: Shows what a dog discovered about some of his neighbors\nDogging It: Training dogs at Miami Beach\nLeading a Dog's Life: Man's faithful friend at work as beast of burden in the far north, and as hunting and police dog.\nThe Prodigal Dog: Training a Subject (9202)\nWorking Dogs of the North: Hauling sleds and mail over frozen wastes in winter, acting as pack animals in summer (1)\nThe Horse in Motion: Study of various gaits of horses at normal speed and analyzed by slow-motion photography (1)\nThe Horse and Man: Horse's role in the conquest of the New World and in modern American life; various kinds of horses (1)\nKentucky Thoroughbreds: Facts about famous horses and their breeding in the Blue Grass Country (1) (A146, 197)\nKing of the Turf: Showcasing famous race horses (1) (A122, A146)\nThe Maverick: A horse's autobiography (1)\nLords of the Back Fence: Recommended for lovers of cats (1) (0111)\nDown on the Farm: Domestic animals of the farm (1) (58, 190)\nOur Animal Friends: Intimate study of our four-footed friends (3)\nPart they took in the World War.\nOur Foot-Footed Helpers: Description of ruminants on which man chiefly depends for food and clothing. (A197)\nThe Ship of the Desert: The camel at work. (V2)\nGroup 91: Wild Animals\n- African and Indian Rhinoceros: Raymond L. Ditmars subject. (029)\n- African, Indian and Pygmy Elephant: Various types photographed by Raymond Ditmars. (029)\n- American Bears: Raymond Ditmars subject. (029)\n- Animals of the Far North: Animals from polar regions. (A197)\n- The Anthropoid Apes: Studies of the gorilla and chimpanzee. (029)\n- Apes and Monkeys: Interesting study. (A146)\n- Bears: Various types portrayed. (057)\nBig Game and the National Forests: Preservation of big game and management problems; deer, moose, elk, antelope, bison, etc. (0A178)\nCanoe Trails through Mooseland: Canadian wild life \u2014 moose, muskrat, beaver, wild ducks, bear and white-tailed deer.\n\nCapturing a Wild Stallion: An adventure with the wild horses of the great Southwest deserts.\n\nCat Animals: The lion, tiger, and leopard.\n\nDeer and Elk of Rocky Mountain-Estes Park Region: Shots of these fleet-footed animals.\n\nDon Coyote: Getting his evening meal.\n\n\u2022 means 1 6mm sound, \u00a9 1 6mm silent. A 3 5mm sound. A 3 5mm silent.\n\nNatural Science\nThe Bray Library of Films\nAstronomy, Engineering, Health, Physical Sciences, Bacteriology, Ethnology, Hygiene, Physiography, Chemistry, Geography, Industry, Physiology, Civics, Geology, Mechanics, Scenics, Electricity, Government, Nature Study, Transportation\n\nSend for Our Latest Catalogue.\n\nBray Pictures Corporation\n729 Seventh Avenue\nNew York City\nGROUP 91 (Continued) Wild Animals Eat 'Em Alive (6) Nature studies picturing American Desert animals in their battle for existence. The Forest King (1) Moose in its native haunts. Giants of the North (1) Grizzly and Kodiak bears. Jungle Babies (1) Intimate and amusing studies. Kangaroos and Their Allies (1) Study by Raymond Ditmars. Killers of the Chapparal (2) Comedy, romance, and tragedy of the animals. Lions of the Jungle i1/^) Close views of many varieties. Monarchs of the Plains (1) Buffalo, yak, elk, etc. Monkey Business (1) Feeding and performing tricks. Monkeys and Apes (%.) Habits of Old and New World species. Monkey Land Up the Barito River (1) Monkeys in their native home in Borneo.\nMountain Sheep: A study of the Rocky Mountain sheep, the African aoudad, and Himalayan tahr.\nThe New World Cat Animals: The spotted and black jaguars, ocelots, American wildcat, Canadian lynx, and domestic cat.\nNorthern Bears: Photographed by Raymond Ditmars.\nThe Orang-Outang: A study made by Raymond Ditmars.\nOur Noble Ancestors: Presents from a humorous angle the chimpanzee and orang-utan, comparisons to man.\nPrimitive Mammals: The echidna, or duck-billed ant-eater of Australia, and the platypus or duck bill.\nRocky Mountain Mammals: Typical mammals to be found in such places.\nSacred Elephants of India: Prepared for the durbar.\nShedding the Antlers: The American Elk.\nSmall Cat Animals: Raymond Ditmars' subject.\nSome Larger Mammals: How deer, buffalo, bear, and other larger animals behave.\nMammals are adapted by structure and habits to surroundings. Deer, bear, porcupine, antelope, bison, beaver, badger, elk, and coyote in Rocky Mountain Wild Folk. South American Monkeys: Marmoset, red howlers, woolly monkey, and sapajous or South American ringtails. Three Jungle Giants: Indian and African elephants, rhinoceros, and hippopotamus studies. The Wapiti of Jackson Hole: Story of the elk; striking views of the great herd of the Jackson Hole country. Why Save the Elk: Plea for their maintenance. Wild Animals of the Colorado Desert: Antelope, chipmunk, rattlesnake, badger, skunk, and coyote in natural habitat; mode of living. Wild Cattle: American buffalo or bison, European buffalo, and The Wild Company: Moose and deer in action.\nWild Game of the Alaskan Coast: Mountain goats, fox, salmon, great Alaskan brown bear, etc. (1) (Wild Game of the Interior of Alaska: Moose, porcupine, mountain sheep, ptarmigan, black bear, caribou, etc. (1))\n\nWild Game of the Alaskan Coast: Beavers, dams, habits, homes, and young beavers. (1) (Beavers at Home: Their work, houses, and baby beavers. (2) An Animal Engineer: Beaver building his home. (029, 58, \u00a9A30) Baby Beavers: Short reel for small children. (\u00a957) Micky, the Beaver: Characteristics and habits. (\u00a9A202))\n\nYoung Animals of the Jungle: Photographed by Martin Johnsons. (1)\n\nThe Zebras: Photographed by Raymond L. Ditmars. (29)\n\nNumbers at right refer to distributors (pp. 13-3 ff.)\n\nNatural Science\nGROUP 92 Smaller Animals\n\nAn Animal Engineer: Beaver building his home. (029, 58, \u00a9A30)\nBaby Beavers: Short reel for small children. (\u00a957)\nBeavers: Dams, habits, homes, and young beavers. (\u00a957)\nBeavers at Home: Their work, houses, and baby beavers. (2)\nMicky, the Beaver: Characteristics and habits. (2)\nBaby Show in Squirrelville: Story enacted by squirrels. (1)\nBr'er Rabbit and His Pals: Rabbit an example of rodents \u2014 his\n\n(Note: The text appears to be a list of wildlife-related media items, likely from a catalog or similar publication. The text has been cleaned by removing unnecessary line breaks, whitespaces, and other meaningless characters. The text has also been rearranged to group related items together and to improve readability. The text does not contain any ancient English or non-English languages, and there do not appear to be any OCR errors.)\nCavy and the Rat - Friendly rodents. (\u00a929, \u00a9A122)\nChipmunk - Activities of the tiny striped chipmunk. (\u00a958)\nThe Common Rat - Parental care of a typical rodent. (#29)\nDown at Our Pond - Pond life; toads, the frog and how he uses his tongue to catch insects. (\u00a9104, 197)\nFangs of Death Valley - Serpents and reptiles. (^29, 100, A150)\nThe Frog - Life and characteristics of the frog, showing stages of development from egg to maturity. (^29, 98, 189, \u00b1186, \u00a9A63)\nA Four-footed Columbus - Life cycle of the frog. (\u00a958)\nFrogs and Toads - Structure and life functions. (A146)\nFrogs, Toads and Salamanders - Development through stages of eggs, larvae to adult forms. (\u00a957)\nFurry Creatures - Study of small fur-bearing animals. (A197)\nKilling a Killer: A Thrilling battle between a mongoose and a reptile. Different types of reptiles and their habits. (\u00a9A30)\nNew World Lizards: The chameleon, crested iguana, rhinoceros iguana of Hayti, horned toad, and Gila monster. (\u00a929)\nOregon Camera Hunt: Intimate pictures of a wildcat, skunk, woodchuck, chipmunk, and various other animals of the wilds of Oregon. (1)\nRaccoon: An interesting study. (\u00a957)\nReptiles: Activities of harmless snakes; new world lizards; alligators; tortoises, and sea turtles. (\u00a957, 104)\nReptiles of the Great American Desert: Showing weird things that crawl by day and ghastly figures of the haunting nights. (A197)\nToads: Garden and tree toads useful in destroying insect pests. (1)\nThe Tortoises: The American box tortoise, Madagascar tortoise, and the Galapagos tortoise, the largest species. (\u00a929)\nTropical Opossums: The Brazilian, Central American Fruit Opossum and pygmy opposum of tropical America. (\u00a929)\nTurtles of All Lands: Raymond Ditmars (subject). (\u00a929)\nGROUP 93: Insects and Bugs\nAnts, Nature's Craftsmen: Detailed picture of the community life. (\u00a929)\nBattle of the Ants: How colonies live and propagate. (\u00a9A30, A197)\nBeneath Our Feet: Study of the ant. (\u00a929, 98)\nCircle of the Life of the Ant: Self-explanatory. (\u00ab29, 98, A150)\nDespoilers of Jungle Gardens: Life and habits of attas, or leaf-cutting ants; filmed by Dr. Wm. Beebe. (A197)\nOur Ant Gang: Ants building tunnels, and removing large obstacles. Development from egg through larvae and nymph stages. (\u00a929)\nAphids: Its unusual life and relation to man; its life-cycle. (1)\nBee Bread: Development of the bee from egg to adult; the gathering and making of bee bread. (\u00a929)\nBees and Spiders (1) Life history of the bee; habits of spiders.\nHer Majesty the Queen Bee (1) Microscopic study.\nHoneymakers (1) Whole cycle of the bee.\nPalace of Honey (1) Life of the bee.\nThe Realm of the Honeybee (4) Life history.\nBeetles (1) Complete life cycle of tiger, ladybird and Japanese beetles.\nBeetle Studies (1) Battle for existence with other insects.\nCastle of Paper (1) Paper-making hornets.\n\nLife history of bees and habits of spiders.\nMicroscopic study of Her Majesty the Queen Bee.\nWhole cycle of the honeymakers.\nLife of the honeybee.\nLife history of the Realm of the Honeybee.\nComplete life cycle of tiger, ladybird and Japanese beetles.\nBattle for existence with other insects in Beetle Studies.\nPaper-making hornets in Castle of Paper.\nInexpensive and convenient for over fifteen years, Schoolfilms Library offers thousands of pictures in Film Slides, covering various courses of study.\n\nLibrary of Schoolfilms\nSVE Educational Motion Pictures, available at reasonable rentals, prints for sale.\nSend for catalog.\n\nNetu Model F Pictur projector for classroom use.\nSociety for Visual Education, Inc.\nProducers and distributors of Visual Aids.\n\nGroup 93 (Continued)\nInsects and Bugs\nButterflies\n1. Life history of two common butterflies, their characteristics\nCabbage Butterfly\n1. Views of metamorphosis. (\u00a9A66, A197)\nComma Butterfly\n1. From laying of fluted eggs to beautiful comma butterfly. (\u00a9A30)\nEvolution of a Butterfly (*4)\n1. From caterpillars. (\u00a994, 104, 133)\nFrom Cocoon to Butterfly\nTitle tells it. (\u00a929, 98, A150)\nFrom Egg to Butterfly: Life History of Monarch Butterfly - Every stage of metamorphosis from caterpillar to butterfly. (\u00a9A168)\nButterflies and Moths: The Monarch Butterfly, chrysalis, completion of life history, Great American silkworm. (\u00a9104)\nThe Bluebottle Fly: Life history. (A197)\nThe Greenbottle Fly: Work of this scavenger traced. (\u00a9A168)\n\nNatural Science\nGROUP 93 (Continued)\nInsects and Bugs\n\nThe House Fly: Life history, structure, dangerous habits, rapidity of breeding, and methods of control. (057)\nThe House Fly: Four stages of life cycle shown \u2014 egg, larva, pupa, and adult; activities as disease carrier. (*29, 189, \u2022\u00a9A63)\nLace-Wing Fly: History of aphis-lion and lace-wing fly. (\u00a9A168)\nThe Fly's Eye: Excellent microscopic study of this marvelous organ of sight. Made by Louis Tolhurst. (\u00a929)\n[The Fly - Microscopic Study (\u00a994)]\n[Our Common Enemy - Picture Study of the House-Fly: Life history and combat methods (1)]\n[Swat That Fly - Life history of the fly (1)]\n[Grasshopper - Body construction and organic functions (1)]\n[Mosquitoes - Life history and characteristics (^, \u00a994, 104, 133)]\n[The Life History of the Yellow Fever Mosquito - Photomicrographic views of mosquito eggs, hatching, feeding, swimming, breathing and the larva (\u00a957)]\n[The Mosquito - Life study (\u00a9A168, A64, 98)]\n[Mosquitoes - Baleful influence on human and animal life; life history and methods of control (\u00a9A178)]\n[The Mosquito - Public Enemy - How it affects man and beast; varieties and life history; methods of control (*A78)]\n[Poisoned Daggers - The mosquito: Where and how they breed (1)]\n[Singing and Stinging - Microscopic study of the mosquito and means of control (1)]\nscience has discovered ways to assault the pest (\u00a958, 104, 129, \u00a9A66, A197)\nFortune Builders: Life Story of the Silk Moth. (\u00a9197, \u00a9AA64)\nLife of a Moth: Raymond Ditmars' study. (\u00a929)\nMoths: Various stages of their metamorphosis; spinning of silk and other habits and characteristics. (\u00b229, 98, 189, #\u00b1186, \u2022\u00a9\u25b263)\nJeweled Daughters of the Air: Life history of the Ailanthus moth.\nThe Silk Moth: Its life history. (\u00a929)\nNature's Handiwork: Various phases in life of caterpillars, moths\nThe Silkworm: Life history and commercial importance.\nLife of a Spider: Life history, web-spinning and capture of insects. (\u00a929)\nSpiders: Structure, development and habits. (\u00a957)\nThe Spider (*4): Eggs of the spider; eggs hatch; spider catching fly.\nThe Black-and-Orange Garden Spider: Complete metamorphosis. (1)\nThe Lair of the Spider: How female spiders live and kill other Spiders - Garden and wolf spiders; how they weave web and catch insects, hatch eggs and rear young. The Spider's Web: Microscopic study. Termites: Partial life history. The Wasp and the Bee: History and characteristics. Wasps: Life story from grub to adult of both the \"paper\" and yellow jackets. Battle of the Centuries: Insects in fight for existence. The Farmers' Allies and Pests: Destructive and helpful in Field and Wayside. Struggle between plants and insects, and between various species of insects. Insect Clowns: Conflict of Nature Series. Insect Mimicry and Song: Wing movements of crickets and katydids, diving water beetle, mayfly and dragonfly.\nPond and Stream Life (2): Close range study of dragonflies, pond-snails. Some Water Insects (%): Activities of striders, bugs, scorpions, dragonflies and damsel flies. Natural Science (11th Edition) GROUP 94 MICROSCOPIC LIFE Amoeba (1): Structure and life functions of this one-celled microscopic organism. Bacteria (%): Characteristics of bacteria, making culture media, and bacteria from vinegar, water, rich earth, and dust. Elementary Animals (1): Interesting study. Getting Acquainted with Bacteria (1): Essential facts; three typical shapes; how they are grown and handled in the laboratory. Micro-organisms of Hay Infusion (%): Biological study of a day-by-day hay infusion, visualizing the protozoan fauna observed. Microscope and Beyond (1): Protozoa and algae. Microscopic Animal Life (1): Photomicrographic views show four.\nsingle-celled animals \u2014 amoeba, Paramecium, stentor, vorticella. Cells of starfish in action; how daphnia, hydra and volvox feed and multiply; blood composition and circulation, chick embryo, frog's skin, human blood, etc. The Myxomycetes or Slime Molds. A little-known group of borderline organisms, sometimes plants and sometimes animals. Simple Animal Forms. Studies in biology. Studies in Micro-Biology. Absorbing phases of life invisible to the naked eye. Tiny Water Animals. Life processes and activities of amoebae and diatoms. Wonders of the Unseen World. Studies of dragonflies and their larvae; water beetles, etc. Wonders of the World (Series). What the microscope reveals; scenes at low, medium and high magnifications. (See also Groups 102, 108)\n\nGROUP 95 BIRDS Large Birds.\nAmerican Eider Duck: How it lives, nests, and breeds its young; how eider-down is collected and made ready for use.\nEider Duck: Gathering eider-down.\nBird Cliff Dwellers: Nestling gulls learning to walk; colonies of cormorants.\nBirds of North America: Sea bird life \u2014 cormorants and their young in native haunts. (094, 133)\nBirds of Prey: The nesting habits and characteristic activities of eagles, hawks, and owls are shown.\nBirds of Prey: Screech owl, prairie owl, and his neighbor, the prairie dog family, hawk, and American eagle. (029)\nBirds of Prey: The Kestrel, hawks, buzzard, condor, American eagle, Asian lammergeier, and others. (A197)\nBirds of the Seacoast: Gulls, terns, cormorants, pelicans, and other birds in native habitats. (057)\nBirds of Vanity: Indian peacock and Asiatic fowl. (^4)\nThe Buzzard: Study of its habits\nGame Birds: Feeding and nesting habits of wild ducks, geese, quails, pheasants, wild turkeys and other game birds\nGolden Eagles: Evolution of eagle from fledgling to maturity\nMonkey-Faced Owls: Family pictured through successive stages of development and their habits\nPelicans of Mexico: Hordes of pelicans on the west coast\nPeter the Raven: Intimate study\nPheasant Raising at Wilbraham, Mass.: Game preserves\nPigeons in Flight: Study of flight, movement reduced two hundred\nPirates of the Air: Owls, eagles and vultures\nSea-Going Birds: Study of ocean bird life\nThe Sparrow Hawk: Life history and habits\nA Study in Pelicans: Nesting season on Pelican Island\nWading Birds Adaptation of sand-pipers, snipes, plovers, herons and other wading birds to their wading habits.\nThe White Owl History and habits. (0A3O, A197)\nBaby Songbirds at Mealtime Nesting and feeding habits of birds of finch and sparrow families chiefly. (058, 129, \u00a9A66, 197)\nBird Homes Title tells it. (057, 104)\nBird Neighbors in Summer Film on bird protection, showing wren, kingbird, mourning dove, robin, purple martin. (010)\nBird Neighbors in Winter Shows chickadee, downy woodpecker, and other winter birds; how they may be protected. (010)\nCoocoo's Secret Life history; how it lays eggs in other birds' nests; how young are raised. (058, 0A3O)\nThe Humming Bird Life habits, following a bird family through (*4)\nHatching period to the time when youngsters leave nest. (29)\nIn Birdland (1) Study of life and habits of smaller birds.\nRenting Houses for Songs (1/4) Study of songbirds. (29)\nThe Rook (1) How it builds its nest, rears young, and kills off pests which feed on farmers' crops. (0A3O, A197)\nSome Friendly Birds (1) Some habits of chickadees, nuthatches, wrens, bluebirds and woodpeckers. (57)\nSong Birds as Citizens (1) Various kinds of birds with suggestions for their preservation. (29, 0A3O)\nWoodland Pals (1) Close-ups of humming-bird and intimate studies of other native bird pets. (A30)\nGroup 97 General\nBird Burg (4) Intimate story of bird life. (94, 133)\nBird Islands of Peru (2) Bird life on the barren islands off the desert coast of Peru. (A150)\nBird Life (1) Prizma color study. (A146)\nBirds of a Feather (1) Variety of different types. (A97)\nBirds of Bonaventure, Glimpses of famous Canadian bird sanctuary (202)\nBirds of Catalina Island, Scenes of rare bird life (94)\nBirds of Crags and Marshes, Habits and mode of living (29, 197)\nBirds of Farms and Waters, Study of birds found on farms and around waters (29)\nBirds of Passage, Migration of European birds up the Nile valley (3)\nFine Feathers, Some of the world's rarest birds photographed in all the brilliance of their natural coloring (120)\nFlying Fleet, Series of members of the bird family: French and Spanish versions also available in 35 mm (140, A65)\nFleet Wings, Rare birds of Northern Canada (94)\nThe How and Why of Bird Banding, How it's done and results (2)\nInfant Welfare in Birdland, Comparison of birds near sea and away from sea (A30, 197)\nNational Bird Refuges: Trip to Federal bird refuges in Gulf of Mexico.\nNesting Habits: Study of bird life.\nNomads of the Ocean: Arctic bird life at rookeries off Canadian coast. (The Sea Nomads)\nOur Bird Citizens: Close range pictures of native birds of North America, showing their value in insect elimination.\nOur Common Birds: Blue jay, woodpecker, sparrow, owl, night heron, royal terns, etc.\nRoosevelt, Friend of the Birds: Refuges set aside for bird life by Roosevelt; rare semi-tropical birds, egret, royal terns, etc.\nEleventh Edition\nNATURAL SCIENCE\nGROUP 98: Fish and Sea Life\nBeach and Sea Animals: Invertebrate animals \u2014 starfish, sea urchins, etc.\noctopus, crabs, snails, sea-cucumber (A29, 98, 189, A186, \u00a9A63)\nThe Crayfish and the Stickleback\nStudy of crayfish and interesting views of \"the fish that builds a nest.\" (\u00a9129, A66, 146)\nA Day at the River\nLife story of the trout and the salmon; habits of the stickleback and the crayfish. (0129, 197)\nDefenses of the Sea\nHow the sea hare protects itself by gassing its enemies. (\u00a929)\nDevil-Fish\nDevil-fish, umbrella octopus and sea turtle. (029)\nDwellers of the Deep\nSights at New York Aquarium. (1)\nElectric Eels and the Vicious Green Morays\nSelf-explanatory (1)\nFathoms Deep\nStudy of submarine fauna; octopus, conger, starfish, feeding the Fish Eaters (1)\nRaymond Ditmars subject. (\u00a929)\nFightin' Fish\nStory of Chinook salmon; migration down to the sea and back again to Oregon streams to spawn and die. (A120)\nFish and Fishing for Everybody: Fish incubation, every kind of fish in its natural habitat, Freak Fish of the Seven Seas: Rare specimens, Giant Grouper and Puffer Fish, Grunion: The Mystery Fish - microscopic camera study of fish eggs through a hatching process, The History of a Pearl - from its development within the oyster to finished product, Hydra: Study of its structure and functions, Life of the Red Salmon, Life of the Salmon - from first appearance at mouth of fresh water stream to spawning grounds, Life Under the South Seas - underwater photography, narrative by Mr. Pillsbury, Living Stars: Construction and habits of star fish.\nMiro-Unga: Life of Sea Elephants off Mexico Coast\nMolluscs: The Octopus, Cuttlefish, Snail, and Oyster: Their Similarity\nOn the Floor of the Atlantic: Unusual Pictures of Under-sea Plant and Animal Life\nOysters: Development, Oyster Culture and Fishing\nPirates of the Deep: Studies of Strange Predatory Life in Deep Seas; How the Portuguese Man o' War Ensnares Fish\nPropagating Salmon: For Biological Study\nThe Sea: Birds and Undersea Life Dependent Upon It\nThe Sea: Study of Sea Life\nSeal and Walruses: A Herd Swimming, Mothering the Young, at Their Native Rookeries in Alaska\nSecrets of the Sea: Jellyfish and Sea-slugs.\nThe Sea Urchin: Life story including microscopic views. (\u00a929)\nShark-Suckers of Remoras: Self-explanatory. (\u00a929)\nThe Silvery Salmon: Hatching and catching the gameiest of fish. (1)\nThe Snail: Its life cycle and habits. (1) (\u00a929, 58)\nSome Seashore Animals: Views and partial life cycle of sea anemones, sea urchins, star fish, crabs. (\u00a957)\nSubmarine Gardens: Undersea pictures of sponges, coral and other formations. (\u00a9Ill)\nTrigger Fish: Title tells it. (\u00a929)\nTrout Hatching and Salmon Raising: Biological study. (A197)\nTwo Inches of Fairyland: Life at the bottom of the sea. (1/3) (0A3O)\nUndersea Friends: Variety of fish \u2014 sardines, sword fish, spade fish, shark, sea turtles, etc. (A197)\nUndersea Life: Curious adaptations of animals to meet needs of food gathering and survival. (y2) (057)\nUnderwater Household: How fish care for their young. (1) (0197)\nStudy of Sea Animals Shells (Unselfish, Series 18, 1 reel each)\nNatural Science\nGroup 99 Natural Science Miscellaneous\nNature Study\nIn Birdland, Pirates of the Sky, Butterflies and Moths, Ants, Bees and Spiders, Pets, Fruit and Flowers, Growing Things, Preparing for a Garden (Part I and II), The Sky, Our Earth, How Living Things Find a Home on the Earth, A Day at the River, Seaside Friends and Their Country Cousins, Down at Our Pond, Friends to Man, Furry Creatures. (\u00a9192, \u00a9A146, 197, 202)\n\nNature Study Subjects (Series 4)\nMystery of Marriage (2) ; The Autumn, Spring, Summer, Winter (1 each)\nHow plant and animal life respond to various seasons. (\u00a958, 190)\n\nAnimal Camouflage (Series 1)\nStudy of some of nature's most interesting adaptations for protection. (\u00a9129, \u00a9A66)\nAnimals: Review of main types and functions: locomotion, digestion, respiration, food intake, etc. (29, 98, 189, A63, 87, 186)\n\nAnimals of the Cat Tribe: The domestic cat and kittens; tiger and leopard kittens; lions and cubs. (57)\n\nAnimals of the Zoo: Different kinds of food they eat; conditions.\n\nBirds and Beasts: Colored subject: snowing parakeet, lions, tigers, cassowary, egret, owl, etc. (197)\n\nChumming with the Animals: Showing a number of animals with special reference to their appetites and methods of feeding. (Ill)\n\nThe Cosmic Drama: Formation of the universe and evolution of the species. Directed by Dr. Raymond Ditmars. (29, A64, 146, 197)\n\nDr. Ditmars' Interviews: The curator of the New York Zoological Society presents some rare pictures of the animals. (Series of 1 reel each)\nAnd submarine kingdoms. Evolution (3) Study of animal life of million years ago in comparison with that of today. Fight for a Living (1) Struggle for existence. Fish and Fowls (1) Fishing shown in first half; raising of chickens by natural and artificial means in second half. The Four Seasons (4) Response of animal life to different environments. A Furry Tale (1) Study of fur-bearing animals \u2014 sea otter, marmot, raccoon, skunk, squirrel, kangaroo, silver fox. Hands vs. Feet (1) Comparing difference between the use of hands and feet by man and animals. Hatching and Transformation (1) Hatching of eggs of fish and chicks; transformation of caterpillars and nymphs to dragon fly. How Nature Protects Animals (1) How coloring and shapes of animals protect them.\nKilling to Live (2 & 5) Struggle for life in nature. (A16)\nLet's Go to the Zoo (1) Many queer and rare animals. (\u00a9140, A65)\nMotherhood in Nature (1) Shepherd instinct in nature.\nMystery of Life (7) Clarence Darrow's review of the animal kingdom from simplest to highest forms; evolution illustrated. (A184)\nNature Lover's Rambles (1) Nature observations on a farm. (\u00a929)\nNature's Armour (1) How animals are protected by heavy skin \u2014 elephants, hippopotamus, rhinoceros and crocodiles. (\u00a9A30, A104)\nNature's Camouflage (1) Biological study illustrating Nature's camouflage of insects, birds, and fish. (A197)\nNature's Nurseries (1) Parents and young of fish, spiders, alligators, hummingbirds, dogs, deer, sheep and bears. (\u00a958, \u00a9A30)\nOdd Hoofed Animals (1) Raymond Ditmars study. (\u00a929)\nOur Wild Life Resource (2) What is being done to preserve our birds.\nPeculiar Pets: Rare specimens of animal life. The Phantom Sea: Strange animal life in the basin of Salton Sea, once covered by ocean; fight between rattlesnake and pig. Reactions in Plants and Animals: Directed reactions in a field of force; then higher reactions, including reflexes.\n\nRodents and Insects of the Great American Desert: Title tells it. Romance of Life: Origin of life on earth. Ruffed Grouse: Courtship of ruffed grouse; nest of a hen; growth and development of chicks. Some Wild Appetites: How wild animals act at feeding time; variety of shots depicting life and habits.\nStudies in Animal Motion - Motions of kangaroo, frog, deer, lamb, gull, sea lions, and others through slow motion photography.\nTerrors of the Amazon - Strange birds, egrets, monkeys, crocodiles, and other exciting jungle shots.\nTolhurst Popular Science Series - Nature study films.\nTraps for Insects - Insect-eating plants and animals.\nVegetarians - Animals that feed on vegetables. (029, A65)\nVivarium Views - How to establish an aquarium, a semi-aquatic habitat, woodland and desert habitats.\nWearers of Furs and Quills - Raymond Ditmars study.\nWild Life on the Desert of Our Southwest - Struggle of animal and plant life; adaptations to life on the desert.\nGroup 100 Chemistry\nPhysical Sciences and Mathematics\nArrangement of Atoms in Molecules (4) Technical discourse by Sir William Bragg on crystal structures.\nBeyond the Microscope (1) Decomposition of water into its two gases; qualities of the gases. (0A78, A10)\nThe Chemistry of Combustion (1) Experiments in combustion.\nChemical Inspirations (1) Animated drawings and trick photography from chemical solutions, producing novel effects. (A197)\nConstitution and Transformation of the Elements (2) Technical discourse on Sir Ernest Rutherford's theory. (A78)\nExperiments in Crystallization (1) Growing of crystals of chemicals under the microscope. (0A3O)\nThe Hottest Flame in the World (4) Dr. Irving Langmuir tells of his work with vacuum tubes and hydrogen, developing atomic-hydrogen welding process. (A78)\nOxidation and Reduction (1) Processes presented by relatively simple experiments.\nExperimental materials and methods for investigating chemical problems.\nProperties of Colloidal Ferro-Magnetic Ferric Oxide: Demonstration of colloidal particles in the magnetic field. (1)\nRadio Active Rays: Technical study with diagrams and experiments of disintegration of certain minerals. (A78)\nSecrets of Chemistry: Unusual experiments; electrolysis of metals.\n\nGroup 101: Physics and Mathematics\nElectricity: (14)\nSubjects in this series are:\nThe Principles of Current Generation: Theory and construction of AC and DC generators; Principles of Current Electricity: Electron theory, electric current, units of measurements, Ohm's law, types of circuits, etc.; Principles of Electromagnetism: Phenomena; relationship between current and magnetic field, coils and solenoids, induction-transformers; Principles of Electrostatics: Charges and conductors, Coulomb's law, capacitance, dielectrics, etc.; Principles of Optics: Refraction, reflection, dispersion, lenses, mirrors, etc.; Principles of Waves: Wave motion, interference, diffraction, polarization, etc.; Principles of Modern Physics: Atomic theory, quantum mechanics, relativity, nuclear physics, etc.\nElectrostatics: Phenomena, polarity, conductors, insulators, condensers, etc.\nPrinciples of Magnetism: Phenomena, polarity, lines of force, uses of magnets, etc.\nPrinciples of Electrical Measurement: Fundamental measurements, electrical standards, theory and construction of measuring instruments, etc.\nAir Pressure: Laboratory experiments demonstrate atmospheric pressure.\n\nPhysical Sciences:\n- Physical Science:\n\nThese talking pictures fit right into Science Courses\nOxidation and Reduction\nMolecular Theory of Matter\nElectrostatics\nEnergy and Its Transformations\nSound Waves and Their Sources\nFundamentals of Acoustics\nThe Work of Rivers\nAtmospheric Gradation\nGround Water\nGeological Work of Ice\nMountain Building\nVolcanoes in Action.\n\nErm Picture Consultants Inc.\nGroup 101 (Continued)\nPhysics and Mathematics\nBehavior of Light: How light is transmitted and how it is reflected, refracted, or absorbed by various media. (\u00a957, 104)\nCaptured Electricity: Ways of developing electricity. (\u00a9A30)\nColloids and Their Behavior: Physico-chemical phenomena (semi-popular) \u2014 clouds, geysers, production of colloids by electric arc, etc. (2)\nCommunication by Electricity: Study of sound waves and application to electric bell, telegraph, telephone, and wireless. (058)\nCurrent Electricity: Relation between electrostatics and electric currents; fundamentals of current electricity. (\u00a958)\nCurrent Generation: Principles; practical and theoretical sides of electro-magnetic induction. (\u00a958)\nEarly Experiments of Michael Faraday: Demonstration of Faraday's experiments on magnetism. (A78)\nEinstein's Theory of Relativity (2) Popular explanation of the elementary theory of Einstein's law showing the relativity of motion, direction, size, speed, time and measurements.\n\nElectromagnetic Induction (1) Important experiments with elaborate equipment such as only a great university possesses.\n\nElectromagnetism (2) Fundamental relations of electricity and magnetism.\n\nElectrostatics (1) Theory of static electricity. Production and properties of the two kinds of static electricity; modern theories of electricity.\n\nEnergy and Its Transformation (1) Different kinds of energy; simple mechanical concepts of work, potential and kinetic energy shown.\n\nExperiments in Physics (1) Describes various physical phenomena portrayed by outstanding basic exhibits at Chicago World's Fair.\nExperiments in Heat (%) Laboratory experiments on heat conduction. (A30)\nFundamentals of Acoustics (1) Velocity of sound, refraction phenomena, audibility range of human ear, reflection and absorption. (57)\nLenses (1) Shows action of converging, diverging and achromatic lenses. (57)\nMagnetism (1) Fundamental properties. (58, A168)\nMagnetic Effects of Electricity (1) Deals with magnetism, electromagnetism, meters and motors. (57)\nMolecular Theory of Matter (1) Hypothesis illustrated by animation; behavior of molecules in various conditions; Brownian movement. (1)\nMysterious Forces (1) Study of physics. (58)\nOptical Instruments (1) How mirrors, the eye, cameras, projection machines, microscopes, and telescopes operate. (57)\nPeculiarities of the Air (%), Laboratory experiments. (57)\nRevelations by X-Ray (1) Electrical action in producing X-rays and\n\n(Note: The percentages in parentheses likely indicate the number of units or lessons in a course, but they do not need to be included in the cleaned text as they do not affect the readability or understanding of the text.)\nGroup 101 (Continued)\nPhysics and Mathematics\nSound Waves and Their Sources\nDetailed animation of longitudinal waves in two dimensions in air.\nSound Waves, Experiments in Physics\nActual photography of sound waves, measuring lengths, etc. (A30)\nStudies in Magnetism\nNatural magnet, permanent magnet of steel, uses of electro magnet, etc. (A30, A98)\nVelocity\nElemental explanation of Einstein theory. (A64)\nGeometry\nHistory of its origin; an interesting treatise. (A197)\nThe Play of the Imagination in Geometry\nDemonstration of the fundamental principles of geometry. (29, 189, A63, 186)\n\nGroup 102\nEmbryology\nDevelopment\nMicroscopic observation visualizing development of the fish embryo. (0A104)\nDevelopment of the Bird Embryo: Using the chick for early stages and the wren for last stage and hatching. (\u00a957)\nGift of Life: Sketches the biology of reproduction from a simple form to a human being. (\u00a9A13)\nHow Life Begins: Microscopic biological study of plants and animals; filmed by George E. Stone. (\u00a9A35)\n\nPart I \u2014 How Life begins in protozoan, yeast, plant (geraniums, sweet peas)\nPart II \u2014 How Life begins in sea-urchin, life story of swallow-tail butterfly\nPart III \u2014 Life story of frog\nPart IV \u2014 Life story of chick and white rat\n\nThe Living World: Microscopic biological study. Sequel to How Life Begins. (\u00a9A35)\n\nPart I \u2014 Composition of protoplasm\nPart II \u2014 Characteristic activities of living things\nPart III \u2014 Adaptation of protoplasm to environment\nPart IV \u2014 Cycles of life and meaning of heredity.\nThe Living Cell: Protoplasm, the Beginning of Life; Reproduction in Single-celled and Multi-celled Organisms, including yeast, amoeba, Paramecium, hydra, flatworm, and tissue cells; Cell Division.\n\nMystery of Marriage: A Biological Study of Plant and Animal Life.\n\nSexual Reproduction: Microscopic Study; Characteristic Differences between Sperm and Germ Cell of the Atlantic Oyster.\n\nThe Science of Life (12 reels, 1 reel each): Produced under the direction of the Surgeon General, U.S. Public Health Service. Covers general biology, communicable diseases, and personal hygiene.\n\nPart I deals with general biology:\nReel 1 \u2014 Protoplasm and the Beginning of Life\nReel 2 \u2014 Reproduction in Lower Forms of Life\nReel 3 \u2014 Reproduction in Higher Forms of Life\nReel 4 \u2014 Interdependence of Living Things\n\nGroup 103: Anatomy and Structural Physiology.\nAction of Human Heart: Animated diagrams of complete circulatory system; valvular action of human heart. (\u00a9A30)\n\nBody Framework: Structure and growth of bone; function of the skeleton in giving support to the body and furnishing points of attachment for muscles. (\u00a957, 104)\n\nThe Blood: Study of blood and oxygen it carries. (\u00a958)\n\nThe Blood (%): Illustrates the separation of plasma from blood cells; protein and salts from plasma \u2014 staining cells \u2014 counting red blood corpuscles\u2014 how white blood cells reach the body tissue. (\u00a957, 104)\n\nBreathing: Importance of good lungs and action of diaphragm, breathing, lungs structure and function. (\u00a957)\n\nPhysiology, Health and Hygiene \"1000 and One\"\nGROUP 103 (Continued) Anatomy and Structural Physiology\n\nBreath of Life: Blood corpuscles show how oxygen is carried to all cells of the body. (\u00a958)\nCirculatory Control: Pressure of blood in arteries, methods of measuring pressure, structure and work of veins.\n\nCranial Nerves: Animated drawings show anatomical position of the first six of the twelve Cranial nerves; scientific teaching lecture.\n\nDigestion: Complete digestive tract, action of saliva upon food, swallowing, stomach structure, structure and action of intestines.\n\nHow We Breathe: Lungs and how they function in purifying blood;\n\nHow We Hear: Study of human ear and functions of its various parts.\n\nThe Human Body: Dealing with development, structure, function and hygiene of the human body. (Digestive System, Respiratory and Urinary Systems, The Heart and How It Works, Blood Vessels and Their Functions)\n\nThe Human Voice: Functions of nasal passage and organs of voice production. (CV2)\nInherent Characters: Origin of heart beat and inherent qualities of heart muscles contraction in early chick embryo. (\u00a9A104)\nStory of Digestion: Animated diagrams. (A64)\nMan: Development of the special senses and functional organs in man as compared with earlier forms of life. (\u00a958, 129)\nMicroscopic View of Blood Circulation: Stop-motion film illustrating the course of blood and lymph through the human body. (\u00a9104)\nMuscles: Shows structure of muscle tissues and functions of various muscle groups. (\u00a957, 104)\nPrecipitins: Biologic observation illustrating the specific differences prevailing among animal and human proteins and their usefulness in detecting the relationships of various blood groups. (\u00a9A104)\nProblem of Nutrition: Process of digestion, vitamins, food hygiene.\nThe Skin: Contrasts in animal skins, structure and method of growth, sensation of touch, proper care. (\u00a957, 104)\n\nThe Valves of the Heart in Action: Valvular action of the heart and arrangement of apparatus, systolic and diastolic movements. (\u00a9A6) (See also Groups 102, 104)\n\nGROUP 104: Eyes, Feet, Teeth, Hair\n\nEyesight: Structure and functions of the eye, necessary precautions to preserve eyesight. (\u00a958, 129, A64, 197)\n\nHow's Your Eyesight? Common ailments, causes and remedies.\n\nPreventing Blindness and Saving Sight: Conservation of vision, how to avoid eyestrain, infection and diseases of the eye. (\u00a957, \u00a9A135)\n\nSeeing How You See: How the camera of the eye works and correction of common eye faults. (\u00a938)\n\nThrough Life's Windows: Structure, operations and functions of the human eye. (\u00a9A133)\nThe Feet: Shows the structure of feet, function of the arches, and the need for properly fitted shoes. (\u00a945, 57)\nFoot Health: Proper care of the feet. (\u00a971)\nThe Great Train Robbery: Importance of care for the feet with an old-time \"movie\" introduction. (A126)\nAsk Your Dentist: How a cavity in a tooth affects the body. (\u00a9AH8)\nBobby's Bad Molar: Story on care of the teeth. (\u00a9A118)\nCare of the Teeth: Shows how to care for the teeth to prevent malformation and decay. (\u00a93, 57)\nClara Cleans Her Teeth: Story to interest children in daily brushing of teeth. (\u00a9A3, 118, 133)\nHow Teeth Grow: Embryological development of a tooth; order of formation and eruption of temporary and permanent teeth. (\u00a93, 57)\nEyes, Feet, Teeth, Hair (Continued from Eleventh Edition PHYSIOLOGY, HEALTH AND HYGIENE, Group 104)\nNature: Builder of Teeth (1) Development of teeth from birth to adulthood; role in facial development. (\u00a93)\nPriceless Pearls (1) Care of teeth. (O2)\nSay It With Pearls (5) Practical teaching film on health, in three chapters. (\u00a9A101)\nHome Care of Teeth (2) How teeth grow, how to make them strong and avoid tooth troubles; dramatized with animals and children.\nToothbrushing and Other Dental Do's (2) Teaches children different strokes in brushing the teeth; close-ups and animated cartoons.\nDenticuring at Home, and Nutrition (2) Close-ups show how to care for children's mouths; nutrition helps for all ages.\nTeeth (1) Growth, structure and care. (\u00a958, \u00a9A64, A197)\nTommy's Troubles (1) Emphasizes importance of diet and cleanliness in care of teeth; proper method of brushing. (\u00a9A3)\nTommy Tucker's Tooth (1) Simple narrative cleverly presented to illustrate.\nPress upon children the importance of tooth care. (\u00a9A3, 104, 118, 133)\nYour Mouth: Cause, progress and results of tooth decay, methods of X-Ray on Teeth (X-Ray photographs of infected tooth sockets and other diseases; destructive effect; importance of care). (\u00a9A30)\nRed Head: Care of hair and scalp. (\u00a9A37)\nGROUP 105 CHILD HYGIENE\nHealth and Hygiene (9, 1 or 2 reels each): Subjects are eyesight, teeth, Little Brothers and Sisters, posture, general health habits, food, exercise, Armies of Health and Disease, Disease Carriers. (\u00a9A146, 202)\nBabyhood (1): Babies and their proper care. (A146, 197)\nBaby's Bath and Toilet (1): A contribution to public health education on child hygiene. (\u00a9A133)\nBending the Twig (1): Training the child in correct habits of daily living and personal hygiene. (\u00a929, 58, 129, A197)\nThe Garden of Childhood (1) Routine of rest, play, sleep and physical inspection for preschool children. (\u00a9A106)\nThe Hungry Dragon (1) Fairytale of medieval times with puppets as actors, inculcating health habits for children. (A133)\nThe Kid Comes Through (1) Value of physical fitness brought out by story of boy-and-girl adventure. (\u00a9A133, 136, A146)\nThe Knowing Gnome (1) Fairy tale based on health facts. (0A168)\nLife of a Healthy Child (1) Healthful activities of a normal school child; habits of cleanliness, correct diet, and play. (\u00a93, 93)\nThe Modern Health Crusade (1) Correct daily habits. (\u00a9A136)\nPeter and the Moon Man (2) How a man who came down from the moon was instructed in cleanliness by a little boy. (\u00a9A133)\nThe Priceless Gift of Health (1) A guide to conduct for mothers in guarding the health of their children. (\u00a9A133)\nSafeguarding Motherhood (1) - Chicago Maternity Center's work caring for women at home, non-technical. (A51)\n\nSun Babies (1) - Cause, prevention and cure of rickets through sunlight and cod-liver oil. Lecture-type film. (A104)\n\nTaking Care of Baby (1) - Right and wrong methods of caring for babies. (A120)\n\nWhy Willie Was Willing to Wash (1) - A dirty little boy learns the importance and value of cleanliness. (\u00a9A133)\n\nGROUP 106 - PERSONAL HYGIENE\n\nThe Angel in the Home (1) - Use of a safe, modern antiseptic. (\u00a9A202)\n\nCleanliness (Series of 4, y2 reel each) - Keeping the Hair Clean; Clean Face and Hands; Clean Clothes; Bathing. (\u00a957)\n\nA Dangerous Handicap (1) - Importance of personal and home cleanliness shown in story form. (A133)\n\nDrifting (1) - Sociological and health value. (A133)\nExercise: Development of muscles, strengthening body organs, chest and lungs, value of swimming. (1) (\u00a958)\n\nPhysiology, Health and Hygiene: \"1000 and One\"\nGroup 106 (Continued): Personal Hygiene\nForming the Habits of Health: Experiences of a girl who bets out to form habits which lead to health. (1) (\u00a9A133)\n\nGeneral Health Habits: Encourages the formation of habits promotive of health. (1) (\u00a958, \u00a9A64)\n\nGeneral Personal Hygiene: Reel 12 of \"Science of Life\" series; general standards of health for the individual. (1) (\u00a9A30)\n\nGiro, the Germ: Cartoon subject teaching health. (1) (A133)\n\nGood Posture Wins: Health benefits of good posture. (2) (\u00a9A178)\n\nHealth Through Balanced Nutrition, Posture and Exercise: Importance of correct nutrition, posture, exercise, grace and beauty. (1) (\u00a9A168)\nHearts and Hands: A story emphasizing the importance of cleanliness and careful personal habits. (A133)\nHealthy Bodies: Physical exercise is necessary to maintain a healthy body. (1)\nHow Do You Get Your Exercise?: Drills, training, and contests used by various groups to stay fit. (\u00a9Ill)\nHow to Live Long and Well: Correct habits. (1) (\u00a9A104, 133)\nJinks: An animated cartoon teaches the need for periodic physical examination in an interesting and humorous manner. (\u00a9A133, 136)\nPersonal Hygiene for Young Women: Reel 10 of \"Science of Life\" series; covers sex-education and sexual reproduction, illustrated. (\u00a9A30)\nSocial Hygiene for Women: Fuller treatment of the same subject. (2)\nPersonal Hygiene for Young Men: Reel 11 of \"Science of Life\" series; covers venereal diseases and related topics. (\u00a9A30)\nPhysical and Mental Fitness: The importance of physical fitness of the body. (1) (\u00a9A64)\nPosture (1) Importance of proper posture and how to attain it; ill effects of poor posture. (\u00a945, 57, 58, 71)\n\nToo Many Pounds (1) Danger of overweight and correct way to prevent it. (\u00a9A13)\n\nVenereal Diseases (3) Anatomy and physiological processes of male and female organs; sex hygiene and prevention of disease. (\u00a9A13)\n\nWorking for Dear Life (1) Man's needs for periodic health examinations.\n\nFood (1) Proper food habits for schoolchildren. (\u00a958)\n\nFood and Growth (1) Experiment with white rats given coffee, sugar, and milk and effect upon their weight and general appearance. (\u00a957)\n\nFood Makes a Difference (2) Laboratory tests show effects of various foods; development and growth of flesh and bone. (\u00a9A104, 178)\n\nGood Foods (4) A. A Drink of Water (importance and benefits)\nB. Part I. Milk and Milk Products\nC. Part II. Fruits and Vegetables\nD. Part III. Breads and Cereals\nE. Part IV. Meats, Fish, and Eggs.\nof water for animals and men; Bread and Cereals (importance of these foods for children); Fruit and Vegetables (designed to impress upon children the need for them); Milk (children enjoying their basic food); Haliver Oil (shows the benefits of Haliver oil); Keeping Out Bad Food (inspection of imported food products to protect American tables from unwholesome articles); Long vs. Short Haul (importance of mother nursing baby and liability of contamination in delivery of city's milk supply); Milk as Food (the food content of milk); Milk \u2014 the Master Builder (importance of milk in the healthful diet, stresses need for cleanliness in its handling); Out of the Milk Bottle (animated cartoon showing healthful value of milk as food, adapted for young children. )\nThe Search for the Elusive Vitamins A and D: Health Values of Cod Liver Oil; Effects on Children; Laboratory Experiments. (\u00a988)\nVictory: Value of and Necessity for Pure Milk. (\u00a9A10)\n\nGroup 108: Public Hygiene\nCamp Sanitation: Sanitation in Camps and Rural Districts. (\u00a9A133)\nConey Island \u2014 Safety and Health at the Beach: Shows the Results of Carelessness at the Beach. (1)\n\nEleventh Edition: PHYSIOLOGY, HEALTH AND HYGIENE\nGroup 108 (Continued): Public Hygiene\nDisease Carriers: Shows the Need for Cleanliness in Homes, Yards, Streets,\nFly Danger: Nature and Habits; Methods of Extermination. (\u00a9A133)\nThe Fly as a Disease Carrier: His part in carrying disease; suggestions for extermination. Reel 9 of \"Science of Life.\" (\u00a9A30)\nHow Plants and Animals Cause Disease: Reel 5 of \"Science of Life.\" Parasites, bacteria and how they invade live tissues. (0A3O)\nHow Disease is Spread: Reel 6 of \"Science of Life.\" Bacterial infection through drinking glasses, etc. shows spread. (\u00a9A30)\nHow to Prevent Disease: Reel 7 of \"Science of Life.\" Dangers of carelessness. Pasteurization, quarantine, vaccination, etc. (\u00a9A30)\nHow the Mosquito Spreads Disease: Reel 8 of \"Science of Life.\" Life history of mosquito and prevention of fever. (0A3O)\nHow to Get Rid of Rats: Various methods of control; unusual views of wild rats in action. (\u00a9A178)\nThe Rat Menace: Habits of rats, how they spread disease and how to exterminate them. (\u00a9A133)\nSewage Disposal: Purification by Imhoff Tank and sprinkling filter \u2014 purification by sand filtration \u2014 disposal into ocean. (\u00a957)\nWaste Disposal in Cities: Two principal methods employed for safe disposal of city sewage. (C\u00a9A168)\n\nGroup 109 Disease and Its Treatment\nInoculation of Animals (1) Laboratory methods of inoculating animals with cancer. (Cancer of the Skin (4 & 5) Diagnosis and treatment. (Cancer Research (6) Technical methods used in laboratory research work in cancer. Canti Film (2) Shows behavior of living tissues in vitro and the effect of radium upon cancer cells. (Living Normal and Cancer Cells (2) Culture of normal and cancer cells. Tissue Culture Methods in Cancer Research (3) Methods of growing tissue cultures; microscopic photos. Various Aspects of Cells in Living Tissues (3) Technique of tissue culture; physiological processes in normal and cancerous cells. Confessions of a Cold (1) Cause, effect, cure and prevention of colds. Animation. Sniffles Snuffles (1) Simple facts about common cold; told with living silhouettes and cartoon animation.\nConquering Diphtheria: Scientific facts concerning the disease, its prevention and cure. (\u00a9A168)\nConquest of Diphtheria: Progress made by science. (\u00a9A121, 202)\nDiphtheria: Preparation and use of antitoxin; methods of control and prevention of the disease. (\u00a957)\nPreventing Diphtheria: Emphasizes importance of immunization against the disease; Schick test is illustrated. (\u00a9A106)\nInfluenza: How an epidemic may be started and ways to avoid infection. (A133)\nMalaria: Life cycle of malarial parasite, transmission of disease, treatment, public health measures, control. (\u00a9A200)\nMan Against Microbe: Highlights the fight of science against preventable disease from the days of the London Plague to present. (A62)\nThe Morning Visit: Adaptation of poem written by Holmes contrasting two types of doctors. (A62)\nPernicious Anemia: Latest methods of combatting the disease; diagnostic features; three methods of liver therapy. Preventing the Spread of Disease: Compares spread of disease to creation of a chain of microorganisms; how created and broken. Consequences: Shows in vivid manner cause, diagnosis, and cure of tuberculosis. The Doctor Decides: Authoritative and medically accurate film on the examination of a patient for tuberculosis. Peter Meets a Menace: \"Taking the cure\" at Saranac. Physiology, Health and Hygiene: \"1000 and One\" Group 109 (Continued) Disease and Its Treatment. Story of My Life by Tee Bee: A tuberculosis germ tells his life story; animated cartoon and photographs of actual scenes. Tuberculosis and How It May Be Avoided: Scientific explanation.\nPreventorium Routine (\u00a957, \u00a9A136)\nDeferred Payment\nImportance of pre-natal treatment for prevention of congenital syphilis. (\u00a9A13)\nGonorrhea in the Male (3)\nAnimated diagrams show diagnostic and treatment techniques. (\u00a9A13)\nModern Diagnosis and Treatment of Syphilis (3)\nVarious recognized methods of treatment; animated diagrams. (\u00a9A13)\nMen's Lecture Film (1)\nPhotographs of various manifestations of syphilis and gonococcal infection. (\u00a9A13)\nGroup 110 Accident Prevention\nAsk Daddy (2)\nHome and street safety. (A134)\nAutomobile Safety (1)\nHow accidents occur from careless drivers and how to avoid them. (A197)\nCarbon Monoxide \u2014 The Unseen Danger (1)\nWhere the gas may be encountered, and methods of reviving victims. (\u00a9A10, 176)\nGoofs (1)\nWarning against common accidents befalling school children.\nThe Hand of Fate (2) Struggle of the hand of fate with the invisible force \"safety\" in man's life. (\u00a9A113)\nHindsight vs. Foresight (2) Safety problem in industry. (A134)\nHow Jimmy Won the Game (1) Safety film showing dangers of playing with blasting caps. (\u00a9192)\nOnce Upon a Time (1) Animated cartoon on street and highway safety with a fairyland setting and characters. (#202, \u2022\u00a9AA121)\nThe Outlaw (2) Story of safety first, showing \"Carelessness\" as an outlaw; animated cartoon. (\u00a9AH3)\nThe Penalty of Indifference (2) Safety film whose purpose is to create a proper mental attitude in automobilists. (A133)\nProblem of Fatigue (6) Fatigue in industry: nature, effects and prevention. (A16)\nPublic Enemy No. 1 (2) Depicts traffic hazards; shots of common highway accidents. (A134)\nReadin' 'Ritin' and 'Rithmetic (1) Street safety for school children.\n[Safety in Steel Industry (A183, 202)\nSafety on Highways [Minnesota State Highway Patrol] (A153)\nImportance of Safety in Life of Young Man in Large Steel Plant Love Story Background (A183, 202)\nSaving Seconds [Automobile Accidents] (AA3, 10, 202)\nHalf-reel for Primary Grades, One Reel for Advanced Grades [Street Safety] (A57)\nImportant Safety Measures in Daily Operation of Coal Mines [Twelve Points of Safety] (A176)\nConsequences of Careless Driving [The Verdict] (A134)\nProduced Primarily for Promotion of Safety in Coal Mines [When a Man's a Miner] (A10, 176)\nAccident Causes and Prevention in Industry (A183, 202)]\nWhy Be a Goose? Lesson in safety for children. Why Be Careless? Causes and prevention of highway accidents.\n\nGROUP 111 FIRE PREVENTION\nThe Bad Master How many fires in the home can be prevented.\nThe Fire Demon Causes of the most prevalent fire hazards; lessons for their prevention. (\u00a9A133)\n\nFire Prevention Construction of approved fire-resisting building \u2013 Eleventh Edition PHYSIOLOGY, HEALTH AND HYGIENE\nGROUP 111 (Continued) Fire Prevention\ncorrect insulation; proper way to safeguard inflammable materials.\nFire Protection Old and modern equipment and methods of fighting fires; school lesson in fire safety. (\u00a957)\nFire Safety Shows what to do in case of fire and what schools can do to prevent them. (057)\nFortify for Fire Fighting Practical lessons in fire protection in\nThe Red Robber (2) Demonstrates the need for adequate fire protection; various methods of home protection. (See also Group 14)\n\nGroup 112: Nursing, First Aid and Life Saving\nBefore the Doctor Comes: First aid in coal mines, steel mills, machine shops, etc. (0A168)\n\nBuilding a Modern Hospital: From ground-breaking to dedication. (018)\n\nEvery Woman's Problem: How to care for the sick at home. (A168)\n\nFirst Aid (Series of 4): Demonstrate first aid techniques based on methods advocated by the American Red Cross. Titles are: Life Saving and Resuscitation (1); Care of Minor Wounds (%); Carrying the Injured (^4); Control of Bleeding (057, 104)\n\nThe Forgotten Frontier: Work of Frontier Nursing Service in mountains of Kentucky. (0A72)\nThe Gentle Medicine Man: Work of the public health nurse. (1) Home Nursing (Series of 3): Routine Procedures, Special Procedures, Learn and Live. Shows necessity for knowing first aid methods. Life Saving: Film interview on First Aid. (A146) Every Swimmer a Life Saver: Latest and most approved methods of rescue. (0A168) Oxygen Breathing Apparatus: Details of apparatus used in mine rescue work and in deadly atmospheres. (A176) Winning Her Way: Methods of public health nursing. (0A168) (See also Groups 109-10)\n\nGROUP 113 MEDICINE and SURGERY\nAbdominal Esophagostomy: On a three-day-old infant. (049)\nAcute Appendicitis: Diagnosis, operation, and post-operative treatment. (Professional) (0A57)\nAcute Appendicitis: Shows a typical case treatment. (Lay) (0A57)\nAmyotonia Congenita (y2) Clinical photographs of a patient suffering from the condition. (057)\nAppendectomy for Acute, Gangrenous Appendicitis (1)\nAsphyxia Neonatorum (2) How to revive an asphyxiated baby. (0A51)\nBenign Prostatic Hypertrophy (1) Physiology of urinary excretion.\nCaesarean Operation (y2) For medical profession. (0129)\nCardiac Irregularities (2) Cardiac arrhythmias. (0A57)\nCataract Extraction (1) Operative technique. (057)\nChiloplasty (1) On an infant of six weeks. (049)\nCholecystectomy (2) Gall bladder removal for cholelithiasis with common duct exploration. (049)\nCollapse Therapy in the Treatment of Pulmonary Tuberculosis (1)\nX-ray and diagnosis for Pneumothorax; patient preparation and operation; indication for Thoracoplasty. (0A6O)\nComplications of the Second Stage of Labor (1) (0A51)\nCraniotomy of Dead Fetus (3) Operation of craniotomy on a dead fetus (cephalic) and same on a dead fetus on the manikin (breech). (0A51)\nDevelopment of a Fertilized Rabbit's Ovum (1) Photomicrography shows the segmentation of the fertilized ovum. (0A57)\nPhysiology, Health and Hygiene '1000 and One1\nGROUP 113 (Continued)\nMedicine and Surgery\nThe Diagnosis and Treatment of Infections of the Hand (3) Anatomy of the hand, mechanism of infection and complications. (\u00a9A57)\nDuehrssen's Incisions (1) Indications, history, operation, etc. (10A51)\nEctopic Heart (1) Actual photographs of a baby case. (\u00a9A57)\nElectro-Surgery for the Relief of Prostatic Obstruction (1) Specially developed surgical operating technique. (@A159)\nEpididymectomy (1) Young's operation for tuberculosis of the seminal duct. (1)\nEpisiotomy and Repair (3) Illustrated by clay models.\nErgotocin (1) A study of this new derivative of ergot, technique involved, and effect on post-partum uterus.\nExcision of Palmar Fascia (1) With immediate institution of active motion.\nEye Operation (1) Bringing sight to the blind; a professional film.\nThe Forceps Operation (4) History of the obstetric forceps; indications and conditions.\nFrog's Heart (2) Physiological experiment of severing heart from a frog's body.\nGastric Motor Phenomena (1) Strictly technical.\nGastrostomy (1) For carcinoma of esophagus.\nGold Ball Implantation (3.\u00b1) Composed of operative technique, showing in detail all steps of the operation.\nHernia of the Diaphragm (1) Importance of its recognition.\nHernioplasty and Lipectomy for strangulated ventral hernia. (1)\nHernioplasty for Left Indirect Inguinal Hernia (Halsted method) without transplantation of the cord. (2)\nIndirect Inguinal Hernia Repair. (3)\nInjuries of the Newborn. (2) Self-explanatory.\nIntestinal Peristalsis: Intestinal movement in cat and rabbit. (1)\nLaparotrachelatomy \u2014 Low, Cervical Caesarean Section (History, surgical anatomy and technique, operation itself; recovery and complications. Silent version: 8 reels, sound version: 6 reels). (A51, A62)\nThe Latsko Extraperitoneal Caesarean Section: In case of prolonged labor where vaginal delivery was not practical. (i 049 i)\nLow Forceps Delivery. (2) Self-explanatory.\nLumbar Sympathectomy for Hirschsprung's disease. (1)\nModern Methods of Anesthesia: Presents the newer methods. (0A2OO)\nMontgomery-Simpson Suspension Procedures (1)\nNasal Plastic Surgery (1) For hump and hook nose. (049)\nNephropexy (1) With ribbon gut technique. (049)\nNephrotomy Wound Closure by the Ribbon Gut Method (1) Demonstrates Lowsley-Bishop-Didusch technic in case of nephrolithiasis. (\u00a949)\nNormal Labor (2) Reproduction of actual deliveries; internal processes of labor shown by animated diagrams. (\u00a9A133)\nOrchidopexy with Hernioplasty and Varicocelectomy (2) Where three conditions existed: right undescended testicle, hernia, left varicocele. (049 i)\nPathology and Classification of Gastric Ulcers (4) Technical. (A9)\nPerineal Prostatectomy for Benign Hypertrophy (1) Young's operation.\nPerineal Prostatectomy under Regional Anaesthesia (1) Lowsley modification of the classic procedure. (049 I)\nThe Physiology and Conduct of Normal Labor (4) Delivery, in natural conditions.\nAnd slow motion; third stage and the treatment.\nPosterior Colporrhaphy (1) For third degree lacerations.\nPost-partum Hemorrhage (1) Methods of treatment.\nPreliminary Haemostasis in Goiter Surgery (1) The de Quervain method explained through actual photography and animated drawings.\nProlapse of the Uterus (2) Varieties and frequency. I.A62\nPuerperal Infection (1) How bacteria are introduced into the uterus during normal labor: animated drawings and actual photography.\nPulmonary Tuberculosis (4) Strictly technical.\nRabies (%). Shows actual photograph of a case in a young boy.\nThe Relation of Absorbable Sutures to Wound Healing (4) Incising of tissue. Methods of healing. Preparation of absorbable sutures.\nSalpingo-Oophorectomy with Appendectomy (1) Self-explanatory.\nAnimated drawings and actual photography of various types of goiters. (1) Eleventh Edition PHYSIOLOGY, HEALTH AND HYGIENE Group 113 (Continued) Medicine and Surgery Spinal Anesthesia Methods of controlling and anatomical structure; views of actual operation. (4) Suprapubic Cystotomy Operative technique done by small transverse incision; advantages of this technique. (5) Surgical Anatomy of the Genito-Urinary Tract As seen during the process of dissection; its relation to abdominal and pelvic organs. (1) Surgical Treatment of Peptic Ulcers Pathology of ulcers, diagnosis, occurrence of complications and operative procedures. (4) Technique of Blood Transfusion Fundamentals of blood transfusion; need for care and attention to detail. (2) Tests of Vestibular Function Technique of a neurological examination. (1)\nThoracoplasty (2) In the surgical treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis.\nTodd-Parker Tucking Operation (%) Shows in detail all steps of the operation; produced at Wills Hospital, Philadelphia (057).\nTraumatic Surgery of the Extremities (4) Operative care of an injury involving skin, muscle, tendon, nerve, vessel and bone (0A49).\nTreatment of Normal Breech Presentation (2) Practical treatment of delivery and demonstration (0A57).\nThe Treatment of Breech Presentation (4) Diagnosis, clinical course, actual delivery of normal breech, extraction by the breech (0A51).\nThe Treatment of Eclampsia (3) Prenatal care and diagnosis of two cases of threatened eclampsia (0A51).\nThe Treatment of Face Presentation (4) Conversion, application of forceps, treatment of post-partum hemorrhage (0A51).\nAthletics and Sports\nGroup 114 Baseball, Football, Golf, Tennis.