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{"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1945, "culture": "", "content": "The LAST VIAL\n                     Illustrated by Virgil Finlay\n        _1. And I heard a great voice out of the temple saying\n          to the seven angels, \"Go your ways and pour out the\n              vials of the wrath of God upon the earth.\"_\n        _2. And the first went and poured out his vial upon the\n           earth and there fell a noisome and grievous sore\n           upon the men which had the mark of the beast and\n                upon them which worshipped his image._\n           [Transcriber's Note: This etext was produced from\n        Amazing Stories November, December 1960, January 1961.\n         Extensive research did not uncover any evidence that\n         the U.S. copyright on this publication was renewed.]\nA little late, I pulled my Ferguson Cross-Country '62 into the space\nreserved for me and stepped out. The clouds were low and moving fast\nbut the rain was soft on my bare grey head. The dark walls of the\nLaboratory rose close by. I felt the mass of it blocking off the light\nwind and, with the wind, the chill wetness of an autumn morning. It was\ngood to be back, I thought, back to the quiet excitement of research,\nthe prideful interest in my students, the comforting presence of my\nfriends.\nA female figure splashed by me hurriedly, her arms full of large brown\nenvelopes. I half turned. \"Lottie,\" I started to say ... it was the\nLab's messenger girl ... but she was gone already. \"Funny,\" I mused,\n\"she's usually ready to stop and chat at the least excuse.\" I turned\nback towards the Lab and almost collided with another woman, also\nloaded with what looked like case reports. \"What the Hell!\" I muttered\nto myself, but she was gone too. I quickened my pace, ran up the stone\nsteps two at a time and passed through the big glass doors that open on\nthe main hall of the Laboratory Building.\nAs the electronic eye closed them behind me I shrugged off my raincoat.\nI dropped a dime in the news vendor and the paper popped up in its\nwaterproof wrapper. The headline printed on the outside caught my\neye as I started to shove it into my pocket. \"New Epidemic Increases\nHourly.\" New epidemic? What was the old one? Well, I'd find out soon\nenough. Maybe that explained Lottie and the case reports. I turned to\ngo up the stairs to my office.\nBehind the counter of the appointment desk Rosie, our senior\nreceptionist, was watching me. Her bright black eyes and pert old face\nset under thick grey curls reminded me of a little bird curiously\ninspecting some strange new animal. Her high chirping voice completed\nthe illusion.\n\"Good morning, Doctor Macdonald,\" she said and moved the sign on the\narrival and departure board to show I was in.\n\"How was the vacation? Pat's in,\" she went on without waiting for an\nanswer. \"She says she ran into you a couple of times up in the Powell\nRiver Country.\"\nI finished folding my raincoat before I looked at her.\n\"Yes, we did meet,\" I admitted cautiously but didn't explain further.\n\"I don't know how you manage that boat of yours all by yourself. Seems\nto me I'd want company to sail away up there in that rough water,\" she\npaused. \"I hear Pat's a good sailor.\"\n\"You talk too damn much, Rosie,\" I growled and started along the hall.\nAll the way up the stairs I remembered the twinkle in her eyes as I\nwent past her.\nThe ground floor of the Laboratory is occupied by the Administration\nOffice and Clinical Pathology Section. Shut off at the back are the\nwhite tiled walls and monel metal tables of the Autopsy Rooms. On the\nfirst floor the Tissue Pathologists sit at their microscopes and study\nthe pretty blue and red stained slides of human and animal tissues\nwhich come from the batteries of Technicon machines and the skillful\nmicrotomes of the laboratory technicians. Here too are the Medical\nLibrary and the Hematology Section, where blood from thousands of\npatients is smeared on slides, stained, and examined for signs of\ndisease. I was just rounding the banister at the top of the stairs\nwhen, coming out of the Serology Room, I saw the long thin slow-moving\nfigure and wavy blond hair of Harry Cope, the hematologist. He saw me\nat once and waved a languid hand.\n\"Hello, John! How was the holiday?\" he said in his soft English voice.\n\"Pretty good, Harry. Keeping you busy?\"\n\"Not in my own shop,\" he said. \"But Dr. Hallam will certainly be glad\nto see you back. I've had to give him a hand the last day or two.\"\n\"Why, what's up?\" I was surprised. Harry knew quite a bit about\nVirology and had kept up his interest in it even though hematology was\nhis specialty. However he seldom worked for us unless there was a real\nemergency.\n\"I'd better let the Director tell you himself, old man. I have an\nappointment just now. See you later.\" He moved down the hall, as quiet\nand impassive as usual.\nA little worried now, I went up the stairs to the second floor, passed\nBacteriology and poked my head into the Virology Section. The routine\nwork on virus diseases goes on here. The Research Lab, Dr. Hallam's\npet project, is in a specially designed penthouse on the third floor,\nalongside the animal house, and is never used for ordinary tests.\nIn the Tissue Culture Room, Pat was already busy with the specimens and\nhad time only to wink at me. No hope for enlightenment there! I looked\nback at her trim figure as I moved away and, at the door of Electron\nMicroscopy, ran head on into Polly Cripps, our electron microscopy\ntechnician and Harry Cope's fiancee. Even at thirty-five she was still\ngood looking in a bold way, with white gold hair waving over deep blue\neyes, a full mouth and a full figure to go with it.\nWhen I recovered my breath after bouncing off that pneumatic form, I\nstarted to speak but, as usual, she beat me to it.\n\"My Goodness, John, you Northerners are always in a hurry,\" she gasped.\n\"You almost mashed me flat.\"\n\"Ah caint see no difference honey,\" I parodied her Alabama drawl. \"Say,\nHarry tells me something big is happening.\"\n\"It surely is,\" she said, \"I've taken more pictures in the last two\nweeks than in the six months before that. I took a whole mess of them\nto Dr. Hallam this morning.\"\n\"Maybe I'd better go find out for myself. See you later, cutie.\" As I\nwent by I gave her a friendly pat on her well rounded posterior and got\nthe back of my head clipped for my temerity.\n\"You keep your cotton-pickin' hands to yourself, boy,\" she said, but\nshe was smiling.\nThe time was late autumn. Because of a special project, I hadn't been\nable to take my summer vacation. Patricia Delaney, our senior virology\ntechnician, had worked with me and, as the days went by, it looked\nas if neither of us would get a break. The fall is the season for\nrespiratory viruses to start causing trouble and we couldn't afford\nto take time off if even a minor outbreak appeared. But the weather\nstayed dry and finally, one lovely Indian summer day, Dr. Hallam had\nshoved us both out of the office for ten days' rest.\nI stopped on the front steps of the Lab and looked at Pat, standing\nbeside me, her brown curly head, topped by one of the new round space\nsatellite hats, bent over as she fumbled at her handbag.\n\"Now what do we do?\" I felt at a loss, a little tired and let down. I\nhadn't expected to get time off and consequently had made no plans for\nspending the next ten days. The sun was bright, the clouds were small\nand fluffy, the air was warm. It was autumn at its best. Surely it\nwould be a shame to waste such wonderful weather.\nPat was speaking, her clear grey eyes thoughtful behind the\nheavy-rimmed glasses. The soft Louisiana voice was a treat after the\nharder northern accents of the Canadians.\n\"I don't know. I haven't made plans to do anything.\"\n\"Well then, let's go have some coffee and talk it over.\"\nShe nodded and fell into step beside me, her long legs, long for her\nmedium height that is, keeping up with my short ones. In her high\nheeled shoes she stood as tall as I, her broad shoulders and slim but\nprettily rounded figure contrasting nicely with my stocky frame. We\nmake a good pair, I thought, she, the American of Irish descent and\nI, the immigrant Irishman, educated in Canada and naturalized American\nduring the Korean War. She had come to British Columbia just a year\nago, when her marriage had broken up, to make a fresh start. The year\nbefore that I had returned to Canada to join the staff of the Civic\nHospital as a pathologist.\nWe crossed the parking area to the main hospital building and went into\nthe restaurant through the back entrance.\n\"How about this table?\" I said and pulled out a chair for her. I tipped\nmy head to the girl behind the counter and held up two fingers. The\ncoffee came, not too strong, but at least it was hot. Pat shrugged\nout of her mackintosh, reached for the Players I held out to her and\ndragged at the battery match flame. I watched her as she leaned forward\nover the lighter. The tiny creases at the corners of her eyes, the\nslightly deeper lines of her mouth, marked her as a woman of thirty,\nmature, a little worldly, but still attractive. Delightfully so to me,\nI thought, since, at thirty-five and a casualty of the divorce mill\ntoo, I was no longer interested in young girls, good to look at but\nunseasoned by life.\nShe sat back in her chair and looked at me quizzically.\n\"Did I pass inspection?\" she said.\nI hadn't realized I'd been so obvious. It was a little disconcerting,\neven after dating her frequently in the last six months, to have my\nthoughts read the way she seemed to do.\nI smiled at her. \"I'll have to have a closer look to be sure.\"\n\"I don't know about that,\" she said teasingly. \"I wouldn't trust you\ntoo far.\"\n\"How far would you trust me,\" I asked quickly, an idea growing\nhopefully behind my bantering tone.\nShe looked at me and her smile slowly faded. Again her intuition was\nright and the fear of getting emotionally tangled up with a man, the\nreluctance to bare her heart again so soon after it had been lacerated\nby another male, was obvious in her caution.\n\"It depends on what you want to do.\" She laid the cigarette down. It\nburned untouched as she watched my face.\n\"The satellite weather forecast is for good weather the next ten days,\"\nI said. \"This looks like a perfect chance for a long cruise up the\ncoast in my boat.\" I paused and looked straight at her, \"but it takes\ntwo to work it properly.\"\nShe had been on one day cruises with me before this and was learning\nquite quickly how to sail. I knew she would love to go but....\n\"Where do we stay at night?\" she said.\n\"I didn't figure on any definite itinerary. We could sleep on the boat,\nthere's plenty of room.\"\n\"I know that, but there's only one cabin.\"\n\"I won't bite you.\"\n\"Strictly platonic?\"\n\"You call the tune, I'll play it.\"\nShe stood up abruptly and reached out her hand to me. \"We're wasting\ntime,\" she said. \"Let's go!\"\nI was thinking over those pleasant days and too platonic but still\nexciting nights as I came to the door of the Director's office. Dr.\nGeorge Hallam, that straight backed old soldier, was sitting at his\ndesk when I walked in. He was shuffling a pile of black and white\nphotographs and, as they riffled over, I saw that they were some of\nPolly's electron microscope pictures of elementary particles. Hallam\nwas a large man, but not fat, with black thinning hair combed straight\nback. Ordinarily a pleasant expression rested in the light brown eyes\nbehind his rectangular spectacles, and a slight smile brightened his\nround, firm-fleshed face. Today he was definitely not happy, and under\nthe white lab coat his big shoulders hunched forward determinedly like\na fullback ready for a plunge through the line. I was wondering what\nbothered him until I caught a glimpse of the headlines in the \"Sun\"\nlying on the desk. EXTRA! Greatest Epidemic Ever! I noted\nthe edition was later than the one I had bought. Flu Epidemic Spreads\nThrough B.C. it said.\n\"Good morning, sir.\"\nHe nodded at me and I waved at the paper.\n\"What goes on since I left?\"\n\"Five thousand cases of Flu.\" Bang! He slapped the desk. \"Just like\nthat. In one day!\" He ran one big hand over his chin and was silent,\nleaning on his elbows.\nI picked up the paper to read the lead as he spoke again.\n\"That was a week ago. For three days the cases rose to a peak and then\neased off. We've been working on it and I think we've isolated the\nvirus.\" He looked up at me. \"Didn't you know about it?\"\n\"Chief,\" I said reproachfully, \"You don't think I'd have stayed away if\nI'd known.\"\n\"No ... no, of course not. I haven't had time to think much about it.\nBut we could have used you and Pat. I'm damned glad you're back.\"\n\"We ... ah ... I didn't look at a paper for the whole time. Went for a\ntrip in my boat. I even turned off the television.\"\n\"You must have had interesting company.\" He grinned at me slyly.\n\"Yeah, I had a good crew,\" I said and changed the subject. \"But what\nabout this epidemic?\"\nThe fun died out of his eyes. \"We've been expecting the second wave to\nhit anytime. Judging by the headlines we have it ... and it's a corker.\nThe Department of Health tells me it's spreading faster than a dirty\nstory both north and south of the border.\"\n\"You say you have isolated it?\"\nHe picked out several of the photographs and passed them across to me.\nI looked at them for a moment.\n\"But these particles are irregular, and too big!\"\nHe nodded.\n\"What about the agglutination tests?\"\n\"It isn't A, B or C,\" he said. \"It's a new virus, or at least one I've\nnever heard of. There doesn't seem to be a relationship to any other\nflu virus ... and probably no immunity to it either.\"\n\"Then how do you know it is flu?\"\n\"Only by the way it acts clinically. It fits the flu syndrome better\nthan any other disease we can think of. Odd thing about this stuff,\" he\nmused, \"as you can see, these first electron pictures don't look like\nflu and the Biochemistry Section also reports some unusual components\nin its chemical structure.\"\nHe stopped to light his pipe. \"You remember how I broke up those simple\nplant viruses a few years ago and tried putting different pieces of\nthem back together to make new ones?\" He mumbled around his pipestem,\nblowing a little cloud of blue smoke with each word.\nI hadn't been at the Civic at that time but I nodded in affirmation,\nnot wanting to interrupt his train of thought.\n\"Well, this virus isn't the same of course, but it seems to be a\nrelatively simple one and of such a peculiar composition it makes me\nwonder. Certainly, so far, it doesn't fit in with any of the natural\nviruses I've handled.\"\n\"Maybe it's an exotic variety brought in from overseas,\" I ventured.\n\"Vancouver does handle a lot of foreign shipping. Or maybe it's a wild\nmutation from some ordinary flu virus. Look what happened in 1957 with\nthat A prime mutation. Perhaps this thing has gone even farther away\nfrom the family tree.\"\n\"I thought of that, but I'm not convinced.\" He shook his head in\nexasperation. \"Damn it, man, there's something queer in this whole\nthing ... and I can't put my finger on it!\"\n\"What does the bug do to people, aside from the usual stuff?\"\n\"They all get a sharp attack of the flu, lasting three or four days.\nThe picture is typical as a rule, but on the mild side. Some of them\nact as if they had the mumps too.\"\n\"H'm, that's nice,\" I said. \"Has there been much orchitis in the male\npatients?\"\n\"Who else could get it?\" he gibed. \"Now that you mention it, I believe\nthere have been some cases,\" he said drily, \"but I've been more\nconcerned with organic chemistry than with organs. By the way, how was\nyour holiday?\"\n\"The sly old dog,\" I thought. \"He probably figures I've been having\nmyself a time with Pat.\" Out loud I answered, \"Just fine, Sir.\" I\nturned to go out. \"Guess I'd better get started back to work. At least\nI got a good rest.\"\n\"Really, John, you call that a rest?\" He was still chuckling as I shut\nthe door behind me.\nI changed to a white coat in my own small office. There was no definite\njob assigned to me now and I had no classes to teach this semester. I\nrambled around the office for a while, straightened out my desk and\nthen decided to go down to Records and look up the case histories of\nthe flu patients. It was partly idle curiosity but I knew that, sooner\nor later, the Old Man would have me working on it.\nThe girls in Records were full of questions about my vacation. That Pat\nand I were practically engaged was no secret, and the fact that someone\nhad seen us together on my sloop was providing plenty of gossip.\n\"The hell with them,\" I thought. \"Let them think what they want.\" At\nleast it was not malicious gossip. We had a friendly crew in the Lab\nand the ribbing I was taking was all good natured.\nI went back to my office with a large bundle of case summaries loading\nme down. With the tremendous interest aroused in virology and the\nnature of protein molecules, because of the polio research of the\nFifties, the drive to investigate the virus theory of cancer and the\nflu epidemic of 1957, a great deal of money had been spent to make\nthe Civic Hospital a first class research centre. Under Dr. Hallam's\nguidance and the sponsorship of the University of British Columbia,\nthe Research Laboratory had become one of the best in North America.\nThe Department of Health of B.C. cooperated enthusiastically in the\nfield work and I was able to get from our files the most detailed case\nhistories prepared by their trained investigators. I spread out the\ncharts, picked one at random, and began to study it.\nThree hours later I was beginning to get the picture, at least up to\ndate. Most of the cases gave a routine history. A few hours before the\nfever began they had noticed a mild head cold. This was followed by\naching in the limbs and back, headache, fever, lack of appetite, and\nfeeling generally ill and depressed. Some had swelling along the sides\nof their neck or under the chin, but that was not a prominent feature\nof their complaint. Several of the males also reported slight swelling\nof the testicles, less than is usually the case in mumps, and it did\nnot seem to incapacitate them at all. The occasional female reported\nabdominal pains which could have been due to inflamed ovaries, but it\nis difficult to make such a diagnosis with certainty. In inquiring\nabout the movements of the patients before they became ill, the\ninterrogators had turned up a few odd stories.\nOne woman reported that she had been standing in a crowded bus a few\ndays before she got the flu when a man standing beside her had dropped\na glass ball.\nAs she told it, \"It looked like one of them souvenir things--you know,\nthe kind that has a snowstorm inside it when you turn it upside down,\nor maybe it was a Christmas tree ornament. It broke just like you\ndropped a light bulb or somethin'. I thought I saw a kind of a cloud,\nlike smoke, but it was only for a second. The man was nice about it,\nhe apologised to me right away for scaring me. He was one of them\nD.P.'s I'm sure because he couldn't talk good English. That stuff that\ncame out of it made my nose kinda itchy ... made me sneeze. But I\nhave hay fever and sinus, you know, had it for years. Maybe there was\nnothing to it.\"\nThe tape record of a male patient's report was also peculiar. I played\nit back, in part, on my own Dictape.\n\"I was sitting in the Automatic lunch, the big one on Granville. Well,\nit was full to the doors, just after twelve, and this guy comes in\nand gets a seat that another man had just left. He wasn't very tall\nbut sort of husky and he reminded me of a guy I know who comes from\nSlovakia or one of them countries down in Europe. This guy, the friend\nof mine I mean, he works for Baden Brothers in the Foundry.... Yeah,\nyeah, I'm getting to the point in a minute. Well, as I was telling\nyou, this fella who looks like my friend has a pile of parcels and\nhe's trying to manage a cup of coffee at the same time so I give him a\nhand.... I'm just about finished with my pie. We get the parcels down\nO.K. but he upsets one of the bags with his foot on the floor. I start\nto pick it up and he tries to beat me to it. These guys from Europe\nfall all over themselves to be polite. Anyway he grabs an insect bomb\nthat fell out and somehow, I can't for the life of me figure it, he\ngets the thing stuck and the spray starts to go out all over the place.\nWe couldn't shut it off but it didn't last long. He told me it was a\nnew kind--good for one time only, so it was made cheap. I dunno if that\nstuff had anything to do with this flu but I know it made my nose itch\nfor a while. Maybe that did it.... I knew a guy one time that....\"\nI shut off the tape and turned to another report.\n\"I was in the Paramount,\" she said, \"watching that new Tri-Di movie\nthey call _High Time_ ... it's a sort of a Western and musical all\nmixed up. It's a real good movie but that three dimensional stuff\nscares you when they show a fight. I don't think that's too good for\nlittle kids, do you? It was the part where the hero, what's his name,\noh yeah, Bert Blaine, is getting romantic with Nellie Golding just\nbefore he rides away to catch the killer. It's kinda sad too and all\nof a sudden my eyes started to water. Well, I'm sentimental, you know,\nbut I don't cry that easy and anyhow I hadn't felt like crying just yet\nif you know what I mean. It was more like an itch. I looked around in\nthe dark to see what might be wrong and then I noticed a hissing noise\nlike a radiator leaking. I leaned over to ask the man in the next seat\nif he heard it too but right about then it stopped and he got up and\nleft. I don't know how he could have anything to do with it but I know\nmy eyes and nose were itchy for a long time. I'll just tell you that I\nmust have got the flu from that. My mother says that's nonsense but I\ndon't care.\"\nThe rest of the reports were routine. Some noted exposure to colds but\nnone to mumps. The three unusual stories I dismissed as having no real\nconnection with the epidemic. Aerosol sprays of all shapes and sizes\nare so common nowadays that they are used in every kind of commodity\nwhich can be packed that way. I know of no disease caused by the\ngases they contain unless it be allergy to the various insecticides\nand other chemicals spread by the gases. People often have peculiar\nideas as to what starts a cold. The statisticians had run off the\nfigures, including the odd possibilities, on the Minicalculator at the\nDepartment of Health and their report stated there was no significance\nin such stories. So I guess that settled that in this mathematically\nminded era. Sometimes I wish that medicine were the art it used to be\ninstead of the statistical science it has become. But I never did like\nmathematics.\nShortly after noon I gave up and strolled down to the Culture Room,\nlooking for Pat. I found her busy with a dentist's drill, in the old\nfashioned way, cutting holes in the shells of fertilized eggs and\ntransferring virus cultures from old eggs to new. Between the cap\nand mask only her cool grey eyes were visible, intent on the thin\nmembranes that pulsated above the tiny heart of the young chicken. Her\nfingers were quick and sure as she injected the virus then released\nthe opening with scotch tape, or sometimes with a glass coverslip,\nsealed around the edges with vaseline. Hallam wasn't too keen on the\nnew short wave cutter and plastic film technique. When she paused for\na moment to flame her needles I rapped on the glass partition to catch\nher attention and then made eating signs. She nodded and, a few minutes\nlater, we sat over sandwiches and coffee in the hospital restaurant.\n\"How did the morning go?\" she said, finishing her sandwich and starting\non a second cup of coffee.\n\"The old man was needling me the way you needle those eggs of yours,\" I\ngrumbled. \"We don't have the private life of goldfish around here. The\ngirls were hinting for information too.\"\n\"What do you expect,\" she laughed. \"After all, you're the most\neligible bachelor in the place.\"\nI wandered over to the counter for a pack of Exports. The noon Sun\nwas out and I saw the lead story. \"Flu Epidemic Disorganizes Seattle,\nTacoma, Portland.\" I bought the paper and went back to Pat.\n\"We're not much ahead of the news hawks,\" was all she said.\nAs we passed the front office, on the way back to Virology, Rosie waved\nat me.\n\"Dr. Macdonald, you're wanted in the Conference Room right away. And\nyou too, Pat! There's some sort of big pow-wow. Tissue Path., Biochem.,\nBacteriology, Public Health, and all the clinical services too!'\n\"O.K. Thanks, Rosie,\" I said.\nWe went on up the stairs. The Director didn't like the elevators used,\nexcept for freight, so we all had to walk. Probably it was better for\nus too, I thought, comparing the slight shortness of breath I noticed\non second floor with the way I'd hiked over the hills around Kumwha\nduring the Korean truce talks of 1951, when there was nothing to do in\nmy Battalion Aid Station but take morning sick call. But I'd sat in a\nlot of chairs since then.\nThe Conference Room, next to Dr. Hallam's office, was already crowded\nand he waved at us. \"John, you find a spot somewhere along the wall.\nI'm afraid we can't seat everyone and I want department heads at the\ntable. Pat, would you mind taking notes? Sit here beside me.\" He winked\nat her. \"That is, if John trusts me.\"\nThe few remaining spaces were now filled and the Director stood up.\n\"Gentlemen, some of you know why I have arranged this meeting but the\nrest of you are still wondering. You may or may not agree with what\nI shall have to say, but, because of its unusual nature, I must have\nyour promise that you will not repeat, outside of this room, what you\nwill hear in the discussion that follows. Is that clear?\" He paused\nand looked around the room. \"Anyone who does not wish to give such a\npromise will please leave now, before we start.\"\nI could see their faces from where I stood by the windows. Joe\nArmstrong, Chief of Medical Services, sat on Hallam's right. His dark,\nheavy-featured face was calm as he looked straight ahead. He knows, I\nthought. Beside him, Bruce Thompson, Chief of Surgery, lifted his bushy\neyebrows and turned to whisper a quick question at Joe. Obviously he\ndidn't know the secret, whatever it was. I looked on around the table.\nAbout halfway, I saw Ray Thorne, one of the best obstetricians in town\nand an old friend of mine. He caught my eye and winked. The Chief of\nOb. and Gyn. wasn't there. Ray must be standing in for him. I wondered\nwhat the boss would have to say that could interest their department.\nHallam was talking again. \"About a week ago, here in Vancouver there\nwas a sudden outbreak of disease which, aside from a few unusual\noccurrences, seemed to be influenza. Now, in the past two days, we are\nconfronted with thousands of new cases. You have seen the reports in\nthe newspapers, I'm sure. I have been in contact with the public health\nauthorities here, and also in the States of Washington and Oregon. The\nsituation down there, especially in Seattle, Tacoma and Portland, is\nevery bit as bad as it is here.\" He paused for a full five seconds.\n\"Gentlemen, I believe this is no ordinary epidemic. I believe this may\nwell be a man-made disaster!\"\n\"For the love of God, George!\" I don't know who said it, but it echoed\nall our thoughts. I could see the astonished and incredulous looks on\nthe faces of all the experts as they watched him, standing there so\nstraight and solid and sane.\nMy mind was racing about, trying to find reasons for his amazing\nassertion. Maybe he wasn't really serious, I thought, only to dismiss\nthe idea immediately. Another look at that stern and sober face and I\nknew he meant it. And only a few moments ago he had been laughing and\njoking with Pat. I remembered a story I'd heard about him in World War\nII, how he had been in a Field Hospital with his New Zealand countrymen\nat Cassino and, during a heavy bombardment, had sat quietly joking with\npatients who could not be moved to safety. So, it could be true. If he\ncould make jokes in the face of death, he could laugh during a disaster.\nThe buzz of conversation ceased as the Chief went on. \"As of this\nmorning there were fifty thousand cases in Vancouver city alone, with\nno tallies in, as yet, from Burnaby and New Westminster. More are being\nreported every minute. The hospitals are filling up even though they\ntake only those with complications; and there seems to be no end of it\nso far. It's like the 1918 pandemic all over again but with some very\npeculiar differences.\" Again he stopped and turned to Dr. Armstrong.\n\"Joe, do you see any differences clinically?\"\nArmstrong got to his feet. \"Yes, I do, George,\" he said, in his slow\ncareful way. \"For one thing, it is the most explosive epidemic I\nhave ever seen. Usually they start with a few cases and, after an\nincubation period of two or three days, a fresh batch of victims\nappears, growing in number each time. Here we have hundreds, all at\nonce, then none for about five days or so, then thousands. It does look\nalmost as if something or somebody had infected them all at the same\ntime.\"\n\"My God,\" I thought, \"not you too, Joe! Not old steady-boy\ndown-to-earth Armstrong! Shades of the flying saucers!\"\nHe continued. \"The time lapse between the first outbreak and this new\nsurge of cases is approximately five days, which is just a little\nlonger than usual for influenza. Also, as Dr. Hallam has already\nmentioned, there are some peculiarities in the clinical picture. For\ninstance, we are seeing patients with enlargement of the salivary\nglands ... not many of course ... and a few with orchitis. We even have\nthe occasional female with what could be inflammation of the ovaries.\nThat makes me think of mumps except that the time between the first and\nsecond waves is much too short, and anyway most of these people tell me\nthey had mumps as a child.\"\nOne of the public health men down the table broke in. \"I remember\nback in 1956 there was some sort of epidemic pleurisy, or Q-fever, in\nCalifornia, in which there were cases with involvement of the salivary\nand sex glands. It was quite an unusual thing but I don't remember the\noutcome. And there were miscarriages in the '57 flu epidemic, so the\novaries were probably involved in some cases. Nobody can say those\nweren't natural epidemics.\"\n\"Yes, that sort of thing does happen from time to time,\" Armstrong\nagreed. \"We have to postulate a mutation in the virus. Even today\nwe haven't classified them completely and this one could be a new\nvariety with an odd life cycle. There's one good thing about this,\" he\nconcluded, \"although it seems to be far more infectious than anything\nwe've ever seen before, it isn't anything like as dangerous as the 1918\nflu, or even the 1957 pandemic. We haven't had anyone die yet. Most\nof them are well in three or four days after the fever begins. Maybe\nthat's because we have the antibiotics to take care of the secondary\nbacterial invasion. That's what caused most of the pneumonia and all\nthe other complications that killed so many people in 1918. Frankly I'm\nnot worried, even though I talked it over with George, here, before the\nmeeting. I think probably everyone will get it since people who have\nhad the ordinary types of flu or flu shots do not appear to be immune.\nBut it's no worse than a cold. When almost everybody has had it, it\nwill die out. I don't agree with Dr. Hallam. I think it is a natural\nepidemic.\"\nHe sat down, the tension in the room already eased by his calm and\nsensible summary of the facts.\n\"What do you say to that, George?\" Thompson sliced the silence with his\nquestion in the same decisive manner as he made his surgical incisions.\nThe Chief smiled at him. \"Right now I can't prove a thing, Bruce. All\nthat I have is suspicion ... call it a hunch if you will. That's why I\ndon't want any loose talk. The whole pattern of this epidemic, and of\nthe virus that seems to be the cause, is foreign to my experience. The\nelectron microscope pictures that we have, so far, show a particle that\nis different in shape and size to our known influenza viruses, and to\nany other ordinary disease virus. Our serological tests don't identify\nit. The Biochemistry Section has been working on it twenty-four hours\na day. As yet they haven't got too far, but far enough to show that\nthere are definite differences in the molecular pattern between this\nvirus and influenza as we know it. It seems to be a simpler than usual\npattern, reminiscent of the synthetic viruses we made some years ago.\nThere are some amino acid groupings like those of the mumps virus too,\nwhich could possibly account for its affinity for the salivary glands.\nI think it will prove able to transmit its characteristics indefinitely\nfrom one generation to the next--it has, so far. We have it growing in\nchick embryos right now but it's to soon to be definite about anything.\nIf it continues to transmit all its characteristics, that would be a\npossible argument against my theory that this is a man-made epidemic.\"\nHe paused for a sip of water from the glass in front of him.\n\"Would you care to elaborate on your theory?\" Smith, the tissue\npathologist interrupted, his long narrow chin thrust forward and his\ndeep-set eyes intent on the speaker.\n\"Be glad to, Tom,\" Hallam agreed. \"I believe this is a man made\nepidemic, as I said before. The timing is too orderly, too sudden, to\nbe natural. I suspect, because of its unusual structure, especially the\nresemblance to previous experimental viruses, that this is a synthetic\nvirus, made up either from relatively simple chemical compounds or\nperhaps from particles of natural viruses recombined in a different\npattern. As you all know, it has been possible for years now to take a\nvirus apart, so that it will not reproduce, and then put these parts\ntogether again, not from the same culture, but just as if you took\nparts of a motor from the stock bins and assembled an engine. When it\nis reassembled with parts similar to the ones it was originally made up\nof, it will reproduce again just like the natural virus. We have also\nbeen able to crystallize many viruses and then start them growing again\nby putting the crystals in the proper nutrient solutions. Recently\nit has been possible to combine amino acids and other chemicals into\nsimple forms that act much like viruses but are not quite the same.\nBut there is one obstacle that we have not yet overcome. Whether we\nhave recombined different parts of various viruses or whether we have\nmade up amino acid combinations, it has not been possible to have this\nsynthetic virus transmit all its characteristics from generation to\ngeneration. It breaks up; it is not stable.\"\n\"But you all know this.\" He stopped to light a cigarette, gathering\nhis thoughts as he watched the end glow. He exhaled little gusts of\nsmoke as he spoke again. \"As far as I can tell now, this virus is\nunchanged through each passage in the egg, which might put it out of\nthe synthetic class. Mutations have been induced artificially by using\nchemicals such as the sulfonamides to interfere with the life cycle.\nThis has turned some disease viruses into harmless types, but, unless\nthe Americans in their Biological Warfare Center have done it, and they\naren't talking of course, the reverse is not true. Certainly I know of\nnobody in the democratic world who has made such a virus.\"\nThere was no mistaking his emphasis. Again Smith spoke up.\n\"Are you implying that the Communists may have produced such a virus?\"\nThe answer came slowly. Hallam was frighteningly serious now.\n\"Yes, I believe it is possible. In the last few years there has been a\ntremendous amount of research on viruses and nucleoproteins in Russia.\nKaganovich and his associates have published some very advanced work on\nthe synthesis of proteins and Magidoff is an outstanding virologist by\nany standards.\"\n\"Ay, that's true.\" Ian Gordon, the little sandy haired biochemist\nburst out in his broad Scots brogue. \"And I wouldna think they've been\nputtin' out all they know either, if I'm to judge from what they said\nat the last International Conference in Stockholm.\"\n\"But where's the point in all this?\" Joe Armstrong exclaimed. \"This\nstuff isn't deadly; it isn't even serious, now we have the antibiotics\nto prevent complications. As a secret weapon it could have no more\nthan nuisance value. Personally, I think old George may be chasing\nsomething red, but it will turn out to be a red herring instead of a\nCommunist.\"\nThere were smiles all around the table. Even Hallam grinned. He and Joe\nhad been great friends and sparring partners for years.\nJoe went on, \"I believe this is just one of those wild mutations that\ncrop up occasionally and cause big epidemics. True, I can't explain the\namazing suddenness of its onset, but to call it bacteriological warfare\nis just ridiculous.\"\n\"I can't deny what Joe says, but he can't prove I'm wrong either,\"\nHallam retorted. \"I hope I am but I wanted you all to know what I think\nso you will keep alert for any evidence for or against my theory.\nOn the face of it, as Joe says, it seems ridiculous that any enemy\nwould bother with such a harmless weapon. But it could be a trial run\nfor something much worse. I have tried to keep my emotions out of my\nappraisal of the facts and when I do I still say that this thing is not\nnatural. Once more I would remind you not to talk about this outside.\nIt could start up a lot of trouble. That's all, thank you, gentlemen.\"\nI was going out at the tail end of the crowd when the Chief lifted his\nchin at me in the come-hither sign. I stayed. Pat stayed too when he\nput a restraining hand on her shoulder.\n\"I suppose you think I'm way out on a limb, John,\" Hallam said\nquizzically.\n\"Frankly, sir, I thought Joe Armstrong had already sawed it off.\"\n\"Then I take it you aren't in favor of the virus warfare idea.\"\n\"Well, I did get a bit tired of B.W. talk in the U.S. Army. Down in the\nStates they scare little kids with the word red, but after a while it\nloses its shock value.\"\n\"You'll have to admit this is a very unusual epidemic,\" he countered.\n\"True, but as Dr. Armstrong said, what possible purpose is there?\"\nI lifted my shoulders and turned up my palms to emphasize my doubt.\n\"Suppose the Reds are responsible. They wouldn't do it just to annoy\nus and I doubt if they would make a trial run in North America before\nletting the real disease loose. They are much too cautious for that.\"\n\"Maybe we haven't found the real reason,\" Pat broke in. \"If this virus\nis the weapon it must be doing something that hasn't shown up yet ...\nsome long-term effect.\"\n\"I think you've hit it, Pat,\" Hallam brightened up again. \"And that's\nwhy I kept you two back here. I want you and John to drop everything\nelse and work with me up in the Research Lab. We'll run a series of\ntests on our experimental animals until we find out what this virus\nreally does. It may be too late by then to do anything about it but we\nmust work night and day until that time comes. There's plenty of food\nin the penthouse kitchen. I got it stocked up yesterday. And we will\nhave to use the bedrooms too, if Pat doesn't mind sleeping up there at\nnight with two handsome chaps like you and me.\" He ogled her like the\nvillain of an old melodrama.\n\"But sir,\" she said, playing her part, \"I've never slept three in a bed\nbefore. Isn't it crowded?\"\n\"Maybe we can arrange to push John out,\" he laughed. \"But let's get up\nthere now. There's no time to lose.\"\nWhen the Pathology Lab was being built, Dr. Hallam had insisted on\na completely separate Research Unit on the third floor. It sat up\nthere, next to the Animal House, a part of which connected with it,\nand with it alone, so that even the animals were isolated. The unit\nitself contained a complete set of the most modern equipment used in\nvirology, equipment which was never touched except on Hallam's order.\nTo prevent outside contamination and also to prevent the escape of\nharmful diseases, all who wanted to go into the unit had to put the\nclothes they were wearing into the ultra-sound sterilizer locker,\ntake a complete shower and, in a dressing room where the blue rays of\nultraviolet light killed more germs, put on white suits. Naturally\nanyone with a cold or other obvious disease was barred. All clothes\nneeded for a long stay were processed through the ultra-sound locker\nand picked up on the other side of the shower room. These precautions\nwere sufficient only for entry to the Penthouse, as Hallam had\nchristened the living quarters. They consisted of a pleasant, if\naustere, suite containing bedrooms, bathrooms, kitchen and living\nroom, where those who were working on a project would stay for days\nat a time. To get into the workrooms, it was necessary to wear what\nlooked like modified space suits, which contained their own oxygen\nsupply, and go through a chemical shower guaranteed to kill any living\norganism. Many of the experimental animals had been delivered at birth\nby special aseptic techniques and they and their descendants lived\nin air-conditioned rooms where the only germs were those introduced\ndeliberately in experiments. Other animals, which were unsterile, were\nkept in separate rooms and handled by remote control devices as if they\nwere pieces of radioactive material ... and some of them were, with\ninjections of isotopes coursing through their blood. Even their feeding\nand cleaning was handled by remote control, by assistants especially\ntrained for the task. At this particular time, all other special work\nwas stopped or transferred to the Routine Lab. The Research Unit was\ncleaned and waiting for us.\nHallam and I went through the shower routine first and then sat waiting\nat the table in the living room for Pat. She came in soon afterwards,\nher cheeks shining from scrubbing and her pink lips, devoid of\nlipstick, smiling as she tried to tie up her hair with a towel.\n\"Gracious, that needle shower is rough,\" she said. \"I've scrubbed so\nhard I must surely be sterile.\"\n\"T hope not, baby,\" I said. \"I've got plans for your future.\"\n\"Really, John, sometimes you go too far.\" She blushed as Hallam laughed.\n\"What do we do now, Chief?\" I said.\n\"I'm not particularly interested in trying to find out the structure of\nthis virus,\" Hallam said. \"We'll let Biochemistry and the Routine Lab\npeople handle that. I've warned them to be particularly careful. What\nI should like to do up here is to find out if the virus has any hidden\npower ... if it does more to people than just give them the flu. The\nthing that bothers me is the time element. Right now nobody is really\nworried. I have to find enough evidence to convince the government so\nthey'll do something. We'll keep passing the virus through chicken\nembryos ... we know it can be kept alive that way; and we'll put it in\nHela cells and any other tissue culture we have, both human and animal.\nThey aren't ordinarily suitable for flu virus but with this thing one\ncan't tell.\"\nHe turned to me. \"How many ferrets have we?\"\n\"I can't say exactly, I haven't been here since my vacation. But there\nwere plenty.\"\n\"And monkeys?\"\n\"Do you want them for monkey kidney culture, or what?\"\n\"No, I want to give them the flu and then see what happens. It could\naffect ferrets in a different way than human beings. We can't use\npeople so it has to be monkeys.\"\n\"Well, we have more than a dozen, if we take all varieties.\"\n\"That'll do nicely. Pat, you might start on mice after you inoculate a\nfresh batch of eggs. John and I will tackle the ferrets and monkeys.\nThey're difficult for one person to handle easily. And we'll do\nhamsters and guinea pigs too. Something ought to show up in a day or\ntwo.\"\nHours later it was finished. It isn't the easiest job in the world to\ninoculate ferrets and monkeys with virus, especially when it had to\nbe put in their noses. Those nasty little weasels can bite and even\nthrough the puncture proof gloves I felt the pinch when one of them got\nloose. The monkeys weren't much better. Finally, covered with sweat\ninside my suit, I came back through the chemical shower, the water\nshower and the dryer and opened the headpiece for a breath of fresh air.\n\"You'd think they could have air-conditioned these damn suits,\" I\ngrumbled. \"Say Pat, when do we eat?\"\nPat had just got the helmet off and was fluffing her brown curls,\nflattened down by the green surgeon's cap she had been wearing\nunderneath it.\n\"Just as soon as you leave and let me get out of this diver's suit,\"\nshe said.\nHallam winked at me as he opened the door. \"Too bad these suits aren't\ntransparent.\"\nWe were sitting around the table over the remains of steak and french\nfries when the midnight news reports came over the TV. There was\nnothing more to do at the moment; the animals were not yet sick even\nthough we were hoping for a much shorter incubation period in the\nferrets than in monkeys or man. It had to be shorter if we were going\nto do anything in time.\n\"First the British Columbia news,\" the announcer was saying. \"We now\nhave reports of outbreaks of influenza in the Interior. Kamloops has\nseveral hundred cases. Kelowna and Princeton hospitals are full. Across\nthe border, Yakima and Spokane report a similar situation.\"\nHallam cut in. \"There it is again. A sudden explosive outburst! It's\nnot right, I tell you. It's not natural!\"\n\"We now turn to the international scene.\" A brightly colored map of\nEurope appeared on the screen and, as the announcer spoke, he pointed.\n\"Here, in the West German Republic, there are reports of an influenza\nepidemic that may be similar to ours. Apparently the Communists in\nthe new country of Prussia, until recently called East Germany, feel\nit is serious. They have closed the border. An airlift to Berlin is\nbeginning and the West Germans have requested the return of American\nand British transports to their old bases since their own air fleet is\ninsufficient for the task. There are scattered reports from Yugoslavia\nwhich may indicate an epidemic there too, but the Tito government\nrefuses to confirm this.\" He paused and the picture shifted to a map\nof the Far East. \"Over in the Orient we have a different story. For\nthe past several weeks there have been persistent rumors of a strange\ndisease ravaging Tibet and West China. Communications are poor, of\ncourse, and the Chinese Communists have not authorized any official\nannouncement. However, it is said that the disease has some resemblance\nto small pox. Other travellers insist it is more like a severe\nhemorrhagic measles. All agree that the mortality is high and that the\nalready inadequate medical services of the Chinese, in those areas,\nare overwhelmed. The Russians are reported to be flying antibiotics\nto the Peiping government, but claim that they are having scattered\noutbreaks in Siberia which require their attention. They admit closing\nall frontier posts, ostensibly in an effort to prevent the spread of\nthe disease.\"\nI looked at Hallam. \"Now what?\"\nHe made a face. \"My word! This complicates things, doesn't it? Not only\nare there two epidemics but the Reds have the worst one. If the reports\nare true, this Asiatic outbreak could be worse than the Black Death of\nthe Middle Ages.\"\nThe TV had returned to reporting the local scene in detail.\n\"It is now ten days since the first cases of influenza appeared. The\nsecond big wave of cases is now passing its peak, the authorities\nbelieve, but we are getting thousands more cases scattered all over the\ncity and the outlying metropolitan areas of New Westminster, Burnaby,\nNorth and West Vancouver. According to the Department of Public Health,\nthis distribution suggests a disease of extremely high infectivity with\nabout a five day cycle. However they also say there is no cause for\nalarm. Even though the number of cases is well into the hundreds of\nthousands, practically no deaths have been reported. What deaths there\nare have invariably been old people or those whose strength has been\nweakened by other illness.\"\nHe continued for a time but said nothing new and Hallam shut him off.\nPat stood up. \"If you-all are going to keep your promise and clean up\nthe dishes, I'll take a look in the viewing window and see how our pets\nare coming along. Then I'm going to bed.\"\nI groaned in dismay. \"Now let's not make a habit of this. I hate doing\ndishes!\"\nShe pulled my left ear as she went by. \"Do you good. You need the\npractice!\"\n\"All right, John,\" said the Chief. \"I'll wash and you dry. I should\nhave installed an automatic dishwasher in this place. Didn't think of\nit at the time.\"\nI'd just dried the first plate when the Intercom buzzed. I pushed the\nbutton.\n\"Dr. Hallam! John! Can you come up right away? I think things are\nstarting to pop.\" She sounded excited and a bit puzzled.\nThe big man lifted his eyebrows and rinsed off his hands.\n\"I guess we'd better get over there,\" he said, mangling my teatowel to\nget the water off.\nWhen we reached the viewing room we found Pat, completely engrossed, in\nthe section which overlooked the cages containing the female ferrets.\nIt was a one-way glass, and soundproof, as the weasel tribe are\nnotoriously sensitive to outside disturbances. Pat pointed to one of\nthe cages and said in an unnecessary whisper,\n\"That ferret is sick. She seems to be in labor.\"\n\"It's a good old ferret custom,\" I quipped.\n\"Idiot!\" She frowned impatiently. \"According to her chart, she was only\nin the early part of pregnancy, ... not due for a long time yet. She\nwas the first one you inoculated today.\"\nFor a while longer we watched. There was no doubt about it. The ferret\nwas aborting. I glanced at the Chief. His face was set, the normally\ngentle mouth was grim, the lips drawn and thin.\n\"God Almighty,\" he whispered. \"They wouldn't try it. And yet, what\nbetter way?\" He straightened up from his seat. Even now he couldn't\nresist a mild joke.\n\"When you say things are popping, young lady, I see you mean it\nliterally.\"\nHe started for the exit. \"Well, it appears that the real work is\nbeginning. I'd hope we would all get some sleep but the flu virus works\ntoo fast in these ferrets. So let's go back for some coffee and see\nwhat happens.\"\nBacon and eggs certainly taste good after a long night, I was thinking\nas I champed into the last piece of toast. I got it down, drained\nmy glass of powdered milk and held up my coffee cup to Pat. She\nlooked tired, a little pale, from lack of sunlight, perhaps, and very\nthoughtful as she filled it. I touched her hand as the cup passed back\nto me and she smiled tenderly. If Hallam saw it, he made no comment.\nI felt sorry for him at times like that. He was, in spite of his\nfriendliness, a lonely man. I remembered now that his fiancee, an Army\nnurse, had been killed at Cassino in the unit he commanded. Since that\ntime he had turned to his work for consolation and apparently had never\nfound anyone he really cared for.\n\"Sir,\" I said--somehow I never could bring myself to use his first\nname; habit is strong and he looked too much like a soldier even now, a\nsoldier who commanded respect. \"Sir, what did you mean last night, as\nthat ferret was aborting, when you said they wouldn't try it, and yet\nwhat better way?\"\n\"I suppose to explain that, I'd better give you my reasoning in this\nwhole business.\" He looked at his watch. \"We've an hour before the next\nstage of our experiments ... not enough to sleep. At any rate we can\nsleep later.\"\nPat refilled the cups and silently I passed around a packet of Sweet\nCaps. He lit one and started.\n\"As you both remember, after Stalin died there was a period of\nuncertainty and then, when Malenkov gave way to the Krushchev-Bulganin\nteam, the so-called Geneva conference-at-the-summit initiated what\nhas been called the peace offensive by the Russians. The Hungarian\nrevolt and the trouble in East Germany and Poland put a crimp in their\npious front. That front was still further dinted by their obvious\ninterference in the Middle East. But aside from that, the uneasy truce\nhas continued, mainly, I suppose, because of the fear of an H-bomb war.\nExcept for Tibet, Red China too has been fairly quiet, mostly because\nshe still doesn't have the industrial potential to fight a major war;\nand the Soviets have procrastinated in helping her because they, too,\nfear the dreadful potential of such a population, if armed.\"\n\"The Geophysical Year saw both Russian and American satellites circling\nthe world and the race for the Intercontinental Ballistic Missile, with\nH-bomb warhead, seems to have ended in a stalemate. The Russians, the\nYanks, and now the British Commonwealth, possess long-range rockets of\ngreat accuracy. The next logical step, since both atomic and ballistic\nwars promise mutual suicide, is into space. There, the two main\nopponents could spy on each other and neither the Iron Curtain nor the\nsecurity regulations of the USA would hide secret preparations for a\nknockout punch. Also, there possibly are immense stores of valuable\nminerals open to the owners of the moon and planets. But space travel\ntakes time and money ... and brains. Manned satellites are on the way,\nbut are not yet established facts.\"\n\"The Sputniks of 1958 had shaken the States out of its complacency as\nnothing else could. By 1961, therefore, that country had reversed\nits trend in favor of labor and the common man and at last had\nrecognized that it was the uncommon man who had enabled it to achieve\nits tremendously high material standards. They were catching up very\nrapidly with the Russians, who for a time had had a preponderance of\nscientific personnel, and had managed, by sacrificing consumer goods\nto heavy industry, to keep ahead of the States in the machinery of\nwar. With a stalemate, at least temporarily, in science, the Americans\nturned back to economic warfare. For a time the Reds, with their lavish\npromises, had been ahead in this field too, but the deliveries of goods\ndidn't match the promises and gradually disillusionment had set in.\nSo the Americans, who could be depended upon to deliver the goods,\ngradually forged ahead. As it now stands, they are slowly but certainly\npushing the Communists out of all but the captured satellite countries\nand even there, the years of repression and low standards of living\nhave resulted in several serious revolts in the past ten years. Then\ntoo, in educating their people in the attempt to achieve scientific\nsupremacy, the Communists have awakened them to the fallacies of the\nMarxist-Leninist doctrines.\"\n\"Now dictators seldom give up quietly. The Commies are strained to\nthe limit and in danger of losing. They have to do something--but they\naren't fools. You can't have atomic war without suicide. Local wars and\npolitical maneuvering have failed. They are losing the economic war.\nThere is only one answer!\"\nDeliberately he paused to let the argument sink in ... a favorite habit\nof his.\n\"A new kind of war! That's the answer! A war that is over before anyone\nrealizes it has started--and a war that cannot be blamed on them, so\nthere is no danger of retaliation.\"\nHe drew hard on his cigarette, butted it firmly, and went on.\n\"I believe that this present epidemic has been started by enemy agents.\nI further believe that it is due to a synthetic virus which combines\nthe terrific contagiousness of the 1918 flu with certain features of\nmumps, and perhaps German measles. I think the virus has been built\nup in such a way that there is no cross-immunity with any natural\nvirus; in other words, having had mumps or flu or shots for either\nwill be no protection. And, to make it even more diabolical, they have\ndeliberately made it a mild type of infection so that almost everyone\ngets better, and people are therefore not concerned about it. As Joe\nArmstrong said, the stuff isn't serious. So why suspect sabotage until\nit is too late.\"\n\"But the Russians themselves are reporting cases,\" I said, \"and how\ndo you explain this pandemic in Red China that's killing off so many\npeople. That is an entirely different disease.\"\n\"I agree,\" Hallam said thoughtfully, \"and that's the beauty of\nthe whole plan. If you learn to make one virus that transmits its\ncharacteristics, you should be able to make others. A killer virus let\nloose in North America would alarm the entire continent overnight. Our\npublic health people would isolate whole cities, if necessary, and\nprobably eliminate it before it got out of hand. We have no quarantine\nfor this epidemic. Nobody is worried about it and many authorities feel\nif a big epidemic cannot be controlled by their inadequate medical\nstaff they might as well be killed off now.\"\n\"You mean the Soviets want to eliminate the Chinese too?\" Pat was\nincredulous.\n\"Yes, I do.\" The Chief nodded emphatically. \"They want to rule the\nwhole world, not just a part of it. As time goes by, the Chinese are\nmore and more of a threat to their supremacy. That threat must be\neliminated.\"\n\"What about reports of flu and the new small pox thing in Russia and\nSiberia?\" I asked.\nHe was almost enthusiastic. \"It's a lovely plan. Yes, lovely, if it\nweren't so horrible in its implications.\" He paused to drain his cup.\n\"For the past several years there has been very strong emphasis on\npublic health measures in the USSR. A tremendous drive for vaccination\nagainst polio, small pox and various other communicable diseases has\nresulted in the immunization of millions of children and adults. I'll\nbet if we could get some of those vaccines we'd find the antidote to\nboth our flu virus and the Chinese small pox-measles, whatever it is. I\nthink there has been deliberate selection of part of the population to\ncarry on the Soviet system and the rest will be sacrificed just to fool\nus. After all, the Reds believe in genetics as we do, now that Lysenko\nand his theories are discredited, and what more logical than breeding a\nbetter race?\"\n\"I'm not quite sure I follow that last part,\" I said. \"Only the Chinese\nare being killed off.\"\n\"Only the Chinese are dying, as individuals,\" Hallam spoke slowly and\nemphatically, \"but I fear we are also dying--as a nation!\"\nThe sloop bucked a little as the bow chopped into a wave and fell a\nfew points off course. The steady chugging of the small marine engine\npushed her on, sidling up over the low rollers and sliding down the\nother side joyfully like a little kid on a playground coaster. The wind\nwas cool and gentle, the sun bright in the southeast. We were running\nnorth, close to the coast, with Bowen Island and Gibsons already far\nastern. At that time of year, and in the middle of the week, traffic\nwas light. The nearest ship was only a smudge on the horizon. I bent a\nline around the tiller and went below.\nIn the starboard bunk Pat lay sleeping quietly. A light breeze from the\nport floated a wisp of hair and dropped it back on her forehead with\neach lift of the bow. I bent over and kissed her gently on the mouth.\nShe smiled faintly in her sleep and her arms came up around my neck as\nshe began to wake up. I disengaged them gently.\n\"Go back to sleep darling. It's not time for your watch yet.\"\nI straightened the covers over her, and went into the tiny galley.\nThe coffee was hot and the eggs I had set on the stove previously were\nboiling. I sat down to eat. The benzedrine I had taken to keep me going\nall through the night was wearing off. I could feel the faint quivering\nof fatigue in my arms and legs. My eyes were dry and burning a little.\nIn two or three hours I could wake Pat and get some sleep myself. In\nthe meantime all I had to do was to steer the sloop north, towards one\nof our favorite islands, a small, uninhabited, rock and tree covered\nhump where we could be alone to rest and relax.\nAnd as I ate quickly and quietly, as I cleaned up the dishes and went\nback on deck, the words of Dr. Hallam kept running through my head like\na squirrel through a maze, darting and searching for the answer. \"Only\nthe Chinese are dying as individuals, but I fear we are dying--as a\nnation!\"\nI had sat there, flabbergasted, my mouth open like a moron, the\nincredible statement echoing through the suddenly empty chambers of my\nbrain.\n\"The ferret....\" Pat spoke through the horror-stiffened fingers that\nclawed at her mouth. Her eyes stared widely at the deliberately\ncomposed features of the director.\n\"Yes, my dear ... the ferret.\"\n\"Oh, no.... Oh, God no ... not now!\" It was not a cry of anguish for\nthe world but something personal, deeper, a cry of despair.\n\"What's all the fuss about?\" I said crossly. \"I don't get it.\" I turned\nto Pat. \"What're you having a hissy about?\"\nHallam looked at me with patient resignation.\n\"If you were a woman you'd be having a hissy too, as you call it.\"\n\"That's her word for it sir,\" I said. \"If you two are all up in the air\nbecause a ferret has an abortion I can't see why. There are plenty of\ndiseases that affect animals differently to man. What about undulant\nfever? It causes abortion in cattle but doesn't affect pregnant women\nany more than many other serious diseases do. So a ferret drops its\nkittens! So it might have done it equally with any other high fever.\"\n\"You're quite right John,\" Hallam said, \"but remember, this is no\nordinary disease. This is a secret weapon and, if it does cause\nmiscarriages and perhaps permanent damage to the ovaries, the result\nwill be a catastrophe for the West.\"\n\"Doggone it, Chief, if you'll pardon my saying so, you're getting\npositively paranoid about this whole business. We haven't a shred of\nreal evidence so far.\"\n\"Again you're right, but this is one time where intuition and a high\nindex of suspicion should prevail over cool scientific detachment. We\nhaven't got time for a series of controlled experiments. We've got to\nguess, and guess right!\"\n\"He's right, John!\"\n\"OK Pat, OK! Trot out your woman's intuition and we'll all fly off\ninto the wild blue yonder. I only hope we don't come down with a dull\nthud.\"\n\"All the ferrets are snuffling with the flu,\" Hallam said. \"It's\nunfortunate that only one was pregnant, otherwise we might have had\nconfirmation of our hunch by now.\"\n\"I haven't heard of any increase in miscarriages among pregnant women\nwho got the flu,\" I said. \"To me that's pretty good evidence that the\nbug doesn't affect human beings that way. For that matter, there were\nmore reports of testicular involvement than of ovarian disease.\"\n\"If it does affect pregnant women, maybe it affects the fetus. Maybe\nchildren will be born deformed like the cases of German measles in\nearly pregnancy,\" Pat said.\n\"That's a gruesome thought,\" I said. \"You two give me the creeps this\nmorning.\" I looked at my watch. \"Lord it's five o'clock! This has been\na rough session.\"\n\"And not finished yet,\" groaned Hallam, pushing up out of his chair.\n\"Only the ferrets are sick so far. We'll sacrifice a few females ...\nand some males too. Send them down to Smith for examination. He has\na doctor and technicians on twenty-four hour duty and they can get\ncracking right away. Tell him to concentrate on glandular tissues, with\nfirst priority for the sex glands. And get cultures from the usual\ntissues before you send them down.\"\n\"Will do,\" I said, and left the room.\nI was back in half an hour. Both Pat and Dr. Hallam came into the\nliving room shortly afterwards.\n\"None of the other animals show any sign of illness yet,\" Pat said.\n\"We'll have to wait a little longer.\"\n\"Look, I don't think anything will happen for the next twenty-four\nhours,\" the chief said. \"Why don't you two buzz off. Relax all you can.\nThere's a busy time coming and you won't be able to get out again for a\nwhile. It's early ... you could get down to the boat and go for a sail.\nKeep away from people; I don't want you catching the flu. Come back\nearly tomorrow morning so nobody will be around.\"\n\"What about you?\" Pat and I said it together.\n\"I'll get some sleep now and then putter around and read until I hear\nfrom Smith.\"\n\"Smith was there himself. He said he would do some frozen sections as\nwell as the usual paraffin.\"\n\"In that case I shall have some more toast and coffee and wait up for\nthe reports. But you had better go now. It will be six o'clock before\nyou get out of the building. Any later and there will be too many\npeople about.\"\nSo here we were, running up the coast and running away from the world's\ntroubles, if we could, for one bright day. I went below and woke Pat.\nThe sudden quietness as the motor died aroused me with a start. I sat\nup and looked through the porthole to see trees and rocks gliding\nslowly by. I recognized the little patch of brown sand set between two\nlarge green lichen-covered boulders. The anchor went down. We were at\nour island.\nThere were still two or three hours until sunset. The air was warm and\nthe water calm in the sheltered cove. I yawned my way up on deck to see\nPat, in a low cut bathing suit, spreading a large blanket for a sunbath.\nWe sat down on the blanket and she leaned over to pass me a cigarette.\nI took it, being careful not to look directly at her. There was much\ntoo much to see and my blood pressure was already high enough.\nWe smoked in silence for a while, watching the seagulls preen\nthemselves on the rocks to which they had returned when the boat\nstopped moving.\n\"John, do you really believe the virus is a natural mutation?\"\n\"I don't know, Baby, I just don't know.\"\n\"Then why do you keep arguing with Dr. Hallam about it?\"\n\"I'm not arguing, Baby. I'm trying to keep this thing within the bounds\nof reason. We haven't a single bit of evidence yet to prove it isn't a\nnatural disease, so why go overboard?\"\n\"The structure of the virus isn't normal.\"\n\"So far, that seems to be so, but that doesn't prove it's synthetic\neither.\"\n\"But what if it does cause permanent damage to the ovaries?\"\n\"Then, Toots, this old continent of North America is in one hell of a\nfix.\"\n\"I can't imagine how I'd feel if I got a disease and knew I could never\nhave children.\"\n\"There are plenty of people that way now.\"\n\"Not millions of them, and not me! I always wanted babies but my\nhusband wanted to wait. He was too busy making money ... and having a\ngood time.\"\n\"A good time with whom?\"\n\"That's the question that finally broke it up. It's just as well there\nwere no children, I suppose.\" She leaned over towards me and put her\nhands on mine. \"If I ever marry again, I want a man who wants children.\"\nThis time I looked straight at her, and the hell with my blood\npressure.\n\"I want your kids,\" I said, and pulled her down into my arms.\nShe broke loose after a while, though I could feel her quivering. It\nwas always the same. I had never been able to break down that last\nlittle bit of resistance, that fear of being hurt again. Maybe I never\nwould. I sighed resignedly and sat up.\n\"Might as well go fishing,\" I said and I went to lay out the lines and\nhoist the mainsail.\nThe wall of fog had been moving towards us over the empty sea like\na great, flat-topped Antarctic iceberg, shining whitely in the gold\nlight of the Western sun. Beside me, the mainsail hung slackly from the\nmast, the edge flipping idly in a stray puff of wind. Slowly the white\ncliff approached, and as slowly changed to an amoeboid mass of vapor,\ntumbling lazily, sending out streamers that twisted and vanished as\nthey reached too far from the cool mother mist. One, stronger than the\nrest, waved a filmy pseudopod over my head and, for an instant, the\ngold light whitened. Another came, and another, and then we were gone,\ninto the soft wet coolness of the seaborne cloud. The light faded,\nboth from the fog blanket and from the setting of the sun. I hauled\nin the fishing lines and stowed them. I lit the running lights. I was\nshivering as I secured the sail, checked the gear and went below.\nIn the little triangular cabin, tucked under the forepart of the sloop,\nPat was busy. The hissing of the pressure lamp and the crackling of\nhamburgers on the stove made a pleasant, home-like sound. It was\ncosy and warm here, in contrast to the fog-chill above. The smell of\nonions and beef drifted back to where I stood and I sniffed hungrily.\nShe'd be a good wife, I thought as I watched her, and a good mistress\ntoo. She was still wearing her bathing suit and, as I looked from her\nfull brown thighs up over the curving hip-line to the small breasts\npushing against the thin bra, I felt the slow pounding pulse and deep\nexcitement of desire. Quietly I came close behind her. She started\nas my cold hands touched her, the instant of realization passed, and\nthen she came back hard against me and her eyes were on mine as she\nturned her lips for my kiss. For a moment only she stayed, then, with a\nbackward shove of her body, she tried to push me away.\n\"Look, darling, this is all very nice, but the hamburgers are burning.\"\n\"Let them,\" I whispered, my hands roving a bit. \"I'm burning too.\"\n\"That can wait.\" Her eyes seemed to promise me as she brushed at a\nstray brown curl with the back of her hand. The spatula, waving above\nher head, flashed in the flickering gas light. I let her go.\n\"Why don't you fix us a drink? There's time before we eat.\"\n\"If I drink too much I won't want you or the hamburgers either,\"\nI complained, but I went to the cooler and pulled out the gin and\nvermouth. \"Someday,\" I thought morosely, \"someday, she must give in.\"\nI put her drink in the shelf where she could reach it as she worked and\nsqueezed between the bench seat and the folding table while I watched\nher toss a salad. As a medical technician she was good, and the same\nthoroughness and skill went into her cooking; into everything she did\nfor that matter.\nThe drink was good and the salad sat before me in its green crispness.\nPat was lifting the hamburgers off the fire and, as the cracking\nceased, I felt a low, insistent, base rumble rise above the hissing of\nthe lamp. The night was quiet, no foghorns because there were no ships\nnear enough. We had drifted fairly close to the mainland, behind some\nsmall islands, off the usual channels. The auxiliary motor was still\nshut down and for a moment I wondered if the currents had carried us\nin towards the rocks; but the noise was not the splash of waves on\nshore, it was too steady. Now Pat was standing, frying pan and spatula\nin either hand, and her straight dark eyebrows down in a frown of\nconcentration.\n\"Do you hear it too?\"\nShe nodded.\n\"Keep the hamburgers warm, I'm going up to have a look.\"\nShe moved back to the stove as I climbed up into the cockpit.\nIn a rising breeze the mist was swirling and, from the east, as the fog\npatches thinned out, the lighter cloud showed where a full moon lay\nhidden. The noise was louder now, and coming fast, a beat of engines\nrising above the splash of wavelets against the bow of the sloop. I\ncouldn't see where the ship was. There was no foghorn; neither the\ndoleful groaning of the deep sea ships nor the sharp cough of the\ncoastal steamer, bouncing its sound waves off the island hills, told me\nwhere it lay.\n\"The stupid oaf,\" I muttered to myself. \"What's he doing in this\ndeserted channel, and why doesn't he signal?\"\nThere was no time to wonder. I jumped to the stern and grasped the\ntiller while I pushed down firmly on the starter button. The engine was\ncold and coughed reluctantly in the foggy air. I was still prodding the\nstarter and working the throttle when the fog bank broke apart.\nAbove, to the east, the mottled moon, pale grey and blue like a\nDanish cheese, had risen over the Coast Range. Across the waters\nof the channel ran a rippling bar of light, cutting in half the\nwhite-walled arena of fog as the late afternoon sun pierces the dust\nof a Mexican corrida. Charging out of the misty north, like a Miura\nbull from the gate, came a black, high-prowed ship, moving fast through\nits phosphorescent bow wave. It came on, straight for us, and the\nsputtering motor still did not respond. I stood up and worked the\ntiller back and forth, trying to scull with the rudder and swing our\nbow to starboard.\n\"Pat, Pat, for God's sake get on deck! It's a collision!\"\nI was still yelling when the thick black mass rose over me and the\nbowsprit of the sloop splintered and buckled. The jolt threw me to\nmy knees but I held the rudder hard over and we slid by, bumping and\nscraping along the port side of the vessel.\nIt was not a big ship, but bigger than a halibut boat. It seemed about\nthe size and shape of those floating canneries I'd seen in Hokkaido\nwhen I'd worked with the Japanese National Police in 1952. I don't know\nwhether that thought was first in my mind or whether it came later\nbut I do know, in the middle of all the confusion I heard a command\nscreamed out in Japanese, and the answering \"_Hai_\" barked back as\nonly the Japs can say it. I thought I must have been mistaken when, a\nmoment later, I saw the man. The moon was full on his face as he leaned\nout over the side, near the stern. For an instant we were quite close\nas I stood up, cursing the stupid so-and-so's who were ruining the\nbeautiful woodwork of my boat. He was fair-haired, with a short brush\ncut. The eyes were deep set and shadowed too much to see the color. His\nface was broad, with high cheek bones, and the mouth wide and heavy\nunder a short nose. I couldn't tell his height, but he looked strong\nand stocky. His hands, gripping the rail, seemed powerful even in that\nlight. As we passed, the moonlight caught them and was reflected in a\ndull red glow from some large stone, a ring I presumed, on the back\nof his left hand. He didn't move or speak and I lost sight of him a\nsecond later when the pitching of the yacht in the stern wash threw me\nagain to the deck. By the time I recovered, the steamer was across the\nopen space and plunging back into the fog. In the swirling mist of its\npassage the flag at the stern fluttered out straight. It looked like a\nred ball on a white field.\n\"The hamburgers! My God, the hamburgers are on fire!\"\nI turned around, still dazed, to see Pat unscramble herself in the\ncockpit and drop back into the galley. I left her to it while I checked\nthe wreckage of the port side fittings. We weren't holed, thank\nGoodness, so we could run for home under our own power. I steered in\nclose to the shore of one of the islands where the fog had lifted, and\ndropped anchor. Then I went below. Pat was at the stove again. A new\nbatch of hamburgers was under way and only a stain on the floor showed\nwhat had happened to the first lot.\n\"Mix us a drink, a big drink,\" was all she said, then.\nThe hamburgers were gone and we sat over our coffee. I was drowsy from\nthe warmth and the hot sweetness of the Drambuie felt good as I took it\nslowly. Pat was rolling hers around the liqueur glass and watching the\noily liquid slide back to the bottom. A quiet woman ordinarily, she was\nextremely so this night.\n\"Why so quiet, darling?\" I reached for her hand. She looked at me and\nsaid nothing.\n\"Is it that damned ferret again?\"\nShe nodded.\n\"Don't let it worry you so much, sweet. It's only a hunch and I don't\nthink he's right.\"\n\"What if he is right, what then?\" She went on without waiting for an\nanswer. \"I want children, I don't want to be sterile.\"\n\"Well you aren't, or at least I don't suppose so. Probably you won't\nbe.\"\nShe looked at me scornfully. \"What chance have I of avoiding the flu\nwhen millions of others are getting it?\"\n\"Oh Lord, you women! Can't you see there's absolutely no evidence for\nthis silly fear of yours? Damn Hallam and his wild ideas! Why don't you\nforget it?\"\n\"Because I think he's right, that's why.\" She stood up abruptly. \"Let's\ngo on deck.\"\nI followed her out into the cockpit. We were still at anchor, intending\nto start back after a few hours sleep. The sloop was as quiet as a\nresting seabird in the black shadow of a rocky point. It was cold. In\na few minutes Pat shivered and came close to me, her arms about my\nwaist. The keen air had awakened me, and, as I caressed her, smoothing\naway the little pebbles of gooseflesh on her shoulders and back, her\nwarm body against mine stirred again the desire I had felt before the\ncollision. She must have known. Slowly her arms came up and around\nmy neck. Her head, cushioned on my chest, lifted and her full lips\nbrushed mine lightly. For a moment I hesitated. Through the thin suit\nshe felt naked under my hands, trembling with cold and excitement.\n\"I can't take much more of this, Pat,\" I whispered. \"Either you quit\nright now or you go down to bed.\"\nHer eyes opened. She looked straight at me for a long moment.\n\"Will your bunk hold both of us?\" she asked as her lips closed hard on\nmine.\nWe came back through the big glass doors hand in hand. The night\nwatchman, making his last round, nodded and smiled at us as we wound up\nthe stairs to the penthouse. We went through the showers together since\nnobody else was about. I scrubbed her back to get rid of the salt sea\ncrystals and was rewarded with a warm, wet kiss. We reached the living\nroom just as Dr. Hallam, freshly shaven and bright, came in for his\nbreakfast.\n\"Welcome back, kids!\" he boomed at us. \"Did you have a good time?\" He\nlooked closely at Pat.\nA slow flush deepened the color of her cheeks and he grinned elfishly.\n\"I see you did. Well, let's have some breakfast. I have news for you\nand plenty of work, so eat heartily.\"\nHe pushed the toaster buttons and the bread dropped out of the\ncooler-keeper and lowered itself into the heating element. I set three\ncups and three glasses under the dispenser and dialled tomato juice and\nmedium strong coffee. Pat cracked six eggs into three plates, added\nbacon and pushed them into the slots in the electronic oven. A minute\nlater, with his mouth full of toast and egg, Hallam mumbled,\n\"After you left I waited for about two hours before Smith phoned. He\nhad a preliminary report on the female ferrets. You'll be glad to hear\nthis, both of you. He couldn't find a thing on any of them.\"\n\"Wonderful!\" Pat breathed, and smiled at me radiantly.\n\"What about the pregnant one?\" I said.\n\"There were only the usual changes in the ovaries associated with\npregnancy. Mind you,\" he went on, \"even with the new techniques, frozen\nsections are far from perfect, but I must admit I'd be disappointed if\nI weren't so relieved.\"\n\"Did the male ferrets show anything?\" I said.\n\"He wasn't sure. He thought there were some inflammatory changes in the\ntesticles but he wanted to wait for the paraffin sections to confirm\nit.\"\n\"Was there anything else?\" Pat asked.\n\"Nothing except bronchial irritation, which one would expect.\"\nIt was eight o'clock when the telephone rang and I picked it up.\n\"Dr. Macdonald here,\" I said.\n\"Mac, is the boss in?\" Smith asked.\n\"He's busy right now. Can I take a message?\"\n\"Yes. Tell him the H and E's on those ferrets show only mild ovarian\ninflammation. The testicles are definitely inflamed ... a low\ngrade thing with a lot of lymphocytes. There is swelling and some\ndegeneration of the sperm cells but it doesn't seem to affect the\nhormone secreting elements.\"\n\"What about other organs?\"\n\"Aside from nasal and bronchial inflammation, essentially negative.\"\n\"Have you any suggestions?\"\n\"It's too early to come to any conclusions but I'd like to follow up\non this. How about taking biopsies on the male ferrets rather than\nsacrificing them. Then maybe we can see what is happening, I mean what\nthe progression of the disease is, in the same animal. You could snip\nout a piece of ovary on some females too!\"\n\"It isn't easy but we can do it.\"\n\"How about the other animals?\"\n\"Some of the mice look a bit sick this morning, but the monkeys are\nstill healthy.\"\n\"Well, if you can get the biopsies to us soon, we should have a good\nidea, late tonight or tomorrow morning, of what's going on. Say, I just\nhad a thought! Didn't George inoculate some ferrets when the epidemic\nfirst broke out?\"\n\"I wasn't here but I believe he did. Why don't you ask Harry? He was\nworking with the Chief when I was away. All those animals are in the\nother section anyway.\"\n\"I'll do that. With yours in the acute stage and the others\nconvalescent, we should get a good idea of the progress of the disease.\nI'll let you know later.\"\nHallam was in the ferret room. I joined him there and told him of\nSmith's suggestions.\n\"This is going to be quite a day,\" he grinned wryly.\nHe was so right. It took several hours, and innumerable bites and\nscratches from indignant animals, fortunately the plastic gloves were\ntough enough not to tear, before the last snarling male writhed back\ninto his cage to lick his smarting personal property. We stopped for\nlunch and went back to the more complicated task of operating on the\nfemales in the afternoon.\nIn the meantime, the testicular biopsies, in their fluid-filled\nbottles, were on their way to Tissue Path., to join those that Smith\nand his residents were already preparing from the convalescent ferrets.\nSpeaking into Dictape machines, the junior residents described and\nnumbered the specimens while deft-fingered girl technicians wrapped\nthem in little packets and put those in tiny perforated boxes. They\ndropped the boxes into beakers filled with fixative which they then set\nup on the Technicon machines. The dials were set, the clock ticked,\nand hour by hour, as the timer clicked into the grooves of the wheel,\nthe arms of the Technicon lifted, dangling their clusters of dripping\nboxes, turned like soldiers on parade, and dropped them again into\nthe next beaker. On they went through the fixative that preserved the\ncells as they had been in life, the alcohols that slowly and carefully\nremoved the water, the xylol that replaced the alcohol and, finally,\nthe hardened shreds of tissue lay in melted paraffin, ready for the\ncutting.\nBut first they had to be embedded in paper boats full of melted wax\nwhich, when it hardened, held them securely. Then, in millionths of a\nmetre, the incredibly fine edge of the microtome sliced off a ribbon of\ntissue, as a bacon slicer cuts pork. The technician laid the ribbons\non a bowl of warm water, separated off each individual slice with her\nneedle and guided it on to a prepared glass slide which was then laid\naside to dry. That was not all. Now the process had to be reversed, the\nparaffin removed with xylol, the xylol with alcohol, the alcohol with\nwater, before the pale white dots of tissue could be stained. There was\nno way of hurrying the process. Chemicals need time to react, and time\nthey took, regardless of our impatience. At last the blue color of the\nHematoxylin and the red of the eosin had been added in their turn and\ntaken up by the tissues; the protective balsam and the slip cover had\nbeen placed over the sections; the slides had hardened enough to be put\nunder the microscope.\nWith mounting excitement, Smith and his senior residents racked down\nthe binocular microscopes to focus on the minute blue and red dots\nthat lay beneath. Silently they looked, moving the slides jerkily but\naccurately with their fingers to view all the sections. Still silent,\nthey swapped slides to check and re-check their findings. At last\nSmith straightened up and removed his spectacles. He rubbed his eyes\nwearily. He looked along the table at the three young men who had\nworked with him.\n\"Any doubts about this?\" he said.\nThree heads shook slightly. There was nothing to say. They were too\ntired for casual chatter. He pushed the Intercom switch.\n\"Dr. Hallam. Smith calling.\"\nThe sound came into the living room as we sat at midnight coffee. The\nrasping voice jarred us out of the apathy of exhaustion.\n\"This is Hallam.\"\n\"George, we've just read those testicular biopsies. There's a\nsub-acute inflammation in those with the flu, as we saw before; in the\nconvalescent ferrets there is complete absence of spermatozoa with no\nevidence of new formation.\"\nI looked at Pat. \"Now who should be worried?\"\n\"I've never heard of this before in ferrets with the flu,\" Hallam was\nsaying. \"I'd think of mumps except that it isn't easily transmitted to\nthe weasel tribe and this isn't like mumps clinically.\"\n\"What do you propose to do now?\"\nHallam thought for a moment. \"Carry on with our animal experiments;\nbut we can't afford to wait for the monkeys. We shall have to start\nworking on people.\"\n\"How?\"\n\"Get in touch with the Public Health Department and see if you can\nround up volunteers for testicular biopsy in convalescents from the\nfirst attack. If they don't want a biopsy maybe you can persuade them\nto give us a sperm count.\"\n\"You know we can't keep this hushed up if we do that. The papers are\nbound to get hold of it.\"\n\"I realize that,\" Hallam said grimly, \"but they're going to know sooner\nor later. Maybe this will soften the blow when it does come.\"\n\"OK George, you're the boss. We can't do anything until morning. I'm\ngoing to close up shop and let everybody get some sleep.\"\n\"Good idea. Keep away from the flu if you can.\"\n\"Huh, fat chance. I've got my family anyway. It's my kids I'm worried\nabout.\"\n\"There are times when I'm glad I'm a bachelor,\" Hallam replied and shut\noff the speaker.\n\"Doesn't look too good, does it?\" I said.\n\"We'll know by tomorrow night, I hope.\"\n\"I can't figure this thing at all. An inflammation that destroys the\ntesticular cells should give a lot of swelling and pain. Those ferrets\nwere frisky enough and they didn't show any signs of orchitis.\"\n\"Neither did most of the human victims,\" Hallam said.\n\"Perhaps it's only a temporary arrest in the maturation of the sperm\nrather than destruction of the spermatogonia themselves. That could\nbe the explanation for the low grade inflammation and the minimal\nsymptoms.\"\n\"You mean there might be some interference with an enzyme system?\" Pat\nsaid.\n\"Yes. We see it in anemias where the cells don't mature properly\nbecause of a lack of some vitamin like B12. The same sort of thing\ncould be happening here, I suppose.\"\n\"Then it might be only temporary?\"\n\"I sincerely hope so, especially if Smith finds the same in man as he\nreports in the ferrets.\"\n\"I wish I could share your optimism John,\" the Director said, \"but if\nthis is a weapon it won't have just a temporary effect. There would\nbe no point to that.\" He yawned. \"Sufficient unto the day is the evil\nthereof, as the Good Book says. Let's go to bed.\"\nThe alarm jarred me out of deep sleep. As I groped beside the bed for\nthe still vibrating clock, I regretfully abandoned my dreams for the\naustere grey walls of my temporary room, and the dreary window view of\na wet Vancouver dawn. The tide was out and the slimy green-spattered\nmud and rocks of the estuary looked like a surrealistic painting of a\nhangover. At the water's edge, a school of fishing boats angled in the\nmud, their tilted trolling masts reminding me of the broken antennae\nof some strange crayfish, stranded and dead on a fishmarket floor. And\ndead they were. No smoke came from their humpbacked little cabins; no\nfisherman climbed the slanted decks.\nI wondered if the epidemic had silenced their motors, or was it just\nnot the season for fishing. Were the lusty trollers and seiners\nworrying about their lost virility and gone home to test it out? The\nnewspapers had been asked to play down their sterility stories, which\nhad caused so much consternation yesterday, but even so it was common\nknowledge that those who had had involvement of the sex glands might be\nsterile.\nI turned down the corridor to the kitchen and started the coffee\ndispenser. Pat was still asleep after a late night coaxing reluctant\nmale and female ferrets into the same cage and to be friends instead\nof messily murdering each other. Chivalry among ferrets is not highly\nregarded, even with females in season. We wanted to see if they\ncould produce families, not to see which one was the stronger sex.\nTranquillizers are fine for the purpose but it takes a neat balance\nto eliminate the fight and keep the desire. Hallam was not around. He\nwas an early riser and could probably be found watching the monkeys if\nI cared to go there. They had shown no symptoms as yet. Probably the\nincubation period was about the same as in man, and if so there had not\nbeen time for the fever to start.\nI moved on again to the shower, taking it cool to clear my fuzzy head.\nNow there was little to do but wait; wait for the ferrets to get\namorous; wait for the chattering monkeys to fall ill; wait for more\nbiopsies of the human volunteers out there beyond the virus-proof walls\nof our chosen prison. I thought of the previous day, the second after\nour brief excursion. After breakfast we had rechecked the animals while\nPat had transferred cultures, brought our records up to date and then\nHallam and I sat in the living room playing cribbage while we waited\nfor Smith's reports.\nAs he had predicted, the newspapers soon heard of the new\ninvestigations and the noon headlines, shown over the TV, were large\nand frightening. \"Are Flu Victims Sterile?\" the _Daily Mail_ screamed\nhysterically in three inch letters and went into a long discourse\nbased only on a cautious statement, attributed to Dr. Smith, that some\nexperimental animals, after the flu, showed a decrease in procreative\npowers. _The Sun_ was more cautious but the tune was the same. An hour\nafter the papers appeared, Hallam ordered all telephone lines to the\nLaboratory shut down and a short dictated speech, intended to calm the\nhysteria, was played continuously over the trunks and repeated on both\nradio and TV.\nThe mayor came to the hospital, as mad as a clucking hen whose eggs\nhave been disturbed, as indeed they had. She cooled off considerably\nafter Hallam spoke to her on the inside telephone, and, in cooperation\nwith the local director of the RCMP, the head of the Metropolitan\nSchool Board, the Medical Officer of Health and various other officials\nsummoned to the spot, agreed to form a Public Safety Committee to take\nimmediate action if the need arose. They too, after their meeting,\ncould only sit and wait for Smith's report.\n\"Why didn't you go down and talk to them sir?\" I said later.\n\"I don't want to get the flu.\"\nI smiled condescendingly. \"Oh? I didn't think it would mean that much\nto you.\"\n\"It doesn't,\" he said levelly, \"but it would to you and Pat if I\nbrought it back up here with me.\"\nThere was nothing I could say. I have seldom felt so foolish.\nLater in the day, I played a lazy game of cribbage with Hallam while\nPat knitted and watched TV at the other end of the room. Deciding to\nhave some fun, as the Chief dealt a new hand, I picked up the paper\nthat was lying on the table.\n\"Say, Pat, here's a little item that should interest you,\" I said,\nand pretended to read. \"Lovely woman scientist, possible Nobel prize\nwinner, knits little things and dreams of rose-covered cottage. I\nalways wanted at least ten children, our reporter quotes Mrs.--\" I\nstarted loudly, cocking one eye over the top of the paper; but I didn't\nfinish.\nPat got up abruptly. For an instant I thought she would throw the wool\nat me, needles and all.\n\"You stinker ... you absolute stinker,\" she spat at me, and almost ran\nfrom the room.\n\"Lord! She must be getting stir crazy,\" I said, bewildered.\n\"John, sometimes I think you spent too many years overseas,\" Hallam\nsaid quietly. \"You still can't imagine how a woman thinks.\"\nThat broke up the crib game. Neither of us had the heart to continue.\nFor the first time I really began to imagine a world full of sterile\npeople; the falling population; the frustrated family life; the\nemptying houses; the already empty schools.\n\"God, what a dreary prospect,\" I said aloud. \"And we were worrying\nabout overpopulation.\"\nThe Chief caught my train of thought but he just nodded. There was no\nanswer.\nAn hour later the phone rang. He answered it and then turned to me\nwith a smile. \"That was a report from Smith about the ovaries of those\nconvalescent ferrets I inoculated with the first cases of flu. They\nseem OK. Maybe it affects only a few females after all.\"\n\"Well, we can't go peeking into the tummies of all the ladies in\nVancouver just to find out,\" I said.\n\"No, but we could try to get permission to biopsy ovaries on women who\nhave abdominal operations in the city hospitals. Many of them have had\nthe flu. It should tell us something.\"\nHe turned back to the telephone and in a matter of minutes Bruce\nThompson had agreed to cooperate and to pass the word on to the\nsurgical departments of the other hospitals in town.\nPat showed up to make us afternoon tea but she was clearly\ndisturbed ... even more so when she heard the news.\n\"I thought you'd have been pleased to hear about the females,\" I said\ndubiously.\n\"Suppose it does apply to women. What good are active ovaries to a\nprospective mother if all the men are sterile?\" she said, scornfully.\n\"Well, you could always marry a Russian, when they take over the world.\"\n\"Fool,\" she sneered. \"That probably will be years from now, and I'll be\ntoo old. For another thing, I don't want to be part of anybody's harem,\neven for a baby.\"\n\"Where do you get that harem stuff?\" I grunted. \"The Russkis aren't\nMoslems.\"\n\"This isn't your good day, John,\" Hallam interrupted. \"It is obvious\nthat there will be a tremendous demand for fertile males, and I can\neven visualise the female voters of this country and the United States\ndemanding a quota for Russian immigrants to this continent. Just how\nthe disgruntled American males would react I don't know. It could lead\nto a very nasty situation, and maybe to that retaliatory war the Reds\nare trying to avoid. Of course, it could also mean civil war ... a war\nbetween the sexes ... with our males trying to revenge themselves on\nthe Russians and our more realistic females trying to prevent it so\nthey could use the Slavs to rebuild the nation ... on Communist terms\nof course.\"\n\"Boy, this is really science fiction gone wild,\" I said. \"Seems as if I\npicked the wrong place to live, unless I can avoid the flu.\"\nPat didn't even look at me after that crack. The day dragged on. Radio\nreports came every few minutes and the interruptions of the TV programs\nto announce the spread of the epidemics were almost as frequent as the\ncommercials.\nBy now the Chinese had admitted that thousands were dying in the\nbig cities of Peiping and Shanghai, while panic had disrupted\ncommunications to the interior. The first frightened reports were in\nfrom India, where efforts to block the Himalayan passes were too late\nand refugees had spread the deadly \"measlepox\", as it was now called,\nto Assam and Upper Bengal. There were rumors of flu in Texas and the\nRangers had redoubled their efforts to keep the Mexican \"wetbacks\"\nfrom sneaking across the Rio Grande. All trans-Pacific air travel was\ncancelled.\nAbout that time, the Intercom lit up again.\n\"Are you there, George?\" It was Dr. Smith.\n\"Yes. What have you found?\"\n\"We have the reports on thirty sperm counts taken today from\nprofessional personnel in this hospital. They are all negative.\"\n\"You mean normal, I hope.\"\n\"I mean negative for sperm. Three are from doctors who are just over\nthe fever. They show a few abnormal forms in the secretion but no live\nones. All the others are several days convalescent and show nothing but\nepithelial cells, a few polymorphs and more lymphocytes.\"\n\"What about the biopsies?\"\n\"We have half a dozen that we rushed through. The slides aren't the\nbest but it's perfectly obvious that something serious is happening.\nThe spermatogonia are degenerating. The Sertoli cells seem all right\nand the interstitial cells are apparently untouched.\"\n\"What's he mean?\" Pat whispered to me.\n\"He means the cells that form the sperm are dying but the ones that\ngive a man his masculinity are intact.\"\n\"How many more biopsies have you?\" said the Chief.\n\"About fifty.\"\n\"That's not enough. We're going to need at least several hundred. There\nmust be absolutely no doubt in anyone's mind that this is a national\nemergency when we present the facts to the Government. I know that the\nstatisticians can prove that this present number is highly significant\nbut a politician is much more impressed with a lot of people than with\na small group.\"\nJoe Armstrong came on the line. \"George, I'm convinced now that this\nvirus does have serious after-effects. Let me talk to the other\nhospitals. We can get enough specimens in another twenty-four hours to\nprove your point.\" He paused, obviously considering his words. \"I can't\ngo along with this secret weapon idea yet.... I don't think there's\nenough evidence. What do you say?\"\n\"There isn't any evidence for the weapon theory,\" Hallam admitted, \"but\nGordon is well on the way to showing that the structure of the virus\nis synthetic. What I mean is that it looks more like a crazy mixture\nof mumps and flu than like any of the natural viruses or their known\nmutations.\"\n\"I still don't think we'd better let that story get out. There'll be\nenough hell raised as it is.\"\n\"All right ... just as long as we stop this thing.\"\n\"How do you suggest we go about it?\"\n\"Joe, there isn't time to search for a way of preventing it by\nvaccines. It will take months to manufacture enough, even if we\nsucceed. Our only hope is to alert the civil authorities to its\nafter-effects and get a strict quarantine set up. Frankly, I think\nit's almost hopeless by now. The Eastern Seaboard started reporting\ncases just a short time ago. Agents must be working in seaport cities\nlike Montreal, New York, Charleston and all the others. I'm afraid\nwe're licked except for isolated communities in the far north or in\nsome rural areas which can be ringed around with guards to prevent\ncontamination. Every male we can save must be protected either until\nthe disease dies out or we can devise a vaccine.\"\n\"Do you have any other ideas?\"\n\"You could get a Blood Donor Program going to collect blood from those\nwho have had the flu. We might be able to separate out antibodies from\nconvalescent serum strong enough to give a temporary protection to\nthose who haven't had the disease ... and then hope for a vaccine.\"\n\"OK, George,\" said the Intercom. \"Why don't you three stay in there\nand work on the vaccine since you haven't had the flu yet. I'll alert\nthe Minister of Health. The Public Safety Committee is already back in\nsession.\"\n\"Do that, Joe,\" Hallam said, \"and tell Harry Cope and Polly Cripps to\nstay on call. We're going to need help with the electron pictures and\nother procedures.\"\nSo that day had gone by and here was another one, a day of coffee\ndrinking and waiting, a day of writing reports, of listening to\nthe mounting clamor in the outside world. In the Vancouver area,\nschools were closed at noon. The Public Safety Committee, impressed\nsufficiently by yesterday's preliminary reports, barred all public\nmeetings and ordered theatres, bars and dance halls to close. Families\nnot yet affected by the flu were urged to stock up on supplies and\nthen remain home. Quarantine regulations were put in effect to protect\nthem. This reversal of the usual procedure in which those who had not\nhad the disease were kept isolated, was explained as necessary since\nthe majority of the people had already been victims and therefore were\nunsalvageable. By nightfall the day's biopsy reports were coming in\nfrom all the city hospitals. There was no doubt. Every male who had had\nthe flu was sterile!\nThe extras hit the streets an hour after dark. The Lieutenant Governor\ncame on the TV and radio to declare a state of emergency. Curfew was to\nbe enforced, beginning the next night, for all except essential medical\nservices and food supply. At least the country was aroused. All trace\nof former unconcern had disappeared.\nI went to bed early. There was nothing more I could do.\nAt midnight I awoke suddenly. My mind was alert and bright, with that\nextreme clarity which comes sometimes after working hard on a problem.\nThe moon was pouring a pale light over the window sill. It bathed my\nface in its lambent glow as I lay there for a moment, wondering what\nchemical time bomb had exploded in my brain. I looked at my watch. It\nwas midnight.\nI got up and looked out. Spreading up from the delta, curling over the\nfishing fleet and the canneries, flowing between the houses and filling\nthe streets as the incoming tide runs in the channels and covers the\nstones of a rocky shore, the fog filled the hollows and smoothed over\nthe humps of the city, until at last all but the higher tops of the\nbuildings sank under the woolly wave.\nThe sense of urgent discovery had faded from my mind. There was\nsomething I had to remember, I knew, something that my mind had worked\nout as I slept, but, though I searched for a clue, it would not come.\nIdly, in my wakefulness, I watched the fishing fleet as it slowly\nsank in the mist, until at last even the tall masts were gone. A bad\nnight to be out fishing, I thought, but a good night for smugglers or\nanybody who didn't want to be seen.\n\"By God ... that's it! That must be it!\"\nThe key had turned. The clue had been found. The sudden excitement of\ndiscovery set the pulse pounding in my ears until I thought it must be\naudible, like the ticking of an alarm clock. I opened the closet and\nrummaged in my suitcase for the sweater and light windbreaker and my\nold, cut-down paratrooper boots that I had brought from my apartment.\nIt would be cold where I wanted to go, and go I must, virus or no virus.\nI had just finished blousing my pants over my socks, GI style, and was\nmoving towards the door when it opened, and Pat, holding a book in one\nhand, yawned in my face.\n\"What's all the noise about?\" she said, standing there sleepily in her\nrumpled pajamas. The yawn froze in amazement and then snapped shut as\nher eyes travelled over me.\n\"Well, I declare!\" she said. \"Where on earth are you going?\"\n\"I haven't time to explain,\" I said in a low voice, afraid of waking\nHallam.\nShe suspected as much. \"Have you told the Chief?\"\n\"No, I don't want to tell him just now. I've got a hunch on this virus\nwarfare idea of his. It's only a wild guess and I've got to go out to\nfollow it up. He might not want me to take the risk of catching flu.\"\n\"I don't want you to either.\"\n\"I'm sorry, Honey, but I've got to do it. There's too much riding on\nthis thing to let our personal affairs interfere.\"\n\"But you said yourself it's only a wild guess. Why risk our whole\nfuture on that?\"\n\"Look, I'm going to keep away from people as much as possible, but I'm\ngoing out just the same. This may be the last chance I'll ever get to\nsee if the boss is right.\"\n\"Then I'm going with you.\"\n\"Oh, hell! This is no job for a woman.\"\n\"It's no job for one man! Either I go or I wake up Dr. Hallam.\"\n\"All right,\" I said resignedly. \"On your own head be it.\"\nWe trotted down the stairs and over to the parking lot. The Ferguson\nstarted easily and picked up speed quickly as the hydraulic drive fed\npower to the four wheels. I watched the center strip and wished for the\nradar control that was now being installed on the turnpikes south of\nthe border. We didn't have it here yet so I had to rely on what little\nmy eyes and ears revealed as we tunnelled through the fog. Over the\nBurrard Bridge it seemed thinner and we made better time. We dived back\ninto the depths along Georgia and I used the curb as a guide as we\ncurved through Stanley Park and over the Lion's Gate bridge. The tunnel\nwould have been quicker but I wanted to see the extent of the fog. At\nthe center of the bridge it was too deep to tell but that in itself was\nencouraging. We swung around the cloverleaf and on to the old West Van.\nroad.\n\"Where are we going? Horseshoe Bay?\" Pat said quietly, as she drew on\na cigarette. It was the first time she had spoken since we started. I\nliked that about her; she could wait better than any other woman I knew.\n\"Yes, to the wharf.\"\n\"I'd like to know why, if you don't mind telling me.\"\n\"I don't mind at all. You should know,\" I said, and paused to reflect.\n\"Light me a cigarette and I'll give you the whole picture as I see it.\"\nI was lining up the facts in my mind as she put the burning cigarette\nto my lips.\n\"The first thing we have to do,\" I began, \"is to assume that Hallam is\nright. If he is, if this is biological warfare, then how did it get\nstarted? There are several possible ways. The virus could be brought\nin by agents; it could be sprayed, or floated, or in some fashion sent\nashore from ships or submarines; or it could be seeded from the air,\neither by aircraft or by something like those balloons the Japanese\nsent over on the air currents during World War II. Now, it started\nright in the city of Vancouver, so it seems to me that would rule out\nsome of these possibilities.\"\n\"The balloon theory for one,\" Pat murmured.\n\"Right. Balloons drift as they please and anyway none has been\nreported. The same is true of airborne mists or floating devices. They\nwould hardly have such a localized effect to begin with; that seems to\nrule out air or sea propagation, at least in the general sense.\"\n\"You mean except for agents coming by air or sea?\"\n\"Exactly! Let's look at the air entry possibilities. The Russian air\nlines are now running regular over-the-pole flights that land here, but\nour customs people are quite strict and our mechanics help to service\ntheir planes. I doubt if they'd take a chance on bringing in stuff that\nway.\"\n\"What about freighters docking here or in New Westminster?\"\n\"A very good possibility, but here too they have to evade customs and\nharbor police, and with the occasional seaman jumping ship to claim\npolitical asylum, the RCMP must keep a close watch on the movements of\nthe crew. I think we have to rule this out.\"\n\"Then the only other way is agents coming overland; but that doesn't\nmake sense,\" she objected. \"Why would they come all the way out west,\nor if they sneaked in from Mexico, why start the epidemic up here in\nthe north where we are so much stricter?\"\n\"I don't believe these agents came by land, for the reasons you've\nmentioned. I believe they come in by sea.\"\n\"You mean by submarine?\"\n\"No, although that would seem likely at first thought. There have been\ntoo many reports, in the last few years, of unidentified submarines off\nthe coast. The Royal Canadian Navy and the United States Coastguard and\nNavy are watching all the time. It would be too big a risk.\" I stopped\nfor emphasis. \"You must remember Dr. Hallam's second postulate. The\nfirst was that this is a war. The second, that it is a hidden war. The\npresence of submarines along the coast would almost certainly cause\nsuspicion ... and that must not be, if the war is to succeed.\"\n\"Then I give up, John. How else could it be done?\"\n\"By deep sea fishing boats.\"\n\"You mean Russian ships?\"\n\"No, that would be obvious.\"\n\"Gracious, John, you are being obscure,\" she complained. \"Then they\nmust be communist Chinese.\"\n\"Wrong again! Still too obvious; and with the measlepox raising Hell\nin China we wouldn't let any Chinese boat near the coast right now.\"\n\"For Goodness sake, stop being so mysterious. You sound like a murder\nmystery where the hero turns out to be the murderer.\"\n\"Not that either,\" I smiled and patted her silky knee.\nShe laid her head on my shoulder and sighed. \"Sometimes, darling, I\njust give up on you. I'd be real annoyed if you weren't so sweet.\"\n\"All right, I'll tell you. It's Japanese fishing boats.\"\nShe lifted her head again to look at me in amazement. \"Japanese! You\nmean the Japs are helping the Russians?\"\n\"No, I mean the Russians are using Japs.\"\n\"Dear Lord,\" she murmured, \"the man's gone nuts.\" She turned to face\nme. \"And you were accusing the Chief of being fantastic.\"\n\"The whole thing is fantastic, but if we start by believing Dr.\nHallam's assumption, incredible though it may seem, then we arrive, by\nelimination, at the solution I've just stated.\"\n\"You may have arrived,\" she said. \"I haven't even started.\"\nI butted my cigarette and threw it out. \"Here's how it works,\" I said.\n\"We always think of the Russians as coming from Europe and of Russian\nagents approaching from the Atlantic side. That was largely the case\nuntil World War II, at least until the end of that war, when the\nSoviets moved out of Siberia and took over some of the old Japanese\nterritory in Manchuria. Since then, as you probably know, they've\nreally developed their naval bases on the North Pacific. Also, on the\ncivilian side, they have developed a strong interest in the fisheries\nof the Aleutian area and they take part in the international agreements\nthat control the salmon, halibut and other fishing in the North\nPacific, as well as the fur seal trade. The result is that boats of\nall four nations, Soviet, Japanese, Canadian and American, plus some\nothers, move freely about the waters of the North Pacific and along the\nshores of Alaska and British Columbia. As long as they abide by the\nFisheries Commission regulations and stay out of territorial waters,\nthey are free to move about pretty much as they please. That means\nthat a fishing boat, or a floating cannery, could be out there right\nnow, ostensibly looking for salmon, or tuna, or whatever is in season,\nand nobody would pay much attention to it among all the others. This\ncoast is still wild and relatively unpopulated. I believe such a ship\ncould creep in at night, close to shore, especially in a fog. The radar\nscreens would have a hard time picking it out among these islands,\nespecially if it had anti-radar devices. It would be a relatively easy\nmatter to put a few men ashore from a fast motor boat almost anywhere\naround here.\"\n\"Where do the Japs come in?\"\n\"That's the beauty of the whole idea. When I was in Hokkaido with the\nJapanese Defense Force, during the Korean War, I used to visit their\ndefense positions in sight of the Kurile Islands and Sakhalin ... the\nJaps called it Karafuto. The officers, many of whom had served in the\nImperial Japanese Army, used to tell me about doing garrison duty there\non Sakhalin before the Second World War, when the southern half was\nJapanese and the northern half Russian. They told me that many Japanese\nfishermen stayed behind when the islands were evacuated in 1945. What\ncould be easier than to equip a ship and man it with an experienced\ncommunist Japanese crew?\"\n\"You mean that ship that almost ran us down?\"\n\"Yes, I do. That ship was flying the Japanese flag. The crew talked\nJapanese ... but the man I saw looking over the stern at me was a Slav.\nEven if the ship got picked up they could claim Japanese origin and\nwould be accused only of poaching on restricted fishing grounds, which\nhappens all the time. Any Slavs aboard could pass as White Russians,\nresidents of Japan, with forged papers.\"\n\"I remember that white man too,\" Pat said. \"I got a glimpse of him just\nbefore the stern wash knocked me flat.\" She paused. \"But surely you\ndon't expect to go out and find that ship tonight?\"\n\"No, I don't,\" I said thoughtfully. \"The epidemic has been moving\nslowly inland and south. Dr. Hallam suggested that agents must have\nstarted it in the Interior of B.C., because of its explosive character.\nThat makes sense, because they would want to get it started across the\nmountain barriers and the sparsely settled areas, so that the whole\nof North America would be affected: but they would still have to come\nback to the coast for supplies, and they probably arrange to do that\nwhen the satellite long-range forecast says fog conditions are likely.\nThen, too, this is the last night before the curfew and they can still\nmove freely. However, I'm afraid they are almost finished in this part\nof the world and will probably move on. I hope to see some evidence of\nthem out at Horseshoe Bay. It's a wild chance,\" I concluded lamely,\n\"like trying to throw boxcars in a crap game; but what else can I do?\"\n\"What are boxcars?\" she said.\n\"Double sixes ... and an outside chance.\"\n\"It isn't even an outside chance,\" she argued. \"Suppose you guess right\nand this is a good night for it, what makes you think out of all this\nlong coastline they would pick Horseshoe Bay? I'd think a lonelier spot\nmore likely. Why not between here and Squamish on the new highway, or\nfarther south or north?\"\n\"In the far north there are few roads. Closer to Vancouver the coast\nroad has ferry crossings in it that would be time consuming and also,\non a small ferry, strangers might be noticed more, coming and going.\nThe same applies to the Vancouver-Squamish highway. A car parked along\nthat road might attract attention and the little hamlets where they\ncould land are too small for them to pass unnoticed. South of Horseshoe\nBay are the busy shipping lanes and then the United States border\ncountry, so, to me, Horseshoe Bay seems the best bet. It's big enough\nthat people come and go in their boats, even this late in the year, and\ndon't attract too much attention. Cars are often left parked in the\nlots while the owners go fishing up the coast or visit their cottages\nfor a weekend. Also, the floating docks for the small boats are beside\nthe main jetty where we can see whoever passes, while we sit in our\nparked car. And there are a few lights, enough that we can see them\nwithout drawing attention to ourselves.\"\n\"You have it figured, don't you?\" Pat yawned, but the yawn was more\nexcitement than boredom.\n\"Yeah,\" I muttered, \"but who knows how a communist thinks?\"\nIt was about one-fifteen when we rode down the steep incline to the Bay\nand, after circling about the little beach park to look around, pulled\nin not far from the restaurant where the first dock light illuminated\na small circle in the fog. We were far enough away under the trees to\nbe safe, and, with the windows up, in that light, it isn't easy to see\ninto a Ferguson anyway.\n\"Better not smoke,\" I said. \"We can pretend we are here on a necking\nparty.\"\n\"No pretense needed,\" Pat chuckled, and gave me a hug that nearly\npulled off my right ear.\nA heavy dig in the ribs jerked open my eyes and I came back out of my\ndoze in a hurry.\n\"I hear somebody coming,\" Pat was whispering.\nThere had been a few late comers pass by, either to or from the dock,\nbut all of them were obviously families, or couples, or fishermen. At\nany rate, nobody like our thickset friend had appeared in the hour\npast. Cuddling up to Pat's sweet-scented warmth, I'd fallen asleep in a\nmatter of seconds. I could hear footsteps now, of several people, and\nshortly three men passed close by the car, going towards the water. One\nwas tall and thin. He was wearing the heavy Squamish Indian sweater,\nmade of unbleached wool, so popular with fishermen, a battered fedora\nand heavy work pants. As he passed he was speaking English with a\nslight European accent. The second man, of average height, wore an old\ndark windbreaker and slacks. His face, like that of the first man, was\nshaded by the hat he wore, a long peaked baseball cap. The third man\nwas short but very strong looking. His head was bare, and, as they\npassed under the light, I saw a crop of close-cut, light-colored hair,\nand that unmistakable heavily boned face that had come so close to\nme out on the Straits. All three were carrying ruck-sacks over their\nshoulders. It was a clever disguise. They looked like campers, or\nperhaps transient workers, on the move from one lumber camp to another.\nEven their accents would be no hindrance with the country full of\nD.P.'s since the war.\n\"That's the man, John, the short one.\" Pat was pulling feverishly at my\nsleeve. \"It's the same guy, I'm positive.\"\nMy heart was settling down after its first great leap, but my throat\nstill felt like the ostrich who swallowed the grapefruit. They had gone\non past the shore lamp now, and were almost lost in the darkness and\nfog of the main pier. I opened the door quietly and stepped out.\nPat grabbed at me. \"John, don't be crazy! You can't handle three men\nalone.\"\n\"I don't intend to,\" I whispered, \"but I've got to stop them somehow.\nWe may never get another chance. They must be about through around\nhere.\"\nI broke loose and moved down the gravel road on to the wooden platform.\nI hadn't the faintest idea of what I was going to do. There wouldn't be\ntime to call the police, and, even if I did, it might not do much good.\nNobody outside of the Civic Hospital knew about the biological warfare\ntheory. If I got involved in an argument I might end up in the police\nstation, probably get the flu, and not be able to prove a thing. No,\nI'd have to handle this myself, play it strictly by ear and wait for\nthe breaks.\nThe men were busy now over the canvas cover and mooring ropes of a\nfast-looking pleasure cruiser tied alongside the big jetty, with its\nbow to the open sea. There were hundreds like it on these waters and it\nwould attract little attention. The short man was directing operations\nfrom the dock and his speech was perfect, colloquial American, from\nsomewhere in the Northern United States or Canada.\n\"This one is probably the leader,\" I thought. \"With an accent like that\nhe could cross the border and never be noticed as he moved about the\nwhole Pacific Northwest.\"\nThe fog seemed to be lifting in spots. It was getting lighter and a\nmoon halo could be seen through the drifting clouds of mist. The three\nmen were in a hurry. They didn't notice me until I was opposite their\nboat.\n\"I'd like to talk to you,\" I said to yellow-hair, who was bending over\na bollard.\nHe started and straightened up quickly. I saw his head lift a little\nmore as he got a good look at me.\n\"I'm busy; what do you want?\" he grunted.\n\"I want something done about the damage to my boat,\" I said loudly.\nThe other two had stopped to watch me. At a nod from the leader,\nthe second man went on getting the boat ready. The tall man stepped\nfrom the bow on to the main dock so he now stood a little behind\nyellow-hair and off towards the middle of the dock. I still had a clear\nline of retreat, but I didn't care for the setup; it isn't good tactics\nto be out-flanked.\n\"I don't know what you are talking about.\" He had made the obvious\nanswer.\n\"You know damn well,\" I said hotly. \"You were on that Jap fishing boat\nthat ran me down in the Straits of Georgia.\"\n\"You are mistaken. I know nothing about it.\" He turned away from me to\nget back to the mooring rope. I grabbed at his left arm. I think he\nwas expecting it. He spun around with my pull, his right hand coming\nup and over, fast, for my head. I let go his arm and swayed to the\nright, hoping he wouldn't be too quick with a left hook. As his fist\nwent by my neck I stepped across in front of him with my right foot,\nswung my backside hard into him and whipped downwards, using his right\ncoat sleeve as a lever. His forward rush lifted him and he went over my\nback, high and fast, in the Judo version of the flying mare. I heard\nthe gasp and the thud as his breath was driven out of him by the fall.\nStill crouching, I spun around, and, as I had hoped, the Russian bean\npole was coming for me, hands out to shove me over the edge. It was\nsimple. As he came in I fell back, gripping his arms, while my feet\nfound his belly. He rocked over like a seesaw and I shoved up strongly\nwith my legs to flip him. The Japs had clobbered me with that trick so\noften in the Judo classes that I had it down pat. This fellow really\nsailed. I heard his feet hit the water, but the splash was drowned out\nby the harsh aa ... h of his scream when the small of his back smashed\ndown on the edge of the dock.\n\"One down, two to go,\" I was thinking as I scrambled to my feet; but\nI had slowed down since the war. Too late, I saw that familiar thick\nshape above me, silhouetted against the clearing sky. In his upraised\nhand there was something round and black. Once again I glimpsed that\ndull red sparkle of the ring in the now bright moon.\n\"This proves it,\" I thought, so I lunged forward desperately, tackling\nhim at the knees. Then the side of my head split and I dropped.\nDimly I heard a high-pitched screaming. I wasn't out cold; I could see\nbut I couldn't seem to get up enough steam to move.\n\"That damn Russian surely is noisy,\" I thought dully. I looked up from\nmy knees. Yellow-hair was on his feet again and he and the second man\nwere scrabbling frantically over the side of the boat, dragging the\ntall man by the shoulders. I heard him groan, \"Nyet, nyet!