\nBaseball: Babe Ruth - pointers (036, 58, 111)\nBaseball in Slow Motion: Babe Ruth and other stars in action. (1)\nInside Baseball: Sport review. (#29)\nPlay Ball: Made in cooperation with American League. (3 & 6, *A122)\nFootball: Knute Rockne - explanations of maneuvers. (9126)\nFootball: Lessons by \"Hurry-up\" Yost. (A146)\nFootball for the Fan: Six subjects explaining intricate plays of the newer phases of football. (#84)\nFootball Fundamentals: As taught by Knute Rockne. (2, A197)\nFootball Series: Produced by university football coaches illustrating important points, with shots from Varsity games. (1 each, A98)\nGame of a Century: Game between Giants and Bears. (2, \u2022140)\nKnute Rockne Series: Six subjects; plays re-enacted by Rockne and famous Notre Dame players. (1 each, #29, 80)\nModern Football Fundamentals (2) Techniques and drills representing most modern coaching practice: Football (Pro 1) Shows plays of world's champion football team, Chicago Bears, and notable gridiron athletes. Bobby Jones Golf Series (1) Demonstration of his technique: Driving (%) Jack Redmond demonstrates, stop motion. Golf (1) Details in the building of golf clubs. Golf Lessons (Series of 12) From Harry Cooper Golf Lessons; demonstrates correct use of all the clubs. Happy Golf (1) Illustrated lecture by Alex Morrison. In the Rough (1) Golf subject featuring Johnny Farrell. Slow Motion Analysis of Bobby Jones (1) Self-explanatory. Trick Golf (1) Champion trick golfer in unusual stunts. Better Tennis (1) Four parts, featuring Helen Wills: General Instruction.\nTennis: Bill Tilden, Molla Mallory, and Helen Wills demonstrate forehand and backhand strokes. (029, 129)\nTennis in Slow Motion: Johnston of California and Patterson of Australia. (A197)\nPhysiology, Health and Hygiene: \"1000 and One\"\nGroup 115: Ranch Activities and Sports\nDude Ranch Vacations: Life on dude ranches. (0A139, 153, 202)\nLet 'er Buck: A western rodeo; Grantland Rice sportlight. (1)\nRanch Holiday: Activity at a typical Montana Dude Ranch; the reason why the real western cowboy wears his unique costume. (A139)\nA Real Rodeo: The Pendleton Round-up. (\u00a956)\nRide 'Em Cowboy: Cheyenne Frontier Days Celebration; fancy stunt riding, calf roping, etc. (\u00a9A202)\nShe's Wild: Cowboys on cattle ranges; \"broncho-busting,\" roping and tying and other exhibitions. (0A178)\nTenderfoot Trails (1) Experiences of a party of tourists vacationing on a \"dude ranch\" in the Canadian Rockies. (\u00a9A202)\nUps and Downs of a Broncho Buster (1) Rodeo thrills. (\u00a9A139, 153)\nWestern Whoopee (1) Wild West sports. (i>29)\nWild West (%) Broncho busting, roping and riding thrills. (\u00a994, 133)\nThe World-Famous Rodeo (1) Wild-West stunts at Pendleton, Ore. (\u00a929)\n(See also Group 53)\n\nGroup 116 Camping and Outdoor Sports\nAlgonquin Adventures (1) Activities at boys' and girls' camps at Algonquin Park. (\u00a9A3 3)\nAlpine Vistas from Zugspitze (%) With Alpine climbers. (\u00a932)\nAmerican Boy Out of Doors (1) Sports and outdoor activities. (\u00a9A82)\nAmerica's Heritage (2) Troop of Boy Scouts \u2014 fire building, camping, trailing and other activities. (\u00a9A197)\nAscent of the Matterhorn (1) Trip with a party of climbers. (A197)\nAway Dull Care (1) A number of outdoor sports; Prizma color. (A197)\nCamp Fires Among Snow Peaks, Alpinists journey into unexplored areas (From Outdoor Life series)\nCamping Adventures, From Outdoor Life series\nHiking Scouts (From Outdoor Life series)\nJust What the Doctor Ordered, Camp life in the bass-fishing section of northern Ontario (\u00a9A202, A10)\nOpen Trails, Outdoor sports \u2014 baseball, shooting, etc. (\u00a9Ill)\nWhen Guide Meets Guide, Guides matching skill in annual tournament at Nova Scotia (\u00a9A202)\n\nGROUP 117 Water Sports\nCrystal Champions, Swimming exhibitions (^25, 29, 111, 129, 202)\nDiving, Wide range of plain and fancy diving, in normal speed and slow motion done by celebrities (\u00a929, A197)\nFollow the Leader, Swimmers in normal and slow motion (\u00a9Ill)\nGangway, Yacht-racing, canoe-racing, sailing (\u00a9Ill)\nGetting Gay with Neptune, Life in a girl's camp \u2014 swimming, diving, canoeing, and other water sports (\u00a9Ill)\nShooting Big Horn Rapids In an air-filled rubber skiff. (\u00a994)\nSurf and Sail Motor boat racing and sail boating. (\u00a9Ill)\nSurfing \u2013 The Famous Sport of Waikiki Riding surf boards. (\u00a932)\nSurf Riding at Waikiki Action pictures of this famous Hawaiian vacation port. (\u00a955)\nSwimming and Diving Correct form; slow motion. (\u00a9A168)\nSwimmers and Swimming Fundamental strokes and modern methods illustrated. (\u00a958, 111, A197)\nWater Sports Title tells it. (A98)\nWater Wonders Swimming scenes taken from above and under the water. (\u00a9Ill)\n\nGROUP 118 Winter Sports\nBlanc Bee Trails Dog team and snowshoe journeys in Northern Quebec; fishing through the ice. (\u00a9A3 3)\nFrolics in Frost Ski technique, fancy skating, skate sailing, tobogganing, ice-boating and hockey. (A197)\nJust Kiddies and Snow Self-explanatory. (\u00a929)\nEleventh Edition PHYSIOLOGY, HEALTH AND HYGIENE\n\nMidwinter Sports in Quebec Snow shoeing and tobogganing at famous winter resort. Olympic Winter Games Highlights of skating, skiing, dog sled and bob-sled races. The Silvery Art Detailed technique of the art of skiing. Sporting with Jack Frost Winter pastimes in America and Europe. When Winter Comes Winter sports at Banff. Where Winter Sport is King Winter sports in picturesque old city. Where Snow Time Is Joy Time Skiing at Ottawa. Winter Sports in St. Moritz Skating on wonderful lakes; skiing down picturesque mountain slopes. Winter in the Nation's Capital Ottawa in winter.\n\nGROUP 119 Animal Hunting\nAcross the World with Mr. and Mrs. Martin Johnson Adventures\nThe South Sea Islands, Africa and other lands: Excellent pictures of wild animals, natives and cannibal adventures. (\"A98\", 150)\n\nAfrican Mystery: The hunt for the white rhino. (\"\u00a984\", 98, 111)\nBig Game Hunting in Africa: Expedition of Prince William of Sweden to the Black Continent. (\"\u00a980\", 129)\nBig Game Trails: Wild life in Jasper National Park; stalking and taking of trophies. (\"\u00a9A33\")\nCapturing a Great Giant Anteater: Filmed by Wm. Beebe. (\"A197\")\nThe Cougar Hunt: Methods of government hunters in predatory animal control work. (\"\u00a9A178\")\nCougar, or Mountain Lion: Bill and Bob trap a cougar. (\"\u00a980\", 111)\nCougar the Killer: Edwin C. Hill describes the hunt for one of our dangerous trails. (\"1\")\nBill and Bob capture a lion cub. (\"\u00a9Ill\")\nFeline Fighters: A thrilling chase with horses and hounds after a wild cat. (\"1\")\nSelf-explanatory: Fox Hunting\nFrom Equator to Arctic: Paul Rainey hunting films (4)\nGame Management: An exposition of the need for and methods employed in managing deer on Kaibab National Forest (2)\nGreat Raccoon Hunt: Hunting dogs on the trail in deep forests (2)\nHunting and Fishing in Siberia: A Ussurian bear hunt (1)\nHunting Big Game in Africa: African animals in their native habitat (1)\nHunting Tigers in India: Complete tour of India: natives, cities, customs, jungle, wild animals (8, 150)\nJungle Adventures of Martin Johnson: Adventures in tropical lands of Borneo and surrounding country (31, 98, 104, 197)\nKidnapping Gorillas: Authentic film of Ben Burbridge's gorilla hunt in the African jungles (AH0)\nThe Lure of the Beast: A Missouri lion hunt (126)\nA native hunter sets his trap for Africa's rare and elusive \"franklin\". Narrative by Jean Paul King. (29)\nBill and Bob trap a wolf. (Ill)\nRaccoon Hunting. Hunters and dogs. (A122)\nRegulated Deer Hunting. Shows damage done by deer when they become too numerous, and methods of control. (AA178)\nModern manner in which ranchers hunt and capture the 500-pound \"killer\" bears which kill their livestock. (A120)\nAdventures of Mr. and Mrs. Martin Johnson in Africa. Excellent wild animal shots; natives spearing lions. (A48, 197)\nTiger Hunt. American Museum of Natural History expedition to India. (A98)\nAnimal Hunting (Group 119, continued)\nPhysiology, Health and Hygiene (\"1000 and One\")\nUp in the Air: An aeroplane trip into the Everglades to capture alligators.\nWhen the Lions Threaten: Expedition to a lion's home.\nWhere the Moose Cow Calls: Moose hunting in Canada.\nWith Gun and Dog: A deer hunting expedition.\nGROUP 120 Bird Hunting\nBird Dogs Afield: Training of hunting dogs and their field tests.\nDuck Shooting \u2014 Rail Bird Shooting: Different methods used.\nDuck Shooting in Wapanoca Lake: Title tells it.\nGoose Fly Low: Canada geese during wild-fowling season; various methods of decoying them.\nGoose Safari on the Lower Mississippi: Self-explanatory.\nHunting Wild Geese: Title tells it.\nHunting Prairie Chickens in Saskatchewan: Hunting the elusive grouse in the Northwest.\nHunting the Wary Black Mallard on Long Island, Quail Hunting, Propagation of Bob-White Quail by Electricity, Quail and Pheasant Hunt, The Wild Turkey Hunting \u2014 Ruffed Grouse \u2014 Rabbit Hunting, Fishing\n\nAbalone Pearl Fishing: Diving for abalones in the Pacific.\nAngles of Angling: On a fishing trip with Grantland Rice.\nAngling Across Canada: Salmon, trout, bass, muskellunge, pike, pickerel and trout fishing.\nBass Fishing: Angling for bass in lake country of Ontario.\nBattling Muskies (1) Capturing a muskie in Muskinonge Lake, northern Ontario.\nBig Muskies (%) Catching muskellunge in Canadian Rockies.\nBill and I Went Fishing (1) Picturization of Edgar Guest's poem.\nBonefish of the Bahamas (1) Capturing these hard-fighting deep sea monsters.\nCannibals of the Deep Series (1 each) Series of deep-sea fishing adventures, featuring swordfish and mammals. (#29, 98)\nCatching Big Fish in Pacific Waters (1) Thrilling moments with Major Hammond, adventurer. (\u00a929, 55)\nCruising in Pacific Waters (1) The landing of a big yellowtail with rod and reel is one of the highlights. (#94)\nThe Devil's Playground (5) Thrilling pictures of hand-to-hand battle with man-eating shark; whales and other huge fish. (#95, 189, A150)\nA Fish and Bear Tale (1) Various forms of fishing on the Miramichi\n[River, and capture of three bear cubs. (\u00a910, \u00a9A202)\nFishing for Game Fish (1) Useful hints about modern fishing tackle and how to achieve best results. (\u00a9A202)\nFishing in Many Waters (1) Sport subject. (#29, 54)\nFishing Time (1) Virgin Falls on the picturesque Nipigon River; fishing and catching speckled trout. (\u00a9A10)\nFishin' with Cobb (1) Cobb takes Grantland Rice on a fishing trip and regales him with some tall stories. (#126)\nIn Quest of the Bronze Back (1) Bass-fishing expedition. (\u00a936, \u00a9A202)\nIn the Land of the Big Muskies (1) An interesting fishing film. (\u00a929)\nInvading Muskieland (1) In northern Ontario. (\u00a9A202)\nKing of White Waters (1) Speckled trout fishing. (\u00a9A3 3)\nLaurentian Lures (1) Interesting experiences of a party of anglers after speckled trout. (\u00a936, \u00a9A202)\nLeapin' Rainbows (1) Battles between the noted angler Courtney Riley]\n\nThis text appears to be a list of titles of various fishing-related articles or films. No cleaning is necessary as the text is already clean and readable.\nCoopers, Rainbow, and Dolly Varden trout. (\u00a9A33)\nEleventh Edition PHYSIOLOGY, HEALTH AND HYGIENE GROUP 121 (Continued) Fishing\nLet's Go Fishing: Fishing through ice for pickerel; porpoise fishing; sawfish, rayfish, etc. (#140, A65)\nMonsters of the Deep (2 and 5) Deep-sea fishing. (\u00a9Ill, A98, 150)\nA Piscatorial Trilogy Catching a bass, pickerel and Northern pike in Ontario. (\u00a9A33)\nRod and Reel Champions Fly-casting competition. (\u00a9Ill)\nSalmon Fishing in Newfoundland (%) Sporting picture of the thrill of rod and line. (\u00a929)\nSeeking Steel Heads Showing a party of anglers seeking \"Steelheads\" in streams of Vancouver Island. (\u00a9A202)\nShark Fishing Catching shark bait, landing tiger shark, process of tanning shark leather. (\u00a957)\nA Sporting Adventure Catching sea bass and shark. (*94)\nSporting Nuts Fishing from the air, the angler perched in a plane. (1)\nBlimp; catching world's largest trout at Pyramid Lake (A120)\nTaking Game Fish in the Florida Gulf Stream (1) Fine scenes of taking fish\u2014 bonita, dolphin, tuna and sailfish. (\u00a929)\nTarpon Fishing (*4) Battle between sportsman and game fish.\nTigers of the North (1) Showing fighting qualities and gameness of the Muskellunge. (\u00a9A33, 202)\nTrout Streams in the Catskills (1) The sportsman's paradise, world famous for gamey trout. (A197)\nTrapping Big Tuna Fish (%), Film for sportsmen and naturalists.\nZane Grey's South Sea Adventures (5) Zane Grey goes fishing in the South Seas; exciting man-and-monster battles. (\u00a929, 98, 111, 125, A150)\nGroup 122 Athletics and Sports. Miscellaneous\nBull Fight of Spain (%) Actual photographic record of this national sport of Old Spain. (\u00a994)\nThe Cradle of Champions (1) Showing how our school boys are laying the foundation for athletic greatness.\nHigh divers, aerial artists and other circus performances. Diving, High Jumping and Lariat Throwing. Self-explanatory. Donkey Baseball - a burlesque on baseball. Enemies of Youth - the value of wholesome recreation. Feminine Fitness - how Wellesley girls keep fit. Fighting the Dust - tests of speed and skill by motorcyclists in the National Tourist Trophy Race. French Girl Goes in for Sport - Suzanne Lenglen and others. Future Greats - slow motion study of young athletes. All sorts of modern games; novelty reel. Grantland Rice Sportlights - highlights of the world of sports; the contribution made by the ideals of sportsmanship to modern American society.\nThree ultra slow motion studies: Hurdling and Baseball Pitching (%)\nJapanese Sports (14): Jiu Jitsu, sword dancing, and fencing (\u00a929)\nMotorcycle Cossacks (1): Mexico City Motorcycle Police, world champion stunt riders performing death-defying tricks (A120)\nRugby (1): Study of the modern game and as it was played in Robin Hood's regime (A120)\nSelf-Defense (1): Teaching self-defense at Culver (A29, 111, 202)\nSpartan Diet (1): Modern Spartans (\u00a9Ill)\nSport Almanac (1): Various sport highlights of the year (#80, 84, 98)\nStrikes and Spares (1): Andy Varipapa, world's most sensational bowler, in a series of startling tricks, including the tunnel shot (A120)\nTed Husing Sport Slants (1 each): Variety of sports (A191)\nHigh spots of the Olympic Games in Los Angeles (1): Tenth Olympiad\nThe Thrill of the Thoroughbreds (1): Horse racing (\u00a9Ill)\nThrills and Exciting motorcycle races. (\u00a9A82)\nGroup 123 Psychology\nEmotion (1) Study of crowds under conditions of excitement. (\u00a929)\nThe Girl Who Found Herself (1) Story of a girl who acquired self-confidence through athletic activities. (\u00a9A202, A193)\nMechanics of the Brain (6) Illustration of conditioned reflexes and methods used by Prof. Ivan P. Pavlov. (A16)\nSecrets of the Soul (6) A film which explores Freudian theories and psychological phenomena. (A163)\n\nGroup 124 Scenic\nBeauty Spots of America and Canada (1) Scenic bits. (A146, 197)\nBeyond the Passes (1) Beautiful mountain scenery. (\u00a936)\nA Cloud-Land Fantasy (%) Beautiful cloud effects during sunshine, sunset and storm. (\u00a932)\nCombatting the Elements (1) Nature in full tyranny. (A146)\nA Daring Adventure (%), Scenic of Big Horn Canyon. (\u00a994)\n[1] Dawn in various parts of the world suggested by Cadman's \"At Dawning\" (A146)\n[1] A beautiful scenic [2] (A197)\n[13, 1 reel each] Exquisite nature tints illustrating some of outstanding lyrics of America's Poet Laureate. (A197)\n[1] Fairy Foreland (\u00a936) [Based on the poem \"The Brook\"]\n[1] Falling Waters (\u00a9A10, 202) [Many of Canada's picturesque waterfalls with titles from works of famous nature poets]\n[1] Friendly Breast of the Earth (A197) [Color scenes of mountains, lakes and rivers; titled in verse]\n[1] From the Windows of My House (\u00a929) [A scenic of mountains, lakes, rivers and sea]\n[1] Good Old Summer Time (A1) [Nature in the summer time]\n[1] Legend of the Skies (A1) [Scenic of cloud effects and variety of landscapes of sea, mountain and countryside]\nMy Adirondack Outing (1) With titles from Wordsworth.\nNature and the Poet (1) Nature scenes with titles from the poems of Wm. Cullen Bryant.\nRobert Bruce Scenics (1) Beautiful scenic effects, diverting novel-ties, and interesting travelogues.\nRobinson Crusoe Hours (1) Post nature scenic.\nRomance Sentimentale (2) Beautiful photographic studies of nature in autumn; music, no dialogue and a song in Russian.\nRough Weather (1) Various moods of nature.\nScenic Grandeurs of America (1) Scenic bits of beauty.\nSolace of the Hills (1) Nature in all her glory; artistic scenes.\nSparkling Waters (1) The charm of quiet waters.\nSpring is Here (1) Springtime in mountains, fields and marshland.\nTrails of the Gods (1) Grandeur of the Swiss Alps\nA Scenic Poem of the Tropics (1) Scenic of the tropics\nWhen Day is Done (1) Scenic poem illustrating the glories of sunset in various parts of Canada (\u00a9A202)\nWhen Winter Comes (1) Beautiful winter scenes (\u00a9A197)\nWild Rice (1) A motion picture poem in nature (\u00a9155)\nWinter Witchery of Niagara (1) Winter glories of one of the world's greatest scenic spectacles (\u00a910, \u00a9A202)\nWonders of the Tropics (3) Panorama of Nature's marvels (A150)\n\nGROUP 125 SOCIOLOGY General\nBehind the Scenes in the Machine Age (3) Technological changes affecting women workers; prevention of human waste in industry.\nChallenges of the TVA (3) Study of the broad social opportunities behind the great power development in the Tennessee Valley (\u00a9155)\nDeliverance (6) - Anti-liquor film adapted from Prof. Irving Fisher's books on prohibition.\n\nEleventh Edition SOCIOLOGY 105\nGROUP 125 (Continued) Sociology\n\nSanta at Goodyear (1) - Big corporation plays host annually to children of employees.\n\nShattered Dreams (6) - Failure of socialistic experiment.\n\nThe Southern Mountain Area (4) - The what, when, where and why of southern mountain life.\n\nThe Transgressor (4) - Prohibition film.\n\nUnto the Hills (2) - A dramatic interpretation of living values in the southern Appalachians.\n\nWelfare Work of Subsidiary Companies of U.S. Steel Corporation (1) - First aid, playgrounds, athletics and other features provided for employees.\n\nWhat the Job Pays (2) - How Western Electric Co. provides a right environment for a boy who wants to learn and earn his living. (\u00a9A202, A193)\nWhen Industry holds its annual picnic for Goodyear workers.\nWithin the Gates: Women's Roles in Industry from Primitive Times to Present. (0A82, 0A179, 202)\nThe Woman Worker Past and Present: Contrasts Women's Former Activities in the Home with Work in Factories Today. (0A179, A202)\n\nGroup 126: Social and Fraternal Organizations\nThe A.O.U.W. of Minnesota: Activities and Workings of this Fraternal Insurance Society. (0A153)\n\nAround the Clock with the Girl Scouts: A Day in Camp with Girl Scouts. (A74)\nThe Boy Scout and His Uniform: Steps in Manufacture of a Complete Outfit for Young America. (A168)\nDiary of a Boy Scout: A Day in Camp with Boy Scouts. (A74)\nA Day in Rock Island: Shows Offices and Work of Modern Woodmen. (1)\nGirl Scout Trail: Dramatization of Girl Scout Movement. (AA197)\nIn Boy Scout Land: Outdoor sports and activities. (A74) The Man Who Found a Boy: Experiences and trials of a Boy Scout troop. (A197) Men in the Making: Boy Scouts on a trip. (036, 0A82) Millions: Modern Woodmen of America program at Century of Molders of Manhood. (1) What happens at conferences of the scout executives. (A197) North Dakota Oddfellows Film: Opening of I.O.O.F. Home at Devil's Lake, N.D. (A81) Roosevelt, the Great Scout: How Roosevelt illustrated the theme \"building bodily vigor for national service.\" (0A172, 202) The Scout Master: Picturization of Edgar Guest's poem of the Scout Master. (A197) Scotty of the Scouts: Inspiring serial of the exploits of the Boy Scouts. (A98) Veterans of Foreign Wars Activities: How veterans take care of orphans and widows at home. (2) (GROUP 127 TRANSPORTATION: Air)\nAcross America in Twenty Hours, Modern air transportation, airplane design and construction. (036, A202)\nAcross Death Valley by Airplane, Flying below sea level and over Funeral Range Mountains. (094, 133)\nThe Air Fleet, Unusual feats by non-rigid airships. (0A82)\nAir Stunts, Flying upside down and side slipping. (094}\nAir Thrills, Daring stunts. (#29)\nAround the World via the Graf Zeppelin, Details of world-famous airship. (5)\nBailing Out, Close-ups of parachute jumper. (094)\nBalloon Racing, Various sidelights. (0A82)\nBoeing Airplane, Trip through the factory. (0A39)\n\nTransportation\nGROUP 127 (Continued) Air\nCoast to Coast in 48 Hours, America's daily rail and air transport service. (#197)\nCushion Landings, Valuable to aviators, airplane schools, instructors and pilots. (\u00a9A82)\nDead Stick Landing - Self-explanatory. (\u00a994)\nFly American - Modern air transport, featuring the services of the largest airlines in the United States. (\u2022A202)\nFlying Cadets - Official U.S. Government film taken at Brooks Field, Texas, where Lindbergh received his training. (\u00a9Ill)\nFlying the Mail - Actual scenes made aboard plane. (\u00a994)\nFrom London to Paris by Air - Across the English Channel by air. (1)\nGirdling the Globe - World flight of the Graf Zeppelin. (1) (936, 82)\nGreatest Airship Dock - Story of the largest building in the world without interior supports \u2014 where giant airships are built. <9_LS2 \u00bb\nHappy Landings - Why the parachute is the most scientific contribution to the cause of \"safety first\" in aeronautics. (A197)\nLearning to Fly - Title tells it. (A197)\nLightning-Proof - Laboratory tests of lightning-arrester \u2014 protects aircraft. (1)\nBalloons from lightning while in flight. (\u00a9A82)\nLindbergh: The Epic American Transatlantic Flight\nLindbergh's take-off for Paris and the unsuccessful attempts of earlier fliers. (\u00a956)\nLindbergh Flies Alone: Record of flight across Atlantic. (A146)\nMagellan of the Air: World flight of Graf Zeppelin. (9A82)\nModern Aviation: Races and stunts. (A18)\nOne-Point Landings: Ground looping and other feats. (1)\nParachute Jumping: Pilots jumping from planes. (A48)\nSikorsky S-42: Exclusive pictures of a test flight of one of these giant clipper seaplanes. (#\u00a9107)\nThe Story of the Airship: Beginning of American balloon-making and flying; development of small \"blimps.\" (9AS2)\nThrills of the Air: History of development of aircraft. (\u2022HI)\nTraining for Aviation: At one of the largest schools in America. (2)\nThe U.S.S. Akron (1) Various stages of construction. (A150, 9A82)\nThe U.S.S. Macon (2) Various stages of construction of ship, test flights, and activities aboard the craft. (9A82)\nWinging West (2) Historical flight of the Bremen. (A31)\nWith Commander Byrd, U.S.N. in America's Polar Triumph (3) Official record of first flight over the North Pole from Spitsbergen. ('9A66)\nGROUP 128 Roads and Road Building\nAustin-Western Road Construction (1) Purely technical showing the use of Austin Western machines. (936)\nThe Bates Road Test (1) Story of one of most important road tests in highway history. (9A178)\nBuilding Forest Roads (1) Men and machinery at work in the national forests. (\u00a9A178)\nBuilding the Mount Vernon Memorial Highway (2) How it was constructed from the beginning to the completion of operations. (A178)\nBuilding Truck Trails in National Forests (1) Lowering cost by employment of modern machines.\nFighting Snow (3) Methods used by Minnesota Highway Dept. to keep highways open in winter.\nGranite Block Paving (1) From quarry to pavement.\nHighway Beautification (2) Ways to preserve and enhance beauty of roadside plants; and to eliminate dangerous obstructions.\nHighways of Argentina (1); of Brazil (1); of Chile (2); of Peru (2); of Uruguay (1); of Venezuela (2) Films made in connection with tour of U.S. delegates to Second Pan-American Highway Congress.\nHighway Glimpses of Columbia and the Dutch West Indies (1); of Panama (2); of Trinidad (1) Self-explanatory.\nHot Mixed Bituminous Pavement (1) Essential features in design and construction.\nImpact of Traffic on Roads (1) Tests made to determine effect on highways.\nMaintenance of Roads (2)\nImportance of keeping roads in good condition; some ways to do so. (\u00a9A178)\n\nThe Master Road Builder (2)\nIndustrial tractors operating road graders, ditchers, and scarifiers. (036, A38, 103)\n\nMixed-in-Place Bituminous Surfaces (2)\nMethods employed in construction of this type of surface in far Western States. (A178)\n\nPenetration Bituminous Macadam (1)\nMethods and equipment used in construction. (A178)\n\nGroup 129 Railroads\nThe Fair of the Iron Horse (2)\nEvolution of transportation from days of Indians and pack horses to first railway. (\u00a929, A38)\nI. Iron Horses and Steel Trails\nModern steam trains in operation; method of assembling trains in terminal; huge locomotives.\n\nIII. King of the Rails\nEvolution of transportation from primitive to modern times; electric locomotive operating in Rockies.\n\nIII. Let's Ride the Zephyr\nEverything about the new streamline, diesel-powered, stainless steel train; in operation at high speeds.\n\nI. Number One\nMaking a trip on a transcontinental train from Chicago to Seattle.\n\nI. Power\nLatest developments in motive power; making of great locomotives; testing of new oil electric locomotives.\n\nI. Railroad Safety\nOperation of automatic train controls and other devices employed to make railroad traffic safe.\n\nI. Railroads in United States History\nGrowth of our great railway systems and their economic significance.\n[The Record: Story of the railroad engineer (A126)\nSpending Millions to Save Minutes: Railroad construction (A18)\nGroup 130 Water\nAcross the Seas: History of transportation by water; cruise on Mediterranean and interesting places visited (\u00a939)\nThe Big Step: Workings of the New York Barge Canal (\u00a9157)\nCanals in United States History: Motion pictures, maps and charts tell of canals built, their location, importance and influence (\u00a9A168)\nCarrying American Products to Foreign Lands: From construction of ships to journeys all over the world (\u00a9A10, 183)\nA Great Lakes Romance: Boat trip through upper lakes (\u00a9A202)\nLet's Go to Europe: Shipboard scenes (A71)\nThe Longest Gangplank in the World: Across the Atlantic, from New York to Paris (\u00a9A202)\nA Masterpiece in the Making: Activities in shipyard during construction]\nConstruction of the liner \"Queen Mary\"; progress of work up to launching.\nA Motor Boat Ramble: Through the Trent Canal. (\u00a9A202)\nOcean Liners: Building and launching, balancing, cargo, stocking with supplies for passengers and crew, inspecting life aboard. (\u00a957)\nProgress: Story of operation of a large freight steamer; history of Great Lakes navigation. (A183)\nQueen of the Waves: Evolution of boats from primitive to modern times; launching of \"Queen of the Waves.\" (\u00a9A10, 78)\nSafety at Sea: Safeguards to navigation \u2014 lighthouses, buoys, lightships, etc. (\u00a957)\nShip Ahoy!: Scenes on large sailing vessels under many conditions of the wind and weather. (\u00a9Ill)\nThe Steamboat in United States History: Influence on settlements of the country, trade and commerce; early and modern steamers. (\u00a9A168)\nA Trans-Atlantic Holiday: Deck sports and activities. (\u00a9A47)\nTransportation: Various types of lake vessels and the organization and safeguarding of lake traffic. (\u00a957)\nTurning Her Around: Preparation of liner Majestic for a voyage; views of various parts of steamer, loading of huge supplies, departure scenes. (\u00a9A47)\nWeek End Cruises: Life aboard a liner. (A47)\n\nBrief History of Transportation: Illustrated periods of history by the progression of land transportation from human carriers and beasts of burden to London-Paris air liners of today. (0A87)\nThe Development of Transportation: How natural, social, and economic barriers have been eliminated by progress in transportation. (1)\nEvolution of Travel: From earliest modes to present. (2)\nFarther, Faster, and Safer: Story of transportation from ox-carts and covered wagons to up-to-date streamlined airplanes. (2)\nTitle: Evolution of the Bicycle, Story of Transportation, Application of Steam and Gas, Travel Methods, Various Modes of Travel, Wheels of Progress\n\n1. Bicycle Evolution\n2. On the Pathways of Progress: Transportation from Sleds to Electric Locomotives\n3. These Thirty Years: Romantic Story Telling of the Ford Car from First Model to Present\n4. Transportation: Different Methods of Various Countries\n5. Transportation: Early Methods, First Steam Locomotive, Discovery of Electricity, Types of Electric Locomotives\n6. Transportation: Application of Basic Principles of Steam and Gas to Modern Transportation\n7. Travel: Methods on Land and Water in Many Countries, from Former Times to Present\n8. We're On Our Way: Various Modes of Travel in Various Countries\n9. Wheels of Progress: From the Day of the Bicycle to Modern Methods of Transportation.\nGroup 132: War \u2014 Naval and Military America Goes Over Official United States Government pictures of the World War showing American Expeditionary Forces. (056, 111, 129) American Tanks in China How U.S. Citizens are protected. (094) Anchors Aweigh Activities of all units of the fleet \u2014 battleships, destroyers, cruisers, submarines and aviation. (0111) Battle Grounds of Europe War scenes. (A98) Building Bluejackets Training scenes at naval stations. (1) Coast Defense Guns Scenes of big guns belching forth. (0157) Fighting in France Films taken on actual battle front. (4) Flashes of Action Best scenes from official pictures made of the American, French, British and Italian forces in action. (056, 129) Fleet Ho! Peace time missions of the navy. (1) The Gray Armada Launching of planes and firing big guns. (1)\nJack Wins His Wings: Naval aviation training. (#\u00a936, \u20220AA181)\nThe Life of O'Riley: Training US Cavalry officers and mounts at Fort Riley, Kansas. (0111)\nOur Navy in Action: Shots from airplane of modern ships in broad-side firing and destroyers laying smoke screens. (094, 133)\nOur Navy in the World War: Official pictures of our Navy in its multifarious duties on the high seas. (056)\nPeace: Human story of the battlefields as they were before Sailors of the Skies: Modern aviation in the navy \u2014 functions of all units and their duties. (0A2O2)\nThe S-4 Submarine Disaster: Rescue work by the Navy. (029)\nSharks of the Navy: Work of modern submarines \u2014 how they are handled and how men are trained for that duty. (0A2O2)\nSky Fleets of the Navy: Airplane maneuvers; aviation in the Navy. (1)\nAnd how it coordinates with surface vessels (O0A181)\nSprinkles of Salt (1) Navy routine life on board ship. (#A181)\nThe St. Mihiel Drive (V2) Official U.S. Army film. (0129)\nSubmarine Service (1) Operating submarine and undersea rescue apparatus; training for submarine duty. (\u00a9\u00a9AlSl)\nUncle Sam of Freedom Ridge (2) A sermon against war. (A197)\nVictory Pageant (1) Great welcome in London, Paris and New York to war debts. (A197)\n\nEntertainment\nHome Film Libraries\nThrough its unique position in supplying entertainment pictures to Transatlantic liners, has\nAn exceptionally wide selection of\n16mm. Sound-on-Film Subjects\n100 Sound Film Features 150 Sound Film Shorts\nOur large library of silent films is still active.\nGroup 132 (Continued) War\u2014 Naval and Military\nThe War Dog (6) Story of an American boy in the World War accompanied by his dog, which does Red Cross work. (A64, 98)\nWhy? (2) Anti-war film showing the futility of competitive armament and tremendous waste involved; explains the cause and prevention of war.\nWith China at the Front (1) Authentic scenes of the Chinese Army. (\u00a994)\nWith the A.E.F. in the World War (2) Interesting facts. (A197)\nWith the Yangtze Patrol (1) Story of the U.S. Navy Asiatic fleet depicting the protection it renders the river. (#129, \u20220AA181)\nThe World War (5) The complete American Legion version of the World War on land, sea and in the air. (\u00a929)\n\nGroup 133 Juvenile\nThe Adams' Children (1) Fun adventures of three brothers with their dog, pony, calf, horses and ducks. (A81)\nAladdin's Lamp (1, 4) from Grimm's famous fairy tale.\nAli Baba and the Forty Thieves (3) A Juvenile cast in an Arabian Nights story.\nBabes in the Woods (4) Famous story acted by children.\nThe Big Show What happens when children start to play circus.\nBobbie's Ark (1) Series of animal pictures. (\u00a929, \u00a9A122)\nBobby Bumps (1 each) A series of animated cartoon films. (\u00a929, A197)\nBrave Little Tailor (2) From the Grimm fairy tale. (\u00a958)\nChildren of All Lands (1 each) Series of four: Little Dutch Girl, Little Indian Weaver, Little Swiss Wood Carver, Wee Scotch Piper. (See Group 27.)\nChildren's Picture Book (1) Novel subject showing growth of the Southwest. (\u00a936)\nChip, the Wooden Man (1 each) A series of fairy tales. (\u00a956)\nCinderella and the Magic Slipper (5) Well-known story acted out by\n\n(Note: The last line seems incomplete and may require further cleaning or context to make it perfectly readable.)\nA cast of children. (A98, 197)\nChristmas Among the Animals (*4) How the zoo people celebrate. (\u00a929)\nCracked Ice (1) Animated dolls enjoying winter sports. (\u00a929)\nDoings in Doodlebugville (1) A series of fairy tales. (\u00a956)\nThe Dwarf's Nose (5) German fairy story. (A98)\nFairy and the Waif (5) Juvenile story. (A98)\nGood Scout Buster (2) Antics of Buster Brown and Tige, his dog.\nThe Goose Girl (3) Faithful adaptation of Grimm's fairy tale. (A197)\nHansel and Gretel (1 and 3) Cast of well-known child actors enact tale.\nHeidi of the Alps (2) Children's story by Spyri. (\u00a9129, A64)\nHumpty-Dumpty (%). Story in detail. (\u00a9A122)\nThe Hut in the Forest (1) Well-known fairy tale. (\u00a994, 129, 133)\n\nEntertainment\nGroup 133 (Continued) . . . Juvenile\nJack and the Beanstalk (1 and 4) Dramatization of the story known as Jack the Giant Killer.\nJackie the Lion (%) Tricks by the famous motion picture lion.\nThe Jungle of Prehistoric Animals (%) A little black man dreams he is living in the long ago; his amusing adventures.\nThe Jungle Vaudeville Animal gymnasts.\nJust for Fun (1) A story of a small boy who played war \"just for fun\" but found that consequences were not at all funny.\nJuvenile Animal Comedies (2 reels each) Animals and juveniles.\nThe Knight Before Christmas (1) A Christmas story.\nLet Us Paint (1) A picture puzzle.\nLife of Santa Claus (2) A fantasy filmed in Northern Alaska, showing Santa's toyshop, reindeer, and filling the stockings.\nThe Little Boy Who Believes in Santa Claus, A Christmas story.\nThe Little Defender: A tale of a tiny boy who conquers a kingdom. (\u00a994)\nLittle Friend of All the World: A story of a little boy who carries the spirit of Christmas to the animal world. (*A30)\nThe Little Knight: A fairy tale of a dashing knight. (\u00a994, 129, 133)\nLittle Match Girl: Madge Evans in the famous story. (A64, 146)\nThe Littlest Scout: Children enact this story of youngsters copying their elders. (A31)\nLittle Red Riding Hood: Musical fantasy. (A64, 98)\nLittle Red Riding Hood: Up-to-date version of the story.\nMadeline's Christmas: Modern playlet of Christmas time. (A146)\nThe Magic Cloak: A fairy story of a magic cloak that enables the owner to become invisible. (3)\nThe Magic Hour: Shows little boys' dreams coming to life. (1)\nMy Barefoot Boy, The Night Before Christmas, Old Woman of the Woods, On Christmas Eve (Santa Claus), Our Gang's Christmas, Parade of Comic Balloons, Parade of the Wooden Soldiers, Peeps in Puzzleland, The Pied Piper of Hamlin, Pinocchio, Puss in Boots (musical operetta version)\nRumpelstiltskin (4) Fairy story of wicked dwarf (A164)\nSadie Goes to Heaven (5) Juvenile subject (A98)\nSanta Claus Toy Shop (1) Santa and his Brownie helpers (\u00a929)\nSanta's Work Shop (1) Story of Santa performed by marionettes (#25)\nSearch for Happiness (3) A children's story (A98)\nShades of Noah (1) Pictures of animals from A to Z (A197)\nSnap, the Gingerbread Man (1) Series of subjects on the adventures\nThe Snow Man (1) An Arctic Snowman comes to life in this animated\ncolor cartoon and pursues the animals that made him (A197)\nSo High (1) Novelty story of tiniest man and little doll; trick photography (#140)\nThe Story of Santa Claus (%) Old St. Nick at his toy shop; his trip\nwith his tiny reindeer (\u00a994, 133)\nThere is a Santa Claus (1) Christmas playlet with musical score of\nChristmas carols (A64)\nAdvertisement for The Original 16 mm Film Library, the largest in the world, offering sound and silent films from various distributors including Essanay & Mutual Chaplins, King of Kings, Oliver Twist, and many other choicest pictures in the categories of travel, natural history, scientific subjects, sports, animated cartoons, comedies, and dramas. They have nearly 25,000 reels in fifteen branch libraries in the United States and Canada. Request catalogues: 200-page silent film catalog, 64-page sound-on-film catalog. Kodascope Libraries, Inc, 33 West 42nd Street, New York, NY, subsidiary of Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, NY.\n\nEntertainment Group 133 (Continued) - Juvenile: Thurman the Great (\u00a929) - Performance by two animated dolls.\nThe Toymaker's Shop (1 or 3) Appealing film staged by the children of the Shrine Hospital. (\u00a9A153)\n\nTwas the Night before Christmas (1 and 2) Picturization of the famous Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star (5) Fairy tale of a star child and his adventures when he falls to earth. (A31, 98, 197)\n\nUp to Mischief (%) Adventures of two animated dolls. (\u00a929)\n\nThe Wizard of Oz (3) Based on fairy tale. (A98, 146)\n\nThe Yellow Dog (1) Edgar Guest's poem of a stray pup. (A197)\n\nYoung America (5) A boys' story with a moral. (A48)\n\nGROUP 134 GENERAL ENTERTAINMENT\n\nAdventurous Knights (6) Costume piece fashioned somewhat after Anthony Hope novels starring Mickey Daniels. (*84)\n\nAir Eagles (1) Present-day flying with ex-war aces as stunt performers.\nAlexander Hamilton (7) Featuring George Arliss; of much historical value and character charm. (A191)\nThe Bad Man (7) - Starring Ken Maynard and his horse. (95, 189)\nAnimal Gods (3) - A story disclosing the true origin of the Monkey Temples of India and what happened to a man who visited it. (A197)\nAnnapolis (8) - Life at Naval Academy. (\u00a9Ill, A31, 197)\nAre Parents People? (5) - A young girl's efforts to effect a reconciliation between her parents. Featuring Betty Bronson. (\u00a995, 111)\nArrested for Life (2) - Comic situations in a boarding house. (A81)\nBarnum Was Right (6) - Featuring Glenn Tryon. (\u00a995, 129)\nThe Beast of Borneo (6) - A drama of scientist and animal hunter. (#A53)\nBeau Brummel (7) - John Barrymore in a historical romance. (\u00a9Ill)\nBig Boy Rides Again (6) - Starring \"Big Boy\" Williams. (<95, 140)\nThe Big Parade (14) - Experiences and romance of an American soldier in the World War; featuring John Gilbert. (#120)\nThe Big Race (7) A racetrack romance with a good moral\nBirth of a Scandal (1) Drama with comic situations showing the origin of gossip\nThe Block Signal (6) Story of the engineer whose eyes are failing him after many years of service. Good moral\nThe Blue Danube (7) Starring Leatrice Joy, Joseph Schildkraut, May Robson and Nils Asther\nBroken Lullaby (8) Good picture showing the aftermath of war. Fine acting and direction, starring Lionel Barrymore. Very sad and mature\nCabinet of Dr. Caligari (8) One of the most famous German pictures; story of a demented genius; impressionistic setting\nCain (8) Story of a modern Robinson Crusoe\nCall of the Wild (7) Jack London's famous dog story\nCaptain January (5) Baby Peggy in the story of the little shipwrecked girl rescued and cared for by the lighthouse-keeper. \u00a958, 111\nCaught Cheating (7) - Charlie Murray and George Sidney in comedy. (#189)\nChloe (7) - Story of voodooism in the South.\nCircus Faces (8) - What happens in the jury room; flashbacks of circus life with Joe E. Brown as a retired clown. (#95, 202)\nCivilization (7) - Peace, the Battle Cry of Humanity. (A146)\nThe Climax (6) - From Edward Locke's stage play, featuring Jean Her- (assumed missing word: \"She\")\nThe College Hero (6) - Featuring Bobby Agnew. (\u00a995)\nThe Coming of Amos (5) - Romantic adventure story. (\u00a9Ill)\nConceit (5) - Drama with a moral. (\u00a925)\nThe Country Doctor (1) - Story of a physician who discovers a serum but sacrifices chance and glory to save the children of the community. (\u00a925, \u00a9A197)\nCountry Flapper (5) - Lillian Gish and Glen Hunter in comedy drama.\nThe Country Kid (6) - Wesley Barry in story of country life.\nEntertainment\nYour Guide\nto the Newest\nand Finest\nin Current\nMotion Pictures!\nCatalog 81, Non-Theatrical Department.\nUniversal Pictures Corporation, Rockefeller Center, New York City.\nGROUP 134 (Continued) General Entertainment.\nCowboy Counselor: Hoot Gibson in an exciting western. (\u00a9129, 202)\nThe Crackerjack: Johnny Hines in a comedy. (A98, 146)\nDaddies: Members of a bachelor's club adopt orphans with amusing results; featuring Mae Marsh among others. (\u00a998, 111, 129)\nThe Devil Horse: Harry Carey in a serial of 12 episodes. (\u00a984)\nDoomed Battalion: Vivid picture of a bit of the Great War in the high Alps, notably acted by a foreign cast. (\u00a9165, AA184)\nDown to the Sea in Ships: Clara Bow in a story of early whaling days of New England. (\u00a9A197)\nDress Parade: Cadet life at West Point. (\u00a925, 95, 129, A197)\nThe Drop Kick: College football story featuring Richard Barthel-\n\n(Note: The last line is incomplete and may require additional context or correction.)\nDrums of Jeopardy (7) Warner Oland in a thrilling mystery.\nElla Cinders (5) Story of a stepsister, featuring Colleen More.\nThe Eagle of the Sea (5) Sea story of adventure and fights between man-of-war and pirate ships. Ricardo Cortez and Florence Vidor.\nExposure (7) Story of political intrigue.\nFerocious Pal (6) Featuring Kazan, the dog.\nThe Fighting Coward (5) Story of life on the Mississippi in days before the war. Ernest Torrence, Cullen Landis, Mary Astor.\nFighting Thoroughbreds (5) For lovers of sports.\nFighting to Live (6) A dog family wins its fight for life.\nFile 113 (7) Gaboriau's famous detective tale.\nFirebrand Jordan (6) An exciting western with Lane Chandler.\nFlame of the Pacific (3) The legend of Pele, Goddess of the volcanoes.\n[The South Seas: Hawaiian music, Hula dancers, etc. (A197)\nFlirtation (6): Adventures of a young farmer boy and his dog in the city, with songs by Jeanette Loff and Arthur Tracy. (#84, 98, 125)\nFlying Fool (7): An aviation story featuring Bill Boyd. (#29, 80)\nFlying Luck (7): Monty Banks as an aviator. (\u00a995, A31, 197)\nFound Alive (7): Thrilling story of Mexican jungle. (#29, 169)\nThe Frontier Trail (1): Harry Carey in a tale of pioneer days. (\u00a925)\nGay Buckaroo (7): An outstanding western with Hoot Gibson. (#84, 98)\nENTERTAINMENT\nPICTURES\nWrite for free catalog No. II 2B to\nCOLUMBIA PICTURES CORPORATION\n729 7th Avenue-New York City\nSHORTS!\na SEEL COMEDIES\nCOLOR RHAPSODIES\nKRAZY KAY\nSCREEN SNAPSHOTS\nWORLD OF SPORTS\nLAUGHING with MEDBURY\nTHE SPICE OF LIFE\nLIFE'S LAST LAUGHS\nGROUP 134 (Continued) General Entertainment]\nThe Gallant Fool (6) - Circus picture featuring Bob Steele.\nGalloping Romeo (6) - Adventurous story of a romantic young man.\nGeisha Girl (3) - Authentic picturization of an age-old Japanese custom retained in modern times. (A197)\nGirl Trouble (3) - Funny western comedy. (\u00a995, 98, 140)\nThe Grand Duchess and the Waiter (5) - Florence Vidor and Adolphe Menjou in a light romantic story. (0111)\nThe Great Gabbo (10) - Spectacular musical feature. (\u00a929, 54, 125)\nThe Green Archer (6) - Based on the Edgar Wallace mystery. (A146)\nHarp in Hock (7) - Rudolph Schildkraut as a Jewish pawnbroker, and Jr. Coughlin as the motherless Irish boy. (A197)\nHearts of Humanity (6) - Human interest story with Jean Hersholt.\nHell Divers (12) - Spectacular air drama; starring Clark Gable and Wallace Beery. (A120)\nHired Wife (7) - Dramatic story of a father's strange will, with Greta Garbo.\nHis Dog, Regeneration of a derelict through love of a dog. (A197)\nHis First Command, A story of army life, with William Boyd. (8)\nHis Last Race, A horse story. (\u00a9Ill, A98)\nHis Lucky Day, Comedy featuring Reginald Denny. (\u00a995)\nHis Majesty Bunker Bean, Amusing comedy. (\u00a925, 129)\nHis Private Secretary, Entertaining story of a rich man's playboy. (6)\nHoliday, Excellent comedy-drama featuring Ann Harding. (8)\nThe Homekeeping of Jim, Drama of home life. (A146, 197)\nHorse Shoes, Monty Banks in a comedy-drama. (\u00a995, A197)\nHot Curves, Rollicking story of a small-town boy who makes good as a big-league baseball player. (\u00a9189)\nHurricane Horseman, Thrilling western with Lane Chandler. (6)\nHuckleberry Finn, Faithful picturization of the book. (A142)\nI Can't Escape: Drama of ex-convicts trying to go straight\nThe Ice Ticket: Amusing Comedy (A81)\nIntroduce Me: Douglas McLean comedy (\u00a980, 129, A197)\nThe Iron Master: Gripping story with Reginald Denny, Lila Lee.\nJaws of Justice: Starring the dog Kazan (\u00a929, A150)\nKathleen Mavourneen: Dramatic Irish love-story with authentic Irish dances and gay tunes (\u00a9189)\nKing of Wild Horses: With Rex, the wild horse (\u00a925, 80, 95)\nThe King on Main Street: Adolphe Menjou as the bored king who escapes from his ministers for a delightful adventure (\u00a9Ill)\n\nEntertainment\nFor Schools, Churches, and Educational Use\nMM. VICTOR MM.\nSound-on-Film Portable Projectors\n\nWhen purchasing cinema equipment, deal with a reliable firm.\nWe carry the largest stock of professional equipment for all leading makes. Motion Picture Camera Supply. Inc.\n723\u2014 7th Ave, NEW YORK CITY CABLE: CINECAMERA GROUP 134\n\nGeneral Entertainment\nKismet \u2013 A lavish and colorful oriental tale portraying the rise and fall of Hajj, starring Otis Skinner. (\u00a9Ill)\nKlondike \u2013 Drama of a physician who regains his professional standing. (7)\nKriemhild's Revenge \u2013 Kriemhild goes to Attila's court and avenges Siegfried's death by killing Hagen. (A163)\nLast Wilderness \u2013 A classic of American wild life. (\u00a9A53)\nLaughing at Life \u2013 Victor McLaglen in a fast-moving soldier-of-fortune story.\nThe Law of the Tong \u2013 A Secret Service man and a Salvation Army man. (6)\nLassie captures a group of Chinese coolie smugglers. (\u00a925, 29, 84, 98)\nThe Leatherneck Story of comradeship and loyalty. (\u00a980, 98, 0111)\nLet 'er Go Gallagher: Junior Coughlin in newspaper story. (5)\nThe Lost World: Unusual picture of prehistoric animal life, based on\nLove Harbor: Story of friendship centered around three old seadogs and the love of a little girl. (A197)\nLucky Larrigan: What might happen to a man who gains his conception of the West from a magazine; featuring Rex Bell. (\u00a9129, 202)\nMaedchen in Uniform: Portrays life at a girl's boarding school with keen interest and psychological study; English dialog. (\u00a9129, 202)\nThe Man on the Box: A comedy drama of plot and counterplot, starring\nThe Man Who Changed His Name: An Edgar Wallace mystery.\nThe Man Who Played God: Featuring George Arliss; high intelligence.\nThe Millionaire (8) Notable George Arliss film. (A191)\nThe Missing Rembrandt (8) Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. (\u00a995, 129)\nThe Mistress of Atlantis (8) Adventure story of the lost continent.\nMother (1) Appealing story of mother-love. (098)\nMother's Boy (8) Morton Downey in an Irish story. (\u00a980)\nMountains of Manhattan (6) Strong story of determination and will.\nMovie Crazy (8) Harold Lloyd at his best. (A142)\nMr. Antonio (8) Leo Carrillo in Booth Tarkington's novel. (\u00a9189)\nMy Boy (5) Jackie Coogan featured. (111)\nTom Tyler's western in which the dude ranch is a mystery. (6)\nMarked Money (6) Feature with Junior Coughlin. (A197)\nMark of the Spur (6) Bob Custer in a saga of the west. (\u00a929, 54)\nMazok of the South Sea (5) South Sea picture. (A31)\nMedicine Man (7) A story of an almost forgotten side of rural America.\nowner stages wild west stunts for the benefit of a writer of western stories.\nNanook of the North The motion picture classic directed by Robert Flaherty; named on the \"blue ribbon\" list of U.S. Department of Education.\nENTERTAINMENT\nGROUP 134 (Continued) General Entertainment\nNever Say Die A Douglas McLean comedy.\nThe New Adventure A dramatic story of victories over financial difficulties in the lives of two young couples.\nThe New School Teacher Featuring \"Chic\" Sale; adapted from stories by Irvin S. Cobb.\nThe Night of June 13th A different murder mystery with much character comedy and rollicking good fun.\nNight Work A comedy featuring Eddie Quillan.\nNot One to Spare A charming and touching story of family love and loyalty; suitable for children and elders.\n\u00a952, \u00a90AA53, A197, \u2022202, \u00a9Ill, A142, #29, 80, \u00a9202, \u00a9A147, 155.\nOfficer 13 (7) - Story of a police department and politics, showing the human side of motor cops. (84, 98)\nOne of the Bravest - Ralph Lewis in a story of fire prevention. (Pardon My Gun) (7) A Western of unusual interest. (52)\nParade of the West - A historical western. (6)\nPenrod and Sam - Human story of boy life. (A67)\nThe Phantom - A mystery melodrama starring \"Big Boy\" Williams. (6)\nPhantom Broadcast - Modern version of \"Laugh Clown Laugh\"; a story of a great radio artist doomed because of physical shortcomings. (7)\nPhantom Express - Thrilling railroad story. (*95, 111)\nPioneer Blood - Film of the Old West. (2) (\u00a925)\nPolice Call - Adventures of a boxing champion in the ring, and on an archaeological expedition in Central America. (6) (84, 98, 129)\nThe Prairie Pirate - Old Spanish days in the Southwest. (5) (\u00a9Ill)\n[Racing Blood: A lively story concerning a race horse (A98)]\n[The Rainbow Man: Eddie Dowling in a romantic musical (^29, 54)]\n[Ranger's Code: Bob Steele upholds the honor and traditions of the rangers in a fast-moving western (*52, 84, 98)]\n[Return of Casey Jones: Dramatic incidents in the life of a railroad engineer facing peril with unflinching courage (*52, 84, 95, 98, 125)]\n[Roaring Roads: An auto-racing thriller with lots of comedy (*84)]\n[Romany Love: Artistic gypsy romance in color (\u00a9Ill)]\n[Rubber Tires: Harrison Ford and Bessie Love in a delightful human story (\u00a9Ill)]\n[Seventy Thousands Witnesses: Lively, wholesale football and detective thriller (A142)]\n[Shame of a Nation: Endorsed as an anti-war film by Women's International League for Peace and Freedom; English dialog (\u00a975, *A53)]\nShattered Lives (6) Story of the adopted boy who turns out to be the real The Shepherd of the Hills Harold Bell Wright's story. (A98) Sherlock Holmes' Fatal Hour (8) Adapted from two of Conan Doyle's best stories of the famous detective and Dr. Watson. (*95, 111, 125) The Ship of Wanted Men (7) The futile efforts of six fugitives to escape from justice in a phantom ship provides the theme. Show Boat (9) Elaborate picture of old Mississippi days, featuring Laura LaPlante. Of historical interest. (\u00a995) Siegfried (9) A film classic based on the popular saga of German ancient history. (A163) The Silent Enemy (6) Authentic drama of Indian life in America before the white man came. (^95, *\u00a9A27, A142) The Silver Bullet (6) A Tom Tyler western. (\u00ae25, 52, 84, 95) Skinner's Dress Suit (7) Featuring Reginald Denny and Laura LaPlante in the well-known favorite. (\u00a925, 95)\nSkippy  (9)  Human  little  story  with  Jackie  Cooper  and  Robert  Coogan. \nSkyscrapers  (7)  William  Boyd  and  Sue  Carol  in  a  comedy  drama.  (\u00a925) \nSkyway  (7)  Adventures  of  a  happy-go-lucky  aviator.  (*25,  84,  98) \nSomebody's  Mother  (6)  Dramatic  story  of  mother  love,  starring  Mary \nThe  Sophomore  (8)  A  college  story,  featuring  Eddie  Quillan. \nEleventh  Edition \nADVERTISEMENT \nWALTER  O.  GUTLOHN,  Inc. \n35  WEST  45  STREET \nNEW  YORK  CITY \nProducers  of  quality  16mm.  sound-on-film  subjects \nFeatures,  musicals,  cartoons, \ntravels,  novelties \nSales \nEDUCATIONAL \nNEW  ENGLAND  DISTRIBUTOR \nFILM  LIBRARY  OF  NEW  ENGLAND \n239    Columbus  Avenue \nBoston,  Mass. \nRentals \nMIDWEST  DISTRIBUTORS  AND  LIBRARIES \nIDEAL  PICTURES  CORP. \n30  East  8  Street \nChicago,  Illinois \nPACIFIC  COAST \nHOWARD  H.  HILL \n1043  Sixth  Avenue \nOakland,  California \nALAN  B.  TWYMAN \n29  Central  Avenue \nDayton,  Ohio \nSOUTHWEST  LIBRARY \nJAS.  G.  TOMLIN  CO. \n2009  Jackson  Street \nDallas, Texas\nASSOCIATED SCREEN NEWS LTD. Montreal \u2014 Toronto \u2014 Victoria\nENTERTAINMENT\nGeneral Entertainment\nS.O.S. Iceberg (9) A saga of human daring and endurance; a grim and heroic battle with the glacial waters of Greenland. (\u00a9165, AA184)\nThe Speed Limit (6) Automobile racing story. (A98, 146)\nSpirit of Notre Dame (8) Fine football story. (#95, A184)\nSporting Chance (7) A Steeplechase racing story. (#95, 140)\nSquare Shoulders (7) A saga of military school, with Junior Coughlin\nThe Stoker (7) Portrayal of Peter B. Kyne's thrilling story of a strong man\nA Strange Adventure (7) Story of might and right, starring Pauline\nSucker Money (8) Fake fortune tellers and spiritualists get their just deserts through the efforts of a clever reporter. (29, 84, 98, 129, 202)\nSuspense (7) Story of the World War. (A197)\nTarzan of the Apes (5) Picturization of the famous novel. (025, 52, 98)\nTarzan the Fearless (7) Featuring Buster Crabbe. (\"29, 98, *A150)\nThird Alarm (7) Thrills and dangers of fire-fighting. (\"189, \u00a925)\nThe Thirteenth Guest (7) Based on Armitage Trail's sensational and baffling mystery drama, starring Ginger Rogers and Lyle Talbot.\nThree Minutes to Go (6) Pleasing football story. (\"169)\nThrough the Breakers (6) Based on Owen Davis' play. (A197)\nThunder over Mexico (7) A striking feature in which \"mood\" is carried by superb photography and fine musical score; directed by Eisenstein.\nToilers of the Sea (6) A simple, yet thrilling story of fisherfolk produced in Italy. Charming Italian settings and beautiful scenery. (A197)\nTom Brown of Culver (8) Fine picture showing life and activities at Culver; filmed on exact locations. (*95, A184)\nTom Sawyer (10) Excellent version of Mark Twain's classic with Jackie Coogan.\nTrader Horn (13) Remarkable picture of African life.\nTrapped in a Submarine (5) Vivid reproduction of what happens when the crew of a submarine is entombed undersea.\nTroopers Three (7) Exciting story of a Cavalry Post written by an ex-cavalry man, Arthur Guy Empey; made in cooperation with U. S.\nThe Trouble Hunter (2) An early Doug Fairbanks picture.\nUnder Secret Orders (6) South American revolution thriller.\nThe Viking (7) Authentic drama of the great Newfoundland seal hunt.\nVirgins of Bali (5) Lyrical love adventure.\nThe Wanderer (5) Story of the prodigal son.\nWay Down East (11) D. W. Griffith's famous filming of the well-known melodrama of an earlier day; silent film with sound effects.\nWhat a Man Thinks (3) Portrayal of one man's emotions after he has absconded with the bank's money. (A197)\nWhen a Man is a Man (5) Drama with a moral. (\u00a925)\nWhite Hell of Pitz Palu (9) Grim and unusual story laid in the Alps showing perils of mountain climbing. Thrilling scenery. (#165, \u00a995, A184)\nWhite Mice (7) Adventure story. (A31)\nWild Beauty (6) Western featuring the horse Rex. (\u00a995, 169)\nWild Horse (7) Screen version of Peter B. Kyne's story. (#25, 84, 98)\nWilliam Tell (7) Authentic story with beautiful Switzerland background.\nThe Winning Five (2) Interesting basketball story. (\u00a9169)\nWith Williamson beneath the Sea (4 and 6) Very unusual picture of actual conditions beneath the sea; remarkable photography. (A150)\nWreck of the Hesperus (7) Based on Longfellow's poem. (\u00a995, A31)\nThe Wrong Mr. Wright (6) A comedy of errors, with Jean Hersholt.\n[The Yankee Clipper: A story of friendly rivalry between England and the U.S. for maritime supremacy and control of Chinese tea trade in 1850. (Ill)\nYankee Doodle Jr.: A rollicking comedy drama about a Yankee lad who sets out to make good and does it with a vengeance. (A31, 146)\nYoung April: A romantic drama starring Bryant Washburn, Bessie Love, and two Schildkrauts. (Ill)\n\nEleventh Edition\n\nRELIGION AND ETHICS\n\n1 400 watt Biplane Mazda projector with 8 fiber gears for silent operation.\n9 Forward and reverse.\ntype aluminum ten-inch tube on lamp . . . cooler, brighter.\n500 watt. Sufficient for large auditoriums.\n2 Figh power cooling system.\n3 10 Vt to 1 movement with\n4 High speed mech. re-wind. Used in any projector.\n5 Die-cast machined body.\n6 Centralized lubrication.\n7 Centralized controls.\n12 Kodacolor may be used.]\n13 Light in weight. Beautiful in appearance.\n14 Exclusive tilt.\n15 Order direct from ad. Price for this Ampro is $99.50 (Present list S135.00). Don't pay more... Don't get less. Your money back after trial if you want it. Full details and Bass Eargaingram 214 free on request.\nDealers: Write for details.\nDAEF CAMERA COMPANY\n179 W. Madison St., Chicago, III.\nCAMERA HEADQUARTERS FOR TOURISTS\nRELIGION and Ethics\nGROUP 135\nBiblical and General\nAmerica \u2014 The Canaan of All Nations: The people that have become custodian of freedom in a Christian civilization. (\u00a9A31, A146, 197)\nAmerica\u2014Enduring: Power for Service: Half-reel of sermonettes and half-reel on United States. (\u00a9A31, A98, 146, 197)\nThe Angel of Love: Depicts the power of faith and prayer over atheism and unbelief. (A125)\nAs We Forgive: The Story of Present-day Life Paralleling Epistle of Paul to Philemon (A197)\nThe Avenger: Suitable for Catholic Audiences (A98)\nThe Birth and Childhood of Jesus: Self-explanatory (\u00a998)\nThe Birth of a Race: Elements Entering into the Birth of the Great American Race (A98, 146)\nBlind Bartimaeus: Lessons from the Miracle that Restored his Sight (1)\nBlind Bartimaeus and the Prodigal Son: Title Tells It (\u00a998)\nBlood Will Tell: Modern Story of the \"Foundling\" (A197)\nBrother Francis: Dramatization of the Life of Francis de Assisi (8)\nFilmed in Italy with Elaborate Detail and Beauty (A31, A197)\nBy Their Fruits: Intense Drama based on Eighth Commandment (1)\nThe Call of Samuel: Story of a Little Boy named Samuel, Whose Mother Teaches him the Story of Biblical Samuel (\u00a9A31, A98, 146, 197)\nThe Chosen Prince (8) Depicts the lives of David and Jonathan. (A175)\nThe Christ Child (6) Showing the atmosphere and circumstances that surrounded the early days of Jesus. Produced in Egypt and Palestine. (A197)\n\nReligion and Ethics\nGROUP 135 (Continued) Biblical and General\nChrist Confounds His Critics (1) Sincere picturization of John VIII.\nChrist the Fulfillment (6) From the creation including Christ's life from great paintings. (0A98)\nCristus (7) Story of life of Christ filmed in the Holy Land on actual spots where it was enacted. (025, A98)\nThe Cross in Russia (7) Religion vs. atheism. (0A98)\nThe Crown of Thorns (8) Passion Play; off-screen dialog and music. English, Spanish and Polish versions. (0A11O)\nElisha and the Shunamite, or Life Immortal (1) Lesson the Prophet Elisha taught the Shunamite mother. (A98, 146, 197)\nThe Fall of Jerusalem (6) - Sacking and burning by Nebuchadnezzar.\nForgive Us Our Debts (2) - Story of two debtors.\nFreiburg Passion Play (7) - Authorized version filmed under special dispensation from Vatican; acted by Fassnacht family.\nThe Full Surrender (1) - Story of Ananias and Sapphira. (A64, 146, 197)\nThe Good Samaritan (1) - Acted by Indian schoolboys. (0202, A197)\nThe Gospels Series (12) - Salient events. (A98)\nHis Birthright (1) - Story of Jacob and Esau in modern parlance. (A146)\nHoly Bible Series (30) - Thirty one-reel subjects from \"Creation\" to \"Solomon in all His Glory.\"\nThe Imitation of Christ (13) - Study of life and ministry of Jesus. Holy Land.\nEach reel: If a man die, shall he live again? (0A31, A64, 98, 146, 197)\nIn Hallowed Paths: Scenes in Palestine associated with events in the life of our Lord. (\u00a9147, 155)\nJesus of Nazareth: Life of Christ. (\u00a9A98)\nJesus the Christ: Passion and life of Christ; scenes in actual Holy Land setting. (e\u00a9AA125)\nJoseph and His Brethren: Reverent delineation of the Old Testament narrative. (\u00a9A197, A175)\nKing of Kings: Superb spectacle of the life of Christ, with an outstanding cast; produced by Cecil De Mille. (\u20220111, 125, A98)\nThe Life of Christ: Depicts his entire life. (4 in 16 mm., 6 in 35 mm.)\nThe Life of Christ: Dramatic picturization of life of Christ; produced in France. (0A197)\n[The Life of Christ, The Life of Joseph, Life of Moses, The Light of Faith, The Little Church Around the Corner, The Little Shepherd, The Lord Is My Shepherd, The Lord Will Provide, A Maker of Men, The Man Nobody Knows]\n\n[The Life of Christ - Title tells it.\nThe Life of Joseph - Accurate presentation of the Bible narrative made on original locations in Palestine and Egypt.\nLife of Moses - Story of the great law-giver.\nThe Light of Faith - Modern story interwoven about the Holy Grail with an unforgettable presentation of Sir Galahad.\nThe Little Church Around the Corner - A classic showing the triumph of supreme Christian Faith.\nThe Little Shepherd - Story shows truth of the fable, \"Honesty is the best policy.\"\nThe Lord Is My Shepherd - Illustrates 23rd Psalm of David.\nThe Lord Will Provide - Modern illustration of Biblical text.\nA Maker of Men - Dramatic story contrasting life of man who lives for self and one who lives for others.\nThe Man Nobody Knows - Picture of places where Jesus lived and worked.]\n[Martin Luther: His life in actual settings; portrayal of stormy days of the Reformation. (\u00a998, 202, \u00a9A147, 155)\nA Modern Ruth: Biblical story in connection with a war story. (1)\nThe Nativity: Presentation of Our Savior's birth. (1) (\u00a998)\nNoah \u2014 End of the Deluge: The building of the Ark, the destruction by the deluge, and the assuaging of the waters. (2) (\u00a9197)\nEleventh Edition RELIGION AND ETHICS\nPinkney Film Service Co.