\" as they\ntumbled him into the cockpit, limp as a pithed frog, and started the\nmotor. I suppose the shock of the broken back had cut through the long\nindoctrination in the English language he must have had, for that\nwas the first and last word of Russian I heard. The screaming kept\nup and then I realized it wasn't the injured man, but Pat, who had\nfollowed me down to the water. Being a really smart girl, she hadn't\ntried any heroics and had stayed too far from the fight to be caught,\nso, realizing that they couldn't dispose of the evidence, namely me,\nwithout a witness, the Russkis abandoned all pretense in a desperate\nscramble for safety in the fog that still blocked the harbor entrance.\nThe cruiser foamed away from the dock with a deep roar, rocking the\nboats down the line of buoys.\nThe moment they were safely away, Pat was down on the planks, running\nwildly towards me. As she came close, she stubbed her foot on that same\nblack cylinder that had downed me, and sent it rolling. She reached\ndown and began tugging at my arms to lift me.\n\"Wait! Where's that thing? It may be evidence,\" I cried out, my head\nclearing fast.\n\"Oh come on! We must get out of here. Quick!\" Pat was pulling at me\nas she spoke. \"We can't afford to stay here and explain this to the\npolice. They'd hold us for questioning and we mustn't risk any more\nexposure to the virus.\"\n\"The hell with the virus,\" I moaned as I stumbled along the deck,\nlooking for the black cylinder. \"Get the car started. I'm coming.\"\nShe turned and ran and, a moment later, with the cylinder in my pocket,\nI followed her. The Ferguson was already roaring as I jumped in beside\nPat. She stamped on the accelerator and we went out of there and up the\nhill in a tire-ripping start that almost broke my neck. The engine has\nnever been the same since.\nThe ride back was a painful haze. Every bump accentuated the throbbing\nin my head. Pat, grimly intent on getting well away from the area, held\nthe pedal down as hard as she dared and the Ferguson whipped around the\ncurves, its independently driven wheels screeching and scraping against\nthe asphalt like the claws of a frightened dog on a waxed floor. The\nfog was gone except for little patches drifting down the gullies or\nhanging in dead air pockets between the hills. We reached a more\nbrightly lit area and she slowed down. There was no pursuit.\nWe went back up the stairs of the Lab and into the showers. I felt safe\nagain like a wounded rabbit diving into its burrow. She helped me strip\nand, kneeling beside me, held me in her arms as I sat under the spray.\nThe soft fullness of her breasts and arms, dripping with the cool\nwater, made a nest of peace and comfort. For a long minute I let go and\nretreated back to childhood and the contentment of a mother's arms.\n\"My poor darling,\" she crooned, and rocked me gently, her slender hands\nsmoothing my hair and caressing my face.\nSuddenly I struggled to my feet and, slopping water over the floor,\nlurched back into the anteroom.\n\"The cylinder! I forgot the cylinder,\" I groaned, and flung open the\ndoor of the supersonic cabinet. The warning buzzer stopped. I fumbled\nagitatedly in the pocket of my windbreaker and drew out the thing that\nhad hit me. For the first time I really looked at it. It was like an\nold-fashioned army aerosol bomb with a trigger mechanism on one end. I\nslammed shut the cabinet; the buzzer and warning light went on again.\nPat stood beside me anxiously, dripping heedlessly on the floor rug.\n\"What was it, darling?\"\n\"This thing,\" I held it out to show her. \"There might be virus in it\nand I put it in the supersonic cabinet, like a damn fool.\"\n\"What will that do to it?\"\n\"I don't know for sure. Ultra-sound kills some organisms. Maybe it will\nbe all right. It wasn't in there long.\" My stomach began to churn and I\nleaned on her weakly. \"Oh, my head,\" I moaned. \"I feel sick.\"\nShe put her arm around me and led me back to the showers. I sat down\nagain, dropping under the spray, until the nausea had passed. Then I\nraised my head. \"We've got to get this aerosol bomb to the culture room\nand start making tests. Hand me the soap darling.\"\nSilently she reached it to me. I soaped the cylinder carefully, trying\nto sterilize it at least in part; then, after washing myself, I rinsed\nit off thoroughly. A few minutes later, in clean whites, we entered\nthe living room. I slumped into a chair, elbows on the dining table,\nmy head in my hands. Quietly efficient, Pat handed me two aspirin and\ncodeine tablets for my pain and dialled strong coffee into a cup. She\nput in cream and sugar and pushed it over to me.\nHallam came in, in his pajamas. A light sleeper, he must have been\ndisturbed by my heavy-footed entrance. He looked at us and his eyes\npuckered as he tried to see clearly without his glasses.\n\"John's been hurt, sir, but not badly,\" Pat said swiftly. \"He'll tell\nyou all about it in a minute. Let him recover a bit.\"\nWithout a word the Chief went to his room and came back. He had added\na gown and glasses to his pajamas. He walked over to me and I showed\nhim the goose egg on my head. He checked it and then looked at my eyes.\nSatisfied, he said his first words.\n\"Were you knocked out?\"\n\"No sir, just dizzy. I think I'll be all right soon.\"\n\"Well, you know what to do. Let me know if you need help.\"\n\"I will.\"\nHe took the coffee Pat handed him and sat down opposite me.\n\"The bomb, Pat,\" I said. \"You'd better take it now and get some\ncultures going.\" I took it out of my pocket and handed it to her. She\nreached for it and I thought she had it and let go. She fumbled.\n\"Watch out!\" I shouted in alarm, and grabbed for it.\nEither I startled her and she triggered it or my own hand struck the\nrelease. It doesn't matter now. A thin white stream of gas hissed out\nof the end and hit me squarely in the mouth. Pat stood there, rigid,\nthe cursed thing still in her hands, and slowly her lips began to\nquiver and a big tear formed in the corner of her right eye.\n\"John.... Oh, God! ... the virus!\"\n\"I'm afraid it is,\" I said quietly. I felt let down; finished; the\nsame way I had when I watched the wounded die in the Aid Station and I\ncouldn't help. Only this time I was the patient. Oh, I wasn't going to\ndie, or even be very sick, but no man likes to think that he can never\nhave a son to follow him, and I knew, beyond doubt, that in another\nweek I'd be completely sterile.\nI'd never seen Pat cry before and it brought me out of my daze. I went\nto her and took her shoulders in my hands and there, right in front of\nthe Chief I told her, \"Darling, I can't kiss you now, but I want you to\nknow I love you and this will make no difference at all. It wasn't your\nfault.\"\nShe couldn't speak. I looked at Hallam. He sat there staring at the\nbomb in her hands.\n\"I think I can guess what has happened,\" he said, \"but how?\"\nQuickly Pat sketched the story while I washed my face as well as I\ncould. She finished and he stared into space. A few seconds later he\nput his big hands on the table and hunched to his feet.\n\"We still have to analyze the contents of this thing to see what kind\nof virus is in it ... if there is. We might as well get started on the\npreliminaries. No sense in isolating ourselves any more. It's likely\nwe'll all get the disease now.\" He looked at Pat's tear-stained face\nand said kindly, \"Why don't you two go home for a rest before the day\nstaff gets here. I can handle the beginning of this job myself.\"\nIt wasn't far to Pat's apartment. The APC's were working and the ache\nin my head had gone, replaced by a soreness over the actual bruise.\nI drove slowly, reluctant to part with her now, to lose the sense of\ncloseness we shared. Elation over our night's work, mixed with sadness\nfor the future, had combined to bring us together more than we had ever\nbeen before. She said nothing, but her nearness to me and the hand\nlaid gently on my leg were evidence enough of her feelings. At the\nstoplights I glanced at her, trying to gauge her thoughts. Her gaze was\nfixed on some nebulous point beyond the windshield; her face was still,\nfrozen in its expression, almost as if she were a wax model.\nBurrard bridge went by and I turned to the left, down a side street.\nThe car rolled to a stop in front of a large modern apartment building.\nI shut off the engine, got out, and opened the car door for her. We\nwalked up the steps together. She reached in her bag for the key.\n\"Don't bother coming back to the lab today,\" I said, turning to go.\n\"Hallam can take care of it this morning and I'll go back later this\nafternoon and give him a hand.\"\nShe looked up in surprise. \"You're having breakfast with me.\" It was\nnot a question but a statement of fact.\n\"You're too tired, baby,\" I protested, but feebly. I hated cooking for\nmyself and she knew it.\n\"I am a little tired,\" she admitted as she opened the door, \"but bacon\nand eggs will pep us up. I want to talk to you.\"\nPat's apartment, a bachelor suite on the fourth floor, consisted of a\nbed-sitting room partly divided by an ornamental screen, a kitchenette\nand bathroom. Off the sitting room area, a tiny balcony with french\ndoors overlooked English Bay. I strolled over to see the view. The fog\nwas still hanging in patches to the shoreline but above the cottony\nmasses it was a beautiful day and the mountains across Howe Sound\nsparkled icy white and blue in the distance. I felt a lift looking at\nthem. Pat had removed her raincoat and hat. Now she turned from putting\nthem in the closet to look critically at me, hands on her hips.\n\"Go take a shower and change clothes while I'm cooking breakfast,\" she\nsaid. \"You look scruffy after that judo exhibition. Besides, I want to\nkiss you and you need a shave and you're covered with virus.\"\nI came back, more comfortable in a clean shirt and slacks I'd left\nthere on a previous occasion. She was sitting at the small dining\ntable, looking over the morning paper. As I watched her read,\nconcentrating on the epidemic story, I examined that kissable mouth,\nthe strong straight nose, the thoughtful eyes. She wasn't the most\nbeautiful woman I'd known but she was loyal, intelligent and good,\nclear through. Somewhere deep inside, a small ache began and grew.\nI hadn't thought much about marriage as we had agreed to let our\nfriendship ripen into something better, if it wanted to. Now, as I\nwatched her there, waiting for breakfast with me, I knew I was tired of\nour present relationship. It wasn't enough that she was my friend and,\non one recent occasion, my mistress. I wanted her for a wife.\nI was wondering how a childless marriage would work out when she looked\nup.\n\"Breakfast's ready any time you are,\" she said softly.\nI went to her and raised her up. Then, slowly, without passion, I\nkissed her full on the lips. Her eyes were wide open and once more I\nsaw the tears coming.\n\"John, don't ... not now!\" she whispered and turned away to start\nrattling around with the plates and the eggs and bacon.\nWe sat near the window over our coffee and cigarettes, looking out at\nthe blue sky and scudding white clouds. The wind had dissipated the\nwater vapor so that no wisp of fog was left. The little waves in the\nbay tumbled and sparkled in the light and a small tug burst through\nthem importantly, steaming along like a short fat woman heading for the\nbargain counter.\n\"It's so beautiful, so peaceful out there,\" Pat murmured. \"I can't\nbelieve we're in the middle of the greatest war in history.\"\n\"Well, if the number of casualties is any indication, it makes even\natomic warfare look mild by comparison.\"\nWe had heard the news as we ate. The situation in Asia was rapidly\napproaching the catastrophic. In fact it was probably beyond redemption\nalready in China, since the normal news channels had collapsed. All\nIndia was in a state of panic with hordes of people fleeing in any\ndirection that seemed to promise escape. Southeast Asia was in an\nuproar, with riots and revolutions as reports of the inexorable advance\nof the measlepox filtered down to the people. In Africa, Egypt was\nalready in the grip of the fatal disease. It was, as Pat said, not\nat all surprising, since Soviet technicians and supplies had been\nthe mainstay of the country ever since the United Arab Republic was\nformed. The great desert barriers of Soudan and French Africa were\nholding temporarily, but it was merely a question of time before some\npoor devil, his fevered brain seeking escape, blundered to the forests\nof the Congo or the Cameroons, to the high country of Ethiopia and\nKenya, and set fire to the rest of the continent. Only South America\nand Australasia were still normal, if one could call normal the state\nof total mobilization and preparedness that was being ordered in\npractically every land which had sea or air contacts with the rest of\nthe world.\nIn North America there was no measlepox. All the major cities of the\neast were reporting hundreds of thousands of cases of flu and it was\nrapidly spreading to the southern and inland areas.\n\"They must have had agents on the East Coast too!\" Pat said as she\nlistened to the announcer enumerating the cities and the estimated\nnumbers of sick.\n\"I imagine so ... a lot of them,\" I said. \"Some of the spread must be\ndue to natural infection too. There wouldn't be enough agents, and they\ncouldn't carry enough virus to do all this.\"\n\"How do you think they got started over there?\" Pat said. \"They don't\nhave the handy excuse of a fishing fleet, do they?\"\n\"No, they don't. I imagine they use submarines especially equipped with\ntanks full of virus solution, or perhaps crystals, which could be mixed\nand loaded into aerosol bombs as required.\"\n\"But you said submarines might make our government suspicious.\"\n\"I did, but that was when the epidemic first started out here. It has\nbeen going on for some time now, in the west, and if you'll remember\nthe broadcast, there were cases reported in Detroit, Chicago and St.\nLouis about the same time as in the coastal cities of the east. People\nwill naturally think it has spread overland by air travel or train and\nwon't be too concerned with what shipping is out in the Atlantic. The\nRed Fleet has been maneuvering frequently off Newfoundland for the past\nsix or seven years so it shouldn't cause too much comment.\"\n\"If only they knew what was really happening to them!\"\n\"I imagine the U.S. and Canadian governments do have our reports by\nnow but they'll have to watch how the news is released. If they're not\ncareful there could be a panic, with people evacuating the cities and\nspreading the disease. It takes time to organize police and military\nunits for quarantine guards.\"\n\"How bad is it likely to be?\" she asked.\n\"That's hard to say. The 1918 flu killed twenty million people and\nattacked about fifty times that number. Since then, ordinary flu\nepidemics have been reported with up to fifty percent of the people\ninvolved. The Asian flu of 1957 affected up to seventy-five percent\nin some areas. But this stuff isn't pure flu and so there may be\nabsolutely no immunity. Probably the only thing that will prevent\npeople from getting it is not to be near someone else who has it. In\nthe old days that was possible, but with the population we have now,\nand the rapid communication between towns, it is much easier to spread\nan epidemic than it was fifty years ago. My guess is that eighty or\nninety percent of the population will get it.\"\n\"John,\" Pat said thoughtfully, \"How long is it likely to be before you\nstart having symptoms?\"\n\"You mean all of us, don't you?\" I said. \"After all, that spray must\nhave splashed a bit and both you and the Chief may have got enough to\ninfect you.\"\n\"Well, yes, if you put it that way.\"\n\"Oh, about four days,\" I guessed, \"or, perhaps a day more or less. We\naren't quite sure of the incubation period yet, and there's always a\nchance of a mutation with a shorter period if a synthetic virus is\nliable. We don't know that either.\"\n\"It's practically certain you'll be sterile, isn't it?\"\n\"I'm afraid so,\" I said ruefully.\n\"What about convalescent serum, wouldn't it help?\" she asked hopefully.\n\"If I got a big enough and strong enough dose, it might. There isn't\nany ready yet. I asked Hallam just before we left this morning. If it\nisn't injected early it may modify the disease but probably wouldn't\nprevent it completely. I might still be sterile. It doesn't always work\nanyway.\"\n\"What about me?\"\n\"Last night, before I went to bed, Dr. Hallam got a report that very\nfew women had shown symptoms of sex gland involvement. The biopsies\ntaken by Bruce Thompson from the ovaries of women who have had the flu\nshowed only minor changes that Smith could detect. That isn't absolute\nproof that everything is all right, of course. It will take time to\nfind that out.\"\n\"What about miscarriages in infected women,\" she persisted.\n\"They checked that out too. There have been occasional cases, but no\nmore than you are likely to see with any heavy fever. That ferret may\nhave been an exception. Perhaps it's a peculiarity of the ferret's\nreaction to the virus. It may prove to be a rare complication in\npeople. Of course we don't know yet if the children of infected mothers\nwill be born deformed in any way, as they often are in German measles.\nThis virus may have no such power.\"\n\"Well, that's a chance I'll have to take,\" she said.\n\"What do you mean?\" I queried. \"You'll likely have the flu by next week\nand you don't even know if you're pregnant yet. You couldn't possibly\ntell so soon.\"\n\"I know that--and that's the reason I wanted to talk to you.\n\"You and I have been letting things ride along for some time now. I've\nenjoyed it and I have no regrets. But it's time to stop; to make up our\nminds.\" She looked straight at me. \"Do you love me enough to marry me?\"\nI got up and went to her. I put my arms around her and this time my\nkiss was not quiet.\n\"Silly question,\" I whispered against her cheek. \"I was getting tired\nof being just the boy friend. We'll go and get the license right now.\nWe can get married as soon as the three day waiting period is over.\"\nShe looked up at me and said, \"You wait here. I'll be ready in a\nminute.\"\nI sat down and lit another cigarette. Three puffs later I heard her\nspeak behind me.\n\"I'm ready, John.\"\nI looked around and came to my feet with a gasp. Then I took her into\nmy arms.\n\"Pat ... my Pat! God, but you're lovely!\" I smoothed back her hair and\ntilted her face to see her. \"Darling, why are you doing this?\"\n\"This is our wedding day, John. If we wait for a legal marriage it will\nbe too late ... you'll probably have the flu. I slept with you on the\nboat because I wanted your child and I was afraid of the flu. Now I'm\nsure you'll get it. This is our last chance.\" She moved away from me\nand took my hand.\nLater, as we lay quietly together, I said teasingly, \"What's it going\nto be? Boy or girl?\"\n\"I really don't care. I only hope he'll have a few playmates to keep\nhim company. An only child in a family is bad enough. I don't want him\nto be lonely.\"\nI pulled her over to me and held her tightly. Her tears were warm\nagainst my neck.\nTired, rumpled, but elated, Dr. Hallam met us as we came out of the\ndressing rooms the next morning.\n\"My theory was right. The bomb was full of virus,\" he said, his face\nlighting up happily for an instant. Then, as the thrill of discovery\nfaded, grimness clouded his eyes. \"At least now I can prove what we are\nup against, thanks to you two.\"\nClinging to my arm, Pat looked at me and sighed, \"Thanks to John! But\nthe cost was high.\"\n\"Maybe that price won't have to be paid. They've been working all night\nin Serology, since I determined that the virus gave the same reactions\nas the flu virus, to concentrate immune globulins from convalescent\nsera. They just sent up a hundred c.c.'s.\" He indicated a packet on the\ntable.\n\"John can take the first dose right now.\"\n\"That's fine,\" I said, \"and I certainly appreciate it, but why should I\nget the serum when other doctors on the outside, treating flu patients\nall day long, are not getting it. That's hardly fair.\"\n\"Democratically speaking, it should be distributed by lot,\" Hallam\nsaid, \"but there's no time to argue the point. If it will ease\nyour conscience any, you're getting it, not because of favoritism,\nbut because you, and Pat and I too, are the subjects of the first\ncontrolled experiment on human beings with the new virus. We know\nexactly when we were exposed to it; we know that you, at least,\nreceived a very heavily concentrated dose, and if this globulin proves\neffective then we can start issuing it in large quantities. The word\nhas already gone out through the Public Health Service, to collect\nblood and process the serum. By the time we find out if it protects\nus, it will be in bottles ready for issue all over the country. It's a\nterribly expensive and cumbersome way compared to using a vaccine, but\nwe have no alternative. They haven't yet got an antibiotic that will\nattack the flu virus. But we're wasting time! C'mon, drop those pants\nand take your medicine.\"\nLater, as we sat gingerly on the hard chairs around the dining table,\nHallam outlined his plans.\n\"We won't work with antisera at all. The Routine Lab can handle that.\nWhat I want to do up here is to produce something that will give\nactive, permanent immunity ... not just passive immunity that has to be\nrepeated every week.\"\n\"You mean to produce a vaccine?\" Pat asked.\n\"That's one way. We could try killed virus, formalin treated, something\nlike the method Salk used for the polio vaccine. But that too can be\ndone in the Public Health Labs or by the big drug companies. They have\nall the equipment set up for it.\"\n\"It takes at least three months from isolation of virus to production\nof vaccine ... and another three or more until everybody can get a\nshot.\"\n\"Right-o, John. It must be done of course, but I'm going to tackle the\nproblem in another way. Maybe we can shorten the time.\"\n\"How will you do it?\"\nHallam turned to Pat. \"I don't say we can do it. We shall try. If we\ncould alter the virus enough, by physical or chemical treatment, to\nknock out only the sterility effect, we could let people have the flu.\nThen it would be necessary only to produce a limited amount of the new\nvirus and start it going all over the country.\"\n\"That would eliminate all the processing of killed virus, sterilization\nand so on,\" Pat said excitedly.\n\"And everybody who had the virus would produce more and spread it,\nfaster than the drug companies could make it,\" I added.\n\"Precisely ... if it works,\" Hallam said. \"That's what we will\nconcentrate on. Biochem is analyzing the structure of the virus. They\nare going to advise us when they get the nucleoproteins sorted out.\nWe may be lucky. Sometimes substituting a methyl group by hydrogen or\nchanging the positions slightly will make a tremendous difference in\nproperties of the molecules. It will have to be rather a hit and miss\nprogram. There isn't time to work out the full formula of the virus. By\nthe way, have you seen the paper this morning?\"\n\"Not yet,\" Pat said.\n\"They have a new name for it now--Sterility Flu, or S-Flu for short.\"\n\"Yeah, short for flu but long for sterility,\" I muttered.\n\"Maybe the sperm cells will regenerate after a few months,\" Pat said\nhopefully.\n\"I wouldn't put any down payments on a baby carriage if I were you,\" I\nsaid, as we moved towards the workrooms.\nIt was the third morning after the fight on the docks. Pat had finished\ninjecting an enormous dose of concentrated human serum into my left\nbuttock and was giggling at my choice selection of swear words when the\nphone rang. I answered struggling with my pants at the same time.\n\"Cope here,\" it said. \"Is that you, John?\"\n\"Yes Harry, how are you?\"\n\"I'm afraid I've caught the flu, laddie.\" He was obviously trying to\nsound unconcerned. \"I've got a fever and all the aches and pains that\ngo with the ruddy stuff. I wanted to tell the Old Man I shan't be\nworking for a day or two.\"\n\"Damn it, that's a shame,\" I said. \"Look Harry, why don't you come\nup here and let us give you some serum, it might forestall the\ncomplications.\"\n\"Might as well, I suppose, but isn't it too late, really?\"\n\"Too late for the flu, of course, but maybe not too late for the\norchitis.\"\n\"Right-o,\" he sounded resigned. \"I'll see you in half an hour.\"\n\"Wait!\" I had the receiver halfway down before I remembered. \"Better\nbring Polly along too. If she hasn't got the flu now, she probably will\nhave.\"\n\"Will do,\" he answered and cut me off.\nPat heard us talking but Hallam was away and would have to be told\nlater. Nowadays he was seldom available, being constantly in conference\nor on the telephone talking to specialists in preventive medicine or\nvirology from other parts of the Americas or Europe. For the moment,\nVancouver was the center of attention of the western world. Most of the\nNATO countries by now were battling full scale epidemics of\ntheir own and wanted to know what we had found out about the disease.\nAll over the province the schools, theaters and all public meeting\nplaces had been closed. All main routes of travel were under police and\nmilitary control and only the most essential transport was allowed on\nthe highways, the rails, or in the air. The same precautions were soon\nput into effect across Canada. The United States was under martial law,\nwith the National Guard in complete control in each state. Communities\nwhich had not yet reported cases of S-Flu were isolated for their own\nprotection and supplies were sent to them by military convoy. The\nguards and truck drivers were men who had already had the disease and\nwere no longer infectious as far as anyone could tell. Even so, they\nwere not allowed to come close to the isolated ones who unloaded the\nsupplies with the greatest care after the truck drivers had got out and\nmoved away. In spite of the most stringent precautions, the disease\nstill broke through into some of those areas, and, as the weeks passed\nby, the uninfected zones were reduced to such locations as small\nhamlets in the eastern and western mountains, little whistle stops on\nthe prairies and, in the southwest, some of the desert communities.\nWhen the truth about the S-Flu became known, many families in the\ncities tried to barricade themselves in their homes. Some had already\nbeen exposed to the virus and hunger drove others out, only to catch\nthe disease. Later, when the public health services were better\norganized, the same isolation techniques used on whole villages were\nused wherever a family was found untouched. Even in the worst areas a\nfew were known. There were, of course, the cranks and selfish ones who\ncouldn't bear to see others escape their own fate, but as a rule the\npeople responded well. They knew, finally, it was either that or race\nsuicide.\nTen days after exposure the three of us were in fine condition,\nalthough my behind felt as if a porcupine had attacked me, from all the\ninjections of serum.\nAs I complained to Pat, \"You women are lucky. You have a bigger target\nfor all these damn needles.\"\nTwo weeks went by without a sign of S-Flu and, once more, when it\nseemed definite that we had escaped, we were locked up again in the\nLab. Under the military orders covering all uninfected persons, we\nhad to be isolated, but, as we were still working with the virus, the\nResearch Building was the obvious place. To me, there was only one\nthing really wrong with the situation. In all the rush and excitement\nof our research, we had not yet taken out our marriage license, so, not\nbeing completely brazen, we had to take to our separate rooms and beds\nagain, with the Chief as chaperone to our physically consummated but\nlegally unlawful union.\nI said to Pat when we were locked up, \"That does it! Now, if you really\nare pregnant, all the women will condemn you as a fallen sister while\nenvying you for being with child ... besides wondering whose child.\"\nShe chuckled. \"A most unusual situation, and one I intend to exploit to\nthe fullest extent.\"\n\"Do you think you are pregnant?\" I said hopefully. \"You ought to be,\nI'm plum wore out trying.\"\n\"Well, I'm not ready to take up knitting yet,\" she joked, \"but there\nare encouraging signs.\"\nAll across the continent, virus laboratories were working continuously\nand almost exclusively with the S-Flu. A number of experiments using\nconvalescent serum were in progress but, as it was not known exactly\nwho had been exposed to virus, and when, the results were hard to\nevaluate. Now we had proof. We three had been exposed to virus at\na known time and yet, two weeks later, there we were as healthy as\never. When the news was published, every blood bank in the country was\nswamped with volunteers. At first the convalescent serum was given only\nto the males ... a dramatic reversal of the laws of chivalry ... but\nthe women did not complain. They knew that without fertile men there\ncould be no children and to most of them such a world seemed empty\nindeed. Gradually, as supplies increased, all non-infected persons\nliving in contaminated areas received weekly doses which, though much\nless than I had had, were found to give sufficient protection in most\ncases. It was still not known if there were any ill effects on unborn\nchildren so pregnant women were also included in the schedule. Where\ninjections were given, and no new cases reported, the quarantine was\nlifted after a while, but where the disease had never reached, the\npopulation was still isolated, awaiting the day when a permanent\nvaccine would be available. Sporadic outbreaks of the disease were\nstill to occur, months and even years later, among those who had never\nhad it, but at last the major epidemic was over. The discovery, at the\nMedical Center of New York, of a protective vaccine, eventually made\nisolation unnecessary.\nLong before that happened, the restriction on our movements was lifted.\nOnly those in the uncontaminated areas were confined to their own\nlocality. The rest of us, provided we took our weekly serum shots, were\nlet loose.\n\"Now I can make an honest woman out of you,\" I joked as we walked out\nof the Lab and breathed gratefully the cool damp air of early winter.\n\"You don't need to darling,\" Pat said. \"If I am pregnant there's at\nleast a million women envying me right now. When it was easy to get\npregnant it was proper to do it only in holy wedlock, as they say,\nbut moral standards are changing already. To be pregnant is an honor,\nillegitimately or otherwise. I imagine before long there will be a lot\nof husbands looking the other way or condoning artificial insemination\nif they can have sons thereby.\"\n\"You still want to get married, don't you?\"\n\"Of course, sweetheart,\" she squeezed my arm, \"but I want a proper\nwedding, not a civil ceremony, and we haven't time for it now.\"\nLate one afternoon shortly before Christmas we were sitting contentedly\nin front of the fire in Pat's apartment when the front door buzzer\nsounded. She pressed the speaker button.\n\"Hello, who's there?\"\n\"It's Hallam. I've brought you a visitor. May we come up?\"\n\"Certainly, come right in.\"\nA few moments later they walked through the opened door.\n\"This is Inspector James of the RCMP,\" said Hallam, introducing a tall,\nthin, grey-haired man in civilian clothes.\n\"Won't you sit down?\" Pat indicated chairs by the fire.\n\"How about a drink?\" I said to the Inspector.\n\"If you're having one.\"\n\"We were going to. Dr. Hallam likes Scotch and water. With a name like\nyours you might like the same.\"\n\"That will be fine, thank you.\"\nI brought their drinks and poured our usual gin and Italian vermouth\nfor Pat and myself.\n\"Inspector James has been in charge of the investigation into the virus\nwarfare theory,\" Dr. Hallam began. \"He knows your stories already but\nsomething new has come up and he wanted to talk to you.\" He settled\nback in his chair and looked over at James.\nInspector James took his cue. \"Since Dr. Hallam proved that the aerosol\nbomb contained virus, we have been trying to track down all possible\nagents, and our maritime division has been searching for the ship off\nour coast. We have been in constant contact with the FBI and the US\nCoastguard, and through them, with the US Armed Forces. As far as we\ncan determine, one group of saboteurs inoculated the Vancouver area,\nthe Interior of British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest. Then they\ndisappeared.\"\n\"You actually traced some of them?\" Pat asked.\n\"No, I'm afraid we didn't,\" James said ruefully. \"We base our\nconclusions on indirect evidence, stories like those Dr. Macdonald\nfound in the public health reports, you know, aerosol bombs triggered\noff accidentally and so on. The epidemic pattern in BC is now following\na more natural course so we believe the agents left ... probably they\nwere recalled right after that fight you had.\"\n\"There might still be some undercover agents left,\" I guessed. \"Natural\nepidemics tend to die out, even as virulent as this one is. However, if\nthey give it a boost from time to time, they might get eighty or ninety\npercent of the population. Anything less wouldn't be too damaging, we\ncould make up the population deficit in a few years.\"\n\"We thought of that, Doctor, and we are continuing the search. However,\nthe main party of agents appears to have left. Some days after your\nfight, routine air patrols noticed what could have been the Japanese\nfishing boat off California. Not long afterwards, San Francisco, Los\nAngeles and San Diego had their first outbreaks. Unfortunately our\ngovernments had not yet given the order to find and arrest all agents.\nBy the time that order was given, the ship had disappeared. We presume\nit stayed out at sea. The epidemics in Mexico originated in Monterey,\nVera Cruz and Mexico City, which makes us think they were started by\nsaboteurs operating from the Atlantic side.\"\n\"Last week there was the beginning of an epidemic in Medellin,\nColombia, and then in Guayaquil, Ecuador, which appeared separately\nfrom the already established disease in Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires\nand other eastern cities of South America. Our consulates and the\nUnited States embassies in those countries had been warned and passed\nthe word on to our Latin American friends.\" He paused to drink his\nScotch and then continued. \"The countries concerned have been searching\ntheir coasts for any sign of strange vessels but without success until\nyesterday.\"\n\"You mean they found the boat?\" I interrupted hopefully.\n\"I believe so,\" he said. \"Ecuador, as you know, owns the Galapagos\nIslands, well off the coast, and for many years a favorite\nout-of-the-way retreat for all sorts of people. Now Ecuador claims\nfishing grounds a great distance off her coast and around the islands.\nThis has led to a lot of international incidents and sometimes to\nconfiscation of fishing boats stopped inside these limits by Ecuadorean\ngunboats and charged with poaching. Well, these annoying rules proved\nvery useful yesterday. A spotter plane found a black cannery ship\nflying a Japanese flag in the waters off the Galapagos. That vessel is\nnow anchored in the main harbor--I forget the name--under the guns of a\npatrol boat.\"\n\"Wonderful,\" Pat breathed. \"What about the crew?\"\n\"I haven't any information about them but I do have a request from\nthe Department of State of the U.S.A. that you fly down to Ecuador\nand, with their consular officials, and I suppose the Ecuadorean\nauthorities, go to the Galapagos to see the ship and crew. This is\nnecessary because it must be kept secret. We don't want the Communists,\nif that's who they are, to get suspicious. This must look like a simple\narrest for poaching, at least for the present.\"\n\"Do both of us go?\" I said.\n\"That was the intention, since you both saw the men and the boat,\" the\nInspector smiled, \"and of course all expenses will be paid.\"\n\"Oh boy!\" I looked at Pat. \"Christmas this year is going to be a summer\nvacation ... the one we didn't get.\"\nWe flew south to Quito in one of the fast new jets of the Canadian\nPacific Airlines and from there to the Galapagos in a much less\ncomfortable Ecuadorean Air Force transport plane. The air-strip on\nBaltra Island, so busy during World War II, lay neglected and forlorn\namong the lava blocks and scrub. From it to the Governor's house on\nChatham Island, we rode first by motor launch and then in a rusty old\njeep, probably another relic of that war or subsequent lend-lease.\n\"I wish I could see a tortoise,\" I said, clinging desperately to the\nstruts of the canvas top as we bounded through clouds of dust from the\njeep ahead.\n\"They're probably all in zoos now,\" Pat said, mopping cautiously at her\nface where the makeup was slowly melting in the steamy tropical heat.\n\"You couldn't see one anyway in this dust.\"\nIt was a little cooler on the screened-in porch of the residence. The\nGovernor, a fat little man who looked like the caricature of a Mexican\nsnoozing under a tree, fussed around all the important visitors. With\nobvious pride he produced cold drinks from what was probably the only\nrefrigerator on the island. I took a long draught of beer, settled back\nwith a sigh and looked out over Wreck Bay.\n\"Hey! There's the fishing boat.\" I sat up again excitedly and pointed\nit out to Pat. The officials exchanged nods and smiles. It was the\nboat ... the first test of identification was over. An hour later we\nwent aboard although there was nothing to see that could be of use\nin solving the case. All the tanks intended for holding fish were\nempty and had been flushed with sea water. One tank held fish when the\nship was captured, probably as camouflage. There was a well-equipped\nlaboratory but that had been explained away as necessary for marine\nbiology research. There was absolutely no clue. No trace of aerosol\nbombs or other apparatus for holding the virus had been found.\nAshore again, we were taken to see the prisoners, watching them through\npeepholes as they exercised in the small jailyard. Almost at once Pat\nshook me and tried to point through the little peephole before she\nrealized how silly that was.\n\"Did you see that tall man on crutches?\"\n\"Yes, it's the one I tossed on the deck.\"\n\"And there's the second man, and ... look over to the right there, by\nthe wall! That's the leader, I'm sure of it!\"\n\"Wait till he comes closer,\" I said, \"but I think you're right.\"\nThe crew members were circling around the yard, getting exercise under\nsupervision of the guards. As they came closer to our hiding place\nthere was no doubt. Yellow-hair and his pals were there.\nOne by one, the three Slavs were called in to stand before us. The\nblond leader was first. I thought his eyes widened a little when he\nsaw me. There must certainly have been despair in his heart when he\nrealized that they were not being held as poachers, but his control was\nadmirable.\n\"Do you know these people?\" The question was in English.\n\"No.\"\n\"You never saw them before?\"\n\"No.\"\n\"What about that night at Horseshoe Bay,\" I broke in.\n\"I don't know what you are talking about.\"\nIt was useless, and had been from the start. All three men stuck to the\nsame story. They were White Russians in the pay of a Japanese fishing\ncompany, partly as laboratory workers and partly for their ability to\nspeak several languages.\nWe went back to the Governor's house feeling defeated. This was an\nanticlimax. The only points in our favor were that we had recognized\nthe boat and three crew members immediately, and our descriptions of\nthe men, given in Canada, corresponded quite well with their present\nappearance. Unfortunately, I had washed the fingerprints off the\naerosol bomb in the shower, and with them, the only material evidence\nof the Russians' connection with the S-Flu. Or was it? I was thinking\nover the problem as we sat down to a late lunch.\nWhile we ate both the Ecuadoreans and Americans questioned us politely\nbut thoroughly. As they explained to us, the question of identity was\nextremely important. We were the only witnesses that the captured\nRussians had actually possessed a virus-filled aerosol bomb and on\nthat one fact might rest the future of the world. Where they had come\nfrom was by no means certain. The ship's papers, and those of the crew\nindicated Hakodate as their port of origin but the Japanese embassy in\nQuito had indignantly repudiated them, insisting that no such ship was\nregistered in Hokkaido. There was nothing to link them with the USSR,\nwhich had not bothered, so far, to answer the first discreet inquiries.\n\"Did the Russians tell you where they came from?\" I asked.\n\"From Hokkaido,\" the American military attache said.\n\"No, no, I mean recently. Where has the ship been sailing.\"\n\"They claim they've been following currents across the Pacific, looking\nfor new fishing grounds.\"\n\"Then they were not near British Columbia?\"\n\"Not according to their stories, nor to the ship's log.\"\n\"There's a couple of ways we might check that. The Russians went\nashore in B.C. Maybe they'll have pollen grains or dust in their\nclothes that could be traced to that part of the world.\"\n\"It's a possibility. We'll look into it.\"\n\"And then there's my sloop. We scraped along the side of the fishing\nboat and some paint must have come off. I haven't had time to repair\nit. At least that might prove we have met before, if the paints are\nsimilar, which would make our bomb warfare theory much more credible.\"\n\"It certainly would. We need all the evidence we can get.\"\n\"What are you going to do with them?\" I asked the senior American\nofficer after lunch.\n\"We have practically convinced the Ecuadoreans that these people\nare really saboteurs, but naturally nobody is going to say anything\nabout that. Our Latin friends are past masters of the art of\n'ma\u00f1ana'--I think they could give the Russians and Chinese lessons in\nprocrastination. They have agreed to hold the ship as long as they can\non the poaching charge. If neither the Japs nor the Soviets claim it,\nthat could mean indefinitely. I think it's too late to do much good,\"\nhe concluded thoughtfully. \"The epidemic is already out of control down\nhere. The health services are too small and the distances too great, to\nsay nothing of the lack of education of many of the people, ever to\nstop a pandemic without outside help. We in the States used to send aid\nbut this time we have our own hands full.\"\n\"It sounds pretty hopeless.\"\n\"It is. Thank God the measlepox isn't here too or this continent would\ngo back to the jungle.\"\nBack in Quito I stood with Pat on the balcony of our room. We were both\nquiet, pleasantly tired. In another few days we would have to return to\nthe northern hemisphere and winter, but here, under the summer moon, it\nwas almost impossible to imagine. I looked over the railing down the\nnarrow street with its high-walled houses. In the cool air the faint\nsound of music and singing carried up from the town. Apparently the flu\ncouldn't dampen all the liveliness of these people.\n\"If I had a guitar I'd get down there in the street and serenade you,\"\nI said playfully, my arm around her slim waist.\n\"If you could sing, I wouldn't mind,\" she retorted.\n\"Doggone it, already you sound more like a wife than a mistress,\" I\ncomplained. \"Where have all those romantic ideas and that passionate\nlovemaking gone?\"\nShe batted her eyes at me. \"Why don't you take me inside and find out.\"\nIn the early part of the new year, work piled up increasingly. Under\ninstruction from the Minister of Health of British Columbia, the Virus\nResearch Laboratory was turned over to federal control. In addition\nto our attempt to modify the S-Flu, we were engaged in highly secret\nresearch on the synthesis of viruses, in cooperation with the National\nResearch Council of Canada and its American counterpart. Pat was\nstill working although sometimes she was extremely tired and I was\nworried about her. The work was so secret that, instead of marrying\nme and settling down to being a housewife, she had stayed on at the\nLab at the Chief's urgent request. She and Polly, besides being the\nbest technicians in the hospital, were the only ones who knew the\nwhole story of the virus war. Hallam knew by now that we were living\ntogether constantly but we all realized that there was no time for a\nhoneymoon and the legal ceremony didn't seem very important under the\ncircumstances.\nA few weeks after our return from Quito the Chief had been called to\nOttawa. On his return Pat invited him to our apartment for dinner.\nPolly and Harry made up the party. A couple of cocktails before dinner\nloosened our tongues and even Harry, who had been rather morose since\nthe flu caught him, was able to laugh at the Chief's fund of good\nstories. Polly was her loquacious self again, I noted. Having the flu\nshortly after Harry hadn't bothered her much, but Harry's evident\ndepression had.\nAfter a heaping plate of lasagne and a large slice of fresh apple pie,\nHallam sat back and loosened his belt with a sigh of repletion.\n\"It may be bad manners,\" he admitted with a smile, \"but if I don't,\nI'll explode.\"\nI offered him either a Drambuie or Australian port to go with his\ncigar. It was difficult choice as he loved both. The port won, for\npatriotic reasons, he said, and he tippled and puffed for a few minutes\nin complete contentment.\n\"You know, if I'd been ten years younger I'd have proposed to you\nmyself.\" He winked at Pat. \"The only trouble is that I wouldn't have\nbeen able to decide whether to keep you in the Lab or have you stay\nhome to cook.\"\nFor a moment there was silence as we watched the fire. Then the Chief\ntook a deep breath and let it whistle out of his nose.\n\"You're waiting to hear what happened down East, I imagine.\"\nWe all nodded and he continued. \"When I arrived in Ottawa I checked\nwith the Minister of Health but he wouldn't tell me anything. The\nfollowing morning we flew to Washington where we were to attend a top\nsecret conference headed by Prime Minister Macpherson of Canada and\nPresident Johnson of the United States.\" He paused. \"Johnson, you\nremember, was the dark horse Democrat who swept the country after the\nmoderate depression of the late fifties and the consequent decline in\npopularity of the Republicans.\"\n\"Anyway,\" he resumed, \"the senior members of the Canadian cabinet and\ncorresponding members of the United States Executive and Congress were\nto be there, as well as the military heads and observers from the\nBritish Commonwealth countries which had representation in Washington.\nThe next morning, in the underground military headquarters which had\nbeen prepared for thermonuclear warfare, we assembled at our appointed\ndesks. With their usual love for conferences, the Americans had made\nelaborate preparations, and we all had name tags and name plates on our\ndesks, as well as microphones and loudspeakers so we could identify\nand hear anyone in the room. With very little preamble, both heads of\nstate were introduced. The President was the first to speak. I'll try\nto give it to you as he said it.\"\n\"Gentlemen,\" the President began, \"for one hundred and fifty years\nour two governments have been at peace and for the greater part of\nthat time we have cooperated amicably on major problems. Since World\nWar Two, that cooperation has continued with such projects as the\nSaint Lawrence Seaway, the DEW line, the various military highways,\ncoordination of defense plans and military maneuvers, so it seems\nnatural that we should cooperate now, in what I honestly believe is\nthe greatest threat we have ever faced. The Prime Minister and I have\nalready talked this over and he agrees with me that, because of the\npeculiar nature of this world war ... and I have no doubt that it is\nwar ... we can make no public announcements at present, nor should we\nretaliate in ways which will cause greater harm to our people than they\nhave already suffered.\" He paused briefly. \"Let me make that concept\nclear.\n\"As most of you know by now, sterility flu is a synthetic disease\nagent introduced into the democratic nations by agents of the USSR.\nThe evidence for this seems conclusive, especially as our own agents\nhave succeeded in getting to us a few samples of the vaccines used to\ninoculate the school children and the members of the military services\nof that country. These vaccines were in use before ... I emphasize ...\nBEFORE sterility flu was reported in the western world. Our scientists\ntell me they contain protection against the S-Flu and probably, though\nthis is not yet proved beyond doubt, against the so-called measlepox\nwhich is killing millions of people in Asia and Africa. We have\nindirect evidence that these same vaccines were also used to protect\nlarge numbers of Soviet civilians, adults that is, but not all of them.\nIt has been extremely difficult and dangerous for our agents to obtain\nenough samples for testing as the vaccines are closely guarded and the\nwhole manufacturing process is of the utmost secrecy. Apparently the\ndictatorial clique has decided to sacrifice a large number of unwanted\nhuman beings in the interests of Communism, under the guise of breeding\na better race by elimination of undesirables. By sacrificing part of\ntheir own population they hope to persuade us that they, too, are\ninnocent victims of world-wide pandemics. With this diabolical plot\nthey hope to avoid the inevitable retaliation that would follow an\nopen act of war such as a hydrogen bomb attack.\"\nThere was murmuring through the assembly. Many of the lawmakers had not\nknown all the facts before the conference and none had seen the attack\ndevelop as we had.\n\"The credit for the discovery of this plot goes to Dr. Hallam of\nVancouver, Canada, who is here in this room. He first suspected it and\none of his associates, an American and former member of the United\nStates Army Medical Corps, had the courage and good fortune to capture\nthe first piece of vital evidence which proves this theory. It was an\naerosol bomb, in the hands of men posing as recent immigrants to North\nAmerica. By an extraordinary coincidence, and shrewd deduction, this\ngentleman was able to point to the ship that brought these men ashore.\nIn fact his boat was in collision with the vessel as was subsequently\nproved by comparing paint scars and analysing the chemical composition\nof the paint from the two vessels. This gave us enough evidence to put\nour agents in Russia to work, with the result I have mentioned. If it\nwere not for Dr. Hallam's deductions about the nature of the disease,\nand the early use of anti-serum, we should today be in an almost\nhopeless situation.\n\"As a result of this bacteriological, or rather virus warfare, we\nestimate that at least eighty percent of the population of India,\nChina, the East Indies and Africa has died or will die from measlepox.\nThere is no natural immunity. Our reports show that it has gained in\nvirulence and shortened its incubation period as it spread and the\nmortality is reported as one hundred percent of those it attacks. Only\npneumonic plague has ever equalled its deadliness and that died out\nafter a while. The great increase in density of populations and in\ntransportation facilities in the past fifty years, plus the artificial\nstimulation to further spread, has made this disease far more horrible.\nAs you know already, all travel off this continent is now halted and\nnobody is allowed to enter by sea until a compulsory quarantine period\noutside the three mile limit has passed. Air traffic is under military\norders. All troops and dependents overseas in threatened areas such as\nKorea, are already evacuated to quarantine zones in safe territory.\nA few members of advisory groups are staying behind, on a voluntary\nbasis, to help our allies. Other garrisons, for example in Okinawa, are\nready to leave.\"\nThere was a mixed reaction to this information, obvious in nods or\nshakes of heads.\n\"I realize this may leave our bases open to occupation by the enemy,\"\nthe President continued, \"but such would be open aggression and I do\nnot believe they will risk it, especially if they think we are beaten\nalready; they will be expecting to take over in their own good time.\"\nHe stopped to drink from his water glass. \"In the West we have a\ndifferent problem. The enemy, hoping we would not be unduly alarmed by\nwhat seemed little worse than an epidemic of colds, infected us with\nsterility flu. The plan was to sterilize most of our male population\nbefore we became alert to the danger. It almost succeeded.\n\"I have the latest report from our public health authorities. It is\nestimated that eighty percent of the population of the United States\nand Canada has had, or will have, the S-Flu. Some twenty-five million\npeople, both male and female, who are known to have escaped the\ndisease, are at present protected either by weekly injections or by\nisolation, and we are searching vigorously for others. We hope in a\nfew months time to have a vaccine which will give lasting protection.\nThe combined police forces of both countries are searching night and\nday for the agents who, we suspect, are hiding in our cities, fanning\nthe flu to fresh vigor whenever it shows signs of abating. If twenty\npercent do escape, since most of the females apparently do not become\nsterile, the future of our countries therefore will depend on the\ntwenty million uninfected males. However, probably half of these are\neither too old or too young to be of use for procreation at this time.\nThat leaves us with only ten million potential fathers north of the Rio\nGrande.\"\nHe paused to let this sink in and the buzz of conversation broke into\nexcited comment. Tempers were getting short and here and there fists\npounded the desks to emphasize a point. The chairman rapped for order\nand the President resumed as the noise died.\n\"The situation in Central and South America is worse. They do not\nhave adequate facilities to protect their populations. Evidence is\nnow coming in that S-Flu has also been let loose along with measlepox\nin the Orient so that those who escape the one and live may well have\nbeen sterilized by the other. The European countries have closed their\nborders in an attempt to keep the measlepox out. They are already\noverwhelmingly affected by the S-Flu.\n\"To sum up, except for the immunized master race of the USSR, the\npeoples of the world are either dead, dying or sterile. If ten percent\nescape one or the other fate we will be lucky. It might be considered\nthat the war is already won, and so it is in the dying Orient, but we,\nalthough we are sterile, are still eager to fight ... and fight we must\nif we are to save America and democracy for our children.\"\nA roar of cheering drowned his attempt to continue. Senators, soldiers\nand members of parliament were up on their feet, yelling, cursing,\nbanging desks or releasing their anger in any way they could find.\n\"Give them the Hell bomb,\" yelled one.\n\"Send over our planes,\" a portly congressman screamed.\n\"Kill them all, the monsters.\"\n\"It was terrific,\" Hallam broke off his recitation to comment. \"I was\nsure several of those old cobbers would have a heart attack, they were\nso mad. Then somebody cut off the microphones and the noise became\nbearable. Finally the President managed to get their attention and we\nall sat down again and listened.\"\n\"Your response is most heartening,\" the President resumed, \"and just\nwhat I expected. However I want to make one point clear now. I, and Mr.\nMacpherson agrees with me, do not believe that the H-bomb or any other\nordinary form of war is the answer to this for two reasons.\n\"Firstly, we have only a small fertile population left on which to\nrebuild our nations. The radiation effects of nuclear warfare might\nwell turn those children of the future into misshapen monsters. We\nwould have revenge at the cost of self destruction. Secondly, this is\nstill an undeclared war. The Reds are probably counting on victory and\ndo not know that we are aware of their villainy. They will not expect\na counter-attack as long as we pretend ignorance. It is up to us to\ndeliver one that will catch them too by surprise. If we succeed we turn\nwhat appears to be inevitable defeat into victory. At the same time we\nmust direct our efforts into other channels and find ways in which to\nmaintain our strength in manpower as well as in machines.\n\"For our first task--that is, the winning of the war, I believe we\nmust remember the old saying, fight fire with fire. Our best hope is\nin utilizing our own scientists to produce biological or chemical\nweapons which will do to the Communists what they have done to us. For\nthe second task I believe we will need new laws and new concepts of\nhuman behavior. We will have an opportunity, unequalled in history, to\ndetermine the future quality of our citizens. Let us go to this task\nfull of confidence in our ability and thankful the Creator has allowed\nus another chance.\"\n\"After the President spoke,\" Hallam continued, \"there was an explosion\nof applause, cheering, hand-clapping, shouting, whistling. It was long\nminutes before Mr. Macpherson could get their attention. He pledged\nCanada's full cooperation. In turn, the Commonwealth observers promised\nto get the help of their governments. Finally, committees were formed\nand the details of the President's broad concepts hashed out. Not every\nproblem was settled right then, of course; that will take months, but\nthe preliminary decisions were made.\"\n\"That's about the size of it,\" Hallam drained his glass, \"except for\nwhat we are to do. Since we have been working on the S-Flu, we are to\nkeep on, but with a different goal. We now have to build up a virus of\nour own with either a sterility factor or lethal properties and a very\nshort incubation period.\"\n\"That's what the President meant by turning their weapons against\nthem,\" Pat said.\n\"That is part of it,\" Hallam agreed. \"It is axiomatic that this new\nvirus must be far enough from the old one that there is little or no\ncross immunity, so that the vaccine the Reds took will not protect\nthem.\"\n\"A tall order,\" I said glumly, \"and while we try to do it, we hope the\nCommies will sit still, convinced that we are not suspicious of them.\"\n\"Like any murderers,\" Hallam said, \"the Russians have to wait to see if\nthe police suspect them. In the meantime, if they are smart, they won't\ndraw suspicion on themselves by trying to profit from their crime.\nIf my reasoning is correct, they may sit tight long enough for our\nsurprise counter-attack to work.\"\n\"You said there were several committees, didn't you?\" Pat questioned\nhim. \"Have you any idea what other plans were made?\"\n\"There are many lines of attack open,\" the Chief replied. \"The\nDepartments of Agriculture of our countries have been working on\nB.W. for some time, as it concerns plants and animals. If we\ncould ruin Russian crops or kill their animals it might force them to\ncapitulate from starvation. The weather experts are studying ways of\ndoing the same thing by droughts, storms and so on. And of course the\nphysicists think of such things as causing radioactive clouds over\nSiberia. The trouble is, we don't want to make the Reds suspicious too\nsoon, or give them an excuse for starting all-out atomic warfare, or\neven so-called conventional war. Our people are close to extinction\nnow, with only ten million breeding males. It seems like a lot but\nunless they are protected, we are finished.\"\n\"What's to be done about this sterility problem?\" Polly spoke up.\n\"There's bound to be a lot of discussion and some bitter arguments on\nthat,\" Hallam smiled at her. \"There are about thirty million women\nof childbearing age in the United States and Canada, of whom roughly\ntwenty million might be from sweet sixteen to a very desirable thirty\nor so,\" he grinned at the girls as he talked and they laughed.\n\"O.K. that's us,\" Polly said, \"the or-so gals.\"\nHallam continued, \"And only ten million more or less desirable but\npresumably still potent males from say eighteen to fifty or so.\" He\nsaw Pat's mischievous smile and added, \"Yes, that's me.\" He went back\nto his thesis. \"Only five million of these would be of compatible age\nto marry the younger women, assuming nobody is married right now.