\nA COMPLETE SERVICE for Churches, Schools and Community centers.\nProjection Machines (silent and for sound \u2014 35mm. and 16mm.), Screens and Accessories.\nRepresenting American Film Library, Film Classic Exchange, Films of Commerce.\nServe all U. S.]\n\n1028 Forbes Street\nAtlantic 7833\nPittsburgh, PA.\n\nGroup 135 (Continued) Biblical and General\nOld Testament (Series of 15, 1 reel each): The Creation, The Migration, Sacrifice of Isaac, Cain and Abel, Abraham and Lot, Isaac and Rebecca, Noah and the Ark, Rescue of Lot, Jacob and Rachel, The Deluge, Isaac the Boy, Jacob and Esau, Abraham and Sarah, Ishmael, Return of Jacob.\n\nThe Parish Priest (6): Story of a young clergyman, especially suitable for Catholic presentation. (AA64, A98)\n\nThe Passion of Christ (1): From His birth to Ascension. (A146)\n\nThe Passion Play (3): Visualizing the life of Christ. (\u00a998, A146)\n\nThe Passion Play (3 in 16 mm., 5 in 35 mm.): Reproduction of the Oberammergau play. (\u00a9A141)\n\nThe Passion Play (5): Life of Christ. (A31)\n\nThe Passion Play (4): Original version of the New Testament. (\u00a9AA64)\n\n\"The Greatest of All Passion Plays\" (5 in 16mm., 8 in 35mm.): Depicts the Passion of Christ.\nPilgrimage to Bethlehem, Nazareth, Sea of Galilee, Via Dolorosa, Land of Sampson, Samaria. The Prince of Peace - Condensed version of life of Christ - scenes of Nativity, Passion, Crucifixion and Resurrection. Prodigal Son - His return from Damascus to father in Bethlehem, showing places mentioned in parable. Psalm of Psalms - Portrays a day in the life of shepherd and his sheep, taken in vicinity of Bethlehem; exquisite pastoral setting. Regeneration of David Hunt - Story of a lover of boys who becomes an unbeliever but is won back to Christ. The Rich Young Ruler - Dramatization of Matthew XIX, 16-23, 'What must I do to obtain eternal life?'\nThe Mass (2) Shows every movement of priest and server. Approved by church authorities.\nThe Sermon on the Mount (2) Self-explanatory.\nThe Shepherd of Seven Hills (7) Shows the art treasures and masterpieces of the papal palaces.\nThe Sin That Was His (6) Changing an agnostic into a believer through contact with the church. (A146, 197)\nSpiritual Law in the Natural World (1) Scenic presentation of the truth that nature is controlled by law. (\u00a9A31, A98, 146, 197)\nSt. Paul the Apostle (1) The road from Damascus to Jerusalem, traveled by Paul; places and shrines made sacred by biblical associations. CA197\nThe Human Drama of Faith Restored (6) The Stream of Life. (A146)\nA Sermon in Terms of Nature (1) Streams. (\u00a9155)\nThe Protestant Subject (6) The Swanee River. (A98)\nAccount of the Development of Catholicism (7) Through the Centuries.\nThe Transgressor, A fine subject for Catholic churches. (A98)\nThe Universal Samaritan \u2014 the Samaritan that befriends all. (A64, 146, 197)\nThe Unwelcome Guest \u2014 Anointing of Jesus' feet by the sinful. (A1)\nThe Voice of the Vatican \u2014 Intimate views of the Vatican with comments approved by the Catholic Clergy. (A1)\nWagging Tongues \u2014 Preachment on the evils of gossiping. (A197)\nWhen Dawn Came \u2014 Catholic subject. (A98)\nWho Loseth His Life \u2014 Story of a physician who devotes his life to children and finds true reward for his sacrifice. (\u00a9A197)\nThe Widow's Mite \u2014 Lesson in unselfishness. (C\u00a998, 129. A146, 197)\n\nReligion and Ethics\nGROUP 136 Ethical and Religious Activities\nArgentine: Over the Andes to the Great Plains; Brazil: Big Sister - South American cities and work of Brazilian Evangelical Christians. Arizona Indians: Ceremonial scenes and Christian work. (The Record of 1932 Missionary Education Movement)\nBabes in Chinaland: Christian influence on Chinese children.\nBehind the Scenes in Chinatown: Varied activities at the Chinese Home for Girls. (The Record of 1932 Missionary Education Movement)\nBelow White Top: A study of Christian work among the mountain folk of southwest Virginia and Carolina mountains; appropriate for any church.\nBeneath the Arctic Circle: Views of mission work throughout Alaska against a background of lovely scenery and native life. (The Record of 1932 Missionary Education Movement)\nBuddhism and Baptists in Burma: Baptist school work and some country preaching. (A138)\nChile: Between the Andes and the Sea - Santiago: work in schools.\nDispensaries and outlying districts. (\u00a9148)\nChina Today (3)\nEach reel may be used separately. Titles are: Every Day Life; The Church at Work; Young China Takes a Hand. (\u00a9148)\nChosen (Korea), Land of the Dawn (2)\nA picture of Koreans as they are carrying on under Japan rule, and their response to Christianity. (\u00a9148)\nColombia \u2014 Threshold of the Andes (1)\nPresbyterian work in schools and churches in Cartagena, Santa Marta and Bogota. (\u00a9148)\nComparative Religions (4)\nGroup of films designed to supplement and enrich the study of foreign missions. Titles are: Buddhism (2) Summary of teaching of Buddha; Islam in Egypt (1) Mohammedanism; Primitive Religions (1) Primitive man's attitude toward nature. (\u00a9A147, 155, 202)\nA Christian \"League of Nations\" (2)\nStory of 1932 World's Sunday School Convention at Rio de Janeiro. (\u00a9202, \u00a9A147, 155)\n[The Education of Steve Smith: A dramatic life situation picture of college life, made at Ohio Wesleyan University. (\u00a9155)\nA Friendly Hand: Story of the transforming power of a Christian Neighborhood House. (\u00a9149)\nGeneral Convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church (1934): A news study of Church Convention activities at the Triennial Convention. (1)\nGood News: Missionary activity in foreign lands. (\u00a9A147, 155)\nGuatemala, Mid-American Republic: Life among the Mam Indians; work in schools, hospital and church in Guatemala City. (\u00a9148)\nGypsies of the Crops: Shows migrant workers tending various seasonal crops; what the church is doing for them. (\u00a9149)\nInasmuch: Vacation bible school work. (A138)\nJapan: Christian Center. (\u00a9138)\nLost and Found: A dramatic everyday life situation picture made by a church young people's group. (\u00a9155)]\nManila and the Philippines: Life in missionary colonies, (A197)\nMexico \u2014 Where Latin America Begins: Presbyterian work, (\u00a9148)\nThe Ministry of the Christian Center: Environment, staff, classes, relief work, medical and preaching services, (\u00a9138)\nNew Indian Trails: Work of the church among the Indians, (\u00a9A149)\nThe New World: Pictorial record of the Protestant Episcopal Church, (The Old and New at Chimayo: Church work in New Mexico, \u00a9A149)\nThe Open Door: Service of modern parish house to children and young people of metropolitan congregation, (\u00a9155, 202, \u00a9A147)\nOpportunity Knocks: Life situation study of values in honesty,\nPadre Sahib: Everyday missionary life in the Punjab, (\u00a9155)\nPuerto Rico, the Island of Charm: Missionary work in evangelism, education, and medical service, (\u00a9149)\nSiam - The Land of the White Elephant (2) Life and missions. (\u00a9148)\nSkylines - Scenes from the life of a great metropolitan area to which the church seeks to minister. (\u00a9149)\n\nSocial Service in the Cumberlands (2) At the Blue Springs Community Eleventh Edition\nCOMEDIES\nGROUP 136 (Continued) Ethical and Religious Activities\nA minister is consecrating his life to mountain people. (\u00a9149)\nThe Spirit of Christ at Work (8) Interpretation of certain aspects of work in the field of modern missions. Reels may be used separately.\nSteep Pastures (1) True story of a leader. (0149)\nSunrise for the Mono (4) First missionary work to the Mono ; conversion of Mono Bill. (\u00a9A138)\nVanishing Frontiers (2) Activities of a Sunday School missionary; rich in local color of the Southwest. (\u00a9A149)\nVenezuela - Land of Perpetual Spring (1) Missionary itineration.\nWeek Day School (Dormont, Mt. Lebanon, Pa.) - An example of the week day school\nWhere East and West Meet - Mission scenes in China, Japan, Korea\nWorld Friendship - Shows Baptist classes working on a missionary project on Christian Centers\n\nGroups:\n137 Comedies and Cartoons\n- Aesop's Fables (1 each) - A series of animated animal cartoon antics\n- Alice Cartoons (1 each) - Series of 5\n- All for Mabel (2) - Amusing farce with co-ed college background\n- America or Bust (1) - Daphne Pollard at Ellis Island (84, 111)\n- Andy Clyde Comedies (1 & 2 each) - Series with Andy Clyde (29, 98)\n- Andy Gump Comedies (1 each) - Series of cartoon comedies (197, A98)\n- Andy's Lion Tale (2) - One of Andy's lion tales comes true (98, 197)\n- At the Dentist (2) - George LeMaire and Louis Simon comedy\nThe Battling Kangaroo (2) - A comedy about escaped kangaroos. (\u00a9Ill) Ben Turpin Comedies (2 each) - Series of 3. (\u00a925, A197) Big Boy Comedies (2 each) - Juvenile comedies. (\u00a929, 202, A146) Bobby Bumps Cartoons (1 each) - Animated series. (\u00a929, 202, A197) Bonzo Cartoons (1) - Series of 11 on the antics of Bonzo, the Pup. (A197) Bum Business (1) - Comedy of two would-be business men. (*94) Cameo Comedies (1 each) - Series of one-reel comedies. (^B29, 95) Campers Three (1) - Wholesome outdoor camping comedy. (*95, 140) Charlie Chaplin Comedies (1 & 2 each) - His short comedies of yesteryear, some with musical and sound effect accompaniment. Charlie Chase Comedies (1 & 2 each) - Series. (\u00a925, 56, 111) Chimpanzee Comedies (2 each) - Series of 4: Africa Squawks, Little, Covered Wagon, Skimpy. (^25, 95, 111)\nChristie Comedies (1 & 2 each) Series featuring Billy Dooley, Jack Duffy, Bobby Vernon, Jimmy Adams. (\u00a994)\nCircus Today (2) Comedy with circus background. (A146)\nCrossing the Equator (*4) Comedy showing delights of travel. (\u00a932)\nDinky Doodle Cartoons (1 each) Cartoon comedies. (\u00a925, 129, A64)\nEasy Payments (2) Helen and Warren try to buy a home and car on a bank account large enough for just one payment on either. (\u00a9Ill)\nFairways and Foul (2) A golf comedy with the Gleasons. (*29, 80)\nFelix the Cat Cartoons (1 each) Series of Pat Sullivan animated car-toons.\nFlying Elephants (2) Comedy epic of the Stone Age with Laurel and Hardy.\nGentlemen Prefer Scotch (2) Nick Stuart and Sally Phipps in an amusing Highland comedy. (\u00a9Ill)\nGirls (2) Sally Phipps in O. Henry's comedy about co-eds. (\u00a9Ill)\nGo Easy, Doctor (2) Geo. LeMaire and Louis Simon in the chiropractic comedy.\nGolf Widows (2) Wives temporarily deserted for golf form an organization for offense and defense.\nHarold Lloyd Comedies (1 and 2 each) His early releases: \"Never Weaken,\" \"Haunted Spooks,\" \"From Hand to Mouth.\"\n\nComedies and Cartoons (Group 137 continued)\n\nHarry Langdon (2 each) \"Feet of Mud,\" \"Soldier Man,\" \"His Marriage Haunted (2) A travesty on The Cat and the Canary. (#25)\n\nHey Fellas Comedies (2 each) Talented child actors in series.\n\nHold My Baby (2) Featuring Glenn Tryon. (A146)\n\nHopping the Bells (1) Phil Cook and his marionettes. (84, 95, 202)\n\nThe Hotel Mystery (1) Marionettes do amusing stunts. (84, 95, 111)\n\nThe Iron Mule (1) Al St. John in a \"take-off\" on the first railroad.\n\nIt's a Gift (14) Comedy starring Snub Pollard. (025, 80)\n\nJack and Jill (1) Comedy featuring two dogs. (A65)\nCartoon in color based on Mendelssohn's Spring Song (Jingles)\nJoe Cook \"At the Ball Game,\" a monologue (#84)\nKo-Ko Cartoons (1 each) Trip to Mars; League of Nations; Vaudeville;\nLarry Semon Comedies (1 & 2 each) A series of comedies (025, 29, 111)\nLaurel & Hardy Comedies (2 each) Series of 5 (025)\nLife Magazine Cartoons (1 each) Animated sound cartoons produced from Life magazine (#29, 94)\nCartoon- modernizing the tale (Little Red Riding Hood) (1)\nLloyd Hamilton Comedies (2 each) Series of comedies (*029, 0202)\nSeries of 6 (Lupino Lane Comedies) (2 each) (029, 202)\nAdapted from Edgar A. Guest's poem (Ma and the Auto) (1)\nStarring Charlotte Greenwood (Love Your Neighbor) (2) (#29)\nGolf comedy (Matched Play) (2) Walter Hagen and Leo Diegel\nCartoon series in color, accompanied by tunes (Merrie Melodies) (1 each)\nMickey Mouse (2), The Misfit (1) - Clyde Cook as a henpecked husband (025, 56, 129), Mutt and Jeff (2) - Series of cartoon comedies (#29, 54), Newlywed Comedies (4), Oh What a Kick (1) - Slim Summerville in a war comedy (0111, 202), Oswald Cartoons (1), Our Gang Comedies (3) - Popular series with juvenile cast, Out-of-the-Inkwell Cartoons (1), Paul Terry Toons (1) - Series of sound cartoons (\u202229, 98, A59), The Royal Flush (1) - A poker comedy (#94), Rubeville Night Club (2) - A musical and slapstick comedy, Safety Last (1) - One of Harold Lloyd's funniest comedies (071), Scrappy Cartoons (1).\nSeeing Indians (2) Daphne Pollard in Wild West Smith Comedies (2 each) The Star Witness (2) Chic Sale in a funny courtroom scene (1*84, 98) Silly Symphony Series (y2 & 1 each) Series of animated cartoons Smitty Comedies (2 each) Series of 5 (A197) Torchy Comedies (2 each) Series with Ray Cooke (*29, 98) Traffic Tangles (2) Adventures of would-be campers (*25, 111) Two Plus Fours (2) College days with amusing situations, featuring Bing Crosby and Alex Carr (\u00ae25, 111) The Tramp Comedians (1 each) Series of 4 (025) Under the Cockeyed Moon (2) A western comedy (#25, 84, 95, 98) Walt Disney Cartoons (1 each) Springtime; El Terrible Toreador Wild Puppies (2) A funny rival \"gang\" war (0111) Will Rogers Comedies (2 each) \"Don't Park There,\" \"Two Wagons Both Covered,\" \"The Ropin' Fool\" (0111)\nYokel Dog Makes Good (2) Comedy played entirely by dogs.\n\nEleventh Edition NOVELTIES, NEWS REELS, FILMS IN SERIES 125\n200 16mm. SOUND FEATURES\nComedies, Cartoons, etc., at nominal rental\nMany 16 mm. and 35 mm. Sound and Silent\nFREE SUBJECTS\nEXCELLENT SILENT FEATURES\nand comedies at nominal rental\n\nFeaturing Such Prominent Stars as\nDouglas Fairbanks, Jr. Zasu Pitts\nNeil Hamilton John Gilbert\nNorma Shearer Charles Ray\nSue Carol Shirley Mason\nCharles Chaplin William Collier, Jr.\nLaura LaPlante William Boyd\nRichard Arlen Slim Summerville\n\nWrite for new catalog.\nY.M.C.A. Motion Picture Bureau\n347 MADISON AVE. 19 S. LaSalle ST.\nNEW YORK, N. Y. CHICAGO, ILL.\n\nGROUP 138 NOVELTIES, NEWS REELS, FILMS IN SERIES\nAction Antics (1 each) Series of two films of trick shots. (\u00a929)\nBelieve It or Don't (1) Trick scenes of freak items. (#202, \u00abA65)\nBray Magazine (1 each) Series of miscellaneous scenes. (\u00a9A30, A197)\nClassic Centaur (1) Cartoon of mythological being. (\u00a980)\nThe Collegians (2 each) Short features on college life. (\u00a925, 111, 202)\nThe Cuckoo Nuts (1) Vaudeville act with Attlebury and Gillam. (#94)\nThe Dizzy Four (1) Comedy dialog and songs by hoboes. (#94)\nEdwin C. Hill (1) A talk on the Human Side of the News. (\u00ab84, 95)\nFacts and Fancies (1 each) Proof of error of some popular beliefs and truth of others. (#95, 189)\nFun from the Press (1 each) Series of cartoon sketches. (A197)\nGeorge Bernard Shaw (1) An interesting interview with him. (#84, 98)\nThe Happy Ranch Boys (1) Jimmy Adams and his three singing cowboys. (\u00a994)\nHollywood Junior Stars (% each) Showing talented youngsters. (\u00a994)\nHollywood Wonder Kiddies (2 each) Series of 4. (684)\nThe Indians Are Coming (2 each) Complete western stories. (\u00a9Ill)\nLyman H. Howe's Hodge Podge (1 each) - One-reel novelty subjects offering some sense and some nonsense.\nIf You Could Shrink (y2) - Combination of photomicrography, animated drawings and normal photography make this film amusing.\nMovie Antiques (1 & 2 each) - New editions of various old-time films.\nMovie Horoscopes (1 each) - 12 releases, one for each month.\nNews Magazines (10) - Series of one-reel each of edited and assembled scenes.\nNews Films (*4 each) - A series of various news events.\nNovelties (1 each) - Wax Figures; Rag Doll; Handicapped.\nOld Shep (1) - With Chic Sale, featuring the love of a man for his dog.\nA Pup's Tale (1/4) - Dogs grow from ink into living animals.\nNOVELTIES, NEWS REELS, FILMS IN SERIES \"1000 and One\"\nGROUP 138 - Novelties, New Reels, Films in Series\nThe Skysplitter (1) Fantastic trip aboard a skyrocket car traveling through space past planets and stars. (\u00a9A30)\n\nThe Origin of Spilled Salt (1)\nThe superstition's origin. (#84, 95, 9a, 111)\n\nStranger than Fiction (1 each)\nSeries showing strange places and happenings. (A184)\n\nThe Strange Wedding Sign (1)\nDevelopment of the superstition that when four people cross hands accidentally, it signifies a wedding.\n\nStudios and Stars (1 each)\nSeries of films showing stars from various studios. (\u00a929)\n\nTen Million Years Ago (^4)\nVisit into the prehistoric past. (\u00a980, 129)\n\nThat's Funny (1)\nGene Morgan and June Parker provide an entertaining program of dialogue and song. (*94)\n\nThings You'd Like to Know (1)\nMagic tricks explained. (#84, 95, 98)\n\nTony Wons Scrap Book (1 each)\nNovelties accompanied by the voice of the noted radio announcer. (AloO)\nUniversal News (1) Subjects of universal interest. (\u00a9129)\nVaudeville Series (% each) Series of 11. (\u00a9^9)\nVoice of Hollywood (1 each) Series of 14 intimate sketches of famous screen personalities. (*84)\nWilliam Burns Detective Series (1 each) Series of 2. (<84)\nThe Wise-Crackers (1) Atterbury and Giilam in a series of songs and wise-cracks. ( \u2022 94;)\nWonder Gems (1) One of a series of travelogues. (\u2022140, 189)\nWorld's Greatest Thrills (2) Scenes taken all over the world depicting thrilling news. (A184)\nWorld Wanderings (1) High spots taken from newsreels. (\u00a9165, ^184)\nZane Grey's Scrap Book (1 each) Series of outing expeditions.\nChicago Century of Progress\nAlong the Fairway (1) Picture of the World's Fair. (A79)\nBurton Holmes Series (4 each) American Legion Parade; Around the Fair (also in 1 reel); The Belgian Village; Darkest Africa; Enchanted Island.\nIsland: Events of the Fair; Exhibits of the Fair; The Fair at Night; The Fair from the Air; Indian Village; The Lama Temple; Opening Day Ceremonies; Streets of Paris; Wings of a Century (1 and ^); The World a Million Years Ago (also in 1 reel). (\u00a929, 32) A Century of Progress: \"Shots\" of the Chicago Fair. (\u00a9A82) A Glimpse of a Century of Progress: Scenes from Chicago Fair. (\u00a97) A Week in Chicago and at the World's Fair: Boy-and-girl-winners of a nation-wide contest sightseeing in Chicago during the Fair. (\u00a9130) The World's People (2): Human interest story of Chicago Century of Progress.\n\nFOREIGN FILMS\nGROUP 139: French and Spanish\nL'Agonie des Aigles: Pictures the days of L'Aiglon. French dialog with English titles. (A75)\nA Nous, la Libert\u00e9: Brilliant, amusing satire of modern life.\nCrainquebille (6) Based on Anatole France's story: unusual marion-acted. Fine French dialog with English titles. (\"75\", A22)\nLa Dame aux Camelias (9) The famous Dumas drama with Yvonne Printemps in title role. French dialog with English titles. (A53)\nDon Quixote (8) Chaliapin makes his film debut in this famous classic of Cervantes. Available in either French or English dialog. (A53)\nL'Etrangere (9) Based on a well-known story by the younger Dumas, with a cast selected from the stars of La Comedie Francaise. (A98)\nLa Fin du Monde (6) An imaginative story about a planet which a scientist discovers is hurtling towards the earth. (A22)\nLe Million (8) Simple French dialogue with explanation in English. Light satirical comedy with music. (\u00a9167)\nMirages de Paris (7) Amusing adventures of a young girl who wishes to become a theatrical star in Paris. (A22)\nPecheurs d'Islande (Iceland Fishermen) from the immortal book by Pierre Loti. Including Yvette Guilbert. Eleventh Edition. Foreign Films. Important Educational.\n\nNanook of the North \"Blue Light\"\nThe Outstanding Foreign Films: Don Quixote, La Dame Aux Camelias, Sans Famille, Iceland Fishermen, Frasquita.\n\nDuWorld Pictures, Inc.\n729\u20147th Ave., New York City. Medallion 3-2943.\nSend for 16mm. and 35mm. Catalogue.\n\nGroup 139 (Continued)\nFrench and Spanish.\n\nPoil de Carotte (Subtle character study of a sensitive boy, notably acted. Fine French dialog with English titles. A22.)\nSans Famille (The famous story by Hector Malot in a new version, with Robert Lynen (star of Poil de Carotte). A53.)\nEnemigos (Drama of Mexican civil war. Spanish dialog. A110.)\nHollywood: Drama of a young South American actor and his experiences in Hollywood. (A) Spanish dialog. (A53)\nBroken Shores: Reveals the effect of the Nazi movement on the lives of school children in Germany. Very good children's acting. (*A75)\nDas M\u00e4dchen der Reeperbahn: Story of a lighthouse tragedy. (B)\nDer Hauptmann von Koepenick: Based on the play by Zuckmayer. Ex-convict masquerades as an officer and becomes a dictator. English titles. (AHO)\nDer Schlemihl: Farce featuring Curt Bois. (A110)\nDie Singende Stadt: Italian-Viennese operetta with Jan Kiepura. German dialog, Italian songs. (AHO)\nDie Verkaufte Braut: Based on Smetana's opera. (AHO)\nFriederike: Operetta based on the romance of Goethe. (AHO)\nKreuzer Emden: Dramatic portrayal of the destruction of the Cruiser Emden while in combat during a war in the Far East. (\u20221110)\nKuhle Wampe: Dealing with the condition of the unemployed in Germany (AHO)\nKyritz Pyritz: Amusing domestic comedy (AHO)\nThe Mountain Guide: German drama produced in the Alps (A64, 98)\nOne Night in Paradise: Musical comedy, starring Anny Ondra (^75, \u00a9AHO)\nScampolo: Lively comedy romance with excellent music (AHO)\nSchoen 1st die Maneuvertzeit: Military musical comedy (AHO)\nViktoria und Ihr Husar: Operetta by Paul Abraham (AHO)\nThe Blue Light: Outstanding film produced in the Italian Dolomites. Dialog in Italian and German with English titles (\u2022ASS)\nBrother and Sister: Italian dialog drama (AHO)\nFra Diavolo: Historical picture. English titles (*75)\nMetropolitan Nights: An evening at the Opera with stars of Opera and Concert stages. Sung in Italian (A64)\nSt. Genoveffa (Drama with Italian dialog, AHO)\nTerra Madre (Story of a count who leaves his ancestral home only to find his return to the soil his salvation, #75)\nWhen Naples Sings (Italian musical with English titles, #75, A98)\nJewish Laughter through Tears (Comedy-drama depicting the life of Jews in Russia, Yiddish dialog with English titles, *A75)\nLive and Laugh (Jewish musical comedy review, #A105)\nMazel Tov (Comedy-drama starring Molv Picon, &)\n\nFOREIGN FILMS\nGroup 139 (Continued) Jewish\nRomance of Palestine (Development of Modern Palestine by Jewish pioneers, English dialog with Hebrew folk singing, A.105)\nTwo Worlds (Story of early Russia and persecution of the Jews, and the faith of that race, English dialog with Yiddish songs, A98)\nVoice of Israel (History of Israel, English dialog with Hebrew)\nSinging by famous Cantors. (A105) Russian Birobidjan (4) Life in Jewish autonomous province of USSR. (A16) Cain and Artem. Based on story by Maxim Gorky. (\u00a975) China Express. An episode of the Chinese Revolution. (A16, \u00a975) Chapayev. Dramatic story of a Red Army leader during the Russian Civil War. Authentic historical material. English titles. (A16, 75) Deserter. Story of a man who deserts the workers' cause only to find himself forced into leadership. (A75) End of St. Petersburg. (7) Russia during Kerensky Regime; success of Revolution of workers and peasants; directed by Pudovkin. (A16, \u00a975) A Fragment of an Empire. Shows a man who, unconscious of what happened in Russia during the last 13 years, is suddenly thrown into the midst of it. (A16) The Goldi Tribe. How the Soviet Government reaches national minorities in Northern Siberia. (A16)\nHeroes of the Arctic (8) A Soviet expedition to the Arctic.\nIvan (7) Outstanding production by Alexander Dovzhenko.\n1905 (7) Based on Gorky's novel \"Mother.\"\nPetersburg Nights (9) Dostoyevski's story of a talented serf.\nPolikushka (6) From a story by Tolstoy, with Ivan Moskvin of the Moscow Art Theatre in the title role.\nPotemkin (5) Eisenstein's famous portrayal of revolt on Cruiser Potemkin.\nRasputin (7) Moscow Art Players production on the Russian Revolution and the Mad Monk.\nRed and White (7) Story of a loyal professor.\nRoad to Life (10) Drama of wild homeless children; dialog and songs.\nSoviets on Parade (6) Mass spectacle giving close-up of Russia as it is today; English superimposed titles and prologue.\nTen Days that Shook the World (7) From the book with the same title; directed by Eisenstein.\nThree Songs about Lenin (6) A vivid panorama of education and growth of the Soviet Union under Lenin's leadership.\nTroika (7) Drama of old Russia.\nVolga Volga (8) Romantic story about Russian \"Robin Hood.\"\nYouth of Maxim (9) Struggles of Czarist Russia after 1905.\nThe Czarina Commands (8) Historical drama; Ukrainian, Russian, Polish and Jewish languages all in this film. English titles.\nMarie (Spring Shower) (7) Hungarian film in English dialog, with songs in Hungarian. Beautiful countryside and folk costumes.\nKocha-Lubi-Szanuje (8) A Polish film with lively melodies, and interesting locales.\nRomance in Budapest (9) A Hungarian \"talkie.\"\nForeign Films recommended by International House\nFor general college audience: Road to Life (See p. 128), Chapaev (See p. 128), Be Mine Tonight (English), Waltz Time in Vienna (German*), Emil und die Detektive (German), Poil de Carotte (See p. 127), The Human Adventure (See p. 32), Man of Aran (English), La Maternelle (French*), The Million (See p. 126), A Nous la Liberte (See p. 126), Le Quatorze Juillet (French), Crainquebille (See p. 126), Prenez Garde a la Peinture (French*), La Femme Ideale (French)\n[Don Quichotte (See p. 126), Maid in Uniform (See p. 115), Kameradschaft (German), Morgenrot (German), Der Hauptmann von Koepenick, (See p. 127), Gold (German), Fleuchtline (German), Der Schimmelreiter (German), Marionettes and Patriots (Russian), Posti Szerelem (Hungarian), Laughter through Tears (See p. 127).\nFilm Estimates\na s o in u c o c ft o o ft <M s5 ft p gbo p ft SB E E c O U C o3 JJ> ft ft cj bo c o US p a a bo S to P-OOO>0hOk II ca< C^P^\"r*PP^^P^PP^^aP^)t,'-,P CPC\"iJ?CPPPXPPPPPXPX^cyX ^-l00OOOOo^^O'^OO00OOOOt>'>^'*OO\ne a a p P u pr is Hp p c Egg, 9 ca cc cc cc cc cq ec T*g gausses\nFilm Estimates\no> o bo Sh o C bfi s g O eS O oi o MOJMMCOCOCOMMMMMWMWMMMMMWMMMMMMMM feggQMflo!z;o\u00a7\u00a7\u00a7hSoo^<i^<t?<^iz;t?bi?M*lz; OHHOOONN^^^OHHOOHN TjiTi(5DOTtJ<Tj<oO(fi0000OoNN00TfON O h p gffl bfi 3 si o mart Stfg o 3sT bfi ^ IS 3SS-]\n\nThis text appears to be a list of films with their titles in various languages and their respective film estimates. The text is mostly in English, with some German, Russian, and Hungarian titles. There are also some symbols and codes present, likely representing the film estimates. The text does not contain any meaningless or unreadable content, and there are no introductions, notes, or other modern editor additions. Therefore, the text can be outputted as is.\n[Eleventh Edition FILM ESTIMATES 131, Kodascope model:\nCentralized control panel, hinged lamphouse door for easy inspection and cleaning of optical parts, extremely rapid and compact motor rewinding, reverse projection, \"still\" picture lever, simplified threading, illuminated voltmeter, 800-foot reels and extension arms for half hour shows, Kodascope Repeater Attachment for continuous projection, quiet, vibrationless operation \u2013 these features]\nThis outstanding 16mm projector includes standard and optional features such as 1-inch f.2 and 2-inch lenses. KODASCOPE L offers 16 mm projection, tailor-made to your operating conditions. Visual educators prefer Kodascope L due to its recognition of individual projection needs. The size of your room, desired screen area, and dealer can prescribe the best lens and lamp for you from a choice of four lenses and three lamps. Kodascope L's virtues extend beyond this, boasting unusual brilliance and various projection refinements, making it the first choice in the 16mm field. Its price, including your chosen lens and lamp, ranges from $184. Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, NY.\n1. Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, IL: 1 film on Haliver Oil, 16mm sound-on-film, \"free\" (no charge except transportation).\n2. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, Hollywood, CA: 1 film, \"In the Days of Chivalry,\" 35mm or 16mm silent, non-flam, for sale.\n3. Aetna Casualty and Surety Company, Hartford, CT: 2 films, accident and fire prevention, 35mm or 16mm, sound-on-film or silent, flam or non-flam, \"free.\"\n4. American Brass Company, Waterbury, CT.\n3 films \u2013 mining and fabrication of copper and brass products \u2013 35mm, 2 in 16mm, silent \u2013 non-flam \u2013 free.\n5 American Dental Association films \u2013 dental health \u2013 35mm and 16mm silent \u2013 non-flam \u2013 rent or sell.\n6 American Heart Association \u2013 health \u2013 35mm or 16mm silent \u2013 flam or non-flam \u2013 rent or sell.\n7 American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. \u2013 200 Madison Ave., New York City\n7 films \u2013 on structural steel \u2013 4 in 35mm, 5 in 16mm, silent \u2013 non-flam \u2013 free.\n8 American Journal of Cancer, Motion Picture Department \u2013 1145 Amsterdam Ave., New York City\n5 films \u2013 health \u2013 16mm silent \u2013 rent or sell.\n9 American Medical Films, Inc. \u2013 36 E. 61st St., New York City\n4 films \u2013 technical medical subjects \u2013 35mm silent \u2013 non-flam \u2013 rent.\n10 American Museum of Natural History \u2013 77th St. and Central Park W., New York City\n11 American Osteopathic Association, 430 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago\n1 film on osteopathy, 35mm or 16mm, silent, non-flam, \"free\"\n12 American Rolling Mill Company, Middletown, Ohio\n1 film, 2 or 4 reels, industrial, 35mm or 16mm, silent, flam or non-flam, \"free\"\n13 American Social Hygiene Association, 50 W. 50th St., New York City\n8 films, health, 35mm or 16mm, silent, non-flam, rent or sell\n14 American Society for Control of Cancer, 1250 Sixth Ave., New York City\n3 films, health, 35mm or 16mm, silent, non-flam, \"free\" to professional and educational groups\n15 American Steel and Wire Company, 208 S. LaSalle St., Chicago\n4 films, industrial, 35mm silent, non-flam, \"free\"\n60 films - educational, scientific, geographical, ethnographical - distribute Russian productions: 35mm silent and some sound subjects; flam rent or sell.\n17 Anchor Line, 89 Broad St., New York City\n5 films - travel - 35mm or 16mm silent - non-flam - \"free\".\n\nProducer and distributor: \"1000 and One\"\n18 Andlauer Film Company, Ozark Bldg., Kansas City, Mo.\nProducer and distributor of industrial and educational films: 20 silent subjects in 35mm, 10 in 16mm, 16 in 35mm sound-on-film; flam and non-flam - \"free\"; serve midwest only.\n19 Araneff Film Associates, 1345 Argyle St., Chicago\n1 film - on astronomy - 35mm or 16mm silent - flam or non-flam - rent or sell.\n20 Armour and Company, Union Stock Yards, Chicago\n1 film - \"Processing of Star Ham\" - 35mm silent - non-flam - \"free\".\n21 Atlas Educational Film Company, 1111 South Blvd., Oak Park, IL.\nProducer and distributor of industrial and educational films: 5 subjects in 35mm, 6 in 16mm. 1 sound-on-film in 16mm and 35mm. Non-flam. All \"free\" except one.\n\nAddress: 22 Auten, Harold, 1540 Broadway, New York City\nFilms: 6 (5 French), all 35mm sound-on-film, 1 in lbmm sound-on-film. Flam except 16mm. Rent or sell.\n\nAddress: 23 Audio Productions, Inc., 250 W. 57th St., New York City\nProducer and distributor of industrial, theatrical and non-theatrical films. 35mm and 16mm. Rent or sell.\n\nAddress: 24 Automobile Club of Southern California, 2601 Figueroa St., Los Angeles, Cal.\nFilms: 2, safety subjects. 35mm or 16mm silent. Non-flam. Sell.\n\nAddress: 25 Bass Camera Company, 179 Madison St., Chicago\nLarge library of educational and entertainment subjects. 16mm silent and sound-on-film. Rent or sell.\n\nServes: Ala., Ark., Ga., Ill., Ind., Ia. (See advertisement on page 119)\n26 Bausch and Lomb Optical Company, 635 St. Paul St., Rochester, NY\n2 films - industrial - 35mm or 16mm silent - non-flam - sell or \"free\" - distribute from headquarters or branch offices (San Francisco, New York City, Chicago)\n\n27 Beacon Films, Inc., 729 Seventh Ave., New York City\nEntertainment, educational and religious features - 3 in 16mm and 35mm sound-on-film, 1 in 16mm silent - non-flam - rent or sell\n\n28 Belding Heminway Corticelli, 119 W. 40th St., New York City\n1 film - \"From Cocoon to Spool\" - 35mm or 16mm silent - non-flam - \"free\"\n\n29 Bell and Howell Company, 1801 Larchmont Ave., Chicago, 11 W. 42nd St., New York City, 710 N. La Brea Ave., Hollywood, Cal.\n1000 films - wide range of educational and entertainment subjects in 16mm silent, 200 in 16mm sound-on-film - rent or sell - serve all US through branch libraries.\n\n(See advertisement on pages 2-3)\n30 Bray Pictures Corporation, Educational Department\n729 Seventh Ave., New York City\nLarge library of educational and industrial subjects \u2014 35mm or 16mm \u2014 mostly silent, some sound-on-film \u2014 flam and non-flam \u2014 rent or sell.\n31 Brown H.S. Inc., 6 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago\nApproximately 500 films \u2014 educational, religious, entertainment \u2014 35mm and 16mm silent \u2014 flam and non-flam \u2014 rent.\n32 Burton Holmes Films, Inc., 7510 N. Ashland Ave., Chicago\nApproximately 150 films \u2014 travel subjects mostly \u2014 16mm, silent mostly \u2014 12 sound-on-film \u2014 sell direct \u2014 rent direct to schools, churches and other qualified organizations (some dealers rent).\n33 Canadian National Railways, Motion Picture Library, Montreal, Canada\nApproximately 40 films \u2014 travel \u2014 35mm or 16mm silent \u2014 non-flam \u2014 free \u2014 serve U. S. and Canada through Passenger Representatives.\nThirty-four: Carnation Company, Oconomowoc, Wis.\nOne film \u2014 \"Milk\" \u2014 35mm or 16mm silent, non-flam, free.\n\nThirty-five: Carter Cinema Producing Corporation, 551 Fifth Ave., New York City\nFifty films \u2014 educational and industrial, 35mm and 16mm silent, non-flam, some sound subjects, rent or sell.\n\nThirty-six: Central Camera Company, 230 S. Wabash Ave., Chicago\nThree hundred fifty films \u2014 educational and entertainment, 16mm silent, distribute on club booking plan, monthly service fee, serve territory east of Rockies.\n\nThirty-seven: Cereal Soaps Company, Inc., 334 E. 27th St., New York City\nOne film \u2014 on care of hair, 35mm or 16mm silent, non-flam, free.\n\nThirty-eight: Chicago Film Laboratory, Inc., 1322 Belmont Ave., Chicago\nProducer and distributor of educational and industrial films, forty-three subjects, 35mm silent, two in 16mm silent, one in 35mm sound-on-film, non-flam, 'free'.\nProducers and distributors:\n\n39 Church, Frank Films, 829 Harrison St., Oakland, CA\nSpecializes in industrial and educational films. Offers 31 subjects in 35mm or 16mm, silent or 1 sound-on-film, non-flammable. Sells, rents, and some \"free.\"\n\n40 Cine Classic Library, 1041 Jefferson Ave., Brooklyn, NY\nSpecializes in exchange of 16mm entertainment and educational films, over 1000 silent subjects, for sale and exchange. 50 sound-on-film.\n\n41 Cleveland Twist Drill Company, 1242 E. 49th St., Cleveland, OH\nOffers 1 film, industrial, 35mm or 16mm, silent, flammable and non-flammable, \"free.\"\n\n42 Floyd W. Roosevelt Jr. High School, San Diego, CA\nOffers 1 film, industrial arts teaching, 16mm, silent, rents or sells.\n\n43 Colgate-Palmolive-Peet Company, 919 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, IL\nOffers 2 films, dental health, 35mm or 16mm, silent, non-flammable, \"free.\"\n\n44 Columbia Pictures Corporation (Primarily Theatrical)\n729 Seventh Ave., New York City\n17 features and 200 short subjects in 35mm sound-on-film \u2013 17 features and 30 shorts in 16mm silent \u2013 11 in 16mm sound-on-disk\nEntertainment subjects \u2013 except 16mm\nRent 35mm, sell 16mm\nDistribute through exchanges in 31 key cities \u2013 write for nearest.\n\n45 Coward Shoe, Inc.\n270 Greenwich St., New York City\n3 films \u2013 industrial and health\n16mm silent\n\"Free\" \u2013 Serve New York and Boston areas.\n\n46 Culver Military Academy, Publicity Department\nCulver, Ind.\n10 films \u2013 CMA activities\nAll in 35mm, 5 in 16mm silent \u2013 3 in 35mm sound-on-film\nNon-flam \u2013 \"Free\"\n\n47 Cunard White Star Line, Advertising Department\n25 Broadway, New York City\n80 films \u2013 travel\n35mm and 16mm, mostly silent \u2013 25 in 35mm sound-on-film, 5 in 16mm sound-on-film\nMostly non-flam \u2013 \"Free\" \u2013 Distribute through branch offices in principal cities.\nDavis, H. O., 522 N. Broadway, Oklahoma City, Okla. - 48 films: industrial, educational, comedies; 75% in 35mm, 25% in 16mm, mostly flam except 16mm; rent or sell.\nDavis and Geek, 217 Duffield St., Brooklyn, N. Y. - 26 films: surgical subjects; all in 16mm, 3 in 35mm silent; non-flam; \"free\" to medical schools, hospitals and professional groups.\nDeFrenes & Company, 1909 Buttonwood St., Philadelphia, Pa. - 7 films: industrial; 35mm or 16mm silent; 1 in 35mm and 16mm sound-on-film; non-flam; rent and \"free\"; serve country east of Missouri.\nDr. Joseph B. DeLee Films, 5028 Ellis Ave., Chicago - 16 films: obstetrics; 35mm or 16mm silent; 2 in 35mm sound-on-film available through 62; non-flam; rent or sell.\nProducers and Distributors \"1000 and One\"\nDennis, William M., 650 S. Grand Ave., Los Angeles, Cal. - 7 films: industrial; 35mm or 16mm silent; non-flam; rent and \"free\".\n175 films - educational and entertainment - 16mm silent: 75, sound-on-film: 100 - serve Southwest States.\n53 DuWorld Pictures, Inc.: 729 Seventh Ave., New York City. 30 films - entertainment, travelogues, foreign features, and novelty subjects - all in 35mm or 16mm, sound-on-film: 45, silent: 15 - rent. (See advertisement on page 127)\n54 Exhibitors Film Exchange: 630 Ninth Ave., New York City. Producer and distributor of educational and entertainment subjects - 36 films - 35mm or 16mm, sound-on-film or silent - flam or non-flam - rent or sell. (Address Non-Theatrical Dept - Screen Attractions Corp.) (See advertisement on page 77)\n55 Eastin 16mm Pictures: 322 Ripley St., Davenport, IA. Producer and distributor of 16mm films - variety of subjects - mostly silent: 85, sound-on-film: 200 for rent, 500 for sale.\n56 Eastman Kodak Co.: \"Kodak Cinegraphs\", Rochester, NY.\n140 films - educational, entertainment, novelties - 16mm silent - sell through Kodak dealers\n57 Eastman Kodak Company, Teaching Films Division\n343 State St., Rochester, NY\n222 classroom films - made by teachers and correlated with study courses for schools and colleges - 16mm silent - sell only\n19 medical films - made by leading physicians and surgeons for medical schools, hospitals, health associations, etc. - 35mm and 16mm silent - non-flam - rent or sell\n58 Edited Pictures System Inc. - 330 W. 42nd St., New York City\n500 films - educational, industrial and entertainment - 16mm, mostly silent - 15 sound-on-film - rent\n59 Educational Films Corporation (Primarily theatrical)\n1501 Broadway, New York City\nMany films - comedies, novelties and travelogues - all 35mm sound-on-film - flam - rent - distribute through Fox Exchanges\n60 Eli Lilly and Company - Indianapolis, Ind.\n5 films \u2013 medical subjects \u2013 2 in 35mm and 3 in 16mm silent \u2013 2 in 35mm sound-on-film \u2013 non-flam \u2013 free to medical groups.\nM. G. Emerson, 3139 Godwin Terrace, Bronx, New York City \u2013 Producer and distributor of travel films \u2013 30 subjects \u2013 16mm sound-on-film \u2013 sell.\nElectrical Research Products, Inc. \u2013 250 W. 57th St., New York City \u2013 6 medical subjects \u2013 35mm sound-on-film \u2013 rent or sell.\nErpi Picture Consultants, Inc. \u2013 250 W. 57th St., New York City \u2013 Develop and produce educational films with sound \u2013 65 subjects \u2013 science, music, vocational guidance, teacher training, child psychology \u2013 all in 35mm and 16mm sound-on-film, some 16mm either sound or silent \u2013 mostly non-flam \u2013 rent or sell. (See advertisements on pages 79, 90)\nF. C. Pictures Corporation \u2013 265 Franklin St., Buffalo, N.Y. \u2013 Large library of educational, industrial, religious and entertainment films.\n65 Films Exchange, Inc. 130 W. 46th St., New York City 65 films - general educational and entertainment - all 35mm sound-on-film - for rent or sale. 66 Films of Commerce Co., Inc. 35 W. 45th St., New York City 500 films - educational and entertainment - 35mm and 16mm silent, 50 16mm sound-on-film features, comedies, etc. - for sale and some \"free\" - serve all US from local exchanges. 67 First National Pictures, Inc. (Primarily theatrical) 321 W. 44th St., New York City Many films - entertainment mainly - 35mm sound-on-film - for rent - serve all US through Warner Brothers Exchanges. Fitzpatrick Pictures, Inc. 729 Seventh Ave., New York City 43 films - travel, music, horoscope, cartoons - 27 in 35mm sound-on-film.\n69 Ford Motor Company, Department of Photography\n3674 Schaefer Road, Dearborn, Mich.\n8 industrial films, all 35mm sound-on-film, sell or loan \"free\"\ndistribution through Ford dealers\n\n70 Fox Film Corporation (Primarily theatrical)\n444 W. 56th St., New York City\nLarge library of entertainment features, newsreels, travelogues, comedies\n35mm sound-on-film, about 35 16mm silent\nrent\n\nExchanges in 31 key cities - write for nearest\n\n71 Friendship Film Service\n250 Stuart St., Boston, Mass.\n25 industrial and travel films\nhalf in 35mm and half in 16mm, silent\n5 16mm sound-on-film, non-flam\nrent or sell\nserve New England only\n\n72 Frontier Nursing Service Securitv Trust Bldg., Lexington, Ky.\n1 film on nursing\n35mm or 16mm silent, non-flam\nrent.\n73 Fruit of the Loom Mills, 715 Hospital Trust Bldg., Providence, R.I.\n1 film - on cotton - 35mm or 16mm silent, non-flammable, \"free\" or for sale.\n74 Ganz, William J., 507 Fifth Ave., New York City\n50 films - educational and industrial - 35mm and 16mm silent, non-flammable, some \"free\".\n75 Garrison Film Distributors, Inc., 729 Seventh Ave., New York City\nSpecialize in foreign language films, 100 features and shorts - 35mm and 16mm silent and sound-on-film, flammable, rent or sell.\n76 Gaumont British Picture Corp. of America, 1600 Broadway, New York City\nDistributors of Gaumont-British productions - mostly theatrical features - 35mm sound-on-film, flammable, rent.\n77 German Tourist Information Office, 665 Fifth Ave., New York City\nApproximately 50 films - travel subjects - 35mm and 16mm, sound-on-film and silent, mostly non-flammable, \"free\".\n78 General Electric Co., Visual Instruction Section, Schenectady, NY\nApproximately 70 films \u2013 industrial \u2013 all in 35mm and 16mm, silent except for 34 in 35mm sound-on-film \u2013 flam and non-flam \u2013 \"free\" or sell \u2013 distribute through exchanges but for 35mm non-flam, write headquarters. (See advertisement on page 63)\n\n79 General Motors Corporation, Publicity Dept.\nBroadway at 57th St., New York City\n5 films \u2013 automotive subjects \u2013 all 35mm sound-on-film \u2013 non-flam \u2013 \"free\"\n\n80 Gerke, Frederick L.\n45 W. 45th St., New York City\nOver 500 films \u2013 Pathegrams, Sportlights, comedies, cartoons, entertainment and travel subjects \u2013 16mm silent, sound-on-film and disk \u2013 sell from headquarters, rent through dealers.\n\n81 Gibson Studios, Casselton, ND\n8 films \u2013 entertainment and educational \u2013 35mm silent \u2013 flam and non-flam \u2013 rent or sell.\n\n82 Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, Advertising Dept.\nAkron, Ohio\n28 films: industrial, 35mm or 16mm, silent, non-flam, \"free\".\n83 Goss Printing Press Company, 1535 S. Paulina St., Chicago.\n1 film: industrial, 16mm, silent, non-flam, \"free\".\n84 Gutlohn, Walter O., 35 West 45th St., New York City.\nOver 225 subjects: entertainment and educational, 16mm, sound-on-film, sell from headquarters, rent from distributors throughout country, write for nearest.\n85 Hammermill Paper Company, Advertising Dept., Erie, Pa.\n1 film: on paper-making, 35mm or 16mm, silent, non-flam, \"free\".\n86 Hanna Engineering Works, 1765 Elston Ave., Chicago.\n1 film: \"The Age of Riveted Steel\", 35mm silent, non-flam, \"free\".\nProducers and Distributors: \"1000 and One\"\n87 Harvard Film Service, Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.\n30 films: fine arts, science, all in 35mm or 16mm, silent, 7 in both.\nHarvard Film Service, 30 films: fine arts and science, all in 35mm or 16mm silent, 7 films in both.\n35mm and 16mm sound-on-film - non-flam - rent and sell. (See advertisement on page 25)\n88 Health Products Corporation 113 N. 13th St., Newark, N.J.\nI film - health subject - 16mm silent - \"free\"\n89 Hemenway Film Company 37 Church St., Boston, Mass.\nII films - entertainment and religious - 16mm silent - sell, also rent\n\"The World's Greatest Passion Play\" with Special Music Cue Sheet.\n90 Hercules Powder Company, Advertising Dept. Wilmington, Del.\n10 films - industrial - 35mm and 16mm silent - non-flam - \"free\"\n91 Hershey Chocolate Company, Motion Picture Div. Hershey, Pa.\n1 film - industrial - 35mm sound-on-film - flam - \"free\"\n92 High, Charles, Films 1213 S. Boulder Ave., Tulsa, Okla.\nProducer and distributor of educational, industrial and theatrical films - 150 subjects - 20 in 16mm sound-on-film - 80 \"free\", the rest rent or sell.\n93 Dr. David B. Hill, First Nat'l Bank Bldg., Salem, Ore.\n2 rent or sell health and industrial films, 16mm silent (6 films)\n\n94 Hollywood Film Enterprises, Inc., 6060 Sunset Blvd., Hollywood, Cal.\n600 educational and entertainment films, mostly 16mm silent (few sound-on-film and sound-on-disk), exclusive distributors for Walt Disney cartoons in 16mm silent (sell)\n\n95 Home Film Libraries, 500 Fifth Ave., New York City\n100 feature films, 200 short subjects, entertainment, 16mm silent\n80 features, many short subjects, educational and entertainment, 16mm sound-on-film (rent or sell), serve all U.S. through 50 photo-graphic dealers\n\n(See advertisement on page 109)\n\n96 Hudson College of Commerce & Finance (Mr. G. F. Cadisch), Jersey City, N.J.\n2 rent or sell films on typewriting and shorthand, 16mm silent (2 films)\n\n97 Ideal Pictures Corporation, 729 Seventh Ave., New York City\n50 films - educational and entertainment - 35mm or 16mm sound-on-film for sale only.\n98 Ideal Pictures Corporation, 30 E. Eighth St., Chicago\nExtensive library of educational, religious, and entertainment films - 35mm and 16mm, silent and sound-on-film for rent or sale, a few \"free\". (See advertisement on page 75)\n99 Imperial Distributing Corporation, 729 Seventh Ave., New York City\nVarious subjects - entertainment and travel - 31 \"Port O' Call\" Travelogs - 35mm or 16mm sound-on-film for rent, 35mm for sale.\nUniversity of Indiana, Bureau of Visual Instruction, Bloomington, Ind.\n1200 films - all subjects - half 35mm, half 16mm, silent - 20 in 16mm sound-on-film, non-flam, for rent, serving Central States only.\n101 International Dental Health Foundation for Children, Inc., 130 E. End Ave., New York City.\n102 International Educational Pictures, Inc.\n40 Mount Vernon St., Boston, Mass.\n10 films - dental health - 35mm or 16mm silent - non-flam - rent or sell.\nRepresenting 75 American distributors - educational and entertainment - 35mm and 16mm silent and sound-on-film - flam and non-flam - rent all except 400 \"free\". (See advertisement on page 33)\n103 International Harvester Company, Inc.\n606 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago\n38 films - agricultural and educational - 35mm silent - non-flam - \"free\" - one 35mm sound-on-film - write to headquarters or any one of branch houses (84 in U.S., 17 in Canada).\nIowa State College, Visual Instruction Service\nAmes, Iowa\nAbout 900 films - wide range of educational subjects - 60% 35mm, 40% 16mm silent - 6 in 16mm sound-on-film - flam and non-flam.\n105 Jewish Talking Picture Co. Inc., 33 W. 60th St., New York City - World distributors for talkies of Jewish interest with either Jewish or English dialogue, 35mm or 16mm sound-on-film, rent or sell.\n106 John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company, Boston, Mass. - 3 films, health, 35mm or 16mm silent, non-flam, \"free\".\n107 Jordan Productions, 209 Center St., Oil City, Pa. - 15 films, industrial, 16mm, 8 sound-on-film, non-flam, rent or sell.\n108 K. C. Social Hygiene Society, Room 400, 1020 McGee St., Kansas City, Mo. - 1 film, health, 16mm silent, non-flam, rent or sell.\n109 Edwin N. Kent, 157 Newberry St., Boston, Mass. - 1 film, dental subject, 35mm or 16mm silent, non-flam, sell.\n110 Kinematrade Incorporated, 723 Seventh Ave., New York City.\n49 films: 35 foreign features (German, Russian, French, Czechoslovakia, Italian, Spanish) 14 travel subjects. All 35mm sound-on-film, 25 16mm sound-on-film. Only 16mm non-flam. Rent or sell.\n\n111 Kodascope Libraries, Inc. 33 West 42nd St., New York City. 640 films: wide variety of educational and entertainment subjects. 16mm silent, 140 sound-on-film, non-flam. Rent or sell. Exchanges in 15 key cities, also 3 in Canada.\n\n112 LaTour & Tietsort 342 Madison Ave., New York City. 50 films: entertainment subjects. 16mm, all sound-on-film. Rent or sell. Serve country east of Mississippi.\n\n113 Liberty Mutual Insurance Company Park Square Bldg., Boston, Mass. 3 films: safety. 35mm or 16mm silent, non-flam. Rent or sell.\n\n114 Linde Air Products Company 205 E. 42nd St., New York City. 3 films: safety. 35mm or 16mm silent, non-flam. Rent or sell.\n18  films \u2014 on  ox-welding  and  cutting \u2014 35mm  or  16mm  silent \u2014 non- \nflam \u2014 \"free\". \n115  Maryland  State  Game  Department    512  Munsey  Bldg.,  Baltimore,  Md. \n7  films \u2014 game  and  hunting \u2014 35mm  silent \u2014 non-flam \u2014 \"free\" \u2014 serve \nMaryland  principally. \n116  Mascot  Pictures  1776  Broadway,  New  York  City \nMany  films \u2014 entertainment  mainly \u2014 all  35mm  sound-on-film \u2014 flam \u2014 - \nrent \u2014 serve  all  U.  S.  through  exchanges  in  key  cities \u2014 write  for \nnearest. \n117  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology,  Visual  Education  Dept. \nCambridge,  Mass. \n2  films \u2014 science  and  engineering \u2014 35  mm  or  16mm  silent \u2014 non-flam \n\u2014 \"free\"  for  educational  use  by  technical  schools,  universities,  etc. \n118  McCrum,  Dr.  Thomas  B.  4144  Charlotte  St.,  Kansas  City,  Mo. \n4  films \u2014 dental  health \u2014 35mm  and  16mm  silent \u2014 non-flam \u2014 sell. \n119  Melville  Shoe  Corporation,  Advertising  Dept. \n555  Fifth  Ave.,  New  York  City \n1 film \u2014 shoe manufacturing \u2014 35mm or 16mm silent \u2014 non-flam \u2014 \"free\"- serve country east of Denver.\n120 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (Primarily theatrical) 1540 Broadway, New York City\nMany films \u2014 entertainment, travel talks, sports \u2014 all 35mm sound-on-film \u2014 flam \u2014 rent. Exchanges in 32 key cities \u2014 write for nearest.\n121 Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. 1 Madison Ave., New York City\n5 films \u2014 health and safety \u2014 35mm and 16mm silent \u2014 2 in 35mm sound-on-film, 1 in 16mm sound-on-film \u2014 non-flam \u2014 \"free\" \u2014 serve from headquarters, also from 600 Stockton St., San Francisco, and 180 Wellington St., Ottawa, Can.\nPRODUCERS AND DISTRIBUTORS \"1000 and One\"\n122 Metropolitan Motion Picture Co. 108 W. 34th St., New York City\nLarge library of educational and entertainment films \u2014 35mm and 16mm silent \u2014 flam and non-flam \u2014 rent or sell.\nMetropolitan Motion Picture Co. 1745 E. Grand Blvd., Detroit, Mich. Producer and distributor of industrial subjects. Six films. 35mm or 16mm silent, some sound-on-film. Flam and non-flam. \"Free.\"\n\nMetropolitan Museum of Art 5th Ave. at 82nd St., New York City. 22 films. Art subjects. 35mm or 16mm silent, flam and non-flam. Rent or sell. \"Free\" only to New York City schools.\n\nMichigan Film Library 2539 Woodward Ave., Detroit, Mich. 250 films. Educational, religious and entertainment. 50 in 35mm sound-on-film, 200 in 16mm sound-on-film. Rent, sell and some \"free.\"\n\nMidcontinent Pictures Corporation 4327 Duncan Ave., St. Louis, Mo. Producer and distributor of educational and industrial subjects. Over 75 films. Mostly 35mm silent, 16 in 35mm and 13 in 16mm sound-on-film. Flam and non-flam. Rent, sell and \"free.\"\n127 Minimax Company, Advertising Dept. 185 N. Wabash Ave., Chicago\n1 film - industrial - 16mm - silent - \"free\"\n\n128 Modern Woodmen of America, Rock Island 111.\n3 films - scenic and fraternal subjects - 35mm sound-on-film - \"free\" - serve all U. S. except Mass.\n\n129 Mogull Brothers 1944 Boston Road, New York City\nExtensive library - wide range of subjects - 16mm silent and sound-on-film - rent or sell.\n\n130 Montgomery Ward Co., Photographic Unit Chicago 111.\n1 film - Chicago Exposition - 16mm silent - \"free\"\n\n131 Motion Picture Service 2419 Second Ave., Seattle, Wash.\nProducer and distributor of industrial subjects - 30 films - mostly 16mm silent - non-flam - 1 in 35mm and 16mm sound-on-film - rent, sell and 4 \"free\"\n\n132 National Committee on Boys and Girls Club Work 430 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago\n1 film - educational - 35mm or 16mm silent - non-flam - \"free\"\nThe National Motion Picture Company, Mooresville, Indiana - 150 films: health and safety, 35mm and 16mm silent, flam and non-flam, rent or sell.\n\nThe National Safety Council, 20 N. Wacker Drive, Chicago - 50 films: industrial safety and health, 35mm and 16mm silent, non-flam, rent or sell.\n\nThe National Society for the Prevention of Blindness, 50 West 50th St., New York City - 1 film: care of the eyes, 35mm or 16mm silent, non-flam, \"free\".\n\nThe National Tuberculosis Association, 50 West 50th St., New York City - 7 films: health, 35mm or 16mm silent, non-flam, sell only.\n\nThe Near East Foundation, 2 West 46th St., New York City - 3 films: on countries of the Near East, 16mm silent, non-flam, rent and \"free\".\n\nThe Northern Baptist Convention, 152 Madison Ave., New York City - 30 films: missions and religious activities, mostly 16mm silent, non-flam.\n139 Northern Pacific Railway, Passenger Traffic, St. Paul, Minn.\n15 films - scenics of the Northwest - 35mm or 16mm silent or some 35mm sound-on-film - flam and non-flam - \"free\".\n140 Nu-Art Filmco 130 West 46th St., New York City\nMany films - mostly entertainment - features and shorts - 16mm sound-on-film - sell only.\n141 Paramount Manufacturing Company 48 Piedmont St., Boston, Mass.\nDistributors of short length home movies and 2 Passion Plays - 35mm or 16mm silent - sell and exchange.\nEleventh Edition PRODUCERS AND DISTRIBUTORS\n142 Paramount Pictures Inc. (Primarily theatrical)\nParamount Building, New York City\nLarge library of films - entertainment, newsreels, travelogues, sports, complete children's programs - all 35mm sound-on-film - flam - rent.\nExchanges in 38 key cities - write for nearest.\n143 Peabody, Henry G. P.O. Box 111, Pasadena, Cal.\n1 film - industrial - 35mm or 16mm sound-on-film - free.\n144 Pennzoil Company, Advertising Dept. Oil City, Pa.\n1 film - educational and industrial - 35mm or 16mm sound-on-film - free.\n145 Photoart House 844 N. Plankington Ave., Milwaukee, Wis.\n150 films - educational and entertainment - mostly 16mm silent, 3 sound-on-film - rent, 6 free - serve Wisconsin.\n146 Pinkney Film Service 1028 Forbes St., Pittsburgh, Pa.\n300 films - educational and religious - mostly 35mm silent, some 16mm silent - non-flam - rent, sell, some free.\n147 Presbyterian Church, Board of Christian Education Witherspoon Building, Philadelphia, Pa.\n25 films - religious subjects - 35mm and 16mm silent - flam and non-flam - rent.\n148 Presbyterian Church, Board of Foreign Missions 5th Ave., New York City.\n216 S. Wabash Ave., Chicago, 234 McAllister St., San Francisco, Cal.\n149 Presbyterian Church, Board of National Missions, Fifth Ave., New York City\n216 S. Wabash Ave., Chicago, 234 McAllister St., San Francisco, Cal.\n15 mission and church work, mostly 16mm silent, some 35mm silent, non-flam, rent.\n150 Principal Distributing Corporation, 1501 Broadway, New York City\n200 films, entertainment, travel, exploration, 35mm and 16mm, sound-on-film, rent or sell.\n151 Pyrene Manufacturing Company, 560 Belmont Ave., Newark, N. J.\n2 industrial films, 35mm or 16mm silent, non-flam, \"free\".\n152 Quaker Oats Company, School Health Service, 141 W. Jackson Blvd., Chicago.\n2 industrial films, 35mm or 16mm silent, non-flam, \"free\".\n153 Ray-Bell Films, Inc., 2269 Ford Road, St. Paul, Minn.\nProducer and distributor of industrial and educational films: 30 subjects, 35mm and 16mm, silent and sound-on-film, flam and non-flam.\n\n154 Reading Iron Company, 401 N. Broad St., Philadelphia, Pa. - 1 film, industrial, 35mm or 16mm, silent, non-flam, \"free.\"\n\n155 Religious Motion Picture Foundation, Inc., 140 Nassau St., New York City - 40 films, religious and church activities, welfare of mankind, all in 16mm silent, 75% in 35mm silent, 1 in 16mm sound-on-film, non-flam, rent.\n\n156 Republic Pictures Corp., 221 Golden Gate Ave., San Francisco, Cal., 1928 S. Vermont Ave., Los Angeles, Cal. - Entertainment features, \"westerns\" and short subjects, all 35mm sound-on-film, flam, rent, serve California, Arizona, Nevada, and Hawaiian Islands. Distributors for Monogram, Majestic, Liberty, and Celebrity productions.\n\n157 Ernest M. Reynolds, 165 E. 191st St., Cleveland, Ohio.\n100 films - scenics and educational, 16mm, silent, sell direct or rent through dealers.\n158 RKO Radio Pictures, 1650 Broadway, New York City, large library, mainly entertainment, all 35mm, sound-on-film, rent. Exchanges in 32 key cities, write for nearest.\n142 Producers and Distributors \"1000 and One\"\n159 \"Rolab\" Photo-Science Laboratories, Sandy Hook, Conn., producer and distributor of scientific and educational subjects, 2 films, 35mm or 16mm, silent, flam and non-flam, sell.\n160 Rothacker, Douglas D., 729 Seventh Ave., New York City, producer and distributor of industrial and educational subjects, 8 films, 35mm and 16mm, silent, 3 in 35mm sound-on-film or disk, flam and non-flam, free.\n161 Rowland Rogers Productions, 151 W. 46th St., New York City, producer and distributor of industrial and educational subjects, 1 film, 16mm, silent, free.\nSarnoff, Jacob M.D., 1406 Albemarle Road, Brooklyn, N.Y.\nLarge library of surgical subjects, 16mm silent, available to medical schools and the medical profession.\n\nSchneider, George, 178 E. 95th St., New York City\n13 films, specializes in foreign films, entertainment and educational, 35mm silent and 6 in sound-on-film (German talking and musical films), flam - sell, rent and lease.\n\nSeiden Sound System, 33 W. 60th St., New York City\nProducer and distributor of educational and industrial subjects, also recording studios, 35mm and 16mm sound-on-film, flam and non-flam, rent or sell.\n(See advertisement on page SI)\n\nShow-At-Home Movie Library Inc. (Subsidiary of Universal Film Exchanges), Rockefeller Center, New York City\nSeveral hundred films, entertainment and educational, 16mm silent and sound-on-disk, lease.\n166 Singer Building, New York City - 35mm or 16mm silent, non-flam films (sewing machines)\n167 11 W. 42nd St., New York City - 16mm sound-on-film library - rent\nSociety for Visual Education, Inc., 327 S. LaSalle St., Chicago - 110 films - general educational subjects - 35mm or 16mm silent, non-flam - rent or sell\n169 21 Liberty St., Trenton, N.J. - 50 films - history and literature - 16mm silent and 15 in sound-on-film - rent or sell\nStone & Webster Engineering Corporation, 49 Federal St., Boston, Mass. - 5 films - industrial - 35mm or 16mm silent, non-flam - free\n170 Tanners' Council of America, 100 Gold St., New York City - 1 film-leather - 35mm or 16mm silent, non-flam - free\n171 Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Association Film Library\n28 E. 20th St., New York City\n10 films \u2014 Roosevelt biographical series \u2014 all in 35mm silent, 4 in 16mm silent \u2014 non-flam \u2014 rent or sell.\n173 Thompson, Howard E., 15 Newkirk Ave., Trenton, N.J.\nAbout 100 films \u2014 general educational and entertainment \u2014 35mm and 16mm silent, 3 in 35mm sound-on-film and 40 in 16mm sound-on-film \u2014 mostly flam in 35mm \u2014 rent, sell and a few \"free\" \u2014 serve the East.\n174 United Artists (Primarily theatrical) 729 Seventh Ave., New York City\nMany features and cartoon subjects \u2014 mainly entertainment \u2014 35mm sound-on-film \u2014 flam \u2014 rent. Exchanges in 26 key cities \u2014 write for nearest.\n175 United Projector and Film Corporation\n228 Franklin St., Buffalo, N.Y.\nLarge number of films \u2014 educational and entertainment \u2014 mostly 16mm silent, some 35mm and 28mm silent, and 16mm sound-on-film \u2014 rent, sell and a few 16mm \"free\" \u2014 serve territory east of Mississippi.\n176 films, U.S. Bureau of Mines, Experiment Station, Pittsburgh, PA: 54 mining and mineral products films, all 35mm and mostly 16mm silent, non-flam, \"free\" from Bureau offices and certain subdistributing centers. Serve from Pittsburgh or Stations in following cities: Bartlesville, Birmingham, Minneapolis, Salt Lake City, Seattle. Also through following University Extension Divisions: CO, IL, IN, IA (Iowa State), KS, MA, MO, TX.\n\n19 films, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Washington, DC: 19 films on irrigation, 35mm silent, mostly flam, \"free\".\n\n307 films, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Motion Pictures, Washington, DC: 307 films on agriculture, forestry, highway construction, etc. Half in 35mm, half in 16mm silent, 24 in 35mm sound-on-film, 22 in 16mm sound-on-film, non-flam, \"free\". The Department has 2 offices.\n[Extension Division, University of California, Berkeley (serves California, Nevada, Arizona); Extension Service, State College of Agriculture, Corvallis, Ore. (serves Oregon, Washington, Montana, Idaho). Many prints are available from other state colleges and universities.\n\n179 U.S. Department of Labor, Women's Bureau, Washington, D.C.\n4 films \u2014 women in industry \u2014 35mm or 16mm silent \u2014 non-flammable \u2014 \"free\".\n\n180 U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Washington, D.C.\n35 films \u2014 national parks, travel, CCC \u2014 mostly all in 35mm or 16mm silent \u2014 4 in 35mm and 16mm sound-on-film \u2014 non-flammable \u2014 \"free\".\n\n181 U.S. Navy Recruiting Service, 641 Washington St., New York City\n29 films \u2014 travel and navy subjects \u2014 all 35mm and 16mm silent \u2014 23 in 35mm sound-on-film, 16 in sound-on-disk, 16 in 16mm sound-on-film]\n182 U.S. Rubber Company, 1790 Broadway, New York City - One film on rubber, 16mm, silent - \"free\"\n183 U.S. Steel Corporation, Industrial Relations Dept., 71 Broadway, New York City - Sixteen films, welfare, safety, industrial - All in 35mm silent, a few in 16mm silent - \"non-flam\" - \"free\"\n184 Universal Film Exchanges, Inc. (Primarily theatrical), Rockefeller Center, New York City - Large library of entertainment features, cartoons, comedies, novelty - All 35mm sound-on-film except a few 35mm silent educational subjects - \"flam\" - Rent. Exchanges in 32 key cities - write for nearest.\n185 University Extension Divisions, Museums, etc. - Large library of films - Mainly educational, some entertainment - 35mm and 16mm, silent and sound - \"flam\" and \"non-flam\" - Terms not specified.\na. University of Arizona, Tucson, New York, Buffalo Society for the Arts and Sciences\nb. University of California, Berkeley, Natural Sciences, Buffalo\nc. University of Colorado, Boulder, North Dakota, Agricultural College, Fargo\nd. University of Illinois, Urbana, Ohio, Department of Education,\ne. Indiana University, Bloomington, Columbus\nf. Iowa State College, Ames, Oklahoma, University, Norman\ng. University of Iowa, Iowa City, Oregon, Agricultural College,\nh. University of Kansas, Lawrence, Corvallis\ni. University of Kentucky, Lexington, Pennsylvania, Commercial Museum, State House, Boston\nj. Massachusetts Department of Education, Museum, Philadelphia\nk. University of Minnesota, Vermillion, Minneapolis\nl. University of Texas, Austin\nm. University of Missouri, Columbia, Utah, Brigham Young University, Provo.\nTrenton, Wisconsin, University, Madison: 144 producers and distributors \"1000 and One\"\nUniversity of Chicago Press, 5750 Ellis Ave., Chicago: 186 films \u2014 science and educational subjects, all 35mm and 16mm, sound-on-film; sell both, rent only 16mm, serve Middle West.\nUniversity of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Okla.: 2 films \u2014 American Indian life, 16mm silent, rent or sell.\nVenard, C. L., 702 South Adams St., Peoria, Ill.: 175 films \u2014 agricultural, 35mm silent mostly, a few 16mm, flam and non-flam, rent, sell and \"free\".\nVictor Animatograph Corporation, Film Division, 242 W. 55th St., New York City: 200 films \u2014 Erpi subjects, many entertainment features and shorts, all 16mm sound-on-film, sell.\n(See advertisement on inside back cover)\nVisual Education Service, 470 Stuart St., Boston, Mass.: About 500 films \u2014 general educational subjects, 16mm silent, some.\nRepresentatives for Edited Pictures System and Erpi Picture Consultants in New England:\n191 Warner Brothers (Primarily theatrical), 191 W. 44th St., New York City\nMany films \u2013 entertainment features, comedies, and novelty subjects \u2013 all 35mm sound-on-film \u2013 rent or sell \u2013 exchanges in 31 key cities \u2013 write for nearest.\n\nWeil, J. H. and Company, 1315 Cherry St., Philadelphia, PA:\n20 films \u2013 general educational subjects \u2013 half 35mm, half 16mm silent \u2013 rent, sell, and some \"free\" \u2013 serve Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, and District of Columbia.\n\nWestern Electric Company, 120 W. 41st St., New York City:\n37 films \u2013 industrial \u2013 all 35mm silent except 12 in 35mm and 16mm sound-on-film and sound-on-disk \u2013 flam in sound, non-flam in silent \u2013 all \"free\" except 16mm sound, which is for sale only.\nWestinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa. - 13 films (10 silent in 35mm, 3 in 35mm sound-on-film, 7 in 35mm sound-on-film non-flam \"free\" for headquarters and district offices. San Francisco office serves west of Rocky Mountain.)\n\nWhitall Tatum Company, 225 Varick St., New York City - 2 films (both silent in 16mm \"free\").\n\nWhite King Soap Company, 617 E. First St., Los Angeles, Cal. - 2 films (both silent in 16mm \"free\").\n\nWholesome Films Service, Inc., 48 Melrose St., Boston, Mass. - Large library of educational, religious and entertainment subjects (mostly 35mm silent, 25% 16mm). Offers 75 in 35mm sound-on-film features for New England only (a few 16mm sound-on-film, flam and non-flam).\n\nWild Flower Preservation Society, 3740 Oliver St., Washington, D. C.\n1 film on book making, 16mm silent, free.\n200 Winthrop Chemical Company, Inc., Division of Motion Pictures, 170 Varick St., New York City, 3 films on medical subjects, 35mm or 16mm silent, non-flam, free to medical groups.\n201 Yale University Press Film Service, 386 Fourth Ave., New York City, distributors of \"The Chronicles of America Photoplays\", 35mm and 16mm silent, flam and non-flam, rent or lease. Obtainable from many different sources throughout the country, but arrangements should always be made directly with headquarters.\n202 Y.M.C.A., National Council of, Motion Picture Bureau, 347 Madison Ave., New York City; 19 S. LaSalle St., Chicago.\nLarge library of films on all subjects \u2014 mostly 16mm silent, about 25% 35mm silent, 50 in 35mm sound-on-film, 150 in 16mm sound-on-film \u2014 non-flam. Rent and \"free.\"\n\nEleventh Edition\n\nADVERTISEMENT\n\nOne name that has been most often and most prominently associated with important achievements and new developments in 16 mm. Motion Picture Equipment manufacture is that of VICTOR... 16 mm!s Pioneer.\n\nOf all achievements, however, VICTOR is proudest of giving the world Greater Values in Really Fine Equipments. 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Today, Eastman Safety Film, presenting even less hazard than so much newsprint paper, automatically protects all of the important elements involved: the projectionist, the audience, the building. Be sure to get this protection. Whenever you order \"movies,\" insist that they be printed on this safe film. Eastman.\n[MAN]\nKodak Company, Rochester, NY (J.E. Brulatour, Inc., Distributors, New York, Chicago, Hollywood.)\nEASTMAN SAFETY FILM\nLIBRARY OF CONGRESS", "source_dataset": "Internet_Archive", "source_dataset_detailed": "Internet_Archive_LibOfCong"},
{"language": "eng", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "sponsor": "The Library of Congress", "contributor": "The Library of Congress", "date": "1935", "title": "The adventures of Bunny Bob-tail", "creator": "Low, Ruth Irma. [from old catalog]", "lccn": "35006772", "collection": ["library_of_congress", "fedlink", "americana"], "shiptracking": "ST010819", "partner_shiptracking": "IAGC145", "call_number": "10169377", "identifier_bib": "00024612120", "lc_call_number": "PZ7.L96 Ad", "possible-copyright-status": "The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item.", "note": "If you have a question or comment about this digitized item from the collections of the Library of Congress, please use the Library of Congress \u201cAsk a Librarian\u201d form: <a href=\"https://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/ask-internetarchive.html\">https://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/ask-internetarchive.html</a>", "publisher": "Boston, Lothrop, Lee and Shepard company", "description": "p. cm", "mediatype": "texts", "repub_state": "19", "page-progression": "lr", "publicdate": "2019-04-04 12:13:48", "updatedate": "2019-04-04 13:15:59", "updater": "associate-richard-greydanus@archive.org", "identifier": "adventuresofbunn00lowr", "uploader": "associate-richard-greydanus@archive.org", "addeddate": "2019-04-04 13:16:01", "operator": "associate-richard-greydanus@archive.org", "tts_version": "2.1-final-2-gcbbe5f4", "camera": "Sony Alpha-A6300 (Control)", "scanner": "scribe2.capitolhill.archive.org", "imagecount": "154", "scandate": "20190408184241", "ppi": "300", "republisher_operator": "associate-leah-mabaga@archive.org", "republisher_date": "20190410131120", "republisher_time": "210", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://archive.org/details/adventuresofbunn00lowr", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t70w62d7j", "scanfee": "300;10.7;214", "invoice": "36", "openlibrary_edition": "OL26844684M", "openlibrary_work": "OL19623690W", "curation": "[curator]associate-manuel-dennis@archive.org[/curator][date]20190508172710[/date][state]approved[/state][comment]invoice201904[/comment]", "sponsordate": "20190430", "additional-copyright-note": "No known restrictions; no copyright renewal found.", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:1156062631", "backup_location": "ia906901_3", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.21", "ocr_converted": "abbyy-to-hocr 1.1.37", "page_number_confidence": "94", "page_number_module_version": "1.0.3", "creation_year": 1935, "content": "Class Book Copyright 1935 by Ruth Irma Low. All rights reserved. Including the rights to reproduce this book or parts thereof in any form.\n\nContents\n\nHow Bunny Bob-tail Was Named\nBunny Bob-tail Finds Something\nTwo Rabbits and a Pie\nHow a Little Bunny Took a Bath .\nBunny Bob-tail Has a Quarrel .\nMr. Fox Goes Calling\nMrs. Rabbit Loses Something\nBunny Takes a Tumble\nBunny Bob-tail Tells a Lie\nAunt Sarah Rabbit Comes to Bunnyville\nThe Story of a Foolish Bunny .\nBunny Hears About Baby Buttercup.\n[Bunny Bob-tail Gives a Party\nBunny Bob-tail Hears a New Story\nAunt Sarah Tells Another Story\nA Story About a Lion ...\nMrs. Black Rabbit's Sunflower\nBunny Bob-tail Plays a Trick\nThe Bunnies Play Seesaw\nSome Queer Little Lights\nThe Pinky Rabbits Call on Bunny Bob-tail\nBunny Bob-tail Goes Visiting\nWhat Happened to a Dish of Candy\n\nContents\nPage\nBunny Bob-tail at the Pond . 86\nWhy Bunny Bob-tail Didn't Get Some Toys . . 92\nThe Bunnies Play \u201cJack and the Beanstalk\u201d . 97\nBunny Bob-tail and the Bee . 101\nBunny Bob-tail Gets a Scare . 103\nHow Bunny Did an Errand . 109\nThe Bunnies Play Indian . 112\nBunny Bob-tail Does Some Painting . . . 115\nBunny Bob-tail Runs Away . 118\nA Visit to Grandma's . 124\nThe Story of a Sand Pile . 127\nBunny Bob-tail Disobeys . 131]\n\n[The Adventures of Bunny Bob-Tail\nThe Adventures of Bunny Bob-Tail\nHow Bunny Bob-Tail Was Named]\nWhen his grandmother said, \"This bunny has an unusually short tail. In fact, I think it is a bob-tail,\" the baby bunny's father exclaimed, \"Now that is a splendid name for our new baby rabbit. Bunny Bob-tail! It just suits him!\" So Bunny Bob-tail he was called. Mrs. Rabbit thought there never was such a clever little bunny in all Bunnyville, and as for his grandmother, who lived on the other side of the hill, she could not pet him enough. Bunny Bob-tail grew every day. His very best friend was Johnny Rabbit, who lived next door. What happy times the two bunnies had together! Sometimes they were naughty, but almost always they tried to be good, obedient rabbits. As Mother Rabbit said to Mrs. Black Rabbit, \"The Adventures of Bunny Bob-tail\"\nJohnny's mamma: \"I feel that I can trust our two bunnies together. But there are some rabbits who live in the white house far up the road, and I have forbidden Bunny Bob-tail to play with them as they are naughty rabbits.\n\nMrs. Black Rabbit: \"And I never allow the Pinky rabbits in my yard. Do you know that last summer when I took Johnny to visit his cousins in the village next to Bunnyville, the Pinky rabbits came into my garden and stole most of my lettuce and carrots? Only for the postman, we should have had nothing left.\n\n\"Just as he arrived, those bad rabbits scampered out through the gate. I wonder they didn't die from eating so much.\n\nBut I'm glad to say there were many good rabbits in Bunnyville, of whom we shall hear more in these stories.\n\nBunny Bob-tail Finds Something\"\nLet's go out in the woods and play today, said Bunny Bob-tail to his friend Johnny Rabbit one afternoon in summer. I'll be glad to, said Johnny Rabbit. Do you suppose we'll find any strawberries? Maybe, answered Bunny Bob-tail.\n\nSo after lunch they started for the woods. They found some pretty flowers and some strawberries. I love strawberries, said Johnny Rabbit. Don't talk when you have something in your mouth, said Bunny Bob-tail. It's very bad manners. I know it, said the other bunny, but I forgot just that once.\n\nThen the two little friends wandered on through the woods. Suddenly Johnny Rabbit stood still. Listen! he whispered.\n\nBoth rabbits listened. Tap-tap-tippy-tap was what they heard.\n\nOh, Bunny Bob-tail, I'm so scared! said Johnny Rabbit. Will you come home with me?\n\"Nonsense,\" said the other. \"That's only a woodpecker, and he won't harm you.\"\n\n\"Oh, I'm not afraid of birds,\" said Johnny Rabbit. \"Only I didn't know who could be making that funny noise.\"\n\n\"Ask me if you want to know anything about birds,\" said Bunny Bob-tail, proudly. \"I can tell you about the meadow lark and the blue jay and the oriole and many others.\"\n\nThey then came to an open place in the woods. In front of them was a hill. They climbed it, and on the top was a queer-looking object. It was small and had three wheels.\n\n\"What do you suppose that is?\" asked Bunny Bob-tail, who saw the object first.\n\n\"I'm sure I don't know,\" replied Johnny Rabbit.\n\n\"Now I don't know the name of it, but I am very sure I have seen boys riding on one near my house,\" said Bunny.\n\nThen he looked at the wheels and decided to have a closer look.\nJohnny held the tricycle for Bunny Bob-tail. But before he could jump on, the wheels began to move. Bunny was caught riding down the hill instead.\n\n\"Oh!\" Johnny Rabbit shrieked. \"You'll get hurt, Bunny Bob-tail. Hold on tight!\"\n\nBunny did hold on, but rabbits aren't naturally good tricycle riders. He went down the hill too fast. When he finally reached the bottom, he would have been fine if he could steer into the tall grass. But since he couldn't, the tricycle and Bunny Bob-tail went into a barberry bush. It was not a nice, soft place to land.\n\nBunny picked himself up and found many scratches.\nJohnny had bruises that weren't there when he left home. Johnny Rabbit helped him walk, and after a long time, Bunny Bob-tail limped into his yard.\n\n\"Oh, Bunny Bob-tail!\" his mother said when she heard what had happened. \"If only you would learn to keep away from things that don't belong to you! But I do hope you have had your first and last tricycle ride.\"\n\nTwo Rabbits and a Pie\n\nMrs. Black Rabbit and Bunny Bob-tail's mother had gone to the city to shop and had warned the bunnies to be very good while they were away.\n\n\"You will find some raisin cookies in the cookie box,\" Mrs. Rabbit had said, \"but don't eat too many or you'll get sick.\"\n\nBunny Bob-tail and Johnny Rabbit played school and took turns at being teacher. They had great fun. Once when Johnny Rabbit was the pupil, he ran away, and what a merry chase he led his teacher.\nTwo bunnies in the garden and yard.\n\n\"Don't you think it's time for some cookies?\" asked Bunny. \"Let's go and get some and then we'll play again.\"\n\nThe two bunnies helped themselves to raisin cookies. They were ready to leave the pantry when Bunny Bob-tail saw something on one of the upper shelves. It was a nice pie covered with sticky white frosting.\n\n\"See what we're going to have for supper, Johnny,\" cried Bunny. \"It's a cream pie!\"\n\nJohnny Rabbit had never tasted cream pie, but he liked the looks of it.\n\n\"Dear me!\" exclaimed Bunny Bob-tail, unable to imagine what it could be like not to have tasted anything so delicious. \"I'll give you a teeny, weeny taste of this one,\" said Bunny Bob-tail. He cut a teeny, weeny piece of cream pie.\n\n\"It's just the nicest thing I ever tasted,\" said Johnny Rabbit.\nBunny Bob-tail handed another piece to Johnny. After that, he helped himself to some. All this time, Bunny Bob-tail stood on a chair. He had taken the cream pie down to cut it more easily. Just as he was putting back what was left, the plate slipped and crashed to the floor.\n\nThe Adventures of Bunny Bob-tail\n\n\"Oh, Johnny Rabbit, look at that pie! What will Mother say?\" he cried. Just then, Mother Rabbit came in and saw two tearful little bunnies viewing half a cream pie and a broken plate on the pantry floor.\n\nShe told Bunny Bob-tail what a naughty rabbit he had been to take what was not his. Then she sent him to bed to think over what he had done. He did not climb the pantry shelf for cream pie again.\n\nHow a Little Bunny Took a Bath\n\n\"Please, Mrs. Black Rabbit, may Johnny go for a bath?\"\nA walk with me?\" asked Bunny Bob-tail from over the fence one morning.\n\"Yes, he may go with you,\" replied Mrs. Black Rabbit from the pantry where she was making blueberry pies for dinner.\nThe two little friends went through the fields, sometimes stopping to gather flowers or berries. Soon they came to a road they had never seen before.\n\"I think some little boys live there,\" said Johnny, \"because I see a cart and a rocking-horse in the yard. Let's go in and look around.\"\nIn they went and they saw many toys out under the trees, but no little boys were in sight.\n\"There is a tub full of water,\" cried Johnny suddenly, and the two bunnies went nearer. They saw a pretty little boat sailing about in the tub of water.\n\"It doesn't go fast enough,\" said Bunny Bob-tail, and he jumped up and pushed the boat so as to make it go faster.\nBut the rabbit fell into the tub, splash! splash! splash! He was very much scared. Johnny Rabbit screamed, and two little boys came running out of a barn near by.\n\n\"What a cute bunny!\" one boy exclaimed. Then he saw Bunny Bob-tail floundering around in the water. He quickly took him out and told him to sit on the grass and let the sun dry his wet clothes.\n\nThen the boys talked kindly to the rabbits, and the older one said it was always best for bunnies not to meddle with things which did not belong to them.\n\n\"My mother has told me that many times,\" confessed Bunny Bob-tail, quite ashamed.\n\n\"The best bunnies in the whole world are those who always obey their mothers,\" the boy also said.\n\nBy and by, the boys found out where Bunny Bob-tail and Johnny Rabbit lived and rode them all the way home in their cart.\n\nBunny Bob-tail has a quarrel.\nJohnny Rabbit and his friend Bunny Bob-tail were playing in a field one day when they found a ball. They saw it at the same time. It was a very pretty ball with red, white, and blue stripes. Johnny Rabbit and Bunny Bob-tail were delighted with it. They played for a long time. Finally, Bunny Bob-tail said, \"It is time to go home. I am very hungry and I'm sure it's time for supper.\" So the two rabbits started to go home. On the way, Bunny Bob-tail said, \"Johnny, give me the ball. It might not be safe in your tent, so I'll keep it up on the shelf in my kitchen.\" \"Perhaps it would roll off the shelf,\" said Johnny Rabbit. \"I really think that my tent is the place for it.\" They quarreled over the ball. \"You can't have that ball,\" said Johnny Rabbit, growing angrier every minute.\nI'm going to get the ball, cried Bunny Bob-tail, just as angry now as the other. Then the two friends said many naughty things to each other and called each other names. The quarrel grew very much more serious, and I'm sorry to say that Bunny Bob-tail and Johnny Rabbit lost their tempers, just as people sometimes do when they quarrel. Those two rabbits were soon really fighting. Bunny Bob-tail hit Johnny Rabbit in the face. Johnny hit him back. Then such a contest as followed! In the midst of it, Bunny Bob-tail's father came along.\n\nHe could not believe his eyes. There was his own son fighting. \"What is this all about?\" he asked when he had separated the two bunnies.\n\"Johnny stole the ball and I told him to give it back,\" said Bunny Bob-tail, ashamed. \"Whose ball is it?\" asked Bunny's father. \"It's mine,\" said the rabbits together. \"That can't be,\" said Mr. Rabbit. \"Where did you get the ball?\" Then Johnny Rabbit told about finding it and having fun playing. \"But we found it at the same time. Bunny wanted to keep it and I wanted to keep it,\" Johnny said. \"Well, well,\" exclaimed Mr. Rabbit. \"I thought that two bunnies who were such good friends knew better than to quarrel over a ball. Couldn't you compromise?\" he asked. \"We don't know what 'compromise' is,\" said Bunny Bob-tail. \"It means to settle things without quarreling,\" answered Mr. Rabbit. \"Now Johnny Rabbit could keep the ball for a week, and then Bunny Bob-tail could keep it for the next week, and so on.\"\nI. The Adventures of Bunny Bob-Tail\n\"I guess we'll always try to compromise hereafter,\" said Bunny Bob-tail and Johnny Rabbit simultaneously. They said their goodbyes and ran home, remaining good friends.\n\nII. Mr. Fox Goes Calling\nMrs. Rabbit had gone calling one fine day, and Bunny Bob-tail suggested it would be a splendid time for him and Johnny Rabbit to have a good game of hopscotch. The two bunnies could not play hopscotch without making a great deal of noise, and Bunny's mother could not hear herself think when they acted that way. They were having a grand time, with Bunny Bob-tail winning most of the games, when they heard a pleasant voice at the gate.\n\n\"Bunny Bob-tail, do let me in, and I'll show you a brand-new way to play hopscotch,\" the stranger said.\n\nJohnny Rabbit whispered, \"It's Mr. Fox.\"\nBut Bunny was not scared. \"No, indeed,\" he said, \"and I'm simply crazy to learn a new way to play hopscotch.\" Down to the gate he went and unfastened it so that the visitor could enter.\n\n\"What a fine garden you have!\" began Mr. Fox in his flattering way.\n\n\"We have lots of fun here,\" replied Bunny Bob-tail. \"But please show us the brand-new way to play hopscotch.\"\n\n\"Well, you stand in the first square,\" said the fox, \"and instead of hopping into the second, you turn a somersault in the air and try to come down in the second square, like this.\" And he showed them the way.\n\nBoth bunnies were delighted. That was an extremely difficult thing to do, and try as they would, neither one could do it. Of course they thought the fox was wonderful.\n\n\"But I have stayed longer than I expected.\"\nMr. Fox: \"And I must be on my way now. Why don't you bunnies come over to my home in the woods for a time? I can show you many more good tricks.\"\n\n\"We'd love to!\" exclaimed the two rabbits, and all three started down the road to the fox's home.\n\nBefore long they saw Bunny Bob-tail's father coming toward them. Sly Mr. Fox saw him too and ran pell-mell across the meadow.\n\n\"Oh, you foolish little rabbits, to be led away by a fox!\" said Bunny's father. He told them that Mr. Fox meant to play a mean trick on them, and also that bunnies made a very good dinner for a fox.\n\nBunny Bob-tail learned a lesson, and Johnny Rabbit did too, but they kept trying to play hopscotch by turning a somersault in the air.\n\n\"Bunny Bob-tail,\" called out Mrs. Rabbit one day.\nBunny Bob-tail scampered into the house in the morning. He had been gone for an unusually long time.\n\n\"I can't find my scissors, Mother,\" he said when he finally came out. \"I have really hunted in your work basket and everywhere.\"\n\nMrs. Rabbit could not understand it. \"I had them yesterday, I am positive,\" she said. \"Think hard, Bunny Bob-tail. Did you take my scissors to cut the flowers with last night just after supper?\"\n\n\"Yes, Mother, but I'm sure I put them back where I found them,\" Bunny replied.\n\n\"Let us look over in the garden,\" said Mrs. Rabbit.\n\nMrs. Rabbit loses something.\n\n\"Sometimes, you know, little bunnies are forgetful, although they don't mean to be.\"\n\nThen Bunny Bob-tail and his mother searched through every nook and corner of the garden.\n\"Oh Mother, here are your scissors right under the yellow rosebush. But they are very funny-looking and all rusty-like,\" cried Bunny.\n\n\"Of course they are rusty,\" said Mother Rabbit. \"They were left out all night, and you remember it rained hard during most of the night. My son,\" continued Mrs. Rabbit, \"careless people make lots of work for others. If you had put the scissors back last night, instead of leaving them outdoors, they would be as good as new today.\"\n\nBunny Bobtail was sorry and made up his mind to be more careful in the future. Then he ran over to play jackstones with Johnny Rabbit, who was waiting for him with two delicious lollipops which Mr. Black Rabbit had brought home from town.\n\n\"Bunny Takes a Tumble\n\nIn the next town to Bunnyville there was to be a circus, and on many fences and barns large pictures announced its arrival.\"\nThere were wonderful things to see: a woman on horseback, a man in a balloon, and another man walking on a tight rope high in the air. The boys and girls stopped to look at the pictures and planned to go to the circus. Bunny Bobtail and Johnny Rabbit admired the clever things done by the circus performers. Bunny thought it was smart for a person to walk on a rope without falling.\n\n\"Johnny Rabbit, I think I could walk across the fence in the meadow,\" said Bunny.\n\n\"Oh, dear me, you'd fall and scratch your pink nose,\" exclaimed his friend.\n\n\"You just watch me,\" returned courageous Bunny.\n\nBunny took a tumble, as the two rabbits scampered through the meadow. It was difficult enough to walk on the top of any fence, but the one in the meadow was very narrow.\nJohnny helped Bunny Bob-tail climb up. At first, Bunny Bob-tail walked very slowly. It was great fun! Johnny Rabbit stood near by cheering his playmate. \"Don't go too fast,\" he warned when Bunny Bob-tail quickened his pace.\n\nBut Bunny Bob-tail went too fast, and over the fence he fell on a big rock. Johnny hastened to the place where he had fallen.\n\n\"Oh, my nose!\" cried Bunny Bob-tail.\n\n\"There's a long scratch on it,\" said Johnny Rabbit. Then the two bunnies went home, and Mrs. Rabbit poured something out of a bottle and put it on the scratched pink nose. All the rest of the week Bunny Bob-tail wore a piece of court-plaster over the scratch, and you may be sure that he did not play circus for a long, long time.\nOne kept it a week at a time. Bunny Bob-tail had kept it three days when Johnny Rabbit came over one morning.\n\n\"Oh, Bunny Bob-tail!\" cried Johnny. \"I wonder if you'll let me take the ball over in my yard today? You see, my father and mother have gone away for the day and I'll have to stay at home and play alone. The next week you may keep it two extra days.\"\n\n\"Can't you come over and play with me?\" inquired Bunny Bob-tail.\n\n\"No, I wish I could,\" said Johnny Rabbit. \"But mother said to stay in the yard. She said I might run over and ask you for the ball but to come right back.\"\n\n\"That's too bad,\" said Bunny Bob-tail. Then he did a naughty thing. He told a lie. \"I've lost the ball,\" he said.\n\n\"Oh, what a shame!\" exclaimed Johnny Rabbit. \"But when did you lose it and how did it happen?\"\nLast night, after supper, my father and I were playing ball in the yard. My father told me, \"Bunny Bob-tail, you're a wonderful ball player. In fact, if you try, you could easily hit the roof of that big house over there.\" I threw the ball up high with all my might to test this. I touched the roof, but the ball didn't come back. I got up early and searched the field for it but couldn't find it.\n\nJohnny Rabbit said, \"I'm sorry, Bunny Bob-tail, but I'm sure the ball is somewhere in the field. I'll go over the fence and find it for you soon.\"\n\nHowever, Bunny Bob-tail was lying. The ball was in the corner of the box where he kept it.\nBut Johnny Rabbit climbed the fence and was going to jump down on the other side in the nice, soft grass \u2014 when he fell! He cried very hard.\n\n\"What's the matter, Johnny Rabbit, and what are you crying for?\" asked Bunny Bob-tail, very much frightened.\n\n\"Oh, I've scratched my face on a big rock,\" said the other.\n\nJust then Bunny Bob-tail's mother ran out and picked Johnny up and carried him into the house. Then she bathed his face and put a bandage over the scratch.\n\n\"Oh, Johnny Rabbit,\" cried Bunny, very sorry now, \"I told a wrong story. The ball is in my box now. I never threw it up and hit the roof. And if I hadn't told you that, you never would have jumped up on the fence and fallen off and cut your face.\"\n\nThen she bathed his face and put a bandage over the scratch.\n\nBunny Bob-tail tells a lie.\n\"wrong story,\" said Bunny Bob-tail's mother. \"I hope you will never tell another. I never will, Mother,\" promised Bunny Bob-tail. \"And Johnny Rabbit, you may have the ball for the rest of the summer.\"\n\nAunt Sarah Rabbit Comes to Bunnyville\n\n\"Come and put on your best white suit, Bunny dear,\" said Mrs. Rabbit early one morning, \"because we are going to the station to meet Aunt Sarah, who will spend a few days with us here in Bunnyville.\"\n\n\"Oh, I am so glad,\" exclaimed the little rabbit, \"for my Aunt Sarah can tell stories better than anyone in the world!\"\n\n\"Better than Grandma?\" asked his mother.\n\n\"Oh, I think so,\" replied Bunny, \"because Grandma's stories aren't very long, but Aunt Sarah tells me stories that last ever so long.\"\n\nMother Rabbit dressed her son in his very best white suit, and soon they were on their way to the Bunnyville station.\nAunt Sarah arrived with her bag and baggage, and she kissed Bunny Bob-tail and his mother. She exclaimed, \"Oh, my dear little Bunny, you can never guess what I have brought you!\" Bunny Bob-tail guessed everything from a box of candy to a parrot, but he was wrong every time. So, Aunt Sarah had to reveal the truth. She had brought him a jump-rope! Not an ordinary jump-rope like some children in Bunnyville used, but a smooth rope with splendid, shiny handles. Bunny Bob-tail was delighted and couldn't wait to get home and open his precious bundle. Right away, he called his friend Johnny to see his new plaything. However, Bunny Bob-tail was not accustomed to jumping rope, and at the very first attempt, he stumbled.\nA rabbit tripped and went into the middle of a puddle, covering his best white suit with mud. The Adventures of Bunny Bob-tail. And it was indeed a sorry sight. But after he had put on some overalls, he went out again, and he and Johnny jumped rope to their hearts' content. The Story of a Foolish Bunny.\n\n\"Please tell me a long, long story, Auntie,\" coaxed Bunny Bob-tail the very first night of his aunt's visit.\n\n\"Now I wonder what kind of a story you'd like to hear,\" his aunt replied.\n\n\"I think I should like to hear about a bunny,\" said the little rabbit.\n\nSo Aunt Sarah began the story: \"One day a rabbit said to himself, 'I am tired of living in this lonesome spot. I do not like the company of rabbits, anyway, so I will hunt for a home where there won't be a bunny in sight. I am far too clever for them.'\"\nThe rabbit went through the woods and came to a queer-looking house. He walked in and settled in a comfortable chair. The Adventures of Bunny Bob-Tail. \"This will make a most delightful home, and I'm sure no rabbits will disturb me here,\" he told himself. Then the bunny dozed off and dreamed he was a king. When he awakened, he heard someone rapping at the door, which the rabbit had locked. \"Who is there?\" demanded the rabbit. \"It is I, Mr. Fox, and I should like to know who you are to be in my house while I am locked out,\" was the answer. \"Dear me,\" replied the rabbit, who was not yet fully awake, \"I am a king, and this is my castle. But I shall be pleased to have you for a visitor.\"\n\"The sly fox said to the king rabbit, 'Unlock the door and let us have a feast, as I have brought plenty of food with me.' So the rabbit opened the door, and they had a grand feast. But all the time, the fox was planning to make the rabbit fall asleep so that he could make a meal of him.\n\nThe Story of the Foolish Bunny\n\n\"By and by he said, 'King Rabbit, do you hear the horses galloping through the forest?'\n\n\"'I hear nothing but the rustling of the leaves overhead,' the rabbit replied.\n\n\"'Ah, then, you should shut your eyes tight, as I am doing, and then you will hear much better,' said Mr. Fox.\n\n\"The foolish rabbit did shut his eyes, and before he knew where he was, the fox had pounced upon him and eaten him up for the rest of his supper. And that was the end of the foolish bunny.\"\n\nHe was a proud rabbit, thinking himself.\n\"Bunny Bob-tail said, 'I am better than my friends,' and he thanked his aunt for telling him the story. He fell asleep thinking about the fun he and Johnny Rabbit would have the next day.\n\n\"Aunt Sarah Rabbit asked, 'What shall it be tonight, Bunny Bob-tail, a story about a fox or a bear?' one night just before the bunny's bedtime.\n\n\"'I'd like to hear a story about some flowers,' replied Bunny Bob-tail.\n\n\"So his aunt told him a story called 'Baby Buttercup.'\n\n\"'Out on the very edge of a field where the grass was greenest, there grew some lovely buttercups, as yellow as yellow could be,' she began. 'Apart from the larger flowers grew one little buttercup which seemed paler and less beautiful than her sister flowers.'\n\n\"'Now the larger buttercups were very proud of themselves,' she continued, 'and they stood up straight and tall.'\"\nThe children weren't kind to Baby Buttercup. \"You'll never grow to be beautiful, and look like us,\" they said. \"Nobody ever notices you, you pale little bloom.\"\n\nBunny Hears About Baby Buttercup\n\nOne day, some children walking through the field stopped to admire the buttercups. \"What beautiful flowers!\" said the tallest girl.\n\n\"Here is a pale little blossom,\" said another. \"She doesn't seem to grow. She is so tiny. I think she must be Baby Buttercup.\" Then the children were gone.\n\n\"What did I tell you?\" asked one of the buttercups of the tiny blossom. \"You will never grow. You are a pale, sickly flower. 'Baby Buttercup' is indeed a fine name for you!\" And the taller buttercups laughed at the poor little flower.\n\nA few days later, the children came through the field again. This time, the oldest girl carried a flower basket. She picked Baby Buttercup and placed it in the basket with the other buttercups.\n\n\"Here, Bunny,\" she said, handing the basket to her sister. \"You can take care of these flowers while we go play.\" And the children left the field.\n\nBunny was surprised to find Baby Buttercup among the flowers. She carefully tended to it, watering it and placing it in the sun. To her amazement, Baby Buttercup began to grow. It wasn't long before it was as beautiful as the other buttercups.\n\nBunny was thrilled and told Baby Buttercup about the kindness of the oldest girl. \"You see,\" she said, \"it only takes one kind word to make a difference.\" And Baby Buttercup bloomed even more beautifully than before.\nA pot filled with earth, and she had a knife in hand.\n\"What will become of us?\" the buttercups asked one another. But the children did not notice the buttercups this time. They were watching to see what the tallest girl was doing.\n\nThe Adventures of Bunny Bob-Tail\n\nShe dug up Baby Buttercup by the roots and planted her in the little flowerpot. Then the girl carried the flowerpot home and placed it on the window sill.\n\nBaby Buttercup grew tall and yellow, and everyone said, \"What a handsome plant! And how yellow the blossom!\" This pleased the flower as she had never been pleased before. Every day the tallest girl watered the plant.\n\nThe sunbeams came in the morning to play with her. One day the tallest girl entered the room with a vase of flowers. She placed them on the window sill next to Baby Buttercup.\n\"Then she held up the flowerpot and said, 'Oh, my dear Baby Buttercup! You are no longer a baby blossom, but the tallest and fairest flower of all!' And she kissed the yellow blossom and then set the flowerpot down and went out.\n\nThe buttercups in the vase looked at each other in dismay, for they had never dreamed that this wonderful plant could be pale and sickly. Little Baby Buttercup.\n\nAnd they said to one another, 'To think that we must wither in a few days and then die, while that Baby Buttercup who looked as if she would never grow up is here, root and all, and will be here all summer long.'\n\nThen one wise old buttercup said, 'But such is the way of the world, and of what use is it to complain?'\"\nGrandma Rabbit visited Bunny Bob-tail and asked, \"Would a little bunny I know like to visit me tomorrow and have a party?\" Bunny Bob-tail jumped around in great glee and asked, \"May I invite Johnny Rabbit and eight other little bunnies?\" Grandma replied, \"Indeed, you may.\" Bunny Bob-tail scampered off to invite his friends, and they all accepted. The day seemed to never arrive, but when it did, Bunny Bob-tail was up bright and early and asked his mother when the party was to begin. \"Not until two o'clock this afternoon,\" she told him. Then he and Johnny Rabbit played store until the party started.\nThe little rabbits played ball and farmer in the dell, among other games, after arriving at Grandma's house at two o'clock. Johnny Rabbit was \"it\" for tag ten times. During hide and seek, Little Gray Rabbit, one of the visitors, hid in a haystack and couldn't be found for a long time. After finishing the games, Aunt Sarah Rabbit called the bunnies over to the table spread out on the lawn. They saw a variety of good things, including everything they could wish for. Johnny Rabbit preferred lettuce sandwiches, but Bunny Bob-tail favored chocolate cake and strawberry ice cream, which he consumed eagerly.\n\nThe Adventures of Bunny Bob-Tail\nThe bunnies played more games and, after thanking Grandma Rabbit for the splendid party, they all set out for home. That night, Bunny Bob-tail did not sleep well. \"Mother,\" he called in a very weak voice, \"I feel very queer. I shouldn't wonder if I had eaten too much ice cream.\" Mother Rabbit was sure that was the trouble, and soon she brought some bitter-tasting medicine for Bunny Bob-tail to take. He did not like it one bit.\n\n\"When rabbits eat as much as elephants, they must expect to be sick,\" was what Mother Rabbit said to her son.\n\nBunny Bob-tail begged his Aunt Sarah Rabbit to tell him a new story about a king, and so his aunt began: \"There once lived a king who liked very much to wander through the forest alone. He would disguise himself as a peasant and spend hours watching his subjects at play.\"\nIt happened one day that he was lost in the forest. Whichever way he turned, it seemed that he went farther and farther away from his palace. Finally, when night came on, the king said, \"I will lie on this soft moss and sleep, and tomorrow at daybreak I will try again to find the right path.\" Just then he heard voices. They seemed to come nearer and nearer to him. Soon the king saw by the light of a lantern, which they carried, two dwarfs. They, too, decided to pass the night where the king was already resting. Then one of the dwarfs spoke, \"Ah, we are not alone in the woods. May we ask who you are?\" \"Certainly,\" replied the king, \"I am but a poor peasant who is lost in the great forest. I was about to go to sleep when I heard your voices and saw your lanterns.\"\nThe dwarfs were satisfied that the stranger was an honest man, and they blew out their lantern and lay down to sleep beside him. Suddenly, from a distance, they heard the tramping of horses' hoofs and a long, low whistle. One of the dwarfs was awake in an instant. 'Follow me as quickly as you can,' he whispered to the king, 'or we shall be lost.' The king arose quietly, knowing that danger must be near, and followed the dwarf. In a very few minutes, the king found himself in a large, hollow tree, and both the dwarfs were with him. They had no sooner concealed themselves in the tree than the horses were heard tramping along the path directly in front of them. The men on horseback were talking. One of them said, 'The king must be in this forest, for he is not far off.'\nThe king, not knowing he had any enemies in the world, was greatly amazed at these words. When the men and their horses were far away from the hollow tree, one of the dwarfs said, \"That was a narrow escape for us. That band of robbers were looking for the king to take him to prison, but I have heard they take any one they find.\" \"But I am the king,\" said the man who was dressed as a peasant. The two dwarfs were astonished at this news. Then the king told them about his going into the forest and losing his way.\n\nThe dwarf who had told him about the robbers said, \"Tomorrow these bad men will again scour the woods for you. I know the paths of the forest well.\"\n\nThe Adventures of Bunny Bob-Tail\nThe second dwarf also wanted to go, so the three started for the palace at once. The dwarf who knew the way walked ahead carrying the lantern. They arrived at the palace gate in the morning. The king insisted they have breakfast before saying good-by, and after breakfast, he showed them a wonderful suite of rooms. This would be their home if they wished to stay, as they had been kind to both the peasant and the king and had saved the life of the latter when they could have easily fled in danger.\nThe dwarfs were overjoyed to think such good fortune had befallen them, and from that day lived happily in the great palace. The king's soldiers found the band of robbers the very next day and put them in prison, never again troubling the inhabitants of that country.\n\nAunt Sarah looked at Bunny Bob-tail a few minutes after she had finished, and what do you suppose? Bunny Bob-tail was fast asleep!\n\nAunt Sarah: I'd love to hear one of your very best stories, Bunny Bob-tail, one rainy afternoon. Then he curled up on the sofa beside his aunt, and she told him one of her very best stories.\n\nAunt Sarah: It all happened long ago when there were only brown rabbits in the world.\n\nBunny Bob-tail: Was it before I was born?\nIn a great dark forest, there lived a witch. She was sometimes friendly to the animals of the forest but at other times harsh and cruel to them. One day, a brown rabbit came to the witch's house and asked for food, as he could find none in the woods. 'If you will live here and be my servant, I will give you food,' said the witch. 'Otherwise, you must starve.' The rabbit didn't wish to starve and so promised to live in the witch's house and be her servant. But she was a hard mistress, making the poor creature work all day so that he could never go out of doors and play in the fresh air. One day, the little brown rabbit grew tired of it all and made up his mind to run away.\nUntil the witch was asleep, then he ran quietly out of the house and through the forest. But the witch was only pretending to sleep and ran after the bunny. She caught him and brought him back to the house.\n\n\"So you would leave me after I saved your life,\" she said angrily. The poor creature was so scared he could say nothing. Then the witch went on, \"Hereafter I mean to tie you so that you shall not escape.\"\n\nThe Adventures of Bunny Bob-Tail\n\nShe tied the brown rabbit so that he could not escape. He was very unhappy. After many days, a kind fairy came to the witch's house. This fairy could not be seen or heard by the witch.\n\n\"I am a fairy and will be your friend,\" she said to the rabbit. \"The queen of the fairies protects all the forest creatures, and has sent me to rescue you.\"\n\n\"When I tap with my wand three times,\" she continued.\n\"You must stand very still. You will see a great white cloud in the room, and it will cover you over. But do not fear, for all will be well. The fairy tapped three times with her wand and the brown rabbit saw the great white cloud fill the room. In a few moments the air was cleared, and the witch was sound asleep. The rabbit escaped then, but some of the great white cloud had covered him, and that is how there happened to be white rabbits.\n\n\"I'd like to hear a story about a lion and a wolf and a fox,\" said Bunny Bob-tail to his auntie, the last night of her visit.\n\nAunt Sarah thought for a long time, then she told the rabbit this story:\n\nOne day a fox sat wondering who was the king of the animals, for it happened that he had never known. So he went to the wolf and asked him. \"Oh, the lion is the king of the animals,\" said the wolf. \"Is that so?\" asked the fox. \"Yes,\" said the wolf, \"for the lion is the strongest and bravest of all the animals.\"\n\nThe fox then went to the lion and asked him the same question. \"I am the king of the animals,\" said the lion. \"Is that so?\" asked the fox. \"Yes,\" said the lion, \"for I am the strongest and bravest of all the animals.\"\n\nThe fox was pleased with the answer, but he thought to himself, \"I will find out who is the strongest and bravest of all, and then I will be the king.\" So he went to the elephant and asked him. \"Are you the strongest and bravest of all the animals?\" asked the fox. \"No,\" said the elephant, \"for the lion is stronger and braver than I.\"\n\nThe fox then went to the bear and asked him the same question. \"Are you the strongest and bravest of all the animals?\" asked the fox. \"No,\" said the bear, \"for the lion is stronger and braver than I.\"\n\nThe fox was disappointed, but he continued on his journey. He went to the eagle and asked him the same question. \"Are you the strongest and bravest of all the animals?\" asked the fox. \"No,\" said the eagle, \"for the lion is stronger and braver than I.\"\n\nThe fox was now very angry. He went back to the lion and challenged him to a fight. The lion accepted the challenge and they fought. The lion was stronger and braver than the fox, and he defeated him.\n\nThe other animals came to see what the commotion was about, and they were pleased to see that the lion was indeed the strongest and bravest of all. From that day on, the fox no longer questioned the lion's position as king of the animals.\"\nA fox and a wolf questioned who was king among the animals. The fox asked Mr. Wolf, who replied that he didn't know. They then visited Mr. Beaver, who suggested they ask Mr. Squirrel, as he had traveled extensively. Arriving at Mr. Squirrel's home, they inquired about the king. Mr. Squirrel suggested they consult Mr. Owl, who was reputed to be wise. Mr. Owl, upon being asked, began to speak:\n\n\"Is it possible that you creatures have lived in the woods and not know who is the king?\"\nThe lion is the king of the animals, and here he comes down the path now. I'd advise you not to be around when he comes, for he is apt to be hungry. Of course, all the creatures scampered off in different directions, and they always remembered who the king of the animals was.\n\nIt was a warm, sunny day in summer, and Mrs. Black Rabbit had taken Johnny to the beach. Bunny Bob-tail's mother had gone to spend the day with a sick friend, leaving the bunny to take care of himself.\n\n\"I should like very much to take you with me,\" she had said, \"but I fear you would be noisy, and you would disturb Miss White Rabbit, as she is quite ill. So, Bunny Bob-tail, I shall depend upon you to take very good care of yourself all day. I think I shall be back before evening.\"\nCan't trust you not to leave the yard and please do nothing of which I shall be ashamed. \"Father Rabbit will be home to lunch and I have left some cup custards on the ice for you both.\" Bunny Bob-tail was extremely fond of cup custards and wished that lunch would come quickly. Then he told his mother that he would jump rope and read his new story book and play jackstones. \"After that I'll bounce my ball against the fence,\" said the bunny. So Mrs. Rabbit went away, feeling glad that she had such a good son. Bunny Bob-tail played all the morning, and when his father came to lunch they ate the cup custards. Bunny told his father about all the things he had done. When his father went to work in the afternoon, Bunny Bob-tail was rather lonesome. \"I'm tired of all my games,\" he said to himself.\nHe looked over the fence to Johnny Rabbit's house. \"I wonder if I could hit that big sunflower in the middle of its face,\" he said. He threw the ball and it hit the sunflower squarely in the face, breaking the stem and causing the sunflower to droop sadly. That night, Mrs. Black Rabbit asked, \"Bunny Bobtail, did any bad boys come into my garden while I was away? My sunflower is broken.\"\n\n\"Oh, Mrs. Black Rabbit, it wasn't a bad boy, but a bad rabbit. It was I who tried to see if I could hit the middle of your big sunflower with my ball. I'm very sorry.\" Bunny ran into his house and upstairs, where he cried for a long time. His mother found him asleep when she returned.\nAnd the next morning she heard from Bunny Bob-tail the story of the sunflower. But he had learned a lesson and he never threw his ball at Mrs. Black Rabbit's flowers again.\n\nBUNNY BOB-TAIL PLAYS A TRICK\n\nOne fine day Mr. Rabbit, Bunny Bob-tail's father, and Mrs. Rabbit, Bunny's mother, went visiting in the city. They left Bunny Bob-tail at home, warning him to stay right in his own yard and to invite Johnny Rabbit over to play with him.\n\nWhen they had gone, Bunny Bob-tail said, \"Yes, I really am going to be the very best bunny in the whole town. I'll not leave my yard for one instant.\" And Bunny Bob-tail did as he said. All the morning he and Johnny Rabbit played in the tent in Bunny Bob-tail's yard.\n\nFirst they played circus. What a splendid time they had! Bunny Bob-tail was the clown. He danced and juggled and made balloon animals for Johnny Rabbit. Then they played store. Bunny Bob-tail was the shopkeeper, and Johnny Rabbit was the customer. They took turns being each role, and they made many pretend transactions. Finally, they played house. Bunny Bob-tail was the father, and Johnny Rabbit was the mother. They took turns being each role, and they acted out many pretend scenarios. They had a wonderful day, and when their parents returned, they were tired but happy.\nJohnny jumped and sang songs. Next, he was a great lion shut up in a cage. He roared and made believe he was trying to escape.\n\nBunny Bob-tail Plays a Trick\n\nJohnny Rabbit was the man who took the tickets. Of course, there wasn't anybody to give tickets to him, but he made believe the people were crowding and pushing to get in and see the wonderful show. Then Bunny Bob-tail found an old dishpan. He beat it with a stick. It sounded very much like a drum. Johnny Rabbit ran home to get his horn. Then the two made fine music.\n\nThe circus lasted until noontime. Then Bunny Bob-tail said, \"Johnny, wouldn't you like to stay to lunch with me? Guess what we have? There are sandwiches and oranges and chocolate pudding.\"\n\n\"Oh, I'd love to!\" exclaimed Johnny Rabbit. \"But first I must run home and ask my mother. Wait just three minutes, and I'll come back and tell you what she says.\"\nBunny Bob-tail and Johnny Rabbit ate heartily. It was warm outside, so Bunny Bob-tail set a table in his tent.\n\n\"Shall we play circus this afternoon?\" asked Johnny Rabbit.\n\n\"No, we'll have something different,\" replied Bunny Bob-tail. He didn't reveal what it was.\n\nWhen they cleared the table, washed and wiped the dishes, and put them away, Bunny Bob-tail suggested, \"Let's play school. I'll be the teacher, and you'll be the pupils.\"\n\n\"How can I be more than one pupil?\" Johnny Rabbit inquired.\n\n\"Well, I took more than one part in the circus. Can't you do the same?\" Bunny asked.\n\nSo they played school.\nJohnny Rabbit was such an unruly pupil that his teacher had to scold him often. He wouldn't study hard, and his writing was very poor. Bunny Bob-tail said, \"I shall have to see Master Rabbit and tell him that you are wasting your time in school.\"\n\nAfter school was dismissed, and the rabbits played ball and tag and many other games, they had supper. Johnny Rabbit said he must go home as it was growing dark.\n\nWhen Bunny Bob-tail was left alone, he said, \"I'm sure that I have been a very good rabbit all day. Surely my father and mother should be proud of me. In fact, I've been so good all day that I will be naughty now. I'll play a trick on my father and mother.\"\n\nThen the naughty Bunny Bob-tail hid himself.\nA clothes basket out near the tent. He covered himself all up, not even the tips of his ears showing. By and by, Mr. and Mrs. Rabbit came home. They went into the house and called, \"Bunny Bob-tail! Bunny Bob-tail!\" But no matter where they looked, the bunny could not be found.\n\nThen Mr. Rabbit went over to Johnny Rabbit's house, but Johnny Rabbit was safe in bed and hadn't seen Bunny Bob-tail since suppertime. After a long time, the naughty little rabbit heard his mother crying because she thought her son was lost. Then he stole softly into the house. He told his mother about the trick he had played. Just then, Mr. Rabbit came in, and after he had heard the story, he said, \"Bunny Bob-tail, it is time you learned not to play tricks.\" And Bunny Bob-tail didn't play any more tricks for a long, long time.\nI. The Bunnies Play on the Seesaw\n\nBunny Bob-tail ran into Johnny Rabbit's yard one day and suggested, \"I think we ought to go for a nice, long walk this afternoon. Ask your mother if you may go with me.\" Mrs. Black Rabbit granted her permission, and the two little friends wandered down the road. They encountered many interesting sights. Far along the road stood a farmhouse with a large yard. Over the low wall, Bunny Bob-tail spotted something intriguing.\n\n\"Oh, Johnny, look over there! I see something nice. It is a seesaw, I do believe. Let's jump over the wall and have just one ride on it.\" Bunny Bob-tail proposed.\n\n\"But I'm afraid,\" Johnny replied.\n\n\"Nonsense,\" Bunny Bob-tail retorted. \"There isn't anything to be afraid of. Come on, and I'll show you how to have a ride.\" Then the two bunnies jumped over the wall.\nThe bunnies jumped over the wall and were soon on the seesaw, having a thrilling time. At first, they didn't go up very far or down very far, but they grew braver. While Bunny Bob-tail shrieked from his end of the seesaw, high up in the air, Johnny Rabbit laughed from his end on the ground. Then Johnny went up and Bunny went down.\n\n\"This is the very best fun I've had for a long time,\" cried Bunny Bob-tail. \"I wonder if my father will make a seesaw for me. I'll ask him this very day when I go home. Let's go faster.\"\n\nSo they started to go very fast, but alas for the two bunnies! Both of them were thrown to the ground, and there was not much soft grass where they fell. For several moments neither one spoke.\n\n\"Are you hurt, Johnny?\" asked Bunny Bob-tail at last.\nI've bumped my head and scratched my ear,\" sobbed poor little Johnny Rabbit in a very feeble voice. I'll help you home, and don't cry,\" said Bunny Bob-tail. And he helped his playmate over the wall and down the road toward home.\n\nSeesaws are for children, and not for bunnies, I do believe,\" Bunny Bob-tail remarked when he and Johnny reached home at last.\n\n\"It is such a warm evening,\" said Bunny Bob-tail's mother one summer night, \"that you may stay out and play with Johnny Rabbit until it is dark.\"\n\n\"Oh, Mother, may we go over and play ball in the field? It is such a fine, big place, and there is so much more room than in our yard. Please let us go,\" begged Bunny.\n\n\"I think that you have been such a good bunny all day that you may play ball in the field,\" replied his mother. \"Will you remember to start for home when you are finished?\"\nWhen does it get dark, Mother? Yes, indeed, Bunny Bob-tail replied, and soon they were in the field with bat and ball. They had a wonderful game. They ran and caught high balls and jumped like little boys. It was exciting for the two bunnies to be alone in the field, but they played so long they didn't realize it was growing dark. Suddenly, Johnny Rabbit cried, \"Oh, Bunny Bob-tail, you can't catch this ball. I'll bat one up that will go right up into the clouds!\" And Johnny did bat a ball that went up \u2013 very far up \u2013 and didn't come down where the bunnies could find it. \"Oh, dear me, Johnny Rabbit, my red, white, and blue ball is lost. I'm sorry to lose it.\" \"Cheer up, Bunny Bob-tail, I'm sure we'll find it.\"\n\"it said his friend. Just then they saw something queer. They looked like funny little creatures with lanterns. Johnny Rabbit, let us run quickly. I think these are hobgoblins, said Bunny Bob-tail.\n\nThe Adventures of Bunny Bob-tail\n\nI wish we had gone home before dark as Mother Rabbit warned us, said Bunny, now terrified. Then those two bunnies scampered through the field, and when they reached home, breathlessly told their mothers about the queer little creatures carrying lanterns.\n\nMr. Black Rabbit and Bunny Bob-tail\u2019s father were smoking on the front piazza. Those were fireflies, not hobgoblins, said Mr. Black Rabbit. I\u2019m sure they wouldn\u2019t harm you, but if you had come home early you wouldn\u2019t have been scared, because fireflies never come out until it is dark.\n\nThat night two little bunnies fell asleep.\"\nFour little rabbits, peculiar and agile, resembling sparks in flight, flitted through the air. Bunny Bob-tail had lost his ball for an entire week.\n\nMrs. Rabbit had not visited town in a long while. One morning, she set off early. \"I suppose I must entertain myself alone today,\" Bunny Bob-tail remarked, as Johnny Rabbit lay ill in bed with an earache.\n\nBunny Bob-tail ventured into the yard for a while. Soon, he heard a sound in the road. Four quirky rabbits peered at him over the fence. \"Good morning, Bunny Bob-tail,\" they chorused. \"May we come in and use your swing? We are well-behaved rabbits. Please grant us entry.\"\n\nLonesome Bunny Bob-tail opened the gate. \"We like you, Bunny Bob-tail,\" the four peculiar rabbits said.\n\"But I don't know who you are,\" said Bunny.\n\"We are the Pinky Rabbits,\" said the oldest one of the four.\nThe Adventures of Bunny Bob-Tail\n\"Our mother is very careful about the friends we choose, although she doesn't object in the least to you,\" it made Bunny Bob-tail feel quite proud to hear that he was well thought of by the Pinkys' mother.\n\"Why do they call you the Pinky Rabbits?\" inquired Bunny Bob-tail, wonderingly.\n\"Because our eyes are so very pink\u2014pinker than those of any other rabbits,\" said the second oldest rabbit. \"And each of us has a pink spot on his nose, which shows that Grandfather was a king in his day,\" he continued.\nBunny Bob-tail was much impressed. Then he played with his new friends and found them to be excellent companions.\nAfter a time the oldest one asked, \"I wonder if I may have a drink of water?\"\nThe Pinky Rabbits Call on Bob-Tail\n\n\"Certainly,\" answered Bunny, wishing to be very polite to his guests. \"In just a jiffy, I'll run in and get a glass for you.\"\n\n\"Oh, don't trouble,\" replied the oldest of the Pinky rabbits. \"I'm sure I can find a glass on your shelf. Now you stay right out here and I'll help myself to a glass of nice, cool water, because I surely am thirsty.\"\n\nInto the house the Pinky Rabbit ran. The others played at jumping rope and hopscotch. It was great fun! By and by he returned. Bunny Bob-tail was having so much fun he did not notice how long the new rabbit had been gone.\n\nLate in the afternoon the rabbits said they had stayed long enough and must go. They told Bunny Bob-tail that they had had a delightful time.\n\nMother Rabbit returned in time for supper. She saw the opened ice chest and stood back in surprise.\n\"But anyone near the ice chest today, Bunny, and where's the vegetable salad I placed on it?\", asked Mrs. Rabbit.\n\"No, Mother, nobody was there,\" answered Bunny.\nPuzzled, Mrs. Rabbit asked, \"The Adventures of Bunny Bob-tail Where's the vegetable salad I put on the ice?\" She found only the dish remaining.\n\"I had visitors - the Pinky Rabbits,\" said Bunny Bob-tail after a few minutes.\n\"Did they go inside?\" asked his mother.\n\"Only the oldest Pinky Rabbit. He was thirsty and went in for a drink of water,\" said Bunny.\n\"That explains everything,\" said Bunny's mother.\nThen she told the bunny about the importance of keeping good company and warned him to play only with good rabbits in the future.\n\nBunny Bob-tail's aunt, Mrs. White Rabbit, came to see Bunny's mother one day. She thought Bunny Bob-tail a very well-behaved little rabbit, so she said,\n\"I wonder if you'd like to come home with me tomorrow, Bunny? You could run around in the fields all day, and at night Mr. White Rabbit could take you home,\" Alice said.\n\n\"Oh, I'd just love to go with you!\" Bunny Bob-tail exclaimed eagerly. \"I'll ask Mother Rabbit if I may go, and if she lets me, I'll be a very good bunny.\" Then he scampered off to find his mother and ask her if he could spend the day with his aunt.\n\n\"Are you sure that you will behave well all day long?\" Mrs. Rabbit inquired, remembering a few of her son's past adventures when she wasn't nearby.\n\n\"I'll be the best bunny in the whole town, if you'll just let me go,\" Bunny Bob-tail assured her. So the matter was settled then and there.\n\nEarly the next morning, Bunny went with Alice.\nA little rabbit was wide-awake and thinking of the delightful time he would have at the home of the White Rabbits. He couldn't wait to start, so anxious was he. He wore a handsome new suit of white linen with a red tie. Mrs. Rabbit looked proudly at Bunny Bob-tail.\n\nIt was time to go, and after many minutes of waiting, Bunny Bob-tail kissed his mother and father goodbye and started for his aunt's house. He was a very good bunny all the way, at least Mrs. White Rabbit said, and she could tell a good bunny when she saw one.\n\nAfter a while they arrived at Mrs. White Rabbit's house. Down went Bunny Bob-tail, chair, jam, and all. Little White Bunny was at the gate to meet them. Bunny Bob-tail was very glad to see his little cousin, and they ran off into the fields and played together.\nPlayed there for a long time. there was an old barn, a swing, a playhouse, and best of all, a wonderful tent with a box of sand. The bunnies shoveled the sand and made believe they were at the beach.