\nIf we could forget age differences, it means one man to every three\nwomen of childbearing age. The problem is much more complicated, as\nyou can imagine, since many of these fertile men are already married\nand many more women, who could bear children, are married to sterile\nmales. If we were Muslims or old-time Mormons, it might be possible\nto start harems of fertile people but with our present customs that's\nimpossible.\"\n\"Rough on the sterile males,\" I said smugly, \"but mighty nice for the\nrest. What are we going to do--wear a badge or something?\" I stopped in\nsudden realization; Harry had had the flu. He sat there silently, his\nface impassive. The only thing to do was to carry on.\n\"Get that smirk off your face,\" Pat ordered. \"You aren't a free agent\nany more.\"\n\"Sometimes I envy you real bachelors, Chief,\" I said, and sighed deeply\nin mock despair.\nHallam chuckled and then said seriously, \"If we sit and do nothing\nthe population will drop off drastically as the old folks die but\neventually, in a normal situation, the race would renew itself. It\nmight be a good thing too, we have too many people now, except for one\nthing ... we need continuing manpower to beat the Communists.\"\nHe stopped to consider his next point. \"To me, the logical solution\nis legal artificial insemination, voluntary of course, with sperm\nfrom carefully selected donors. In that way we would have less of\na population drop and, I believe, improve the quality of the race;\nbut it's a highly controversial question from scientific, legal and\nreligious points of view. The committee will take some time and a lot\nof hearings before making even tentative decisions.\"\nHe stopped, and for a moment we were silent, thinking about our\nproblems. Pat spoke first, \"I keep remembering how we became aware\nof the S. factor ... I mean when that ferret aborted. I wonder if we\ncould use that as our weapon. If all the farm animals and women in\nRussia were unable to conceive, or miscarry when they did, it would do\nthe trick ... and it's a lot harder to determine whether a female is\nsterile than it is in a man.\"\n\"You have a possibility,\" I admitted. \"Sometimes it's better to hit\nan enemy with a variation of his own favorite trick than to have an\nentirely new approach. If we could do that, we might fool the Reds into\nthinking something had gone wrong with their own S-Flu virus, such as\nanother mutation. The difficulty is to avoid cross-immunity. We might\ndo better to alter the measlepox so it would turn on them and kill\nthem.\"\n\"Then you have lost the element of uncertainty that made the S-Flu so\nvaluable a weapon,\" Polly said. \"They could rally in time to stop it.\"\n\"A very good point.\" Harry spoke for the first time.\nAgain there was silence. I got up quietly to refill the glasses. Harry\nwas staring at the fire; his face in the flickering light seemed tired\nand sad. I caught Polly watching him and saw the look of concern in her\nface and the faint wrinkle of perplexity between those artistically\ndarkened eyebrows. The Chief was sunk down in his chair, in a daze\npartly of thought and partly of satiety. Absently he lifted his glass\nfor a refill and then, looking through the deep red port to the\nfirelight, he said to the room,\n\"The U.S. Navy is sending a special research team out to Formosa and\nthe Army one to Japan, to study measlepox. Years ago they established\nwell equipped research laboratories in those countries. The Canadian\ngovernment wants one to go to Hong Kong.\"\nPat threw a quick glance at me but said nothing as he went on.\n\"They asked me for suggestions and I told them I'd take the team, but\nthe Premier put his veto on that. He won't let me go. I objected to\nmarried men because it's likely to be dangerous work, at least until we\nget enough of the Russian vaccines to inoculate our men.\"\n\"When do they go?\" I said.\n\"The advance parties should leave in a fortnight.\"\n\"Somebody should go from here, and since you can't go, that means me.\"\nI had no wish to be a hero but there is a certain pride in a man. Our\nlaboratory was the biggest, and I thought the best, virus research\ncenter in Canada. Somebody obviously had to do the dirty work if we\nwere to be saved from destruction. Sooner or later the measlepox would\ninvade the Americas or be brought in deliberately by the Reds. To\nparaphrase the old saying, as they wouldn't \"let George do it,\" and as\nGeorge was my boss, I was next in line.\nThe Chief was nodding his head in reluctant agreement as these thoughts\nran in my head.\n\"Hold on a minute, there,\" Harry had come out of his trance and the\nsadness in his face was replaced by the excited, determined look of the\nvolunteer, the man with an ideal. \"This job is mine, it has to be!\"\nPolly was staring at him, her mouth half open, her drink stopped on the\nway to her lips. She put it down and spread her hands in appeal.\n\"I declare, the man's just naturally crazy,\" she said to Pat.\n\"They both are,\" Pat muttered angrily.\nNone of the men paid any attention.\n\"Why so, Harry?\" Dr. Hallam asked.\n\"Sir, I've never said much about my parents except that they were\nmedical missionaries in China and that I grew up there before the\nSecond World War. You knew that, didn't you?\"\nThe Chief nodded in agreement.\n\"Well, there's one point in my favor. I speak several Chinese dialects\nand can work without an interpreter. If we go to the mainland I know my\nway about, too. And I know enough virology to do field work.\"\nHallam nodded again. \"That's true enough.\"\n\"But that's not all. I have a personal score to settle with the Reds\nand by God, here's my chance!\" He leaned forward and almost spat the\nwords right into Hallam's astonished eyes. Seeing Harry get angry was\nsomething like seeing an iceberg suddenly spout fire.\n\"I told you that my parents were missionaries in China. What I didn't\ntell you is that they never got out!\"\nHe stopped. The rush of angry words from his flushed face died away\ninto the room. In my mind they echoed again. \"They never got out ...\nnever got out ... never.\" We waited. The soft rustle of the flames\nseemed loud as their shadows wavered on the circle of still faces, all\neyes were riveted on Harry.\nMore quietly now, his face once more almost its impassive self, he went\non.\n\"They stayed with the Chinese Nationalist Forces all through the world\nwar and afterwards, when the Communists took over, they were lost. When\nI was demobbed from the British Army I went to Hong Kong but I couldn't\ntrace them and I couldn't get back into China. Some of the refugees I\nmet thought they'd been executed for aiding the anti-communists ...\nmostly their own converts to Christianity, but there was no proof.\nThat's why I came over here to work when I ran out of money. Vancouver\nis the closest main port to the Orient and I hoped I might keep in\ntouch while I made a living. Now I know they are almost certainly\ndead ... and I want a chance to do something to beat those Red pigs.\"\nHis voice rose again on the last sentence and he looked straight at the\nDirector. Hallam had sunk deep into his chair, again, his eyes shaded\nbehind the heavy rims of his glasses.\n\"I see ... I see now,\" he murmured. \"Yes, you must have your chance.\"\nI looked over at Polly. Her eyes were wet and her lower lip looked\nsuspiciously tight. She said nothing as Pat put a warm arm around her\nshoulders.\nHarry was staring again at the fire. He was not here. Somewhere in\nChina, or maybe nowhere in this world, was the red hell he saw in the\nflames.\nThe Ides of March, as I like to call the month, were upon us. Once in a\nwhile the sun peered through the heavy clouds, sliding its pale beams\nbetween their tumbling banks to reach the soggy earth. Then came a\nnight of rain, of heavy wind and thrashing trees; a faint rumbling of\nthunder over the sea and the mountains. I woke up and lay listening to\nthe water as it dripped on the balcony while Pat, in troubled sleep,\nmuttered and moved beside me. I woke again to a bright, cloudless sky,\na perfect spring day.\nAfter the routine checking of our animals and cultures, Dr. Hallam\ncalled a halt.\n\"Pat, you're tired,\" he said. \"I think you're going stale.\"\n\"I'm slowed to a walk. It must be spring fever.\"\n\"It's spring all right,\" I said. \"Look at that beautiful sunshine. It's\ntime to shuck off the long woollies and take a big dose of sulphur and\nmolasses.\"\n\"What a horrible thought,\" Pat grimaced, \"Did you ever taste it?\"\n\"I sure did,\" I said. \"My mother was the old-fashioned\ncastor-oil-is-good-for-you type. She thought I needed a tonic to get\nthe sap running every spring.\"\n\"The sap can run again ... right out to Stanley Park,\" Hallam grinned,\n\"and take Pat with you. She needs a rest and some fresh air. I'm going\nto play golf. We'll start again tomorrow.\"\nWe had reached a lull in our experiments. It was the obvious time for a\nbreak.\nI drove slowly through the park until, in a grassy enclosure not far\nfrom Brockton Point, we found the seclusion we wanted. In midweek, at\nthat time of day, we had the place almost to ourselves. I put down a\nground-sheet, opened the car blanket on it, and we lay down. The mild\nsea breeze rustled soothingly in my ears and brought with it the faint\nsplashing of the tide against the jumbled boulders of the shore. A\ndeep sea ship hooted at the Lion's Gate bridge and, like an echo, the\nanswering call gave it clearance to pass. For a moment more I lay still\nbut the bustle of life around me was too strong to allow relaxation\nand I sat up to look out over the harbor. I turned to Pat as she lay\nquietly beside me. The wind had settled her dress closely to her parted\nlegs. I followed the clean lines upward, and when I got to her eyes I\nsaw that she had been watching me. They sparkled with amusement.\n\"Like what you see, huh?\" she teased me.\n\"Love it, darling,\" I replied and leaned over for a kiss.\nShe broke it off before I was through and as I backed away I saw the\nslight frown that deepened the lines above her nose.\n\"What's the matter?\"\n\"Nothing much, I hope. A slight pain in my stomach.\" She used the word\nin the ordinary sense.\n\"Whereabouts?\"\n\"Low down above the pubis. It's gone now.\"\nI laid my hand on the lower part of her belly and palpated it softly.\nThere was no rigidity, no unusual mass.\n\"Does that hurt?\" I probed deeper.\n\"No, it's a little uncomfortable, that's all.\"\nI thought momentarily of the various possibilities and then dismissed\nit. The day was too lovely to spoil with a clinical discussion.\n\"Something you ate, no doubt.\" I smiled at her and lowered my mouth to\ntouch her full red lips gently, once again.\nShe pushed me away. \"That's enough. This place is too public.\"\nI studied the bold contour of her nose and concluded that it was\ntoo large for true beauty ... the French influence, no doubt, in her\nLouisiana heritage. Her attractiveness was in her expressions more than\nin physical structure, I decided, but the mouth was perfect, no doubt\nabout that, and her grey eyes as clear as a mountain pool filtered\nthrough limestone. I snuggled close to her, contentedly, and was\nbeginning to doze in the fresh warmth of the springtime air when I felt\nher body tighten. I opened my eyes and rested on one elbow, watching\nher.\n\"What is it baby, the pain again?\"\n\"Yes, it's crampy now ... something like a bad period,\" she twisted a\nlittle.\n\"Is it that time of the month again?\"\n\"It could be. I've been having odd periods, very slight flow. I thought\nI might possibly be pregnant. It's been that way since I seduced you in\nDecember.\"\n\"That wasn't seduction, baby. That was merely anticipating the\ninevitable.\"\nI began to question her seriously. There was little doubt in my mind\nafter a few minutes that, if she wasn't pregnant, she was not behaving\nas a normal woman should. While we talked the pain returned, cramping\nand severe. She went white and pressed her hands to her belly in\nsearch of relief. That ruined the day. I took her home immediately.\n\"Take your clothes off and lie on the bed. I want to examine you,\" I\nsaid when we got there.\nWhen I had finished there wasn't much doubt. She was about three months\npregnant and threatening to abort. I left her in bed while I washed\nmy hands. Then I came back and told her. For a moment she tried to be\nbrave but then the tears came and I held her tight while her sobs shook\nus both.\n\"I've been afraid something might happen,\" she said finally, after I'd\nwiped off her wet face with a towel.\nI sat on the edge of the bed. \"Why?\"\n\"You know I've been working with female ferrets, infected from the\noriginal one that aborted, trying to find out if that virus was a\nmutant from the S-Flu.\"\n\"Yes, I know that.\"\n\"I've passed it through quite a few females now and it's been showing\ndefinite differences. A week ago, I transferred it again and the\nferrets got sick. I was working with one three days ago and it got\nloose and jumped on my shoulder and sneezed and clawed me as I tried to\nget it down and put it back in its cage.\"\n\"You had your suit on, didn't you?\"\n\"Of course I did, but after I came out of the shower I noticed a\nlittle dampness. I checked the suit and found a defective shoulder seam\nwhere the helmet joins on. I suppose the ferret's claws opened it up.\nWith all that movement I could have sucked some infected air into the\nsuit.\"\n\"I don't know. With a separate air supply it doesn't seem too likely\nunless the claws carried virus inside like a hypodermic injection. It\ndidn't scratch you, did it?\"\n\"A little bit, I think, but it was on a place where I couldn't see it.\nI washed it with disinfectant later.\"\n\"Oh my God, what next?\" I exclaimed. \"But you've been having some\nirregular bleeding before this. Maybe it would have happened anyway.\nYou don't have any signs of the flu?\"\n\"I feel a bit stuffy and aching as if I were getting a cold.\"\n\"Well, we'll see. You rest here while I figure out what to do.\"\nThe fact that this might be the mutation we were looking for didn't\npenetrate just then. All I cared about was that Pat was sick and I had\nto take care of her, if possible, without a scandal. I was standing\nbeside the bed, my mind racing over the various possibilities when she\ngroaned and whispered, \"John, the pain is really bad now. I think I'm\nbleeding too.\"\nI got her a couple of codeine tablets and then dialled the Chief. This\nwas one situation I couldn't handle myself, for obvious reasons, and I\nneeded someone with understanding and discretion.\nHe was there in less than fifteen minutes, fortunately having just\nreturned to the club house when I called. He heard my report. He\nchecked Pat himself. She was well along now and we both agreed that\nthere was no chance of stopping the miscarriage.\n\"Have you been close to many other people in the last three days?\" he\nasked her, looking very disturbed.\n\"Nobody but you and John, as far as I know,\" she gasped between spasms\nof pain.\nIt was probably true. We three were working on the secret problems in\nisolation during the day. Polly and Harry helped us with the procedures\nthat had to be done in the main lab and so were not in direct physical\ncontact with us. We seldom stopped work until long after the day\nworkers had left the Lab and were there in the morning before them.\nWe didn't go out for meals during the day as we had all we needed on\nthe top floor. I could see Hallam was concerned about the disease\ngetting loose. If the vaccine we had was no protection from this new\nmutation, and if Pat had a case of flu it obviously wasn't, then this\nnew disease could raise hell among the people and maybe finish what the\nReds had started.\n\"We can't stay here, and we can't take her to a hospital,\" the Chief\ndecided. \"We mustn't let this new virus get out. I'll have to take care\nof her myself in the Research Lab. There are some instruments there\nand we can get more if we need them.\" He looked down at Pat. \"I'm no\nobstetrician, my dear, but I think we can see you through this if you\nagree.\"\nPat smiled tiredly. \"You're a doctor, and a good one. Do what you think\nbest.\"\nI had to agree even though it frightened me. I'd seen dozens of similar\ncases in my earlier days as a young interne but my imagination was\ntoo active where my own loved ones were concerned. The main danger\nwas sudden hemorrhage but we could easily get blood sent up to us.\nOtherwise nature would probably take care of things in its own way. By\nnow it was after rush hour and the Lab would be empty. Once more we\nlet ourselves into the building and went up to the top floor, using\nthe elevator for Pat's sake. She could hardly walk by now, even with\nour help, and it was a struggle to get her to her room. Once there we\nstripped the bed down. I prepped her and draped her for delivery and\nthe Chief gave her intravenous demerol and a capsule of seconal. Then\nwe waited.\nAn hour later it was over. She had aborted spontaneously, and, as far\nas we could tell, completely. With the assistance of a small dose of\nergot we had controlled the bleeding and the uterus was small and firm.\nI checked her pulse and blood pressure. There was no sign of shock. She\nlay there quietly after I had changed the linen and, as I pulled the\ncovers over her, she took my hand.\n\"I'm so sorry, John,\" she said weakly. \"I guess I wrecked my own plans\nfor having your baby when I got careless with that ferret. Now I'm\nprobably sterile.\"\nShe began to cry silently, the big tears rolling slowly on to the\npillow.\nI stroked her damp hair back from her forehead and kissed her eyes\ngently. \"Maybe you aren't sterile,\" I said hopefully, \"and even if you\nare it doesn't matter. I love you, and I'll always love you, whether we\nhave children or not.\"\n\"I wonder how many years we'll have to spend cooped up in here?\" I\nsaid, half-seriously to Dr. Hallam later that night. Pat was sleeping\nsoundly under the influence of a capsule of sodium amytal he had given\nher. We had cooked a steak dinner and now we sat, weary but relieved,\nover our coffee.\n\"Lord alone knows,\" he said. \"We'll have to stay here now until we\nsee if you and I are going to catch this thing and what the effects\nwill be. I hope for the sake of our research project we do get it,\nalthough I'm not happy about being a guinea pig. Even if it proves to\nbe a suitable weapon we still have to come up with a cure for it, or\nrather a vaccine to prevent it, so our own people and our allies are\nprotected.\"\n\"Why include the allies?\" I said, merely for the sake of argument.\n\"Won't that increase the risk of the Reds learning our plans?\"\n\"It will, unless we take a calculated risk. I believe we should\nmanufacture vaccine and stockpile it, not to be issued until the\ndisease is actually causing epidemics in Russia. Then we can fly the\nvaccine all over the world and let our friends use it. Some people may\ncatch the disease, but not too many. We might even offer some to the\nRussians, to allay their suspicions, making sure it's too late to help\nmuch.\"\n\"But don't you think they'll get wise?\"\n\"Of course! But if we do it right I believe they won't dare to use open\naggression any more than we are doing.\"\n\"This kind of undeclared war could go on interminably, as the Cold War\nseemed to do back in the Fifties,\" I said gloomily.\n\"It probably could,\" Hallam agreed. \"Our one hope is to effect a change\nin leaders, or at least in policy, in Russia. Maybe, just maybe, new\nleaders will arise who will work with the democracies for a world\nsystem of government.\"\n\"A faint hope,\" I said, \"but I'll go to bed now before that cheerful\nthought yields to glum reality.\"\nI checked Pat before I turned in. She was resting well and I thought\nshe looked a little less feverish. Her head felt cooler and her pulse\nwas about normal. Sadly, thinking of her loss and mine, I closed the\ndoor behind me.\nPat's recovery was rapid and uneventful. The following morning she got\nup and had coffee with us. In a couple of days she was getting around\nwell although the Chief wisely insisted she rest for long periods and\nabsolutely refused to let her work in the Lab. Part of her restless\nenergy she expended on preparing tasty meals for us until we both began\nto grumble about our expanding waistlines. There was no sign that the\nnew disease had ill effects other than what she had already suffered.\nWhether or not she was sterile was a question that would have to wait.\nI had no intention of putting it to the test for a good long time. To\nwork for the cause of science was all very well but I could see no\npoint in sacrificing my love to it.\nThe new virus was christened FS for female sterility and we re-named\nthe old one MS for male sterility. The new one was easy to grow. It\nthrived on fertilized eggs, in ferrets, hamsters, mice and monkeys; in\nevery animal we could find. With passage through numerous generations\nit became more virulent until, in its final form, it caused abortion in\nall pregnant animals. Invariably, after recovery of the animals, our\npathologists were unable to find any developing eggs in their ovaries.\nBecause of their short breeding cycle we worked mainly with hamsters,\nthose fat little relatives of the guinea pig. Even the amazing\nfertility of the hamster was stopped by the FS virus.\n\"It looks as if we have the answer for the Russians,\" I said exultantly\nafter we had tallied our results some weeks later.\n\"I'm not so sure, John, not so sure at all,\" Hallam said thoughtfully.\n\"Why is that, Sir?\"\n\"Have you ever thought of the consequences of sterilizing every mammal\non earth, and perhaps the birds and other animals too?\" he asked.\n\"This FS virus is powerful. If we start another pandemic it could get\naway from us. It might increase in power still more, though God knows\nit's bad enough. And obviously we can't inoculate every animal of all\nthe species it may affect even when we find the vaccine to counteract\nit. We'd have to build another Noah's Ark and take it out in the middle\nof the ocean to be sure we could save them from extinction.\"\n\"We have a Noah's Ark now,\" I suggested. \"We could isolate the\nAmericans from Asia, Europe and Africa. Australia and New Zealand could\ndo the same. We are doing it for the measlepox right now until there is\nenough vaccine to go around.\"\n\"That's true, although it wouldn't be difficult for the Russians to\nsmuggle the virus ashore. They might do it if they thought they were\nlicked. The dying soldier often tries to drag his enemy down with him.\"\n\"But aside from all that,\" he continued, \"I still don't like it. Men\nhave wiped out some of the most beautiful and interesting creatures\nof this earth. The passenger pigeon is gone. The bison is a curiosity\nin National Parks. The trumpeter swan is in danger and the California\ncondor is on its last lap. I don't believe this world was created just\nso man could ruin it, and I don't want to go down in history as the\nmost ruthless destroyer of all time. Oh, I know I'll be expected to\ngive this discovery to our politicians. The discoverers of the atomic\nbomb and H-bomb did just that and their consciences have bothered them\never since. There is a greater loyalty in this world than loyalty to\none's country ... it is loyalty to the human race. I believe in the\nGolden Rule. Call it Christian logic if you wish. We have already\ndisturbed the balance of Creation in this world as a cancer disturbs\nthe human body, and, like a cancer, when we destroy too much of the\nworld we too may die.\"\n\"But the Russians don't live and let live,\" I objected. \"Are you\nwilling to let them take over the world and perpetuate communist\ndoctrines?\"\n\"It's a thought I do not like,\" he said very quietly, \"but all through\nhistory \"isms\" have grown and then have died as time passed. This\n\"ism\" too could pass. Perhaps Gandhi was right. Passive resistance won\nin India and although the Reds are much more cruel than the British\never were, even they can't go too far. Remember the East German revolt\nand the Georgian riots after the denunciation of Stalin? Remember the\nhorrors of Hungary? Our agents report increasing unrest in Russia\nitself. The people are sick of repression and terror. Demands for\nmoderation are even printed in their papers. The Far Left is slowly\nmoving back to the middle of the road. We should go to meet it instead\nof edging farther and farther to the Right, into the nightmare world of\nHitler and Mussolini.\"\n\"Then what are we to do? Do you want to destroy the virus?\"\n\"I don't know. After all, you and Pat are involved in this and may not\nagree.\"\n\"I know the politicians would want us to give them the information,\" I\nsaid. \"I'll never forget in the States during the row over the H-bomb\nand Oppenheimer, how some pompous ass of a senator got up and said\nhe thought scientists should stick to science and leave decisions of\nethics and national policy to those who knew best--meaning himself and\nthose like him. Democracy is a wonderful thing but I can't see how\ngetting elected makes any man a sage. I honestly doubt if the ordinary\npolitician is as competent to judge the effects of a scientific\ndiscovery as the scientists themselves are.\"\n\"What about democracy and the will of the majority?\" Hallam countered.\n\"You have me there,\" I admitted. \"I suppose if we adhere strictly to\nthat idea there should be a vote on whether or not to use this new\nweapon, which, of course, would lose us the element of surprise. But\nagain, what does the ordinary man know about such things. To come right\ndown to it ... how often has there been a nation-wide vote in any\ndemocratic country on whether or not to get into a war?\"\n\"I know of none,\" Hallam answered, \"which means of course that\nessentially, in times of stress, decisions are made by a few, or even\nby one man. And that brings us full circle. Shall we make the decision\nnow?\"\n\"I feel somewhat like the old country doctor who taught me obstetrics,\"\nI said. \"Whenever he was in doubt about a delivery he sat down, lit a\nbig cigar, and waited. Nature usually took care of things for him.\"\n\"A smart idea,\" said the boss. \"We'll work--and wait.\"\nTowards the end of April the Canadian research team left for Hong\nKong. Now that intercontinental air traffic had ceased, Sea Island was\nquieter than usual, but even so, the roar of engines warming up in the\ncold dawn made it difficult to hear. Out on the tarmac the big RCAF\njet transport rolled ponderously behind its tractor, wings drooping\nlike a great eagle hovering over its nest. It glided silently to the\nloading area and we moved, a small knot of people, to where we could\nwatch and wait for the word to embark.\n\"I hope Hong Kong will be warmer than this, Harry,\" I said, shivering\ndeeper into my trench coat as the cold dawn wind crawled up my sleeves\nand down my neck.\n\"April is usually very pleasant,\" he said. \"It's after the winter and\nbefore the rains.\"\n\"I was there a couple of times after the Korean War. I imagine the\nKowloon side is cut off now. Used to be some nice shopping centers\nthere.\"\n\"I don't suppose there'll be much left,\" he replied. \"The area has been\nisolated for months. Everybody who could get away has gone. I expect it\nwill be more like a prison camp than a tourist resort.\"\n\"Well, it shouldn't be too bad,\" I grinned at him. \"Some of those\nChinese girls with the high split skirts were mighty nice looking.\"\n\"Hush up now, you hear?\" Polly said. \"Don't you be giving him ideas.\"\n\"I don't need to Polly, he's been there before.\"\n\"Don't pay any attention to John,\" Pat said. \"His mind's in a rut.\"\n\"Can you think of a better one?\" Hallam asked.\n\"Oh, you men!\" Polly snorted contemptuously.\n\"The luggage is all loaded, Doctor,\" a young RCAF officer had come up\nand reported to Cope. \"We're ready to go now.\"\n\"Thank you,\" Harry said and turned to the Chief. \"I'll let you know\nwhat happens, sir.\"\n\"Take care of yourself, boy,\" Dr. Hallam said as they shook hands.\nWe turned away, leaving him alone with Polly. In a few minutes she\nrejoined us, chattering brightly in her usual animated fashion until\nthe plane moved out to the runway and Harry could no longer see us.\nThen her composure cracked and she cried. Pat and I took her to our\nplace where the two girls buzzed around making breakfast and keeping\nthemselves busy until the shock of parting had worn off a bit for\nPolly. Over our second cup of coffee she started to talk about it.\n\"It's a strange thing to say but I'm glad Harry's gone. I just know he\nnever would have been happy with me if he hadn't done it.\"\n\"Why do you think that?\" I asked.\n\"He never did tell me much about his people ... no more than he told\nyou-all. I knew he was holding out on me but it wasn't any of my\nbusiness. These English people don't brag much about themselves and\ntheir families. Anyway I knew he felt real bad when he got the S-Flu\nbecause as soon as he knew he was sterile he tried to tell me to go\nfind somebody else. He seemed to think because he couldn't give me\nchildren I wouldn't want him. I told him I didn't hanker to marry a\nstud horse but it didn't do much good. I guess having no mother and\nfather and then losing his chance to have kids of his own made him\nfeel low. Maybe this will get it out of his head and he'll be OK,\" she\npaused, \"that is, if he ever comes back. Somehow I feel deep down that\nhe won't.\"\n\"Oh, don't be silly, Polly,\" Pat shut her up. \"You got up too early\nthis morning. Here, have some more hot coffee.\"\nWith the coming of spring across the cold northern continents, the big\ncounter-offensive had begun. For years the agricultural scientists had\nprepared for such an occasion and now they went into action. Naturally\nit was all top secret but we were among the privileged few, since the\nborder-line between the world of plant pathology and the diseases of\nman and animals had grown increasingly vague. It was essential that we\nknow of their work and they of ours. Many of the original discoveries\nin virology had been made by botanical scientists and the first virus\nto be crystallized, the tobacco mosaic, was a disease confined to the\nplant world.\nSince the Geophysical Year of 1958 and the advent of the space\nsatellites, the meteorologists had made tremendous advances. Using\ninformation derived from the weather globes circling the earth, with\ntheir data on sun-spots and radar maps of storm centers, plus the\nmass of information now available through the weather stations in the\npolar regions, at sea and on land, the weather predictors had become\nextremely accurate. With seeding techniques, electronically controlled,\nthey had made a start at changing the weather, although, up to now,\nlittle of this had been done because of a lack of international\nagreements. Now they were free to try out their ideas. It was\ninteresting to follow in the newspapers the results of their work,\nand even more interesting to see how the peoples of the world tried\nto explain the various events. The great pandemics raging across the\nearth had resulted in a rush to the churches and the rise of all sorts\nof weird sects, prophets and calamity howlers. This frantic search for\nsecurity renewed itself when the new wave of disaster began. To avert\nsuspicion, for a while at least, and also because these great forces\ncould not easily be localised, our NATO allies had to suffer with the\nCommunists. Only the heads of the British Government knew, and they,\nwith their usual courage, had agreed to endure, with the promise of\nAmerican aid.\nThe first attack was a weather offensive. Using the jet streams which\nflowed swiftly to the east, swarms of tiny balloons were released by\nplanes from the American Navy supercarriers in the Atlantic, and from\nthe bombers of the Strategic Air Command cruising in the stratosphere\nabove them. By the use of timing devices these deadly little toys\ndestroyed themselves and dropped the new electronic seeders into the\nmoisture-filled clouds rolling from the Atlantic across Europe. The\nwettest spring in recorded history was the result. Fields were almost\nuntillable and the hay and grain crops that were planted were never\nharvested. The wet weather favored the growth of fungus and the rusts\nand blights so carefully cultivated by our agronomists and seeded into\nthe winds that blew over Europe and Asia, thrived on what remained\nof the harvest. Further to the east the winds, now emptied of their\nmoisture, sucked water from the steppes of Siberia, where the great new\ncollective farms ordered by Khrushchev had torn up the grasslands.\nDust storms scoured off the topsoil. No plants could grow. No animal\ncould survive, lacking both food and water. The greatest migration in\nliving memory was the result. The trek of the Okies out of the dust\nbowl of the early thirties was a mere trickle compared to the flood of\nrefugees that poured east into Russia or south, down into the desert\nlands of the Middle East and over the Himalayan barriers. Many died\nbefore they got to the borders of India and the other Islamic lands.\nMany were killed by the reinforced border guards determined to prevent\nthe spread of disease and famine in their own ravaged territories.\nOf course the Communists retaliated, or perhaps it was in part the\nresult of our own interference with nature. That fall, early frost hit\nthe West Coast and blizzards screamed down from the Arctic over the\nplains. Our grain crops were ruined and much of our late fruit and\nvegetables. And now the \"Folly of the Fifties\", as one presidential\ncandidate had called the price support programs, paid an unexpected\ndividend. From every cave and warehouse, from dumps and silos and\nrefrigerator rooms, the stores of grain and potatoes, butter and meat,\npoured out by truck and train. Convoys of food ships had already left\nfor the NATO countries. The terrible death toll of the measlepox\nmade available sufficient food for the rice eaters of the Indian\nsubcontinent from their existing supplies, since the weather war\nhad had little effect in those regions. Africa, its own population\ndecimated by the same measlepox disease, was left to its rich resources.\nThe Reds were not yet beaten. Desperate for food, they gambled boldly.\nThe Soviet premier himself appealed to the United States and Canada\nfor aid, in a shrewd psychological move. He knew we did not want to\nannounce to the world that we were at war. It was doubtful if even our\nown people would believe it. World opinion would be likely to turn\nagainst us and uninformed or unbelieving governments, side with the\nCommunists to isolate us. We had to help them, at least in appearance.\nIn spite of tremendous losses the Soviets still outnumbered us and,\nif pushed too far, might start the long-awaited march into the vacuum\nleft by the dying populations of Asia and the evacuation of our bases,\ndaring us to start an all-out war.\nThe counterstroke was a masterpiece. Supplies of flour and other\nprepared foods were rushed, in great fleets of ships, to the European\nports of the Russian Empire. Every pound of flour, every ton of\nmeat, every cask of butter had been treated with the new tasteless\nand odorless contraceptive compound which our scientists had recently\ndiscovered. We never knew if the Russians found out why their women\nwere not getting pregnant ... the rate of conception drops off in\nstarvation in any case. It did not matter. They had two choices, to eat\nor to die.\nIn June, six weeks after he had left Sea Island, we heard again from\nHarry. Of course Polly had had letters, but purely personal ones as\nHarry had been much too busy to do more than write, \"I love you, wish\nyou were here\" notes. Now, finally, he gave us some news. Polly came\nbursting into the coffee room one morning waving a sheaf of electron\npictures in one hand and a bundle of closely written pages in the other.\n\"I got a big letter from Harry this morning,\" she said to the three of\nus around the table. \"Would y'all like to hear the news?\"\n\"Aw, Polly, I don't want to hear that mush,\" I kidded her, \"Why don't\nyou sell it to True Love Confessions magazine?\"\n\"You shut your big mouth, man, and open your ears.\"\n\"Go ahead Polly. Never mind funny boy here,\" Pat said.\n\"Harry says they have a big lab set up in the main hospital in\nVictoria ... that's the city on the island, Hong Kong itself, and\nthey're working shifts, twenty-four hours a day, to try to attenuate\nthe measlepox virus.\"\n\"Brother! What a job!\" I exclaimed. \"One mistake and you've had it.\"\n\"Too right, you have!\" the Chief said feelingly, his long forgotten\nAustralian slang coming to the surface.\n\"They had to get out of Kowloon, he says because the refugees sneaked\nthrough the barriers into the New Territories and spread the disease.\nIt was terrible because there were about three million people crowded\nin there. Now most of them are dead and the police patrol all around\nthe island, day and night, to keep others from landing. He says almost\nall the British, except soldiers, have left. They send them to some\nsmall island first and then, if they haven't got any disease, they can\ngo home to England. The research team is behind barbed wire and almost\nnobody is allowed in or out--but their quarters are comfortable.\"\n\"Hot and cold running maids, I suppose,\" I said.\n\"If you were there they'd be running, all right.\"\n\"Shut up, John. Go on Polly,\" Pat said and pinched my arm.\n\"They haven't succeeded in weakening the virus yet and if they kill it\nwith formalin or one of the usual methods it won't work as a vaccine.\"\n\"What ways have they tried?\" Hallam said.\n\"He doesn't say. There's one thing I don't like,\" she said\nthoughtfully. \"He has an idea that if they went into China they might\nfind survivors of the pox in areas where the disease has almost died\ndown and get some serum from them, or perhaps find that the measlepox\nis weakened in those areas and could be used.\"\n\"It's too bad our agents didn't get enough vaccine for testing,\" I\nsaid. \"It would have saved exposing our men to that sort of danger.\"\n\"One of his ideas is to give volunteers serum from recovered cases and\nthen let them get the measlepox.\"\n\"You mean like giving children gamma globulin shots after they've been\nexposed to measles so they'll get just a mild case of the disease and\nbe protected for life?\" Pat asked.\n\"That's the general idea,\" the Chief said. \"Then, too, he might want\nto look at the animal population in the area. There's a theory that\ncowpox was originally smallpox that got into cattle. Now if you get\ncowpox, as milkmaids in England often did many years ago, on their\nhands, you probably won't catch smallpox. That's how the legend arose\nthat milkmaids had lovely complexions. They didn't get smallpox and so\ntheir faces weren't scarred like most people in the eighteenth century.\nJenner got the original idea for vaccination from that. The same thing\nmight apply to measlepox. If he could find a mild form of it in some\nanimal we could use that as a vaccine. We try to do this in the Lab by\ninoculating animals. Harry wants to go out into the devastated areas\nand see if nature has done it for him.\"\n\"That may be soon, Doctor,\" Polly said, \"but I'll bet he's also hoping\nto pick up news of his folks.\"\n\"Could be,\" Hallam agreed, \"but they are very small pins in a terribly\nbig haystack, if still alive.\"\n\"That crazy man,\" Polly murmured. \"I know he'll kill himself yet. If he\ndoesn't get the pox the Reds will catch him.\"\n\"There's not too much danger from the Chicoms right now,\" I said.\n\"The way they are dying out, the border guard must have holes in it\nbig enough to take a division of troops through, let alone a small\nreconnaissance party.\"\nIn the early summer of 1963 Pat had completely recovered from her\nmiscarriage. The Chief and I had suffered nothing more than mild colds\nfrom the FS-flu. We had set up new experiments to see if we could\ntemper the destructiveness of the virus with the intention of confining\nits effects to the human race.\n\"I have no compunction about using it on the human race,\" Hallam said.\n\"The human being has free will and should be prepared to take the\nconsequences of his follies and work out his own salvation.\"\nI had to agree.\nOne late summer day when the tests were running smoothly he said to me,\n\"John, I think you should take Pat out of here for a month. There's no\npoint in isolation now we are all recovered, and you need a rest.\"\n\"What about you?\" I said.\n\"I'll take a break after you get back. Besides, I want you to do a\nlittle experimenting on your vacation.\"\nI wondered out loud what was coming next.\n\"Well,\" he smirked, \"this is a good chance for a honeymoon and you\nmight find out for me how permanent the sterility effects of the\noriginal FS-flu are.\"\nI couldn't think of a more pleasant experiment.\nThe United Church ceremony was a quiet one. Both Pat and I felt that,\nhaving been married before and having subsequently made fools of\nourselves, we didn't want much fuss this time. The ceremony was quiet\nbut the party that followed certainly was not. Dr. Hallam had recently\nmoved into a penthouse apartment in the swanky new Lion Heights\ndistrict overlooking Howe Sound and the Straits of Georgia. From the\nchurch it was a quick run out to his home, followed all the way by the\nhooting automobiles of half the Laboratory staff and a good crowd from\nthe Hospital itself.\nFrom the corner living room of the apartment there was a magnificent\nview south to Point Grey and the University. Off to the southwest, in\nthe haze of late afternoon, the Olympic mountains glimmered faintly\nacross the water and the dark silhouette of the Island cut the western\nhorizon. To escape for a moment from the uproar, I had moved out onto\nthe rooftop garden and, with my arm around Pat, watched the slow ending\nof the day. Behind us the french doors opened as Hallam joined us. The\nbuzz of talk and laughter, heightened by the cocktails, broke the quiet\nof our thoughts and died again as he closed the doors behind him.\n\"This really is a lovely spot,\" Pat said to him. \"Will you pardon a\nwoman's curiosity and tell me, isn't it terribly expensive?\"\nHallam grinned. \"It would be except that I'm part owner of the building\nand get a cut rate.\"\nWe stood there quietly, absorbed in the view, then Pat took Hallam's\narm. \"Let's go in now,\" she said. \"We will have to leave soon.\"\nThe noise came at us in waves as we opened the door. Little knots of\npeople were all over the rooms, talking, laughing, eating, moving about\nand re-forming new groups.\n\"They obviously don't need us,\" I whispered to Pat. \"Let's get out of\nhere.\" I winked at the boss and he shook both hands to us, prizefighter\nfashion, as we slipped out.\nThe Ferguson glided into the driveway without the motor running as\nI tried to escape. A roar of hand-clapping, cheers, jeers and yells\nbroke out above. It was too late for them to catch us so they waved\nand shouted words of tipsy wisdom. A few ribald male remarks were\nstifled by feminine hands and the last howls and shrieks faded back up\nthe hill. At the bottom I stopped and removed the inevitable tin cans\nand old shoes, brushed off all visible confetti and moved on towards\nHorseshoe Bay. The sloop was ready. While I started the motor and cast\noff, Pat changed into slacks and sweater in the cabin and then got busy\nmaking sandwiches and coffee. I set our course around Bowen Island,\nheading for the Sunshine Coast and the long winding fiords that split\nthe timbered ranges.\nIt was hours later. At Pat's suggestion I had gone below for a rest\nand then had relieved her while she did the same. We wanted to get\nwell away from the big city and the ocean traffic before we stopped.\nAbout two o'clock she wandered up from below. The moon was high now\nand in the clean cool light we were close to shore. Here the coast was\ndeserted and, as we skirted a rocky point, a small cove appeared, the\nentrance barely large enough for the yacht. The moon, going over to\nthe west, shot its light through the gap to show a sandy beach dimly\noutlined at the farther side.\n\"John, let's look in there. It seems a likely place to stop.\"\nI cut the motor and glided through the entrance, trusting the smooth\nunbroken surface to cover enough depth for the boat. The million\npinpoint lights of our phosphorescent track died away as we slowed. The\nbowsprit almost overhung the sloping beach when I dropped anchor.\n\"Plenty of depth here,\" I said quietly, reluctant to break the silence.\n\"It should be a good spot to spend the night.\"\nSheltered by the northern arm of the cove, the remains of an old cabin\nhugged the rising slope. In front of it, in the little clearing, a few\nold fruit trees, branches broken with age, spotted the grass. The small\nstream that probably had tempted this early settler ran at one side of\nthe cleared land, the water spreading out to glitter over the stones\nand sand of the beach before losing itself in the dark salty bay.\n\"What a wonderful place for a swim,\" Pat whispered, her eyes enormous\nin her shadowed face.\nThe air was still warm, with enough breeze to discourage any mosquitoes.\nQuickly Pat stripped and stood there proudly, waiting for me. To keep\nher hair dry she had put on a white bathing cap and, in that pale\nlight, she shone like some strange shaven statue from an old Egyptian\ntomb. She moved and the illusion disappeared. Naked, I reached for her\nand pulled her close. For a moment she clung to me and then, teasingly,\nshe pushed me away and dived over the side. The water was cold and the\nchill of it on my skin soon relieved the tension the sight of her body\nhad aroused in me. For a while we swam and splashed in the shallows,\nthen I loaded the dinghy with towels and blankets, threw in a flask of\nrum with some cokes to dilute it and we went ashore. Her hand in mine,\nwe walked around the tiny cove, the sand coming up pleasantly between\nour toes and the cool salty water sparkling on our skins. I brushed it\nout of my hair and Pat shivered as the fine spray hit her bare skin.\n\"Better get warmed up,\" I said, and led her back to the clearing.\nThere, from a deep pool dug in the stream by that early settler, I\npoured fresh water over her and rubbed vigorously with my hands to get\noff the salt and warm her up. The throbbing aching torment of my desire\nreturned. She moved closer, her tongue wet on my lips.\nIn the soft grey glow of late moonlight, her face, twisted for a time\nby the agony of her passion, was smiling calm and her eyes looked up at\nme serenely. I rolled away from her and pulled the blanket over us. She\ncuddled into my shoulder and slept.\nThe sunny days slid by as we explored farther and farther north. The\nweather held fair all that month except for a few quick showers that\nwashed the warm decks and cooled the quiet air. There was little good\nsailing weather but we didn't worry. There was fishing enough, swimming\nenough, and loving enough to fill the days and nights.\nIn a deep side channel of Louise Inlet, I was trolling one day in the\nfourth week. Pat held the tiller and the engine, throttled back hard,\nbarely puttered along. Then, above the noise, the sound of a more\npowerful engine rose and gained rapidly in intensity. Around the bend\nfrom the main channel an amphibian swung into view and banked to glide\ndown over us. It banked again, full circle, and the pilot let down\nand taxied up behind our boat. I stopped the engine and waited. The\nsmall door on the passenger side opened and a bare head stuck out. I\nrecognized that full, cheery face.\n\"For the love of Pete! It's the Chief,\" I yelled above the motor.\nPat nodded, not too happily. Her woman's intuition was probably working\novertime. A short time later we anchored inshore. The Boss and his\ngrim-looking pilot climbed aboard.\n\"Lord, we've had a time finding you two,\" Hallam sighed. \"This is\nColonel Jones, United States Air Force.\"\nI raised my eyebrows at Pat. Neither the man's flying suit nor the\nplane's markings had shown any indication of their military nature.\n\"How do you do sir,\" I said, as I shook his hand. \"Are you up here on a\nvacation?\"\n\"Strictly business, I'm afraid,\" he said crisply.\n\"Business? With whom?\"\n\"With you.\" The lips opened and shut in his face like a ventriloquist's\ndummy.\nHe was strictly business, I thought. \"With me?\" I turned to Hallam.\n\"What have I done now?\"\nHe didn't smile at my feeble joke. \"It's not what you've done, John,\nit's what they want you to do. Colonel Jones is from the CIA.\"\n\"Oh oh, the cloak and dagger boys,\" I thought. \"Trouble coming up.\" Out\nloud I said, \"We might as well sit down and be comfortable while we\ntalk. Pat, how about some beer?\"\nThe Colonel was obviously impatient but he tried to swallow his\nirritability with his beer.\n\"It's nice being a civilian at times,\" I was thinking. \"I don't have\nto take any more guff from the brass. This guy's obviously a West\nPoint type in a hurry and it must gall him to have to wait on my royal\npleasure. He wants something. Let him wait for it!\"\nIt was a rebellious thought but I'd been prodded painfully by his\nclassmates on occasion in the past. I couldn't resist getting a little\nof my own back.\n\"All three of you are cleared for Top Secret,\" Jones said. \"I checked\nbefore I came out here.\"\nI took a long drag at the bottle. \"What about yourself, Colonel?\" I\nsmiled thinly at him.\nSilently, stone-faced, he showed his credentials. Pat frowned at me.\nShe thought I was being unnecessarily cool to a guest. Rivalries in the\nservice meant nothing to her.\nI grinned at him and the tension eased. \"The old routine, Colonel. I\nwouldn't want to foul up with a security officer watching me.\"\nThe stern exterior cracked as he relaxed. \"I hate to butt in on your\nvacation like this. I had no choice. We have a deadline to meet.\"\n\"Sounds familiar,\" I murmured. \"Submit a complete report, in five\ncopies, based on information you'll get tomorrow, to reach headquarters\nnot later than yesterday. Well, give us the bad news.\"\n\"First let me give you an estimate of the situation as we see it. That\nwill put you in the picture.\"\n\"You mean I'm being framed?\" I joked.\nHe actually smiled. \"The weather and biological offensive against\nthe Reds are now at their height,\" he began, \"and are proving most\nsuccessful. We anticipate they will exhaust their food reserves very\nsoon and will be desperate for more. If they ask us, we will give them\nsome this winter, under certain conditions.\" (He was referring to the\nuse of the contraceptive drug in that food, as I learned later.)\n\"That will give them a respite, which we can't very well avoid, and\nthe war is expected to continue on into 1964. By early summer, some\neight months from now, we estimate that continuation of our offensive\nwill drive them to the wall, since we will then inform them that we\ncannot give them any more supplies from our store. It is then that we\ncan anticipate the hidden war breaking out into the open. Even if they\nretaliate in weather and bacteriological warfare, they must know we can\nwin because our hoarded supplies will keep us going while they starve.\nThey have to plan a knockout blow and yet our G-2 people believe they\nwill not use atomic power. They won't use it because of its dreadful\nafter-effects on future populations. Even the so-called clean bombs\nmust affect many survivors and, in an already decimated world, they\ncannot afford to have contaminated survivors from which to rebuild the\nrace. Also, they are sure that we won't use it if they don't. Now, as\nfar as we can foresee, that leaves only one other way to achieve the\nknockout ... by the use of nerve gases.\"\n\"But we have nerve gases too.\"\n\"Yes, of course. However, we have information from our agents in\nRussia that, as a last desperate chance, they will fire their\nintercontinental missiles, plus shorter range rockets from their\nsubmarine fleet, at every major population center and key military\ntarget in the U.S.A. and Canada. Probably, in addition to nerve gas,\nthe missiles will be loaded with various deadly bacterial toxins and\nbacteria, and quite likely new viruses of even greater lethal power\nthan the measlepox, able to attack and kill people in as short a period\nas twenty-four hours. We also believe that, in the temporary paralysis\nof cities, military posts and air bases achieved by the nerve gases,\nthey will attempt to land airborne or rocket-borne troops to capture\nand hold our main centres. As you know, we are not mobilized because\nthere isn't supposed to be a war on. Their plan might be fantastic\nenough to succeed.\"\n\"Who dreamed all this up?\" said Pat, skeptically.\n\"It's no dream,\" the Colonel said. \"There's a strong moderate element\nin Russia today, mainly in the Armed Forces and the new managerial\nclasses, that is sick of dictators and war. They have contacted us and\nare ready to revolt when the Reds are a bit more disorganized and the\npeople still more starved and discontented.\"\n\"Where do I come in?\" I said.\n\"You are still a Lieutenant Colonel in the army reserve.\"\n\"That's right.\"\n\"The President himself, on the advice of his counsellors, asks that you\nvolunteer for special duty. As there is no declared state of emergency,\nyou cannot be recalled. In fact if you don't want to leave Canada he\ncan't force you to. He simply requests that you volunteer.\"\n\"That's all lovely, and very sweet of the old boy,\" I said\nsarcastically. \"Why me?\"\n\"On the Imjin River, in North Korea, there is a large plant which\nis very busy manufacturing those deadly viruses I talked about. The\nRussians have quietly taken over the country, and in fact the whole\nof China, since probably there are less than fifty million healthy\nChinese alive today. The crowding into communes in the Fifties\nreally facilitated the spread of the measlepox we hear. We think the\nKremlinites want to keep an eye on them; probably want to sterilize\nwith the S-Flu, those left by the other diseases. To have such a\ndangerous factory well away from their own homes and close to their\nenemies in Japan, as well as reasonably convenient to the submarine\npens around Vladivostok, are other likely reasons for its location\nthere. Whatever the reasons, the factory is there. Now, by good luck,\nthe senior virologist is one of the moderates who is heartily sick of\nall this killing.\"\n\"Hear, hear,\" the Chief said. \"I know exactly how he feels.\"\nThe Colonel nodded and went on. \"He has agreed to give us the\nbiochemical formulas of the viruses plus methods of growth, how to make\nthe vaccine against them, and finally a sample of each culture to work\nwith. We believe that if we have that information ... and also we hope\nto sabotage their installation ... we can defeat the attack before it\never starts. We plan to destroy their nerve gas centers at the same\ntime and aid the rebellion,\" he concluded, \"but that doesn't concern us\nhere.\"\n\"I still don't see what I do,\" I said, although I had an uneasy\nsuspicion.\n\"You were a paratrooper, weren't you? And you served in Korea.\"\n\"Yes, a long time ago,\" I admitted grudgingly.\n\"And you are a virologist?\"\n\"You know that.\"\n\"You also speak some Japanese, Korean and Chinese.\"\n\"I wish I'd never admitted it.\"\n\"We want you to parachute into North Korea with a Special Forces Group,\ngo to this plant, get the necessary information and sample viruses. The\ninformation cannot be written down for security reasons and because of\nthis and the dangerous nature of the viruses we feel that only a man of\nyour qualifications can be trusted to handle it.\"\n\"That's what I was afraid of,\" I said.\n\"Will you do it?\"\n\"In the name of heaven, Colonel!\" I exploded. \"Twenty minutes ago all I\nhad on my mind was catching a fish for supper and now you want a snap\ndecision that may cost me my life.\"\n\"I'm sorry, Doctor,\" his face froze again, \"but we haven't much time.\"\n\"The hell with deadlines,\" I growled. \"I'm not on active duty now and\nno damn chairborne Pentagon pencil pusher is going to impose a time\nlimit on me. Let him get out and do it himself if he can't wait.\"\n\"Unfortunately you are the best qualified,\" he said stiffly.\n\"Yeah, unfortunately for me,\" I sneered. \"How is it the guys best\nqualified for the dirtiest jobs don't seem to be best qualified for\npromotion too?\"\n\"John, please!\" Pat put a hand on my shoulder.\n\"Sorry Colonel,\" I choked down my anger. \"You hit some raw nerves with\nthat best qualified remark.\"\n\"I'm sorry too, Doctor. We know you've already done more than your\nshare. Perhaps if you think it over for a while, you'll want to help\nus.\"\n\"How do you propose to go about it,\" Hallam said to Jones.\n\"Colonel Macdonald, or a substitute, will have to renew his airborne\ntraining and get into first class physical shape. There will also be\nlanguage school to brush up on his Korean and Japanese, with some basic\nRussian.\"\n\"Why Japanese?\"\n\"It was the official language in Korea until after World War Two and\nmany of the older people can speak it. What he misses in Korean he\nmight be able to pick up in Japanese.\"\n\"How long will this take?\" Pat said.\n\"About six months. Then there will be a month of special preparations\nfor the attack itself. After that we wait for the right weather and the\npsychologically correct moment. The idea is to delay until the last\npossible moment before the Reds are ready to attack us and pull the rug\nout from under them. We hope the confusion and loss of morale will be\nso great that the partisans or maquis or whatever you want to call them\nwill be able to rise and overthrow the communist regime.\"\n\"Adding all this up,\" I said, \"I gather you expect the special training\nto start in about two weeks from now.\"\n\"That's right,\" Colonel Jones said. \"That's why we need an answer\nsoon.\"\n\"I have one week left of my vacation before I return to Vancouver. I'll\nlet you know then.\"\n\"Thank you. I'll leave all the necessary information with Dr. Hallam at\nhis office.\" Jones got up, bent slightly in Pat's direction and again\nto me, while he gave us a formal handshake. He climbed over the side\nand got into the amphibian without a backward glance.\n\"I wish I hadn't had to do this,\" the Chief said hurriedly as his big\nhands reached out for ours. \"Try not to let it ruin the rest of your\nvacation. God bless!\" He squeezed and my hand tingled until long after\nhis great frame had vanished into the cabin of the flying boat.\nAfter they had gone Pat cooked the fish I'd caught and we sat down to\neat and talk things over. I hadn't committed myself in any way. My days\nas an eager beaver soldier were long gone and I was remembering the old\narmy saying, \"Never volunteer for anything.\" Pat had been unusually\nquiet. I knew she would go along with any decision I made but it is\nstill not an easy thing for a woman to sit still while her man is\nthinking of committing what might turn out to be suicide.\n\"Want a drink?\" she asked, getting out the bottles before I could\nanswer. She mixed us a rum collins, taking the last of the ice from\nour little refrigerator.\n\"Well, what are you thinking?\"\n\"I'm thinking just how much hell the next eight months will be.\"\n\"Hell for both of us, darling,\" she said. She leaned across the narrow\ntable to kiss me. \"I'm glad you want to do it. It may not win the war\nbut you'd never be happy again if you didn't try.\"\nI didn't relish the idea at all but I knew she was right. I'd always\nbeen a volunteer. It was too late to change. I heaved up off the\nbench and went on deck. The stars were out now and high overhead an\nAlaska-bound plane hummed by, its green and red lights winking.\n\"Red light ... green light ... GO,\" I thought and remembered again the\nquivering anticipation as I stood in the door of the C-119 watching for\na little green button to flash on. I shivered with old remembered fears\nand I felt Pat's arms go around me from behind as she kissed the back\nof my neck. I think she sensed my trouble. She knew how I had sweated\nout jumping and the long strain of combat duty.\n\"Come down below, sweetheart, it's bedtime. Come and let me help you\nforget. There are so few nights left.\"\nI rolled over in the soft sandy ground and pulled hard on the risers\nto spill the air out of my parachute. The breeze was dying. The spotted\ncloth wavered, flapped, and the canopy collapsed. I got to my feet, hit\nthe box and stepped out of the slack harness. Slowly I straightened\nthe canopy, folded it over my arms down to the back pack and tightened\nthe straps over it. I picked the whole thing up and zipped it into the\ncarrying bag. The trucks were waiting across the drop zone. I heaved\nthe heavy bag up across my shoulders with the handles on each side of\nmy neck and started towards them. My first jump was over. I was\ntired ... tired... tired and quietly proud. The first one was past.\nI was a paratrooper again.\n\"How was the jump, Colonel?\" A small black haired officer of about my\nown age came up behind me. Captain Balakireff, the son of White Russian\nrefugees and lately of Shanghai, China, spoke with a faint accent. His\nthin lips and hollow cheeks reminded me of the ascetic saints on a\nRussian ikon. He should be wearing a beard, I thought.\n\"Pretty good, Blackie. It's been a long time.\"\nTrudging beside him through the loose sand, a tall blond and thick\nchested Lithuanian Captain called Makstutis grinned down at me. \"Need\na hand with that pack, Doc,\" he said, completely unconscious of the\ndifference in our ranks.\n\"No thanks Mak. I may not be in shape but I'm not that decrepit.\"\nCloser to the trucks Lieutenant Pak On, a native born Korean imitation\nof Balakireff awaited us. With him was Lieutenant Kim Cho Hup, a living\nembodiment of the Chinese god of happiness with his round smiling face\nand the figure to go with it. For all his weight, the result probably\nof too much feasting on his Hawaiian island home, Kim was quick and\ntough, a veteran of the early days in Korea with the 25th Division.\nThese four, all war veterans and career men formed, with me, the\nofficers' component of a Special Forces team. With us, as we assembled\naround the trucks were twenty-five enlisted men. All were Orientals, a\nfew native born, but mostly Hawaiian sons of immigrants. They too were\nSpecial Forces volunteers, qualified both as paratroopers and rangers.\nEach had a specialty, weapons, demolition, signal, engineer, medical,\nand each could take over at least one other job in an emergency.\nThey had to be fluent in one of three languages, Korean, Japanese or\nMandarin Chinese.\nWe jumped as a team in two sticks, led by the Slavic officers. As\nsenior officer I acted as jump-master in training although in the\nactual attack I was to be protected rather than to command. The\noperations plan was simple. We were to drop in North Korea in high\nmountain country near our objective. The three whites would masquerade\nas Russian officers. We hoped to pass as inspectors or medical health\nofficers touring the country with a North Korean Army escort. As the\nRussians had taken control in China and North Korea, we should be able\nto get by, at least for a while, considering the disorganized state\nof that plague-tortured peninsula. A rendezvous with the agent who\nhad contacted the enemy virologist would be arranged. From then on it\nwas up to us. Afterwards we were to be evacuated by submarine from a\npre-designated spot on the coast.\nWe climbed into the trucks. As they rolled down the road back to our\nquarters, I pulled Pat's latest letter from my pocket and skimmed once\nmore through its well remembered pages. Because of the danger she was\nno longer working with the research project but was helping Polly on\nthe electron microscope.... Polly had heard from Harry.... He was in\nFormosa training with the Americans and Nationalist Chinese for a\nlanding on the Chinese mainland ... he had sold them on the idea....\nPolly was worried of course.... She was too ... would I please be\ncareful ... she loved me and missed me so much ... she wanted me to\ncome home safely.\nI folded the letter and put it away. I'd be coming home all right! On\nthat I was determined. No damned disease, no stupid Communist fanatic\nwas going to stop me!\nThe emphasis on pure physical conditioning changed although we\ncontinued our long marches and strenuous exercises. Now we worked\nconstantly in Russian or Korean uniforms, used enemy equipment and\ntalked Russian or Korean. It was hard at first but gradually I achieved\na basic knowledge sufficient to deceive a casual observer.\nA week before Christmas General Rawlins, the Special Forces commander,\ncalled me into his office. He came around his desk as I saluted.\n\"You're looking fit, Macdonald. The instructors tell me your team is\nprogressing very nicely.\"\n\"Thank you sir.\"\n\"In view of their reports I am letting you and your men off for\nChristmas and New Years. Air transportation will be arranged as far as\npossible. Warn your men again about security regulations. See the Chief\nof Staff for the details.\" His normally stern face cracked into a smile\nand he stuck out his hand.\n\"Merry Christmas,\" he said.\nThe day following my return to Vancouver was Christmas Eve. Polly and\nPat and I drove out to have dinner with Dr. Hallam in his hill-top\napartment. We found him dressed in a white chef's cap and apron busily\nsugaring the top of a ham. In a moment the girls found aprons of their\nown and began to get in his way. I got busy with the brandy bottle and\nthe egg nog.\n\"How's the research project coming, sir?\" I asked as we sipped our\ndrinks.\n\"We have a variant of the FS-flu now that sterilizes only monkeys.\nIt may be the weapon we're looking for.\" He paused and looked\nmischievously at Pat. \"Did you know, by the way that the original FS\nvirus does not cause permanent sterility in primates?\"\nI caught the glance and her look of dismay.\n\"Primates? You mean humans too?\"\nHe nodded. I turned to Pat.\n\"Then you aren't sterile? You didn't tell me you had a biopsy.\"\nThis time Hallam laughed outright. \"How many months have you been away\nsoldier?\"\n\"My God! Pat ... you're pregnant!\"\nShe came to me. \"Yes darling. I am. I didn't want to tell you because I\nmight miscarry again: but I went to Ray Thorne and he says I'm doing\njust fine.\"\n\"Oh baby,\" and I pulled her into my arms. \"What a wonderful, wonderful\nChristmas!\"\nIt was after dinner. We sat around the fireplace in silence. To one\nside the Christmas tree, with its tinsel streamers and glass ornaments,\nthrew back a shower of sparks in answer to the flames. The coffee was\nfinished and I savored the last drop of Drambuie slowly, letting it\nbite my tongue with its pungent sweetness.\n\"I wonder where Harry is,\" Polly spoke as she looked into the fire,\nabsently twirling the liqueur glass in her fingers.\n\"Have you had any news?\" I asked.\n\"I got a letter this morning,\" she replied and added after a pause.\n\"They left for the Chinese mainland a week ago.\"\nThe wood crackled on the hearth and the room was silent again. I\nthought of the bare brown hills of China; of the squalid mud huts\nlike those I had known in Korea; of the lice and fleas, the filth and\nbitter cold; of the snow that sprinkled the stunted brush and dusted\nthe stubbled rice paddies. I thought too of the death that lingered in\nthose dank and sweaty rooms, black holes of fear and despair.\n\"God help them,\" I said fervently and added a little prayer for myself\nin the days to come.\nPolly began again. \"He wrote the letter on the assault landing craft\nand sent it back with the Navy. Apparently they had not managed to\nperfect a vaccine before they left Formosa so the party is unprotected\nagainst the measlepox. They hope to find enough survivors on the\nmainland to collect anti-serum, provided they can keep away from Red\npatrols.\"\n\"It's a shame they couldn't have waited another couple of weeks,\" the\nChief spoke up.\n\"Why so?\" Pat asked.\n\"I got news this morning that our agents in Russia have sent out\nmore of the vaccine, stolen by the partisans, I suppose. It should\nbe available in a day or so and some of it will be rushed out to the\nresearch teams for their protection.\"\n\"Maybe they'll send another team with vaccine after the first,\" Pat\nsuggested.\n\"I surely do hope so,\" said Polly, \"I'm real worried about that man.\"\nThe ache of parting was still gnawing at my belly like a peptic ulcer\nwhen Blackie picked me up at the airfield in a jeep.\n\"My goodness, Colonel, I'm relieved to see you.\"\n\"Why? What gives? I'm on time.\"\n\"Yes sir, but the operation has been advanced, you see. We leave for\nJapan in the morning.\"\n\"In the morning? Oh, no!\" I snorted in disgust. \"Isn't that typical.\"\nThe week after our landing in Japan, we moved out again with full GI\nequipment. Our enemy clothing and arms went along in sealed wooden\nboxes as cargo, not to be opened again until D-day. Ostensibly, we\nwere replacements for the Korean Military Advisory Group on our way\nto South Korea. We landed at Kimpo Air Base, near Seoul and then moved\nout by truck up the road past Uijongbu into the wooded hills south of\nthe defense line near Kumwha. In the twelve years since I had come\ndown that road for the last time, the mud and thatched villages had\nbeen rebuilt. Now the measlepox had ravaged, once again, the stoical\npopulation. Only a few were left, the few who perhaps had fled to the\nmountains and stayed there starving but afraid until the pestilence\nhad killed and passed on. So it was back to a familiar land I came--a\nland of silent hills; of hardwood trees standing bare and cold above\nthe brown earth and the dead brown leaves of the Kudzu vine; a land of\nlittle streams that thawed in the sheltered spots as the February sun\nrose higher in the cold dry air.\nWe trained over the steep hills, marching up faint trails where the\nwoodcutters once had gone. In all that wild land there was silence--the\nsilence of the four-footed animals who, unknown to us except by some\nchance meeting, watched our slow approach. The long nights shortened\ninto March and then through April. Still we waited. Rains had come now,\nthe spring rains, forecasting the steamy monsoon of July. In the steep\nvalleys grass showed green and the maroon-petalled anemones had already\nconceived. At last the cherries were in bloom. It was time to go.\nThe troop-carrying convertiplane dropped vertically down on the freshly\nprepared landing strip shortly after dark. As soon as we were loaded\nit took off, wavering slightly under the hammering blast of the jet\nengines, and then went up, sidling over the dark trees that encircled\nthe strip, and drifting down the valley like one of their lately\nfallen leaves. It swung west to go out over the Yellow Sea and then\ncircle back into North Korea. Our rendezvous was farther to the east\nin the wild country close to the railway that ran up the east coast\nfrom Wonsan to Hungnam. Perhaps we could lose the radar in those steep\nvalleys. It would have been suicide to attempt it from the east, across\nthe Sea of Japan, right into the Siberian tiger's mouth.\nAn hour later we were approaching the drop zone. There would be a moon\nbefore midnight to help us make contact, but now it was dark, better\nfor concealment but difficult for recognition of our landing area. The\nplane slowed, the red light came on. The pilot must have picked up the\nsignal from our agent.\n\"Get ready!\" I shouted. The men shifted their packs and moved their\nfeet to get the weight distributed.\n\"Stand up! Hook up! Check your equipment!\" One by one I called the\ntime-honored signals, the ritual so necessary before the jump. By now\nthe air crew had the door open and I looked out. Even with my eyes\naccustomed to the darkness I could see little but the dark mass of\nhills below us and the rough black line where they met the horizon.\nAbove, the stars were bright. To the east a faint paleness marked where\nthe moon was hiding. I looked down again and now a tiny green light\nwinked up at me. It was the dropzone and the all-clear signal. The\naeroplane passed on and then came back to make its run.\n\"Stand in the door!\" I yelled. My hand holding the static line shook\nslightly and my thigh muscles were tight with cold and adrenalin.\n\"GO.\" The red light had changed to green and the first men were out.\nShuffling from the rear the rest followed swiftly and seemed to drop\non to each other's shoulders as they went through the door. The last\nman went by. I stepped behind him and in the same smooth motion went\non out. The rush of air twisted me and a momentary black cloud blotted\nthe stars as the tail assembly passed over. The roar faded and I\nfloated, weightless and almost mindless, like a baby in the womb, while\nmy mental clock ticked the slow seconds. \"Three thousand, four....\"\nThe snapping of elastic and the rush of risers behind my head stopped\nin a sliding jerk. I looked up. Above me a black circle swayed. It was\ncomplete; no torn canopy to worry about. Alive now, I looked around\nfull circle. Faintly I saw two parachutes below and in front of me as\nI glanced back the way we had come. We were dropping quickly into a\nsteep valley, the others at a lower level where it widened somewhat. I\ncould see outlines of the terraced rice fields coming up to meet me. In\nthat warm, wet air I could have made it standing. The chute collapsed\nwithout a protest. I struck the quick release and stepped out of the\nharness. \"Pretty soft,\" I was thinking. \"I hope the rest is like this.\"\nWhere the hillside joined the terraces I found a trail that paralleled\nthe line of our jump. I followed it down hill.\nAn hour later, we were all together. The slow speed of the plane, the\nlow jump altitude and the lightness of the wind had kept the sticks\nfrom scattering. Nobody was seriously hurt. We buried the parachutes in\nan overhanging bank under the Kudzu and began our march down the path.\nAs the protected one I was now about the middle of the file. The moon\nwas rising and the light was strong in treeless areas. We kept to the\nblackness of the shadows as much as possible and made a reconnaissance\nbefore crossing any open space. Our progress was slow. It must have\nbeen another hour when the line stopped advancing. A short time later a\nwhispered message came back, \"Send the Colonel up front.\"\nWhen I got there, Blackie and Pak were talking Korean to a small man\ndressed in the ragged coat and baggy pants of a peasant. Pak introduced\nhim.\n\"This is Lee Sung. He has the password and knows all about us.\"\nI took the small limp hand Lee Sung extended. \"I am Colonel Macdonald,\nthe Doctor. What do you want us to do now?\"\n\"I have a place where you can stay,\" he replied in excellent English,\nwith an accent that seemed familiar, though blurred with lack of use.\n\"We should go there immediately.\"\nWe followed him a short distance on the same trail and then turned\nup a side valley where the cultivated land rapidly rose in steps and\nnarrowed to a point at the little stream which had watered the crops.\nThere we found the remains of a small village. Hidden behind a row of\nthatched mud huts that faced the fields with eyeless walls, a narrow\ncourtyard opened abruptly to the main house. Overhanging wooden beams\nand tiled roof had protected the white paper walls of the recessed\nfront porch from the weather. It was the house of a rich farmer, rich\nfor Korea that is, and still intact.\n\"This is where you stay,\" said Lee.\nMakstutis took command. \"Kim, set out your perimeter guard and get the\nmen settled down. No lights; no smoking; no talking. I'll take a look\naround.\"\n\"Yes, sir,\" Kim moved them away. I followed Lee, Blackie and Pak onto\nthe verandah of the house, stepping quietly on the wooden planks.\nSliding aside one of the paper and wood panels, we bent our heads and\nentered. Crouched over a shaded flashlight, Lee traced a map laid on\nthe grass mat floor of a small side room.\n\"Here's where we are now. Here's the Imjin River and the village of\nSong-dong-ni. The virus factory is less than a mile this side of the\nvillage.\" He indicated the spot. \"It's about twenty miles from here\nover the hills.\"\n\"What are the trails like?\" Blackie asked.\n\"There's a small trail, a bit slippery in wet weather, that climbs the\nridge behind this house. It joins a wagon road that runs down the next\nvalley and then you cut over the watershed to the Imjin by another\ntrail. That one is good in all weather.\"\n\"Is it travelled much?\"\n\"Not now. The villages over there were wiped out by the plague. I doubt\nif there is anybody left.\"\n\"How do we go about contacting the Russian who's going to give us the\nvirus?\"\n\"He's not a Russian, Colonel, he's a Pole. His name is Anders and\nhe is the senior virologist at the factory. He is a keen botanist\nand it's his custom to wander alone over the hills almost every day\ncollecting specimens. He carries a burp gun in case he should meet\nbandits although there's little chance of that nowadays. However, it\nis a good thing to remember in approaching him that all strangers are\nsuspect. I try to catch him on these walks of his, so it's a matter of\nchance and may take a day or two to arrange a meeting. In the meantime,\nmay I suggest you and your white officers keep out of sight as much\nas possible. Your oriental soldiers can pretend to be living here\ntemporarily while searching for bandit gangs.\"\n\"What about food?\"\n\"The farmer who owned this village had a well stocked store room. You\nwill find it at the back of the house. There is plenty of rice, root\nvegetables, pots of kimchi ... you have eaten kimchi I presume ... and\nother preserved foods.\"\n\"What about the measlepox, doctor?\" Blackie asked.\n\"I doubt if the food was contaminated. Besides we had one shot of that\nRussian vaccine before we left. It's a small risk.\"\n\"I envy you Colonel. My only protection is to run away,\" Lee said wryly.\n\"How did people survive?\" I asked.\n\"After they became aware of the danger some took to the hills and some\nsmall villages escaped. They kept strictly to themselves and killed\nanyone who attempted to force his way into their area. I have a small\nfishing vessel at Wongpo. I took it out to sea and stayed there by\nmyself for several weeks.\"\n\"Then you have no family?\"\n\"No, my father was an exile in England during the Japanese occupation.\nI grew up and went to college there. We came back to our ancestral home\nafter the World War. He and my mother died very soon afterwards. The\nCommunists let me stay, mostly because they think I am sympathetic to\ntheir viewpoint and I have made myself useful to them. An agent has no\nbusiness with a family anyway,\" he concluded grimly.\nWe talked on for some time, clearing up the details of our plans. It\nwas uncomfortably close to dawn when he left.\nI had a headache--a sonofabitch of a headache to put it bluntly, and my\neyes felt as if some gremlin had got in behind them and was squeezing\nhard on the eyeballs. It had started as a mild frontal pain when I was\ntalking to Lee and I put it down to the tension of the jump and the\nsubsequent march to our present camp. I'd felt a little chilly too when\nwe got here but the nights were still cold in the hills and we cooled\noff quickly after exercise. I was sure the aching in my back was due\nto the pack I had carried, about seventy-five pounds of machine gun\nammunition, grenades and some medical supplies for emergencies. But\nit wasn't going away and I felt lousy. I was feeling damned sorry for\nmyself as I went to sleep. Seconds later it seemed, my eyes were wide\nopen again and throbbing.\n\"Damn it, this won't do!\" I muttered, and unzipped the light sleeping\nbag we carried. \"Lord, I'm hot!\" I searched the aid kit shakily.\nFinally I located the APC's, communist version, and then decided to\ncheck my temperature. It was 40\u00b0 Centigrade, right on the line. I\ntranslated that into the more familiar Fahrenheit ... 104\u00b0. The bar\nof mercury, slaty grey in the early light, shimmered and wavered as I\ntried to hold the thermometer still.\n\"Hell's teeth! What a time to get sick.\"\nI went over the various possibilities, forcing myself to concentrate,\nto think as clearly as I could. It was too soon to tell. It could be\nmalaria, or meningitis, typhoid or typhus.... I'd had shots for those\ntwo. What about dengue? Or old friend influenza? My mind was wandering\nnow. \"Too soon to tell,\" I said, and I swallowed the APC's. \"Too soon\nto tell ... too soon to tell ... to tell. tell. knell. hell. The silly\nrhymes echoed down long empty corridors to my ears. I knew I was\nburning up and getting delirious ... it felt like being drunk. Drunk?\nI'm not drunk ... I never get drunk now ... nothin' to drink, drink,\ndrink, nothin' to drink and I'm hot. Oh God, my head! Must tell Blackie\nI'm sick. I have to tell Blackie. I HAVE to tell Blackie!\" It\nwas important I knew and then I couldn't remember what was important. I\nhad to have water. I tried to stand up.\nThere was a murmuring somewhere nearby but I couldn't locate it. It\npersisted like a buzzing fly and I was annoyed. My head still hurt and\nmy eyes ached and I ached all over and I was hot and sticky and thirsty\nand weak and that damned noise wouldn't go away. Wearily I decided I'd\nhave to do something about it. I tried to lift my head but couldn't\nmake it. I tried again and felt myself lifted. Ahead of me a face\nwavered and then stabilized.\n\"Colonel Mac, Colonel Mac, can you understand me? Colonel Mac....\"\nI blinked blearily at him. I squeezed gritty eyelids together and tried\nagain. It was Sergeant Jimmy Lee, my aidman. \"Lee what is it?\" My mouth\nwas dry and it was hard to talk.\n\"Sir, we don't know what's the matter with you. Can you tell us?\"\nI shook my head and it tried to fall off. Lee propped me up again.\n\"You've been out of your mind for three days now and running a hell\nof a fever. I sponged you and gave you APC's. I even gave you a shot\nof penicillin when we thought you were going to die.\" His young face\nscrewed up with worry.\n\"I've still got the fever, haven't I?\" I muttered weakly. \"It feels\nlike it.\"\nMakstutis came into focus beside Lee. \"It's down some, Doc, but your\nface was red as a tomato and your eyes are still all bloodshot. Your\nurine was bloody too. Now you've got little red marks, kinda like\nbruises, on your skin.\"\n\"Eyes all bloodshot ... little red marks.\" Somewhere a circuit snapped\nshut in my head. \"God Almighty! I've got Songho Fever.\"\n\"Songho Fever? What's that, Doc?\"\n\"It's called Epidemic Hemorrhagic Fever in the States, and it hit a lot\nof G.I.'s around the Iron Triangle in the Korean War.\"\nJimmy wasn't too young to remember. He had been in on the tail end of\nthat fight.\n\"You must have picked it up around Kumwha,\" he said. \"There's nothing\nyou can do for it is there?\"\n\"No more than you are doing now, unless the Reds have something we\ndon't know about.\" I sipped the water someone brought and lay back.\nBlackie had come in when he heard I was conscious. \"Lee Sung is back,\"\nhe said. \"Maybe he could get something from Anders, or better still,\nget Anders to see you.\"\n\"I couldn't walk two minutes, let alone twenty miles.\"\n\"By Golly, we'll carry you,\" said Blackie. \"Don't you worry Colonel.\" I\nfell asleep again with his comforting hand on my shoulder.\nThe trek across the ridges was rough. I can't remember much of it\nexcept the feeling of falling when the improvised stretcher tipped\non the steep slopes or someone lost his footing. By now, one of our\nsergeants, another Korean War veteran named Lim On, was ill with\nwhat appeared to be the same disease and the morale of the unit was\nslipping. We had jumped a week ago and as yet had accomplished nothing.\nIn a deserted, half-collapsed farmhouse about a mile from Song-dong-ni,\nthey laid Lim and me down on piles of straw while most of the men\nbivouacked in small dugouts camouflaged in the woods beside the house.\nWe waited for Lee Sung to get Anders.\nHe arrived the following afternoon. A tall man, he looked like a\nbenevolent hawk, pale smooth hair, sharp nose, keen grey eyes. He\nstooped under the low lintel of the hovel and stood for a while in\nthe semi-darkness of the tiny, paper-walled room until his eyes were\nadjusted. Then he came and dropped on one knee by my side.\n\"You are a very sick man, Colonel,\" he said slowly, in precise English.\n\"I think I have hemorrhagic fever,\" I said.\n\"There is little doubt,\" he agreed as his hands searched my neck\nand armpits for swollen glands. \"See, the small blood spots on your\nabdomen, and your eyes. And what else have you noticed?\"\nI gave him the story, including what Makstutis had told me about the\nbloody urine.\nHe nodded his head. \"Yes, it must be so. I cannot now prevent it, but I\ncan help you to get well.\" He took a syringe and a bottle of solution\nfrom the small pack he carried. \"Lee Sung told me. I brought serum.\nEvery day you must take a dose, and the other man, too. I have no doubt\nhe will have the same disease.\"\nIt was probably some sort of concentrated convalescent serum. I never\ndid find out; but it seemed to help. There was no more bleeding and\nthe fever dropped. Lim improved too and, fortunately, none of the\nothers seemed to have caught it. I was still terribly weak and somewhat\ndepressed but I was able to get around a bit by the end of our second\nweek in North Korea.\nThe days dragged along and my strength was slow to return. I read and\nre-read the letter I had received just before the take-off from South\nKorea.\n\"I am getting along fine,\" Pat had written, \"in spite of feeling\nsomewhat bloated and clumsy, which, after all, I must expect. We had\nsome more news about Harry. Apparently the raiding party he was with\ngot ashore all right and set up their headquarters in one of the small\nvillages near the coast. They seem to be getting along real well so far.\n\"I am so glad Polly is staying with me, we are good company for each\nother. When I got the letter from General Rawlins that told me you\nhad left, I was relieved in a way, as I had wondered why you didn't\nwrite. Now at least I know and I am sure you are glad that, one way\nor another, it will soon be over. I don't expect to hear from you\nagain until your mission is completed. Darling, please be careful.\nThe General told me you had had shots for the measlepox, (they sent\nsome out for Harry's team too), so I am not quite so worried. At least\nthe dangers you face will be those of a soldier and you will have a\nfighting chance.\"\n\"She obviously had never heard or had forgotten about hemorrhagic\nfever,\" I thought ruefully, the pages trembling in my fever-weakened\nhands.\n\"Dr. Hallam is often over to see us in the evenings,\" she continued. \"I\nbelieve he is really fond of Polly ... and she of him ... but naturally\nhe doesn't express such feelings. If anything happens to Harry I'm sure\nhe will take care of her.\"\n\"And who will take care of you and the baby if I don't come back,\" I\nthought as I crumpled the letter and burned it. We shouldn't have\ncarried that last batch of mail into the airplane. It was the one\nsentimental chink in our disguise. As soon as I was well enough I\nchecked to be sure that everyone else had destroyed all mementoes.\nI was not naive enough to think that we could keep our secret if\ncaptured, but pages of letters could be misplaced or fragments blown\naway and picked up by anyone coming into the area.\nThe Rangers kept busy. Only one or two remained in the house to\ncook and look after Kim and me. The rest lay low during the day and\nreconnoitred by night so that they were soon familiar with the layout\nof the virus factory and the surrounding country. They briefed me on\nevery trip they made until I felt I knew it almost as well as if I'd\nseen it myself.\nThat week, Anders came three times. We always had guards posted and,\nonce he knew he was safe, he relaxed and talked quite volubly in\nRussian or English.\n\"It may be fortunate for you that you have had Songho Fever,\" Anders\nsaid, during one of these early talks.\n\"Why so?\"\n\"The western world has not yet discovered the cause of it, but we have.\"\nHe was obviously proud of the achievements of his laboratory, in spite\nof the horrible use to which they had been put.\n\"It's a very simple virus, carried, as you suspected, by mites which\nlive on small rodents. We have now taken that virus and changed it\nso that it does not require to pass through other animals as part of\nits life cycle. It can now pass in droplets of sputum from one man to\nanother. In the process of change it has become much more virulent,\nalmost one hundred percent fatal, I would say, with an incubation\nperiod of only one or two days. Also it is now extremely infectious\nand, I believe, far worse than the measlepox. That is the virus we have\nbegun producing, in large quantities, in our factory.\"\n\"What are the symptoms of this new disease?\" I asked.\n\"It acts much like the natural disease except for its extreme rapidity.\nThere is a tremendous increase in the hemorrhagic tendency, with fatal\nbleeding into the gastrointestinal tract, the urinary system, or\nsometimes the lungs. The victims die in shock within forty-eight hours,\nas a rule.\"\n\"How do you know how it will act on human beings?\" I said curiously\nalthough I thought I already knew the answer.\n\"Our people are more realistic than yours,\" he said, quite sincerely.\n\"We offered men condemned to die a pardon if they lived after being\nexposed to the virus. Most of them agreed.\"\n\"I'm surprised they got a choice,\" I said acidly.\n\"Our rulers have softened since the days of Stalin,\" he replied with a\nwry smile.\n\"Why didn't you use it instead of the measlepox?\" I asked him.\n\"We did not have enough, and also we did not have a vaccine against it\nuntil recently. In fact only a few people have been protected. I am\none, and so are my helpers in the Laboratory ... and, to some extent,\nso will you be for a while.\"\n\"Do you really think so?\"\n\"We have found there is limited cross-immunity from having had the\nnatural fever, especially early in convalescence, but that protection\nwears off rapidly.\"\n\"What do you mean by limited?\"\n\"Let us suppose you had an accident with the vials I shall give you for\nyour return journey and spilled the contents on you. You would be very\nill with the fever but you would have a fair chance of living.\"\n\"Have you given the new syndrome a name?\"\n\"Yes, a melodramatic one. We call it the bleeding death.\"\nIn the third week of our stay he came unexpectedly, late on a\nWednesday afternoon. I talked to him alone as the other officers had\ngone on an early patrol. He was extremely agitated.\n\"I believe the counter-offensive will soon be starting,\" he said.\n\"The Americans have refused to sell any more food to us and our radio\nis full of reports that the return of another wet spring in Europe\nand drought in Siberia is their doing. Today we were ordered to load\nall our available virus for shipment to Russia. We expect to send it\nSaturday.\"\n\"How will it go?\"\n\"In refrigerated tank cars,\" he replied, and seeing my amazement, he\nadded, \"We do not have a bottling plant here. There are barely enough\nimmune technicians to load it and seal the containers properly. I have\nbeen told there is an automatic bottling plant in Siberia which can put\nthe virus in missile warheads without human aid, but of course I am not\ncompletely informed about these things.\"\n\"God! They must be desperate if they intend to let this thing loose on\nAmerica without being immunized themselves.\"\n\"A calculated risk, Colonel. We can produce vaccine rapidly and protect\nthose who matter before the disease rebounds to our lands.\"\n\"Those who matter! That's good! I'll give you three guesses who makes\nthe decisions.\"\nOn their return that night I called in my officers and explained the\nsituation.\n\"We must stop that stuff from getting out of here,\" I said at the end.\n\"In fact, if possible we should blow up the tank cars and let it all\nrun out and at the same time try to put the laboratory out of action.\nIt won't do much good now for us to take the virus home ... there would\nbe too little time to produce a vaccine against it even if we have the\nformula.\"\n\"There's a railway bridge about two miles from the plant, about four\nfrom the way we'd have to go, that crosses a deep ravine,\" Makstutis\nsaid. \"It's on the spur line from the main Wonsan-Vladivostok railway.\nThat's the only way out of this fever factory of theirs. We can put\ndemolition charges on that to blow when the train goes over. There's\nonly three or four bridge guards. I'm sure we could cut the telephone\nwire and handle them before the train gets there.\"\n\"Suppose not all the tank cars are destroyed,\" Kim said. \"Could they\nuse that crap again, or would they go near it?\"\n\"Yes, they would,\" I said. \"Some of the technicians are protected by\nimmunizations.\"\n\"Then somebody has to be designated to explode the tanks in case they\nsurvive the drop,\" Blackie said. \"And what about the train guards?\"\n\"You're so right!\" I said. \"That makes me the mouse that ties the bell\non the cat. You boys hold off the guards, I'll get the tank cars.\"\n\"Hell, Doc, you've lost your marbles!\" Makstutis burst out in\namazement. \"That's our job. We've got to keep you all wrapped up like a\ndame in mink so you can tell them back home what's in that lousy stuff.\"\nI laughed at his pop-eyed indignation. \"That's true ordinarily, Mak,\" I\nsaid, \"but this new virus is one hundred percent fatal if you get it.\nAnybody who blows those tanks is likely to get some on him, especially\nsince they'll be damaged by the fall into the gorge. But people who've\nhad this hemorrhagic fever are partly protected, especially while they\nare in the convalescent stage, as I am, so I'll have to explode the\ntanks.\"\n\"I still don't like it, Colonel,\" Blackie said.\n\"Look, Blackie, if you get this new fever you die for sure ... and\nprobably all the rest of the unit will die too. Then how do I get back\nto the States?\"\n\"But if you blow it, sir, we can't bring the formula home,\" Kim said.\n\"That's true, but that's the lesser of two evils. We must destroy the\nvirus, and if possible the factory too, before they shoot the stuff\nover to North America. If we don't, knowing the formula will be like\na condemned man knowing how he's _going to be executed_ ... what\ndifference will it make?\"\n\"Geez, Colonel, I don't know,\" Makstutis began.\n\"I do,\" I cut him short. \"And I'm going to get those tanks. That's an\norder. It's certain death for anyone else.\"\n\"Except me, Colonel.\" Lim On stood up as tall as five feet three would\nstretch. We had forgotten him sleeping in the corner on a pile of straw\nand he had heard the last part of our argument as our rising voices\nawakened him. He looked about as pale as a yellow-skinned man can,\nwhich to me seems more a ghastly green, but he was steady enough, and\ndetermined enough to argue with me when I tried to set him down.\n\"Colonel, I'm the demolitions man of the section,\" he persisted. \"I'm\nas fit as you are, and, if the Colonel will pardon me for saying so, I\nknow a lot more about it than you do.\"\n\"OK, Sergeant,\" I gave in, \"I'll carry the charges and you set them.\"\nThe next day Anders was back again, his bird face no longer amiable but\nhaggard and harried. \"The tank cars begin loading tomorrow morning. I\nbelieve they will go out as soon as finished, which should be shortly\nbefore sunset. The Commissar is worried about possible sabotage and,\nI believe, has falsified the departure time.\" He pondered for a moment\nand then looked at me. \"Colonel, I am afraid to stay here. May I go\nwith you when you leave?\"\n\"You may,\" I said slowly, \"if you will do something else for us.\nOtherwise I think it would be better if you pretend to know nothing and\nstay behind.\" I explained our plan to wreck the train and then added,\n\"We will be concentrating on this attack and won't be able to come back\nand pick you up. Obviously you will not be able to go with the train\nafter it is loaded so you could not find us. On the other hand,\" I\npaused to estimate my man, \"if we were able to have help to get inside\nthe camp and sabotage it, you could escape in the confusion and come\nwith us.\"\n\"But what about the formulae?\" he asked anxiously. \"Are you not coming\nto get them from me?\"\n\"We would like to have them, of course,\" I replied. \"But it is not\nworth the risk for them alone since there will not be time now for our\npeople to set up production facilities.\"\n\"You ask a lot of me,\" he said heatedly. \"I could easily betray you and\nstay in the factory. You could not remain here indefinitely.\"\nI threw a trump card. \"What makes you think the factory is going to\nstay here indefinitely?\"\nHis face seemed to sicken as I watched. \"This means atomic warfare,\" he\nsaid, \"and the end of the world.\"\n\"If we have to die, you are going to die too. You have about two\nweeks.\" I was exaggerating, actually it was two months. \"If we don't\nreport success to our headquarters by that time, an atomic submarine,\narmed with a Polaris missile with atom bomb warhead, has orders to\nobliterate this whole area.\"\n\"No,\" he shook his head. \"No--this is too much. I have had enough of\nthis killing. I will not betray you.\"\n\"I didn't think you would,\" I said drily.\n\"But I must come with you,\" he said. \"I am afraid the Commissar is\nbecoming suspicious. Yesterday we were warned by intelligence to expect\nparachuting American raiders and the political commissar was asking\nme about my botanical excursions. He doesn't like me anyway because I\nam a Pole, and he may have put someone to watch me and report on my\nmovements.\" I looked at Blackie and he raised his eyebrows. Was this a\nshrewd guess on the part of the Russian G-2 people or had some of our\nrangers been picked up?\n\"Poor devils,\" I thought. \"They're probably being brainwashed right\nnow. Time is running out on us, for sure. We must get moving right\naway.\"\nAnders was saying, \"What do I have to do for you?\"\nI told him my plan, slowly and carefully.\n\"One thing more,\" I said, as he started to go out the door. \"Don't\nforget to bring samples of the viruses and vaccines with you ... and\nanything else you may think important.\"\n\"I will do that,\" he promised. \"Goodbye and good luck, Colonel.\"\nWhen the sound of his steps had faded, Blackie spoke again.\n\"You're taking quite a chance, Colonel. He knows enough now to ruin us\nall.\"\n\"Yes, I am. He is a proud man and I played on his pride as a scientist.\nDeep down, he probably is ashamed of having prostituted his discoveries\nfor the purpose of murder, even though there wasn't much he could have\ndone about it. He wants to make amends and I think he will go with us.\nAnyway, I could see no other way of doing it, could you?\"\nI looked around the circle of officers squatting on the rice mat floor.\n\"We're with you, Doc,\" Makstutis said. \"All the way, by heaven.\"\nThree heads nodded in agreement.\nAt last light we sent out a small party to set up a diversionary attack\nbehind the factory. There was a little gully screened by low bushes\nthat seemed a suitable place from which to fire. It could not be\napproached in the daytime without some danger of observation. The plan\nhere was to bury small charges on the railway line to be fired from the\ngully just after the train had passed. This would twist the rails and\nprevent the engineer from backing up to the factory again. A few well\nplaced rounds should help to speed him on his way down the track, and\nif the shots punctured some of the tanks, so much the better. After\nthe charges were laid, two men were to be assigned to stay and do the\nshooting. They would rejoin us later.\nLate the following morning, we broke camp. We carried only weapons,\nammunition, demolition charges and one day's ration. Sammy Lee, the\naidman for Blackie's section, also carried his aid kit and extra\ndressings. I brought mine along for our section. We moved out with\nextreme caution, our scouts well ahead. We could not afford discovery\nnow, of all times. At fourteen hundred hours we stopped for rest and\nfood. For a while I let the men relax. Then I gathered them around me\nexcept for the guards.\n\"We separate here,\" I said. \"Captain Balakireff and Lieutenant Pak and\nhis section will go to the virus factory and carry out the plan for\nwhich you have all been prepared. Captain Makstutis, Lieutenant Kim\nand I will lead our party to the bridge. From now on you must start\nthinking and acting like Koreans, at all times. You must not speak\nEnglish under any circumstances. The Reds will be hunting for us after\nthe raid as guerrillas. If they find out that we are Americans the\nchase will be ten times as fierce. It might even make the men in the\nKremlin decide to launch an open attack on the United States. Certainly\nif they capture us it will give them an excuse to do so. You must not\nsurrender. You will take no prisoners.\" I looked around the group and\npaused for effect.\n\"How many of you have had the S-Flu?\"\nTo a man they raised their hands.\n\"Then remember that,\" I said, \"whenever you feel soft-hearted. These\nare the people who did it to you.\"\nI turned to Blackie and Pak. \"_Itdah popsidah_ ... see you later,\" I\nsaid in Korean and shook hands. The two officers sprang to attention\nand with wide smiles on their faces gave me the communist salute.\nI returned it. Pak faced his men, the smile gone. A stream of rapid\nKorean orders poured from his thin lips. The change was amazing.\nWhat had been a bunch of slouching G.I.'s having chow in comic opera\nuniforms was transformed into heel clicking, jumpy NCO's barking at\nslightly harassed, overly anxious oriental soldiers. They quick-stepped\ndown the trail and out of sight. A minute later we too were on our way.\nAhead of me, as I looked back towards the virus factory area, the\ntracks went straight over the single arch of the steel bridge that\nspanned the narrow ravine and, slowly dropping, twisted to my left\nbehind a small hill to be lost about a half a mile away. I was lying\nin the brush on top of the hill that rose in a steep curve out of\nthe gorge. To my immediate right, a deep cutting with jagged rocky\nwalls slashed through the hill from where the bridge jumped the gap.\nFortunately for us, the side of the ravine farthest from the virus\nfactory, where I now lay, was much higher than the other, which enabled\nus to control the approaches. The rise in gradient would also slow the\ntrain. It was a marvellous trap.\nWe had crossed the fast-running foamy little river higher up, where it\ndropped down from the steep mountain ridges. Now, in the cleft below,\nI could hear the deeper growling as it fought for space among the\nheavy boulders of its bed. I was tired after the march; tired enough\nto quit right there. A few feet away, over the reverse slope in a\nlittle hollow, Lim On was concentrating on his demolition charges, his\nskeleton face immobile and thin fingers working surely as he fixed the\nspecial fuses. He had finished three, with two to go. Anders had told\nus there were five tank cars. We had to get them all.\nI rolled over a little, the better to reach my pants pocket where I had\na pair of tiny Japanese field glasses. The sun was warm and, under the\nspecial steel of the American-made Russian model helmet, my forehead\nwas wet where the headband touched. Like all the others, I was wearing\none of the new lightweight plastic body armor suits under the uniform.\nIt was good to know that even a burp gun bullet would bruise but not\npenetrate. Only high velocity rifle fire could cut through the flexible\nweave but I wondered momentarily if it was worth all the sticky\ndiscomfort to wear it. The glasses were up to my eyes now and I waited,\npropped on my elbows. The round magnified world was blurred by the heat\nwaves and the exhaustion which blunted my concentration and sent quick\ntremors through my tired arms. A fly found me, his feet tickling my\nface as he sucked the sweat drops. The crawling became intolerable and\nI had to brush him off. When my eyes adjusted again to the glasses I\nsaw Makstutis and Kim, with seven men. They were filing down the edge\nof the cutting in full view.\nAs they neared the abutment, a soldier came out of the bushes at the\nside of the bridge. Seeing the officers, he saluted smartly and, a\nmoment later, called to a companion who joined the group. Then Kim and\nfour men moved off across the bridge to where another pair of guards\nhad come out of hiding. Thirty seconds later it was all over. At the\nnear end of the bridge, two of my men had moved casually behind the\nenemy soldiers as they talked to Makstutis. Suddenly they wrapped their\nleft arms around the victims' faces to stop a shout. Their right arms\ncame up and the commando knives flashed down into that soft triangle\nbehind the collar-bone. It was done almost in rhythm, like some hellish\nballet. The dying men writhed a little and then went limp. By the time\nI swung my glasses to the other end of the bridge, the scuffle there\nwas already over. I lowered the binoculars. My stomach churned a little\nas it had done on my first visit to a slaughter-house. The rest of\nour men were now out of hiding and working furiously on the bridge,\nsetting up the charges. Up from below, his face covered with sweat and\nbreathing quickly from the climb, came Makstutis. He sat down beside me.\n\"Dead easy, Doc,\" he said, as he got his breath.\n\"Dead, easy, is right,\" I said grimly. Killing of any kind always\ndepressed me.\nHe glanced sideways at me, \"Feel OK?\"\n\"I'll make it,\" I replied quietly, with much more optimism than I felt.\nWe zigzagged down to the bridge. Kim was dispersing his section along\nthe rim of the gorge and up on both sides of the cutting. We would have\nto eliminate any Commies who were stranded on our side by the explosion\nbut we wanted to leave a line of retreat open for the rest. None of\nour men would stay on the other side. Any who survived on the far side\nof the ravine were welcome to go home ... and I hoped they would. We\nsettled down in the brush to the left of the bridge--Makstutis, who was\nto set off the charges and then go where he felt he was needed, Lim,\nwho would be with me, and Sergeant Kang and Corporal Hip Sing who were\nto cover us as we blew up the remaining tank cars.\nThe sun was lowering to the hills now and soon would drop behind them.\nThe waves of its heat shook the rails in the cutting, the mirage\ntwisting them in fancy as the explosives would soon do in fact. A weak\nlittle breeze came fitfully up the tracks and cooled my face. The soft\nsad whistle of a locomotive drifted with it and seconds later a dull\nthudding noise. I thought I heard a faint crackling of rifles.\n\"And away we go,\" I said inanely.\nAs Blackie told me much later, the first part of the attack went off as\nsmoothly as a Tri-Di melodrama.\n\"I took the men down the trail at a good pace,\" he said. \"I wanted\nto get into position and take a long look at the layout in daylight.\nThere wasn't much movement, a guard or two patrolling the fence and in\nthe gatehouse, with my glasses, I could make out a couple of soldiers\nplaying rummy or poker or whatever these people play. We didn't dare\nget out behind the plant for a look but I could hear some noises and\noccasionally an engine huffed and puffed like they do when they are\nshunting. About seventeen hundred hours a loud bell signal went off. I\nwas frightened it might be an alarm but it must have been chow call or\nthe end of a shift. Anyway, a few more men came out and walked about\nhere and there and the guards changed.\n\"Getting close to eighteen hundred I was wondering if anything had gone\nwrong when I saw the guard get up and answer the phone. Maybe this was\nit. I alerted the men. About three minutes later I saw a tall man I\nthought was Anders coming down the front steps of the factory with a\nhaversack slung over his shoulder. He moved towards the gate and we\ncame down off the hill, going fast. By the time we got there the guards\nwere out, watching us come, and Anders was apparently clueing in their\nleader.\n\"Why, hello, Captain Balakireff,\" he said as I came up. \"I didn't know\nyou were out in this part of the world. Are you the group searching for\nthe guerrillas?\" I admitted we were and said to the sergeant of the\nguard, \"Let us in. I have to report to the Commissar.\"\n\"He opened the gate and we began to enter as the train whistle blew.\nI was stalling for time, exchanging small talk with Anders, when the\nexplosions came and then the shots.\n\"It must be the guerrillas! Behind the plant!\" I yelled. \"Follow\nme.\" I took off on the double with the boys coming right behind. I\nskidded around the corner and, by Golly, I ran smack into the Political\nCommissar's fat belly. Anders told me later who he was. When I got to\nmy knees I saw he had four Russian guards with him so I guessed he must\nbe a honcho. There was no time for argument. If I tried to play along\nand he found out, we were finished.\n\"Get them!\" I shouted in Korean, and jumped on the Commissar again as\nhe got up. Our men were fast with the knives but one guard got off a\nfew rounds with his tommy-gun as he died. They hit poor Kwong Lin, our\ndemolitions man ... punched holes in him through his thighs and his\nneck where the suit didn't cover. Sammy says he couldn't do a thing for\nhim. I didn't wait around to see.\n\"Hold this old fool and keep him quiet a minute. We may need him,\" I\nsaid to one of the boys. \"The rest of you cover while Pak and I clean\nout the power house.\" I stooped down and pulled the bag of explosives\nfrom Kwong's body. Pak was away ahead of me. He was already going up\nthe steps and hit one guy in the belly with a couple of slugs as they\nmet in the doorway. Knives were no use now. We whizzed around inside\nthat place like a couple of squirrels playing tag. Up and down the\nladders, and everywhere we went we slapped beehive blasters with quick\nfuses, on generators, transformers, anything that looked important. The\nfirst ones were going off as we set the last and one of them blasted\nme out the door with the shock wave. I picked myself up for the second\ntime, feeling like the last pin in a bowling alley, and looked about\nfor my burp gun. I found it just in time to join in a nice firefight.\nThe Reds had caught on by now. The doggoned alarm bell was making the\ndickens of a racket and a bunch of soldiers came charging around the\ncorner from the railway yards. The boy with the Commissar fired first\nand knocked down three and the kids covering us at the powerhouse got\ntwo more as they scrambled for cover back around the corner. We started\nfor the gate with Benny Quong and Joe Park covering the rear. Meantime\nsome bright so-and-so had got up on the second floor and he leaned out\nand dropped a grenade down between them. We got him right after the\nbang but it didn't do those two any good. The shrapnel went up under\ntheir helmets and caught their legs as well. I hope they died fast.\nSammy wanted to go back for them but I dragged him along with me. I\nfigured we had to get Anders out of there with the big secret and we\nwere expendable until we did.\n\"By now Pak was prodding the Commissar around the corner in front of\nthe guardhouse with a knife in his backside. We came in sight and found\nthe four guards watching for us--Anders was standing by the door.\"\n\"Tell them to open that gate,\" I screamed at the fat boy. He opened\nhis mouth but it was no use. Either somebody had it in for him or else\nthose goons really obey orders. The alarm had gone off and the gate was\nclosed and that was that. We kept walking. Pak stuck him again and he\nlet out a yelp. That's when the guard commander figured the setup as\nfishy. He lifted his gun and sprayed. Of course all of us hit the dirt,\nfiring, when he started to act mean, but the old Commissar wasn't a\ncombat man. He was still on the way down when he got it in the throat\nand crumpled up on top of Pak. By Golly, it was a mess. Pak came up\nlooking like a Red Indian instead of a Korean and then he blew his\nstack. He let out a shriek of rage like a runaway stallion and started\nstraight for the gate, shooting from the hip. He knocked out the\ncommander and one more and the other two beat it behind the guardhouse.\nWhere Anders had got to I don't know. I think he went inside, but he\nwasn't in the guardroom when we reached it. It was getting pretty hot\nwith rounds coming in through the windows from the three floors of\nthe factory and some from around the corners; fortunately the gate was\npartly protected by the guardhouse or we'd never have made it. Pak went\nout and dragged the dead commander into the door to look for the gate\nkey but a sniper got him in the arm. That was when I knew we had to get\nout fast or die. I sent Sammy to fix up Pak and detailed Sergeant Wong\nto blow the lock to pieces while the rest of the men kept the snipers'\nheads down with continuous fire. Then I remembered Anders. I poked my\ngun around the back end of the guardhouse just in time to hear a couple\nof shots and see the two guards go down. I hollered and he stepped out\nof the door of the latrine holding an automatic. I guess he'd got tired\nwaiting and decided to finish it himself.\n\"'Good, Doctor, very good,' I said. 'Now let's get out of here.'\n\"He looked a bit shaken but he tucked his haversack under his free arm\nand we ran for the gate.\n\"Well, that's about all there was to it,\" Blackie concluded. \"We got to\nthe woods with no more casualties and left three men to cover the open\narea for a while and discourage pursuit until it got dark and we could\nget lost. Most of us had a scratch or two and Pak was woozy from loss\nof blood but we got back to the old village all right and waited for\nyour party to come in.\"\nAs I said before, Blackie told me all this much later. At the time\nthey started fighting we were lying hidden in the scrub by the gorge.\nMakstutis had a transistor switch to the demolitions in his hand. He\nand I were right beside the track. We would move to safer places when\nthe train came in sight.\n\"Make sure the last tank car is on the bridge before you blow it,\" I\nsaid anxiously. \"If one is left on the far side we'll never get to it.\"\n\"OK Colonel,\" he said. \"It's all set up. Should be a piece of cake, as\nthe Limeys say.\"\nTen minutes after the first explosion we heard the quick hard slapping\nof the beehive charges and the rattling as the firefight got going.\n\"Sounds like they're having plenty of trouble,\" I muttered.\n\"Yeah, I guess so,\" Makstutis admitted, \"but that Blackie's a hot shot\nand so are Pak and his boys. I'll bet they make hash outa that joint.\"\n\"They'd better or they'll be in the stew themselves,\" I said, in a weak\nattempt at levity.\nHe gave me an anguished frown and then, his face suddenly grim, shushed\nfor silence. Faintly I thought I heard an engine straining up the\ngrade. Makstutis crawled over and put his head to the rail.\n\"It's on the way,\" he said. \"Better take cover.\" He stood up and\nsignalled the alert.\nLim and I were crouching behind a big rock outcropping halfway down\ninto the gorge. A faint trail led from there to the bottom--perhaps\na relic of the construction days when the bridge was being built. It\nwas far enough away to be safe when the bridge blew up but from there\nwe could reach the bottom in a hurry. My heart was hammering fast,\npartly from excitement and partly from weakness. My knees were wobbly\nand I could hear the blood rush past my ears. I tried to swallow but\nI was too dry. Now the train was around the bend and I could hear the\nslow chuff-chuff-chuff as it crawled up the track. The sound suddenly\nsharpened as the engine, a big American style steam cylinder, shoved\nits nose past the cutting and out on to the bridge, travelling at a\nwalking pace. A movement at the other end caught my attention and, for\na moment, a great tightness clamped down on my chest. Kim was standing\nat the edge of the cutting, calmly waving to the engine driver.\n\"The damn fool,\" I raged inside. \"What in Hell is he doing?\" And then\nI realized and almost wept in admiration and pride. Afraid that the\nenemy, already on the alert, would notice the lack of guards and stop\nin time, he was calmly risking his life, pretending to be one of them\nand enticing the Reds on to destruction. By now the engine was almost\nup to him. He waved again and moved casually up the embankment into the\nbush.\nBehind the coal tender came a passenger coach full of soldiers, two\nflat cars and then the five tank cars. At the end, as the train clawed\nover the bridge, came two more flat cars, another guard coach and a\nsort of caboose. The bridge itself was exactly six car lengths from\nbank to bank. To be sure that all the tank cars would be caught,\nMakstutis had to let the first passenger coach get into the cutting on\nour side and the other one remain on the far approach. He threw the\nswitch.\nFor a moment in time the bridge buckled upwards under the last tank\ncar. Then, like a slow motion close-up, it started to bend downwards in\na vee, moving faster and faster as the law of gravity took over. The\nrear tank car dropped into the vee, pulling the flat cars down with it.\nThe crash of the explosion was rolling away down the canyon and now\nthe screech of tearing metal sounded. The rear flat cars fell off to\nthe side and the passenger coach behind them twisted over and wedged\nitself crossways between the main concrete buttresses and the far bank.\nBy a miracle of bad luck it did not go down with the other cars and\neven as I turned away the guards came tumbling out of windows and doors\nunhurt. I looked towards our end. Three tanks had gone down with the\nbridge and lay twisted among the steel girders in the foaming river. Of\nthe other two, one hung crazily over the angle between the steel and\nthe bank. I could not see the leading tank car but I learned later it\nhad remained upright but derailed. The couplings had broken just ahead\nof it, leaving the engine, the first guard car and the two flat cars\nfree. That engineer was a smart man. Realizing that they hadn't much\nchance pinned down in the depths of the cutting, he pulled the throttle\nwide open and went for the open country as fast as the train would\naccelerate. With the wheels screeching and sparking on the tortured\nrails the engine bellowed up the grade like a charging bull trying to\nescape from the stockyards.\nI didn't know all this. I could hear the roaring engine and the storm\nof firing that followed. It would be suicide to attack the tank cars in\nfull view, I thought. Better first dispose of the three that lay in\nthe bottom of the ravine. I nodded to Lim and we started down. It was\nslow work at the bottom. In places the river ran right to the edge of\nthe cliff and we had to scramble around on the big boulders or climb\nup and down the rough rock face, but we made progress and eventually\nwe stood under the shattered bridge. Down here the light was dimmer\nand the sound of water washing around the wreckage deadened the noise\nof the sporadic firing above. In mid-stream the rearmost tank car lay\non its side, split open by the fall. The other two, though buckled,\nwere intact. They had toppled off to the side of the bridge and now lay\nacross the big rocks on our side of the river in the shape of a twisted\nZ. Lim laid down his gun and started to work. His lungs heaving in his\npoor sick chest, he scrambled over the rocks and then disappeared under\nthe middle tank car. He came back up dripping wet and motioned for a\ndemolition charge. I crawled to him and gave him one. Between gasps\nfor breath and above the noise of the water and the echoing battle he\nshouted in my ear.\n\"I'm going to blow this one from underneath, at the lowest point above\nthe water, so all the stuff will drain out.\"\nI nodded in approval and he disappeared again. In a couple of minutes\nhe was back. \"We have about five minutes,\" he cried, his voice shaky\nwith fatigue. \"Let's get the other one.\"\nI pulled him to his feet, where he stood shivering with cold and\nexhaustion, and picked up the guns and charges. We moved to the second\ncar. This one was propped up at an angle with the low end dug into a\npatch of sand, easy to get at. I handed him another explosive and he\njammed it against the steel, in the sand. He was about to activate the\nfuse when suddenly he straightened, twisted half around to face me\nand fell forward. The echoes of the shot ricochetted off the walls of\nthe gorge. I estimated it came from across the water and in the same\ninstant made a diving run for cover. I hit hard and rolled behind a\nsmall boulder as another shot hit it and whined away into the air.