\n\n\"This is a fine place!\" exclaimed Bunny Bob-tail. He was enjoying every minute of his visit.\n\n\"I wonder if it is nearly time for dinner,\" said little White Bunny. \"I'm awfully hungry.\"\n\n\"So am I,\" said Bunny Bob-tail. \"Let's go into the house and see if your mother wants us. Maybe she called us and we didn't hear her.\"\n\nSo into the house they went. Mrs. White Rabbit was nowhere to be seen.\n\n\"I guess she has gone up the road to the store,\" said little White Bunny. Bunny Bob-tail looked all around the kitchen. Then he went into the pantry. Little White Bunny.\nBunny Bob-tail had run outdoors and was in the swing. There was something nice in a glass jar on the pantry shelf. \"It looks like jam,\" thought Bunny Bob-tail. He found a nice piece of bread and before long, he was spreading jam, thick raspberry jam, on the slice of bread.\n\n\"I do love jam,\" he said, helping himself to another spoonful. \"I'd like to live in a country where there were jam houses, and jam trees, and jam everything. Then I'd be very happy.\"\n\nBunny Bob-tail was standing on a chair while he was eating the jam and telling himself what he would like. Suddenly, the chair tipped over. Down went Bunny Bob-tail, chair, jam, and all. Just then, Mrs. White Rabbit arrived home from the store.\n\nWhen she saw the naughty bunny, she said, \"I have brought some ice cream from the store. But now that you've eaten the jam, I'm afraid the ice cream is ruined.\"\nBunny Bob-tail goes visiting but cream would make you sick. Dear one, go upstairs and put on one of Little White Rabbit's suits. Your own is a sight. Bunny Bob-tail went upstairs and changed his clothes. He was covered with jam, from head to foot. He was greatly ashamed. And his aunt had not scolded him a bit. He ran downstairs and told Mrs. White Rabbit that he was very sorry. That night when he went home, he told his mother what had happened.\n\n\"Bunny Bob-tail,\" said Mrs. Rabbit, \"I hope this will teach you a lesson. Never take what belongs to somebody else.\" And Bunny Bob-tail remembered that lesson for many days.\n\nWhat happened to a dish of candy?\n\n\"I know what one little bunny is fond of,\" said Mrs. Rabbit one rainy afternoon, when there was nothing to do but stay indoors.\n\n\"Apple pie!\" cried Bunny Bob-tail.\n\n\"Guess again,\" his mother said.\n\"Peanut taffy,\" guessed Bunny.\n\"Right this time, and if you'll get me my little blue and white apron from the drawer, I'll make some of it right now,\" said Mrs. Rabbit.\nBunny Bunttail was delighted and ran quickly to find the apron. In a short time, the peanut taffy was ready, and Mrs. Rabbit poured it into a dish. \"It will cool more quickly if I put it on the back porch,\" she told her son.\nSo out on the porch the dish of candy was set. Bunny Bunttail could hardly wait until it was time to eat it. He kept watching the clock. His mother had said it would be cool in ten minutes.\n\"Sixty seconds make a minute,\" observed Bunny.\n\"Three minutes have passed, now five, seven, nine, ten!\" Then he jumped up and ran out for his candy. He could not see it anywhere.\n\"Oh, Mother Rabbit,\" he cried, more disappointed.\n\"Mrs. Rabbit was shocked. \"My candy is gone, every bit, dish and all!\" she exclaimed. She looked around and saw a strange dog under a lilac bush, eating her candy as if it were his first food in days. \"The dog was very hungry,\" said Bunny Bob-tail, watching the peanut taffy disappear. \"I'm sorry for the poor dog, and I'll give him a bone, even though he did take my candy.\" Then he found a nice bone for the poor, hungry dog, who enjoyed the most wonderful feast he had had for a long time. Soon, Mrs. Rabbit found a box of delicious peppermints for Bunny Bob-tail, and he ate as many as were good for a bunny of his age.\n\n\"Bunny Bob-tail at the Pond\n\n'Mother, may I go down in the field with Johnny Rabbit and play?' asked Bunny Bob-tail one afternoon.\"\nBunny and Johnny Rabbit played in the big field. They first played ball, but soon grew tired of it. Then they played store, taking turns being the storeman. They used dirt for the goods and pebbles for money. They played this for over an hour.\n\nJohnny Rabbit suggested, \"Let's go down to the pond and watch the boys swim. They have lots of fun diving off a big rock.\"\n\n\"But my mother told me to stay in the field,\" Bunny Bob-tail replied, remembering his warning.\n\"Well, if you want to stay in the field you may, but I\u2019m going down to the pond and have some fun,\" said Johnny Rabbit.\n\n\"I guess Mother won't mind if I go just this once,\" said Bunny Bob-tail, and off he ran with his playmate. That was always the way with Bunny Bob-tail. He thought that his mother would not mind if he minded himself instead of her. Of course, this was a very naughty thing to do.\n\nWhen they arrived at the pond, sure enough, there were at least a dozen boys swimming and splashing about in the water. Some were diving off the high rock, as Johnny Rabbit had said.\n\nBunny Bob-tail was delighted. He had never seen boys swimming before. \"Let's go up on that rock and watch the boys from there,\" he said to Johnny. \"I'm sure that we can see them much better there than from here at the edge of the pond.\"\nJohnny Rabbit and Bunny Bob-tail climbed up to the rock's tiptop. A boy warned them about the deep water surrounding the area. The rabbits retreated, but Bunny Bob-tail forgot and ran to the rock's edge, falling into the deep water. A boy swimming nearby saved him, bringing the frightened and soaked rabbit to shore. Bunny Bob-tail at the pond.\nTwo boys carried him home, and his mother was very much frightened when she heard what had happened. \"Are you ever going to learn to obey your mother?\" she asked, and she sent him straight to bed.\n\nWhy Bunny Bob-tail Didn't Get Toys\n\nOne fine day, Mr. Rabbit announced to his family that he was going to the city to do some shopping. When Mrs. Rabbit heard this, she said, \"Oh, do go and visit Aunt Sarah Rabbit, who lives a few miles outside the city.\"\n\nSo Mr. Rabbit, wishing to be obliging, promised to visit Aunt Sarah. He started quite early, and before noontime, he was in the stores shopping and buying everything which his wife had written in the list of things to be bought.\n\nWhen he had bought everything, he saw some wonderful toys which he knew Bunny Bob-tail would be delighted to have. There was a tiny bear which could do tricks on a string.\nMr. Rabbit bought toys and a dancing monkey, a clown who could jump high in the air if wound up. Why Bunny Bob-Tail Didn't Get Toys\n\nMr. Rabbit set out with bundles to find Miss Sarah Rabbit's house, following his wife's directions. Toward the middle of the afternoon, he saw a little white house where Aunt Sarah lived. He left his bundles on the porch and went inside to pay his respects. At four o'clock, Aunt Sarah served tea, marmalade, and delicious spice cakes, which Mr. Rabbit enjoyed.\n\nBut while Miss Sarah Rabbit and Mr. Rabbit chattered over the teacups and had a most delightful time, what was happening outside on the porch?\nSome very mischievous boys were going down the road and, seeing all the bundles on Miss Sarah Rabbit's porch, they became curious to know what was inside of those bundles. You will agree with me that they were all very naughty boys, when I tell you what they did.\n\nAfter opening each bundle, they emptied some of the contents into the brook by the side of the road, and filled the papers and boxes with sand or pebbles or moss. The bear on the swing, the dancing monkey and the clown who could jump so high, were all kept by the bad boys.\n\nThey tied the bundles and boxes up again so neatly that no one would ever know they had been opened.\n\nFinally, it came time for Mr. Rabbit to start for home; so, after telling Miss Rabbit that he had spent an enjoyable afternoon, and inviting her to visit his house, he left.\nMr. Rabbit arrived home with bundles and boxes, despite it being dark. Bunny Bob-tail waited for his father. Mr. Rabbit exclaimed, \"See what I have brought home from the city for you!\" He gave Bunny Bob-tail three boxes. Bunny opened the first box, revealing a piece of moss. The second and third boxes contained pebbles. \"I'm sure I saw the man in the store put toys in the boxes when he handed them to me!\" Mr. Rabbit was surprised. Mrs. Rabbit opened her bundles, exclaiming, \"This isn't sugar at all. It's sand!\" She continued, \"Instead of butter, I have some green moss. I'll do the shopping next time.\" Mr. Rabbit hypothesized, \"It must be that some bad boys saw me leave the store.\"\nMr. Rabbit looked at those bundles on Miss Sarah Rabbit's porch. \"I understand it all now,\" his wife said. \"I'd advise you to take your bundles inside when you go visiting from now on.\" Mr. Rabbit always remembered to do that, having learned a lesson. Little Bunny Bob-tail had to wait for his new toys until Mr. Rabbit went to the city again.\n\nJohnny Rabbit and Bunny Bob-tail went to Bunny's grandma's to spend the day, and she told them the story of Jack and the Beanstalk. The bunnies found it the most exciting story they had ever heard. After lunch, Grandma Rabbit took a nap and asked the little rabbits to stay in the yard and not make too much noise. The bunnies were careful to do as she asked.\n\n\"I think it would be wonderful to play 'Jack and the Beanstalk,'\" Bunny Bob-tail suggested.\nBunny Bob-tail said, \"We'll need a beanstalk.\" But he spotted a ladder against a big apple tree in Grandma's yard and asked, \"What could be better? Now, Johnny, begin at the beanstalk's base. Get up on the ladder.\" Johnny climbed up and sat on a comfortable branch, enjoying the view. \"It's wonderful up here, Bunny Bob-tail,\" he called down. \"Come on up.\"\n\n\"I'll come up because I'm the giant and my castle will have\"\nHe climbed the ladder quickly and found a nice spot for his castle on the other side of the apple tree. No sooner had Bunny Bob-tail found his place in the tree than something dreadful happened. The ladder fell to the ground. The bunnies looked at each other in dismay.\n\n\"However shall we get down?\" asked Johnny Rabbit, quite scared.\n\n\"I'm sure I don't know,\" said Bunny, who was also beginning to worry a little.\n\nHowever, they went on with the game, and what fun they had when Bunny Bob-tail roared like the giant! After they had finished playing, they both decided that they were very hungry.\n\n\"Dear me,\" cried Bunny Bob-tail, \"I do wish that Grandma Rabbit would hurry up and finish her nap. She has been sleeping for a very long time.\"\n\"Johnny Rabbit said, \"We might fall from the tree and hurt ourselves.\" Just then Grandma Rabbit called out, \"Bunny Bob-tail! Johnny Rabbit! Where are you? Have you gone home?\" The two bunnies shouted back, \"Here we are.\"\n\nThey were in the apple tree and the ladder had fallen down. Grandma Rabbit asked, \"What in the world made you get up there?\" Bunny Bob-tail explained, \"We were playing 'Jack and the Beanstalk' and the ladder was our beanstalk. I guess the wind must have blown it over, and we had to stay here until you came.\"\n\nThe bunnies were soon back on the ground, and Grandma Rabbit invited them into the house to have some creamed chicken and coffee jelly, which they both enjoyed. After supper, Grandma Rabbit\"\nOne morning, Bunny Bob-tail went to the store to buy butter for his mother. He saw a beautiful rosebush in a garden with a fence around it. \"That is a lovely rosebush,\" Bunny said to himself. \"My mother would be pleased to have one of those roses.\" He saw a large pink rose sticking out through the fence, seemingly placed there for the little rabbit. Bunny looked at it for several moments and then decided to pick it. \"The lady who owns the garden has so many that I'm sure she would be glad to give me just one,\" he said aloud. As he was breaking off the stem, he felt a sharp pain near one of his ears. \"Dear me,\" he cried.\nThe Adventures of Bunny Bob-Tail\" that is a thorn. I didn't know that thorns could hurt so much. Then I heard a funny little voice which said, \"Oh, no, I am not a thorn. I am a bee, and I saw a naughty little bunny coming along the road looking at the rosebush where I live. I was sure that he meant to steal one of the roses.\n\n\"I said to myself that I ought to teach that bunny a lesson and so I stung you near your pink ear.\" Bunny Bob-tail was very much ashamed. \"I'm sorry,\" he said to the bee. \"I thought the lady who owned the roses wouldn't mind giving me just one, she has so many.\"\n\n\"She might have given you one, but you should have asked for it, and not stolen it,\" replied the little bee. Bunny Bob-tail went on his way thinking over the lesson the bee had taught him. Bunny Bob-Tail Gets a Scare.\nOne morning Bunny Bob-tail's mother said to him, \"Bunny, I must send you over to the store for some groceries. Run over and ask Johnny Rabbit if he will go with you. Perhaps he will help you carry the bundles, for there are several things to buy. I need sugar, butter, and some tea. You forgot to say frosted cookies, didn't you, Mother Rabbit?\" asked Bunny Bob-tail. \"Well, you may get some frosted cookies, if you like,\" said his mother. Then Bunny Bob-tail went over to ask Johnny Rabbit if he would ask his mother to let him go to the store. \"Yes, you may go, but be careful when you cross the road,\" said Johnny's mother. \"I have seen not only rabbits but boys playing right in the middle of the road. When automobiles come along, I'm sure I don't see how those rabbits and boys escape being run over.\"\nThen Bunny and Johnny Rabbit started down the road in the direction of the store. When it was time for them to cross the street, they looked carefully both ways and, when ready, heard an automobile horn down the road.\n\nDid they run to get across? No, they stayed near the side of the road until the auto had passed.\n\n\"Those were careful bunnies,\" the man who was driving said. \"I wish some children would learn a lesson from them.\"\n\nSoon the two rabbits were hurrying across the broad fields. They saw many pretty flowers. By and by they came to a cornfield. They had to pass by it to go to the store. Bunny Bob-tail suddenly screamed.\n\n\"What's the matter?\" asked Johnny.\n\n\"Look over in the cornfield, Johnny Rabbit,\" Bunny Bob-tail replied.\nThere is a funny-looking man over here. I am afraid to go by him.\n\"I see him,\" said Johnny Rabbit in a whisper.\n\"Let's go home, Johnny,\" said Bunny Bob-tail, now very much frightened.\n\"Yes, I think we'd better,\" replied Johnny.\nThen these two little bunnies ran home, and Bunny Bob-tail's mother was surprised to see them both come into the yard.\n\"Where are my bundles?\" asked Mrs. Rabbit.\n\"Oh, Mother, we didn't go to the store at all. We were on our way, and when we came to the cornfield, a bad man shook his arms at us and tried to catch us,\" said Bunny Bob-tail.\n\"That seems strange,\" said his mother. \"But I will go with you and I'll see who the bad man is.\"\nSo they went through the fields, and when they came to the place where the man was, Bunny Bob-tail said, \"There he is, Mother; don't go near him.\"\nMrs. Rabbit looked and laughed. \"Oh, Bunny Bob-tail! I'm ashamed of you for being so timid. That isn't a man at all, but a scarecrow. Now run on to the store with Johnny Rabbit and don't be so silly in the future.\"\n\n\"Put on your sweater and cap, Bunny Bob-tail, and go to the store for a quart of vinegar,\" said Mrs. Rabbit early one morning. \"Try to hurry, for I expect company to lunch, and I must make some salad dressing.\"\n\nBunny Bob-tail was ready in a jiffy and ran down the road toward the village store. When he was halfway there, he saw the Pinky Rabbits out playing. They had not washed their faces and looked very untidy.\n\n\"Oh, good morning, Bunny Bob-tail,\" they said all together. \"Is that a molasses jug you have?\"\n\n\"No, it is a vinegar jug, and I must hurry,\" Bunny Bob-tail replied.\nBunny replied, \"For my mother,\". The littlest Pinky Rabbit asked, \"Vinegar? What's that?\"\n\nIn The Adventures of Bunny Bob-Tail, Bunny said, \"Come and smell of the jug while I take off the stopper.\" All the Pinky Rabbits came to smell of the jug, and Bunny Bob-tail wondered what his mother would think if she saw their dirty pink noses.\n\nThe oldest Pinky Rabbit had an idea. Turning to the littlest Pinky, she said, \"I'll turn the jug over on its side, and you hold on tight, and you'll have a nice ride down this hill.\"\n\nThe littlest Pinky Rabbit sat on the jug, and over and over he rolled. Soon, Pinky received a toss which did not hurt him at all, although he cried. The jug, however, went all the way down the hill, and at the bottom, it struck a rock and broke into many pieces.\n\"Bunny Bob-tail sobbed, \"I'll have to go home and get another jug.\" When he told his mother what had happened, she said, \"I've told you many times not to play with the Pinky Rabbits. Nothing good comes from it.\" She gave Bunny another jug, and this time he came home with a quart of vinegar.\n\nOne afternoon when the little Gray Rabbits and Johnny Rabbit came to play with him, Bunny Bob-tail said, \"Let's play Indian today.\" The others asked, \"How do you play Indian?\" Bunny Bob-tail, always glad to give information, said, \"I heard my Aunt Sarah say once that when the Indians lived here long ago, they used to capture the white men.\" One of the little Gray Rabbits inquired, \"What does 'capture' mean?\"\"\nThe oldest of the three little Gray Rabbits proudly explained, \"They caught a white man and wouldn't let him go.\" The oldest rabbit tried to show bravery by saying, \"I'd like to be the white man and have you capture me.\"\n\nJohnny Rabbit excitedly replied, \"Oh, that will be splendid,\" and hopped around, unable to contain his excitement. Then, the oldest rabbit wandered off alone, and the other bunnies surrounded him with loud cries. \"He is our prisoner!\" Bunny Bob-tail yelled at the top of his voice. \"And now we'll take him down to the orchard and tie him to a tree.\"\n\nThey marched the rabbit down to the orchard and tied him to a tree. Afterward, they returned to the yard and played more games, forgetting all about the oldest of the three little Gray Rabbits.\nAfter a long time, Johnny Rabbit said, \"Listen, I hear someone calling us. Who can it be? Let us go and find out.\" Down to the orchard scampered all those bunnies, and there was the prisoner, Gray Rabbit, still tied to the tree, and very much tired out. \"I don't believe I care to play Indian very often,\" he said, when the others had untied the rope. \"How long were you going to keep me there?\" \"We honestly forgot you,\" said Bunny Bob-tail. \"But you know the Indians really kept their prisoners for months and months.\" \"I'm glad I wasn't a real prisoner, then,\" said little Gray Rabbit, and he ran home.\n\nOne afternoon, Mrs. Rabbit decided that she would clean out the attic, and she told Bunny Bob-tail to go out and play. Johnny Rabbit had gone away with\nHis mother and Bunny found it rather lonesome playing all alone. After a time, he went into the cellar and looked around. In the corner was a pail with something white and sticky in it. \"I do believe that is paint,\" said the rabbit. \"Now if I can find a brush, I'll paint the fence, as I heard my father say the other day that he would when he had time.\" This seemed like a very pleasant way to spend an afternoon, and Bunny Bob-tail ran around peeking into boxes and barrels until he found a brush. Then he began to paint the fence. \"My father will be glad when he sees what a good piece of work I've done,\" said Bunny to himself, and he painted all the harder. After he had worked for a long time, his supply of paint suddenly gave out. \"Dear me!\" exclaimed Bunny.\nBunny Bob-tail: \"This is a shame! Only half the fence is finished, and there's not a drop of paint left in the pail. What shall I do?\"\n\nHe looked around the cellar but found no more paint. At suppertime, Mr. Rabbit came into the yard and stopped suddenly when he saw the fence.\n\n\"Isn't it good, Father?\" asked Bunny Bob-tail.\n\n\"If you'll get me some more paint, I'll have it all finished tomorrow. I thought I'd help you,\" Mr. Rabbit replied, indicating the unpainted parts of the fence.\n\n\"I suppose if you had two pails of paint, you'd have begun on the house, Bunny Bob-tail,\" Mr. Rabbit added.\n\n\"Oh, I'd love to paint the house if I could reach up to the high places,\" Bunny Bob-tail replied.\n\n\"I think little rabbits would do well to play ball and let painters take care of houses and fences,\" Mr. Rabbit suggested.\n\nBunny Bob-tail: Helps with Fence Painting\nThen Bunny ran into the house to show his mother what a fine piece of work he had done.\n\nBunny Bob-tail Runs Away\n\nVery early one bright, sunshiny morning, before anyone in the house was awake, Bunny Bob-tail did a very naughty thing. He ran away. He did not mean, of course, to go far away and stay forever, but he said to himself, \"I'm a big rabbit and why should I always ask, 'Mother, may I go to play?' or, 'Mother, may I go down in the field?' I'm very well able to take care of myself, and so I'm just going to run out into the woods without asking any one.\"\n\nSo Bunny Bob-tail hurried out of the house, after helping himself to some breakfast, and before you could count ten, he was on his way to the woods. The little sunbeams danced in and out, and Bunny Bob-tail tried to catch them, but every one of them eluded him.\nI'm sure they knew what a naughty bunny he was. By and by, he found some wild strawberries. \"These are delicious,\" he said to himself. He found a great many and saved some for his lunch. \"Oh, how wonderful it is to be in these beautiful woods all alone on such a fine day,\" Bunny Bob-tail exclaimed. \"I think I'll come here again tomorrow, that is, if it doesn't rain.\" Then he walked on, listening to the birds singing and the crickets chirping.\n\nThe afternoon passed and Bunny Bob-tail lay down in the shade of a blueberry bush. He was very tired. In fact, he was so tired after his long journey that he fell soundly asleep.\n\nMeanwhile, Bunny's mother and father had missed him.\n\n\"Perhaps he's over in Johnny Rabbit's yard,\" said his father.\n\nBut no, he was not there. His mother called and searched for him everywhere.\nMr. and Mrs. Rabbit called for Bunny Bob-tail but received no answer. \"I'm sure something dreadful has happened to that bunny,\" Mrs. Rabbit said. They searched for a long time, but nobody had seen Bunny Bob-tail. Night came, and no little bunny came home for his supper. Mr. and Mrs. Rabbit were more alarmed than before.\n\nSoon, Mr. Rabbit and Johnny Rabbit's father went out with lanterns into the woods. They walked for a long time, peering under each tree and bush. At last, they spied Bunny Bob-tail, lying fast asleep under a blueberry bush. He did not even wake up when Mr. Rabbit picked him up and carried him home. Mrs. Rabbit was so glad to see her own little bunny safe and sound once more that she cried for joy. Then she tucked him in bed.\n\nThe next morning, Bunny Bob-tail woke up and thought he had had a strange dream. But his mother brought a nice hot breakfast to him.\nAt last, they spotted Bunny Bob-tail sleeping under a blueberry bush.\n\nBunny Bob-tail Runs Away\nShe kissed him many times. \"Promise me you won't run away again, Bunny Bob-tail,\" she said.\n\n\"Then I really did run away?\" asked the bunny. \"I thought it was a dream, but I like home best, anyway.\"\n\nA Visit to Grandma's\nOne afternoon, Bunny Bob-tail's mother asked him to go to his grandmother's house on an errand. \"You may stay until six o'clock,\" said Mrs. Rabbit. \"And then Grandma will come home with you.\"\n\nGrandma Rabbit lived just over the hill, in a cozy little gray house. In back of the house was a barn, and what fun Bunny Bob-tail used to have playing there.\n\nWhen he reached Grandma Rabbit's house, he was rather hungry. In the cupboard was a crock full of delicious molasses cookies. Bunny Bob-tail ate three.\nThen he played in the barn for a long time. Up in the loft there was a pile of nice fragrant hay. \"That looks like a good place to take a nap,\" he said to himself, and he lay down.\n\nA Visit to Grandma's\n\nWhen little bunnies are very tired, they sleep almost as long a time as little boys. Bunny Bob-tail fell sound asleep and, of course, he could not hear his grandma when she called him.\n\nMr. Jack Rabbit, the hired man, locked the barn door and went home to his supper. He did not even think of looking up in the loft because he thought the bunny was playing down in the garden.\n\nFinally Bunny Bob-tail awoke. \"Where am I?\" he said aloud, for he had forgotten about the trip to Grandma's. Then he looked all around and remembered that this was Grandma Rabbit's barn. \"Surely it must be time to go home,\" he said, and down the steps he hurried.\nThe barn door was closed and locked. \"Grandma Rabbit! I called as loudly as ever I could. Where are you? Come and let me out, please!\" Grandma Rabbit came running down the walk, three steps at a time, and unlocked the barn door. \"Oh, my goodness, little Bunny Bob-tail,\" she cried, \"in another minute I'd be on my way to your house! I thought you must have grown tired of waiting and had run home.\" Bunny told Grandma Rabbit about the nice soft bed in the hay, and how he had fallen soundly asleep. \"It's always wise to tell Grandma what you plan to do when you visit her,\" she told him, \"for what a scared little bunny you'd have been, if I hadn't been here to get you out!\"\n\n\"Bunny Bob-tail,\" said Johnny Rabbit one fine day, \"I know where there is a dandy big pile of sand.\"\nIt's so big that it looks like a big hill. I think it would be great fun to play in it. Where is it? asked Bunny anxiously, always glad to hear of something which might mean a new adventure. Well, it's over in Mr. Smith's yard. I saw the men putting it there today when I went over to Mr. Smith's for some milk. I said the minute I saw it that it would be a grand place for us to play. Mr. and Mrs. Smith have gone away for a few days and we ought to go over there and have some fun.\n\nOver to Mr. Smith's yard ran the two bunnies, and soon they were having a good time in the nice, clean sand. Of course, it was a naughty thing for two little bunnies to do, because they had no right to be in the sand pile. They made believe they were at the beach.\nSpread out the sand so they could build some houses.\n\"This is a wonderful discovery you made,\" cried Bunny Bob-tail in glee.\n\"I haven't had so much fun for a long time,\" said Johnny Rabbit.\nThen Bunny Bob-tail had an idea. \"Will you let me bury you way down deep in the sand pile, Johnny Rabbit?\" he asked.\n\"Yes, if you'll be sure to dig me out again,\" answered Johnny, always willing to do as his friend wished him to do.\nBunny Bob-tail dug away a great deal of sand, and then said, \"Now Johnny Rabbit, make believe that you are Little Boy Blue asleep in the haystack. Of course you needn't really fall asleep. Then after a little while I'll dig you out and you can bury me.\"\nThis sounded like a very nice game to Johnny Rabbit, and so he lay down in the sand. \"Close your eyes, so the sand won't get in them,\" warned Bunny Bob-tail.\nBob-tail began to cover up his little chum, Johnny Rabbit. The bunny worked for a long time covering Johnny. Then he ran over to the pump to get a drink of nice, cool water. When he got back, he thought it was time to dig out Johnny and started to throw the sand off. But the more he dug, the farther he seemed from getting to the place where Johnny was buried. Bunny grew very much alarmed. Soon he saw a man passing by and ran to ask him to please come and help, as there was a little rabbit buried far down in the bottom of the big pile of sand. The man started to dig at once and before long found the little rabbit, half scared to death. \"Bunny Bob-tail!\" cried Johnny, \"I thought you would never find me! I was never so scared in all my life.\"\n\nThe Adventures of Bunny Bob-Tail\nPoor Bunny Bob-tail was just as scared and could hardly say a single word. The man who had dug out the bunny said, \"In the future, I think it would be just as well for little bunnies to keep away from other people's yards and sand piles, too.\" Then he walked away without saying another word. Johnny Rabbit and Bunny Bob-tail went home slowly and quietly, and their mothers thought they must be tired out from playing so hard, as both those bunnies went to bed at six o'clock that night.\n\nBunny Bob-tail Disobeys\n\n\"Go find the market basket, for I want you to buy some things for me at the store, Bunny Bob-tail,\" said his mother, early one morning.\n\n\"Very well, Mother,\" replied Bunny Bob-tail. He was always glad to go to market, for he usually saw many interesting things on the way.\n\n\"Shall I go across the fields?\" he asked. He liked the fields, but he knew he should ask permission first.\nMrs. Rabbit replied, \"No, I want you to hurry because the meat must be roasted for dinner. The road is the shorter way, so you may go and come back that way.\" She then gave Bunny Bob-tail a purse and a list of things she wished him to buy. He carried the market basket and ran out onto the road.\n\nThe Adventures of Bunny Bob-tail\n\nJust outside his house, he saw the most beautiful butterfly he had ever seen. It was yellow with little black speckles. Bunny Bob-tail never caught butterflies, but he loved to run races with them.\n\n\"I wonder if you're going to the store too,\" Bunny Bob-tail said to the speckled yellow butterfly.\n\nBut little Miss Butterfly flew across the road and into the field. Bunny Bob-tail looked around to see if his mother were in sight. She was not.\nThe naughty rabbit said, \"I must race with that yellow butterfly. I can hurry across the field and get there just as soon. It seems my mother always asks me to do what I don't want to do.\" He hurried across the field. The yellow butterfly was nowhere to be seen. \"Where have you gone, pretty butterfly?\" asked Bunny Bob-tail. Soon he saw her. She was swinging on a daisy. Just as Bunny Bob-tail came up to the daisy, Miss Butterfly flew away. I'm sure she must have known that Bunny Bob-tail had disobeyed his mother. The butterfly flew on and on, and Bunny Bob-tail ran after her. Once they came to a very muddy place in the field, Bunny Bob-tail cried, \"Dear me, I'm stuck in the mud.\" He had to struggle to get out.\nFinally, he reached a dry place where he couldn't find his mother's purse.\n\n\"I can't buy meat and things without money,\" he said, and home he ran, crying.\n\nWhen Mrs. Rabbit heard her son's story, she said, \"It all comes of your being a disobedient rabbit, Bunny Bob-tail. I told you distinctly not to go by the field.\"\n\n\"I saw a butterfly and I was only running a race with it,\" sobbed Bunny Bob-tail.\n\nThen Mrs. Rabbit and Bunny Bob-tail went across the field hunting for the lost purse. At last, Mrs. Rabbit found it in the mud where Bunny Bob-tail had got stuck.\n\nShe went to the market herself, after sending Bunny to bed. It was a dreadful thing to have to stay in bed on such a fine afternoon. About two o'clock, Bunny Bob-tail heard his friend, Johnny Rabbit, come into the yard.\n\n\"Can Bunny Bob-tail come over to my birthday party?\"\n\"party at four o'clock?\" asked Johnny.\n\"I'm afraid not,\" replied Mrs. Rabbit. \"Bunny Bob-tail didn't mind today, so I've sent him to bed.\"\nPoor Bunny Bob-tail! He had a long time to think about things.\n\"It is very wrong to disobey,\" he said to himself that night. \"And to think that I couldn't go to Johnny Rabbit's party! Oh, dear!\" And he made up his mind to try hard to be an obedient bunny in the future.", "source_dataset": "Internet_Archive", "source_dataset_detailed": "Internet_Archive_LibOfCong"},
{"title": "Back from Goliad", "creator": "Barrington, G. W. (George Whitfield), 1876-", "subject": ["Duval, John C. (John Crittenden), 1816-1897 -- Fiction", "Texas -- History -- Revolution, 1835-1836 -- Fiction", "Goliad (Tex.) -- Massacre, 1836 -- Fiction"], "description": "2 p. l., 152 p", "publisher": "Dallas, Tex., Southwest Press", "date": "1935", "language": "eng", "lccn": "35013165", "page-progression": "lr", "sponsor": "The Library of Congress", "contributor": "The Library of Congress", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "mediatype": "texts", "collection": ["library_of_congress", "fedlink", "americana"], "call_number": "6423519", "repub_state": "19", "updatedate": "2019-10-01 13:37:58", "updater": "associate-richard-greydanus", "identifier": "backfromgoliad00barr", "uploader": "associate-richard-greydanus@archive.org", "addeddate": "2019-10-01 13:38:00", "publicdate": "2019-10-01 13:38:04", "shiptracking": "ST011602", "operator": "associate-saw-thein@archive.org", "tts_version": "2.1-final-2-gcbbe5f4", "notes": "Some text runs into the gutter.<br />Some text printed askew.", "camera": "Sony Alpha-A6300 (Control)", "scanner": "scribe2.capitolhill.archive.org", "imagecount": "170", "scandate": "20191001183533", "ppi": "300", "republisher_operator": "associate-cherrymay-villarente@archive.org", "republisher_date": "20191002062925", "republisher_time": "535", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://archive.org/details/backfromgoliad00barr", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t0zq1zx2r", "identifier_bib": "00012745825", "year": "1935", "lc_call_number": "PZ3.B27845 Bac", "openlibrary_edition": "OL6322514M", "openlibrary_work": "OL7580570W", "partner_shiptracking": "158GR", "scanfee": "300;10.7;214", "invoice": "36", "possible-copyright-status": "The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item.", "note": "If you have a question or comment about this digitized item from the collections of the Library of Congress, please use the Library of Congress \u201cAsk a Librarian\u201d form: <a href=\"https://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/ask-internetarchive.html\">https://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/ask-internetarchive.html</a>", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:1156403499", "backup_location": "ia907002_24", "oclc-id": "6529400", "associated-names": "Duval, John C. (John Crittenden), 1816-1897. Early times in Texas", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.21", "ocr_converted": "abbyy-to-hocr 1.1.37", "page_number_confidence": "95", "page_number_module_version": "1.0.3", "creation_year": 1935, "content": "I\nWatching ensured the Mexicans looked away, the three men stole from bush to bush.\n\nCopyright 1933 Turner Company\n\nCONTENTS\nCHAPTER PAGE\nIII On to Goliad 14\nVI Capitulation --- 43\nVII A Half Minute 52\nVIII \u201cSoldiers Three\u201d 62\nIX Nature Is Hostile 73\nX Alone 83\nXI Utopia! 93\nXII The Barrier 101\nXIII Fire and Blood 109\nXIV Mirages 118\nXV A Cabin by the River 123\nAppendix 131\n\nChapter I\nOVER THE BAR\n\u201cWhite water dead ahead, Sir!\u201d\nThe helmsman's gruff voice held restrained anxiety, raised above the eerie shriek of the gale through the taut gear and the metronomic cr-e-e-ak-rasp, cr-e-e-ak-rasp of swinging tackle blocks.\n\nEating into the very eye of one of the series of \u201cblue northers\u201d which had lashed the Gulf coast through the early weeks of the memorable winter.\nThe Texas war schooner Invincible sturdily beat towards the haven, its lee rail awash through the spume. The dingy little craft clung to its course, moving slowly despite the helmsman holding it close to the wind. Occasionally, a larger comber cuffed its trim nose off the wind, but it seemed to brace itself and wallow stolidly on, conscious of its responsibility.\n\nResponsibility! If it weighed the ship down, what of the master? A squat figure in oilskins, his bearded face unflinching before the gale, the Captain reckoned his chances.\n\nWind, water, and the hour of the day were all adverse. The night before, he had scowled.\nThe chart his friend Monroe had made three years prior stood out clearly in the Captain's mind, along with the warning notation, \"Five to nine feet of water over the bar at Aransas. North winds hold the water back.\"\n\nNorth winds. The Invincible had them.\n\nThat bar. The Captain thought of it and scowled. If nine feet, or eight, or even seven, perhaps it would be enough. But if five \u2013 but five with the breakers running clear across as they would be certain to be?\n\nThe Captain leaned over and stared at the compass, then ahead to where, a mere blur in the murk, a low spit of sand showed momentarily, at intervals. That would be signal point. Monroe's directions said: \"In running for the bar, bring the pole on Singal Point W-N-W and run for it till the pole on said point bears S-W by W. Then run in for the bar.\"\n\"The pole pointed to a place where a man's good eyes were needed to make out the shore line. The Captain swore into his wind-tousled beard as a light skiff of snow whitened the Invincible's deck, molded fringes on her frozen rigging, and descended from aloft, drifting leeward when a slatting sail slapped it off in the form of crisp, white powder. Wind, water, the bar, and now the snow to curtain in at the point! It was too much. A master must jam on through the thick of it, and be damned to it. But he must keep his planks under him; and to run blind where a man needs two pairs of eyes to see. Again, responsibility! Tucked away in the hold was his unseaworthy cargo in the form of a company of Kentucky riflemen sent from Valasco.\"\nTo join the force Fannin was raising at La Bahia for the invasion of Mexico, Fannin was needing Kentuckians.\n\n\"White water dead ahead, Sir,\" the helmsman prompted again, though he must have known full well that the Master had seen all that he had seen. The Captain raised his shaggy head and his voice came full and confident: \"All right! Go ahead!\" The spirit of the Texas colonists was surging within him. Viewed in connection with the circumstances he faced, the words he spoke might well have been adopted as the motto of an indomitable people who knew how to face regimented adversities and carry on.\n\nAll right, then; go ahead!\n\nThe brave little schooner bored into the reek of it, yawing and fighting back as the land currents commuted worrying at her. Unwinking eyes fixed on the spot where the land had last been seen, the Master continued.\nThe captain spoke only once. \"Ease her off a few points,\" he ordered, as the spit loomed for a fleeting instant, an indistinct mound on their starboard bow. Then, \"hold her there,\" as she steadied on the altered course.\n\nMinutes of nerve-wracking strain passed as the erratic land breeze shifted unexpectedly, almost taking her aback. Seconds of breath-taking uncertainty followed as she pounded dully on the bar with each jerky forward motion, and mast timber creaked in protest and the singing braces grew rigid as iron rods, under the strain. A half minute of complete helplessness ensued as breakers on either side roared and clawed at her flanks, hauling her first one way, then the other, like two gaunt wolf packs fighting over their prey.\n\nThe helmsman spared one hand from the wheel to cuff chill sweat off his furrowed forehead, and the captain jammed his mittened fists into the spokes.\npockets of his sou'wester and spat explosively over the rail. They had crossed the bar. Having gallantly vindicated her name, the Invincible came about smartly and went boiling up the channel on the starboard tack. Early nightfall found her anchored in a snug little harbor behind the southwest shoulder of Matagorda Island. The norther loosed his grip on Aransas and receded southward, muttering. The stars paraded in advance of a full moon that etched the Point in sharp, clean outlines and transformed the distant breakers into an undulating ribbon of silvery lace. Sentineled by scattered live oaks, the dismantled fortifications Jean Lafitte had erected on the island lay ugly and sinister\u2014fit stalking grounds for the wraiths of the pirate chieftain and his rakish crew. At the shoreline, the short wooden piling towered.\nThe smallcraft of Lafitte, once moored, still dangled rusty chains in the light wash, awaiting the rover's return. No longer would freebooters scud through Aransas Pass to rig ships, divide loot, and swig wine, safe from pursuit. But Romance and Adventure still hovered about Matagorda Island, though moonlight and quiet and peace lay upon it.\n\nThe Captain broached a keg of black New Orleans rum, drank a gobletful neat, and tumbled into his berth \u2013 utterly contented. He had fought the good fight. He had kept the faith. Across the calm bay lay Copano. Fannin\u2019s Kentuckians were disembarking there, gateway to La Bahia, San Antonio de Bexar, and the rich territory west of the Colorado.\n\nChapter II\n\nASHore\n\nThe Kentuckians were disembarked at Copano, gateway to La Bahia, San Antonio de Bexar, and the rich territory west of the Colorado. Among the first to set foot on the flimsy dock were:\nA muscular, eager-faced stripling in his late teens, whose clear eyes and deeply tanned skin marked him as one who had spent a well-ordered boyhood in the open, cradled a long-barreled rifle of the pattern favored by the woodsmen of his native state. The butt plate and trigger guard of the gun were of polished brass, and brass-lidded cavities in the side of the stock provided receptacles for the percussion caps and grease patches. The shot pouch and polished cow-horn powder flask secured to his trim shoulders by broad picturated leather straps, also were metal trimmed, and in a flawless condition that reflected the pride of their youthful owner.\n\nListed on the company roster as J. C. Duval, this youngster had won the admiration of his comrades by his expertise with the rifle, demonstrated in battles.\nAmong the officers, it was admitted that he was not the model soldier, as he detested drills of any kind. Among the men ashore, Young Duval was not the ideal soldier. He was not lazy or vicious, but possessed an indolent and irresponsible nature that caused him to chafe under discipline. Despite his disdain for drills, he did his work well, shirking nothing, and endured hardship and privation without complaint. He had a boyish belief that the first duty of a soldier was to fight with a gun. He knew he could do that and do it well. However, he was less confident in his ability to handle a rifle, pitch a tent, or follow a trail. Instead, he placed confidence in his own methods rather than the \"Manual of Small Arms\" or other books printed by tacticians for his enlightenment. In summary, young Duval did his work effectively, but his unconventional approach to military life set him apart from his peers.\nA regulation that seemed foolish or unnecessary to him. \"A good colt, but not more than half broken,\" his Captain had said of him on one occasion when young Duval was cited for a minor infraction of the rules. Then the officer had added, wistfully, \"Even if he does get a little out of line now and then, it would be a mighty fine thing if this army had a few thousand more fellows just like him.\"\n\nReleased from their confinement in the limited quarters of the Invincible, the freedom-loving Kentuckians swarmed over the sun-bathed little port to stretch their limbs and trade gossip with the few inhabitants. How was Fannin coming along with the army he was building for the invasion of Mexico? What was the latest information as to what was taking place south of the Rio Grande? In their enthusiasm, there was no doubt that a Texas army was forming.\nThe colonists planned to cross the border, but the start and distance were uncertain. The year 1835 brought triumphs for them, believing 1836 would witness the final clean-up with Mexico paying tribute at gunpoint. The Kentuckians sought assurance of participation.\n\nAnswers were vague and disquieting. Fannin announced an \"expedition to the West\" to assemble at San Patricio from January 24 to 27. However, something had happened, and the plan was abandoned or postponed. Santa Anna was at Vera Cruz. A rumor suggested he had reached Saltillo, either to repel an expected invasion or turn invader himself.\nThe Kentuckians scoffed disdainfully and patted the stocks of their long-barreled rifles suggestively at the suggestion of Mexicans coming to overrun Texas. Maybe so.\n\nAfter completing more than his share of the work when his company pitched camp on the bluff above the dock, Young Duval examined Copano and was not favorably impressed. Having been told that it was the most important port in southwest Texas, he was surprised to find it little more than a cluster of weather-dunned shacks, with a warehouse and water tank.\n\nFollowing his inspection of the port, Duval visited the camp of a company of Texas rangers who had also set up their tents on the bluff. Among them was a leathery old fellow with an enormous spiraling mustache and a face like a knife, who informed him that they had been guarding the area for some time.\nFor more than six months, Duval and his group survived on beef and game without a single morsel of bread or vegetables. Upon returning to his quarters, Duval shared this situation with his Captain, who dispatched him back to the rangers' camp with a supply of hard tack. Despite the damp Gulf air causing the bread to grow mold, the rangers eagerly consumed it. Noting their apparent good physical condition, Duval began to agree with Byron's belief that Man is a carnivorous animal.\n\nThis scene left a sobering impression on Duval. He had been informed at Velasco that a well-equipped and amply provisioned expeditionary force was being assembled at Copano. Instead, he found a small group of half-clad men for whom Texas had not even bothered to provide flour or meal.\nThree thoughts registered themselves on the young Kentuckian's impressionable mind. First: The fertile lands of Texas produced sufficient food to supply the simple wants of her servants. Her defenders were on a scant and poorly balanced ration. Second: Though these veterans were a close-mouthed clan, it was apparent that they had little faith in the proposed expedition to Mexico. Third: Though they were but little more than half fed and slightly less than half clad, these happy-go-lucky rangers did no grumbling. An atmosphere of good-natured camaraderie caused the Kentucky recruit to resolve that, some day, he would be a ranger, too \u2014 and, perhaps, live six months on beef and game, and grin whimsically while telling about it. These were more than rangers. They were men.\nLate in the day, target practice was held after the rifles had been thoroughly cleaned of the damp accumulated in the Invincible's hold. Though drills of any sort were an abomination to Duval, rifle shooting appealed to him as something practical, being the pastime he enjoyed most. The men faced the target one at a time, and it was a serious business. Some of the rangers had strolled over from their camp to witness the affair, and the credit of the company was at stake. Their commander had set a high standard. Five hits out of a possible five at a two-inch target was, to him, clean work, at a hundred yards. Four hits were fairly good, and three acceptable. The man who sent fewer than three bullets into the little square of paper, or whose piece did not bark briskly in proof that his loads had power, earned an official frown.\nAnd Duval was, in a measure, disgraced. At the conclusion of the practice, Duval was one of four who had perfect scores. Proud of the approval he had read in the rugged faces of his mates, he was leaving for his tent to clean and oil his beloved rifle, when his commander recalled him. For some time the Captain had been conversing with a group of the rangers, who had been interested spectators. The officer's eyes were twinkling when Duval came up where they stood. \"Duval,\" he said, \"how many holes do you reckon you and that long-barreled pet of yours can punch in a two-inch paper, at twenty paces, using but one bullet?\" \"Two,\" Duval answered, smiling. The Captain had been telling these ranger fellows that our schoolboys over in Kentucky can do a little trick like that. They're too polite to come right out and say so.\nAnd they can call me a liar with their tongues, but their eyes say it. If you'll show them.\n\n\"Oh, all right.\"\n\nThough he had answered casually, the youngster was secretly trembling with excitement. The prestige of the company was a precious thing, and his commander had staked it confidently on his marksmanship. If he succeeded, he would be the hero of men who considered proper riflemanship the acme of manly attainment; if he failed, all the gibes and taunts he would hear later would not be entirely good-natured. In fact, to fail in the presence of the company, who themselves were no novices, would be something approaching high treason.\n\nDuval made his dispositions carefully. A square of paper with a half-inch dot in its center was pinned to the boll of a blasted live oak tree, on a level with the ground.\nDuval shouldered his rifle in front of the target. He drove his thin-bladed sheath knife vertically into the bark at an angle, making the razorlike edge cross the dot on the paper. Duval loaded his rifle with unusual care, fearing loose wadding or a badly seated bullet would bring him grief. Old-time black powder was measured meticulously in the hollow of his hand and rammed home tightly to secure compression. The \"home-molded\" bullet followed, neatly wrapped in a thin \"patch\" of greased leather to protect the rifling in the barrel and ensure accuracy. After the tube had been cleaned and primed, the brass cap was adjusted over it, and the hammer was lowered to hold it in place.\n\nReady.\n\nHis comrades stood silent and motionless as Duval walked to the firing line. Their strained faces showed the importance they attached to the trial.\nThe trick was exposed, but some rangers were still skeptical. A knife blade can split a bullet, of course, but you must first hit the edge of the knife blade. Old Kentucky showed them.\n\nReaching his position, Duval fell into the peculiar slouchy stance of the Kentucky woodsman - left arm fully extended along the barrel, right elbow elevated above the level of the shoulder, head tilted sharply to bring the cheek to the stock. Though he had been trembling from head to foot a moment before, the old oak stump was no more immobile than he became when he felt the butt-plate nestling against his shoulder.\n\nThe muzzle of the gun swung up to a level, steadied, and spat snappily. There was the ring of lead on steel and the paper fluttered down. The captain picked it up and emitted a throaty chuckle, sufficient announcement of the result.\nStriving manfully to be casual, Duval tucked the rifle lovingly under his arm and strolled away to his tent between a double row of silent worshippers. From that minute on, he could miss a drill now and then, neglect to answer roll call, even be absent from camp without orders, and nothing would be said about it. A king can do no wrong.\n\nChapter III\n\nON TO GOLIAD\n\nThe Kentuckians found army life much to their liking during the period they spent in and about Copano. Game and fish were abundant, and they greatly enjoyed the novelty of gathering oysters, with which the bay was well stocked. Yet, so eager were they to join Fannin and see service, that there was much enthusiasm in camp when the order came to prepare for the march to La Bahia.\n\nUp to that time, the men had given little thought to military tactics or soldierly bearing. The whole company was in a state of excitement as they made ready to leave Copano and proceed to their new encampment.\nThe adventurous spirit that led them into this enterprise had appealed as an opportunity to see more of the world and pit their rifleskills against a hated and despised foe. But now, the seriousness of actual warfare weighed on them, and their commander was anxious that they should make a proper showing when they joined Fannin\u2019s better trained force. So they stepped off along the winding trail, maintaining a semblance of military formation and cramping their free-acting bodies into soldierly postures.\n\nReluctant to drill, Duval came into his element when the Captain detailed him to precede the little band as one of the scouts, shooting any big game he encountered. To his delight, he found the country overrun with deer, which were so unused to the sight of Man that they seldom did more than raise their heads.\nWithin a half-hour, he killed a fat buck and dragged it into the trail to be picked up by his comrades. Before noon, he had shot two more, carefully selecting the largest and fattest males. In addition to the game, Duval found wild horses in great droves, some of them superb animals much larger than the ordinary plains mustangs. Far more man-shy than the deer, they would gaze at him for a time at a safe distance, galloping off in a rolling dust cloud when he came too near. A horse lover by instinct, as were and are most Kentuckians, Duval attempted to stalk a magnificent black stallion, the leader of a small band he found feeding in a glade. He had been told that a bullet placed high, just forward of the withers, would shock a horse's spinal column, bringing him down, and rendering him unconscious.\nA helpless foot soldier spent several hours trailing a horse, ignoring that a horse is not part of his outfit. He found the band dozing in the lee of a cluster of spreading live oaks, while the leader stood immobile on a nearby knoll. Approaching with greatest caution and from down wind, the soldier couldn't get close enough for the necessary gunplay before the horse lookout sensed his presence. The horse stood with head high, great eyes scanning the landscape suspiciously, nostrils expanding to sift the stiff breeze. Every fiber of his sleek body was tense. The horse trumpeted a shrill warning and whipped off the knoll. The soldiers followed their flying leader with precision.\nThe cavalry disappeared as their band played out of sight. This incident strengthened Duval's determination to become a ranger. To mold himself into one of those rugged frontiersmen and ride a horse like the one he had just seen was, in his boyish mind, an ambition worthy of any man. After the war, he would attain that goal, no matter if it took him ten years to get his commission. He never considered the possibility that an invader's bullet or saber would interfere with his plans. The Kentuckians had come to Texas to spend a little time whipping the Mexicans. All that remained to be done was to get the Mexicans in line with their rifle sights.\n\nOld Kaintuck would show them.\n\nAt first, the route was a winding trail along the bay shore. By mid-afternoon, they were following the meandering course of the Aransas river.\nThe company traveled through a picturesque country with wooded hills, here and there stretches of prairie dotted with small patches of timber, referred to as \"islands\" by the inhabitants. The company covered about twenty miles that day in its sedate march along the flat. Duval must have done double that distance, ranging the country ahead of them. Sunset found them camped on the bank of the river at Refugio, which then consisted of a few dozen adobe shacks and a mossy church built in the same year that Philadelphia was founded. Lazily contented, amid indescribable squalor, the town appeared strangely immune from the political turmoil and racial animosities raging elsewhere.\n\nThe people, about half of whom were Mexican and the remainder Irish, greeted them with great warmth.\nThe Irish were friendly and welcomed visitors with an open-air dance that night, which most soldiers were too tired to attend. The warm-hearted Irish opened their hearts and homes to the visitors, offering them food and drink. The Mexican women admired the big, brave \"gringos,\" which may have caused many Mexicans to take sides against the Americans when the time came to make a choice.\n\nAfter rollicking and feasting with the dancers past midnight, Duval hoped his commander would allow some laxity in the morning. But the Captain had returned from Goliad.\nRetired early and got a good rest. Instead of slowing down the day's program, he seemed bent upon impressing the revelers with the fact that this was no pleasure excursion. Rousing his men at an unusually early hour, he set a fast pace and allowed no lagging. However, when, late in the afternoon, he came to an attractive site with an abundance of good water and live oak timber, he made camp, greatly to the relief of some trailmen. Though he had again covered many more miles than those in the ranks and still felt the after effects of his social activities at Refugio, Duval was up late again, this time prompted by curiosity. Camped near by was a band of Caranchua Indians who professed friendliness and appeared eager to fraternize with the pale-face warriors. The Kentuckians were willing to chat, but felt unable to reciprocate.\nThe friendship was expressed, as a settler had informed them that the Caranchuas were cannibals - the only tribe on the continent who ate their kind. Breechclouts were the sole clothing of these red men; blankets were added only when weather required. They were fine specimens of physical manhood, few of them under six feet in height. Lithe and muscular, they presented a ferocious aspect as they squatted about the fire, conversing in a peculiar jargon of guttural monosyllables that appeared to be produced by a spasmodic action of the throat muscles, with small aid from the tongue and palate. They were armed with ornately feathered lances, and bows and arrows; a few carried old flintlock muskets that appeared entirely out of place in their hands. Though they denied having any hostile intentions, the Captain.\nnoted that no women or children were among them, so ordered out extra pickets for the night. Having done double duty through two days of unseasonably warm weather, and danced and feasted not wisely, but too well, Duval was exasperated to find that it was his turn to stand guard. He started for the Captain\u2019s quarters to enter a protest, but thought better of it. This was war, and he would do all that was asked of him, shirking nothing \u2014 but the detested drills.\n\nBut, as it turned out, it made small difference whose name the sergeant had written on the guard detail for the night. For, shortly after the little encampment had quieted, the elements conspired to keep everyone awake, and astir. First, a low humming sound gradually smothered the hoot of the timber owls and the mournful yapping of the coyotes.\nNotes on the plain. Whistling through the crackling brush, a fierce norther beat down upon the unprotected men, bringing them out of their blankets to hustle for additional fuel.\n\nDuring the remainder of the night, a double spectacle was presented in that little wood \u2013 twin tableaus that aptly illustrated the divergent characters of the White and the Red races. The red conservationists built small fires and sat close to them. The whites were wasters built huge fires and sat away from them.\n\nBACK FROM GOLIAD\n\nThe best that either group could do was to endure until morning, when the whites ate a hasty breakfast and resumed their march, leaving their neighbors of the night still huddled about their fires, wolfing half-cooked venison with hog-like grunts of satisfaction.\n\nObliged to face the gale, and hampered by their equipment.\nThe marchers made slow progress, but succeeded in warming their blood until they were more comfortable than when inactive in camp. A few hours later, Duval, who was a little way ahead, reached the crest of a knoll and sighted the dome of what he knew must be the La Bahia mission. Whooping back the intelligence to the straggling line of men, he heard their lusty answering cheer and saw them come on with a rush, fatigue and privation forgotten with the announcement that journey's end was near. A half hour later, the company marched through Goliad and took quarters in a stone building near the old church. The doughty little Invincible's cargo had been delivered to Fannin.\n\nChapter IV\n\nTHE CLOUDS LOWER\n\nGoliad, then a Mexican village of some two thousand inhabitants, was located on the south bank of the Guadalupe River.\nThe San Antonio River, almost directly opposite the American town site, was a huddle of adobe huts with flimsy \"jackals\" of poles where miserable peons existed. In stark contrast, the presidio and mission stood sturdy and majestic, kept coolly aloof by the hedge of traditions surrounding them.\n\nYoung Duval's avid curiosity was drawn to these venerable structures. From the surly old Padre and others, he learned that in 1722, Marquis San Miguel De Aguayo established Presidio Santa Maria de Loreto de la Bahia del Espiritu Santo on the site of La Salle's old Fort St. Louis. The mission Espiritu Santo was planted nearby. He learned that in 1725, these institutions were moved to the valley above Victoria, and in 1749,\nbrought to Goliad. To a boy whose father had seen Kentucky change from a wilderness to a prosperous commonwealth within a few decades, this was like viewing the Temple of Solomon, or some other Biblical structure. It appeared to him almost a sacrilege that Fannin had strengthened and modernized the fortifications to some extent, and that Anglo-Saxon riflemen now were quartered where Latin lancers once paraded. Half old-day Spanish, half new-day Texian, \u201cFort Defiance,\u201d as it was called, was like a man dressed in an old Roman toga and wearing a modish hat, tie and gloves.\n\nBut Duval quickly found something to occupy his time other than ruminating over the contrast between the old order and the new. Three hours of their first morning in Defiance, and two that afternoon, were spent in drilling. Duval found no record of the previous garrison's strength or disposition, and he had to set about organizing the men and preparing them for battle. The fortifications were in a state of disrepair, and he ordered his men to repair the walls and build new barracks. The supplies were meager, and he had to send out scouting parties to gather food and forage.\n\nDespite the challenges, Duval was determined to make the best of the situation. He was a seasoned soldier, having served in the Spanish army for many years, and he knew that with hard work and determination, he could turn Fort Defiance into a formidable stronghold. He set the men to work with a will, and within a few days, the fort was beginning to take shape once again. The men were disciplined and obedient, and they worked tirelessly under Duval's command.\n\nAs the days passed, Duval began to receive reports of Mexican forces gathering in the area. He knew that he could not hold out indefinitely against such a large force, and he began to make plans for a retreat. But he was determined to give his men a fighting chance, and he ordered them to prepare for battle.\n\nThe Mexicans attacked on the morning of March 19, 1836. Duval and his men fought bravely, but they were outnumbered and outgunned. Duval was mortally wounded in the battle, but he refused to surrender, and he was last seen lying on the ground, still fighting amongst his men. The Texians were forced to retreat, and they suffered heavy losses.\n\nDespite the defeat, Duval's bravery and determination inspired his men to continue the fight for Texas independence. They regrouped and joined forces with other Texian units, and they went on to win the Battle of San Jacinto just a few weeks later. And Fort Defiance, which had once seemed like a relic of the old order, became a symbol of the new, independent Republic of Texas.\nHis company commander was sympathetic but there were the New Orleans Grays in their natty uniforms \u2013 a crack outfit of the command; the Tennesseeans; Captain (Dr.) Shackleford\u2019s already-famous Alabamans (Red Rovers); Major Mitchell\u2019s well-disciplined Georgians; Major Wallace\u2019s \u201cLaFayette Battalion.\u201d The awkward Kentuckians must be brought to an equality with these more seasoned organizations. They must drill, drill, drill \u2013 Duval included.\n\nBut, the next morning when he was reluctantly starting for the parade ground, his Captain noted his downcast countenance and relented. \"Man to man,\" he said, his shrewd eyes twinkling, \"I admit that I'd like to have a taste of venison for supper.\" He chuckled when Duval wheeled and started towards the river country.\n\nTHE CLOUDS LOWERED.\n\"him: \"Must have fresh meat, you know. And the only way to get it is to go out after it. That's all right, of course, but I wouldn't let any officer see me if I could help it\" Taking the hint, Duval circled the old church and kept it between him and the drill ground as he double-timed toward the river. He had gone but a few hundred yards when, rounding a sharp turn in the dusty trail, he came face to face with a young officer hurrying toward the fort. Uneasy, Duval trailed his rifle to make it less conspicuous, and started to brush by. No use. To his disgust, the officer stopped and hailed: \"Wait a minute, youngster! Where are you going?\" \"Nowhere in particular,\" Duval answered, not knowing what else to say. \"Well, just where, in particular?\" Something in the smooth, steady voice caused Duval to look keenly at his questioner. He was\"\nA young man, not more than thirty, Duval estimated. His face, frank, open, and genial, still had something that forbade trifling. Straightforwardness, self-reliance, energy, indomitable will power fairly radiated from the man, and about him, too, clung that elusive, intangible something that grips and pulls and holds other men as a magnet clamps particles of steel to itself without actually clutching them.\n\n\"I asked where you were going?\" the level voice came again, as Duval gaped helplessly. There was no note of irritation in the tone, but only an inflexible determination to be answered.\n\n\"Oh, out looking around,\" Duval found himself replying, evasively. With those cool, clear eyes on him, he couldn't tell a flat lie.\n\n\"And with whose permission?\" Now Duval hesitated. Convicting himself was one thing, getting his Captain in line for a rebuke.\nHe was another. He was about to admit truancy on his own responsibility, when the officer glanced at his fur cap and smiled slightly. \"I see you are one of the Kentuckians. When you get back, tell your Captain that Colonel Fannin feels the need of a little roast venison, too. Give him my compliments, and tell him he is invited to dine with me \u2014 provided he furnished the meat.\"\n\nColonel Fannin! The famed \u201chero of Concepci\u00f3n,\u201d and the idol of Duval\u2019s boyish heart! The commander who was to lead on to Matamoros and flail Santa Anna across Mexico to the Isthmus!\n\nDuval stood in the warm spring sunshine gazing after the trim, alert figure as Fannin strode briskly around the curve of the path and out of sight. Like nearly five hundred others over there at the fort, he was his Chief\u2019s for life \u2014 on through to death.\nFannin might plan well and win; he might blunder and lose. It made no difference, as far as Duval's fealty was concerned. That his commander had allowed him to go hunting was a favor not to be valued lightly. That he had seen through Duval's desire to protect his captain and respected it by not pressing his question was more than something. It was everything.\n\nBut Duval had yet to learn that Fannin's character had more than one facet. When he cut his hunt short and returned to quarters shortly after noon with a particularly fine haunch of venison, he delivered the Colonel's invitation to the Captain and found him not overly enthusiastic.\n\n\"News for me, eh?\" the Captain grunted. \"Well, I got some for you, too. The Colonel dropped in to see me after the morning's grind. He didn't mention what brought him.\"\nThe officer told me to drill you an hour extra each day for five days to make up lost time. \"We start now.\" The sight of the officer gravely putting one private through the manual of arms brought merryment that grew boisterous at times. But neither represented it. Duval needed the instruction, and the Captain needed it impressed upon him that five hours a day for every man meant just that. They grinned wryly and went through with it. And when the Captain dined with the Colonel that night, there was perfect good-fellowship, and no mention of Duval's escapade was made then or subsequently. That was Fannin's way. He could pay a compliment to one and administer a reprimand to another in the same tone of voice. He could reprimand Duval back from Goliad.\nA private's feelings should be respected by a general. Smilingly, he ate his share of the illicit meat and made the culprits pay for it. Gradually, discipline tightened. The daily ordeal on the hot parade ground grew more intense, and permits to visit the nightly fandangos in Goliad became rare. A junior officer's fondness for the latter events, coupled with his appetite for red liquor, resulted in the acquiring of a name for the then unchristened Kentuckians.\n\nOne night, this young officer drank more of the potent Mexican liquor than he could carry soberly. On his way back to the fort, he encountered a Mexican who retreated into his hovel and barred the door when the officer jostled him jocularly. Not to be deterred, the roisterer battered down the door and raged through the hovel.\njackal Y smashing the cheap furniture and chasing the occupants outside. Attracted by the noise, other Mexicans came from nearby houses to investigate, retreating and barricading their entrances when the big American turned his attention to them. He had beaten in a half-dozen doors and had the entire section in an uproar when news of the disturbance reached headquarters and a detachment was sent to restrain him. Because of his performance, the peons dubbed him the \u201cMustang,\u201d or wild horse. In a short time, the name was applied to the entire Kentucky contingent, first by the peons, later by the soldiers. So firmly was the sobriquet attached that it was written into official reports, and clings to the Kentuckians to this day.\n\nThen, suddenly, fandangos and fiestas and hunts were forgotten \u2013 even by Duval \u2013 and the private went unnamed.\nA soldier's conception of the impending struggle was turned topsy-turvy. Instead of going to Mexico to crush Santa Anna, they were to remain where they were and, if they were able, prevent Santa Anna from crushing them.\n\nThe first sign of this change came in the form of an unconfirmed rumor that \"The Napoleon of the West\" was preparing to enter Texas with an army of ten thousand men. Later, a Mexican arrived from the Rio Grande country to report that Santa Anna had reached the river on February 12 and was about to cross at the head of a large army. This army was to be divided into two sections, one division directed toward Bexar, the other to thrust at Goliad.\n\nRumor followed rumor, dispelling the sense of security that had enwrapped Goliad. Then stern fact displaced rumor when a messenger from Travis brought the information that Santa Anna was confronting him at Bexar.\nWhatever their officers may have known previously, this news changed the entire aspect of the situation for the rank and file. The conflict they had come from the states to seek was being brought to them on short notice and with astounding rapidity. Knowing little of the complex opinions of the higher officers and less of the clash of authority among the civil leaders, Duval and his fellow privates could only guess their destination when five days' rations were issued to them, along with as much ammunition as they could carry conveniently. With his infantry and a field battery of four guns, Fannin marched out of Goliad. But when they crossed the river by the upper ford and started toward San Antonio, they knew that their commander's intention was to attempt a drive through to beleaguered Bexar.\nFrom the man with the musket's perspective, the little band's emergence from the timber into the winding westward trail was his death sentence. His intuition, which guided a common soldier to conclusions his commander's reasoning powers hadn't enabled him to reach, told him Bexar couldn't be relieved, regardless of what Travis, Houston, or even Fannin thought or ordered.\n\nBut there was no lagging or muttering. Duval saw Fannin ride past, heard him speak a casual word, sensed his spirit. If death was at the end of that sunlit trail, Fannin was ready to face it. So was Duval. So were the others.\n\nHowever, something happened up at the head of the line. It was later explained that an ox-cart carrying their meager store of provisions had broken down.\nThe men broke ranks and made camp. The clouds lowered. They talked and thought little, while their officers huddled and counseled long and earnestly. Whatever the difficulty, it appeared to have been the grain that tipped the balance against attempted relief for Bexar. When the council broke up, the Miistangsy captain rejoined his men with the air of one who bore a pardon or reprieve to the condemned. \"We're going back, boys,\" he said gruffly.\n\nSo, as they had marched toward certain death, they reversed and marched toward the unknown. It was orders.\n\nHaving reoccupied Defiance, Fannin set about rendering his fort and his army fit for the struggle he knew must come. His men were sobered, but in no way dismayed. Willingly they tramped over the parade ground, foregoing all recreation.\nThe colonists worked willingly to strengthen the fortifications. Additional bastions were completed, guns stationed on them, walls thickened, and the surrounding trench deepened. A runaway was dug from the fort to the river for water in case of siege. This passage was roofed with planking and soil, and a gun mounted to cover its outlet at the river. Though they worked feverishly, their task was far from completion when two colonists arrived from San Patricio with the black news that Captain Grant and his company had been surprised there by a force of Mexican guerrillas, and the last man of them massacred. Following close, came a courier from Refugio sent by the people of that place to ask for an escort to Goliad, as they were in hourly fear of attack.\nFannin sent Captain King and his small company there in response to the appeal. Hearing nothing from King, he dispatched three couriers, one after the other, to search for news of him. None of the couriers returned, so he dispatched Lieutenant-Colonel Ward with the Georgia battalion of about one hundred and twenty men to relieve King. Like King's men and the couriers, the Georgians marched away and did not return. Then, one day when Duval and some of his messmates were completing the strengthening of a bastion, their captain stopped them. Within an hour, every man about the fort was at work, tearing down the defenses they had so painstakingly built. Having waited longer than was prudent for the return of King and Ward, Fannin was preparing to abandon them and obey Houston's order to fall back on the settlements on the Colorado. One\nChapter V\n\nColeto\n\nHaving dismantled his fortifications and destroyed such stores and munitions as his limited means of transportation failed to accommodate, Fannin evacuated Defiance in compliance with Houston's order. The presence of large bodies of the enemy in the neighborhood on the preceding day had made it manifest that Ward and King never would rejoin him.\n\nProudly serving as a flanker in the little advance guard, Duval watched the straggling line of men and the ox-drawn carts and guns cross the San Antonio. They snailed past Manahuila Creek to the big prairie which reached to the timber bordering the Coleto, a distance of some nine miles.\nmiles away. In the van rode Captain Horton with a couple of dozen troopers, fit and well mounted. Behind them, the infantrymen swung easily along, their pace regulated by that of the over-loaded cattle. The artillerymen walked beside the pieces and caissons, occasionally heaving with their shoulders to aid the straining teams through a bit of difficulty.\n\nBack from Goliad\n\nAs a reconnaissance by the cavalry before dawn had demonstrated that the way was clear, only ordinary precautions were taken against surprise. Protected by a front and a rear guard proportionate to its strength, the little army left the timber and wormed sluggishly along the meandering prairie trail.\n\nThe hours dragged by. Sweeping away the morning mists, a keen north wind brought chill discomfort to the men, but was a mercy to the laboring animals.\nDuval, on the front right of the main body, occasionally stopped to turn his back to the wind and chafe at the slowness of their progress. There was no cause for alarm. Bands of Mexicans were known to be about five miles away. Should any of them collide with the Mustangs, that would be their misfortune.\n\nThe Coleto timber now paralleled their trail on the left, and slightly more than that distance ahead, the road would meet the curve of the timber. A stop was doubtless ordered there. Duval anticipated food, a smoke in the shelter of the trees, and a game of cards with his comrades. Perhaps he could get permission to do a little deer shooting. With that thought in mind, he glanced to the rear and was surprised to see that the little army had already advanced.\nHe sat down on a little knoll to wait, thinking that the teams would come on soon. But he noticed that they were being outspanned and turned loose to graze. Wondering why a dry stop should be made when water was so near, and a little exasperated that the expected relaxation on the creek had been postponed, he followed the example of the other flankers and point men, who were already rejoining the main body.\n\nDuval's mind was relieved when, upon joining the others, he noted that no camp preparations were being made. Too tired to graze, the cattle stood motionless, breathing heavily. The men lounged on the grass, grumbling mildly, as even the best soldiers are wont to do. Some officers knotted their horses' reins for a time, and a few held a discussion with the Colonel. There was no formal assembly.\nAfter an hour, the partly-rested cattle were yoked and hitched, and the march resumed with Fannin in personal command of the rear guard. Duval watched enviously as Horton's bullies spurred ahead and disappeared into the border of wood. Lucky devils! He could visualize them making a desultory inspection of the creek bottom to select a camp site. Then they would build a fire and lie at ease while the infantry shuffled along with provoking deliberation. Never mind. Some day, when I had become a ranger, a sleek, wiry horse such as those they rode would carry me to where I wanted to go.\n\nWhen I had become a ranger! I smiled at the thought that had never been dismissed from my boyish mind. I might get to be a ranger-corporal, a sergeant, perhaps even a lieutenant.\nA man called out something indistinguishable in a voice that held a faint note of excitement. A wave of quiet comment buzzed along the line. Looking back, Duval saw one of Fannin's aides pointing to the rear with his sheathed sword. The line stopped. Gaping with the others, Duval saw two mounted Mexicans who had emerged from the Coleto timber a mile or so behind them. They sat motionless in their saddles for a time, then rode back into the cover. Again, there was no particular uneasiness, but rather the curious interest prompted by their first glimpse of a uniformed enemy. A tall Kentuckian next to Duval sighted his long rifle at the distant specks, grinning as he pretended to pull the trigger. A laugh rippled along the ranks as he repeated, clownishly.\n\nObviously, it was a pair of scouts. Behind them, another man -\nA sizable force was approaching. Well, let them come. Old Fannin would know what to do. A small body of lancers appeared from the timber at a point slightly in advance of where the two scouts had entered it. As they deployed in platoons four deep upon reaching the open ground and came rapidly on, followed by squadron after squadron, Fannin brought his rear up and unlimbered his guns, turning the cattle loose. At the same time, another Coleto and denser stream of cavalry debouched from the wood to the left. Troop followed troop until it appeared they would fill the prairie. Snaking over the plain, these two lines passed Fannin\u2019s position, then changed front and swung their advances in to inclose him on three sides. Meanwhile, other squadrons from the timber deployed to complete his encirclement.\n\nWith favorable ground upon which to operate, Fannin prepared for battle.\nUrrea's squadrons had maneuvered with beautiful precision. To meet the menace, Fannin's men had been thrown into a hollow square, with lines three deep. Inside that living wall, the artillery was installed, along with the cattle and carts. Outnumbered, unfavorably situated in a depression, beset by what appeared to be an endless stream of enemies, they were suddenly sobered\u2014set for the struggle.\n\nAgainst Fannin's orders, a field piece opened with some effect, as the enemy completed the building of his trap. As though the Mexican commander had been reminded that he must come to grips at once, a bugle sounded, then another and another. Pennants fluttering in the cutting wind, trumpets braying, three lines of dragoons leaped into action, converging upon the Texian's position at a full gallop. Opposed to them stood a taut line of untried volunteers.\nThe first fire-test was about to be made by the Mustangs, who made up one wall of the square. They were strengthened by small details from other companies. The Mustangs' front rank men, in addition to their rifles, had been provided with bayonets and short muskets, called escofetas. These formidable pieces were set aside, to be held in reserve against the enemy's attempt to penetrate their lines.\n\nGrim-faced and crouching like so many cougars, the Kentuckians waited as an avalanche of straining horseflesh and potential human butchers flowed toward them with a rush that appeared irresistible.\n\nStationed in the front rank, young Duval gripped his beloved rifle and trembled, knowing that one man-width of that immobile square was his to guard. Above the pounding roll of the tamping drums.\nhooves pounded on the plain, he heard someone pass behind him. His Captain's quiet voice ordered, \"Hold your lead, boys, and let 'em come close. We'll handle them.\" The Captain passed on. The dark wave on the prairie swept in closer, till individual animals and their riders could be picked out of the mass. They were within a quarter of a mile now and coming on faster than ever, as though they knew they had entered a death zone which they must cross within seconds, if at all.\n\nAt three hundred yards, Fannin\u2019s artillery opened from two corners of the square, slashing the oncoming line with grape and canister till their front rank became a milling jumble of riderless horses and horseless men. Ramming through that ruck, fresh platoons swept on as though by force of their initial impetus.\n\nColeto\nBut the infantry was in now, <their rifles speaking>\nin a steady crackling rose the occasional roar of a cannon. Duval, with gun hot in hand and half stifled by powder fumes, saw the charging line falter, halt hesitatingly, then plow on against the leaden current. Dotting the prairie with dead and dying, it came in as a comber comes, and broke against that living barrier as a comber breaks against a seawall.\n\nThrowing aside their rifles, some of the first-rank men sprayed their front with slugs from the escopetas. Here and there where the two forces made contact, a Mustang came out of his crouch to drive his bayonet home, then went to his haunches again, to allow his comrades of the two rear ranks firing room. In the throes of death, a riderless horse nearly penetrated the Mustang line, falling broadside on before it when a lank Kentuckian smashed its skull.\nA little Mexican officer, wielding a clubbed musket, shouted orders and curses in a high, thin voice. He rallied a squad of dismounted men and burst out of the smoke directly in front of Duval's position. Catching up his espaton, unused until then, he fired into the brown ranks, just as the ranks behind him erupted in a blast of flame, smoke, and hurtling lead. The little squad reeled back into the smokecloud and were seen no more.\n\nAlong the Mustangs' front, rifle fire slackened and finally died when the Powhatan Indians no longer found an enemy within range. The artillery blared for a time longer, then grew silent. The smoke thinned, drifted away, disclosing out front a barricade of dead and dying men.\nhorses were almost sufficient in themselves to protect the besieged force against a second charge. A few riderless horses galloped aimlessly about. A few unmounted men raced desperately to get out of range. Here and there, a body writhed among the still forms surrounding it. Behind Duval, the Captain spoke again: \"Good work, youngster. I had my eye on you.\" To his own surprise, Duval laughed loudly \u2014 a laugh that, somehow, appeared to belong to someone else. \"Had your eye on me, did you?\" He pointed to where he had thrown his escopata. \"Then maybe you saw that old blunderbus kick me through the two ranks behind me. I had her loaded with forty blue whistlers, with powder in proportion, and she sure outwrestled me.\" Then he sobered, suddenly. \"Any of our boys hurt?\" \"A few, maybe,\" the Captain answered gruffly, then passed on along the line, directing his men.\nThe soldiers cleaned their rifles as they could. Twice that day, the enemy cavalry charged, followed by infantry intended to flow through the gaps they made. The result was the same each time. The dragoons were battered by the Texan artillery and stopped once they came within rifle distance. After the Texan artillery worried their retreat, it trained on the enemy infantry, sweeping the plain clean of it. Even the privates among the volunteers could see the Mexican commander's predicament. His strategy was to sacrifice heavily to ensure quick victory, and he had made the sacrifice, gathering no fruits. The more of his cavalry he employed in those thunderous charges, the greater his losses. His infantry simply could not exist as a unit within reach of Fannin's riflemen. Another futile onslaught or two would erase the tremendous numerical advantage.\nThat had been his predicament at the outset. Upon even terms, he knew well that Fannin's men would launch an attack that would demolish him. The cocky conceit which prompted his first onrushing attack had departed from him, as demonstrated by his next operation.\n\nDismounting, a considerable body of the dragoons formed a thin skirmish line which opened fire as it closed in gradually on all sides of the square. Their marksmanship was poor, and their inferior ammunition was ineffective, except at close range. All they accomplished was to worry the volunteers, hold them in formation, and prevent them from moving \u2013 which would be to the advantage of the Mexican commander, who, of course, expected reinforcements.\n\nSo futile was their attack that it was practically ignored. But, suddenly, men commenced falling here and there within the square from an unexpected source.\n\nBACK FROM GOLIAD\nThere, about that grim square. More intrepid than the Mexicans, a number of Indians had crept through the tall grass to advantageous locations for sniping. A rounded knoll a little way from the Austrian position became a vantage point for the most destructive of this sniping. Duval's captain, a noted marksman, was detailed to attend to the matter. Taking position behind a gun carriage, he brought his exceptionally heavy Kentucky rifle to readiness and waited. For a brief moment, a tufted head appeared above the crest of the knoll, and a rifle blared. The captain's piece blended in with the report of the other, and he sat down to reload. The captain fired four times, then returned to his company with a finger missing from his right hand. No more lead sang across from the little elevation. The musketry on the plain subsided to a desultory pace.\nlong-distance bombardment did no damage. Sun set came, then dusk. Fannin ordered a sortie which drove the last of the attackers back to the timber, where a line of fires marked their camps. The captain's four victims were found on the knoll, each with an ounce ball in his head. (13)\n\nThe enemy had been whipped soundly. With the numbers standing as they were, Fannin could have whipped them again, the next day and the next. Sometime after nightfall, Duval listened with the others while Fannin made them a short speech. He told them that the enemy was completely demoralized, and that he had no doubt of their ability to fight their way through to the creek. Then he put the matter up to them.\n\nNearly every able man in the command had a relative or two among the wounded, who could not be taken along, as the cattle had stampeded during the battle.\nThe engagement, and Horton had not returned with his horses. Listening to the discussion, in which the Colonel took no further part, Duval knew what the decision would be. The vote was taken. It was announced that they would stay with their wounded, come what may. Fanning merely nodded understandingly when informed of the result. As on the day when he started to aid Travis, the fighting commander had been overruled by his councilors. As on the former occasion, he allowed their wishes to override his judgment and desire. Opposed as he was to remaining in the untenable location, Fannin set about it energetically to fortify his position. Through the night, the men worked unceasingly, throwing up an earthwork that was impervious to infantry attack. Laboring with the others, Duval wondered what good would come.\nSuppose they had sustained themselves there for a day, a week \u2013 even a fortnight? Inevitably, daily attrition would have cut them down, even if they had munitions and food with which to withstand a siege, and they had neither. But the decision had been made. As Fannin did, Duval accepted it and would do his share.\n\nFrom Goliad\n\nAll night, the wounded begged piteously for water. The dead lay unburied. Artillery ammunition sufficient for two rounds remained in the caissons. The riflemen were but little better supplied. They had scant food, and no transportation. The cruel breath of the North cut through their insufficient clothing, and there was no fuel.\n\nBut Fannin\u2019s boys were standing by their helpless comrades. Himself wounded, and realizing the futility of it, as they, perhaps, did not, Fannin was standing by with them.\nChapter VI\nCAPITULATION\nStealing over the Coleto battlefield, grey dawn slowly unmantled the grim spectacle of war. Gaunt and hollow-eyed, Fannin\u2019s men laid aside the tools they had plied unceasingly during the night. A few ate sparingly of the uncooked food; their desire for it suppressed by the more torturing pangs of thirst\u2014made even more poignant by the incessant pleas of the wounded for water. In the strengthening light, the surgeons performed a few hurried operations which had been impossible during the darkness of that long night of horrors, and administered opiates\u2014their only means of easing fevers pain.\n\nThe last lingering shadows on the prairie retreated to the wood, and the first sunrays fingered the waving blue-green oak tops tentatively. Young Duval, still holding his shovel in his toil-numbed hand, straightened.\nFrom his labor, a movement at the timberline caught his gaze. They were coming again. With the others, he dropped his tools, threw on his pouch and powder horn, and caught up his rifle.\n\nBack from Goliad\n\nThe officers moved among the men, delivering a few low-voiced commands that brought that square of the day before into alignment. Battered but intact, and determined as ever, Fannin's little army was ready. And, this time, it lay behind an earthwork that would stop rifle lead.\n\nThe dark mass at the edge of the timber spread and came on\u2014a skirmish line of infantry, massed cavalry, and artillery! Polished brass guns glinting in the early light as they reached the open. It was the expected, the inevitable; yet stern faces grew stony and low exclamations sounded about the square. Their toil through the night had been worse than futile.\nThe wagon frames, reinforced with earthwork, were smashed by the guns. Transformed into destructive fragments, they were more harmful than the missiles that shredded them. The first spreading mass on the prairie grew stationary, and another and another formed until Fannin was enveloped once again. Fresh units of infantry were identified as the Mexican force closed its coils, python-like, and this time with a slow caution that proved Urrea had profited by the lesson Fannin had taught. They were within six hundred yards now. The brass field pieces whirled into position, took their powder, and belched grey-black smoke. Tense as they were, Fannin's men raised a weak, derisive cheer when the projectiles passed high overhead, throwing up dust and confusion in the Mexican line on the opposite side.\n\n\"Let them alone and they'll lick themselves,\" said one soldier.\n\nCapitulation.\nA messmate laughed queerly at Duval's elbow. Duval tried to join in, but his parched lips and throat made only a hideous, shuddering sound. The guns out there roared again, spitting grape and canister. Too high again. Another feeble cheer was the only answer. The volunteers' guns must be served only in dire extremity. No water for the swabbing of them. Not enough big gun ammunition for a real duel. The boys with the long, brass-trimmed rifles must do the greater part of the work.\n\n\"Eyes open, boys! They're coming!\" Passing along his front, the stump of his shattered finger, wrapped in a soiled handkerchief, his rugged face grey with pain, thirst, and fatigue, their Captain still was every inch a man and a commander.\n\nTrumpets sounded over by the timber. The coil of dragoons tightened a little. The infantry opened.\nA gap through which the artillery rumbled to a nearer position. From a kaleidoscopic spectacle of color and action, the enemy became fixed in that supreme tension that precedes sanguinary attack. The trumpets again, this time blaring out a short call that had no meaning to the Texan listeners. What's this? The Mexican lines appeared to relax and stand at ease. Riding slowly to the front, a mounted man carried a white flag on a staff, waving it with frantic energy that raised another ghastly laugh among the volunteers.\n\n\"That hombre shore wants us to see what he's carrying,\" Duval's mate said, jerkily. \"They're an officer following him, too.\"\n\n\"Wanting a parley, I reckon,\" the Captain put in, then stooped to chuck a pebble into his mouth to assuage his thirst.\n\n\"You mean this thing may be stopped, and we might live?\"\n\"Can you get water for the wounded boys?\" Duval asked wistfully.\n\n\"Yes \u2014 if the terms are right. If they're wrong, we'll fight them to a finish, damn them,\" the Captain replied, eyeing the messengers closely. He sat down cross-legged and commenced rearranging the bloody bandage on his maimed hand. He spat out a pebble and grinned crookedly when Duval offered his precious remaining twist of natural leaf.\n\n\"One thing about Fannin,\" the Captain mumbled past the tobacco at which he was gnawing. \"You never have to guess what he'll do. It'll be fight, fight, fight, unless that greaser talks plain and talks right.\"\n\nA look at the Colonel passing convinced Duval that the Captain was right. Fannin's whole attitude as he looked his massed antagonists over casually was as if he were saying: \"Well, I'll talk terms, if you insist. But, remember this: I licked them before.\"\n\"Yesterday, I agreed we could meet and parley. I will be the one dictating the terms.\n\nCAPITULATION\n\nLed by Major Wallace, commander of the Lafayette battalion, a group of officers went to meet the messenger. After parleying for a few minutes, they returned to report that Urrea had taken the position that the volunteers were completely within his power. Wishing to avoid unnecessary bloodshed, he was offering Fannin an opportunity to surrender at his discretion.\n\n\"Like I told you,\" Duval's Captain said, rejoining his company after the Colonel's answer had been sent back. \"Old Fannin told them he would fight to the last grain of powder before he would surrender on any such terms.\n\n\"We might as well get ready for the big show to begin.\"\n\nOnce again, that circle of dragoons constricted slightly.\"\nThe enemy cannon moved closer. Wearily, the volunteers went to their stations. If only they had water. That short bugle call again. The man with the white flag came to their front, accompanied by a group of officers. Word passed among the men that one of them was Urrea. This time Fannin accompanied the officers who went out a little way to meet them. After a short discussion, they came inside the square, where the details of the capitulation were agreed upon. Fannin and his men were to be held as prisoners of war until exchanged or liberated upon their parole not to engage in the remainder of the war \u2013 this at the option of the Mexican Commander-in-Chief. This agreement was reduced to writing by Urrea\u2019s secretary, and the English translation of it read to the men. (18)\n\nIn the main, the battle-weary men accepted it.\narrangement cheerfully, though many, including Duval, experienced a real pang of regret when the time came for him to cast his pet rifle into the heap forming outside the breastwork. Here and there, a man muttered protest. One mutinous fellow threw a lit cigar into the reserve supply of powder, killing two of his comrades by the resulting explosion.\n\nBut conditions had argued powerfully in support of Urrea\u2019s apparently fair proposal. It offered water, food of a sort, transportation for their wounded, and opportunity for them to be treated. Additionally, perhaps the volunteers from the states considered their duty fully performed\u2014they had done more than enough for a Texas that had done nothing whatever for them. Good old Fannin had not asked to be the boss but had been given the command.\nAnd they had been promised full support. But the colonists had not come to La Bahia or even sent needed supplies there. All right, then. Let them fight it out, among themselves. After all, it was their country. If they were willing to accept the situation, why should the sons of Kentucky, Alabama, Georgia, and Tennessee trouble themselves further?\n\nBack toward dismantled Defiance marched the volunteers. Passing through Goliad, they were jeered and spat upon by the very people who formerly posed as their friends. Rubio, a fat and seemingly good-natured fellow in whose stuffy little cantina Duval often enjoyed a drink and a chat, came to the entrance as they filed past. Spotting Duval, he bellowed a coarse taunt at him, then drew his finger suggestively across his greasy throat. Vindictive Goliad had shed its sheep's clothing.\nAlong the narrow white street, Old Donna Monez parted her curtains to wave a furtive greeting. On the next corner, Rosita Garcia blew a kiss and muffled her face in her mantilla. Duval, heartened, trudged on with the others. Some day, when he had become a ranger, he would come back to Goliad to slap Rubio's fat face, sip Donna's wine, and hear Rosita's liquid laugh. Within the walls surrounding the mossy old mission, the volunteers relieved themselves.\nThey threw themselves down and slept soundly for the first time since leaving, having obtained the signed and sealed capitulation from Urrea, along with his word of honor as a gentleman and soldier that its provisions would be carried out. They would have to accept onerous confinement and the sense of degradation that accompanies imprisonment philosophically for a time. The boys back home would come with a rush when they heard of Mexican successes, and the twenty thousand colonists in Texas would assemble and make their power felt. Temporarily inconvenienced, they looked forward to their time to cheer. Later, when their rations consisted only of a dog's share of uncooked beef and they were crowded together.\nThe remnant of Ward's battalion joined Fannin's men as prisoners. Eighty men who had landed at Copano to find that port in Mexican hands were surrendered by their commander, Major Miller, and brought to Goliad. They had dumped their arms into the bay and passed themselves off as peaceful colonists. Again, nearly five hundred men were assembled at La Bahia. They looked forward to the ultimate invasion of Mexico, but this time, their expected role was that of idle, though not disinterested, onlookers.\n\nCAPITULATION\n\nSI\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in good shape and does not require extensive cleaning. The only minor issue is the inclusion of \"SI\" at the end of the text, which is likely a typo or formatting error and can be ignored.)\n\"war is war. The thing couldn't last forever, and there was a rumor that an exchange of prisoners was being arranged.\n\nChapter VII\nA Half Minute\n\n\"Fall in line, you Mustangs.\" The orderly sergeant's voice quavered with excitement as he called the order, and his face, stubbled with the beard he had been unable to remove during their confinement, lighted with a joyous smile as he added: \"Git a hustle on. We're going home!\"\n\n\"Home!\" A hundred voices echoed the magic word as the men snapped out of their hopeless indolence and crowded around him, jabbering out jumbled inquiries.\n\n\"Home,\" the sergeant repeated. \"Now hush that yapping and get lined up. We're going to be shipped to New Orleans, right away.\"\n\nRising from a filthy corner where he had been dozing, Duval bundled his few remaining possessions into his haversack, and exchanged light banter with his comrades.\"\nAll over the gloomy old building, men were running to and fro. Non-commissioned officers shouted instructions and attempted to bring them into orderly array. As Duval packed the last of his duffle, an acquaintance who belonged to Miller\u2019s command stopped near by.\n\n\"Why aren't you packing?\" Duval asked, casting aside a pair of socks that had outworn their usefulness.\n\n\"We aren't going,\" the other answered, dolefully.\n\n\"Why not?\" Duval asked, in surprise.\n\n\"I don't know,\" the man glanced at the white cloth tied about his sleeve to identify him as one of Miller's men. \"I had a good notion to rip that off and fall in with you fellows. Dawgone, but you're lucky!\"\n\n\"I wouldn't do it,\" Duval advised. \"You'll be coming within a few days, anyway. They're probably leaving you behind because you got here later than the rest.\"\nwe did wait five maybe they\u2019re going to ship you on a different boat. A day or two more won't -\n\n\"Hey, Duval,\" the sergeant yelled. \"Get a wiggle on you. Your squad's all ready but you!\" Milling and jostling for elbow room, the various companies of Fannin\u2019s original force, including the survivors of Ward\u2019s command, brought a semblance of order into their ranks and obeyed with alacrity when a number of Mexican officers moved about among them, separating the companies into three divisions of approximately a hundred and fifty men each. The section to which the Mustangs were attached marked time impatiently while the two other divisions marched out, and away. Even the few minutes they waited seemed hours, so eager were they to leave the foul air of their dank, gloomy prison and be on the march.\n\nPalm Sunday, March 27, 1836 \u2014 a day and\n\n(No need to clean this text as it is already perfectly readable and contains no meaningless or unreadable content, modern editor additions, or OCR errors.)\nA date written large in the history of one country; a day and date another country shall never forget; a day and date that Duval hastily scribbled into his diary while the Mustangs awaited orders.\n\nHome! The single word suffices to depict their feelings as they filed out through the mossy archway, passing between double rows of Mexican infantrymen who caught step with them and conveyed them toward the river.\n\n\"They sure believe in taking good care of us,\" Duval said to Corporal Hawkins, marching on his left. \"We have, anyway, two armed guards to every man of us.\"\n\n\"Yes. And I saw a big bunch of cavalry go on ahead, a little while ago,\" Hawkins answered. \"Well, after all, this Urrea seems to be a right good fellow. He promised to see us safe on our way, and by jinks, he's doing it.\n\n\"By the way, you understand Spanish. Them\"\nwomen called us \"poor fellows\" when we came out. What does that mean?\n\n\"It means 'poor fellows,'\" Duval answered. \"I suppose the looks of us made them say it. We're a pretty boney crowd, right now.\"\n\n\"Wait till I'm back in old Kaintuck with my feet under Maw's table. She'll have to sweep around them for the first week,\" Hawkins grinned. \"Honest to God, when I think of real home-cured bacon and eggs and 'taters, I - \"\n\nA half minute.\n\n\"Hey! They're heading us into the San Antonio road. Copano isn't that-a-way!\"\n\n\"You're right,\" Duval agreed, puzzled, but not at all uneasy. \"A fellow in Ward's bunch told me the Mexicans said we were going to get some beef. Looks like he knew what he was talking about. Probably we'll get our meat, then turn back and follow the others.\"\n\n\"Reckon you're right. Like as not, that's why.\"\nThe cavalrymen went on ahead. They're going to round up the cattle and have them ready. I sure hope they get a plenty while they're at it. I could eat a whole cow myself, right now, and -\n\n\"Halt!\"\n\nThe command was delivered in English by a little Mexican officer who passed along the line, instructing the prisoners to remove their packs and stand at ease. At the same time, the double rank of guards on the river side passed through their lines and reformed, facing them. After this rearrangement, the open prairie and the guards were on one side of them, a little way off on the other side was the river.\n\n\"Here's where we get that beef,\" Duval thought, as he loosened the strap of his haversack and looked expectantly toward a timbered spot ahead where a force of dragoons was emerging. Seconds later, he had straightened and stiffened to attention.\noverpowered by a great suspicion that had filled him suddenly. And, almost with that sickening idea, came the realization.\n\nFrom Goliad\n\nMusketry had sounded over by the lower ford, where one division had gone. A moment later, a volley rumbled somewhere on the San Patricio road, which the second section had taken. Somewhere near the head of the little column of startled men, a shrill, strained voice rose: \u201cBoys, they\u2019re going to shoot us!\u201d\n\nAll along the length of the line, gunlocks clicked as the guards backed off a few paces and leveled their muskets. Somebody barked an order. Flame leaped from the muzzles of the heavily-charged escopetas. The line of men in the roadway withered, crumpled, became an irregular windrow of still forms, with here and there a wounded man writhing in agony. Into the welter charged the guards.\njabbing, clubbing, hacking with their daggers. Out of the reek, a few grim-faced men raced desperately for the river, pursued by such of their assassins as were not engaged in slaughtering the wounded. Closing in from three directions, the dragoons raced to be in at the death. A-steam with bloodlust, the entire Mexican line charged across that crimson-puddled road and on to the river bank. Stragglers, some of them wounded, fell between the road and the river as the bayonets did their deadly work. A pitifully few Texans splashed into the river, and some of the soldiers hastily reloaded and fired at their bobbing heads, while the cavalry galloped off to cross at the ford and run them down. Nowhere in that gore-splashed river-bend was exhibited a mote of soldierly chivalry, a spark of human compassion, a faint gleam of that respect for the enemy which should have been the soldier's first duty. (22)\nWhat of Duval? He turned towards the San Patricio road when gunfire sounded there. Warned by clicking musket-locks, he faced about just as the fatal volley was fired. Instinctively, Duval threw himself, face downward, on the hard road. Sprawling down, the body of poor Hawkins fell across him. Duval freed himself only after the Mexican line had charged across the row of bodies. Rising with an effort, he looked about him. At first glance, the prairie looked inviting, as not an enemy remained on it. The Mexicans had retreated.\nIcan foot soldiers were plunging toward the river. The cavalry was edging in on either flank. But not a moment's thought was needed to convince him that escape over the open was out of the question. Swarming with enemies, the river way looked almost as bad, but there was a chance - the only chance, and that a slim one.\n\nThere ensued a strange spectacle. Fleeing Texans pursued by their enemies, and behind those enemies another Texan keeping pace with them; still back, dragoons pounding after him. To reach the river, Duval must pass through the Mexican line; he must not pass through it too soon, or he would become its nearest target.\n\nIt was all a matter of seconds. When the man-hunters neared the river bank, Duval made a desperate spurt and gained on them. A little to his left, the human barrier appeared thinner than elsewhere.\n\nBack from Goliad\n\nDuval must pass through the Mexican line; he must not pass through it too soon, or he would become its nearest target.\nSwerving in that direction, he ran breast-to-breast with them and was only a few yards from the water when one of them saw him and lunged viciously, his gleaming bayonet aimed for Duval\u2019s abdomen. Exhausted and now hopeless, Duval made but a half-hearted effort to avoid the thrust, when another fugitive running a little way ahead faltered and reeled between them, receiving the full force of the blow. Thrown out of his stride, Duval lost some headway but recovered readily and plunged on. As he passed them, he saw the soldier put his foot on the prostrate Texan's body to make an ineffectual effort to withdraw the bayonet. The water was just ahead now, and barring the way to it were the soldiers, who, however, had their backs to him. Behind him, the clatter of sword-gear and pound of hooves told that the dragoons were approaching.\nDuval almost reached the enemy. Gathering all his strength, he charged through the infantry, caught his breath, and dove headlong into the swift current. A good swimmer, Duval made fair headway, weakened though he was. All around him, bullets splashed, and the firing grew heavier as more of his enemies got their pieces reloaded. Twice he dove, staying under until his lungs were about to burst and his head sank, and the far shore grew hazy and seemed more and more distant when he rose and bore doggedly on.\n\nThen suddenly, he was at the bank \u2013 a sheer wall that offered no handhold.\n\nAh, a dangling vine, where the bank inclined a little. It was a little upstream, but Duval inched toilsomely toward it. Gripping the fragile green cable, he put his remaining strength into a mighty heave.\nDuval's effort lifted his numbed body half out of the water. Just then, a missile from the opposite shore cut the vine close to his hand. The Mexicans cheered exultingly as he dropped back into the swirling water \u2013 too spent to battle further. Call it blind luck, fate, Providence \u2013 whatever force was ruling Duval's destiny had full sway. He had given every atom of his force, and could only float helplessly, too far gone to worry about the outcome. After a time, he became conscious that he was being turned slowly about in a lazy eddy. Then something brushed his shoulder, and he clutched it feebly and relaxed, allowing his body to come to rest on a shelving bank where an overhanging tree sheltered him from observation. Minutes passed. The clamor on the far bank subsided. Duval struggled and rested.\nDuval worked his body out of the water and belly up onto a brush-clad slope, into the shelter of timber. Duval was tired - desperately tired. But he was young, and life was sweet. Between him and those who had sought his life so relentlessly was a narrow strip of water, which he knew the dragoons must have forded. It was spur enough.\n\nRising, he staggered across a little glade and reached the edge of the belt of timber. Beyond was bare, brown prairie. As he was about to step into the open, he glanced to his left. A body of Mexican lancers sat their horses like so many eager hounds at the mouth of a rabbit warren, watching the timber expectantly. Subtle Urrea had left nothing undone that would safeguard his reputation for utter ruthlessness.\n\nWearily, Duval turned back to the little glade.\nHe sat down and pondered over his best course. Across the river, the Mexicans had completed their gruesome butchery and were stripping the dead of their valuables \u2013 even their serviceable clothing. A detail had commenced piling the bodies for incineration. Two or three small squads were preparing to cross and beat the timber in expectation that a little more human game might be flushed before their guns. The end appeared inevitable; all Duval could do was wait it out. Waiting, he thought of many persons and many things \u2013 of the little cabin back in Kentucky where poor Hawkins had thought of putting his feet under \"Maw's\" table and letting \"Maw\" sweep around them for a week while he ate home-cured bacon and eggs and potatoes. He thought of the Mexican women who, knowing their men were away, were now free to dance and sing and laugh, their voices carrying across the river to him.\nTheir fate called them pobrecitos. Miller's man cursed the white band on his sleeve, his salvation. The little lieutenant could have saved him by making a good Catholic of him. He thought of good old Fannin and knew how right he had been in preferring fighting to surrender. (23) As riflemen, these Mexicans were a sorry lot, not even capable of doing a clean, workmanlike job of butchering the defenseless.\n\nOpposed by men of that stripe, Fannin might have remained at Defiance indefinitely. At least, had his wishes prevailed, his men could have died gloriously there or at Coleto. Also, he grated his teeth over the thought, they could have taken a few hundred of the enemy with them.\n\nThe day wore on. Occasionally, a burst of musketry told that some harried skulker had been captured.\nOut on the prairie, the lancers waited hawk-like and vulture-like. Duval, eyeing them morosely, thought of his ambition to become a ranger and wondered what a ranger would do in his predicament. With that thought, he braced himself and rose. The thing looked impossible, but he had to outsmart those ghouls, somehow.\n\nChapter VIII\n\"SOLDIERS THREE\"\n\nA commotion occurred on the near bank of the river and downstream. A musket was discharged, and Duval heard men calling to one another in Spanish. Drawing himself into the fork of a low-growing oak, he saw that a number of Mexicans had crossed and were beating the brush a little way below where he had left the water. They were covering the ground thoroughly as they worked their way slowly up the stream, knowing that they had seen him.\nHe suspected they were his pursuers and left the river. After a little time, there was a scattered volley followed by exultant shouts. Some poor, harried fellow had been driven from cover and slaughtered. The noise downstream subsided, and Duval could imagine them stripping their prey. When something chugged heavily into the river, he knew it was the body. The huntsmen worked nearer, quartering the strip of wood like so many eager hounds nosing for the scent. Duval slid to the ground and worked his way cautiously upstream till the timber thinned and he could go no further in that direction without coming into view of the vigilant lancers. Some bushes by the bank offered the best cover available, and he lay down there, deciding to take to the water again when the beaters came near. Soldiers Three.\nDesperate and seemingly marked for killing, the hunted youth had to steel himself resolutely against a wild inclination to rise and make a race for it \u2013 a race that could have but one end. Reasoning power that enabled him to withstand that impulse searched in vain for a more promising alternative. Once, he considered recrossing the river, on the theory that the pursuers would expect him to do anything but that. Finally, he based all his hope upon a shallow gully that headed near where the lancers were stationed, and ran diagonally across the prairie toward where he knew another body of timber lay. It was a mere drain, dry at the time; but it was fringed with low bushes sufficient to cover the movements of a stooped man. If he only could get past those lynx-eyed lancers.\n\nBut, the thing was impossible. The dragoons must have seen him.\nmove before the hunt reached him, or - Dried leaves rustled in a nearby swale. A stick cracking sharply under a man\u2019s weight almost sent Duval into flight as the gong starts a race-horse, so taut were his nerves. Flattening himself, he peered beneath the bushes, and again had to summon all his will power to suppress the cry of relief that almost escaped him.\n\nBack from Goliad\n\nPassing at an angle that would take him into the very arms of the lancers, was John Holliday, one of Duval\u2019s own messmates. He was much older than Duval, and ordinarily, of impressive physique. Now, he appeared shrunken and most abject, as he stole furtively through the brush, his clothing sodden with mud, his haggard face half hidden by the long hair that once had been his pride but now was bedraggled and dripping. As Duval watched anxiously, Holliday disappeared from sight.\npaused a moment to listen for sounds of pursuit, then stalked on - straight toward the certain death that awaited on the plain. Duval called softly, trying to gauge his shaking voice so that it might reach his friend and not the enemy. When Holliday walked on, Duval called again and again, raising his voice a bit at each trial. Finally, Holliday stopped and turned, evidently suspecting that he had heard something, but not certain of it. His heart thumping against his ribs, Duval took off his fur cap and waved it above the bushes, knowing that Holliday would recognize it instantly as the property of a fellow Mustang. Holliday saw, and there was another trying time when he started to walk straight across the open glade that lay between him and Duval - which would cause him to be seen at once. Risking all on the\n\n(Assuming the text ends here, as there's no clear indication of what \"risking all on the\" refers to and it might require additional context to clean properly)\nDuval rose to his knees and motioned for Holliday to lie down. Obeying at once, the other lay still while Duval crept across the opening and joined him.\n\nSoldiers three.\n\nThere was a silent hand-grip, then a whispered consultation which was interrupted after a minute when the leaves in the swale rustled again, and a soldier Duval knew as Brown (24) emerged and came straight to where they lay. He had just swum the river, having somehow managed to remain hidden on the other side until the killers had finished their search there.\n\nThe three consulted nervously while the beaters came nearer and nearer, and, coordinating with them, the lancers deployed and waited for their game. When the foot soldiers had approached to within three hundred yards, Holliday could stand the strain of inactivity no longer. He proposed a dash across the open field.\nthe prairie, and he argued strenuously in support of that foolhardy move, when a diversion occurred. Somewhere across the swale, five Americans broke cover and raced for the prairie. Before the fleetest of them had gone a hundred yards, all of them were down. Dismounting, the cavalrymen looted the pockets of the dead, after beating and hacking the life out of the wounded. That work finished, they remounted and galloped around a little turn of the wood, probably to carry the joyful news to the foot soldiers.\n\n\"Come on,\" Duval called to his mates, then rose and broke for the little gully. He did not look back to see how far the troopers had gone or whether or not they were faced the other way. It was the opportunity for which he had waited, when Nature had repeatedly prompted him to flee. It was the opportunity he had been waiting for.\nThe three men had only one chance, and they took it, the others following because nothing else remained to be done. They couldn't run; their waning strength prevented actual running. Instead, they staggered along, their arms locked, with Brown lagging a little despite his game efforts. They made it. After dropping among the bushes, Holliday was once again for flight when the dragoons came galloping back. \"Lie still,\" Duval cautioned, knowing that the cover was insufficient when their enemies were so near.\n\n\"But they'll be searching this place in another minute,\" Holliday protested.\n\n\"I think not,\" Duval disagreed. \"Now, hush and don't move a muscle. They'll pass near us, but they'll pass.\" Again, he was banking on the unexpected. He had seen those dragoons search that gully once, so they would assume it to be empty of game.\nThey passed so close that Duval could have thrown a pebble at one of them. The three could not have escaped observation, had the Mexicans not been intent on regaining their former position. The hide-and-seek game was renewed. Duval would steal from bush to bush, the others following. Then there would be another wait. Thus, crawling and halting, they covered a tedious furlong, after which the drain deepened, and the brush thickened, affording better cover. Twice during the next hour, they narrowly escaped capture when other bodies of cavalry scouted the drain; but each time they were warned in season, and lay quiet until the danger had passed. After traveling for more than five miles, they finally dropped, utterly exhausted, in a thick grove, where they held a concealed position.\nanother council decided to wait until nightfall. Throughout the long day they lay inactive, their ears tortured by the irregular volleys of distant musketry which told that other survivors had been marked down. At nightfall, they filed away over the open prairie, keeping to the northeast on a course that skirted the tragic Coleto battlefield. The three walked silently, their numbed limbs yielding mechanical obedience to their wills. Hours and miles passed uncounted. They had no plan. The only thought in their minds was that they must keep going away from Goliad. At daylight, they lurched into another island of timber and stopped there when Brown declared that he could go no further. Brown had removed his coat and shoes before plunging into the river, and his feet were pitifully swollen and lacerated. Though he begged the others to help him, they could only watch as he struggled to rest.\nDuval and Holliday heaved him to his feet and half carried him as they resumed the trek. After another hour, he appeared past all suffering, and marched stoically across the plain until sunset, when they camped in another timbered spot. The three had entered the second phase of their flight. Although they had been unable to keep to any definite line of flight while walking in the darkness with no stars to guide them, they believed they were beyond immediate danger from the troops at Goliad. Their problem now was to evade contact with stray bands of Indians known to infest the region and keep hidden from Mexican scouts and guerrillas who would swarm over the conquered territory.\n\nIt had been two full days since their last ration - five ounces of half-cooked beef per man.\nHad been eaten. Driven by a cutting wind, a cold drizzle of rain had come with the dusk. Up to now, they had not dared risk a fire, but Duval decided that one must be started at all hazards. It might betray them to some roving band of the enemy, but without it, they certainly could not hope to survive the night.\n\nIn Duval's pocket was a little flat box which had kept his flint and steel dry. Along with them was a mere morsel of tinder scarcely larger than a pinhead. With the others watching apprehensively, he removed a bit of cotton from the lining of his fur cap and placed the little ball of tinder on it. Spark after spark failed, but finally it caught, and a feeble flame crept through the cotton, drying and lighting the damp dead twigs he patiently added from time to time. While Holliday dragged in more fuel.