\nI was thinking fast. Some of the Reds must have been trying a sneak\nattack across the bottom of the gorge and had seen us at work. In spite\nof our uniforms it was obvious from what we were doing that we weren't\nfriendly. I'd be marked down and shot if I tried to get back and ignite\nthe last fuse. And there wasn't time now. I had to get out of there!\nThe first charge might explode that full car like a can of tomato\njuice, spraying death in all directions. I was trying to get up the\nnerve to dash for safety when the shouts came from behind me. It was\nMakstutis, with Kang and Hip Sing. They had crawled up close to me when\nthe fighting started.\n\"Doc! Doc!\" Makstutis was yelling, \"Get that last fuse started. We'll\nkeep their heads down.\"\n\"Get back!\" I screamed frantically. \"The other tank is gonna explode.\nIt'll cover you with virus.\"\n\"That's rough, Doc,\" Makstutis called back calmly, \"but what's four men\ncompared to millions. Better get cracking.\"\nI felt ashamed, physically sick and disgusted. I had a chance and they\nhad none and yet, facing that death, they could still think of others\nwhile all I wanted to do was to lie there, afraid even to run. Oh, I\ncould blame my sick mind or my weakened physical state. They would\nexcuse it on those grounds and never say a word to me no matter what I\ndid. But I knew better. Today I was beaten down while better men than I\nwere still fighting.\nI was up and running with the nausea of moral defeat rising in my\nguts. Quitter! The one word I feared above all ... and it applied to\nme. Better to die now than have to live the rest of my miserable life\nwith it. I felt a heavy blow on my back that threw me off stride. At\nthe same time I heard the crack of a small mortar shell behind me and\nsomething sharp and stinging penetrated my right hip. They must be\nlobbing them across at extremely short range, trying to drop in behind\nthe rocks and get my riflemen. A burp gun gnattered and chewed up\nthe sand beside me as I reached the tank car but stopped abruptly as\nsomebody blasted back. I stooped down and activated the fuse. I was\nhalfway back across the open sandy patch when the first tanker blew up.\nThere was a faint smell of decay, of cold moist flesh, in the air. I\nshoved up from the sand and rose wearily to my feet. I looked down\nand saw the wet stain spreading over me from the back. My legs felt\ndamp. I was too tired to care. The odor of the virus culture, of the\nbleeding death, was in my nose and mouth and I was too tired to care. I\nstaggered past a rocky outcrop and almost fell. Sergeant Kang reached\nfor me from cover.\n\"Don't touch me,\" I protested weakly. \"The stuff's all over me.\"\n\"Some of it got us too, Doc. Better let me help you get away before the\nnext one goes up.\"\nWe advanced cautiously up the ravine away from the bridge. The second\ntank car had blown and there was no pursuit. Apparently our men on the\nrim of the gorge had pinned down the attackers or else the horror of\nthe bleeding death had driven them away. Now that my aching chest had\neased a bit I could think again. We went around a couple of bends and\nthe sound of firing died away.\n\"We've got to get this virus off, it's our only hope,\" I said.\n\"OK Doc,\" Makstutis was agreeable. \"Whatever you say. The damn stuff\nstinks like a frightened polecat.\"\nI led the way along the stream and found a chest-deep pool with a fast\nwater flow. I walked right in, gun, helmet, jack boots and all, and\nthrashed around for a moment under water.\n\"Now you do the same,\" I said when I came out.\nI had some soap in my pocket and Hip Sing produced another bar. With\none man standing guard, we undressed and scrubbed ourselves and then\nour clothes and weapons as thoroughly as possible while the light\nfaded. Numbly I noticed a large hole in my jacket and a ragged tear\nin the plastic suit. I shook the suit and a piece of iron two inches\nsquare fell out. No wonder my ribs were sore and my chest ached!\nMakstutis saw it fall and grinned at me crookedly.\n\"Your lucky day, ain't it, Doc?\"\n\"Yeah, out of the frying pan, now into the fire. Wait until tomorrow.\"\nHe shrugged. \"That's the way the rocket roars.\"\nWe wrung out the water as best we could and wiped it off the guns. I\nfelt better from the cold bath though I was weary to the crying stage.\nThe wound in my thigh was small and not troubling me much so I let it\nalone.\n\"That should help a little,\" I surmised when we were dressed again. \"At\nleast it may protect the others from the disease.\"\nWe were starting to climb back up the side of the gorge when an\near-battering crash rolled up the river to meet us. Then there was\nsilence.\nI don't remember too much about that climb back up the gorge. I know I\nfell often and always there was a helping hand, a quiet word. We got\nback to the bridge in darkness and were stopped by Kim's guards. The\nfight was over. They had been waiting for us. Four men were dead, three\nin the fight for the train and Lim in the river bed. Two more were\nwounded in the arm and head but could walk. One man had a broken leg.\nI vaguely remembered telling Kim how to splint it with poles cut from\nbrush and giving him some morphine. I didn't like the risk of exposing\nany of them to the bleeding death but there wasn't much I could do\nabout it right then except try not to touch anyone. Makstutis, the two\nNCO's and I, kept apart from everyone else and waited for the fever to\nstrike. We kept going in the darkness, a darkness that became a dream\nworld to me except for the steady support of hands at my elbows and the\nslow dragging of my feet as I lifted them and put them forward. Just\none more step; one step more; one more step; one step more. We stopped\nand the hands released me. I crumpled where I stood and slept.\nI woke to a pattern of shifting light and shade beyond my closed\neyelids and a cool wind that blew across my face. I opened my eyes and\nslowly they focused on the leaves that rustled above me. The aching\nmisery of my legs and body forced itself into my brain and carefully,\ndeliberately, I sat up. We were in a thickly wooded valley. A tiny\nclearing opened from where I sat, bisected by a narrow stream. On the\nother side, about ten yards away, Kim and his men moved about quietly,\ncooking the last of their rice on a dry wood fire that gave no smoke.\nI stood up for a moment while specks whirled before my eyes as my\nblood pressure dropped. The feeling passed. I was still damnably\nweak but better than yesterday. I looked around for my companions in\nisolation and saw them squatting close to their own fire. They seemed\nnormal. So far so good! We might have another twelve to twenty-four\nhours before the hemorrhagic fever started to raise hell with us. By\nthat time, with luck, we could be holed up in our refuge. Maybe Anders\nwould be able to help us. At the worst, as he was immune, he could take\ncare of us and feed us.\nI was still not completely aroused when Makstutis came over with a\nmixed mess of hot rice and kimchi in a ration can.\n\"Here's your bacon and eggs, Colonel,\" he grinned irrepressibly. The\nman just wouldn't give in, I thought. \"How do you feel this morning?\"\n\"Pretty good, considering,\" I replied.\nI finished eating and walked down to the stream to splash some water on\nmy face. Kim was there, washing up. I kept down-stream from him.\n\"How are you feeling, sir?\" he said, towelling his face with his\nundershirt.\n\"OK so far, Kim. I need a cigarette. Have you got any? No, not your\npacket! Just one. I'll ask again if I need it.\" I caught the black\nRussian weed he threw at me and dragged gratefully. \"I didn't see much\nof the fighting at the bridge after Makstutis threw the switch,\" I\nsaid, sitting down on a boulder. \"I was down in the bottom of the gorge\nmost of the time. Clue me in on what happened.\"\nHe squatted comfortably on his heels, oriental style, and I was\nmomentarily amused at how quickly he had reverted from his western\ntraining.\n\"When the bridge fell down,\" he began, \"the boys along the canyon rim\nall fired on the coach stuck in the approaches across the way. A lot of\nthe Reds were hit getting out of it but a lot more made it and started\na firefight across the canyon with us. That lasted quite a while.\"\n\"I saw the beginning of it,\" I said.\n\"I heard from Makstutis that some of them got down in the bottom and\nshot at you and you were hit.\"\n\"That's true, but I was hit by mortar fragments. Did he tell you that\nI'd never have got out if it hadn't been for him and his two men?\"\n\"No, he didn't. He did tell me you all got splashed with that virus\nstuff.\"\n\"We sure did, and nobody except Anders is to come near us until we find\nout if we're going to get the fever or not. But what happened to you?\"\n\"While the fight was going on back and forth across the canyon,\" he\nbegan again, \"the engineer tried to take off with what was left of his\ntrain ... it broke apart just ahead of the first tank car. He almost\ndid it too! The two men I had posted up above, on either side of the\ncutting, couldn't do much as they were firing down at too steep an\nangle. They did manage to keep the Commies' heads inside the coach,\nhowever, and, when the train started up the grade, five of us were able\nto scramble up on the flat cars, leaving the other six guys to finish\nthe fight at the bridge. Two of them were killed later on by an unlucky\nmortar shell burst.\n\"As soon as we got on the flat car I put a half a dozen burp gun\npellets straight down the middle of the passenger coach and while they\nwere wondering what to do about it, Tommy Lin sneaked up close and\nthrew a grenade through the glass of the back door. But he didn't hold\nit long enough. Somebody fielded it and threw it right back before it\ncould explode. Lucky for us he was too strong. It bounced out past the\ndoor and rolled over the side just as it went off. About that time I\nfigured we had to stop the train or they'd take us to Vladivostok, so\nTommy and little Rhee Sung boosted me up on the roof.... It took both\nof them to do it ... while the other guys gave the Reds a few rounds\nto keep their heads down. I hauled my two buddies up with me and we\npussyfooted over the top, hoping the Commies wouldn't try to shoot up\nthrough the roof. It was steel anyway. That helped! We jumped down on\nthe coal tender and the fireman saw us. Boy! Did he yell! He dropped\nthat shovel and dived out the side like a frightened frog. The engineer\ntook to the other door.\n\"By now the train was out of the grade and in open country, really\ntravelling. I sent Rhee back over the top to warn the others, before\nthe Reds got wise, and when I figured they were set I put on the\nemergency brake ... it's a good thing I learned about engines on the\npineapple plantations back in Hawaii ...\" he laughed. \"Well, sir, that\ndamned train just about stood on its nose and jack-knifed. I'll bet the\ngooks really got thrown about. Then I put her in reverse. The wheels\nwere screeching like a drunk wahine at a hula, and slipping and sliding\nlike crazy until they caught a hold. When she stopped and began to back\nup a lot of the Reds made a break for it. We got a few but most of them\ngot away. When they saw we were going back towards the bridge a gang of\nthose left tried to rush the cab. Tommy was waiting on the coal pile\nand mowed them down but a wild shot downed him when he tried to get\nback to me. I wanted to stop the train but he yelled at me to go on. I\ntied down the whistle as the signal and the other guys jumped. Then I\ngave her full throttle and I jumped too. Tommy stayed on. I guess he\nfigured he was finished and he might as well take some of the Reds with\nhim. Anyway they never got into the cab to stop the engine. It must\nhave barrelled down that grade at a hundred miles an hour. It smashed\nthose two tank cars to glory and pushed the whole damn lot into the\ncanyon.\"\n\"That was the big explosion I heard?\"\n\"That was it,\" Kim agreed and added, \"That broke up the fight. Good\nboy, that Tommy. He went out the right way for a soldier.\"\nWe set out for the rendezvous about midmorning. It would have been\nsafer to wait for night but I was afraid the virus would knock us\nout and Kim agreed. The scouts reported no signs of life ahead so we\nmarched in our two groups, a prudent interval of twenty-five yards\nbetween. The day was warm later on. About sixteen hundred hours\nI started to sweat a bit and I noticed beads of perspiration on\nMakstutis' forehead and a large drop forming on the end of his nose.\nHe smiled weakly when he caught my eye.\n\"Guess I'm starting to get that fever, Doc,\" he said. \"The other two\nguys have it too. How're you doing?\"\nI wasn't too bad and said so. The protection Dr. Anders said I'd get\nfrom the Songho Fever must be working. We went up on top of a steep\nridge and I noticed Hip Sing was unsteady on his feet. I went over to\nhim.\n\"How are you making out, boy?\"\n\"I ...\" he swayed slightly and licked his lips.... \"I don't feel so\ngood, sir.\"\n\"Sit down, son. Let's have a look at you.\"\nHis head was scorching hot and his cheeks flushed like an inebriated\nJapanese. I felt his pulse. Even after a rest it was over one hundred\nand forty. At a rough guess he must have been running a fever of one\nhundred and three degrees. I let him rest for a bit and then, with\nMakstutis on one side and I on the other, we stumbled on down the\ntrail into the valley. He collapsed a couple of times before we got to\nthe bottom and finally we were dragging him along, his arms over our\nshoulders, toes catching in the dust. Sergeant Kang followed reeling\nin semi-delirium but still carrying our weapons. Somehow he reached\nalmost to the bottom of the slope, right behind us, and then pitched\nforward on his face. The guns clattered and rolled down ahead of him.\nHis arms, outstretched as he fell, caught my legs and tripped me.\nI went down on one knee, Hip Sing crazily over me, while Makstutis\nstruggled to keep his balance and pull us up again. We got Sing over\nto the narrow brook that tumbled along the valley floor and there\nMakstutis' knees buckled under him and he sat down. I was feeling rough\nmyself, but not that rough.\n\"Get Hip Sing's clothes off him if you can, Mak,\" I said, and went back\nfor Kang. He was still comatose so I grabbed his arms and jerked him\ndown the slope to level ground. I couldn't drag him any more, I hadn't\nthe strength. I got down on my knees and rolled him over to the water's\nedge. I stripped him to his undershirt and poured water over him with\nhis helmet. His pulse was almost impossible to count, it was beating\nso fast, but it was still surprisingly strong. That fever had to be\nbrought down before it fried his brains! No man can live long at a body\ntemperature over 105\u00b0 and I knew his must be at least that. Even if he\nrecovered his brain could be permanently damaged by the intense heat\ninside his skull. I got him into the water with his head and shoulders\non the bank. It was cold but there was no time for gentler measures.\nThe exertion made the swirling come back in my head and I lay down\nbeside him until the world came to rest again.\nAbout five minutes later I heard gasping sounds and looked up. I had\nforgotten Makstutis and Hip Sing. The Mak was still fumbling with\nSing's clothes but in his delirium he would forget and sit there,\nmuttering to himself, while his fingers fluttered uselessly at the\nbuttons. He was doing that now. The sounds were coming from Hip Sing.\nAs I watched, he started to retch, his face was a sweaty grey-green. A\ngreat gush of dark brown blood came up and flowed away from the side of\nhis mouth. He sank back and was still. I crawled over to feel his pulse\nbut he was dead. Makstutis sat there and whispered. Somewhere above I\nheard a shout. Under the weary haze that covered my mind I knew I had\nto act but it was so much trouble.\n\"Doc ... Doc ...\" I heard it again and looked up. Kim, watching back on\nthe trail, had seen that we were not following. Now, heedless of the\ndanger, he was coming to help us.\n\"Don't come any nearer!\" I forced the words through the dry lining\nof my throat. He was perilously close already if this virus was\ntransmissible through the air, as Anders claimed.\n\"But I can't just leave you there,\" he pleaded from the other side of\nthe water.\n\"We'll all die if you catch it too,\" I croaked, and rallied my wits.\n\"Kim, Anders may be at the farmhouse waiting for us. Get there as fast\nas you can. Tell him the bleeding death has got us. Maybe he can still\nhelp. And don't let anybody touch us, no matter what happens, until he\ngives the order.\" I heard no more. Forcing the last bit of strength\nfrom my aching muscles I turned back to Makstutis and pulled off his\nouter clothes. He lay there mumbling and rambling like a Yogi in a\ntrance, the foam drying on his cracked lips. He was too big to roll\ninto the water so I poured it on him from his helmet. The cold seemed\nto restore his sanity for a moment ... his eyes opened. The whites were\ngone and, from the center of those bright red bleeding spheres, the\nblue irises flickered as he tried to focus on me. He smiled.\n\"Good old Doc,\" he said feebly.\nIt was too much. I crouched there and sobbed, the aching tightness\nblocking my throat as I shakily poured water over him.\nThe light kept bobbing about in the strangest way. It couldn't be a\nfirefly, too big. It was up high on the slope at first but soon it\ndropped down, wavering back and forth. I knew then it was a shaded\nflashlight and I heard the sliding of boots on the rocky path.\n\"That's close enough.\" The voice was strange at first and then I\nremembered that was how Anders sounded.\nUntil the darkness and rising fever stopped me I had kept pouring the\nwater over Makstutis where he lay, unconscious and unmoving on the\nground. Kang floated low and lifeless in the water like a beached log.\nI checked him once. His pulse was still there but slow and almost\nimperceptible. As the fearful heat rose within me I lay down in the\nstream beside him and shivered there as long as I could endure. Then I\nwould get out again and return to my work. Finally, too sick and dizzy\nto do any more, I crawled to the bank and lay down on my back with my\nlegs in the water to cool off the blood steaming inside me. Then I\npassed out.\nThe light flickered closer and waved about over my companions. It came\nto me and I squinted up feebly, trying to avoid the glare.\n\"How are they, Dr. Anders?\" The voice came from the slope.\n\"One of them is dead ... a corporal. The Russian and the Sergeant are\nvery bad, unconscious. Dr. Macdonald is awake,\" Anders said and then,\nto me, \"Do you understand me?\"\n\"Yes, I do,\" I whispered.\n\"I am going to inject some serum.\" He was busy tying a tourniquet of\nrubber tubing above my elbow to bring out the veins. I felt the needle\nprobing for the collapsed tissues and later the pressure as he pulled\nit out and stopped the bleeding. He jabbed me again in the biceps.\n\"You have had your anti-serum and a sedative,\" he said, leaning close\nto be sure I heard. \"Now you must relax and concentrate on getting\nwell.\"\nWith that thought in my mind I went to sleep.\nThree days later I was over the worst of it. I had bled again from the\nkidneys but fortunately the disease had not been severe enough to cause\na massive internal hemorrhage that would have choked their filtering\nmechanism and killed me.\n\"How do I look?\" I said to Anders that morning as he examined me where\nI lay, in the dappled shade of the clearing.\n\"Your eyes are very red, of course,\" he smiled, \"and you have purpuric\nspots ... what your laymen call bruising, isn't it ... in the creases\nof your elbows and thighs, but I think you have been fortunate.\"\n\"I agree with that statement, Doctor,\" I said as I looked over at\nhis other patients, lying there so quietly beside me. A horse fly\nlit on Kang's nose. Feebly his face twitched, trying to dislodge it.\nHe lifted his right hand, bending the arm from the elbow. It stayed\nthere, too weak to go farther. Anders shooed the fly. Kang's hand,\npoised uncertainly for a time, slowly fell back to his side. To all\nappearances he was lifeless.\n\"They're in bad shape, aren't they?\" I asked.\n\"Yes, but they should recover. You saved their lives, you know.\"\n\"I did? How?\"\n\"By using that cold water. When I checked them, their temperatures\nwere very low, especially Kang. You might say you had put them into\nartificial hibernation. They were both in shock but, with the low\nbody temperatures reducing their metabolism during the crucial stage,\nI am sure they have a much better chance of returning to normal. I\nmaintained their low temperatures with one of our new hypothermic drugs\nfor the first two days. Now they have returned to a more normal state\nexcept that they are still asleep.\"\n\"They look more dead than asleep,\" I said and raised myself up to sit.\nEven that was an effort as my swimming head and pounding heart warned\nme. In a moment or two I felt better. I inched over to a tree and used\nit as a back rest. Soaking in the friendly warmth of the sun like a cat\non a garden wall, I dozed off.\n\"Take this, Colonel.\" Anders' face was close to mine as he woke me\ngently and held out a bowl of warm rice. The sparse light-colored\nstubble on his unshaven chin stood out like the tattered wheat stalks\non a dustbowl farm. Gaunt with fatigue, bleary-eyed and scruffy though\nhe was, his red-rimmed eyes shone with a fierce determination to pull\nus through and cheat his former masters of at least three victims.\nI ate and watched as he gently spooned a thin paste of rice into\nthe cracked and crusted mouths of his patients. As it touched their\ntongues, they swallowed automatically like patients under anaesthesia,\nwhich, in a way, I suppose they were.\n\"Have you had any sleep at all?\" I said, watching him.\n\"Not much. An hour here and there. I was afraid to sleep.\"\n\"Then why don't you sleep now while I watch. I can wake you easily if\nyou lie down here.\"\n\"Thank you. I will do that. I am very tired.\"\nI let him sleep six hours. The sun was low over the ridges and Kim\nand his men were preparing the evening meal when he awoke. Renewed\nvigor showed in all his actions as he moved about lighting a fire and\npreparing our rice gruel. This time I crawled over to help him with the\npatients. As we dripped the thick rice soup into those impassive faces\nand later washed the dry drum-tight skin stretched over bare bones, I\nasked about our plans.\n\"Yesterday,\" he said, \"Lieutenant Pak On took a small party down to the\ncoast, to Wongpo. They are to find Lee Sung and tell him that there\nwill be a delay until you are well enough to travel. They also must try\nto get more food. It will be at least three days before they are back.\nI have vaccinated all your men against the bleeding death and we must\nwait until you are no longer infectious and I am sure they are immune\nbefore we escape. We cannot risk spreading the disease in the western\ndemocracies.\"\n\"Do you think it got spread when the tank cars were blown up?\" I asked.\n\"It is quite possible. The concentration of virus in that river must\nhave been very high. Unfortunately there are still villages down its\ncourse and along the Imjin where people live, and they may get it. For\nthat reason we must move as soon as it is safe. If disease breaks out\nnear the coast we will never be able to get a boat to take us off.\"\nThe thought worried me. Suppose Lee Sung died? Only he could make the\ncontacts to get us away, I supposed, by small fishing boat out to sea\nwhere a submarine, or perhaps a destroyer, could pick us up outside the\nterritorial limits. We had to avoid the coastal patrols too and only\nSung could help us there.\nBy the end of that week, May was two thirds gone and we were all\nrecovering slowly. Pak came back and the news was bad. Lee Sung and\nBlackie had come with him. I met them as I strolled along the trail\nand went back with them to our camp for a conference. Before it began,\nAnders got out his syringe and inoculated Lee Sung.\n\"We can't afford to lose our only contact with freedom,\" he said.\n\"I appreciate your kindness, even if it is somewhat self-centered,\" Lee\nreplied, with a disarming smile.\n\"Let's have it,\" I said to Pak when all the officers were gathered in\nthe glade. Makstutis, too weak as yet to participate actively, was\nlying quietly taking in all that was said.\n\"We got into Wongpo without too much trouble,\" he began. \"We kept away\nfrom any signs of people on the way. It wasn't too hard to locate Lee\nSung either when I walked into the little town; several people knew\nhim and I pretended the North Korean Army had business with him. I\nfound him down at the wharf where his boat is moored and he took me\naboard. I was alone of course,\" he said, as an afterthought. \"The men\nstayed back in the hills.\"\n\"Is that the boat you mentioned when we first met?\" I interrupted to\nask Lee.\n\"Yes. Actually it belongs to the United States,\" Lee Sung said. \"It\nis fitted as a deep sea fishing or trading junk. It has souped up\nengines that look ordinary and a false bottom where I hide guns or\nradio or anything we need to smuggle into or out of North Korea.\nThe boat is registered in my name of course. I'm supposed to be a\npart-time fisherman and local cargo carrier, as well as a merchant.\nI have a small store in Wongpo. The Reds used to wink their eyes at\nmy activities because I smuggled things they wanted from Hong Kong or\nSouth Korea.\"\n\"Sorry to interrupt,\" I said to Pak. \"I wanted to get the background\nstraight.\"\n\"That's all right, sir,\" he replied. \"Now, where was I?\"\n\"You'd got to Lee's boat,\" I said.\n\"Oh yes. We had to get some food so that's the first thing we talked\nabout. Lee had bags of rice in his store so we went there and loaded up\na mule cart he borrowed. We were going to drive it as far as we could\nto where our men could get the rice and pack the sacks on A-frames\nback over the trail to the farmhouse. We thought it would be less\nnoticeable if we did it that night. In the meantime Lee went out to get\nsome vegetables and see if he could scrounge any meat. That's when the\ntrouble started.\" He turned to Lee Sung. \"Maybe you'd better tell the\nrest of it.\"\n\"I went to the house of a farmer, an old friend of mine, who lives on\nthe edge of the village, to bargain for some vegetables and perhaps\na pig,\" Lee said. \"I was still there, drinking tea to conclude the\ntransaction, as is our custom, when a detachment of about fifty North\nKorean soldiers in three trucks rolled along the coast road into the\nvillage. I finished my business as rapidly as possible, and, with the\nhelp of the farmers' sons, brought the food down to my store. Then\nI walked out around the village seeking information. Lieutenant Pak\nstayed with the supplies. I was afraid someone would have told the\ndetachment commander of the presence of another North Korean officer\nbut fortunately he was so busy and the people so frightened that no one\nremembered Lieutenant Pak.\"\n\"That evening the commander called an open meeting in the village and\nannounced there was to be curfew for everyone beginning that night.\nAnyone who disobeyed would be shot. He also announced that nobody could\nenter or leave the village by land or sea and he has seized the fishing\nvessels, including mine.\"\n\"Oh, my God!\" I said. \"Why did he do that?\"\n\"Apparently a new epidemic of some sort has broken out at several\nvillages along the Imjin River.\"\nI looked across at Anders and shook my head. He lifted his shoulders in\na shrug of resignation.\nLee Sung continued. \"There is a great search being made for American\nbandits of oriental descent masquerading as soldiers of the Peoples\nArmy who attacked the virus factory. You will be interested to know\nthat it was a large and heavily armed force of capitalist reactionaries\nwhich was driven off with very heavy losses.\"\n\"Losses to whom?\" Blackie asked with a grin.\n\"To the Americans of course. The virus factory was not damaged.\"\n\"At least that's the truth; we got the powerhouse,\" Pak laughed.\n\"The moment he made the announcement about American soldiers I left\nthe meeting quietly and went back to my store. Somebody was going to\nwake up, perhaps soon. I told Pak and we decided to risk it as the\nsoldiers were still moving into the police barracks and getting set\nup. We drove the mule cart quickly out the back end of the village and\ngot away without being challenged. In fact we didn't see anyone at all\nuntil we met our own people.\"\n\"It looks like we've stirred up the whole country,\" I said. \"They\ncertainly seem frightened.\"\n\"I'm not surprised,\" Anders broke in. \"When I left the factory, besides\nthe virus cultures, my rucksack was full of bottles of vaccine against\nthe bleeding death and as much of the anti-serum as I could carry. I\nexpected we might need it. I destroyed all I could of what I had to\nleave behind and the papers too. The Communists have very little left.\"\n\"A fine piece of work, Doctor,\" I said. \"You saved our lives and\ndeprived the Reds of their protection, all at the same time.\" I turned\nback to Lee Sung. \"I wonder how they figured we were Americans. All our\npapers were in order. There wasn't a thing to show we weren't native\nguerrillas, admittedly in the service of an unfriendly power. Why not\nthink we were from South Korea?\"\n\"Possibly some of the men we left in the factory lived long enough to\ntalk,\" Blackie said, \"put I doubt it very much. Of course seeing the\nwhite officers would give them grounds for suspicion.\"\n\"Suspicion, yes, but not fact,\" I said.\n\"The radio has been talking mysterious explosions and guerrilla warfare\nin Siberia and parts of China recently,\" Lee Sung reported.\n\"That's it, by Golly!\" Blackie burst out. \"The raids on the nerve gas\ncenters must have started. It could be somebody has been captured and\nbrainwashed.\"\n\"Could be,\" I said, \"and if so, we'd better get home. If the Reds can\nsuppress news of how successful the raids are, they may still bluff the\ndemocracies, with threats of nerve gas and CBR warfare, into giving\nthem more food and a good settlement of the war, but if we get home\nwith our story then they'll realize they are licked and maybe quit.\"\nThe following day we set out to do the last few miles to the farmhouse.\nThe Reds didn't have enough men to search the hills and the wilder\nthe area the safer we'd be. Our trouble would be to break through the\nbarrier at the coast. With one wounded man and two sick ones on litters\nwe were heavily loaded and could make only slow time. I had all I\ncould do to carry my own weight and when we got to the house late that\nnight I collapsed on a pile of straw and stayed there for the whole of\nthe next day.\nWe stayed in the village for three weeks. Each day Makstutis and Kang\nwere a little better.\n\"We have to get out of here,\" I said to Anders one day in the last\nweek, after we had examined our patients. \"The A-bomb carrier is\nprobably on its way right now.\"\n\"They can't march all the way to the coast,\" Anders said dubiously. \"If\nwe must go, we shall have to carry them.\"\nBlackie and Kim had been watching us with interest. Now Kim spoke up.\n\"We've got some real husky boys in the unit, Doc. How about fixing up\nseats on a couple of A-frames. Then we could _chogi_ them up the hills\nand they could maybe make it down the other side.\"\n\"It's a good idea, sir,\" Blackie agreed. \"Those back trails are too\nnarrow for litters. We can change _chogi_ bearers frequently.\"\n\"What about Yip Kee?\" Kim said. \"Can he travel the same way?\"\nI looked at Anders. \"What do you say, Doctor? It's a month since his\nleg was fractured. I think we could take a chance on it provided he is\ncarried all the way.\"\n\"I see no alternative,\" Anders agreed.\nWe borrowed the A-frames from the farmhouse and Pak wove basket seats\nacross the carrying prongs. With wider shoulder straps and some padding\nour men could carry the patients quite well, changing frequently. We\nassigned two bearers to each A-frame; it was all we could spare. The\nfirst time we tried it, Makstutis, irrepressible as ever, cracked,\n\"This'll be the first time I ever went into action sitting on my ass. I\nfeel like a damn tanker.\" The name stuck; from then on they were called\nthe tank section.\nIn the first part of June, Lieutenant Pak and Lee Sung made a\nreconnaissance and came back with an encouraging report. The furor\nover the raid on the virus factory had died down. Work on the power\nhouse had started but in a half-hearted fashion, either from a sense\nof defeat or perhaps a shortage of supplies and workmen. The bleeding\ndeath had hit hard along the Imjin and spread over the watershed to the\ncoastal villages. It continued to spread as the panic-stricken natives,\ncompletely out of control after two terrible epidemics, fled from\nthe disease and disseminated it wherever they went. Most of the enemy\ntroops were being used to try to halt the crazy rush away from the\ndeath zone but some of them had also become infected, either by contact\nwith refugees or perhaps in the age-old fashion by consorting with\nprostitutes in the towns. The result was disorganization and a very low\nmorale.\nThe garrison at Wongpo, still kept at fifty men, was in good health as\nthey had commandeered plentiful food supplies and driven out or killed\nmost of the villagers who had not already died. They held the harbor\nand the three boats tied up there. One was Lee Sung's, the other two\nwere much smaller fishing boats.\nCounting Anders and the three convalescents, we were down to a total\nstrength of twenty-three. It would not be easy to capture the boat\nunless we could catch the North Koreans by surprise, but we had to\ntry it. We set off over the wildest part of the country, avoiding all\nvillages or farmland that might still be inhabited. By the evening of\nthe third day we lay on a ridge overlooking Wongpo. Shortly after dark,\nLee Sung and Pak went down to see what the situation was. The day had\nbeen warm but a cool breeze began blowing towards the sea as the land\ncooled off. I fell asleep, lulled by the quiet murmur of the distant\nbreakers and the rustle of leaves in the steady wind.\n\"Doc, Doc, wake up! Wake up, Doc,\" the insistent whisperer was Kim.\n\"Yeah, what, what's that?\" I struggled confusedly back to\nconsciousness. Obviously something was wrong the way Kim was still\nshaking me. \"OK Kim ... lay off ... I'm awake,\" I said crossly. I was\nstill fagged out and hated to come back to reality.\n\"Sorry sir, there's trouble. Lee Sung has been captured.\"\n\"Captured!\" I echoed. \"How do you know?\"\n\"Pak just came back. He says Lee Sung left him hidden near his store\nwhile he tried to sneak back on board the junk. He could see Lee go\naboard but he never came on deck again. A few minutes later a North\nKorean soldier came off the boat and went to the police barracks. Two\nofficers came back with him and went aboard. Then Pak figured he'd need\nhelp and high-tailed it up here.\"\n\"OK, get everybody up. We move out right now,\" I growled and started to\nput my equipment on. \"Where's Blackie?\"\n\"Talking to Pak, Colonel,\" he said as he moved away.\nWhile the men got ready, the officers gathered around me.\n\"What's the plan, sir?\" Blackie said.\n\"I'm not absolutely sure,\" I said, \"but I do know this, if we don't\nrescue Lee Sung and his junk you might as well figure on walking back\nto the States via Siberia.\" I thought over the plan of the village for\na moment. \"The boat is lying alongside the jetty about five hundred\nyards north of the police barracks. The houses there thin out along the\ncoast road. You, Blackie, take four men. Swing north from here and come\nin at the jetty as quietly as you can. If it isn't well guarded maybe\nyou can get aboard before they suspect. Then wait for us. Better take\nPak with you ... he knows exactly where the boat is in this darkness.\nKim, you take five men and surround the police barracks as well as you\ncan. At least try to cover the way north to the boat. Don't do a thing\nunless you hit trouble or Blackie gets into a fight.\" I paused, there\nwas some detail I wanted to be sure of. \"Oh yes, locate all power and\ntelephone lines you can and cut them the moment shooting starts. Then\nhold off the Commies as long as possible and withdraw towards the junk.\nI'll take the tank section and Dr. Anders. We'll go along with Kim as\nfar as seems safe and then make for the boat by way of the beach while\nhe tackles the barracks. The challenge is Pusan ... the answer, Tokyo.\nOne thing more. I don't want to leave without Lee Sung for two reasons.\nOne, we owe our lives to him, and two, without him we'll have one hell\nof a time running that boat and contacting help. I'm betting he is\nstill held on the junk but there's no guarantee of that. I wouldn't be\na damn bit surprised if the Reds were holding him for bait to catch us,\nso watch yourselves every minute. Is that clear?\"\nIt was. Blackie and his boys moved off first, going north over a\ntrail that would gradually lead them down the slope and north of the\nvillage. A few minutes later we followed. Makstutis and Kang were to\nwalk downhill although they were exhausted from the day's march, but\nYip Kee had to ride. There was not quite a half moon, enough to see\nthe trail but not enough to make us conspicuous. I looked down to the\nvillage. There were no lights. Even in the police barracks there was\nblackout, either in fear of guerrilla sniping or perhaps waiting for\nus. In thirty minutes we were on level ground with the beach a quarter\nof a mile away. There was little wind now and the waves must have been\nsmall. I couldn't hear anything but my own breathing and the scuffing\nof our feet. There were no dogs and I wondered if there ever had been;\ndog is a tasty meal to some of these people. Tonight certainly it was a\nblessing.\nKim came back to me quietly, a short strong silhouette against the low\nmoon, and stuck his mouth up close to my ear.\n\"We go straight from here, Doc. The Police barracks is on the coast\nroad dead ahead. You'd better cut north a bit before you get on the\nbeach. Watch it crossing that road. In this light you'll stand out like\na neon sign.\"\nI nodded to him. He and his men moved away, shadows that merely faded\nuntil I was not sure they were there at all. I waited a little longer,\nthen I took the lead with Anders next, followed by the three tanks, all\nthe patients now riding, and the three spare men acting as a bodyguard.\nWe walked in a wide arc, going north and finally swinging down a narrow\nmud lane between thatched houses to come to the coast road. In the\nmoonlight I could see no sign of life, so, one at a time, we skimmed\nacross it as quietly as we could, dodged the fishing net racks that\ncluttered the soft sand and got out on the tidal area of the beach. I\nsaw at once that I had made a mistake. Kim was right. We were far too\nconspicuous out there on the hard sand. I led them back close to the\nnets and we stumbled on, tripping over the rocks and loose stones that\nthrust up through the sandy patches, tiring ourselves out in that loose\nshifting footing.\nI stopped, trying to breathe silently. Faintly ahead I saw the outlines\nof the jetty, the masts of the three boats silhouetted above it.\n\"Let's get back beside the road,\" I whispered to Anders. \"We have to\nget on it soon anyway, to approach that pier where the boats are. The\n_chogi_ bearers are about all in, trying to carry the patients in this\nsoft sand.\"\nWe had just stumbled and crawled back over the rocks and debris to the\nside of the road when a light machine gun chittered angrily to the\nsouth. I heard the yelling of commands cut short by the quick blasting\ncrack of a hand grenade. For a moment the flame burned a pattern on my\nretina so I couldn't see clearly. I thought there were figures moving\ndown that way but I wasn't sure. Ahead, where the masts of the junks\njousted at the stars, there was a flash of light as a door opened. A\nman's harsh scream followed it as thunder follows lightning and then\nthere was a splash, shouts, and running feet on the planks of the\nwharf. The firing at the police barracks was heavier now and I could\nsee rifle flashes that appeared to come from a second floor window.\nOne of our boys must have marked it down too. The rifle cracked once\nmore, followed instantly by a grenade explosion inside the room. It\nlit up the outline of the window like a furnace door opened in a dark\ncellar. Something fell out. After that there was a lull behind us.\nAhead, sporadic shooting rattled back and forth from boat to jetty to\nshore, the flashes jerking about like fireflies playing tag.\nI could make no sense out of that battle so I gave orders in a low\nvoice.\n\"Let's stay here right now. Tanks, dismount and cover the rear. Anders,\nyou and the three guards move north twenty-five yards and cover both\nsides of the road. Stay hidden, halt everybody, and don't forget to\ngive the challenge before you shoot.\" I returned to Makstutis. \"I'll\ndrop back south a bit,\" I said, \"and outflank anybody you stop.\"\nI walked away and hid behind poles supporting one end of a large\nfishing net that was hung on the long racks to dry. The shadows broke\nmy silhouette but I could see well through the net.\nAcross the road the low thatched roofs of the houses formed an almost\nunbroken bar of shadow against the faint light of the moon. I had been\nlooking at it for a long time. I stared at it once more and thought I\nsaw slight movements in the blackness. I looked away and tried the\nold trick of not staring straight at where I wanted to see, to give my\nnight vision a better chance. There it was again!\n\"Halt!\" Makstutis gave the order in Korean. There was neither movement\nnor sound now.\n\"Pusan!\" He hissed the word explosively. Still no answer!\nThe light from his grenade was an instant before the roar. Crouched\nalong the walls of the houses across from me was a group of men, more\nthan five, maybe ten, spread apart for safety. He had caught the first\ntwo with the explosion, the grenade right between them. The others\nopened up, firing generally north and across the road, hoping to catch\ntheir assailant.\n\"Makstutis is smart,\" I was thinking. \"I'd probably have used my gun\nand given my position away first thing.\" I marked the approximate area\nof the flashes and, from my knees, covered it with one swinging burst\nand then dropped behind the poles. The answering fire went over my\nhead and now our tanks really let go, all six of the men blasting at\nthe black shadow. It was enough. There was no answer. Except for an\noccasional moan and some dragging and scrabbling in the dirt, I heard\nonly the ringing in my ears. Five minutes later I decided it was safe\nto go back to my men.\nThe battle south of us stuttered and chattered as the burp guns spat at\neach other. Northward it was quiet, too much so. An hour went by. Then\nI heard the challenge again.\n\"Halt! Pusan!\"... \"Tokyo!\" came the answer. It was Kim.\n\"What the Hell's going on?\" he asked.\n\"I don't know,\" I said. \"I think Blackie has the bear by the tail and\ncan't let go. There hasn't been a sound for a long time.\"\n\"We've got the Reds bottled up in the barracks,\" Kim said cheerfully.\n\"All except a patrol of ten that got out and went north. I figured you\ncould hold them while we took care of the rest.\"\n\"We cleaned them up. They're lying over there across the road.\"\n\"That's real neat work, Doc.\" I imagined him smiling in the dim light.\n\"Now what do we do?\"\n\"Damned if I know,\" I admitted. \"We'd better try to find Blackie, I\nguess.\"\nWe found him lying behind the heavy timbers of the jetty where it\njoined the road. He was boiling over with anger and frustration.\n\"The so-and-so's went back down inside the boat when the fighting\nstarted and I don't dare go after them. They've still got Lee Sung\nthere and threaten to kill him if we attack. I told them we'd show them\nreal torture if they hurt him and promised to let them go free if they\nsurrendered but I guess they're counting on being rescued.\"\n\"Any of your men ever do any sailing?\" I asked.\n\"I have a couple who know how,\" said Kim. \"What's in your mind?\"\n\"We can't get to the engines of the junk and I'm afraid to stay here.\"\nI turned to Kim. \"Did you ever get those power and phone lines, by the\nway?\"\n\"Yeah, I got them; but they could call for help if they have a\nbattery-powered transmitter.\"\n\"That's what's worrying me,\" I said. \"The only alternative I can think\nof is to get on that junk and try to sail the damn thing away. Maybe,\nwhen they find out they are at sea, the gooks will surrender. Kim, you\ngo back and hold the fort while we try to get on the boat.\"\n\"But sir,\" Blackie spoke up, \"when we go we'll have to take all three\nboats or the garrison might take after us.\"\n\"I forgot about that, Blackie,\" I said ruefully, and then, as the\nthought struck me, \"Say, maybe one of them has an auxiliary motor and\nwe could tow the whole lot out to sea. Is there anyone on the little\nboats?\"\n\"I don't think so. I watched for a while when the fight started and\ndidn't see anybody. But they're small,\" he concluded doubtfully. \"I\nwouldn't bet on any engines.\"\n\"Engines or no engines,\" I decided, \"we take all three boats. Can you\nget aboard them safely?\"\n\"We'll have to rush the big one,\" Blackie replied. \"There's a couple\nof ports they can fire through that cover most of the wharf except out\ntowards the bow.\"\n\"Let's see if we can find a rowboat first, or make a raft from those\nfish racks,\" I said. \"Then you can row out to the end of the wharf with\nthree or four men and approach the junk head on. While you're about\nit, check the fishing boats for engines but don't start them up if\nthey have any. Tie all three boats together and find something we can\nuse for paddles or oars too. We'll try to float away with the tide. It\nseems to be going out now.\"\nDown by the nets we found a long flat-bottomed rowboat that seemed\nserviceable. It was a struggle to get it to the water but we managed\nwith the help of some choice swearing and rude remarks about Korean\nfishermen and Marine operations in general. The long sweep oars were\nstacked by the nets and, in a short time, Blackie and his amateur crew\nsplashed out into the darkness. Some time later he was back with one\nman.\n\"We got aboard,\" he related proudly, \"and found the two fishing boats\nhave small motors that might be enough to pull the big junk along for\na while. We've got them all tied together and I left three men on the\ndeck of Lee Sung's boat. They can make sure the gooks keep their heads\ninside but we'll have to ferry everybody out to the small boats first.\nWe still can't risk crossing that wharf.\"\n\"OK,\" I agreed. \"Start ferrying the tanks. I'll go and get Kim and his\ngang.\"\nThere was no more firing around the barracks. Either the Reds were\nwaiting for daylight or perhaps for help. The moon had set and in the\nblackness finally I found Kim and explained the situation. We sent off\nall the men and together we sat and watched for a surprise sortie from\nthe building. It must have been about two in the morning when Blackie\nsent back for us. We were the last to leave and, as I passed the racks,\nI pulled off a fishing net.\n\"Give me a hand with this, Blackie, I want to take it along with me.\"\n\"What on earth for, Colonel?\"\n\"We can't get below decks on the junk. Our food is low. We can try for\nfish with this. What about water?\"\n\"Everybody filled their canteens with water before starting.\n\"It's not enough,\" I complained, \"but we can't wait now.\"\nBy this time half our men were on the deck of the junk. The sick men\nstayed in the smaller craft in case of trouble. We filled the rowboat\nwith six of the strongest men and cut loose from shore. With the ebbing\ntide to help, the rowboat crew pulled slowly away from the wharf, aided\nby others paddling in the fishing craft. Our prisoners made no noise\nand we could hear no sounds of pursuit. An hour later we started the\nsmall boats' motors.\nMy first impulse had been to run for the open sea, beyond the\nterritorial limits of North Korea but I reconsidered. The Soviets,\nif they were looking for us, wouldn't bother about the niceties of\ninternational law. We were fair game until picked up. So we putted\nalong the coast, running towards the thirty-eighth parallel. Shortly\nbefore dawn we sailed close in to the rugged shoreline and anchored.\nWe loosed the small boats and ran them in to shore behind a rocky\nheadland. Perhaps a reconnaissance plane would miss us in the shelter\nof the cliffs. We would have to chance the wind and weather in our\nrather insecure hideout.\nSitting on the pebbly beach beside Anders, I was wondering what to do\nnext when he broke the silence.\n\"I believe I have a solution, Doctor,\" he said in his precise manner,\n\"if you will give me permission to try.\"\n\"What can we lose?\" I said.\nApproaching Lee Sung's vessel from dead ahead, we climbed over the bow.\nAnders leaned over the side and yelled in fluent Korean for the senior\nofficer of the Communist soldiers. After a short silence there was a\nrough shout from the forward port.\n\"What do you want with me?\"\nAnders talked slowly and clearly. \"I am Dr. Anders from the virus\nfactory. You know I escaped and that I cannot go back if I want to\nlive. Therefore, if this boat is found by your comrades I will kill you\nbefore I die myself.\"\n\"You cannot touch us and you cannot sink the boat. Your threat does not\nscare me.\" The Red officer did not attempt to conceal his scorn.\n\"I promise you that if you free Lee Sung we will set you ashore and let\nyou go unharmed.\"\n\"I do not trust traitors,\" yelled the Korean. \"We will not surrender.\nYou will be caught soon by our patrols.\"\n\"That will do you no good,\" countered Anders. \"Listen to me! I have\nvials of the bleeding death with me. All of us, including your\nprisoner, are protected against it. If you do not surrender now I will\nbreak the vials and spread the disease through the ship. Even if you\nare rescued you will still die.\"\nWe could hear the angry arguments below deck. All of them had seen\ndeath from hemorrhagic disease in its new virulent form. It was a\nhorrible sight even to a physician, and, to the uneducated soldiers,\nthe thought of those purple mottled bodies with blood red eyes,\nretching and vomiting their lives away, must have been terrifying. The\nwrangling stopped and the senior officer called out.\n\"How do you plan to do this if we consent?\"\n\"How many men have you?\" Anders asked.\n\"We are twelve altogether.\"\n\"Then send up four men, including the other officer, unarmed. We will\nput them ashore where you can see them. The second time four more will\ngo. The last time, you will come up and bring Lee Sung. If he is in\nreasonable condition you too will go. Otherwise you die.\"\n\"It is agreed. We come now.\"\nThere was no further trouble. Lee Sung had been beaten in the usual\nKorean fashion but he was so glad to be free he claimed he felt fine.\nThe North Koreans disappeared quickly along the beach as if afraid we\nmight shoot.\n\"We'd better get out of here right now,\" said Lee Sung. \"They can\nreach a good sized village north of here in an hour and give the alarm.\"\n\"All right,\" I agreed. \"You take over.\"\nHe led us below and, after shifting some cargo, opened up a small\nspace under the false deck, forward of the engine room. In it he had a\npowerful radio transmitter, a case containing two heavy machine guns\nwith ammunition, and a few boxes of burp guns and grenades.\n\"I used to run guns to the guerrillas,\" he explained. \"These may be\nvery useful.\"\nWe set up the machine guns on deck and I felt better. By now we were\nrunning south at the full speed of the powerful engines, the two small\njunks towing behind, still manned and helping with their own engines.\nSung had said we might need them when I suggested sinking them before\nwe hauled up our anchor. I steered the course while he worked his\nradio, trying to raise his contacts and get help to us. It took some\ntime but finally he came on deck smiling.\n\"I got them,\" he said. \"We rendezvous with a destroyer off the coast\ntonight. It will escort us to Japan.\"\n\"What do we do in the meantime?\"\n\"There is danger that the Communists picked up my signals and got a\nbearing. If the coast patrol or the jets don't see us we will be OK.\"\n\"What about our own jets? Can't we get fighter cover?\"\n\"Only as a last resort ... and it would probably be too late. The Air\nForce has been warned to avoid all incidents and they do not wish to\nfly close to the coast.\"\nThe sun was almost gone behind the hills of the steep Korean coast\nwhen the Red jets found us. They came out of the sun, as experienced\nfighters do, and the high whistle was already over us before we saw\nthem.\n\"Migs!\" I yelled and ran to the stern. \"Cut loose! Spread out and head\nin to shore.\"\nThe little boats swung to starboard almost at once and wavered off like\nwater beetles trying to dodge a dragon fly. Lee Sung was at the wheel\nagain. He spun it sharply and the bow swung towards the shore. There\nwas shelter in a narrow cleft between a rocky pinnacle and the cliffs\nof the mainland if we could reach it. We would have to chance the depth\nof the water. By now the jets were around again and peeling off for\nthe attack. They were coming in low from the northwest this time as we\nwere getting some protection from the shoreline. I watched them come,\nfeeling helpless without a weapon, ready to drop behind the mainmast\nwhen I saw the angle of flight. At the stern, Makstutis was lying flat,\nhis helmet back on his head and his teeth bared as he squinted over\nthe barrel of the heavy machine gun into the bright light. Beside him\nKang was feeding the belts. Propped up against the side, Yip Kee braced\nhis automatic rifle on the wooden rail and waited calmly. I swivelled\naround. Blackie and two others had the forward gun aimed and waiting.\nIn the little junks, dropping rapidly astern, I saw that Kim and his\nmen were already fighting. Their puny burp guns popped bravely at the\ntwo jets which, ignoring them as too small, were concentrating all\ntheir attention on us.\nThe leading jet grew larger, filling the sky with its round open face\nand stubby wings. The tracers from Makstutis' gun floated lazily\nupwards and then seemed to snap past, below the airplane, and wink out.\nToo low, I thought, and dropped flat as the Mig hit out at us. The\nship heeled over, sliding like a runner for base as Sung clawed at the\nwheel. The screaming roar of the jet and the impact of cannon shells\nand bullets on wood went by me once, and then again as the second Mig\nswept overhead. I looked back. Makstutis was unhurt but Kang was\nrolling around clutching at his legs. I got up and ran to him. That\nlast minute swerve and the sight of the tracers coming up had been\nenough to divert the pilot's aim. Perhaps the bumpy air currents of the\ncliffs helped. I thanked God as I ran that there were none of the new\nguided missile planes around. The shells had ploughed through the stern\nrail and ripped up the port side of the deck, missing the machine gun\nbut catching Kang's legs.\nI was down on my knees beside him for ten seconds. Probably fractures\nof both tibiae I estimated. No time for splints! I grabbed him by the\ncollar and dragged him, moaning with pain, into the companionway where\nAnders had stuck up his head.\n\"Compound fractures, both legs,\" I screamed hoarsely. \"Get him below\nand fix him up. They're coming back.\"\nHe scrambled up to the deck, picked up Kang with the broken legs\ndangling and staggered down the steps. I turned to go out but the\nroaring chattering horror was back. I dropped and slid down the stairs,\ncareless of the bruises, the violent swerving of the boat throwing me\noff the companionway to the deck below.\nI got back on deck. Makstutis was still at his gun with Yip Kee\nfeeding the belts to him. The forward crew had been hit. Two lay\nquietly, limbs sprawled out in a grotesque swastika. The third man,\ndripping blood from one arm, was trying desperately to lift the\noverturned gun. In the wheelhouse the windows had been shot out but,\nas I ran forward, I could see Lee Sung, his face bloodied by flying\nsplinters, hunched gamely as he spun the wheel and sideslipped and\ntwisted desperately for shelter. I reached the fallen machine gun and\npropped it up, the muzzle pointing high. The wounded man was Don Lim,\nyounger brother of the man who had died in the gorge. My throat filled\nup tight. Blackie was dead!\n\"Can you feed the belts Don?\" I gasped. He nodded and his bloody\nhands groped painfully for them, laying them flat. There was still a\nlittle time. I dragged the bodies of the dead men in front of the gun\nand piled the heavy fishing net I'd brought on top of them. Blackie\nwouldn't have minded, I thought ... and it might help some. I dropped\ndown beside him.\nWe were close in to shore now and the Migs had to come in straight over\nus from the north. They were very low, trying to get a longer time on\nthe target. I pointed the barrel of the gun straight back towards them\nand canted it up as high as it would go. There was little hope of\naiming at that speed. I ducked low behind the barrier. The roar of the\nfirst Mig deafened me as I held the bucking gun, my head almost flat\non the deck. Something hit my helmet hard, the jerk knocking it back\noff my forehead and wrenching my neck. Vaguely I felt a ripping at my\nleft heel and a burning of the flesh. The first roar was gone and then\nthe second. I rolled over. There, shrinking to a toy behind us, the\nleading Mig was climbing steeply, smoke pouring from it as it tried\nto gain height. It slowed, stalled, and began to nose over. I saw the\npilot bail out, the ejection seat shooting him away from the plane. He\ndropped and the parachute opened as the Mig, twisting and gliding out\nof control, smashed into the hillside.\nI started to get up, howling with excitement, until I saw Lim slowly\nfall over beside me on to the smoking fish net. He had fainted from\nloss of blood, his arm almost amputated by that first wound. Only as\nI dragged him away from the net did I realize that it had stopped an\nincendiary shell and saved us both. I took off his belt and tightened\nit around the arm as a tourniquet. Before I left him I checked, but\naside from wood splinters off the deck he seemed to have no other\ninjuries. Back at the stern I could see Anders working over Makstutis.\nHe had fragments through his right arm but was still ready to fight.\nYip Kee was exhausted and lame from his efforts but unhurt. I stood up\nto look for the other Mig. We were very close to shore now. Suddenly\nthe junk lurched, scraped forward and stopped, throwing me against the\nrail. I pulled myself up again and looked around. We were grounded\nsolidly between the rocky spur and the cliff. At least the Mig couldn't\nget at us now.\nIt didn't try. We heard it circle over the fallen parachute and then\nfly north. Lee Sung came back from the wheelhouse.\n\"We'll have to get out of here before a patrol boat finds us,\" he said.\n\"It will be dark in half an hour. We can go in the small boats to find\nthe destroyer.\"\nThe light was dim as we lowered the last wounded man into the small\njunks. We had smashed the radio after sending a final signal and then\nLee Sung, his face impassive in the torchlight, placed a demolition\ncharge on the engines and several more along the hull. I took a last\nlook at Blackie and his buddy where we had laid them below decks. We\npulled away, the engines chugging steadily. I looked at Makstutis and\nhis face was wet. I was having a hard time myself.\nIn the afterglow the junk faded into the background as we drove\nstraight away from the coast into a choppy sea, raised by the\nfreshening wind. A momentary flash and a series of dull heavy thuds\nmarked her end. I bent over Makstutis to adjust the bandage on his arm.\nHe peered up at me.\n\"Doc, you've got holes in the head,\" he said and grinned.\nI pulled off my helmet and looked at the neat bullet marks through the\ntop. \"Didn't let any sense in.\" I rubbed my sore scalp. It was only\nthen I remembered my torn heel. I pulled off my boot and looked at it.\nIt was only a small flesh wound.\n\"You and Achilles,\" Anders said and smiled.\n\"Yes, but he lost the fight. We've won.\"\n\"Fasten your seat belts.\" The light flashed on in the passenger cabin\nof the Canadian Pacific Airlines jet. We were going down through the\novercast. Vancouver was ten minutes away.\n\"Did you enjoy your flight, Colonel?\" the stewardess asked me as she\ncame by for a last minute check.\nI smiled up at her. \"The best part comes in ten minutes,\" I said, \"but\nit certainly has been fast.\"\nTen days previously we had been lifted out of the fishing boats by the\ncrew of a U.S. Navy destroyer and taken to Okinawa. The casualties were\nadmitted to the Army hospital for treatment and the rest of us, also at\nthe hospital for observation, were given baths, clean uniforms and a\nmeal. Everywhere we went we were kept under isolation precautions and\nwe were guarded as carefully as a basket of over-ripe eggs that might\nbreak momentarily.\nA week in isolation convinced the officials that we were free of\nthe bleeding death. By that time too, we had been drained of our\ninformation.\n\"When can I go home?\" I asked, the day we were informed of our release.\n\"I've got a wife due to have a baby anytime. I'd like some emergency\nleave.\"\nThat night they put me on a Military Air Transportation Service flight\nout of Kadena Air Force Base to Japan where I picked up a seat on the\nCPA flight recently resumed for military purposes only.\nAs usual in Vancouver, it was dull, cool and sprinkling light rain, but\nI didn't care. I was home. I stepped down the ramp, limping slightly,\nand pushed through the barrier. It didn't take long for Customs to\nrelease me and then I was out in the waiting room, looking around for\nmy wife. There was the Chief, coming for me with a big smile. I grabbed\nhis hand, glad to see him.\n\"Where's Pat?\"\n\"In the hospital, having that baby of yours.\" He laughed at my startled\nexpression. \"There's nothing to worry about.\"\n\"Nothing to worry about! My God! Let's get going!\"\nIn the car we didn't talk much. At last he pulled into his own parking\nspace at the Lab and turned to me.\n\"Get on over to the Labor Room and see Pat. I'll meet you up in my\noffice later.\"\nI almost ran to the big Maternity Building, close by, and stepped into\nthe elevator. At the desk of Delivery, the nurse stood up in protest.\n\"I'm sorry. You can't come in here.\"\nI explained hurriedly who I was.\n\"Why of course, Doctor,\" she said. \"Here's a gown and mask ... but\nhurry ... she's well into the second stage now.\"\nI pushed open the door of Delivery Room number three. The doctor looked\naround and his eyes widened in surprise above the mask as he recognized\nme. It was Ray Thorne.\n\"Pat, look who's here!\" he said.\nHer hair was wet and her upper lip moist from the strain and the warmth\nof the room. I bent over her and her eyes were big as she recognized me.\n\"Darling, you got here! You got here just in time!\"\nIn that highly emotional moment she was not her usual stoical self.\nShe began to cry. I dropped my mask. The hell with so-called sterile\ntechnique! These bugs were all in the family. I kissed her. She smiled\neven though a hard pain was beginning.\n\"Now it will be all right,\" she whispered.\nI hung on to her hand and looked up at the mirror that pictured the\nother end of the delivery table.\n\"Push hard now,\" Ray said, as the baby's head came down. She strained\nand gasped, her face reddened with effort.\n\"OK, I've got it ... easy now ... easy now,\" Ray was saying.\nHer mouth opened as if to scream but no sound came.\n\"Gently does it. Don't push any more.\"\nShe squeezed down on my hand and the nails bit into me. I stroked her\nhead. Her body tensed with one last spasm and then I heard the suction\ngoing as the baby gasped. She loosened her grip and went limp.\n\"It's a boy ... a boy!\" Ray shouted, his eyes twinkling with pleasure\nover the mask as he held the child up by the feet. The sharp wail of my\nfirst-born son was loud in the room. I put my face down to Pat as she\ncried for joy.\nBack in the Laboratory I passed by the offices until I came to the\nelectron microscope room. Polly was busy setting up for a picture but\nturned at the noise.\n\"John, darling! Oh, I'm so happy to see you.\" She came over to me, put\nher hands on my shoulders and kissed me.\n\"Have you seen Pat yet? But of course you have. How is she? Has she had\nthat baby yet?\"\n\"Yes I have. She's doing fine. It's a boy.\"\n\"Wonderful!\" she exclaimed, and kissed me again. \"That's for good\nluck,\" she explained. \"You three will make such a nice family.\" Her\nsmile faded as the sun goes behind a cloud and for an instant her\neyes, though still on my face, seemed to look far away beyond me into\ninfinity.\n\"And what about you Polly?\" I said quietly.\n\"Harry's dead!\" she said abruptly, her mouth held firm to still the\ntrembling of her chin.\n\"God! No!\" I reached out and took her hands. \"Polly!\" I shook my head.\nI couldn't think of a thing to say. She took a deep breath and tried to\nrelax, to shake off whatever terrible picture she had imagined of his\nending.\n\"Pat tells me she wrote to you about Harry getting to the Chinese\nmainland,\" she said at last.\n\"Yes, I knew he was there but the last word I had before we dropped\ninto Korea was that they were making good progress in their research.\"\n\"They were for a while,\" she said sadly, \"but one day the Communists\nfound out about it and threw a surprise attack at them. They were\ndriven back to the beach and Harry was hit in the head with a piece of\nshrapnel. The Nationalists managed to get them away to Taiwan and they\nturned him over to the Americans. He died in Taipei.\"\n\"Do you know what killed him?\" I asked.\n\"Some sort of fungus disease of the brain that entered through the\nwound. He was never fully conscious after he got hit. He didn't rally\nfrom the operation but just gradually weakened and died.\"\n\"How did you find out?\"\n\"One of the officers who was with him on the mainland wrote to me.\"\nShe stopped talking and, in the silence, a dripping tap counted away\nthe seconds. Her eyes were full of tears now.\n\"The thing that bothers me a whole lot,\" she said, \"he died among\nstrangers, all alone.\"\n\"He fought for freedom, Polly,\" I said. \"He had company.\"\n\"I'm sorry John,\" she took my hand again. \"I forget other people in my\nown selfish worries.\" She wiped away the tears. \"Did you lose many men\nin your unit?\"\n\"Eight killed out of thirty ... and a few more wounded; one died of\nthe bleeding death. We were lucky compared to some of the other Ranger\nteams I hear.\"\n\"We don't know much about these things,\" she said. \"The papers talk of\nthe hidden war in a vague sort of way but nobody has come right out\nwith it yet.\"\n\"It won't be long now,\" I said grimly. \"I think we've got them by\nthe short hairs.\" I picked up an unopened morning paper lying on the\ntable and looked at the headline. \"There you are!\" I showed it to her.\n\"Revolt Rumored in Russia!\"\nShe looked in silence and then got up. \"Let's forget war for today.\nLet's celebrate your homecoming and the new baby. I'm going to get\nGeorge right now and we'll all go over to see that baby and Pat and\nthen take off for the rest of the day.\"\n\"Suits me fine,\" I said and followed her out the door.\nSix months later it was over. It wasn't much of a revolution. The\nRussian people had had enough of disease and famine and when the army\nturned over, almost to a man, to the rebels, the Reds folded up faster\nthan the White Russians had in 1918. The United States was the only\nmajor power left in the world, in fact the only large population, since\nthe measlepox and now the bleeding death had decimated much of Asia,\nEurope and South America, to say nothing of the sterilizing effects\nof the S-Flu. It would take months or years to eradicate all breeding\nplaces of these pests from the earth and when it was over there would\nbe plenty of room for everybody; no more squabbles about territory; no\nmore delusions of world empire; those who were left would be too busy\ntrying to keep running what businesses and factories, ships and planes\nthey already had, without wanting more.\nThis was a new world, a strange world full of problems. Better that the\nsorrows of the past be put away and a fresh beginning made.", "source_dataset": "gutenberg"},