\nDuval tore a strip from his underwear, half burned it and packed it into the little box as their future store of tinder. Three soldiers\n\nGradually they built up a fire that a little more than offset the misty rain, and brought warmth to their famished bodies throughout the night. Brown lay in a semi-stupor, while his two mates took turns keeping watch and replenishing the fire. Never, even when facing those guns on the river road, had they been nearer death; a morsel of scorched fabric had been the arbiter of their destiny.\n\nWith the coming of the morning, the rain stopped, and a kindly sun bathed them with its cheering rays. Though dreadfully sleepy now that they were warm, they knew that they must go on and find food, somehow. First, though, something must be done about Brown\u2019s feet.\n\nAs the Mexicans had taken even their jackknives\nThey were away from them, without tools except for a small pair of scissors Brown had managed to keep. Duval cut the tops of his own boots and fashioned a pair of sandals. First, wrapping Brown's raw soles in strips torn from their clothing, he and Holliday laced the sandals on him and assisted him to his feet. Though every step must have been an excruciating torture, the game fellow minced along with never a word of complaint, when the three filed wearily from their little haven and took to the prairie.\n\nAn hour brought them to what Duval thought he recognized as a branch of Coleto Creek. Just after they had crossed, a body of Mexican lancers appeared, stopping within fifty yards of where they lay, partially concealed in the grass. Another soldier, probably a scout, met the troopers.\nconversed with them for a time, then all rode away, and once more, the three escaped death by the narrowest of margins. Throughout that day, one hour was like another, except that the skies again became over-clouded, and light showers fell intermittently. After another night of fitful slumber in a grove, the performance of the day before was repeated. It was just walk, walk, walk \u2014 with each step taken an infinitesimal fraction of an inch shorter than the one preceding it. Starvation was steadily taking its toll. To make the pangs of hunger more maddening, fat birds burst from every covert and big game showed everywhere. It being the off-season of the year, not a tree or bush bore a fruit or a nut. The very grass beneath their feet appeared to mock them with its sere lifelessness.\n\nUp to now, because he was older than the others, he had managed to keep them going, leading them through the wilderness. But now, his strength was failing, and they could see it. They looked to him for guidance, but he could barely stand, let alone lead them. They were lost, and they knew it. The days stretched into weeks, and the weeks into months. They walked on, driven by the desperate hope that they would eventually stumble upon civilization, but each day brought only more hardship and despair. They had given up hope, but still they walked, one step at a time, until finally, after what seemed like an eternity, they saw in the distance the smoke of a campfire. They had made it. They had survived.\nHolliday had assumed leadership, selecting campsites and guiding their route. Though naturally diffident, Duval had confidence in his woods-manship and instinctive knowledge of direction \u2013 \"hawg-sense\" as they called it, in Kentucky. He had been reared in the forests and on the grassy hills, while Holliday was city-bred. Consequently, when Duval became convinced that they were heading in the wrong direction, he entered a protest which Holliday overruled, somewhat brusquely. Though soldiers agreed that he was right, Duval let the matter rest for a time. Later, when he thought he recognized Manahuila Creek \u2013 the same they had crossed when leaving Goliad with Fannin \u2013 he called Holliday's attention to it.\n\n\"You're dreaming,\" was Holliday's answer as he took to the shallow water and went splashing across. \"All these creeks look alike, and you only think you recognize that one.\"\nThe three continued on, Duval more concerned than the others as he suspected they were following the wrong course. It was nearing sunset when he hesitated definitively after they had entered a live-oak grove that he was almost certain he had covered during hunting. \"Go on if you like,\" he said to Holliday. \"I won't take another step till I know where we're headed.\"\n\n\"Don't worry, we're all right,\" Holliday answered, trying to speak confidently, though his uneasiness was evident for the first time. He paused, then nodded toward Brown, who had slumped down by the tree boll, too near lifeless to join in the argument. \"He needs a rest, anyway. Stay here with him, while I go scout a little.\"\n\nWithin an hour, Holliday stalked into sight.\nThe very droop of his shoulders announcing the verdict. He had been within sight of Goliad and had heard the drums and bugles at the fort. Three days of hellish torture on the trail had brought them back, almost to the scene of the massacre, and within reach of Urrea\u2019s relentless arm. It was a staggering blow, but lamentations would avail nothing. The three hollow-eyed, haggard-faced men reversed their course, recrossed the creek, and threw themselves on a bed of leaves to fall into the stupor that comes with extreme fatigue \u2013 too far gone to worry greatly about what the outcome might be. One thing, and one thing only, had been accomplished. After going wrong in their short march back to the creek and after Duval had warned that if he went as he was going, he would go alone \u2013 and after Brown had backed Duval \u2013 Hollis.\nDay had relinquished the leadership, saying, \"I'd rather go wrong than be alone.\" At the outset, their chance of escape had been slim; now it appeared almost negligible. But, from now on, every painful tottering step would be made to count.\n\nChapter IX\nNATURE IS HOSTILE\n\nGrey dawn found the three again on their way. A few hours later, something occurred which might ordinarily have been considered a trivial incident, but which assumes importance as an event when considered in connection with two facts.\n\nIt saved their lives, once more.\n\nAnd it proved to Duval that John Holliday was a man.\n\nThey had covered five or six miles, and Duval was taking his turn in the lead, regulating his pace to that of Brown, who now could go no more than two or three hundred yards before stopping to rest. Bringing up the rear, Holliday kept his eye on the trail.\nBrown helped him at times. Fifty yards ahead, Duval looked back to see how the others were faring. He saw Holliday weave out of the trail and stoop quickly, and Duval knew he had made a find of some sort. It was a little moist spot by a willow thicket, with no bushes of any sort near.\n\nWhen Holliday straightened, he was clutching something in his hand. Again he stooped and straightened, then, after circling the little oasis with his eyes on the ground, he tucked whatever was in his hand into his pocket and came on.\n\nNot once did Duval take his eyes off Holliday till they had stopped to rest, some hours later. Then, with the air of a butler uncovering a juicy roast garnished with asparagus and bedecked with mushrooms, Holliday reached into his pocket and drew out -\nA handful of wild onions. Puckering his thin lips, Holliday whistled a wavering imitation of the mess call as he divided the dozen shriveled bulbs into three equal parts. After an inquiring look at Duval, he cut down two of the portions, adding what he had taken from them to the bunch he passed to Brown. \"Eat them,\" he said gruffly. \"I think our luck is turning.\"\n\nJust some raw onions - which Holliday could have devoured at a gulp, saying nothing to the others.\n\n\"Eat them, fellas.\"\n\nPersons whose only knowledge of hunger has been when their dinners were not ready on time may not know how those three words measured a man, and sealed one of those friendships that last through time and eternity.\n\nTheir luck did appear to be on the mend, as for, next morning, Duval found\nA number of vegetables from the cactus family called \"Turk's heads\" were heard of by him. When mashed, the pulp exudes a fair substitute for water with some little food value. However, such mere tastes only served to arouse excruciating pangs in stomachs that had been so long without food that they had ceased to call for it until a little provender started them functioning normally. That evening, as they were about to go into camp on the banks of a river assumed to be the Guadaloupe, they saw a cow and her calf browsing by the stream. Having no weapons of any nature, they tried with what strength remained in their wasted bodies to force the cow, or at least the calf, over the river bank in the hope that it would drown, if not killed by the fall. Desperate though they were.\nmuscles were unequal to the task. Both animals finally broke away from them and stumbled into a dry sinkhole a little way back from the river \u2014 so completely exhausted that not one of them expected to complete another day's march.\n\nAs Duval was falling asleep, his ears caught the tantalizing gobbling of wild turkeys as they went to roost in a nearby tree. He didn't know how long he had slept when he was awakened from a dream of roast turkey with dressing by a light scrambling sound among the leaves outside the swale.\n\nAfter a little time, the sound came nearer, and he knew that some animal was approaching the sink. As he rose to a sitting posture and grasped a billet of wood that lay near his pallet of leaves, a wild sow, followed by her young litter, came sliding down the steep bank toward him.\nFollowing a scene of commotion, which was ludicrous but for its tragic pathos, Holliday and Brown rushed to help as Hatton attacked the sow with a succession of feeble blows. The three men, tottering on their shaking legs, staggered about the little basin, showering blows on the mother without any other effect than to cause her to rip Holliday's calf when he lost his balance and fell against her. Retreating up the bank, the matron and her brood were about to escape, but Duval suddenly thought clearly. \"The pigs,\" he yelled, lashing out at them with his club as they huddled against their retreating dam's side, backing away fighting.\n\nThe club thwacked home solidly, and a squealing black shape dropped, threshing to the leaves. Encouraged, the three plunged in viciously, bringing down four more pigs.\nFive battered little bodies, dressed hastily with the knife Duval had fashioned from one of Brown's scissorblades. The fire was rekindled hastily, and the meat cooked a little longer than required to singe off the hair. In flat disregard of what they had read in relation to the proper dieting of a near-starved human, the three ate every ounce of the half-raw, half-scorched meat, picking the bones clean. They burrowed in the leaves and slept soundly until the sun was two hours high.\n\nThe morning task was to cross the river \u2014 a difficulty because the stream was swollen by recent rains, and had a swift and treacherous current. Brown was the weakest, so he was stripped, and the burden of his clothing was divided between the other two. Scarcely had Duval reached the far bank when he heard...\nBrown called for aid and turned back to him, pushing a large slab he had found floating by the bank. Holliday came to his assistance in the nick of time, and the two managed to get their helpless mate to the bank and out of the water.\n\nFor two days, the little party tramped northward and eastward, nothing of consequence occurring to vary the monotony of their tedious march. Twice they saw bodies of horsemen so distant that they could not tell whether they were Mexicans or Indians. Once they sighted a small band of Indians and took refuge in the tall grass of a swale until they had passed. They found no food of any kind, but crossed several small streams which kept off their other arch tormentor \u2014 thirst.\n\nOn the evening of the third day since they had eaten, Duval was dragging in firewood for their foodless camp when he came upon a heap of leaves.\nand twigs that aroused his curiosity. Laying down the wood he was carrying, he dug into the mysterious heap.\n\nGlory be! Food again \u2013 this time part of a deer carcass that doubtless had been killed by a Mexican lion. Building a fire in record time, they soon had chunks of fat venison spitted on green twigs and roasting over the coals.\n\nAgain they ate without stint, and again they slept soundly and rose rested and invigorated. After breakfasting on what little remained of the venison, they resumed their journey, stronger and in better spirits than they had been at any other time since leaving Goliad.\n\nBy now, the three had commenced to take a more optimistic view of their situation. At first, they had taken to flight on the bare chance that they might escape, and with no real hope. But, as day succeeded day, their spirits lifted.\nThe day passed, and crisis followed crisis. \"We're going to make it,\" Holliday confided as they trudged across the bottom of what they knew must be the Lavaca or Cow river and came upon some clapboards and rails - the first sign of a settlement they had seen. \"It's not natural for fellas who have been through what we have to go under now that we've reached -\"\n\n\"Shh,\" Duval cautioned. \"Listen to that! There are hogs down there by the river, or I don't know what that grunt is.\"\n\n\"How about a pork supper?\"\n\nThe pork was there, but they got no supper. After swimming the river, they came upon the hogs, but found them to be of the genuine razorback variety, wild as many antelope, and almost as fleet. They were too weak to try chasing down even the suckling pigs. Nature is hostile.\nThey stalked them half-heartedly for a time, abandoning that futile effort when something of greater importance claimed their attention. As they were slipping cautiously toward a little strip of timber where they thought the hog herd had vanished, they came upon ten picketed saddle horses. Back among the trees, the smoke of an encampment spiraled lazily upward, and low voices could be heard, and the sound of an axe. Somewhere about the place, a dog set up an excited baying. Here was a fresh problem, and, with their lives at stake, they counciled long and earnestly. That could be the camp of a body of Mexican dragoons, and it could be that of Texas scouts. With the optimism characteristic of him, Holliday suggested that it might be Horton and his troopers. Another theory was that it was an advance party of Houston's army.\nGoing into the west, in the end. Decided to take no chances, but lie close and see who came for the horses as night was coming on. Having made this decision, Duval and Brown lay down in a clump of bushes, while Holliday ensconced himself in another, a little way off. No sooner had they done so than they knew they had made a mistake, bringing fresh danger upon themselves. For, probably warned by the incessant barking of the dog, a Mexican rancher approached and, after noting that the horses were grazing unmolested, walked directly to where Duval and Brown lay. Seeing them, he scowled blackly and asked in Spanish, \"Hey, Americans, what are you doing here?\" When neither answered, he added, \"Stealing our horses, eh?\"\nThe ranchero, who didn't understand Spanish or Holliday, led them peacefully enough towards camp without discovering Holliday. They had no intention of reaching the camp. With fighting out of the question due to their weakened condition, they planned to attempt an escape. \"We'll split when we reach the spot where the path passes the timber,\" Brown told him. \"One of us has a chance to get away since he can't chase both of us. Watch me. When I break right, throw yourself into those bushes and crawl for it. Meet me at their camp tomorrow morning. They'll be gone by then.\"\nThere was no time to say more. The ranchero still walked ahead, looking back frequently to see if they were following. They neared the brush. Bracing himself for the effort, Duval left the path and plunged into a thicket. As he did so, a quick side-glance told him that Brown was obeying orders. To his surprise, the Mexican followed him instead of the camp. He broke for the camp, calling excitedly in Spanish: \"Quick, men! Bring your guns! Here are some Americanos!\"\n\nIt was late sunset when they started their dash, and the darkness came on, bringing with it pattering rain that Duval welcomed, as it might discourage the pursuers. Unable to really run, he threshed through the thicket and jogged across a succession of small brooks, slowing to a walk when the sounds of the pursuit grew fainter behind him. After covering about\nA mile, he stumbled against a big tree loaded with long festoons of Spanish moss. Under its hat canopy, he sank down upon a bed of leaves, his strength spent and his courage ebbed. The moss thatched off the wet, and the leaves were soft. The patter of the rain on the branches overhead could be a lullaby, or might be a requiem. If they came and found him, he would neither fight nor flee. He had done what a man could; now he would rest and sleep, be his time long or short.\n\nA note of menace crept into the croon of the restless wind. The chill rain filtered through the branches, striking at his life with all the cruel persistence of his human foes. In the tree-top overhead, a great horned owl hooted wisely, defiantly, as though mocking the intruder upon its nocturnal domain. On the ridge.\nThe wolf pack howled at the bottom, their lourful hunger calls echoing through the night. When they drew nearer, and their cry became more clamorous, Duval was only mildly interested. Extreme fatigue and hunger had wrapped him tightly. In his emaciated body, there was no room for a fresh twinge of pain; no new terror could enter his harassed mind. He was alone, and in the big, hostile world, there were but two friendly things\u2014the moss and the leaves. Mattressed by the one and roofed by the other, he slept.\n\nChapter X\n\nALONE\n\nThe sun was shining brightly when Duval awoke. Birds twittered, and squirrels frisked among the interlocking branches. The very rivulet that ran near by appeared to gurgle happily. His strength and spirits at low ebb, the lone fugitive responded gradually to Nature\u2019s smiling mood. On such a day\nBy morning, and in such a place one could not remain utterly despondent and indifferent to danger. By the time he had risen stiffly and walked a sufficient distance to start circulation in his thin and lagging bloodstream, hope had returned to him, in a measure, and with hope, a determination to battle on. The first thing to do, of course, was to contact his comrades, if possible. He was greatly worried about Brown. Even if he had escaped capture, Brown had little sense of direction. Duval's chief fear was that his friend had run at random through the darkness and never would find his way back to their rendezvous at the Mexican camp.\n\nAs to Holliday, the prospect of a reunion with him was far more remote, as there had been no opportunity for them to agree upon a meeting place.\n\nBack from Goliad,\n\nPutting himself in Holliday's place, Duval could\nSee easily that, having witnessed the capture of his companions and being unable to succor them, he would leave the dangerous vicinity at once. The distance he had gone and the direction could not be guessed. It was as impossible to locate a certain fish in the ocean as it was to attempt trailing down a lone man who had a twelve-hour start in that wilderness of thickets and glades.\n\nKnowing that nothing less than a miracle would put him in touch with Holliday, and that his chance of finding Brown was little less than fantastic, he nevertheless could try. In any event, and be the danger what it might, he would keep his part of the agreement. With that in view, he whipped his weakened limbs to their task and started back toward the neck of woods that held the Mexican camp.\n\nAs he neared the spot, a thin column of smoke rose from it.\nDuval formed a lazy, funnel-like cloud above the timber, almost convincing him to turn and go the other way. Convinced as he was that Brown would do the same, he decided to go on. If either of them failed to keep that tryst, it would be Brown.\n\nKnowing the heavy odds against his eventual escape, Duval was reinvigorated with the spark that causes man to fight to preserve his body. With this came caution, subtlety, and the sagacity that enables a trained woodsman to live where a tyro would perish. For an hour, he lay at the edge of the wood before crossing the little open strip beyond which lay the other wood and the encampment. Worn as he was, he circled the camp at a distance of a quarter of a mile to come up on it from downwind. When he did finally belly down to observe the camp, he...\nHe waited at the last opening, surrounded by bushes by the fire, for another half hour before showing himself. Empty - just a few heaps of boughs where men had lain, a pile of unused faggots, a few eggshells. Labor lost? Unnecessary precaution? Yes, in this particular case. But he followed the look-and-listen rule of the frontiersman - the rule that, when observed consistently, spells the difference between safety and disaster.\n\nDuval searched the camp thoroughly for any evidence that either of his friends had been detained there. Holliday wore boots much larger than any tracks in the sandy soil. Brown's peculiar sandals would have left a distinctive imprint, but no trace of that sort of track showed anywhere. Relieved on that point, Duval gathered up the eggshells and munched them greedily.\nFor the sake of the skins and the bits of white adhering, and for the additional reason that any reasonably acceptable thing brings a certain degree of comfort to an empty stomach. Perhaps half a spoonful of coffee grounds had stuck to a charred billet of wood, and he scraped them off and swallowed them. Who knows but that the infinitesimal bit of nutriment contained in that pitiful ration kept his pulse going and gave him the strength to weave through the deserted river bottoms throughout the day, alternately visiting the camp and leaving it to search the surrounding terrain. Not until early sunset did he consider that his promise to Brown had been more than fulfilled. Food he must have, and soon; none was procurable there. Leaving the timber, he struck out across the prairies, hoping that he might find it.\nHe stumbled along, finding an edible vegetable before night fell. After a quarter mile, he stopped to rest and look back, hoping to see a friend. Seeing none, he rubbed his red-rimmed eyes and looked again, suspicious of a mirage. In a curve of the timber, hidden from him on his previous journey, was a small house, a barn, a crib, and a smokehouse. Walking again was an involuntary motion, and he turned and went back with a little spring in his step.\n\nThe house was empty, and the wrecked furniture littered the floor.\nThe Mexicans had visited it - those who had camped in the timber. Not a crumb was in the pantry. Then, a bonanza! A small slab of clean bacon, hanging in the little smokehouse! Another vein of wealth when he found a half dozen ears of corn that had been overlooked among some husks in the crib.\n\nGrinding the corn in a hand mill on a pole in the yard, he mixed an ash cake, seasoning it with a little salt scraped from a box in the barn. Building a fire in the chimney, he baked his cake in the coals, meanwhile using an old plowshare as a skillet for his bacon-frying.\n\nNo pampered epicure ever tasted such reactions as Duval\u2019s. He baked and fried and ate, then baked and fried and ate again.\n\nThen he threw his torpid body down on a tattered mat.\nquilt by the fireplace, holding the remainder of his precious meal and meat in the curve of his arm, as an anxious mother guards her baby. Again, he slept - this time to rebuild shrunken tissue and revive dormant cells and glands. After another glorious feast at early dawn, he bathed and washed his clothes in a horse-trough by the well and dried them by the fireplace. When he left the cabin at midday, he again searched the neighborhood thoroughly for signs of Holliday and Brown, before resuming his journey across the prairie. Before nightfall, he had reached and crossed the Navidad River, and still had a little food in the flour sack swung on a stick over his shoulder.\n\nThough he had seen several parties of Mexicans and Indians on the prairie, Duval had avoided them easily, and had recognized them more as an annoyance than a threat.\nBut shortly after he had crossed the river, an intangible something warned him that he was being followed. Respecting this intuition, he made no preparation to camp, though darkness was not far off. Instead, he hurried on across the timbered bottom, keeping among the trees, and stopping frequently to examine the back trail. Before long, he heard the distant baying of a dog. It sounded first in the locale where he had dressed after leaving the water. It paralleled the river for a way, as he had done, then followed his trail from grove to grove across the second bottom and into the wide band of timber he was about to leave.\n\nDuval, who had hunted the opossum and the coon, had forest training. He knew hounds, and for more than an hour he had been trailed by them.\nOne, little was expected of such a thing. Better yet, he knew the right thing to do, and bacon and meal had given him the strength to do it. Walking in a straight course out on the prairie for a hundred feet, he backtrailed to where he had left the timber, then leaped as far as possible to one side and followed the edge of the wood for a little way, hiding himself among the boughs of a fallen tree.\n\nThe baying of the dog drew nearer, and the animal left the cover, held in leash by a swarthy Indian carrying a gun. Two others bearing bows and arrows followed, all three going at that peculiarly silent and rapid running-walk that is the Red man\u2019s hunting gait.\n\nOnce more, Duval was called upon to lie inactive while his fate was being decided, perhaps as much by chance as by his own efforts. (25) He scarcely paused.\nThe dog stopped and sniffed the dried grass, its nose making a little circle as it quested excitedly. Duval's heart sank. This was no common hound, but a sure-nosed one that was setting about finding the lost scent in a businesslike way. It circled wider this time. But the Indians, being natural hunters themselves, were bad dog-masters. The big warrior with the gun jerked vigorously on the leash, hauling the hound back just as it was puzzling out the mingled trails. Grumbling and gesticulating, he urged the dog on across the prairie along Duval's original line of flight. As they passed out of sight in the gathering dusk.\nA warrior, holding the leash firmly, hesitated against a good hound's nose. Duval jogged away at a right angle to their course, grateful for having learned some of Br'er Coon and Br'er Possum's tricks in the old days in Kentucky. After dark, he came to another deserted house, and after a fruitless search for food - his supplies were running low - he ate a light supper and turned in for the first time since he had marched out of Goliad with Fannin. More good fortune, as it seemed! For Duval was awakened, after a while, by the grunting of hogs. The house was a ramshackle structure, built on bois d'arc underpinning and floored with rotten puncheons. His ears told him that the hogs were underneath the house. Quietly, Duval pried away one of the boards.\nA man reached down for puncheons and immediately a loud squealing ensued. The herd departed helter-skelter, all but one large shoat that Duval had grabbed by a hind leg. From what followed, an artist could draw a picture of personified Pathos or a comic strip. Though a man wrestling with a pig is not exactly a heroic figure, Duval was fighting for his life as certainly as if he were battling a dragon or facing a lion in the arena.\n\nThe hog was larger than Duval had expected, and its drumming feet beat the skin from his knuckles. But he clung tightly and finally won the struggle, drawing the porker up through the floor and driving it into a smaller room. After knocking it in the head with a woodsman\u2019s maul found at the back of the house, he sank down, exhausted, allowing the carcass to lie there.\nIt was in the morning when he dressed the best he could with the broken blade of a drawknife he had picked up in the yard. After breakfasting on roast pork, he packed his haversack full of the meat and set out, this time clinging rather closely to the timber so that he might take cover in it, at need.\n\nAlone\n\nAt noon, he barbecued the pork to keep it from spoiling. Night found him camped in a timbered point, after covering some ten miles that day. He had bedded down on some dry grass by a pool, and was about to fall asleep when a light flashed up on the edge of the prairie, a quarter of a mile away.\n\nInvestigating, he found a log cabin, through the chinks of which the light of a lamp was sifting. Again the old question arose. Was it friend or foe? Not having encountered a Saxon since leaving Goliad,\nDuval was prepared for the sight that presented itself when he crept up and peered within. He also discovered the source of a peculiar rasping sound he had heard just before going to bed.\n\nSeated on the floor, a Mexican was shelling corn by drawing the ears across the rim of a metal wash-tub. The fellow was wearing his powder horn and shot pouch, but his gun was leaning in a corner of the room. It was a tempting prize, and Duval decided that it was worth the risk involved, so he reached through an opening, grasped the gun by its barrel, and commenced drawing it through a gap between two logs.\n\nEven the slight sound that resulted when the stock of the gun dragged lightly against the wall attracted the Mexican's attention, and he sprang up and grasped it by the breech. A gun being to a Kentuckian what a ship is to a sailor, the American braced himself.\nfoot against the wall and pulled with all his power. Inside, the Mexican did likewise, resulting in the stock twisting in their hands until it became wedged so tightly that neither of them could budge it. Then some dogs that had been aroused by the struggle attacked Duval viciously, forcing him to let go of his hold and retire into the darkness, while inside, the Mexican shouted to alarm the house. Reaching the timber, Duval drove the pursuing dogs back with a club, retrieved his knapsack, and stole away through the gloom. Behind him, lights bobbed as men ran here and there, but there was no organized pursuit, nor was he greatly worried. Crossing a strip of prairie, he made camp in another clump of trees, bitterly disappointed that the thing he prized above all things other than human companionship had been left behind.\nThe text has minimal issues and does not require extensive cleaning. I've made some minor corrections for readability.\n\ndenied it from his hands at the very moment success appeared; the disappointment was deep and bitter. Duval was little more than a boy. Who can say that the moisture on his lashes resulted entirely from dewfall as he fell asleep under the stars\u2014again doomed to hide and skulk and tremble, when, with an honest gun-butt against his shoulder and a trigger to press, he would have walked with his head up, ready to blast out his right-of-way, if need be, with good black powder and lead.\n\nChapter XI\n\nUTOPIA!\n\nFor the next three days, the lone outcast trudged from prairie to wood and from wood to prairie, munching at his supply of pork, which he had cooked and recooked and oversalted to keep it edible, if unpalatable. Some wild onions found by a pool were also consumed.\nConsumed with relish, this being the first green vegetable food he had eaten since being left alone. The tantalizing sight of game birds all about vexed him greatly, and he determined to fashion a bow and arrows and supply himself in that way.\n\nOne night was spent by a fallen tree, where he was forced to remain awake until nearly sunrise, occasionally hurling firebrands at a band of wolves which had trailed him during the previous evening, and could not be driven off.\n\nThe next day Indians were sighted on the prairie in unusual numbers, and the night was spent in a pole-and-bark shanty in one of their abandoned camps. Duval was beset by a wolf pack there, as he was on the following night in the open.\n\nTarantulas, centipedes, venomous snakes, all strangers to Duval, kept him constantly on the alert.\nThe innocent little horned toad was killed on sight, as he believed it to be either a tarantula, or a centipede, or a gila monster. Later, he came to know all these creatures well, and his exaggerated distrust of them wore off.\n\nOne day, he saw Indian smoke signals rising in his rear as he snailed on, camping that night on the banks of the Tres Palacios. Here he found what he had been searching for \u2014 cedar wood, for bow making. Cutting down a small sapling \u2014 a task of hours with his primitive knife \u2014 he quartered it and selected the clearest portion of the heart. Working late into the night, he shaped the bow crudely, and smiled in anticipation of future juicy roasts as he went to sleep beneath the spreading branches of a tree that was the roosting place of half a hundred wild turkeys. Arrows he knew he could procure from the nearby riverbed.\nThe thickets of young dogwood or he could use the cane shoots showing everywhere along the bayous. Next morning the bow was finished, and its proud maker spent several hours trying to fit it with strings he made from the tough bear grass. Failing in that, he tried the bark of several shrubs. Failures all. Squirrels, rabbits, turkeys, grouse gave him little more than walking room as he despondently brought in wood and moss for his fire and bed, after having spent the day in his futile attempt at cord-making. The cedar bow he had shaped and polished with such care was used as kindling.\n\nHe did not know how long he had slept. Some intangible inner prompter warned him to be on alert. He rose to one elbow and looked about. The fire had died to a mere glow, barely sufficient to bring out a dim outline of the bushes beyond it.\nTo his ears came only the customary woodland sounds - the little green lizards scrambling over the bark of a nearby log; the distant call of the prowling wolf-band; the sharp yap of a grey fox across the river; the lazy, contented chug-a-rum of fat bullfrogs down by the bayou; the incessant drilling of hidden wood-sawyers working between the outer and the inner bark of down timber.\n\n\"Must be getting jumpy,\" Duval mumbled, sleepily, then turned over and snuggled down in the moss. No use. Still, that faithful monitor warned and warned and warned. Roused again, he knew that it was not intuition alone that had placed every one of his senses on sentry duty.\n\nSomething, perhaps the night wind, perhaps not, had stirred a bush lightly just outside the dim circle of light. Over there by the big elm, a woods rat had scampered away.\nsquealed in sudden fright, then scrambled over the leaves in hasty flight. One of the little lizards on the log was silhouetted for a moment as it cocked its perky head attentively before whisking off the log on the far side. The pair of little grey-brown screech owls that had been working their nocturnal amours on the blasted cedar beside the log ceased their conjugal cozening and spiraled silently upward, and away.\n\nBack from Goliad\n\nSome alien thing was abroad \u2014 something that Duval could feel was looking at him. The soft moss gave no sound as he rose to a sitting posture. As he did so, a half-burned chunk on the rim of the fire rolled off its insecure foundation of ashes and flickered into a blaze that was reflected in two great green-yellow eyes that showed among the bushes. Back of the eyes, a long tawny body inches forward.\nA little way with the sinuous movement of a python, then crouched and tensed. Weaponless, on his back without a chance of rising even to his knees before the killer would strike! What to do?\n\nWith one motion, Duval rolled off his mossy couch and scooped it into his arms. With another, he heaved the moss into the fire, which instantly blazed high. In the light, a big Mexican lion (27) came out of his crouch with a snarl of fright, gave one mighty bound aside, and was lost in the gloom of the thicket.\n\nA minor incident, perhaps unworthy of the prominence given it. Other men have been \"almost\" killed by pumas, and it may be that the pork, not the man, was the big beast's intended feast.\n\nBut \u2013 well, should you be alone in the wild and had awakened to find a nine-foot cat hunched to spring, presumably at the object upon which its eyes were fixed.\nThe sinister eyes were fixed and glaring straight at you, and you would easily understand why Duval remained awake and tended the fire for the remainder of the night. When he fell asleep after daybreak, his dream was of a brass-trimmed rifle of the Kentucky pattern thrown down on the field at Coleto, never to be seen again by its owner who felt naked when unarmed, in the forest.\n\nThe dreary grind continued. The search for another deserted farmstead on one day, a narrow escape from a band of Indians on another. The finding of a portion of a hog some marauder had shot solved the food problem again and carried him on until late one evening. He found himself on the bank of a broad, turbulent stream he knew must be the Colorado. Crossing early the next morning, he traversed its waters.\nAnother plain came to a wilderness of canebrake, proving he had reached Old Caney. Where Duval had struck Caney, there was an abandoned settlement. In sight were four or five houses which he searched closely but found to have been plundered. While rummaging about in one of the houses, he heard a hen squawk and hastened out to investigate. Fluttering about the yard, the hen was almost within the clutches of a hungry bobcat. When Duval made a bid for the prize, he threw a billet of wood which hit the cat squarely. Without hesitation, it whirled and charged, spitting angrily. Having nothing else to throw, and the hen having scrambled into a tree where she would be safe for the time being, Duval retreated into the house and closed the door. After the cat had gone and darkness fell.\nHe had come, he went to the tree and got his hen - a sumptuous feast, after his protracted diet of semi-rancid pork. Then came a red-letter day - the day above all others in the chronology of that dismal journey. Rising late, he had followed the edge of the prairie until it cut into the brake, with a little lanelike passageway. In there, out of sight from the plain, he saw a house. He started to reconnoiter it with his customary caution. After circling to approach from downwind, he had nearly reached the edge of the clearing when five large dogs - evidently half Newfoundland and half bull - charged him, baying savagely. Backing away, Duval was searching for a club, when the leading dog suddenly left off growling and leaped about him, barking joyously. Tanned and disheveled as he was, he wondered how the dog had recognized him.\nHe was neither Mexican nor Indian, but he met the intelligent animal halfway, patting its head and speaking to it in a friendly tone. The other dogs followed their leader as he went boldly to the house, confident that no enemies were nearby, so intelligently guarded.\n\nUtopia!\n\nThe dwelling was completely furnished in a style far above that of the period and locality. The pantry was well-stocked with canned goods and preserved fruits. A barrel of sugar and half a sack of coffee were among the articles in the store-room. In the smokehouse, there were no less than a thousand pounds of cured hams and bacon, and an abundance of corn was in the granary, besides potatoes, pumpkins, peas, etc. In the yard, were ducks and chickens which no doubt had been protected.\ndogs were all about eggs and young, which the faithful guardians had not touched, though they were gaunt and weak from hunger. Comforts, luxuries, even the finer things of life were at his disposal. Pipes and tobacco, razors and shaving materials, soap, towels, lamps and oil, a library that perhaps had no equal in that section.\n\nDuval went from room to room, gloating over the food stock, trying the softness of the cushioned chairs, the springy friendliness of the beds. After inventorying his possessions, he partook of them. An animal-lover by instinct and training, he first cut up a side of bacon and fed it to the famishing dogs. Then he dined sumptuously on fried chicken, eggs, potatoes, with blackberry jam and the first coffee he had tasted in weeks. He bathed and shaved and changed into clean clothes hanging in a closet.\nDisappointment came once, but it was bitter. The gun he discovered in the garret was a superior weapon, but alas, it had no lock.\n\nNight found the former waif seated in one armchair with his trail-weary feet resting on the cushion of another. He was smoking high-grade tobacco in a first-class pipe, and at his elbow, a lamp aided the good-cheer spread by the log in the fireplace. Small wonder that he got out his neglected diary and wrote into it, in his own language, the thought that had sustained the marooned Robinson Crusoe.\n\nI am monarch of all I survey;\nThere none is my right to dispute.\nFrom the center all down to the bay,\nI am lord of the fowl and the brute.\n\nChapter XII\nTHE BARRIER\n\nFor three days, Duval rested in his comfortable quarters. On the morning of the fourth, he filled his:\n\nBack from Goliad.\n\nFor three days, Duval rested in his comfortable quarters. On the morning of the fourth, he filled his pipe with tobacco and, with a lamp aiding the good-cheer spread by the log in the fireplace, he wrote in his neglected diary:\n\nI am monarch of all I survey;\nThere none is my right to dispute.\nFrom the center all down to the bay,\nI am lord of the fowl and the brute.\n\nChapter XII\nTHE BARRIER\n\nFor three days, Duval rested in his comfortable quarters. On the morning of the fourth, he filled his pipe with tobacco and, with a lamp aiding the good-cheer spread by the log in the fireplace, he wrote in his diary:\n\nI am monarch of all I survey;\nThere none is my right to dispute.\nFrom the center all down to the bay,\nI am lord of the fowl and the brute.\nA haversack filled with bacon, along with additional packs of sugar, coffee, and meal completed his outfit. Before departing from his house, he cut up over a hundred pounds of meat and left it on the porch for the dogs. This bribe was futile; for when he began his journey, they followed, disregarding his orders and the clubs with which he threatened them. In the end, he relented rather than punish his canine companions, and spent another day reading and resting. That night, after ensuring that the dogs were preoccupied with an alarm raised by the fowls, he quietly slipped out and, after running the greater part of a mile along the edge of the cane, was congratulating himself on being rid of companions who might lead him into trouble, when he heard a light pattering in his rear and looked back.\nA young muscular male dog followed the man's trail. A clash of wills ensued. The man's judgment told him the dog might betray him by barking or growling at a critical moment. He punished the beast with a stick, but it refused to leave. When he drew one of his knives, deciding to kill it, the dog wagged its tail in a friendly fashion and licked his hand as he stooped over it. That was too much. The knife was slipped back into his belt.\n\n\"Come on then, you stubborn old wolf,\" Duval said huskily. A half hour later, man and dog snuggled down side by side in a drift of leaves on the bank of a lagoon - companions.\n\n\"Scout,\" as his master then and there christened him, had examined the neighborhood of their camp thoroughly before lying down. Satisfied, he had relaxed.\nDuval turned to nuzzle his master's hand affectionately and crouched beside him with his head rested between his extended forepaws - on guard. After breakfasting next morning, Duval spent several hours searching for a road through the brake. Finding none, he attacked the green mass with his knife and worked hard until near sundown, by which time he had cut a path not more than three hundred yards in length. The canes were woven together with tough briers. A tall tree appearing ahead of him, he climbed it to take observation, and realized immediately that it would be the work of weeks to hack and slash his way through; for the barrier was at least four miles in width, as he wished to go, and extended as far as he could see to the northwest and to the southeast.\n\nAbandoning his attempt at road-making, Duval.\nHe regained the prairie and started a systematic search, convinced that settlers must have made a passage. After exploring many nooks and bays, he came upon a narrow alley that led to a rustic bridge spanning a lagoon. On the far side was a large field, and beyond it, another house \u2013 a comfortable-looking log structure that he found to be even better furnished and provided than the one in which he had recently enjoyed himself so thoroughly. All about the place were the evidence of the haste with which it had been abandoned. Stock and poultry ran at large about the barns, which held grain in abundance. Clothing, bed-linen, dishes, cutlery, utensils, etc., were in the house in such quantities that it appeared probable that little had been carried with the fleeing owners. The whole aspect of the place was that of a well-ordered homestead.\nThe occupants had stepped out to visit a neighbor for an hour or so. Peach preserves and honey were included in the menu that night. Duval slept in a tidy double bed, as if made ready for his special use. Rising much refreshed next morning, he spent the day searching for a way out of the green wilderness, returning to his house at nightfall without having discovered so much as a goat path.\n\nNext morning, he continued his yard-by-yard inspection of the forbidding entanglement and, after some time, took a well-beaten trail that paralleled the brake at a distance of less than half a mile. Scarcely had he gotten well into the open when he heard the clatter of hooves behind him and turned to find that a company of Mexican lancers were within a quarter of a mile of him, coming on.\nThere was no time to regain the brake, and there was no cover on the prairie except for a mere patch of tall grass a few yards to his left. Catching Scout by the collar, he threw himself into that scant cover, hardly daring to hope that he had not been seen. The cavalrymen came on at a brisk jog, while Duval lay face downward, holding fast to the dog to keep him from rising. Opposite his hiding place, they halted, and two dismounted to examine the place where he had left the road. When Scout growled deep in his throat and struggled to rise, his master choked him until the dog's body grew limp in his hands. Whether the Mexicans had caught a fleeting glimpse of the fugitive or had sighted their tracks on the trail could not be learned from their low-voiced conversation. Evidently, they were in a great hurry.\nThe two men hurriedly dismounted and examined the sign. After a hasty examination, they regained their saddles, and the troop jingled on at a rapid gait. For four more days, the baffled traveler sought to resume his journey, occasionally returning to his starting point to rest and refill his haversack. He shouted joyfully when he came upon a freshly-cut lane which he was certain would lead him across. However, when it ended in a sheer wall of green after a hundred yards, the reaction was severe, almost causing him to lose heart. Two nights were spent in the open, with wolves, bears, panthers, and the more dreaded lobos prowling about their camps, keeping man and dog awake and alert for a major portion of the time. On the morning of the sixth day, they entered a little indenture that had escaped observation up to that time, and discovered a clearing and a cabin.\nThere, he only stopped long enough to kill a duck and a pair of pullets, which were strung on the straps of his knapsack. Fifteen minutes later they rounded a spot where an arm of the cane extended into the prairie - and ran straight into the most peculiar of the many exciting adventures Duval had experienced. He was following a trail, well out from the cover, when a little way ahead he noticed a saddle horse standing beside the road. Seated in the grass was a Mexican dragoon, one hand holding the lariat which held the grazing horse, the other holding a lance. Beside him sat another lancer armed with a rifle. Both were looking at him with an astonished stare in which he thought he detected a trace of fear. Retreat to the cane was impossible; though he thought himself lost, the American kept straight on, neither quickening nor slowing his stride nor showing any sign of fear.\nThe figure with a portly pack and dangling, bloody poultry, an unusual or dreaded event for the Mexican soldiers. From Goliad. Perhaps it was the grotesqueness of the figure, the pilgrim's sunken cheeks and hollow eyes, or the lack of ammunition that made the peon fearful. As he approached, they scrambled onto their horse, one behind the other, spurring and whipping the startled beast past the apparition in the road. Neither looked back when they disappeared around a shoulder of the brake. Inexplicable as it was, this incident made Duval uneasy, and he determined to keep away from that prairie road. Cut through that brake he did.\nIf weeks of grinding labor were expended, he would find the head of an old axe under an outbuilding in his quarters. With a handle fitted to it, it would make a fair tool. Once more, he retraced his steps, and as it seemed to be his fate, he saw what was hidden from him when he was going forward. For, when he had almost reached the house, he came upon a little covert turning into which was a faint wagon track he had overlooked. After tracing it for a little way, he entered a broad, smooth trail that he followed till nearly dark. Satisfied, Duval twisted Scout's ear playfully and turned back, chuckling.\n\nWhew-ee! Success at last! Another night's sleep!\n\nAn early start next morning! The key to the mystic maze had been found.\nScout growled and advanced toward two full-grown bears on either side of the path. It was a dog's natural enemy, but gallant Scout walked sturdily at his master's side as they passed between the growling bruins.\n\n\"That settles it,\" Duval chortled. \"Nothing will stop us.\"\n\n\"First, an American passes two armed Mexicans and they run from him,\" Duval continued. \"Then a dog walks between two bears and all they do is make ugly faces. After that double-miracle, I believe we'll make it, Scout. We'll get through somehow if there are a thousand miles between us and another white man \u2013 with canebrake all the way.\"\n\nScout wagged his bushy tail, cocked an attentive ear, and bared his white teeth in an approving grin. Then he led off down the trail, going straight to the\nThat night, in the isolated house he had come to recognize as home, Duval seriously considered settling down until the end of the war. The temptation to revel in its cleanliness and comfortable warmth was great. But he was a ranger. No ranger ever quit. He had enlisted in the Texas service and would go on through with it or leave his bones to bleach in some brake or mot of timber. The thing to do, the thing he had to do, was to find Houston's army. Uneasily, he considered that it must have retreated, or he would have contacted it ere then. There might have been another defeat.\nDuval rose early in the morning and determined to resume his journey. After eating one of the chickens with gravy and pone, he packed his haversack with sufficient necessities for at least ten days. The other pullet and duck had been roasting in the ashes overnight and were strung over his shoulder in a meal sack, along with his coffeepot, skillet, and two jars of honey. Ready to go, he put out the fire according to the woodsmen's code and picked up a bit of damp wood as an afterthought.\n\nChapter XIII\nFIRE AND FLOOD\n\nDuval rose early and decided to continue his journey. After he and Scout had eaten one of the chickens with gravy and pone, he carefully packed his haversack with supplies for at least ten days. The other pullet and duck had been roasting in the ashes overnight and were slung over his shoulder in a meal sack, along with his coffeepot, skillet, and two jars of honey. Ready to depart, he extinguished the fire according to the woodsmen's code and, as an afterthought, gathered a piece of damp wood.\nJ. C. Duval, an American captured by Mexicans but escaped from them at Goliad, is indebted to the proprietor of this house for one week's board and lodging, and some extras, and will pay same upon demand.\n\nBack from Goliad, the \"extras\" he carried when he re-entered the trail in the brake, determined not to turn back, no matter what might bar his progress. \"Peace be to your ashes,\" he said, regretfully, as he took a last backward look at the friendly place. \"I say ashes, because I know the Mexicans will burn you, some day.\"\n\nThree or four miles on, Scout gallantly fought a drawn battle with a bobcat that disputed the right of way.\nWhen Duval reinforced the dog, swinging a club he had caught, it retreated slowly, spitting and snarling, finally backing out onto a fallen log that spanned a deep bayou. Giving ground inch-by-inch as dog and man advanced, it crossed and continued to oppose their progress for another furlong. They had probably passed the den in which its kittens lay, and it left the trail to swarm up the boll of a locust \u2013 where it immediately became engaged in a noisy combat with a mother coon that was helplessly outclassed, but fought on, as only a mother can and will. It was a busy time for Scout, as the bayou evidently was a watering place for bear, puma, deer, wild hogs, and smaller animals. The trail was trodden bare from the bayou on, and the excited dog frequently bayed at coon and bear that managed to crowd their bodies.\nThe path thinned, trees became more frequent and of better growth, and trails branched off in every direction - indicating open ground was near. Sensitive-natured Scout caught the infection of his master's high enthusiasm and barked joyfully when, a little farther on, light showed through the jungle and the pathway opened onto a sunlit circle of clear ground, about a half-mile in diameter - a glad sight to the eyes of a man who had found that within a few hours' time he had overcome a stubborn obstacle against which he had battled for more than a week, in vain.\n\nA trail led straight across the circular opening, and they were well out on it before Duval noticed that the ground showed evidence of recent cultivation. Halting immediately, he looked to the far side.\n\"Discovering a house closely, in line with the trail they were following, Atticus and Scout approached. \"What do you think, Scout? Should we go right over there, or take a look first?\" Scout grinned and started forward, but Atticus recalled him. \"We'd better be safe than sorry, boy. No telling whether that's another snug retreat or a rattlesnakes' den.\" Retracing their steps, they circled the brush bordering the brake until it joined the neck of woods where the house stood. Just as they turned into a beaten road leading up to the dwelling, Scout, who was in the advance, halted and growled deep in his throat, then stood with hackles bristling and ears cocked inquisitively. \"What is it, boy? Another bear, or maybe...\" Around a short turn of the road came a Mexican.\"\nAn infantryman, carrying his gun on his shoulder, marched with the leisurely yet alert air of a soldier on guard duty. Duval fell flat among some low-growing bushes, just off the road. Scout, who had not forgotten the choking he had received on a former occasion, threw himself down beside his master. Lowering his great head, he lay still as the Mexican soldier tramped past them \u2013 so near that Duval could almost have reached out and touched him. Duval would not have hesitated to battle him for possession of the gun had he not surmised that the house was the stopping place of a band of the enemy.\n\nMoving away from that unfriendly neighborhood and wondering mightily what the presence of Mexican soldiers there could mean, Duval passed through about three miles of woodland and stopped to rest on the border of the brake, with only a thin strip of open ground between him and the enemy encampment.\nA screen of cane stood between him and the open space. He had just fallen into a doze when he felt Scout's cold muzzle against his cheek and heard the dog's warning growl.\n\nFor a minute, it seemed that Fate itself had set about enforcing Santa Anna's order that Duval should be shot or butchered.\n\nA small band of Indians, driving a horse herd along the edge of the plain, were about to pass at a safe distance. But two of the horses broke herd and ran straight toward Duval's retreat, followed by a herdsman.\n\nPlunging through the flimsy screen, the horses were coming on, the herdsman gaining on them, when Duval rose to his hands and knees and leaped, frog-like toward them. It was split-second work to show himself to the runaways but not to their masters, but once more his ready wits saved him. The bronchos were brought under control before any harm was done.\nChos snorted and turned back to the horse band, the Indian following. Duval took a deep breath and resumed his interrupted nap. But, before dozing off, he decided that he had no chance to escape capture if he remained continually exposed to it. So far distant that he could barely make out the outlines of it, he had seen what appeared to be a dense wood. In the morning, he would set his course straight for it, and from that time on, would cling to the timber when traveling by daylight.\n\nSunrise found them well started on what Duval had decided was to be their last daylight prairie trek. For miles ahead, the flat lay sere and yellow, without a trail to mar its smoothness or a tree or shrub to stud it.\n\nThe wood on the far side grew more distinct as the day advanced, but Duval soon decided that the unbroken level of the plain had deceived him.\nAfter an hour, he noted a column of smoke in his rear and, assuming it was an Indian signal, was mildly worried. Fifteen minutes later, the air about him grew suddenly heavy and hot, while the smoke in his rear spread and came rolling on with a rapidly widening front that told its own story. Knee deep in dried grass, without a refuge within reach, he knew that a prairie fire was bearing down upon him with race-horse speed, and that reaching the wood ahead of it was out of the question. Again, what to do? And again, the answer came from his store of plainslore. Flint struck steel and a spark leaped into the bit.\nof the tinder he had wrapped in a bunch of long grass. When the tinder glowed promisingly, he waved the sheaf to and fro until it burst into flame. Grouse and quail whirred overhead, deer and antelope raced by as he started his backfire. Even the reptiles and ground insects were on the move \u2014 all fleeing straight away from the onrushing wall of fire, and all condemned to perish because of that stupid maneuver. The only profiteers of the prairie catastrophe were the hawks that swooped down to strike bewildered quail, grouse, grass birds, and spiral out of the smoky heat with their pinioned prey, and the patient vultures soaring in the wake of the flame-cloud \u2014 marking down the fallen. With the man and dog, it was touch and go. Driven by a hot blast of its own creating, the fiery storm swept nearer, licking the ground bare and leaving nothing in its path.\nDuval walked blindly through the aftermath, where only the agonized bodies of the creatures he had struck remained. With Scout tucking himself against his legs, whimpering in fear but standing bravely by, Duval went on, seemingly for an interminable period. Ahead of him, his fire grew stronger with maddening deliberation, while behind an ocean of flame scorched and choked him with its searing spume and acrid mists.\n\nThen, the little fire caught impetus from the greater one, leaped forward, and went roaring away \u2013 a savior to Duval and the dog behind, a destroyer of whatever was in its path.\n\nCoughing and sputtering, unable to see, Duval pressed on until the heat grew less intense on his boot soles and eddies of fresh, cool air swirled in from the flank occasionally to bring ease to his straining lungs.\n\n\"Well, Old Timer, I wonder what's coming next,\"\nHe said to Scout, two hours later, when they were bathing in the muddy water of a bayou within the forest to wash off the smudge and cool their parched skins. \"I wouldn't blame you a bit if you deserted me and went back where you belong. Thinking it over, are you?\"\n\nScout splashed water with his tail and grinned happily. Fire or flood, plenty or starvation, peace or war, live or die, he'd stay alongside.\n\nAlthough the weather had been clear during the night, next morning, the water-course beside which the camp lay was running bank-full, from rains upstream. Though the current was swift, the bayou was not wide, and Duval was a good swimmer. After eating, he plunged boldly in and had gotten half way across, when his heavy pack shifted, twisting the strap of the knapsack and the string attached to it.\n\nBack from Goliad. (This line appears unrelated to the context and may be a mistake or an incomplete fragment, so it is not included in the cleaned text.)\nThe meal bag choked him with a noose around his neck. Despite this handicap, he fought on, swimming with one hand and trying to untangle the garrote-like strings with the other. To add to his dismay, the bayou widened rapidly as the current carried him downstream, and he found himself getting further and further from the bank. Having already reached the shore, Scout ran along it for a time, keeping pace with his master, then plunged in and came back to rescue him.\n\nToo late! After going under twice, and certain that he would be unable to rise after a third immersion, Duval literally shed off all his earthly possessions by drawing one of the carving knives from its sheath in his belt and cutting himself free.\n\nIt was a forlorn camp that was made beside that treacherous strip of water. A little moisture had penetrated it.\nDuval treated the greased rag in which the tinder-box had been wrapped. The precious stuff had to be dried in sunshine before a fire could be made. Finally, having accomplished this, Duval partially dried his clothes and, after covering a few additional miles, made camp beside a still pond when darkness came, and the howling of wolves on his trail warned that a fire must be started at once. All night long, Scout patrolled the camp, occasionally giving battle to some forest creature. Fire and flood invaded the little cleared circle about the fire. The master slept fitfully, rising at intervals to replenish the blaze and chide his four-footed companion for over-boldness. Supperless, breakfastless, with the paling East as a guide, they started on in the grey dawn without even a nebulous plan of procedure other than to keep moving.\nTramp, tramp, tramp. Into the morning mists, with Scout a grey phantom when he crossed the path ahead, an ebon shape on a drab background as he lumbered nearer, the dreary grind was resumed along the bank of a smaller bayou that was dammed here and there by drift. Bogs, thickets, small patches of cane, hogbacks where dogwood trellises supported creepers, honeysuckle, poison ivy; upper levels with elm and oak, girdled by corkscrewing rattan and draped with Spanish moss; fetid morasses offsetting their dank ugliness by adorning their faces with lily-pads. Another sluggish bayou with a worn foot-log and a path worming up a gentle slope. A stark-looking landscape.\n\nChapter XIV\nMIRAGES\n\nTramp, tramp, tramp. Into the morning mists, the ranger and his scout continued their journey. Somewhere off in the distance to the east was Houston's army, if Houston still had one. But the rangers couldn't quit.\n\nThe landscape was monotonous, a dreary grind along the bank of a smaller bayou, dammed here and there by drift. Bogs, thickets, small patches of cane, hogbacks where dogwood trellises supported creepers, honeysuckle, poison ivy; upper levels with elm and oak, girdled by corkscrewing rattan and draped with Spanish moss; fetid morasses offsetting their dank ugliness by adorning their faces with lily-pads. Another sluggish bayou with a worn foot-log and a path worming up a gentle slope.\n\nThe scenery was a stark contrast of beauty and ugliness, a landscape of bog and bayou, of thicket and tree. The rangers pressed on, their spirits buoyed by the knowledge that they were serving a greater cause. The morning mists gave way to the harsh sunlight, and the day wore on. The landscape continued to change, but the rangers remained steadfast in their mission.\nA chimney and a heap of fresh ashes at the end of the trail told their tragic story. A little rocky bluff, on its rim chips and slabs where cedar-shingles had been frozen; another flat with a lone gum tree that had been sawed half through before the worker found its unsound heart would make poor furniture. A little further on, rails that had been split and stacked but had rotted past usefulness; for the would-be settler had not finished the clearing he had started. Then the land rose; the thickets thinned, moss and fern showed no more; cedar displaced dogwood; scattered poplar towered, spirelike. On ahead, a horizon commenced to shape \u2013 dead brown seamed to pale azure. It was another broad, grassy sea with islands of live oak and coves of sod where brushy peninsulas projected.\n\nAcross the sun-glinted plain, weary Duval saw a...\nplacid lake, tree-bordered and backgrounded by rolling hills. Tempted, he halted. \"What do you say, Scout? There's a settlement somewhere about that water. Shall we look it over?\"\n\n\"You didn't say 'no,' so I guess we'll do it. We must have food, and the houses are our only chance.\"\n\nIt was a risk, of course, and an alteration of his determination not to cross open ground in daylight. But an empty stomach argues powerfully, and there might be another full smokehouse and granary over there.\n\nTramp, tramp, tramp. The fear he had been harboring was now materializing. The oak-tanned soles of his boots were going fast, brittled as they were by the scorching of the day before. The outer layer of one of them came loose, and he tied it back in place with a strip torn from his shirt sleeve. That wouldn't last long. A soreness in the ball of the other foot.\nWhere the leather had worn thin caused him to flinch when he stepped on a stob or large pebble. A cloud of dust rolling along the edge of the timber warned that horsemen were coming. He attempted to run for a little mot ahead, but found that a mere jog was the best he could do. The dog's feet were worn thin too \u2013 the result of his fruitless efforts to catch the nimble little cottontail rabbits among the brush and briers \u2013 and he limped painfully along, favoring first one bleeding pad, then another. The cavalcade swung past at a distance of nearly a mile; but, within the next hour, three more galloping platoons sent him to shelter, though none came dangerously near.\n\n\"Funny, isn't it, Scout? Some of them going northwest, some southwest, and one straight south. Seems like \u2013\n\n\"And here comes a big bunch \u2013 headed due east,\"\nTramp, tramp, tramp, for hours and miles. Then came the sickening realization. The lake and grove, which had appeared to remain at the same distance while he covered mile after mile, slowly receded, paled - vanished while he watched. A mirage!\n\nSuddenly aware of his weariness, he turned into a little island and sat down, dully indifferent to the fact that the horsemen he had seen going eastward had met a smaller band traveling in the opposite direction and had reversed their course and gone westward with them. After an hour, he plodded on, smiling skeptically when another tree-bank showed, a little to the right of where he had seen the tantalizing illusion. No more false hopes built on sky pictures, for him.\n\nAs they passed through another mot, Scout found an ugly looking blue-tailed lizard and loyalty.\nThey delivered it to their master's feet. \"Eat it, boy \u2013 you caught it.\" More cavalry, this time in small bands, all moving rapidly to the westward. Caught in the apathy born of his succession of disasters and disappointments, he noticed them only subconsciously and avoided them more by the exercise of native subtlety than by the employment of studied subterfuge.\n\nTramp, tramp.\nWhat's this? Instead of paling and receding as he advanced, that grove loomed suddenly near, and, behind it a little way, a forest. It didn't matter greatly, of course. A fellow might as well starve one place as another.\n\nPassing through the grove, they toiled across the intervening strip of grassland and entered the timber where they came to a deep and rapid stream which Duval knew must be the San Bernard River.\n\nCamp.\nThat meant the dragging together of a little grass and leaves, the starting of a fire that would die for want of attention, though the wolf-pack came on or the puma made his kill. Duval must sleep \u2014 the only comfort that remained to him.\n\nBack from Goliad\n\nJust after the fire was kindled, a cottontail blundered into its light, and Scout lumbered in chase of it, regardless of punishing thorns and briers. When he limped back on his bloody pads to where his master was waiting anxiously, his head and tail were drooped in abject apology.\n\n\"It's all right, old fellow. You tried \u2014 and that's about all I've been doing for a month past.\"\n\nDuval dozed, slept \u2014 to dream of fairylands that spread their charms before him, only to withdraw at his approach; of springy beds with down comforts that vanished through the hazy walls of the rooms.\nIn a cabin by the river, morning sunlight brightly illuminated a dilapidated one-room shack with a single door and window on the eastern bank of the San Bernard. The lean-to porch was littered with debris of crudely hand-fashioned furniture that had been destroyed.\n\nHe found himself in front of the cabin, where an oil-cloth covered board bore bacon, eggs, and batter-cakes. Wandering through the cabin, he wondered where the old folk and Sis could be. A company of rugged rangers rode ahead, but he could never overtake them, despite being one of them.\n\nOnce, he awoke to find the dog's warm body tucked between him and the cutting wind. \"Good dog,\" he mumbled sleepily. \"Good old Scout. You're real.\"\n\nChapter XV\nAnd the bodies were tossed outside. The door and window were barren apertures, as even the casings had been torn away \u2013 probably used as kindling by some squad of Mexicans billeted there.\n\nAt the foot of the bluff, the swift river surged and sucked, unseen beneath the blanket of mists that spread across the low bottom on the western side. Here and there, a tall tree poked its top out of the dank mass like a mountain peak rising above the clouds.\n\nLife stirred on the opposite shore. Leaves rustled and twigs snapped lightly. Two bodies splashed into the chill current and footsteps sounded at the foot of the clay bluff, then slowly and irregularly up its forbidding face. A gaunt, bedraggled man and a dripping dog climbed out of the mists and turned towards the winding path that followed the river's course. Seeing the house, the man swerved towards it.\nDuval hobbled inside with the dog at his heels. \"Come on in and make yourself at home, Scout. It's not very inviting, but we can build a fire and dry ourselves.\" Removing the fur cap he had lashed tightly to his head with the tinder-box inside, Duval tore leaves from an old book he found on the floor, crumpled them, and placed them in the chimney with a bit of tinder on top. The dog lay down in the little oblong of sunlight by the door to lick his lacerated pads and thump the floor with his tail when the master looked his way.\n\nBlue with cold, his teeth chattering, Duval worked flint and steel with awkward, fumbling fingers till a spark caught. He fanned it into flame with his cap and fed it little splinters from a smashed shelf-clock that lay in one corner. When that blazed, he added the shelf, rungs from a broken one.\nA cabin by the river. He carried a chair and a table leg. Later, he hobbled outside to bring oak wood from a pile in the yard, stacking it until heat from the pyramid of glowing coals set his dripping clothes to steaming, and a grateful warmth stole over his aching body.\n\n\"Stay here and keep house, Scout, while I go see what I can find in the barn. No use for both of us to punish our sore feet.\"\n\nShivering when the outside air struck through his soggy clothing, he limped to the yard and searched the outbuildings thoroughly.\n\nNo luck. The smokehouse was empty, and not a hen or duck was in sight. The granary doors had been left open, and wild hogs had used it as their sleeping quarters, picking the floor clean of grain.\n\nIn the barn was a clutter of out-worn harness, an ox-yoke with one bow broken, a milk stool, and a few other items.\nA man climbed a ladder to the haymow, earning nothing. He searched a heap of husks in a manger painstakingly for overlooked nub-ends, but woods rats had been there before him. Disconsolately, he gave it up and plodded toward the house.\n\nTough. He might be able to make it to another place, and he might not. Everything looked bleak.\n\nWait a minute! He remembered having seen a heavy hogshead in the granary. Going in, he turned the hogshead over and looked eagerly at the round spot of floor it had covered.\n\nMore blessed manna! Between the floor and the bottom of the big barrel, and protected by its chime, was a half handful of musty shelled corn - scatterings that had been there when the hogshead was placed in that corner.\n\nDropping to hands and knees, he gathered the last kernel and shattered it into his cap and took his share.\nHe found the cabin where he spread the corn to parch on the hearth. He could have eaten it raw, but baking would partially eradicate the mold, and parched corn is more sustaining than raw. The food question had not been solved, even temporarily. That pitiful bit of maize might serve as a reprieve \u2013 give him strength to tramp on for a little way and, perhaps, make another find.\n\nAs the corn parched slowly, he stirred it with a heavy strap-iron poker he had found leaning against the chimney \u2013 the only useful article left undamaged. Though half-crazed with hunger, he kept himself close-gripped until the greenish cast left the corn and an appetizing odor rose to tantalize his starved stomach. Then he raked the browned grain out on a sheet of paper, carefully retrieving every particle.\nSitting down cross-legged before the hearth, with the paper on his lap, Duval had started munching, forcing himself to chew deliberately. Scout scrambled to his feet and came to his side, whimpering softly.\n\n\"The Dickens! What kind of a fellow am I, anyway? Playing hog with a partner who always has treated me square.\"\n\n\"Just a second, old soldier.\"\n\nDividing the corn, kernel for kernel, Duval laid the dog's share on the floor. Then he turned his back quickly. Duval ate with slow thoroughness and had not yet finished when Scout licked up the last of his share and swallowed it without chewing. Then he curled down again by the door to resume his nap.\n\nA Cabin by the River\n\nWhen less than a dozen grains remained on the paper, Duval laid it on the floor and leaned back against the wall to doze in the fire-glow while his dog resumed sleeping by the door.\nClothes steamed dry. That last spoonful, eaten just before, might help him. Scout's claws scratched the puncheons as he scrambled to his poor raw feet and turned to the door, whining uneasily.\n\n\"Quiet, old boy! Maybe it's only a...\"\n\nA bootheel grated on gravel outside the window. A growl rumbling deep in his massive chest, Scout pivoted in that direction, hackle bristling, gleaming white fangs showing beneath his up-drawn dewlaps. Heaving himself erect with an effort, Duval turned to catch up the poker. As he whirled back, the muzzle of a rifle was poked in over the windowsill; behind it showed a man's hand and forearm and the peaked crown of a crumpled felt hat. As the rifle swung around, seemingly searching for a target, Duval saw Scout's bulk leave the floor and hurtle through the opening, a great black bolt of fury and destruction.\nAs Duval lunged for the door, the rifle raked noisily down the side of the house and clattered to the ground. A choking cry ensued, followed by a strained, muffled voice calling brokenly in English.\n\n\"Hey, inside-there! Call-off your damned dog!\"\n\nDuval's knees buckled, and he felt sick and faint at the sound of the first words in his native tongue spoken within his hearing since he and Brown parted. But he managed to round the corner of the cabin to find Scout withdrawing his weight from the chest of a ruddy-faced man in civilian clothes. The man regained his feet quickly and stood rubbing his throat, which fortunately for him, had been wrapped in several thicknesses of a blue woolen scarf. The dog's teeth had shredded it to a shapeless bundle of tousled yarn.\n\nBACK FROM GOLIAD\n\nHe [Duval] found Scout withdrawing his weight from a ruddy-faced man in civilian clothes, who regained his feet and stood rubbing his throat, which had been fortunately wrapped in several thicknesses of a blue woolen scarf. The dog's teeth had shredded it into a shapeless bundle of tousled yarn.\n\"Hello,\" Duval said weakly. An American! An apparently well-fed American, with a gun!\n\n\"Who are you, and what are you doing out here among the Indians and Mexicans?\" the other questioned brusquely, rubbing his throat gingerly and eyeing the repentant Scout askance.\n\n\"Duval of the Kentucky Mustangs. I'm just back from Goliad,\" Duval replied.\n\n\"Why, you poor devil!\" he exclaimed, helping Duval back inside. \"Wait a second, first.\" He cupped his hands to his mouth and hollered lustily. The call was answered promptly, and a rider in a Captain's uniform came out of the timber, leading a second saddler and a pack horse.\n\nAfter they had gone inside, the civilian told Duval his name, which was forgotten instantly. Then he introduced the Captain, whose name failed to register at all.\nFriends, guns, a full pack of provisions, an extra rifle! \"Great,\" Duval exclaimed, after they had stripped the packer and stacked the stores in a corner. \"Now if the Mexicans run us down, we can - \"\n\n\"What say?\" the Captain interrupted impolitely.\n\n\"Mexicans run us down, eh? Great Scott, boy! Houston licked hell out of the Mexicans a week ago, and we've been running them down ever since! That's what we're out hunting for, right now \u2014 Mexicans.\n\n\"Steady now, till we get some blankets and make you a pallet.\" The Captain produced a pocket flashlight and unscrewed the stopper. \"Have a drink, then take a good long snooze \u2014 unless you're hungry, in which case - \"\n\nChancing to glance at the hearth, the officer saw the little heap of parched corn. His eyes moistened, and he cleared his throat noisily. \"Hum-m! It'll be a good meal.\"\n\"Think you can stand it?\" Duval grinned wanly as he relaxed on the blankets and allowed the civilian to draw off what remained of his boots.\n\n\"Reckon I can last through,\" he said philosophically. \"That is, if you\u2019ll let me hold one of those rifles and hang a chunk of beef where I can keep my eye on it. I won't touch it, but I want to be sure it\u2019s there.\"\n\nComforted by a bowl of beef broth and fortified by a succession of steaming toddies - the Captain's sovereign remedy for any ailment from a broken rib to spotted fever - Duval sank into a deep, restful slumber. When he awakened at dusk, the Captain promised him a small broiled steak - to be preceded by another toddy, as a precautionary measure against stomach troubles.\nThe Captain mixed two steaming potions and grew sociable. \"What will you do when you get out of the service, youngster? You fellows enlisted for the duration of the war, so you'll be discharged at once. Think you'll re-enlist?\" asked the Captain.\n\n\"No, I'm going to be a ranger,\" Duval answered.\n\n\"Fine,\" the Captain applauded. \"I have a friend who is a ranger captain, and he can help you.\"\n\n\"That's bully,\" Duval grinned. \"But first, I have another thing to do. Scout came to the side of his pallet, looking down at him in silent worship. I want to find a place where this old-timer can board in first-class style for six months, while I make a trip back to Kentucky.\"\n\"I'm happy to make myself responsible for his keep and safe redelivery,\" the officer smiled. \"But, six months? Isn't that rather long? \" Six months, Duval insisted, firmly. \"It will take a month to go and come, the way the boats run. And it will take the other five months to convince my people that I really am alive and tell them the story of my trip back from Goliad.\"\n\nAppendix:\nMonroe's chart and notes were made in 1833. Since then, storms and currents have so altered the bar and the channels as to make his carefully drawn directions of doubtful value to mariners. The map and Monroe's comments appeared in William Kennedy's \"Republic of Texas\" (second edition) published in London in 1841. Even at that early date, the publishers warn that Monroe's plan \"cannot now be relied upon.\"\nAccording to the latest published authorities, there is a depth of eight feet water over the bar at the lowest tide. Snow and sleet are rare on the Gulf but not unknown there.\n\n(2) The split-bullet trick was practiced on the Kentucky frontier, and, after the Civil War, was the crucial test of marksmanship in some parts of the Nebraska-Dakota range. As a matter of fact, at the distance the marksman can see nothing of the blade, but only the dot on the paper behind it. The bullet sent directly toward that small target will be split, resulting in two hits. The use of a large-bore piece increases the contestant\u2019s chance of success, as a small pellet might rim the dot without touching the edge of the knife.\n\n(3) Duval sighted \"great numbers of deer, sometimes as many as two or three hundred in a drove,\"\nAnd so unused to be hunted or disturbed by man that, even when we approached within a few yards of them, they showed no signs of fear. Soldiers should practically starve in such a locale proves how tightly the Mexican cordon was drawn about La Bahia during the closing days of its occupancy by Fannin\u2019s force.\n\n(4) Known as such on early maps. Duval refers to it as the \u201cMission\u201d river in 1892. It is a short stream fed by Blanco and Medio creeks, and emptying into Mission Bay.\n\n(5) Duval writes: \u201cThese Indians, some time afterward, captured several Americans and killed and \u2018barbecued\u2019 them. This so enraged the white settlers that they organized an expedition against them and succeeded in exterminating the whole tribe, with the exception of a small remnant who fled to Mexico.\u201d\n\n(6) This work follows Duval\u2019s narrative closely.\nA regrettable feature of his writings was his neglect to set down dates in his diary, resulting in the disorderly chronology in his book. A letter from Travis to the President of the Convention at Washington, dated March 3, stated, \"Colonel Fannin is said to be on the march to this place with reinforcements; but I fear it is not true.\" On February 28, Mexican Colonel Almonte wrote in his journal, \"News received that a reinforcement of two hundred men was coming to the enemy by the road from La Bahia.\" (Kennedy.) The actual date was February 25. On the 26th, Fannin wrote Robinson, \"After a cart had broken down, a council of officers had overruled my plan to join Travis. They succinctly summarized their reasons: 'Half a tierce of rice. Not a head of cattle.'\"\n\u2014 except those needed to draw the guns and caissons.\n\"No provisions nearer than Seguin\u2019s ranch\" \u2014 which he would have found in possession of the enemy, had he reached it.\n\n(7) Fannin\u2019s critics make much of his division of his force by detaching King and Ward. It must be remembered that the outstanding phenomena of the campaign were the speed with which Urrea moved his army, and the lamentable dearth of information furnished Fannin by the colonists along the route of Urrea\u2019s advance. Then, too, Fannin had never been apprised of the fact that Lieutenant-Governor Robinson\u2019s promise to sustain him was specious and worthless. So King went to Refugio, was attacked on the outskirts of that place, and battled his way through to the mission, where he sustained himself against heart-breaking odds until artillery smashed it.\nThe walls came down. Surrendering, he and the pitiful remnant of his force were led to a post-oak grove north of town, tied to trees and shot, as were the three couriers. Ward was overwhelmed before reaching Refugio, but fended off the attack until nightfall (as every American force did during this campaign, no matter how greatly outnumbered), and made a gallant stand until hopelessly penned in a little timber belt. Surrendering, he and his men were, later, marched to Goliad and executed. All this was unknown to Fannin, who delayed the evacuation of Goliad in the expectation that King, or at least Ward, would rejoin him. (The experiences of King and Ward are related here as stated by Duval, who offers his bit to settle a moot point regarding the fate of King\u2019s men when he writes, \u201cTheir bones were found, still tied to the trees, when the Texan forces reoccupied the area.\u201d)\nThe place was pieced together in the summer of '36. Regarding Ward's men, they were Duval's fellow prisoners, and his account of their game fight is derived from memorandas made during their imprisonment, with him.\n\n(8) Letters exist that prove Fannin had no intention of disregarding this order. In sending King out, he had answered the call of humanity as any other red-blooded commander would have done. In dispatching Ward to relieve King, he had followed traditional military procedure. In awaiting the return of his detached forces or news of them, he had displayed the quality of loyal solicitude for his men which begets confidence and reflected loyalty among the common soldiery. Deserted by those who should have aided him, he declined to desert those whom he might aid, so long as there was a chance that he might succor them.\nThis writer's task has been to maintain the perspective of the enlisted man, who could only depend on rumor and deduction to arrive at official plans and the considerations prompting them. Duval could see that a stop had been made. He couldn't know that Fannin had prescribed only an hour's rest for the lolling cattle before goading them through the depression that lay ahead. It was a long way to Victoria, and, at best, the burdened carts taxed the strength of the under-fed oxen to the utmost. Fannin was easing them when he could. Duval writes: \"What induced Colonel Fannin to halt at this place in the open prairie, I cannot say. Perhaps\"\nTwo hundred and fifty well-armed Americans thought they could defend themselves against any Mexican force within striking distance. (10) It's worth noting that Duval makes no mention of a cart breaking down, either here or in the failed relief of Bexar. He also notes the appearance of only two Mexican dragoons before the engagement, while Kennedy quotes another eyewitness as having seen six. This means nothing more than one credible witness may overlook or fail to record something that another sees and sets down. (11) Other accounts state that the Mexicans emerged from cover but at one point, separating after reaching the open. Here, a former condition may be reversed. Duval may have seen a maneuver that escaped other eyes, or was blotted from memory by time.\nThe sanguinary events that followed were impressive. Duval writes, \"I thought there were ten thousand of them (having never before seen a large cavalry force), but in reality, there were about a thousand, besides several hundred infantry, mostly Carise Indians.\" Another informant refers to these Indians as Campeachy. There might have been some of each tribe.\n\nIn Santa Anna\u2019s summary of Urrea\u2019s reports, he says, \u201cOn the next day he (Urrea) received part of his artillery and infantry, with which he renewed the action\u201d \u2013 an obvious untruth as it implies Urrea had no infantry on the first day.\nCaptain Duval inflicted dangerous or fatal wounds if the Mexicans' powder had been better. (13) Prompted by the oblique reasoning that caused him to cheat history by omitting names and dates in his writings, Duval refers to this intrepid marksman as \"Captain D.\" Other sources identify him as Captain Burr H. Duval of the Mustangs. If related to Captain Duval, John C. Duval refrains from mentioning it. Captain Duval's feat merits space in history as the outstanding bit of individual heroism in the scant and jumbled record of Fannin\u2019s last battle. Staged in a scene where heroism was less universal than at Coleto, his single-handed duel with the Indian sharpshooters would have earned him undying fame.\n\n(14) Horton's party became aware of the enemy in force only when the cannonading began.\nThey galloped back with all speed but found themselves cut off. After making an effort to break through, they defeated the enemy's attempt to encircle them and made good their escape.\n\n(15) Duval estimates the Texans\u2019 loss in the Coleto fight at ten dead and seventy wounded. In considering the latter classification, it must be remembered that, while in this day a soldier is hospitalized if he sustains a pin-scratch, at the time of this fight a man remained in the ranks unless he had been wholly incapacitated. The same fact must be kept in view when considering the more than six hundred effective Fannin\u2019s little force had slashed off Urrea\u2019s roster.\n\n(16) In Mexican reports, the scene of Fannin\u2019s fight on the Coleto is referred to as \u201cEncinal Del Perdido,\u201d meaning, \u201cThe oak grove of the lost.\u201d\n\n(17) Duval gives unnamed Mexican soldiers as casualties.\nThe authority states Urrea's reinforcement during the night consisted of seven hundred men, in addition to artillery. A reminder, this work closely follows Duval's account, particularly regarding this detail. Other witnesses make no mention of the artillery assault on the second day. It's possible Urrea recorded an insignificant event, disregarded by others. A witness who didn't see or document the event doesn't contradict a reliable witness who did. Decades after the fact, a dozen qualified negatives don't outweigh one positive affirmative.\nDuval remembered seeing and hearing those guns. The number of others who failed to remember that incident is beside the point. Simple logic supports the theory that Urrea did make a gesture to display his lately acquired artillery to brace his demand for a surrender at discretion. While he must have known that the game was in his hands, he had tasted Fannin\u2019s lead, and perhaps was not out for more, if a display of power would serve his purpose as well.\n\nDuval writes: \u201cI am thus particular in stating what I know to be the facts regarding this capitulation because I have seen it stated that Santa Anna always asserted that there was no capitulation, and that Colonel Fannin surrendered at discretion\u2026\u201d\n\nIf Duval's testimony regarding the agreement is needed, it is positive and direct.\nFirmed by statements of other witnesses that no reasonable mind can accept Santa Anna's version of the affair. Even Filisola, the Italian-born Mexican General whose chivalry was the one bright spot on the Mexican escutcheon, refers to the \"capitulaci\u00f3n\" at Encinal Del Perdido in his reports. As he was second in command to Santa Anna, he was in a position to know upon what terms Fannin laid down his sword at last, after a council of his officers had decided that he could do so without dishonor, and with the lives of his followers properly safeguarded. Wounded though he was, and with his helpless wounded untended, Fannin was not the man to surrender his men unconditionally to an enemy like Santa Anna. Nor would courageous officers like Wallace and Pettus and Duval and Shackleford and others have urged him to do so. If anything can be gleaned from the account, it is that Fannin and his officers acted honorably in the face of adversity.\nKnown definitively about Coleto is that there was a signed capitulation. Mexican historians agree that Fannin's men were surrendered as \"prisoners of war\" \u2014 a guarantee that they would not be executed. Urrea's desire to \"avoid useless bloodshed\" is questioned, as Filisola wrote, \"For any one of a half dozen skirmishes he (Urrea) deserves court-martial and condign punishment for the assassination of brave men.\"\n\nIn a letter to Lieutenant-Governor Robinson, dated February 27, Fannin expressed his conviction of his inability to direct an army: \"I am a better judge of my military capabilities than others; and if I am qualified to command an army, I have not found it out.\"\n\nNo heed was paid to this letter, and nothing was done to fulfill Robinson's promise to fulfill it.\n\"do everything within the power of the government to sustain him (Fannin) and his army,\" on March 1, Fannin wrote a prophetic note to Robinson containing suggestions that mark Fannin as an able strategist whose advice might well have been followed. It also carried his hot protest against Robinson's supine attitude and warned of the consequences. Fannin had been told to \"make no retrograde movement.\" Replying, he said: \"I am resolved to await your orders, let the consequence be what it may. But I say to you candidly, and without fear of Mexican arms, that unless the people of Texas forthwith turn out in mass, agreeable to my plan of the 8th ultimo, those now in the field will be sacrificed, and battles that should be fought here will be fought east of the Brazos. ... If a large force gets here, and in possession of the necessary supplies, we can hold our position.\"\nUnfurnished by the government with munitions and provisions, unsustained with arms by the colonists, Fannin saw the end. This is evident in a letter to Joseph Mims on February 28, 1\nst : \"The enemy have the town of Bexar.\"\nI fear we will soon lose our brave countrymen at the Alamo. if I can get provisions tomorrow or the next day, I can hold out against any force. If I am defeated, it will be well done, and you may never see me again. Fannin fulfilled his promise to \"fight down to the last pea.\" He fought practically without ammunition and entirely without water. Even then, he surrendered in compliance with the unanimous request of his officers, against his expressed judgment and inclination.\n\n(Quoted excerpts from Yoakum)\n\nGoliad at the time we arrived contained a population of about two thousand Mexicans, who were professedly friendly to the Texans, but who afterward, when Santa Anna invaded the country, proved to be their most vindictive foes. I must, however, continue my narrative.\nDuval made an exception for the senoritas, who generally preferred the blue-eyed, fair-complexioned young Saxons to their copper-colored beaux (Appendix). Duval, viewing things from a youthful perspective, only mentions the young Mexican women. However, the wrinkled duennas were equally kind at Goliad and elsewhere, hiding and nursing fugitive gringos at great risk to themselves. \"Mother\" Alvarez at Goliad was an outstanding example of this class.\n\nDuval contributes to history again when he writes of Miller\u2019s command: \"These men were confined with us, but kept separate from the rest, and, to distinguish them, each had a white band tied around his sleeve. At the time, I had no idea why this was done, but subsequently, I learned the reason.\"\n\nThe vindictive hatred exhibited by the Mexicans.\nIcans were surpassed only by the clandestine nature that enabled them to conceal their intentions. Every man of them knew what was to be done, yet not one hinted to a prisoner. Duval relates that during their imprisonment, a Mexican officer often visited a Kentuckian who had been his classmate in an American college. The two revived old memories and chatted about the future with the utmost good fellowship, without the slightest warning being given or regret expressed that one was soon to act among the murderers of the other and his comrades. Duval also tells of a Mexican lieutenant who had taken a fancy to him, perhaps because of his extreme youth and his ability to speak Spanish fluently. He talked frequently with this officer and was puzzled that the Mexican repeatedly tried to win him over.\ncoaxed from him an admission that he favored the Catholic church. Duval believed afterward that had he agreed, an elf or t would have been made to save him. Contrarywise, Miller\u2019s men were ignorant that they were to be especially favored, because they were not caught with arms in their hands. Those white bands about their sleeves, which they thought prevented them from being sent \u201chome,\u201d really preserved them. The fact that these men were kept so marked proves that the massacre was known to be impending and was not the outcome of a last-minute order, as some historians hold.\n\n(23) Writing of Fannin\u2019s death, Duval states that, when informed that he was about to be executed, Fannin \u201cmerely observed that he was ready then, as he had no desire to live, after the cold-blooded, cowardly murder of his men.\u201d In conclusion, Duval.\n\"Thus died as brave a son of Georgia as ever came from that noble old state.\" Fannin spoke wisely when he said he could easily fight his way to the timber after the battle at Coleto, the massacre itself proves. At Goliad, with fewer than double their number of armed men, dragoons circling about, and themselves unarmed, at least fifty men could have survived the first attempt to murder them, as Duval shows that many were killed across the river, in addition to those that escaped. At Coleto, with their enemies soundly whipped, themselves armed, and the element of surprise in their favor, they not only might have escaped but they might have done what Houston did so subsequently with ridiculous ease, and with practically no losses on his side. San Jacinto was not a battle; it was a surprise.\nas Fannin proposed that night at Coleto, and it ended in a complete rout, the Mexicans making no stand whatever. Quoting from Delgado\u2019s diary: \"Our line was composed of musket stacks. Our cavalry was riding bareback, to and from water. ... The utmost confusion prevailed. General Castrilion shouted orders on one side; Colonel Almonte was giving orders on another. Some cried out to commence firing, others to lie down to avoid grape shots. Among the latter, was His Excellency. ... Then, already, I saw our men flying in little groups, terrified, and sheltering themselves behind large trees. ... It is a known fact that Mexican soldiers, once demoralized, cannot be controlled. ...\" This frank admission from a Mexican source nails in nicely with Fannin\u2019s estimate of them, and amply justifies the confidence.\nHe felt in the ability of his volunteers to whip Urrea\u2019s demoralized troops. Santa Anna corroborated it, writing, \"I was in a deep sleep when I was awakened by the firing and noise. I immediately perceived that we had been attacked, and had fallen into frightful disorder.\" Houston says, \"The conflict lasted about eighteen minutes. The conflict in the breastwork lasted but a few moments.\" Hardly long enough to earn rating as a skirmish, much less, a \"battle\" \u2013 a weighty event though it was, because it was decisive.\n\n(24) Probably Corporal Samuel T. Brown, a Georgian, was captured with Ward at Refugio and returned to Goliad. It is a lamentable fact that, though practically a century has elapsed since Goliad, there is still confusion and contradiction among authorities as to the number and identity of those who escaped. Portilla,\nMexican commandant at Goliad recorded a total of four hundred and forty-five prisoners. Excluding Major Miller\u2019s command, who were exempt, and eight physicians and attendants spared to care for the Mexican wounded, Portilla states that three hundred and thirty were executed, and twenty-seven escaped \u2013 the latter figure being accepted generally. Brown\u2019s history fixes the number at twenty-six in one statement and at twenty-seven in another, but a count of the list in that volume shows twenty-eight names: John C. Duval, John Holliday, Sharpe, Holland, David J. Jones, William Brennan (or Brannon), John Reese, Milton Irish, F. M. Hunt, Samuel T. Brown, J. H. Neely, Bennett Butler, Herman Ehrenburg (or Eremby), Thomas Kemp, N. J. Devenny (or Devany), Issac D. Hamilton, Z. S.\nBrooks (or L.M. Brooks), Dillard Cooper, Daniel Martindale, Charles Smith, Nat Hazen (or Hosen), William Murphy, John Williams, Joseph Fenner, Rufus Munson, C.B. Shaine, William Hunter, and William Hadden. Brown mentions a John Van Bibber as having been saved with Shackleford to attend the wounded; but in Shackleford\u2019s own statement, Van Bibber is listed as escaped. Other names listed by Shackleford, but not by Brown, are William Morer, William Mason, William Simpson and Charles Spain; which gives a total of thirty-three. After allowing for discrepancies in the spelling of names and uncertainty as to initials, we find ample ground for the bold assertion that not fewer than that number survived the actual massacre, and it is probable that many others who escaped failed to report to Houston or to anyone else.\nSome colonists, having had their fill of army life, joined the general exodus of fear-stricken colonists trekking toward the \"states.\" This exodus continued for many weeks after San Jacinto had been won, and the Mexicans had retired below the Rio Grande.\n\nThe parenthesized names in the foregoing do not appear in Barnard\u2019s list, but were inserted by this author to make discrepancies clear. Piling confusion upon confusion, Barnard\u2019s roster, as it appears in Duval\u2019s book, lists neither \"Z. S.\" Brooks nor \"L. M.\" Brooks, but a \"Z. M. Brooks.\" The \"Rufus\" Munson on Barnard's list of escaped is \"Jas. B.\" Munson on Barnard's roster, as quoted by Duval, and so on. The bald fact is that neither Barnard, who compiled Brown\u2019s list (also the roster of Fannin\u2019s force upon which historians must rely), nor Duval, accurately recorded all the names.\nThirty-three men, whose surnames appear on the roster, have been reported, either by Shackelford or Barnard, as having escaped. However, Shackelford has not given us anything approaching an authentic record. The number of men who escaped \u2014 thirty-three or a higher one \u2014 will eventually be accepted by history.\n\nA cowboy afoot on the plains is no more helpless than an unarmed Kentuckian of the frontier period. Regarding this adventure, Duval writes, \"If I had been armed with the poorest pot-metal muzzle-loading shotgun ever manufactured at Birmingham, I would have had no fear of them.\" Later, he sets down, \"I would willingly have given all the money I had in the world for the poorest pot-metal gun that ever was manufactured, and taken the chance of its bursting whenever I fired it.\" His vast contempt for a shotgun or a man who would carry one.\nOne shared a shotgun was, as used by Crockett, Bowie, Carson, and other great foresters and plainsmen. Carson stated, when asked why he didn't employ that type of gun on his hunts, \"Give me a handful of rocks, and I'll get as much game as you with one of them scatterguns.\" (26) Some idea of Duval's famished condition is given when he writes, \"I cooked five or six pounds of meat for breakfast.\" (27) Probably because his native Kentucky was not its habitat, Duval accords more respect to this beast than most frontiersmen. Known in various regions as the Mexican lion, puma, mountain lion, and panther, it is a relentless killer of stock and game; but seldom shows fight, even when pursued by Man. Any small dog can put one of these big cats to flight, and when chased, it will take to a tree and remain there.\nThe mountain lion is an easy target for the hunter. This writer has killed several of these animals in the Colorado foothills, in Jackson's Hole country in Wyoming, and in the Bad Lands of South Dakota. I have never known one to charge or hear of one stalking or attacking a man. When cornered, it is a slashing fighter, but it retreats at the first opportunity. It is not to be confused with its far more fierce and courageous cousin, the Mexican jaguar. There is a legend that a pair of African lions escaped from a circus and reared young in Brewster County, interbreeding with the mountain lion. The result was a black-maned animal, lighter and more agile than the Nubian type, and far more dangerous than the puma. It is remotely possible that specimens of this cross strayed eastward, influencing the nature of the breed.\nIn the Tres Palacios region, old settlers in East Texas, particularly those in the flatwood section near the confluence of the Angelina and Neches rivers, tell of a young girl who was killed and devoured by a \"painter.\" Reports from Laredo detail another victim, also a young girl. To the best of this author's knowledge, these constitute the list of fatalities attributed to the puma, if puma it was. Incidentally, the term \"panther\" holds no specific meaning. In Africa, it refers to the leopard, in South America to the jaguar, and in this context to the puma.\n\nBefore contact with Man tamed its fiery spirit to some extent, the bobcat, or bay lynx, was remarkably pugnacious given its small size. As late as 1896, the writer witnessed one tear the shirt and hat and a lot of skin off a friend who had entered its territory.\nbox elder grove in which she was rearing her young. In the present day, the lynx is still ill-tempered and \"scrappy,\" but has learned to respect the biped and his gun.\n\nUnfaithful and insincere historians ignore or gloss over the chaotic departure of the settlers from the threatened district, and their complete failure to defend their homes. Kennedy magnanimously offers the explanation that they were reluctant to leave their ranches unprotected. A school historian advances in their behalf the ingenuous theory that lack of communication kept them from the knowledge that Santa Anna had invaded. Yet, here is Duval, traveling a great distance through the heart of the ranch country, and finding nothing but undefended homes. The owners of which must have known that an invasion was on, else why had they fled?\nThe wager of Travis and Fannin, despite political dissensions, was that colonists would support them. They lost. Houston, a deeper psychologist, evaded Santa Anna's force by moving from prairie to swamp and back, relying on no civilian leadership. He won. In the end, after defeating a fractional portion of Santa Anna's force, he freed Texas by holding Santa Anna for ransom instead of hanging him as he deserved and the populace demanded. The ransom price was the immediate retirement of the Mexican army.\nIcan forces across the Rio Grande. To save his craven life, Santa Anna paid that price, and Houston's poker game was won. All that constitutes no indictment of the colonists for not rallying. Unfortunately, they had no stable governing body about which they might rally, with confidence. If proof of their valor is needed, their spirited onrush against a superior force at San Jacinto furnishes it in ample measure. Despite much that has been spoken and written to the contrary, the colony furnished a goodly portion of Houston's force, and Texas was recruiting briskly when the war ended \u2014 unexpectedly.\n\nLibrary of Congress.", "source_dataset": "Internet_Archive", "source_dataset_detailed": "Internet_Archive_LibOfCong"},
{"language": "eng", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "sponsor": "The Library of Congress", "contributor": "The Library of Congress", "date": "1935", "subject": "Horses -- Folklore", "title": "Bang of the Diamond Tail,", "creator": "Gauss, Marianne, 1885-", "lccn": "35018564", "collection": ["library_of_congress", "fedlink", "americana"], "shiptracking": "ST011106", "partner_shiptracking": "IAGC151", "call_number": "6892082", "identifier_bib": "00025572257", "lc_call_number": "PZ10.3.G236 Ban", "publisher": "Chicago, A. Whitman & co.", "associated-names": "Gauss, Charlotte Wilhemina, 1891 joint author", "description": ["30, [2] p. 25 cm", "Lining-papers illustrated in colors", "\"Junior press books.\""], "mediatype": "texts", "repub_state": "19", "page-progression": "lr", "publicdate": "2019-06-19 10:13:07", "updatedate": "2019-06-19 11:18:54", "updater": "associate-richard-greydanus@archive.org", "identifier": "bangofdiamondtai00gaus_0", "uploader": "associate-richard-greydanus@archive.org", "addeddate": "2019-06-19 11:18:56", "possible-copyright-status": "The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item.", "note": "If you have a question or comment about this digitized item from the collections of the Library of Congress, please use the Library of Congress \u201cAsk a Librarian\u201d form: <a href=\"https://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/ask-internetarchive.html\">https://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/ask-internetarchive.html</a>", "operator": "associate-saw-thein@archive.org", "tts_version": "2.1-final-2-gcbbe5f4", "camera": "Sony Alpha-A6300 (Control)", "scanner": "scribe2.capitolhill.archive.org", "imagecount": "42", "scandate": "20190701161500", "ppi": "300", "republisher_operator": "associate-ronamye-cabale@archive.org", "republisher_date": "20190702100810", "republisher_time": "233", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://archive.org/details/bangofdiamondtai00gaus_0", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t0wq7q16s", "scanfee": "300;10.7;214", "invoice": "36", "openlibrary_edition": "OL6325066M", "openlibrary_work": "OL7582460W", "curation": "[curator]admin-andrea-mills@archive.org[/curator][date]20190906121947[/date][state]approved[/state][comment]invoice201907[/comment]", "sponsordate": "20190731", "additional-copyright-note": "No known restrictions; no copyright renewal found.", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:1028673702", "backup_location": "ia906906_0", "oclc-id": "1836412", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.21", "ocr_converted": "abbyy-to-hocr 1.1.37", "page_number_confidence": "78", "page_number_module_version": "1.0.3", "creation_year": 1935, "content": "A wild black colt without a name played near his mother on a mountain mesa. Red and blue flowers bloomed in the grass. The little colt felt so gay that he kicked up his little heels and made a noise like \"He, he, he!\"\n\nHis mother was a cow pony and knew how to work. The colt did not want to work. He wanted to play. He jumped around and made funny noises -- \"He, he, he.\"\n\nSoon, two cowboy riders approached. One of the riders was Jack West. He was too young.\nJack wore cowboy chaps and a hat as he drove cattle. He recognized the mother horse, a spotted brown and white animal, and called out to the cowboy next to him, \"Dina has a new colt.\" Dina was a nickname for the horse's real name, Dynamite. Jack explained, \"Daddy gave the colt to me.\" The cowboy asked, \"What is his name?\" Just then, the colt's heels hit a log with a bang. Jack named him Bang. They had come to catch Dynamite and put her to work. \"Dina has a new colt,\" Jack said. The cowboy roped Dynamite. Bang was surprised as his mother kicked and squealed like a bad cow pony. She was only playing and enjoyed working. A big bull was nearby. He didn't want horses and cowboys on the mesa and didn't like horses, so he charged at Bang with his long horns.\nAt once, the cowboy rode Dynamite between the bull and little Bang. Dynamite stood still until the bull was near, then she danced away. The bull could not stop himself. He ran straight on right past Bang and bumped his head against a rock. The bull ran away making an ugly noise \u2014 \u201cBrr-r- umble!\u201d Dynamite and the cowboy dashed up a mountain path.\n\nSoon they found some cows with calves. Each mother cow had a large white face. Each calf had a small white face. Each mother cow had a diamond and tail mark on her flank. Not one of the calves had any kind of mark.\n\nThe cowboy pointed Dynamite's head at a cow. \"Cut her out, Dynamite,\" he said. This meant to drive that cow out of the herd.\n\nDynamite understood. She chased the cow into a path which led to the ranch. Then she and the cowboy went back for another cow. The cowboy could continue driving the strays towards the ranch.\nNot drive cows without dynamite. Soon all the cows were running down the path toward the ranch. All the calves followed. They did not know what else to do. Bang followed too, as he did not know what else to do either. Not one of the cows wanted to go to the ranch. Not one of the calves did either. They all wanted to run away. Dynamite had to watch them every minute.\n\nWhen they came to the ranch, not one of the cows wanted to go into the corral. Not one of the calves did either. There was a great deal of dust. There was a great deal of noise. But soon Dynamite had them all in the corral.\n\nJack asked his father why the mother horse was named Dynamite.\n\n\"Because she works fast,\" said Mr. West. \"Dynamite always does things quickly.\"\n\nThat day, Dynamite was working hard and fast, driving the wild cows. When Bang looked over.\nBang did not look at him as she did not fence. Bang was more than two months old and could play alone. He did not like the noise and dust, so he went a little way off on the mesa. There he played alone and made funny noises, kicking up his heels. At last, he grew tired and thought he would find his mother and see if she was finished working, so he trotted up to the corral.\n\nThere he had a big surprise. Mr. West came around the corral with a rope in his arm. He shouted, \"Come, Jack. You must brand your colt.\"\n\nBang did not see Mr. West throw the rope but it fell around his feet. He could not run. He fell down instead, and Mr. West sat down on him and held him. Jack came running with a branding iron in his hand. Bang squealed very loud when Jack stuck the branding iron on his flank. It did not hurt very much but it made Bang angry.\n\nMr. West branded Bang.\nJack had branded him with a diamond and tail sign to identify him as belonging to the Diamond Tail ranch. Bang did not comprehend this, as he did not wish to belong to anyone. When Jack allowed him to rise, Bang fled onto the mesa. However, it was growing late in the day, so he returned and began searching for his mother. At last, Bang spotted his mother assisting the cowboys in branding calves. Not one of the calves wanted a brand, and neither did the cows want their calves branded. The cows were agitated with Dynamite and shook their horns at her. It was Jack's responsibility to open and close the gate of the corral. Once a calf had been branded, he released it, and the cow would follow. Each calf bore the same diamond and tail mark. Bang was unaware that he now sported a diamond and tail brand on his own flank.\nDynamite held the calf tight. The cowboy threw a rope to it and caught the calf, making it fall down. He jumped off the dynamite and secured the rope to his saddle.\n\n\"Hold the calf, Dina. Smart girl!\" the cowboy called out. Dina held the calf tightly to prevent it from getting up and escaping. The cowboy soon arrived with a branding iron, and Dynamite dragged the calf to meet him.\n\nDynamite held the rope tight. The cowboy branded the calf with a diamond and tail symbol on its flank. After branding, Dynamite released the calf, allowing it to run back to its mother cow.\n\nThe next day, the cowboys let Dynamite go back to the mountain, so Bang went with her. They lived in a valley with a beaver pond, where the grass was thick and juicy. Dynamite enjoyed the grass so much that Bang tried to eat it. Soon, he preferred grass to his mother's milk and was no longer a baby.\nThe beavers slept all day and came out when the water grew pink at sunset, playing all around the pond. In the autumn, the pond began to have a queer smell. Bang and Dynamite went to the ranch and drank with the work horses. At the ranch, Bang saw a colt named Kicker. Kicker was three years old and it was time he learned to work. Kicker did not want to learn anything. When the cowboy got on him, he started bucking. This means he put his head down and kicked out with his hind legs. Many good ponies buck. When they see they cannot throw their riders, they go to work. Bucking is partly fun on their part. Kicker was bad-tempered. He started to lie down and roll, and the man jumped off. Dynamite thought rolling an ugly trick. A horse that rolled could not drive cows. But Bang thought Kicker was clever because he would not work.\nDynamite helped the cowboys with the autumn roundup, when wild cattle were driven from the mountains to the ranch. She was busy all day. Bang played alone and saw many new things. One was a large bird that jumped on the fence and said, \"Cock-a-doodle-do.\"\n\nOnce Bang was thirsty and found that there was no water in the trough. Suddenly the wind began blowing. A wheel far above him turned around and around. A pump went up and down till water rose from the underground. Soon water ran into the trough and Bang had a nice drink. He thought it was fine to have the wind work hard and pump water for him.\n\nJack said, \"I don't want Bang to grow up like Kicker. I'll get a little bridle and teach him to work.\"\n\nBang had a nice drink. Bang did not want to work. He ran away and away until he came to the beaver pond. He thought he could hide there.\nBang found his mother was gone. The gay flowers and beavers had vanished. Busy beavers cut trees for food, driving away any idle beaver. Soon, snow would fall, cattle and horses would find sustenance at their ranches. Wild animals worked hard for themselves.\n\nBang didn't care. He played and kicked up his heels.\n\nNight came, growing dark. Bang heard coyotes barking. Afraid, he went into a grove of trees and lay still. Suddenly, Kicker was nearby. Cowboys had released Kicker because they couldn't use a horse with ugly tricks.\n\nBang thought they could be friends. They could sleep together, and Kicker could fight off coyotes. So, Bang ran to meet Kicker.\nBut Kicker didn't want to make friends with the baby horse. He kicked Bang in the stomach. Then he ran away.\n\nA long time passed. The grass became dry and sharp. Bang could hardly chew it. Since he was very hungry, he swallowed it without chewing.\n\nOne day he climbed a hill and ate some ugly weeds. Soon he began to feel very sick.\n\nWhen cattle eat hard, dry grass, they bring it up from their stomachs and chew it over again. A horse cannot do this. He has to be careful.\n\nBang hung his head. His legs trembled. There was nobody to care that he had a bad pain in his stomach. A magpie came near and squawked as if to make fun of him.\n\nBang hung his head.\n\nBang was wilder than a farm colt. His great-great-grandfather had belonged to a wild herd that had run loose in Texas. The Indians used to catch these wild horses and make them work.\nMany cow ponies are great-great-grandchildren of these Indian ponies. That is why they like to wander away. When Bang got over his pain, he started off, trying to find a better place to live.\n\nBang crossed a stream where the mud was sticky and black. When he reached the other side, he was in a wild place. There were tall, dark rocks. The river made a noise like thunder. Far away, a mountain lion yelled.\n\nIn his fright, Bang ran and ran until he did not know where he was. He was lost. The grass was as bad as the grass in Beaver Valley. Deer flies stung his eyes and nose, and made them sore.\n\nThe wind grew cold and the sky was dark. Soon Bang felt cold flakes on his little back. Snow was falling.\n\nBefore long, the snow was so heavy that all the grass was covered, and Bang could not reach it. His feet were cold and his back was all white.\nTwo cowboys rode up, looking for lost horses. They came from a ranch with a star for its brand. They saw that Bang did not wear a star, so they rode away without him.\n\nIt was quiet on the snowy mountain. The coyotes went away to a place where they found more food. The song birds had gone to Texas or Mexico for the winter. Bang could see no birds except a flicker hunting beetles' eggs on a tree.\n\nThere was no food anywhere for a horse, so Bang thought he would try to go back to the ranch. He traveled east, he traveled west. Each path he tried took him farther from home. Each day was colder than the day before.\n\nBang grew thin. His bones stuck out. His eyes and nose were swollen. He looked like nobody's horse.\n\nBears were asleep in their warm dens. Beavers were asleep in their houses. They only woke up to hibernate.\nChipmunks slept in their holes, awakening only to eat nuts and seeds. At the Diamond Tail ranch, cowboys enjoyed a fine dinner of plum pudding as it was Thanksgiving Day. Work horses dined in their sheds, while cow ponies remained outdoors and slept under cedar trees, feeding at a hayrack kept full by cowboys. At dusk, cow ponies approached the ranch house and saw its lights. Bang missed Thanksgiving dinner, being nobody's horse. The day after Thanksgiving was very cold, a crust forming on the snow for Bang to walk atop the large drifts. He ventured to Lion Valley where big deer, referred to as elk, feasted on hay. Annually, kind people brought loads of hay to Lion Valley to prevent elk starvation.\nBang tried to get a little hay but a big elk chased him away. After that, he gave up trying. Cold, hungry, and alone, he stayed under a pine tree in Lion Valley. That afternoon, Jack met a cowboy from the Star Ranch.\n\n\"Have you seen a lost colt?\" asked Jack.\n\n\"I saw a lost colt near Lion Valley,\" the cowboy said, \"and he had a diamond tail brand.\"\n\n\"He must be my colt,\" said Jack. So he rode until he came to Lion Valley, and there was Bang under a tree.\n\nWhen Jack came to catch him, Bang did not kick up his heels. He did not even try to run away. Jack put a little bridle on him and started to lead him home by a rope tied to the bridle. Jack did not ride fast because Bang was very weak. They went along until they found a road that led to the Diamond Tail ranch.\n\nIt was dark when they reached the ranch.\nwork horses were eating their supper of oats and hay. The dogs had worked hard driving coyotes away and they were now very busy eating their supper of bread and meat. Suddenly Bang saw his mother. She had worked hard all day driving some wild cattle. Now she was eating her supper of hay and corn. She did not wait to finish. She ran to meet Bang and rubbed her nose on his. Soon Bang was eating his supper of good dry mash. \"I must teach Bang to work,\" said Jack. \"Maybe that bridle hurt him. Since he did not like it, I will make another.\" When Bang grew strong again, Jack put a new bridle on him and a piece of cloth across his back that was like a saddle. Bang did not like the new bridle. He raced around the corral and tried to get it off. He did not like the little saddle either. But Jack was very kind to him.\nHe grew used to the saddle and bridle. He was too small to drive cows. Jack put a new bridle on him to carry a person on his back. All he could do now was learn to work. Jack taught him well. His back grew strong. His legs grew long. When he was three years old, he had learned to work. Now he could carry Jack, so they both went on the roundup. Then Jack thought he would take him to the rodeo. A rodeo is a show. Each year the cowboys bring their best horses to the rodeo. A prize is given for the best working pony. That year, the judges put a blue ribbon on Bang's bridle, for he was the prize cow pony. Nobody knew that when he was small, he ran away to avoid work.", "source_dataset": "Internet_Archive", "source_dataset_detailed": "Internet_Archive_LibOfCong"}
]