{"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1945, "culture": " English\n", "content": "Produced by Chris Curnow, Tom Cosmas, Joseph Cooper, The\nInternet Archive for some images and the Online Distributed\nProofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net\n                      Phylogeny of the Waxwings\n                  University of Kansas Publications\n                      Museum of Natural History\n     Volume 3, No. 3, pp. 473-530, 49 figures in text, 13 tables\n                         UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS\n     UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY\n        Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Edward H. Taylor,\n                  A. Byron Leonard, Robert W. Wilson\n     Volume 3, No. 3, pp. 473-530, 49 figures in text, 13 tables\n                         University of Kansas\n                   FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER\n                     [Illustration: union label]\n                      Phylogeny of the Waxwings\nCONTENTS\nINTRODUCTION\nA small family of passerine birds, the Bombycillidae, has been\nselected for analysis in the present paper. By comparative study of\ncoloration, nesting, food habits, skeleton and soft parts, an attempt\nis made to determine which of the differences and similarities between\nspecies are the result of habits within relatively recent geological\ntime, and which differences are the result of inheritance from ancient\nancestral stocks, which were in the distant past morphologically\ndifferent. On the basis of this information, an attempt is made to\nascertain the natural relationships of these birds. Previous workers\nhave assigned waxwings alone to the family Bombycillidae, and a\nquestion to be determined in the present study is whether or not\nadditional kinds of birds should be included in the family.\nIt has generally been assumed that the nomadic waxwings originated\nunder boreal conditions, in their present breeding range, and that\nthey did not undergo much adaptive radiation but remained genetically\nhomogeneous. Also it is assumed that the species were wide ranging and\nthus did not become isolated geographically to the extent that, say,\nthe Fringillidae did. The assumption that waxwings originated in the\nnorthern part of North America or Eurasia may be correct, but it is\nmore probable that the origin was more southerly, perhaps, in northern\nMexico, of North America (see p. 519.) Subsequent to the\ndifferentiation of this stock in the south, there was a northerly\nmovement, while certain populations remained behind and underwent an\nevolution different from the northern group. Since the fossil record\ndoes not permit us to say when in geological time the family\noriginated, we must rely on anatomical evidence and the distributional\nevidence of present-day species to estimate when the family stock had\ndiverged from some unknown group sufficiently to merit the status of a\nseparate family.\nACKNOWLEDGMENTS\nIt is with pleasure that I acknowledge the guidance received in this\nstudy from Professor E. Raymond Hall of the University of Kansas. I am\nindebted also to Dr. Herbert Friedmann of the United States National\nMuseum for the loan of certain skins, skeletons, and alcoholic\nmaterial; to Mr. Alexander Skutch, for notes on certain Central\nAmerican birds; and to Dr. Henry W. Setzer, Mr. George H. Lowery, Jr.,\nMr. Victor E. Jones, Mr. Victor Housholder, Mr. Alvaro Wille-Trejos,\nand Mr. Morton F. Davis, for gifts of specimens that have been used in\nthis work. Suggestions and critical comments from Professors Worthie\nH. Horr, Charles G. Sibley and Edward H. Taylor are gratefully\nacknowledged. I wish also to thank Mrs. Virginia Unruh for the\npreparation of the drawings used in this work.\nNOMENCLATURAL HISTORY\nThe oldest name available for any species of the waxwings is _Lanius\ngarrulus_ Linnaeus (1758). _Lanius garrulus_ and _Lanius garrulus_\nvariety B _carolinensis_ were described as conspecific. The\ndescription has been associated with the first of the two names. The\nlatter name is a _nomen nudum_ since it was not accompanied by a\nseparate description. The generic name _Lanius_ was originally applied\nto both shrikes and waxwings by Linnaeus. Since that name is applied\nto the shrikes only, the next available generic name that may be\napplied to the generically different waxwings must be used. This is\n_Bombycilla_, a name originally proposed by Brisson (1760) for the\nCedar Waxwing. In the 12th Edition of the Systemae Naturae (1766)\nGmelin proposed the generic name _Ampelis_ for the Bohemian Waxwing,\nand combined it with the specific name _garrulus_, the Cedar Waxwing\nbeing termed variety B. Vieillot (1807) proposed the generic name\n_Bombycilla_ and combined it with a new specific name, _cedrorum_, for\nthe Cedar Waxwing. Vieillot has been cited as the author of\n_Bombycilla_ since that time, although Brisson used _Bombycilla_ 33\nyears before. Oberholser (1917) did not cite Brisson's work in his\ndiscussion of the proper generic name for the waxwings, and\n_Bombycilla_ should be ascribed to Brisson and not Vieillot, since\nOpinion 37, rendered by the International Zo\u00f6logical Committee on\nNomenclature, states that generic names used by Brisson (1760) are\nvalid under the Code. In consequence, the specific name available for\nthe Cedar Waxwing, since Brisson is ruled not to be a binomialist, is\n_Bombycilla cedrorum_ Vieillot (1807).\nMost workers prior to 1900 utilized the family name Ampelidae to\ninclude waxwings, silky flycatchers, and palm-chats. Ridgway\n(1904:113) elevated the silky flycatchers to family rank under the\nname Ptilogonatidae, and assigned the palm-chats to a separate family,\nthe Dulidae.\nMATERIALS\nThe following specimens, numbering 238, and representing each\ncurrently recognized species and subspecies, were used in the study,\nand were supplemented by observation in 1947 on specimens in the\nUnited States National Museum.\n          Species or Subspecies           | Skin | Skeleton| Alcoholic\n  _Phainoptila melanoxantha melanoxantha_ |    8 |    1    |    2\n  _Phainoptila melanoxantha minor_        |    2 |         |\n  _Ptilogonys cinereus cinereus_          |   13 |    3    |    4\n  _Ptilogonys cinereus molybdophanes_     |    6 |         |\n  _Bombycilla garrula garrula_            |    4 |    3    |\n  _Bombycilla garrula centralasiae_       |    9 |    2    |\n  _Bombycilla garrula pallidiceps_        |    7 |    3    |    2\nDIAGNOSES\nFamily Bombycillidae\n_Diagnosis._--Bill short, flat, somewhat obtuse, minutely notched near\ntip of each maxilla, flared at base; gape wide and deeply cleft;\nculmen convex; nasal fossa broad, exposed, or filled with short, erect\nor antrorse, close-set velvety feathers; nostril narrowly elliptical;\nrictal vibrissae long, short, or absent; lacrimal bone free,\narticulating at two points; wings long and pointed, or short and\nrounded; primaries ten, tenth reduced in some species; tail short,\nnarrow, even, two thirds or less length of wing, or much longer and\nforked or rounded; feet weak (except in _Dulus_ and _Phainoptila_);\ntarsus generally shorter than middle toe and claw, distinctly\nscutellate with five or six divisions, the lateral plate subdivided\n(except in _Phainoptila_); lateral toes of nearly equal length; hallux\napproximately as long as inner lateral toe, or shorter; basal phalanx\nof middle toe more or less united to that of outer and inner toes;\nbody stout; head generally conspicuously crested; plumage soft, smooth\nand silky (except in _Dulus_); eggs spotted; nest in trees; three\nsubfamilies, five genera, eight species.\nSubfamily Ptilogonatinae\n_Diagnosis._--Rictus with conspicuous bristles; nasal fossa almost\nentirely exposed; tail long and rounded, graduated, or square; caudal\nmuscles and pygostyle well developed; wings rounded and short, first\nprimary a half to a third as long as second; second primary shorter\nthan third; humerus long, with small external condyle; plumage soft\nand silky, less so in _Phainoptila_; sexes dissimilar, young like\nadult female; three genera, four species.\nGenus =Phainoptila= Salvin\n  _Phainoptila_ Salvin, Proc. Zo\u00f6l. Soc. London, 1877:367, April 17,\n    1877. Type _Phainoptila melanoxantha_ Salvin.\n_Diagnosis._--Without crest; tarsus longer than middle toe and claw,\nand booted or very slightly reticulate; tail shorter than wing,\nrounded; nostril exposed, ovate; rictal bristles distinct; first\nprimary well developed; plumage normal, bill flared slightly at base.\n_Range._--Costa Rica and Panam\u00e1.\n=Phainoptila melanoxantha melanoxantha= Salvin\nPhainoptila\n  _Phainoptila melanoxantha melanoxantha_ Salvin, Proc. Zo\u00f6l. Soc.\n_Diagnosis._--Coloration of adult males: Pileum, hindneck, back,\nscapulars, and upper tail coverts Black (capitalized color terms after\nRidgway, Color Standards and Color Nomenclature, Washington, D. C.,\n1912), with Bluish Gray-Green gloss; rump Lemon Yellow tinged with\nOlive; lower breast and abdomen Gull Gray or Slate Gray; sides and\nflanks clear Lemon Yellow; lower chest, upper breast, and under tail\ncoverts Yellowish Olive-Green, extending to patch on sides and flanks\nof same color; bill and feet Black or Blackish Brown. Coloration of\nadult females: Most of upper parts Olive-Green, with Yellowish Olive\non rump; thighs Olive-Gray, as are sides of head; rest of coloration\nas in male. Coloration of young: As in adult female, but duller\nthroughout.\n_Measurements._--Wing 99.0, tail 88.5, culmen 15.2, tarsus 28.4.\n_Range._--Highlands of Costa Rica and extreme western Panam\u00e1 (Volc\u00e1n\nde Chiriqu\u00ed).\n=Phainoptila melanoxantha minor= Griscom\nPhainoptila\n  _Phainoptila melanoxantha minor_ Griscom, Amer. Mus. Novitates,\n_Diagnosis._--Coloration as in _P. m. melanoxantha_, but female with\nhindneck more extensively gray and of slightly darker shade; rump,\nupper tail coverts, and edgings to tail feathers slightly greener,\nless yellow; average size smaller than in _P. m. melanoxantha_.\n_Range._--Highlands of westeran Panam\u00e1 (Cerro Flores and eastern\nChiriqu\u00ed).\nGenus =Ptilogonys= Swainson\n  _Ptilogonys_ Swainson, Cat. Bullock's Mex. Mus., App. 4, 1824.\n    Type _Ptilogonys cinereus_ Swainson.\n_Diagnosis._--Tail much longer than wing, even or graduated; head with\nbushy crest; nostril large, rounded and fully exposed, bordered by\nmembrane; rictal bristles well developed; tarsus shorter than middle\ntoe with claw; plumage soft, blended.\n_Range._--Southwestern United States to Costa Rica.\n=Ptilogonys cinereus cinereus= Swainson\nAshy Ptilogonys\n  _Ptilogonys cinereus cinereus_ Swainson, Cat. Bullock's Mex. Mus.,\n_Diagnosis._--Coloration of adult male: Frontals, supralorals, malars,\nand chin White; orbital ring White; auriculars and nape grayish brown;\nrest of head smoke gray; back, scapulars, wing coverts, rump, and\nupper tail coverts plain Bluish Black; rectrices (except middle pair)\nwith large patch of White midway between base and tip, rest plain\nBluish Black; chest, breast, and anterior parts of sides plain Bluish\nGray-Green, much lighter than back, and fading into paler Gray on\nthroat; abdomen and thighs White; flanks and posterior part of sides\nOlive-Yellow or Yellowish Olive; under tail coverts Lemon Yellow;\nbill, legs and feet Black. Coloration of adult females: Head plain\nSmoke Gray, passing into White on frontals, malars, and chin; back,\nscapulars, wing coverts, and rump Hair Brown; upper tail coverts Dark\nGull Gray; remiges and rectrices Black with faint Dusky Green gloss,\nedged with Gull Gray; chest Dark Grayish Brown lightening to Wood\nBrown on sides and flanks; abdomen White; under tail coverts Yellow\nOcher. Coloration of young: As in adult female, but paler throughout.\n_Measurements._--In adult male, wing 94.0, and tail 104.2; in adult\nfemale, wing 93.3, and tail 94.8; both sexes, culmen 11.1, and tarsus\n_Range._--Mountainous districts of central and southern Mexico, in\nstates of Durango, Zacatecas, Hidalgo, M\u00e9xico, Oaxaca, Colima,\nMorelos, Veracruz, San Lu\u00eds Potosi, Guerrero and Michoac\u00e1n.\n=Ptilogonys cinereus molybdophanes= Ridgway\nAshy Ptilogonys\n  _Ptilogonys cinereus molybdophanes_ Ridgway, Man. N. American Birds,\n_Diagnosis._--Coloration of adult male: Upper parts darker bluish than\nin _P. c. cinereus_; venter paler; flanks Olive-Green rather than\nOlive as in _P. c. cinereus_. Coloration of adult female: Like female\nof _P. c. cinereus_ but colors darker throughout; dorsum more\nolivaceous.\n_Measurements._--In adult male, wing 89.4, and tail 97.1; in adult\nfemale, wing 89.4, and tail 93.3; both sexes, culmen 11.7, and tarsus\n_Range._--Western Guatemala, in subtropical and temperate zones.\n=Ptilogonys caudatus= Cabanis\nCosta Rican Ptilogonys\n  _Ptilogonys caudatus_ Cabanis, Jour. f\u00fcr Orn., 1866:402, Nov. 1866.\n_Diagnosis._--Coloration of adult male: Forehead and crown Pale\nGrayish Blue, slightly paler anteriorly; orbital ring Lemon Yellow;\nrest of head and neck, including crest, Olive-Yellow; throat paler and\ntinged with Light Gull Gray; back, scapulars, rump, upper tail coverts\nand wing coverts uniform Bluish Slate-Black; chest and breast similar\nbut paler; sides and flanks Yellowish Olive-Green; thighs, lower\nabdomen, and under tail coverts Lemon Yellow; remiges, primary coverts,\nand tail Black, glossed with Bluish Black and edged with Gull Gray;\ninner webs of rectrices (except two middle pair) with large middle\npatch of White; bill, legs, and feet Black. Coloration of adult\nfemale: Forehead and crown Pale Gull Gray, becoming paler anteriorly;\nrest of head, together with neck, back, scapulars, rump, and wing\ncoverts plain Yellowish Olive Green; chest and breast similar but more\ngrayish; lower abdomen and flanks White tinged with Yellowish Olive;\nunder tail coverts Olive-Gray; remiges, primary coverts, and rectrices\nBlack with Gull Gray edges. Coloration of young: Dorsum plain Light\nGrayish Olive; upper tail coverts Brownish Olive; underparts Grayish\nOlive anteriorly, becoming more Yellowish Olive on abdomen; under tail\ncoverts pale Yellowish Olive with Grayish Olive base; bill and feet\nBrownish Drab.\n_Measurements_--In adult male, wing 96.2, and tail 135.7; in adult\nfemale, wing 93.9, and tail 113.7; both sexes, culmen 12.6, and tarsus\n_Range._--Highlands of Costa Rica and extreme western Panam\u00e1.\nGenus =Phainopepla= Sclater\n  _Phainopepla_ Sclater, Proc. Zo\u00f6l. Soc. London, 26:543, 1858. Type\n    _Phainopepla nitens_ (Swainson).\n_Diagnosis._--Tail almost as long as wing; head with pointed crest of\nnarrow, separated feathers; rectrices without white; bill narrow,\ncompressed terminally; conspicuous white patch under wing; nostril\nsmall, exposed; rictal bristles distinct; tail slightly rounded.\n=Phainopepla nitens nitens= (Swainson)\nPhainopepla\n  _Phainopepla nitens nitens_ (Swainson), Anim. in Menag., 1838:285,\n_Diagnosis._--Coloration of adult male: Uniform glossy Bluish Black;\ninner webs of primaries except innermost pair with middle portion\nWhite; bill, legs, and feet Black. Coloration of adult female: Plain\nOlivaceous Black, longer feathers of crest Black, edged with Gull\nGray; remiges and rectrices Dusky Drab to Black; rectrices and coverts\nmargined by White; bill and feet Brownish Drab to Dusky Brown.\nColoration of young: Like adult female but more Brownish Drab.\n_Measurements._--No specimens examined; larger than _P. n. lepida_\n(Van Tyne, 1925).\n_Range._--Central and southern Mexico, in states of Coahuila, San Lu\u00eds\nPotosi, Durango, Guanajuato, M\u00e9xico, Puebla, and Veracruz.\n=Phainopepla nitens lepida= Van Tyne\nPhainopepla\n  _Phainopepla nitens lepida_ Van Tyne, Occ. Pap. Bost. Soc. Nat.\n_Diagnosis._--Coloration same as _P. n. nitens_; separated by smaller\nsize.\n_Measurements._--Wing 91.0, tail 90.3, culmen 11.5, tarsus 17.6.\n_Range._--Southwestern United States, from central California,\nsouthern Utah, and central western Texas southward to Cape San Lucas\nin Baja California, and into northwestern Mexico (Sonora and\nChihuahua).\nSubfamily =Bombycillinae=\n_Diagnosis._--Wings long and pointed, reaching almost to tip of tail;\nfirst primary spurious; second primary longest; tail short and even;\nrictal vibrissae few and short; secondaries generally, and sometimes\nalso rectrices, tipped with red, corneous appendages; nasal fossa\npartly filled with short, antrorse, close-set velvety feathers;\nplumage soft, silky; tail tipped with yellow band (red in _B.\njaponica_); sexes alike; humerus short with large external condyle;\ncaudal muscles and pygostyle not well developed; bill flared widely at\nbase; one genus, three species.\n_Range of subfamily._--Holarctic breeding area; wanders nomadically\nsouth in winter to Central America and West Indies, southern Europe\nand Asia.\nGenus =Bombycilla= Brisson\n  _Bombycilla_ Brisson, Orn. ii, 1760:337. Type _Bombycilla garrula_\n    (Linnaeus).\n_Diagnosis._--As described for the subfamily.\n=Bombycilla cedrorum= Vieillot\nCedar Waxwing\n  _Bombycilla cedrorum_ Vieillot, Hist. Nat. Amer., 1:88, Sept. 1, 1807\n_Diagnosis._--Coloration of adults: Shading from Saccardo's Umber on\ndorsum to Bister on top of head; upper tail coverts and proximal\nrectrices Gull Gray; underparts shade through pale Lemon Yellow wash\non belly into White on under tail coverts; forehead, lores, and\neye-stripe Black; chin same, soon shading into Blackish Mouse Gray and\ninto color of breast; side of under jaw with sharp White line; narrow\nline bordering forehead, and lores, White; lower eyelid White; quills\nof remiges Dark Mouse Gray, darkening at tips; inner quills tipped\nwith red horny wax appendages; tail feathers like primaries, but\ntipped with Lemon Yellow, and occasionally showing also red horny wax\nappendages; bill and feet Black. Coloration of young: Dorsum as in\nadult, but lightly streaked with White; head concolor with dorsum;\nforehead White; lores Black; eye stripe Black anterior to eye and\nWhite posterior to eye; throat Light Buff; belly with alternate\nstreaks of Dresden Brown and light Ochraceous Buff but posteriorly\nWhite; tail tipped with Lemon Yellow bar; bill black at tip, shading\nto Sepia at base.\n_Measurements._--Wing 92.9, tail 55.5, culmen 10.9, tarsus 16.8.\n_Range._--Breeds from central British Columbia, central Alberta and\nManitoba, northern Ontario, southern Quebec and Cape Breton Island\nsouth to northwestern California, northern New Mexico, Kansas,\nnorthern Arkansas, North Carolina, and northern Georgia. Winters south\nto Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas, Arizona, Colorado, Florida,\nHonduras, Costa Rica, Jamaica, Little Cayman Island, Haiti, and\nPanam\u00e1.\n=Bombycilla garrula= (Linnaeus)\nBohemian Waxwing\n  _Bombycilla garrula_ (Linnaeus), Syst. Nat., 10th Ed., 1758:55.\n_Diagnosis._--Coloration of adults: General color Olive-Brown, shading\ninsensibly from clear Smoke Gray of upper tail coverts and rump to\nCinnamon-Drab anteriorly, heightening on head and forehead to Hazel;\nnarrow frontal line, lores, broader mask through eye, chin, and upper\nthroat, Sooty Black; under tail-coverts Cinnamon-Brown; tail Smoke\nGray, deepening to Blackish Mouse Gray distally, and tipped with Lemon\nYellow; wings Blackish Mouse Gray; primaries tipped with sharp spaces\nof Lemon Yellow or White, or both; secondaries with White spaces at\nends of outer web, shafts usually ending with enlarged, horny red\nappendages; primary coverts tipped with White; bill Blackish Slate and\npaler at base; feet Black. Coloration of young: Much like adult, but\ngeneral color duller; some streaking on venter and back; chin, throat,\nand malar region dull White. Three subspecies.\n=Bombycilla garrula garrula= (Linnaeus)\nBohemian Waxwing\n  _Bombycilla garrula garrula_ (Linnaeus), Syst. Nat., 10th Ed.,\n_Diagnosis._--Coloration: As described for the species, but darkest of\nthe three subspecies; tending to be more Vinaceous dorsally than\neither _pallidiceps_ or _centralasiae_.\n_Measurements._--Wing 113.5, tail 63.1, culmen 12.5, tarsus 20.7.\n_Range._--Europe; breeds north to northern Russia and Norway, south to\nabout 65\u00b0 N latitude; winters south to England and Ireland, southern\nFrance, northern Italy, and Turkey.\n=Bombycilla garrula centralasiae= Poljakov\nBohemian Waxwing\n  _Bombycilla garrula centralasiae_ Poljakov, Mess. Orn. vi:137, 1915.\n_Diagnosis._--Coloration: As described for the subspecies _garrula_,\nbut less Vinaceous dorsally, and more Cinnamon; venter lighter gray\nthan _garrula_, and much paler than _pallidiceps_.\n_Measurements._--Wing 114.7, tail 63.0, culmen 12.2, tarsus 21.0.\n_Range._--Asia; breeds northern Siberia south to Vladivostok; winters\nto Turkestan and central eastern China and Japan.\n=Bombycilla garrula pallidiceps= Reichenow\nBohemian Waxwing\n  _Bombycilla garrula pallidiceps_ Reichenow, Orn. Monats. 16:191, 1908.\n_Diagnosis._--Coloration: As described for the species, but more\ngrayish above and below than _B. g. garrula_; darker gray than in\n_centralasiae_.\n_Measurements._--Wing 115.1, tail 71.7, culmen 12.6, tarsus 21.1.\n_Range._--Breeds from western Alaska to northern Mackenzie and\nnorthwestern Manitoba south to southern British Columbia, southern\nAlberta, northern Idaho, and possibly Colorado (Bergtold 1924) and\nMontana (Burleigh 1929); winters east to Nova Scotia and irregularly\nover much of Canada, and south irregularly to Pennsylvania, Ohio,\nMichigan, Indiana, Kansas, Colorado, California, Arizona, and Texas.\n=Bombycilla japonica= (Siebold)\nJapanese Waxwing\n  _Bombycilla japonica_ (Siebold), Nat. Hist. Jap., St. No. 2:87, 1824.\n_Diagnosis._--Coloration: Dorsum generally Brownish Drab shading to\nLight Brownish Drab on lower back, rump, and upper tail coverts;\nsecondary and tertiary coverts Pale Brownish Drab, washed on outer web\nwith Carmine; primary coverts Blackish Slate, with White edging; tail\nfeathers Slate-Gray, broadly tipped with Carmine, bordered anteriorly\nby subterminal Black bar; head crested, forehead Chestnut; lores,\nfrontals, and stripe extending around eye and nape, Black; throat\nBlack, narrowing on lower throat; breast, sides of flanks Light Drab;\nventer pale Sulphur Yellow; thighs Brownish Drab; under tail coverts\nCarmine; bill, legs, and feet Black.\n_Measurements._--Wing 108.3, tail 53.6, culmen 11.2, tarsus 19.4.\n_Range._--Breeds eastern Siberia, northern China; winters south in\nChina, and to Japan (Hokkaido, Kyushu), Taiwan, and Korea.\nSubfamily _Dulinae_\n_Diagnosis._--Bill deep and compressed, culmen strongly depressed;\nnostrils circular, wholly exposed; tail even, and shorter than wing;\ntenth primary less than half length of ninth; under parts streaked;\nplumage hard and harsh; rictal bristles minute; wing rounded; humerus\nlong and with small external condyle; pygostyle and caudal muscles not\nwell developed; one genus, one species.\n_Range of subfamily._--Islands of Haiti and Gonave, Greater Antilles.\nGenus _Dulus_ Vieillot\n  _Dulus_ Vieillot, Analyse, 1816:42.\n_Diagnosis._--Like the subfamily.\n=Dulus dominicus dominicus= (Linnaeus)\nPalm-chat\n  _Dulus dominicus dominicus_ (Linnaeus), Syst. Nat., 12th Ed.,\n_Diagnosis._--Coloration: Dorsum Olive, back, scapulars, and wing\ncoverts more Brownish Olive; lower rump and upper tail coverts\nOlive-Green; pileum and hindneck with indistinct streaks of Brownish\nOlive; tail Brownish Drab, edged with Light Olive Gray; lores,\nsuborbital region, and auricular regions Dusky Brown; malars Dusky\nBrown and streaked with Sooty Black, streaks narrower on abdomen,\nbroader and paler on under tail coverts, bill Light Brownish Drab;\nlegs and feet Brownish Drab.\n_Measurements._--Wing 85.0, tail 68.8, culmen 15.0, tarsus 24.7.\n_Range._--Island of Haiti, Greater Antilles.\n=Dulus dominicus oviedo= Wetmore\nPalm-chat\n  _Dulus dominicus oviedo_ Wetmore, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 42:117,\n_Diagnosis._--Coloration: Like _D. d. dominicus_, but averaging more\nGrayish Olive; rump and tail coverts with less greenish wash.\n_Measurements._--Wing 90.1, tail 71.3, culmen 16.2, tarsus 25.1.\n_Range._--Gonave Island, off Haiti, Greater Antilles.\nCOLORATION\nThe general coloration of waxwings is cryptic, that is to say,\nconcealing or blending. The lighter color of the venter, especially of\nthe belly, contrasts with the duller, darker vinaceous color of the\ndorsum. Several ruptive marks tend to obliterate the outline of the\nbody. The crest of the head, when elevated, tends to elongate the\nbody, making the outline less like that of a normal bird. The facial\nmask effectively breaks up the outline of the head, and conceals the\nbright eye, which would otherwise be strikingly distinct. The white\nspots on the distal ends of the secondaries of _B. garrula_ and the\nyellow color on the distal ends of the rectrices (red in _B.\njaponica_) are also ruptive. These ruptive marks on an otherwise\nblending type of plumage might be important to waxwings, and probably\nare more effective when the birds remain motionless in either a\nwell-lighted area or in one that is partly in shadow, rather than in\none that is wholly in shadow.\nThe red wax tips on the secondaries of the flight feathers, and\nsometimes found on the ends of the rectrices in _Bombycilla_, are\npuzzling and no wholly convincing reason has been suggested for their\noccurrence. Two instances are known of yellow instead of red-colored\nwax tips in _B. cedrorum_ (Farley, 1924). It is well known that many\nindividuals, especially of _B. cedrorum_, do not possess these tips;\nthey are absent in a smaller proportion of individuals of _B.\ngarrula_. Of the 53 skins of _B. cedrorum_ available in the University\nof Kansas Museum of Natural History, which might be taken as a\nsampling at random of the general population of this species, only 17\npossess wax tips. A few specimens are unilateral, and the tips are of\nvarying sizes in different individuals. Of these 17 birds, 6 are\nfemale and 7 male, the others being unsexed at the time of skinning.\nThis proportion is, roughly, half and half. Of the seven skins of _B.\ngarrula pallidiceps_ in the same Museum, five possess the tips, and\ntwo that are females have no trace of the red tips at all. Of the five\nwhich do have the tips, two are males, two are females, and one is\nunsexed. In a series of 13 specimens of the three subspecies of _B.\ngarrula_, loaned by the United States National Museum, all but two\nindividuals possess the tips on the secondaries, and, in addition,\nfour specimens, equally divided between the two sexes, have color on\nthe rachis of some rectrices, and small appendages of pigment extend\nbeyond the feathers. Stevenson (1882) found that among 144 specimens\nof _B. garrula garrula_ killed by storms in England in the winter of\n1866-67, 69 individuals had wax tips. Of these, 41 were males and 27\nwere females; the remaining one was of uncertain sex. Among 38\ndefinitely sexed _B. garrula pallidiceps_ in the California Museum of\nVertebrate Zo\u00f6logy, Swarth (1922:276) lists tips in 22 males and 16\nfemales. These data indicate that the proportion of birds with the wax\ntips is higher in _B. garrula_ than in _B. cedrorum_. The potentiality\nfor wax tips is possibly inherited according to Mendelian ratio.\n_Bombycilla japonica_ is of interest in that the adults, at least,\nseldom have the waxy appendages. Nevertheless, in the specimens\nobserved, the entire distal ends of the feathers normally possessing\nthe tips in other species are suffused with red color. This may be the\noriginal condition of all waxwings, or perhaps, instead, this species\nis in a transitional stage in the development of the tips. Swarth\n(1922:277) says concerning the probable derivation of the wax tips in\n_B. garrula_ (and in _B. cedrorum_): \"the ornamentation, in fact, may\nwell have begun with the coloring of the shaft, spreading later over\nadjoining feather barbs. The last stage would have been the coalescing\nof the barbs, forming the waxlike scale as is now seen. Various steps\nof this hypothetical development are supplied in the wing and tail\nfeathers of different birds of this series.\" _Bombycilla japonica_\nthus may be close to the ancestral condition in the waxwing stock in\nthe development of the waxy appendage.\nThe rectrices of all three species of waxwings seldom possess the wax\ntips, unless the secondaries have the maximum number of tips. In these\nindividuals, the pigment seems to \"spill over\" onto the tail feathers.\nEight is the maximum number of tips found on the secondaries.\nRectrices with wax tips are more frequently found in _B. garrula_, and\nonly occasionally in _B. cedrorum_. The pigment in the tip of the tail\nof _B. japonica_ is red rather than yellow as it is in the other two\nspecies, and some individuals of the Japanese Waxwing show a slight\namount of coalescence of wax in the tail feathers as well as in the\nsecondaries.\nIf the tips were present in all members of the two species, it could\nbe postulated, in line with recent investigational work by Tinbergen\n(1947), that the tips are in the nature of species \"releasers,\"\nfacilitating species recognition. Such recognition is now regarded as\nof prime importance in the formation of species. It is improbable that\nsex recognition may be aided, as there is no evidence to indicate that\nthe tips are found predominantly in either sex.\nThe wax tips are not limited to the adult birds in the species _B.\ngarrula_. Swarth (_op. cit._) mentions the capture of several young\nBohemian Waxwings, and describes them as \"possessing all the\ndistinctive markings of the most highly developed adult.\" This\nincludes wax appendages, and several citations are given (Wolley 1857,\nGould 1862) to indicate that this is the rule rather than the\nexception, not only for the American subspecies _pallidiceps_, but at\nleast for the European subspecies _garrula_ as well. On the other\nhand, the young of _B. cedrorum_ lack the wax tips, at least as far as\navailable data show.\nSome characteristics of living animals are of the \"relict\" type; that\nis to say, they were developed in ancient times when some unknown\necological factor was operative which is no longer demonstrable, and\nthe characteristic is now neutral or at least not detrimental,\nalthough of no positive value to the organism. Possibly the wax tips\nof waxwings are thus to be explained. I am more inclined to the\nopinion that the wax tips are adaptations to present-day ecological\nconditions for the birds.\nThe wax tips are ruptive in effect, since the birds, especially in\nwinter, are habitu\u00e9s of bushes and trees that have berries, and the\ntips, on the otherwise dull body, suggest berries. The red tips tend\nfurther to disrupt the body outline at the midline, or slightly\nposterior to this. Perhaps the wax tips on the rectrices emphasize the\nend of the tail, the region of the body that is the least vital and\nthat may be expendable in times of pursuit by an enemy.\nAny characteristic is of survival value to an organism if in any way\nthe characteristic enhances the chances of survival up to the time\nwhen the organism can successfully raise even a few young to maturity.\nIf that character, as for example, the red wax tips on the\nsecondaries, helps to maintain the individual until it can raise to\nindependence a greater number than merely a few young, such a\ncharacter can be said to be of greater survival value. The character\nmay be effective for a brief period of time and may be uncommon; it\nmight be effective for a split second in time, and only at a\nparticular stage in the life history.\nThe winter period probably is the most hazardous for waxwings, in that\nthey then depend at times upon long flights to find food. The food is\nvegetable, and thus is comparatively low in food value; the birds must\ningest large quantities of berries or dried fruits to maintain\nthemselves. In winter, in northern latitudes at least, predators are\nmore apt to prey upon those species which, like waxwings, do not\nmigrate south. The winter months are those in which waxwings frequent\nberry bushes, and it may well be that in these months, the wax tips\nthat appear like berries, are especially valuable to the birds, and\noperate selectively.\nIt is suggested, therefore, that the wax tips are of positive value to\nwaxwings, rather than being relict characters. Coalescence of pigment\nhas taken place in the formation of the wax tips. _B. japonica_ is\ncloser to the ancestral stock insofar as wax tips are concerned, and\ngenerally lacks the tips. _B. cedrorum_ has the tips in approximately\nhalf of the adults, and not at all in the young. _B. garrula_ has the\ntips in almost all the adults, and in a like proportion of the young,\nand probably has evolved further in the development and retention of\nthe wax tips than has either of the other two species.\nThe streaked plumage of _Dulus_ is decidedly generalized, and is\nprobably more nearly like the color of the ancestral stock. In this\nconnection it is notable that young Cedar Waxwings are streaked, and\nyoung Bohemian Waxwings are streaked to a lesser degree. This\nstreaking is apparently a recapitulation of the feather color of the\nstock. Perhaps the color of _Dulus_ has not changed, as the streaking\nwould not be a disadvantage to the birds in their environment of light\nand shadow. In joining together in groups and in the construction of\nlarge communal nests, _Dulus_ has evidently gained sufficient\nprotection against predators; other birds solve this problem by\nmodifying their coloration.\n_Ptilogonys_ is ruptively colored, but in a different fashion than\n_Bombycilla_. The tail markings, the distinct yellow on the under tail\ncoverts, the sharply marked pileum, are all examples of ruptive\ncoloration. The generally lighter venter (especially under tail\ncoverts), the crest that may be elevated, and the generally drab\nbluish dorsum, are cryptic and serve to hide the animal insofar as is\npossible considering its habits. The very conspicuous coloration of\nthe male, in contrast to the more drab color of the female, however,\nwould lead one to believe that in _Ptilogonys_, following the pattern\nof many passerine birds, the male leads a predator from the nest,\nleaving the drab female to incubate the eggs, and thus preserve the\nyoung.\nIt is difficult to suggest reasons for the brilliant coloration of the\nmale _Phainopepla_, unless it is for decoying predators away from the\nnest. Possibly some birds survive not because of, but in spite of,\ntheir coloration, and _Phainopepla_ may be a case of this sort. Anyone\nwho has observed _Phainopepla_ in life will agree, certainly, that the\nmale makes no attempt at concealment, and flaunts his color to all\ncomers.\nThe coloration of _Phainoptila_, in contrast to _Phainopepla_, is much\nmore plain, and is suited to its habits of brush dwelling; in a brush\nhabitat the drab coloration is difficult to detect. The Yellowish\nOlive under tail-coverts and the Olivaceous dorsum are all evidences\nof cryptic coloration, and undoubtedly, this bird depends upon hiding\nfor escape from its enemies, since it is a bird of the dense forest\ncover.\nColoration, which varies relatively rapidly in response to differing\necological conditions, has become more different in the species of\nBombycillidae than is true in many other families of passerine birds.\nThe explanation lies in early geographical isolation of the three\nsubfamilies, with consequent radiation in three directions. Waxwings\nhave become adapted by possessing a thick protective layer of feathers\nand drab coloration broken by ruptive marks. They still retain the\nstreaked plumage, which is probably ancestral, in the juveniles; this\nis lost at the first molt in the fall. In its evolution, _Dulus_ has\ndeveloped large feet, heavy decurved beak, and the large communal nest\nthat affords protection from enemies; as a consequence, perhaps\n_Dulus_ did not need a plumage different from the primitive and\nstreaked one. The survival of _Dulus_ may not have depended on either\nruptive marks or on brilliant and outstanding plumage. The large feet\nand large bill seem to be responses to particular ecological\nrequirements, as will be shown later.\nThe Ptilogonatinae, with habits paralleling those of the flycatchers,\nprobably are considerably modified from the ancestral stock; the\ncoloration probably is more brilliant and conspicuous. Perhaps this\ntype of coloration and the habit of capturing insects from a perch are\ncorrelated. Some amount of territoriality is characteristic of this\nsubfamily and dimorphism in color--the plumage of the male is\noutstandingly conspicuous--possibly is of selective value to the race.\nIn a tropical forest community, a duller pattern possibly would be\nmore visible and thus would be selectively disadvantageous.\nCOURTSHIP\nWaxwings are gregarious birds and individuals establish no\nwell-defined territories as do many birds. The nest itself is the only\ndefended territory, and as Crouch (1936) has shown, the Cedar Waxwing\nwill nest in close proximity to others of the same species. Swarth\n(1932:275) mentions that the Bohemian Waxwing is tolerant of the nests\nof other pairs near by. The extreme condition is that found in\n_Dulus_, in which the territory is not limited even to the nest, but\nto the individual compartment of the community nest. _Phainopepla_, a\nless gregarious bird than _Dulus_ and waxwings, has a much more\ndefinite territory, although individuals of _Phainopepla_ are tolerant\nof others of the same species; no feeding territory is established,\nand small flocks of birds feed together at any time of the year.\nIn birds whose territories lack well-defined boundaries, it would be\nexpected that elaborate song would not have evolved, and that most of\nthe recognition of kind and sex would be dependent upon the behavior\nof the birds. This is the fact; song, as such, is lacking in the three\nsubfamilies Bombycillinae, Ptilogonatinae, and Dulinae. Waxwings utter\n(1) notes that serve to keep the flock together, (2) calls used by the\nyoung in begging for food, and (3) some low notes that Crouch (_op.\ncit._:2) considered as possibly concerned with courtship.\n_Phainopepla_ has various call notes, and in addition, a succession of\nnotes which are run together. _Ptilogonys_ utters a note which Skutch\n(MS) characterizes as a loud, not unmusical \"tu-whip\" that is used as\nthe birds \"fly in straggling parties which keep in contact by their\nconstant chatter.\" _Dulus_ is described by Wetmore and Swales\n(1931:349) as having only a variety of rather harsh chattering notes\nin chorus.\nThe most notable behavior pattern associated with courtship in\nWaxwings, in the absence of song, is the so-called \"mating dance\"\ndescribed by Crouch (1936), and observed by me in Lawrence, Kansas, in\nthe spring of 1948. This consists of one bird of a pair (presumably\nthe male) hopping along a branch toward the other bird (the female),\nthen away again, repeating the procedure for some little time. The\nfemale remains motionless until, as the male approaches, mutual\nfondling of the head and neck feathers takes place, or the birds may\npeck at each other's bill. A berry may be passed from bill to bill,\nalthough generally the berry is not utilized for food, and this can be\ninterpreted as a nervous reaction of the birds. It may be an instance\nof \"false feeding\" as is seen in many birds, in which the female begs\nfor food, as a nestling would beg, as a preliminary to the sexual act.\nI am of the opinion that these reactions are in the nature of\nbehavioristic patterns that bring the birds into the emotional balance\nfor copulation, as copulation follows the \"dance.\" Sometimes, however,\ncopulation is preceded by a \"nuptial flight\" around the nesting area,\nat which time the birds utter loud calls. Armstrong (1924:183) is of\nthe same opinion, citing numerous instances in which nuptial flights\nand elaborate displays have evolved for just this purpose. The birds\nare then in the proper physiological balance to initiate the\ncomplicated sequence of copulation, nesting, incubation, feeding, and\nbrooding of the young.\nIt would be valuable to know more concerning the life histories of the\nother birds considered in this paper, since behavior is inherent, and\nprobably can be cited as evidence of close relationship or the\nopposite. All that I have been able to learn is that _Phainopepla_ has\na nuptial flight in which the male chases the female, and that _Dulus_\n(Wetmore and Swales, 1931:347) seeks the company of others of its kind\nat all times, and that two birds, presumably paired, will sidle up to\none another when they are perched.\nNEST BUILDING\nThere are numerous papers concerning the nesting of waxwings. _B.\ngarrula_, owing to its nesting in the far north, where observers are\nfew, has received less attention than _B. cedrorum_. There is, on the\nother hand, no literature that deals with the nesting habits of the\nmajority of the Ptilogonatines, with the exception of _Phainopepla_,\non which there is considerable literature (Merriam, 1896; Myers, 1907,\n1908). No detailed study of the nesting of _Dulus_ has been reported,\nalthough Wetmore and Swales (1931) have described carefully the large\ncommunal nest of this genus.\nIn _Bombycilla_, both members of a pair apparently aid in the\nconstruction of the nest (Crouch, 1936; Swarth, 1932). Although the\nsexes are alike in plumage and general appearance, most students of\nthe nesting of waxwings agree that one bird, assumed to be the female,\ndoes most of the arranging of the material, and does the shaping of\nthe nest, whereas both birds carry materials to the nest site. As is\ncharacteristic of many passerine birds, both members of the pair\ngather materials and fly back to the nest site, where the female takes\nthe more active part in the construction of the nest itself.\nBoth species of American waxwings build bulky nests, with the base or\nplatform composed of a large amount of twigs and sticks, from which\nthere often trails a mass of sticks and moss or string. Softer\nmaterials such as moss, plant fibers, and string, are placed inside\nthe platform; moss is readily available to, and preferred by, _B.\ngarrula_ according to Swarth (_op. cit._:271), and various plant\nfibers and string are used by _B. cedrorum_. The inner lining consists\nof soft plant fibers or down, dry grasses, and feathers. The nest is\nusually unconcealed in a tree either adjacent to a trunk or on a main\nside branch, but sometimes in a fork. Nest building by both Cedar and\nBohemian waxwings is rapid, taking from three to five days, and is\nfollowed immediately by egg laying.\nNesting by waxwings is late in the season; June is the month in which\nthe nest is usually started. This is readily explainable in Bohemian\nWaxwings, since adverse weather would prohibit earlier nesting in the\narea in which they spend the summer. Crouch (_op. cit._:1) remarks\nthat _B. cedrorum_ possibly evolved in the far north where it was\nimpossible for it to start nesting earlier, and that the habit has\nbeen retained. Perhaps, on the other hand, nesting is delayed until\nthe berry crop is ripe, to insure sufficient food for the young.\nDesertion of the nest is not uncommon in waxwings, despite the\ntolerance to other animals that is shown by the birds. A new nest may\nsuddenly be begun before the first one is finished, and all the\nmaterials from the first nest may be removed, or the nest may be\nabandoned before it is completed. The eggs may be left at any time up\nto hatching, and the young may be deserted, especially in the earlier\nstages of development.\nThe very large and bulky communal nest of _Dulus_ is not radically\ndifferent from the nest of waxwings. In the absence of sufficient\nnesting sites, a pair of gregarious birds such as _Dulus_ could\ncombine their nest with those of other pairs, retaining for their own\nterritory only the nest cavity, and in this way communal nests might\nhave evolved. The nest of _Dulus_ is communal probably because of the\nlack of suitable trees for nesting sites, and only incidentally does\nthis type of nest afford better protection from natural marauders.\nLarge numbers of Palm-chats work together in the construction of the\nnest platform, and both sexes probably take part in the work.\nIn _Phainopepla_ the nest is built mostly by the male (Merriam, 1896;\nMyers, 1908), although the female does some of the work, especially in\nthe shaping and lining of the nest. In this genus, the nest is usually\na compact structure, but exceptional nests are of considerable bulk.\nThe nest is commonly placed in a fork near the main trunk of a tree,\nin a conspicuous location, and generally is 10 to 20 feet from the\nground. In shape and location, the nest closely corresponds to that of\n_Bombycilla_, but the materials used for a base are stems of annual\nplants, whereas _Bombycilla_ uses more woody twigs. The finer\nmaterials used by _Phainopepla_ are more readily obtainable in the\necological association inhabited by _Phainopepla_ than would be\nheavier twigs such as _Bombycilla_ uses.\nFOOD\nWaxwings are typically frugivorous; berries are the staple food. The\nbirds are known to catch insects, especially in the spring and summer,\nand their insect gathering technique has been likened to that of\nTyrannid flycatchers. Nice (1941) experimented with a young captive\nCedar Waxwing and found that it had a decided preference for red or\nblue berries, and that meal worms were utilized as food only when the\nbirds became educated by other captive birds of other species as to\nthe food value of the worms. Post (1916) indicates that the food given\nto the nestlings of Cedar Waxwings is entirely animal for the first\nthree days, and that a mixed diet of berries and insects is\nsubsequently offered.\nIn feeding of the young, regurgitation of partly digested food does\nnot take place, according to Wheelock (1905). Rather, the adults\n\"store\" food in the form of berries in the expanded esophagus or crop,\nfeeding them whole to the young. Digestion is an unusually rapid\nprocess, involving merely minutes for the passage of berries and\ncherries. This is correlated with a short intestinal tract, which is\nunusual for a frugivorous bird. Nice's (1940) experiments with Cedar\nWaxwings revealed that cherries would pass through the digestive tract\nin 20 minutes, blueberries in 28 minutes, and chokecherries in 40\nminutes. Heinroth (1924) states that berries pass through the\ndigestive tract of Bohemian Waxwings in the space of a \"few minutes.\"\nThis rapid digestion is obviously adaptive, since the value of the\nfood is slight and therefore large quantities of it must be ingested;\nthe large seeds would hamper further ingestion until they were\neliminated, since they seem not to be regurgitated.\nMembers of the subfamily Ptilogonatinae are both insectivorous and\nfrugivorous insofar as available data show, although again there is\nrelatively little information available concerning them. Skutch (MS)\nhas found that the Guatemalan _Ptilogonys cinereus_ catches insects by\nrepeated sallies into the air from a perch, after the manner of\nflycatchers. He notes also that the birds feed on berries of _Eurya\ntheoides_ and _Monnina xalapensis_. It is well known that\n_Phainopepla_ catches insects when these are available, and its liking\nfor berries is so apparent that in parts of its range, it is known as\nthe \"pepper bird,\" since it frequents pepper trees (_Schinus molle_)\nand feeds on the small red berries. The preserved specimens of\n_Ptilogonys_ and _Phainoptila_ available for this study contain only\nberries in the digestive tract. _Dulus_ feeds mostly, if not wholly,\non plant food. According to Wetmore and Swales (1931:349), berries,\nfruits, and parts of flowers are eaten.\nSKELETON\nA critical analysis of the skeletons provides evidence that aids the\nstudent in estimating which differences are merely the result of\nhabits developed in relatively recent geological time as opposed to\nthose which owe their existence to more ancient heritage. Stresses\ncaused by the action of different sets of muscles can apparently\nstimulate changes in bones to meet new needs, and the evidence from\ngenetics is that such mutations in wild birds are minute and\ncumulative, rather than of large degree and of sudden appearance. Once\nadaptive mutations have occurred, if genetic isolation from one source\nor another accompanies it, a new population different from the\nparental stock may become established. Study of the skeleton of any\nspecies of living bird may indicate those characters identifiable as\nmodifications fitting it to a particular environment. If no\ndistinguishing characters are discovered that may be attributed to\nenvironmental factors, such a species can be spoken of as generalized;\nthe inference then is that such a species is not modified for a\nsingle, particular ecological niche.\nSome parts of the skeleton, obviously, are more adaptable or plastic\nthan others. The beak seems to be the most adaptable part. Probably\nthis results from its frequent use; it is the part of the bird to\ncapture the food. The long bones, meeting the environment as legs\nwhich serve as landing mechanisms or as locomotory appendages, and as\nwings which provide considerable locomotion for most birds, probably\ncome next in order as regards plasticity. In these parts, then, one\nmay look for the most change in birds, which, within relatively recent\ngeologic times, have been modified to fit a particular set of\nconditions. From the beak and long bones of a species in which habits\nare unknown, one can infer the habits and habitat from a comparison\nwith the skeletal features of species of known habits.\n_Skull._--The skulls in all three subfamilies have essentially the\nsame general appearance and structure, the most marked differences\nbeing, as would be expected, in the bills and associated bones.\nThe most specialized bill is to be found in _Dulus_; its bill is\ndecurved, and the associated bones are correspondingly changed for\nsupport of the bill. For example, the palatines and \"vomer\" are much\nwider, the palatines are more concave from below and have longer\nposterior processes than the corresponding bones in _Bombycilla_.\nMoreover, the \"vomer\" in _Dulus_ and in _Phainoptila_ is larger and\nheavier than in _Bombycilla_, and the quadrate and pterygoid bones are\nrelatively large for support of the beak. The palatines, however, are\nweak in _Phainoptila_. In the Ptilogonatinae, with the exception of\n_Phainoptila_, the wings of the palatines flare more than in\n_Bombycilla_, but not to the extent that they do in _Dulus_, nor does\nthe palatine bone present a concave appearance in the Ptilogonatinae.\nThe premaxilla is a relatively weak bone in _Bombycilla_ and\n_Phainopepla_, stronger in _Ptilogonys_, and is notably heavy in\n_Phainoptila_ and _Dulus_, and in these latter two genera shows a\nsharply-ridged tomium. The maxillae connect to somewhat widened nasal\nand naso-lateral processes in all the genera, and the premaxillae\nnarrow abruptly from this point forward. In the family, _Phainopepla_\nand _Phainoptila_ show the least flaring in this region.\n  [Illustration: Figs. 1-7. Skulls in lateral view of five genera of\n                 Bombycillidae. Natural size.\n     1. _Phainoptila m. melanoxantha_, sex?, MNH no. 26493, 15 mi.\n        SE Cartago, Costa Rica.\n     2. _Ptilogonys caudatus_, male, MNH no. 24492, 15 mi. SE Cartago,\n        Costa Rica.\n     3. _Phainopepla nitens_, male, MNH no. 24752, Pima Co., Arizona.\n     4. _Ptilogonys cinereus_, female, Louisiana State University\n        no. 297, Xilitla Region, San Lu\u00eds Potosi, Mexico.\n     5. _Dulus dominicus_, female, USNM no. 292652, Don Don, Haiti.\n     6. _Bombycilla cedrorum_, male, MNH no. 15331, Bexar Co., Texas.\n     7. _Bombycilla garrula_, sex?, USNM no. 223895, Bozeman, Montana.]\n  [Illustration: Figs. 8-14. Skulls in ventral view of five genera of\n                 Bombycillidae. Natural size.\n     8. _Phainoptila m. melanoxantha_, sex?, MNH no. 26492, 15 mi.\n        SE Cartago, Costa Rica.\n     9. _Ptilogonys caudatus_, male, MNH no. 24492, 15 mi. SE Cartago,\n        Costa Rica.\n    10. _Phainopepla nitens_, male, MNH no. 24754, Pima Co., Arizona.\n    11. _Ptilogonys cinereus_, female, Louisiana State University\n        no 297, Xilitla Region, San Lu\u00eds Potosi, Mexico.\n    12. _Dulus dominicus_, female, USNM no. 292652, Don Don, Haiti.\n    13. _Bombycilla cedrorum_, male, MNH no. 15331, Bexar Co., Texas.\n    14. _Bombycilla garrula_, sex?, USNM no. 223895, Bozeman, Montana.]\n  [Illustration: Figs. 15-21. Skulls in dorsal view of five genera of\n                 Bombycillidae. Natural size.\n    15. _Phainoptila m. melanoxantha_, sex?, MNH no. 26493, 15 mi.\n        SE Cartago, Costa Rica.\n    16. _Ptilogonys caudatus_, male, MNH no. 24492, 15 mi. SE Cartago,\n        Costa Rica.\n    17. _Phainopepla nitens_, male, MNH no. 24752, Pima Co., Arizona.\n    18. _Ptilogonys cinereus_, female, Louisiana State University\n        no. 297, Xilitla Region, San Lu\u00eds Potosi, Mexico.\n    19. _Dulus dominions_, female, USNM no. 292642, Don Don, Haiti.\n    20. _Bombycilla cedrorum_, male, MNH no. 15331, Bexar Co., Texas.\n    21. _Bombycilla garrula_, sex?, USNM no. 223895, Bozeman, Montana.]\nThis flaring, immediately lateral to the antorbital plate, is common\nto all Bombycillids and constitutes a major skeletal characteristic\nuseful for recognition of the members of the family, since the\nswelling is easily discernible both externally and on the cleaned\nskulls. In _Phainopepla_ there is much variability in this character;\nsome specimens have a narrower antorbital bridge than others. Only one\nskeleton of _Phainopepla n. nitens_ was available. The flaring in the\nskull of this specimen is identical with that in _Ptilogonys_. Among\nthe skulls of _P. n. lepida_ in the University of Kansas Museum of\nNatural History, is No. 19228, a juvenile, taken 5 miles south of\nTucson, Arizona. In this specimen, the flaring in the antorbital\nregion is clearly evident and equal in amount to that in skulls of _P.\nn. nitens_, but the bird had not attained full skeletal growth.\nHowever, the flaring of the antorbital region appears to be common in\nthe nestlings of many species of passerine birds. Other specimens of\nthe subspecies _lepida_ show a varying amount of flaring, the least\n(in the series available) being in No. 24754, MNH, in which the\nproportion of the skull (length divided by width) closely corresponds\nto that in _Phainoptila_; the skull of No. 24754 is long and thin, and\nthe base of the bill is only slightly swollen. The skull of\n_Phainopepla nitens lepida_ is more generalized than that of\n_Phainopepla n. nitens_, having a longer and narrower bill like the\ngeneralized _Phainoptila_. In _Phainopepla n. nitens_ and in members\nof the genus _Ptilogonys_, more flaring occurs in the antorbital\nregion.\n_Phainoptila_, as noted above, has no great amount of flaring in the\nantorbital region. When more specimens of _Phainoptila_ are examined,\nthe base of the bill probably will be found to flare more in some\nindividuals than in others; this would be expected if we may judge by\nthe data on _Phainopepla_. The premaxilla and maxilla of _Phainoptila_\nare similar to the same bones in _Dulus_, and there is a well-marked\nridge on the tomium (possibly for cutting flower parts). In\n_Phainoptila_, the palatines are narrower than in any other genus of\nthe family and abut the lacrimals. The entire skull appears to be\nmodified along different lines from those of the skull of _Dulus_; the\nskull of _Phainoptila_ seems to be modified for a frugivorous rather\nthan an insectivorous diet. The skull of _Phainoptila_ probably is\nmore nearly similar to the ancestral skull than is that of any other\nliving species in the family. The wide gape characteristic of some\nmembers of the family is undoubtedly a modification for aiding in the\ncapture of insects, and _Phainoptila_ has progressed less in this\ndirection than have other species in the family.\nThe mandibles vary somewhat in the shape and proportionate size of the\nbones. The mandible is proportionately, as well as actually, highest\nin _Dulus_. The medial condyle varies to some extent, being slightly\nflattened mediad in _Bombycilla_, and less so in the other genera. The\nmandible of _Bombycilla_ narrows to the symphysis much more gradually\nthan it does in the other genera.\nThe antorbital plate is large and divides the orbital chamber from the\nnasal chamber. The small lacrimal bone anterior to the plate\narticulates with the maxilla and the premaxilla. Shufeldt (1889)\nstates that the free lacrimal ossicle might be of some taxonomic\nimportance in the passerines, since it is found in the generalized\nCorvids and in nestling Turdids. I find it well developed and\nidentical, with a double articulation and free ends, in all the\nBombycillids. There is no significant variability in the family, and\nthis is more evidence of close taxonomic relationship between the\nmembers of the family.\nThe size of the crania is somewhat variable, although the differences\nseem to be primarily those of proportion. Ptilogonatinae have long\ncrania, whereas the crania of the Bombycillinae and Dulinae are\nshorter but deeper. I regard the longer cranium as primitive, and it\nis longest in _Phainoptila_. In order of decreasing relative length of\nthe cranium, _Phainoptila_ is followed by _Ptilogonys caudatus_, _P.\ncinereus_, and _Phainopepla_. _Bombycilla garrula_ has the deepest\ncranium in the family.\nThe measurements of the lengths and widths of the skulls are given in\nTable 9. The relative length of the bill and relative width of the\nskull are given in Table 10. These relative measurements are\ncalculated by using the actual measurements in Table 9 as numerators,\nthe length of the skull from the lacrimal bone to the posteriormost\nend of the skull being used as the denominator. The data indicate that\n_Phainoptila_ has a slightly narrower cranium.\n_Humerus._--Certain families of passerine birds have a noticeable\nvariation in the characteristics of the humerus; the bone varies in\nlength, in diameter, and in the complexity of the processes at either\nend. In the Bombycillids, however, the amount of variation is\nrelatively small, and the diaphysis of the bone is somewhat twisted,\nespecially so in _Dulus_. The deltoid tuberosity is variable, being\nshorter but more elevated in _Bombycilla_ than it is in the\nPtilogonatinae and in the Dulinae. The tendon from the pectoralis\nmajor muscle, which inserts on this process, probably finds better\ninsertion on a higher process than on a lower but longer one.\n  [Illustration: Figs. 22-28. Humeri of five genera of Bombycillidae.\n    22. _Phainoptila m. melanoxantha_, sex?, MNH no. 26493, 15 mi.\n        SE Cartago, Costa Rica.\n    23. _Ptilogonys caudatus_, male, MNH no. 24492, 15 mi. SE Cartago,\n        Costa Rica.\n    24. _Phainopepla nitens_, male, MNH no. 24754, Pima Co., Arizona.\n    25. _Ptilogonys cinereus_, female, Louisiana State University\n        no. 297, Xilitla Region, San Lu\u00eds Potosi, Mexico.\n    26. _Dulus dominicus_, female, USNM no. 292652, Don Don, Haiti.\n    27. _Bombycilla cedrorum_, male, MNH no. 15331, Bexar Co., Texas.\n    28. _Bombycilla garrula_, sex?, USNM no. 223895, Bozeman, Montana.]\nDistally, the two major condyles and the intercondylar groove or\nolecranon fossa that make efficient articulation with the ulnar\nprocess, are not variable. The external condyle, however, is\nsignificantly variable in the family. This condyle is longest and most\npronounced in birds in which the humerus is short in relation to the\ntrunk, as for example in _Tachycineta_. In the Bombycillidae the\ncondyle is smallest in _Phainoptila_, where it is a mere suggestion of\na process. In the remainder of the Ptilogonatinae, the condyle is\nlarger but rounded, and shows a double process in _Ptilogonys\ncaudatus_, and a slightly pointed process in _P. cinereus_. The\nexternal condyle in _Dulus_ is not specialized, being low and rounded,\nbut in _Bombycilla_, it is noticeably elongated, indicating a better\nattachment distally for the deltoid muscle. (No measurements are\ntabulated for this condyle, as the percentage of error in measuring\nthis small structure is great.) Table 1 gives lengths of humeri, and\nTable 2 gives lengths of the humeri expressed as percentages of the\nlength of the trunk, a standard measurement.\nThe area of insertion of the deltoid muscle is elongated in those\nbirds with shortened humeri; these birds have also greater flight\npower than do birds with longer humeri and therefore a shorter\nexternal condyle.\n  Table 1. Lengths of Arm Bones in cm.\n           Species         | Humerus | Radius | Ulna | Manus\n  Table 2. Arm-trunk Ratios (in percent)\n           Species         | Humerus | Radius | Ulna | Manus | Total\n  Table 3. Arm-trunk Ratios (in percent)\n           Species         | Humerus | Radius | Ulna | Manus | Total\n_Pygostyle._--This part of the skeletal system is variable in the\nspecies dealt with, not so much in size as in complexity. It reflects,\nof course, the character of the caudal muscles and their size, as well\nas the length of the rectrices and the corresponding force necessary\nto hold these feathers upright and in a useful position. Firm\nattachment is important even in flight, because the tail is used as a\nrudder, and in the Ptilogonatinae as a brake. The pygostyle is most\nmodified in this subfamily.\nIn lateral aspect, the pygostyles of the species of the Ptilogonatinae\nare similar. The crest of the bone is flattened dorsally, and has a\nbroad anterior surface that is thin and bladelike. This is widest in\n_Ptilogonys caudatus_, and narrowest in _Phainoptila_, in which genus,\nhowever, the entire bone is of small size. The centrum is widest in\n_Ptilogonys caudatus_, and is progressively narrower in _P. cinereus_,\n_Phainopepla_, and _Phainoptila_. Greater width provides a larger area\nof attachment for the larger rectrices and also more area for\ninsertion of the lateralis caudae muscle, the size of which varies\nmore than that of the other caudal muscles in the different species of\nthe Bombycillidae.\n  [Illustration: Figs. 29-35. Pygostyles in posterior view of five\n                 genera of Bombycillidae. \u00d7 2.\n    29. _Phainoptila m. melanoxantha_, sex?, MNH no. 26493, 15 mi.\n        SE Cartago, Costa Rica.\n    30. _Ptilogonys caudatus_, male, MNH no. 24492, 15 mi. SE Cartago,\n        Costa Rica.\n    31. _Phainopepla nitens_, male, MNH no. 24754, Pima Co., Arizona.\n    32. _Ptilogonys cinereus_, female, Louisiana State University\n        no. 297, Xilitla Region, San Lu\u00eds Potosi, Mexico.\n    33. _Dulus dominicus_, female, USNM no. 292652, Don Don, Haiti.\n    34. _Bombycilla cedrorum_, male, MNH no. 15331, Bexar Co., Texas.\n    35. _Bombycilla garrula_, sex?, USNM no. 223895, Bozeman, Montana.]\nIn proportionate size (see Table 7), the pygostyle of _Bombycilla_ is\nthe smallest in the family. The dorsal spinous portion is acutely\npointed instead of flattened as in the Ptilogonatinae. In _Dulus_, the\nspinous portion is extremely thin, and shows a decided curve dorsad\nfrom the centrum, and there is no flattened area anterior to the\nspinous portion as is seen in _Ptilogonys_.\nThe centrum in cross section varies considerably. In _Bombycilla_ the\nwalls are indented, with definite terminal knobs; both knobs and\nindentations are more pronounced in _B. garrula_ than in _cedrorum_,\nhowever. The spinous portion is enlarged in both species, and the rest\nof the neck region is constricted (Figs. 29-35).\nThe centrum of _Dulus_ in posterior aspect presents the appearance of\na simple shield; little of the indentation seen in _Bombycilla_ is\npresent. The spinous portion is plain, with no constriction nor\nterminal enlargement in the neck. The centrum in _Phainopepla_ is\nsimilar to that in _Dulus_, but has a small expansion at the base of\nthe spine, the entire centrum being wider in proportion to its\nover-all size than in any of the other species mentioned previously.\nThe centrum in _Ptilogonys_ shows great width, and the spine is in a\nlarge expanded tip as in _Bombycilla_. The lateral edges of the\ncentrum in _P. cinereus_ are \"winged\" and in two separate halves;\nwhereas the centrum of _P. caudatus_ is fairly plain, its\nspecialization being reflected primarily in breadth and flatness. In\ncross section of the centrum, _Phainoptila_ is similar to\n_Phainopepla_, although, in the former, the bone is smaller in\nproportion to the size of the animal, and the lateral wings are more\nangular than in _Phainopepla_.\n  [Illustration: Figs. 36-42. Pygostyles in lateral view of five\n                 genera of Bombycillidae. \u00d7 2.\n    36. _Phainoptila m. melanoxantha_, sex?, MNH no. 26493, 15 mi.\n        SE Cartago, Costa Rica.\n    37. _Ptilogonys caudatus_, male, MNH no. 24492, 15 mi. SE Cartago,\n        Costa Rica.\n    38. _Phainoptila nitens_, male, MNH no. 24754, Pima Co., Arizona.\n    39. _Ptilogonys cinereus_, female, Louisiana State University\n        no. 297, Xilitla Region, San Lu\u00eds Potosi, Mexico.\n    40. _Dulus dominicus_, female, USNM no. 292652, Don Don, Haiti.\n    41. _Bombycilla cedrorum_, male, MNH no. 15331, Bexar Co., Texas.\n    42. _Bombycilla garrula_, sex?, USNM no. 223895, Bozeman, Montana.]\nIn specialization for muscle attachment, the centra of the pygostyles\nof the Ptilogonatinae have more area for muscle attachment than do the\ncentra in the Bombycillinae and Dulinae; the centrum is wide, the\nspinous portion is long, and the bone is flattened anteriorly. The\nmost generalized pygostyle is in _Phainoptila_, and that of _Dulus_\ndiffers only slightly. In _Bombycilla_ the pygostyle is\nproportionately small, but is complex in shape; there is seemingly not\nthe need for greatly expanded areas since the caudal muscles are less\nspecialized in this genus.\n_Sternum._--The sternum in Bombycillids is typically passerine in\ngeneral shape and in having a long and deep carina or sternal crest.\nThe caudal process of the bone is broad, with the terminal ends\nflattened, forming dorsally a graceful V-shaped outline, whereas the\noutline of the posterior end of the sternum is broad and convex.\nIn lateral aspect, the carina is deeper in _Bombycilla_ than in other\ngenera of the family, and is deepest in _B. garrula_. In this species,\nthe manubrium is more extended and comparatively larger than in the\nother species of the family. The anterior edge of the keel forms the\nsharpest angle in _B. cedrorum_. In _Dulus_, the keel is moderately\ndeep, the manubrium short, and there is a distinct indented curve\nbetween the manubrium and the anterior angle of the keel.\nIn ventral aspect the lateral processes of the sternum tend to flare\noutwards in adult Ptilogonatines on almost the same plane as the rest\nof the bone, whereas in _Bombycilla_ and _Dulus_ the same process is\ncloser to the body of the sternum. In _Bombycilla_ the xiphoid process\nis more dorsal in position than in other species in the family, and in\n_Dulus_ an upward curve is very noticeable. The process in these two\ngenera is narrower than in the Ptilogonatinae, and lacks the heavy\ndistal terminal enlargement which is apparent in _Ptilogonys_.\n_Relative Lengths of Bones._--In instances where the animals being\ncompared are obviously different in over-all size, it is useful to\nexpress the size of a given part in relation to some other part of the\nsame individual organism if the aim is to obtain clues as to\ndifferences in functions of the parts being compared. Differences in\nactual lengths of corresponding bones in two kinds of animals often,\nof course, reflect only the difference in over-all size of the\nanimals. Consequently, the relative size of the part is expressed as a\npercentage in this paper. In computing a percentage it is well, of\ncourse, to select some relatively stable part of the animal to use as\na denominator in the mathematical expression that yields the\npercentage. The thoracic region of the vertebral column is thought to\nbe such a part. For example, the length of the humerus divided by the\nlength of the thoracic region yields, in _Phainopepla_ and\n_Ptilogonys_, respective percentages of .84 and .85. These are roughly\nthe same, whereas the actual lengths of the humeri are 2.21 and 2.39\ncm.\n  Table 4. Lengths of Leg Bones in cm.\n           Species         | Femur | Tibiotarsus | Tarsometatarsus\n  Table 5. Leg-trunk Ratios (in percent)\n           Species    | Femur | Tibiotarsus | Tarsometatarsus | Total\n  Table 6. Leg-trunk Ratios (in percent)\n          Species        | Femur | Tibiotarsus | Tarsometatarsus | Total\n  Table 7. Actual Length and Width in mm. of Pygostyle and Proportionate\n  Length and Width of Pygostyle in percent of Lacrimal Length\n           Species         | Length | Width | percent | percent\n  Table 8. Length of Sternum and Depth of Carina expressed as\n  percentages of the Length of the Trunk\n           Species         | Sternum | Carina\n  Ptilogonys caudatus      |    85   |   28\n  Ptilogonys cinereus      |    91   |   32\n  Phainoptila melanoxantha |    76   |   25\n  Bombycilla cedrorum      |    82   |   31\n  Table 9. Skull and Sternum, Length and Width in mm.\nThe length of the trunk was taken as the distance from the anterior\ntip of the neural crest of the last cervical vertebra to the anterior\nedge of an acetabulum. The number of free thoracic vertebra was five\nin each specimen; consequently, there was no error from this source.\nIn the cranium, a measurement was taken from the anterior edge of the\nlacrimal bone to the posteriormost end of the cranium, and the\nresultant figure was employed for a constant in cases in which small\nbones were compared.\n  Table 10. Relative Length and Width of Skull (in percent)\n  Ptilogonys caudatus      |   160  |   72\n  Ptilogonys cinereus      |   158  |   69\n  Phainopepla nitens       |   162  |   73\n  Phainoptila melanoxantha |   161  |   65\n  Bombycilla garrula       |   164  |   74\n  Bombycilla cedrorum      |   162  |   74\n  [Illustration: Fig. 43. Part of skeleton of _Bombycilla cedrorum_\n                 showing method of measuring the length of the trunk.\n_Leg-trunk Percentages._--Table 4 shows the relative lengths of the\nlegs and of the separate bones in the legs of the different species of\nthe Bombycillids. Table 5 shows corresponding lengths for other\npasserine birds. The total length of the leg was computed by adding\nthe figures obtained for the lengths of the femur, tibiotarsus and\ntarsometatarsus. The lengths of the toes were disregarded. Length of\nleg was recorded in this same way by Richardson (1942:333), who\nthought that only in swimming and running birds do the toes contribute\nto the functional length of the hind limb.\nTable 4 shows that of the birds compared in this paper, _Dulus_ has\nthe longest legs. In order of decreasing length the others are the\nPtilogonatinae, and finally the Bombycillinae, which have the shortest\nlegs of all. In Waxwings the length of the legs, expressed as\npercentages of the body-lengths, are identical with those birds that\nare similar in habits, that is to say, birds which do not use the hind\nlimb except in perching. It can be noted by reference to Table 5 that\n_Tachycineta_ and _Myadestes_ fall into this category. This shortness\nof limb is obviously adaptive, and each of the segments of the limb\nhas been correspondingly shortened, with no element reduced at the\nexpense of the other two. The short leg can be more easily folded\nagainst the body while the bird is in flight, than can a long leg\nwhich is more unwieldy. It may be noted from tables 4 and 5 that birds\nwhich spend much time on the ground, or that hop a great deal in the\nunderbrush, have longer legs than do birds which spend much time in\nflight. Two birds with noticeably long legs are _Hylocichla\nmustelina_, a typical ground dweller, and _Parus atricapillus_, which\nhops about in the trees and underbrush.\nInsofar as the lengths of the legs show, _Dulus_ and _Phainoptila_ are\nthe most generalized of the Bombycillidae, since the relative length\nof leg is approximately the same as that of more generalized birds\nsuch as warblers, crows and thrushes of similar locomotory habits. In\nother words, _Dulus_ and _Phainoptila_ have remained unspecialized, in\ncontrast to the waxwings in which adaptive changes fitting them for a\nperching habit have taken place. _Ptilogonys_ and _Phainopepla_ are\nintermediate in length of leg between _Phainoptila_ and _Bombycilla_,\nand _Ptilogonys_ and _Phainopepla_ have progressed from life on the\nground toward the perching habit. _Bombycilla cedrorum_ is more\nspecialized than is _B. garrula_ in shortness of leg, and the\nreduction is comparable, as is noted above, to that in the legs of\n_Tachycineta_.\nIn birds which have the legs much modified for walking or for hopping\nin the brush, such as _Polioptila_ and _Eremophila_, it is noteworthy\nthat the distal segment, the tarsometatarsus, is the longest, whereas\nin birds such as _Myiarchus_ and _Tachycineta_, that do not utilize\nthe limbs in this manner, the tibiotarsus, the middle segment, is the\nlongest. Mammals much modified for walking or hopping likewise have\nthe proximal segment, the femur, short, and the distal segment long\n(Howell, 1944). The waxwings have all of the segments short; these\nbirds are modified for strong and sustained flight. Their hind limbs\nare used principally for landing devices and for perching. No one\nelement of the leg has been shortened much, if any, more than any\nother.\n  [Illustration: Fig. 44. Graph showing relative lengths of bones of\n                 the leg. The percentage values are shown on the axis\n                 of the ordinates.\n    A. _Bombycilla cedrorum_; B. _Bombycilla garrula_;\n    C. _Dulus dominicus_; D. _Phainoptila melanoxantha_;\n    E. _Phainopepla nitens_; F. _Ptilogonys cinereus_;\n    G. _Ptilogonys caudatus_.\n    a. femur; b. tibiotarsus; c. tarsometatarsus; d. total.]\n_Arm-trunk Percentages._--Tables 1 and 2 show the total length of the\narm, and lengths of the separate arm elements, relative to the trunk.\nTable 3 gives the corresponding lengths for birds other than the\nBombycillidae. Total length of arm was obtained by adding together the\nlengths of the humerus, ulna, and manus, and by dividing the figure\nthus obtained by the length of the trunk as was done for leg lengths\nin tables 4 and 5. The method of adding together the component parts\ndoes not give the entire length of the wing, since the length of the\nfeathers, which add effectively to the total length, as well as do the\nlengths of the small carpal elements, is lacking.\n  [Illustration: Figs. 45-46. Outlines of wings. \u00d7 1/2\n    45. _Ptilogonys caudatus_, showing relation of outline of wing\n        to bones of arm.\n    46. _Bombycilla cedrorum_, showing relation of outline of wing\n        to bones of arm.]\nIt may be noted that _Phainoptila_ and _Bombycilla_ have the shortest\narm in the family Bombycillidae. The humerus, radius and ulna are\ncomparable to the same elements in thrushes and the catbird, and it is\nonly the extremely short manus in _Phainoptila_ that affects the\ntotal. The manus in _Phainoptila_ is comparatively smaller than in any\nother genus of the family Bombycillidae, and this indicates poor\nflight power. _Bombycilla_ has a total length corresponding closely to\nthat in warblers, but the lengths of the distal elements correspond\nclosely to those in the catbird and thrushes. Of the three segments,\nthe humerus is, relatively, the most shortened. Next in order of\nincreasing length of arm is _Dulus_; measurements for it are roughly\nthe same as those of _Myadestes_. The wing bones of the\nPtilogonatinae, other than _Phainoptila_, are the longest in this\nseries, and they most nearly resemble the same bones in flycatchers,\nParids, and gnatcatchers.\n  [Illustration: Fig. 47. Graph showing relative lengths of bones of\n                 the arm. The percentage values are shown on the axis\n                 of the ordinates.\n    A. _Bombycilla cedrorum_; B. _Bombycilla garrula_;\n    C. _Dulus dominicus_; D. _Phainoptila melanoxantha_;\n    E. _Phainopepla nitens_; F. _Ptilogonys cinereus_;\n    G._ Ptilogonys caudatus_.\n    a. humerus; b. radius; c. ulna; d. manus; e. total.]\nIt is notable that, in general, birds with long and narrow wings\nappear to have relatively the shortest humeri, with the distal bones,\nespecially the manus, variable in length and seemingly correlated with\nthe manner of feather attachment. Those birds with rounded and short\nwings have the longest humeri. In swallows, for example, the humerus\nis short, whereas the other arm bones are long, and the manus is\nunusually large and heavy. A short humerus gives better lever action\nin the flight stroke than a long humerus does.\nMUSCULATURE\nDissections showed the same muscles to be present in all genera of the\nBombycillidae. There are, nevertheless, differences in the size of the\nmuscles in the various species, and these differences have been\ninvestigated primarily as a check on differences noted in the\nstructure of the bones. Even slight differences in mass can be\nimportant functionally, but the difficulty in accurately measuring the\nmass prevents wholly reliable conclusions. The method first used in\nthe attempt to determine the mass of a given muscle was that of\nimmersing the muscle in a liquid-filled graduated tube, and then\nmeasuring the amount of liquid displaced. This method, although\nadequate for large muscles, was subject to a great amount of error in\nthe case of small muscles, and consequently was abandoned. The\ntechnique eventually used was that previously employed by Richardson\n(1942). It consisted of dissecting out the muscle, placing it in\nembalming solution, leaving it there until a later period, and\nfinally, weighing the muscle on scales, accurate to a milligram, after\nthe muscle had been out of the liquid for a period of one minute.\nAfter being weighed, the muscle was measured by the displacement\nmethod in a graduated tube, as a check. The results indicate that,\nalthough the two methods give the same general results, weighing is\naccurate to one-hundredth of a gram, whereas the displacement method\nwas accurate to only a tenth of a gram.\nIn determining the percentage of the weight of a muscle in relation to\nthe total weight of the bird, the weight of the muscle was used as the\nnumerator, and the weight of the preserved specimen was used as the\ndenominator. Before weights were taken, all specimens were plucked in\nidentical fashion.\n_Caudal Muscles._--The muscles of the caudal area that were used for\ncomparison were the levator caudae and the lateralis caudae. These\nmuscles are used by the living bird to maintain the position of the\npygostyle and therefore the rectrices; these muscles are especially\nimportant to those birds that utilize the tail as a rudder in flight\nand as a brake. As may be seen by reference to Table 11, the two\nmuscles are largest in proportion to body weight in the\nPtilogonatinae, in which subfamily the species have long rectrices and\nmust have correspondingly well-developed muscles in order to utilize\nthe rectrices to best advantage in flight. The lateralis caudae\ndiffers more according to species than does the levator caudae,\nshowing that rudder action of the tail is of primary importance in the\nadaptation for capturing insects. It will be remembered that the\npygostyle in this subfamily has a flattened lateral surface for\nattachment of the levator caudae muscle, and it is therefore to be\nexpected that this muscle will be larger in the Ptilogonatinae than it\nis in either the Bombycillinae or the Dulinae. The levator coccygis,\ntogether with the two muscles mentioned above, is responsible for\nelevation of the tail. The levator coccygis is less altered in\ndifferent species of the family than is the lateralis caudae. It may\nbe noted that the caudal muscles of _Dulus_ and _Bombycilla_\nconstitute a smaller percentage of the total weight of the bird than\nin any of the genera in the subfamily Ptilogonatinae.\n  [Illustration: Fig. 48. Caudal musculature, of _Phainopepla nitens\n    a. Levator coccygis; b. Levator caudae; c. Lateralis caudae;\n    d. Lateralis coccygis; e. oil gland; f. dorsal tip of pygostyle.]\n  Table 11. Caudal Muscles (Actual and Relative Weights)\n          Species         | Levator | Lateralis\n  Ptilogonys caudatus     | .145g.  |  .022g.\n  Ptilogonys cinereus     | .030g.  |  .010g.\n  Phainopepla nitens      | .025g.  |  .008g.\n  Phainoptila melanoxantha| .040g.  |  .015g.\n  Bombycilla garrula      | .034g.  |  .010g.\n  Bombycilla cedrorum     | .026g.  |  .008g.\n  Table 12. Weights of Muscles (These percentages expressed in terms\n  of weights of the body)\n  Key to Table\n  A) Deltoid\n  B) Thigh\n  C) Peronus\n  D) Gastrocnemius\n_Pectoral Muscles._--The pectoral set of muscles varies but little in\nthe family; flight power is seemingly not dependent upon size of\neither the pectoralis major or pectoralis minor. The data indicate\nthat the insertion on the humerus, with consequent changes in the\nrelative length of that bone, is more significant in type of flight\nand over-all flight power than is the actual size of the muscle mass.\nThe deltoid muscle, for example, is smaller in _Bombycilla_ than in\nmembers of the other two subfamilies. The humerus in _Bombycilla_ is\nshortened, and the muscle therefore does not need to be large to\naccomplish the same powerful stroke that would be accomplished by a\nlonger humerus and a larger, more powerful deltoid muscle. In the case\nof the deltoid, the shortening of the humerus and the more complex\narrangement of the points of insertion have obviated the necessity of\nenlarging the muscle.\n_Leg Musculature._--The muscles of the thigh are noticeably larger in\nbirds that have long leg bones. (See Table 12 for size of muscles.) On\nthe tibiotarsus, the peroneus and gastrocnemius muscles were measured.\nWhen expressed as a percentage of the weight of the bird, the peroneus\nhas much the same relative weight in all but one of the species,\nwhereas the gastrocnemius varies much. The peroneus is proportionately\nlarge only in _Phainoptila_, in which genus all the leg muscles are\nwell developed, but the gastrocnemius is larger in all the\nPtilogonatinae and in _Dulus_ than it is in the specialized\n_Bombycilla_, in which it has probably been reduced as the leg bones\nand other muscles have been reduced.\nThe volume of the muscles of the hind limb changes more readily in\nresponse to saltation and running than do the muscles of the forelimb\nto flying.\nDIGESTIVE TRACT\nThe digestive tract is relatively uniform in all genera of the family;\nthere are only slight differences between the species. The degree of\ncompactness of the visceral mass varies, _Phainoptila_ and _Ptilogonys\ncaudatus_ having the folds of the digestive tract loosely arranged,\nwhereas _Ptilogonys cinereus_ and _Phainopepla_ have folds which\nadhere more tightly to the ventriculus and liver. In _Dulus_ and\n_Bombycilla_, as compared with the Ptilogonatinae, the visceral mass\n(primarily liver and ventriculus) is situated more posteriorly in the\nbody cavity, and is more compact, and the intestine is more tightly\ncoiled.\nThe coiling of the intestine, if its degree of compactness is\ndisregarded, is nearly identical in the birds of the family; there are\nfour major loops between the ventriculus and the anus. The length of\nthis section of the tract is, however, somewhat variable, as can be\nseen by reference to Table 13, in which the actual and relative\nlengths of the intestine are given. It may be seen that in\n_Bombycilla_ and in _Phainopepla_, the tracts are much shortened. This\nis notable, since these are frugivorous birds, and in many frugivorous\nbirds, the tract is lengthened for better extraction of edible\nportions of the food. Possibly the action of the digestive juices is\ncorrespondingly more rapid in _Bombycilla_ and _Phainopepla_, thereby\npermitting the necessary nutriment to be extracted by a short\ndigestive tract.\nIn a migratory bird, or one that depends on flight power to find food\nand escape capture by predators, as in the case of the waxwings, the\ncompacted and shortened visceral mass would seem to be advantageous,\nbecause of the consequent reduction in weight. I consider the longer\nintestine to be the ancestral condition, and that the intestine has\nbecome shorter to meet new environmental conditions.\n  Table 13. Digestive Tract: Actual Length, and Length Relative to\n  Thoracic Length\n           Species         | Length |    length\n  Phainoptila melanoxantha |   150  |    457.1\nBeddard (1898:30) states that caecae in the tract may be highly\nvariable in a single family of birds. The Bombycillidae is no\nexception in this regard. At the junction of the cloaca and the large\nintestine, there are two small caecae, the function of which is\nunknown to me. The caecae are largest in the Ptilogonatinae, smaller\nin the Bombycillinae, and smallest in the Dulinae. There may be a\ncorrelation between large caecae and more insectivorous diet and small\ncaecae and frugivorous diet; however, the data are not conclusive in\nthis regard.\nORIGIN OF THE SPECIES\nIt is here postulated that the center of origin for the ancestral\nstock of the Bombycillidae was in a region of North America, which at\nthe time concerned was temperate or possibly even semi-tropical in\nclimate. Probably Northern Mexico was the place and probably the\nclimate was temperate. It is reasonably certain, because of the\ndistribution of the species of the family, that they originated in the\nAmericas. In the absence of paleontological data (_Bombycilla_ alone\nis reported, in essentially its modern form, from the late\nPleistocene--Wetmore, 1940a), the place and time of origin cannot\ncertainly be determined.\nThe distribution of the family is such that the more primitive groups\nare in the south. These are the Ptilogonatinae in Central America and\nMexico, and the isolated Dulinae in Haiti and the Dominican Republic.\nThis distribution would support the view that the origin was in the\nsouth. However, the Holarctic Bombycillinae are so typically birds of\nnorthern latitudes that, were it not for such close relatives south of\ntheir range, it would appear logical to infer a northerly origin with\na subsequent shifting of populations both southward and northward. The\nphyletic age of the family is probably great, however, as evidenced by\nthe spotty distribution of the birds.\nIn the evolution of this family, population pressure possibly played\nthe initial role in forcing members of the primitive, southern stock\nto seek habitable areas on the periphery of the range. Some birds\nalso, being possessed of the \"adventuresome spirit\", aided the\nnortherly movement, thus effecting an extension of the breeding ranges\nto the north. So far as is now known, this family did not seek living\nspace in South America. By extending its range, a species might find\nmore abundant food and nesting sites. This process of extending the\nrange probably would be costly to the species concerned, because only\nthose individuals best able to adapt themselves to the new\nenvironmental conditions would be able to survive long enough to\nreproduce their kind.\nThe return flight to the south could, in time, be dispensed with,\nexcept in the coldest weather or when the local berry- and fruit-crop\nfailed. Birds such as waxwings are, of course, able to subsist on\ndried fruits and berries in the critical winter season when strictly\ninsectivorous birds, not so catholic in their food habits, must return\nsouth. It appears that waxwings are descendants of migratory birds\nthat have adjusted themselves to a life in the north; and they are\njudged not to have evolved from year-round residents of the north.\nEven a short migratory journey in spring by part of a population of\nbirds, while the other part remained in the original range, would\nquickly isolate one breeding population from the other, resulting in\nthe formation of different genetic strains that lead to subspecies,\nspecies, and finally to genera and families. Any variation away from\nthe ancestral, \"sedentary\" stock would become established more quickly\nbecause of such isolation at the breeding period. By the same token,\nthe parental stock can, and no doubt does, become modified to suit its\nenvironment more perfectly, thus accelerating the tempo of this type\nof divergent evolution.\nThe original \"split\" of the Bombycillines is thought then to have been\nthe result of migration on the part of some of the ancestral stock,\nwith subsequent loss of regular migration because the need to return\nsouth was lost. Early in development, and before the migrational\ntendency was entirely lost, an isolated population, which later became\nsedentary, as it was an island population, diverged to give rise to\nthe Dulinae. The Dulinae are a homogeneous group since on the islands\nnow inhabited by the birds, they have not been isolated sufficiently\nlong to produce even well-marked subspecies.\n  [Illustration: Fig. 49. Hypothetical family tree of the\n                 Bombycillidae.]\nThe present day _Phainoptila_ is most nearly like the ancestral group,\nand the remainder of the Ptilogonatinae have diverged to fit\nconditions similar to those to which the Tyrannid flycatchers, which\nparallel them, are also fitted.\nIn comparatively recent geological time, two basic lines developed\nfrom the Bombycilline stock, the future _B. garrula_ and _B.\ncedrorum_. Possibly _garrula_ originally was isolated in Europe and\nAsia, and later came into contact with _B. cedrorum_, following the\ntime at which the two species were genetically well differentiated. It\nappears certain that _B. japonica_ was an offshoot of the Bombycilline\nstock at an early time, since it has characteristics that seem\nrelatively unspecialized. It possibly was isolated in the Orient.\nStructural affinities of _Dulus_ and _Bombycilla_ are more pronounced\nthan are those of _Dulus_ and _Ptilogonys_, for example. Many of the\nstructural features of _Dulus_ parallel those of _Phainoptila_, and it\nseems likely that the Dulinae were separated early in the history of\nthe family, perhaps as an isolated offshoot of the early migratory\nBombycillinae.\nCONCLUSIONS\nNomenclature, as used by a taxonomist, should of course indicate\naffinities as well as apply a name, and the rank of the family should\nbe applied to a structural unit based on common anatomical characters\nthat are more fundamental than, in my opinion, are those used by\nRidgway (1904) in proposing family status for the silky flycatchers\nand the palm-chats. The characters in the diagnosis (page 478) of the\nfamily Bombycillidae are common features regarded as warranting a\nsingle family unit for the waxwings, silky flycatchers, and\npalm-chats. The differences in morphology used by previous workers to\ncharacterize each of these groups: (1) the silky flycatchers; (2)\nwaxwings and; (3) palm-chats are regarded as more properly characters\nof only subfamily rank.\nThe existing coloration of the species of the Bombycillidae appears to\nhave been acquired relatively late, geologically speaking. The three\nsubfamilies responded to ecological stimuli in three different ways,\nand the resulting color patterns are unlike in the three groups.\nDulinae to this day have a color pattern that is most like the\nancestral color pattern, and this is recapitulated in the juvenal\nplumage of the Bombycillinae before they attain their adult plumage.\nConsideration of the geographic distribution of the species of the\nfamily indicates that the center of origin of the family Bombycillidae\nwas south of the present range of the waxwings (subfamily\nBombycillinae). Waxwings probably are the descendants of a migratory\npopulation that diverged from the primitive population at an early\ntime in the history of the family. Owing to their adaptations to\nsurvive in the north, waxwings no longer return south in the autumn.\nPalm-chats (subfamily Dulinae) are descendants of an isolated\npopulation of the family stock that developed communal living habits\nas one specialization. Silky Flycatchers (subfamily Ptilogonatinae)\nbecame modified to catch insects, and have specializations that\nroughly parallel those of the Tyrannid flycatchers.\nOsteologically, the various species of the Bombycillidae are\nremarkably similar. Small variations do exist, but these are primarily\ndifferences in relative size. The modifications of the beak enable\npalm-chats to feed on parts of plants, and the beak of _Phainoptila_\nshows some similarity in this respect. Rounded wings, which cause a\nbird to fly by means of short, relatively weak strokes, are correlated\nwith a comparatively long humerus, whereas long and pointed wings,\nwhich enable a bird to fly with more powerful strokes of the wing, are\ncorrelated with a relatively short humerus. There is a positive\ncorrelation between a short humerus and a long external condyle, and\nbetween a long humerus and the absence or smallness of the external\ncondyle.\nIn the Bombycillidae short bones of the leg are adaptive, and long\nbones of the leg are the generalized condition. Although all passerine\nbirds were differentiated relatively late in geologic time, long hind\nlimbs still could have been present in the immediate ancestors of\npasserine birds. As adaptive radiation took place in the class Aves,\nsome birds, the Bombycillidae included, became more and more adapted\nfor an arboreal, and eventually an aerial habitat, with consequent\nloss of saltatorial and running ability.\nBirds, like mammals, have a short femur, the most proximal element in\nthe leg, if the species is adapted to run fast. If the species is not\nadapted to run fast, birds, unlike mammals, have the tibiotarsus\nlonger than any of the other elements; in mammals that are not adapted\nto run fast, the femur and tibia are approximately the same length. In\nnon-running birds as compared with running birds, the leg element\ndistal to the tibiotarsus, and the one proximal to it, are\nconsiderably shortened. In waxwings, all three elements of the hind\nlimb are shortened, indicating that the reduction in length has been,\nevolutionarily speaking, a rapid process, in order to reduce the limbs\nto a convenient size as soon as possible.\nThe shape of the pygostyle varies in the Bombycillidae, but the simple\nshieldlike bone of _Phainoptila_ is judged to resemble closely the\nancestral type. In _Ptilogonys_ there is a tall dorsal spine, coupled\nwith a wide and heavy centrum and flattened lateral areas, for support\nof the long rectrices. In _Bombycilla_ the bone is small with knobs on\nthe centrum that have been developed for muscle attachment.\nThe muscles were carefully dissected in each genus and in most of the\nspecies. The same homologous muscles are present in all species.\nSignificant differences were found only in the relative size of\ncertain muscles. No satisfactorily accurate method of measuring these\ndifferences was found. Consequently, less use was made of the results\nof the dissections than was originally planned.\nThe set of pectoral muscles varies but slightly in relative mass, and\nthe variation is not considered significant. The deltoid muscle was\nselected for measurement since its point of insertion is unusually\nvariable, while the mass of the muscle varies little. We can conclude\nthat the extent of the area of insertion of the tendon of a muscle can\ndetermine that muscle's relative efficiency, while the muscle itself\nremains the same in bulk.\nThe muscles of the hind limb are notably larger in species that have\nlong legs, and a good index of the hopping ability may be gained by\nstudy of certain of these muscles. In the Bombycillidae, and in those\nPtilogonatinae that do not use the hind limbs for hopping, the bones\nare shortened, and the associated muscles are correspondingly smaller.\nThe gross anatomy of the digestive tract is practically identical in\nthe members of the family. The variability noted is mainly in the\ndegree of compactness of the visceral mass in _Bombycilla_ and in\n_Phainopepla_. Also there is a tendency for the Bombycillinae and the\nDulinae to have the mass situated more posteriorly than it is in the\nPtilogonatinae. Moreover, _Bombycilla_ has a shorter intestine than do\nthe other genera. All of this indicates that the waxwings\n(Bombycillinae) have the center of gravity situated more\nadvantageously for flight than do the birds of the two other\nsubfamilies.\nSUMMARY\n1. The silky flycatchers, waxwings, and palm-chats are included in the\nfamily Bombycillidae; the Ptilogonatidae and Dulidae are reduced to\nsubfamily rank.\n2. The coloration of the birds of each subfamily is different because\nthe ecological needs are different.\n3. Waxwings were at one time regularly migratory, but are now nomadic,\nsince they are adapted to live in northern latitudes for the entire\nyear.\n4. The corresponding bones in different members of the family closely\nresemble one another, and the differences which do exist are the results\nof responses within relatively recent times to changes in habits.\n5. In the Bombycillidae a rounded wing is judged to be the primitive\ncondition. As the wing becomes more pointed, the humerus becomes shorter\nand its external condyle longer.\n6. The hind limbs are short in birds that depend most on flight power,\nbut are longer and the distal elements are disproportionately longer in\nbirds that depend on saltation or on running.\n7. The pygostyle varies in shape and size between genera and even\nbetween some species.\n8. The pectoral muscles differ in size only slightly in the different\nmembers of the family, but the insertions are more extensive for these\nmuscles in birds that fly a great deal.\n9. The muscles of the hind limb vary in mass, but not in kind, in the\nmembers of the family Bombycillidae.\n10. In the Bombycillidae that depend on flight power, rather than on\nsaltation or on running power, there is a tendency for the digestive\ntract to become shorter and for the whole visceral mass to become more\ncompact.\nBIBLIOGRAPHY\nANDERSON, E. M.\n    1915.  Nesting of the Bohemian Waxwing in northern British\nANDERSON, M. P.\n    1907.  A collecting trip in Korea. Condor, 9(5):146-147, 1907.\nANDERSON, R. M.\n    1909.  Nesting of the Bohemian Waxwing (_Bombycilla garrulus_).\nARMSTRONG, E. A.\n    1942.  Bird display. Cambridge Univ. Press, xvi + 381 pp.,\nBAIRD, S. F.\n    1860.  The birds of North America. J. B. Lippincott Co., lvi\nBEDDARD, F. E.\n    1898.  The structure and classification of birds. Longmans, Green\nBERGTOLD, W. H.\n    1917a. A study of the incubation period of birds. Kendrick-Bellamy\n    1917b. Regurgitation in the Bohemian Waxwing. Auk, 34(3):341-342,\n    1924.  A summer occurrence of the Bohemian Waxwing in Colorado.\nBOULTON, R.\n    1926.  Remarks on the origin and distribution of the Zonotrichiae.\nBURLEIGH, T. D.\n    1921.  Breeding birds of Warland, Lincoln County, Montana. Auk,\nBURT, W. H.\n    1930.  Adaptive modifications in the woodpeckers. Univ. California\nCARRIKER, M. A., JR.\n    1909-1912. An annotated list of the birds of Costa Rica including\nCORY, C. B.\n    1886.  The birds of the West Indies, etc. Auk, 3(2):187-245, 1886.\nCROUCH, J. E.\n    1936.  Nesting habits of the Cedar Waxwing. Auk, 53(1):1-8, 1936.\n    1943.  Distribution and habitat relationships of the Phainopepla.\nENGELS, W. L.\n    1938.  Cursorial adaptations in birds--limb proportions in the\n           skeleton of _Geococcyx_. Jour. Morph., 63:207-217, 3 figs.\n    1940.  Structural adaptations in Thrashers (Mimidae: Genus\n           _Toxostoma_) with comments on interspecific relationships.\n           Univ. California Publ. Zo\u00f6l., 42(7):341-400, 24 figs.\nFARLEY, J. A.\n    1924.  Abnormal Cedar Waxwing. Auk, 41(1):160, 1924.\nFISHER, H. I.\n    1946.  Adaptations and comparative anatomy of the locomotor\n           apparatus of New World Vultures. Amer. Midl. Nat.,\nFRANK, F.\n    1939.  Die F\u00e4rbung der Vogelfeder durch Pigment und Struktur.\nGARROD, A. H.\n    1876.  On some anatomical peculiarities which bear upon the major\n           divisions of the passerine birds, Pt. I. Proc. Zo\u00f6l. Soc.\nGERONDET, P.\n    1948.  Le jaseur boreal en Suisse pendant l'hiver 1946-1947. Der\nGOULD, J.\n    1862.  The birds of Great Britain. London, published by the author,\n           5 vols., text unpaged, 367 plates, 1862.\nGRINNEL, J.\n    1901.  The status of the Cedar Waxwing in California. Condor,\n    1909.  A new cowbird of the genus _Molothrus_. Univ. California\nGRISCOM, L.\n    1934.  The ornithology of Guerrero, Mexico. Mus. Comp. Zo\u00f6l. Bull.\nHAMILTON, W. J., JR.\n    1933.  A late nesting waxwing in central New York. Auk,\nHANNA, W. C.\n    1931.  Nesting of the Bohemian Waxwing in British Columbia. Condor,\nHEINROTH, O.\n    1924.  Die V\u00f6gel Mitteleuropas. Berlin, Huge Berm\u00fchler, 1:51-58,\nHELLMAYR, C. E.\n    1935.  Catalogue of the birds of the Americas. Field Mus. Nat.\nHOWELL, A. B.\n    1938.  Muscles of the avian hip and thigh. Auk, 55(1):71-81,\n    1944.  Speed in animals, their specialization for running and\n           leaping. Univ. Chicago Press, xi + 270 pp., 55 figs. 1944.\nHUDSON, G. E.\n    1937.  Studies on the muscles of the pelvic appendage in birds.\n    1948.  Studies on the muscles of the pelvic appendages in birds\n           II, the heterogeneous order Falconiformes. Amer. Midl. Nat.,\nKNOWLTON, F. H.\n    1909.  Birds of the world. Henry Holt & Co., Ltd., xi + 873 pp.,\nKONODA, N.\n    1943.  A dictionary of animals. Tokyo, 3 + 767 + 50 pp., profusely\nKOSHANTSCHIKOV, I.\n    1930.  Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Okologie, Biologie, und\n           Geographie des Zobels (_Martes zibellina_ L.). Zeits. f\u00fcr\nLINSDALE, J. M.\n    1928.  Variations in the Fox Sparrow (_Passerella iliaca_) with\n           reference to natural history and osteology. Univ. California\nLITTLEFIELD, M. J., and LEMKAN, F.\n    1928.  History of a Cedar Waxwing family. Bull. NE Bird-Band.\nLUCAS, F. A.\n    1897.  The tongues of birds. U. S. Nat. Mus. Report for 1895,\nMCGREGOR, R. C.\n    1906.  Notes on birds observed while traveling from Yokohama to\nMATTHEW, W. D.\n    1939.  Climate and evolution. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Spec. Publ.,\nMAYR, E.\n    1942.  Systematics and the origin of species. Columbia Univ. Press,\n    1947.  Ecological factors in speciation. Evolution, 1(4):263-288,\nMERRIAM, F. A.\n    1896.  Nesting habits of _Phainopepla nitens_ in California. Auk,\nMILLER, A. H.\n    1933.  Postjuvenal molt and the appearance of sexual characters of\n           plumage in _Phainopepla nitens_. Univ. California Publ.\n    1937.  Structural modifications in the Hawaiian Goose (_Nesochen\n           sandvicensis_). A study in adaptive evolution. Univ.\n           California Publ. Zo\u00f6l., 42(1):1-80, 6 plates, 12 figs. in\n    1941.  Speciation in the avian genus Junco. Univ. California Publ.\nMULLER, C. S.\n    1915.  A northern winter record of the Phainopepla. Condor,\nMYERS, H. W.\n    1907.  Nesting habits of _Phainopepla nitens_. Condor, 9(4):101-103,\n    1908.  Observations on the nesting habits of _Phainopepla_.\n    1909.  Notes on the habits of _Phainopepla nitens_. Condor,\nNEWTON, A., and GADOW, H.\n    1893-1896. A dictionary of birds. Adams and Charles Black,\nNICE, M. M.\n    1940.  Observations on the behavior of a young Cedar Waxwing.\nOBERHOLSER, H. C.\n    1917.  A synopsis of the races of _Bombycilla garrula_ (Linnaeus).\nPEMBERTON, J. R.\n    1908.  Northern range of the _Phainopepla_. Condor, 10(6):238, 1908.\nPLATH, K.\nPOST, K. C.\n    1916.  The Cedar Waxwing (_Bombycilla cedrorum_) during July and\nRAND, A. L., and RAND, R. M.\n    1943.  Breeding notes on _Phainopepla_. Auk, 60(3):333-341, 1943.\nRICHARDSON, F.\n    1942.  Adaptive modifications for trunk foraging in birds. Univ.\n           California Pub. Zo\u00f6l., 46(4):317-368, 2 plates, 16 figs.\nRIDGWAY, R.\n    1904.  The birds of North and Middle America, Part III. U. S. Nat.\nSAUNDERS, A. A.\n    1911.  A study of the nesting of the Cedar Waxwing. Auk,\n    1912.  The probable breeding of the Bohemian Waxwing in Montana.\nSHARPE, R. B.\n    1885.  Catalogue of the birds in the British Museum, Vol. 10,\nSHAW, W. T., and CULBERTSON, A. E.\n    1944.  A flock of Cedar Waxwings meets tragedy. Condor,\nSHUFELDT, R. W.\n    1887.  A review of the muscles used in the classification of birds.\n    1889a. Comparative osteology of the families of North American\n    1889b. Studies on the Macrochires, morphological and otherwise,\n           with the view of indicating their relationships and\n           defining their several positions in the system. Linn. Soc.\n    1890.  The myology of the Raven. Macmillan & Co., x + 344 pp.,\n    1909.  Osteology of birds. New York State Mus. Bull., 130:381 pp.,\nSKUTCH, A.\n    Manuscript--unpublished notes and personal correspondence.\nSTEVENSON, H.\n    1882.  On the plumage of the waxwing, _Ampelis garrulus_, Linnaeus,\n           from the examination and comparison of a large series of\n           specimens killed, in Norfolk, in the winter of 1866-'67.\n           Trans. Norfolk and Norwick Naturalists' Soc., 3:326-344,\nSUTTON, G. M., and BURLEIGH, T. D.\n    1942.  Birds recorded in the Federal District and States of Puebla\n           and Mexico by the 1939 Semple Expedition. Auk,\nSWARTH, H. S.\n    1922.  Birds and mammals of the Stikine River region of northern\n           British Columbia and southeastern Alaska. Univ. California\nTAYLOR, W. P.\n    1918.  Bohemian Waxwing (_Bombycilla garrulus_) breeding within\nTAVERNER, P. A.\n    1934.  Birds of Canada. Nat. Mus. Canada Bull., 72, series 19,\nWAYNE, A. T.\n    1924.  A remarkable Cedar Waxwing. Auk, 41(3):485, 1924.\nWETMORE, A.\n    1926.  The migrations of birds. Cambridge, Harvard Univ. Press,\n    1932.  Notes from Dr. R. Ciferri on the birds of Hispaniola. Auk,\n    1940a. A check-list of the fossil birds of North America. Smithson.\n    1940b. A systematic classification of the birds of the world.\nWETMORE, A., and SWALES, B. H.\n    1931.  The birds of Haiti and the Dominican Republic. U. S. Nat.\nWHEELOCK, I. G.\n    1905.  Regurgitation feeding of nestlings. Auk, 22(1):54-71, 1905.\nWHITTLE, H. G.\n    1928.  The biography of a Cedar Waxwing. Bull. NE Bird-Band. Assoc.,\nWOLFSON, A.\n    1945.  The role of the pituitary, fat deposition, and body weight\nWOLLEY, J. J.\n    1857.  On the nest and eggs of the Waxwing (_Bombycilla garrula_\n  _Transmitted July 29, 1949._\nMention should be made here of an important paper by Jean Delacour and\nDean Amadon (1949). The Relationships of _Hypocolius_ (Ibis,\n91:427-429, plates 19 and 20) which appeared after the present paper\nby Arvey was written. Delacour and Amadon stated that _Hypocolius_, a\nmonotypic Persian genus, should be assigned to the Bombycillidae.\nTheir conclusions (_op. cit._:429) were as follows: \"It might be\nadvisable to set up three subfamilies in the Bombycillidae, one for\n_Bombycilla_, one for _Hypocolius_, and a third for the silky\nflycatchers, _Ptilogonys_, _Phainopepla_ and _Phainoptila_. Further\nstudy may show that _Dulus_ can be added as a fourth subfamily.\n\"Previously the Bombycillidae appeared to be an American group of\nwhich one genus (_Bombycilla_) had reached the Old World. Inclusion of\n_Hypocolius_ in the family makes this theory uncertain. Without\nobvious affinities to other families, and consisting of a small number\nof scattered and rather divergent genera, the Bombycillidae would seem\nto be a declining group whose origin cannot safely be deduced from the\ndistribution of the few existing species.\"\nUNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS\nThe University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History, are\noffered in exchange for the publications of learned societies and\ninstitutions, universities and libraries. For exchanges and information,\naddress the EXCHANGE DESK, UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LIBRARY, LAWRENCE,\nKANSAS, U. S. A.\nMUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY.--E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Editorial\nCommittee.\nThis series contains contributions from the Museum of Natural History.\nCited as Univ. Kans. Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist.\n Vol. 1. 1. The pocket gophers (genus Thomomys) of Utah. By Stephen D.\n            Durrant. Pp. 1-82, 1 figure in text. August 15, 1946.\n         2. The systematic status of Eumeces pluvialis Cope, and\n            noteworthy records of other amphibians and reptiles from\n            Kansas and Oklahoma. By Hobart M. Smith. Pp. 85-89.\n         3. The tadpoles of Bufo cognatus Say. By Hobart M. Smith.\n         4. Hybridization between two species of garter snakes.\n         5. Selected records of reptiles and amphibians from Kansas.\n            By John Breukelman and Hobart M. Smith. Pp. 101-112.\n         6. Kyphosis and other variations in soft-shelled turtles.\n         7. Natural history of the prairie vole (Mammalian genus\n            Microtus). By E. W. Jameson, Jr. Pp. 125-151, 4 figures\n         8. The postnatal development of two broods of great horned\n             owls (Bubo virginianus). By Donald F. Hoffmeister and\n             Henry W. Setzer. Pp. 157-173, 5 figures in text.\n         9. Additions to the list of the birds of Louisiana.\n        10. A check-list of the birds of Idaho. By M. Dale Arvey.\n        11. Subspeciation in pocket gophers of Kansas. By Bernardo\n            Villa-R. and E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 217-236, 2 figures in\n        12. A new bat (genus Myotis) from Mexico. By Walter W. Dalquest\n            and E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 237-244, 6 figures in text.\n        13. Tadarida femorosacca (Merriam) in Tamaulipas, Mexico.\n            By Walter W. Dalquest and E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 245-248,\n            1 figure in text. December 10, 1947.\n        14. A new pocket gopher (Thomomys) and a new spiny pocket\n            mouse (Liomys) from Michoac\u00e1n, Mexico. By E. Raymond Hall\n            and Bernardo Villa-R. Pp. 249-256, 6 figures in text.\n        15. A new hylid frog from eastern Mexico. By Edward H. Taylor.\n        16. A new extinct emydid turtle from the Lower Pliocene of\n            Oklahoma. By Edwin C. Galbreath. Pp. 265-280, 1 plate.\n        17. Pliocene and Pleistocene records of fossil turtles from\n            western Kansas and Oklahoma. By Edwin C. Galbreath.\n        18. A new species of heteromyid rodent from the Middle\n            Oligocene of northeastern Colorado with remarks on the\n            skull. By Edwin C. Galbreath. Pp. 285-300, 2 plates.\n        19. Speciation in the Brazilian spiny rats (genus Proechimys,\n            Family Echimyidae). By Jo\u00e3o Moojen. Pp. 301-406,\n            140 figures in text. December 10, 1948.\n        20. Three new beavers from Utah. By Stephen D. Durrant and\n            Harold S. Crane. Pp. 407-417, 7 figures in text.\n        21. Two new meadow mice from Michoac\u00e1n, M\u00e9xico. By E. Raymond\n        22. An annotated check list of the mammals of Michoac\u00e1n,\n            M\u00e9xico. By E. Raymond Hall and Bernardo Villa R.\n        23. Subspeciation in the kangaroo rat, Dipodomys ordii.\n            By Henry W. Setzer. Pp. 473-573, 27 figures in text,\n        24. Geographic range of the hooded skunk, Mephitis macroura,\n            with description of a new subspecies from Mexico.\n            By E. Raymond Hall and Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 575-580,\n            1 figure in text. January 20, 1950.\n        25. Pipistrellus cinnamomeus Miller 1902 referred to the genus\n            Myotis. By E. Raymond Hall and Walter W. Dalquest.\n        26. A synopsis of the American bats of the genus Pipistrellus.\n            By E. Raymond Hall and Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 591-602,\n            1 figure in text. January 20, 1950.\n Vol. 2. (Complete) Mammals of Washington. By Walter W. Dalquest.\n Vol. 3. 1. The Avifauna of Micronesia, its origin, evolution, and\n            distribution. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 1-359, 16 figures in\n         2. A Quantitative study of the nocturnal migration of birds.\n            By George H. Lowery, Jr. Pp. 361-472, 46 figures in text.\n         3. Phylogeny of the waxwings and allied species. By M. Dale\n            Arvey. Pp. 473-530, 49 figures in text, 13 tables.\nTranscriber's Notes:\nThe text herein presented was derived from scans of the original report\nwhich were OCRed and proofread. Minor typographical errors (genus name\ninitial not italicized, missing parenthis, missing or superfluous\ncommas, etc.) were made but are not noted here. With the exception of\nthose corrections and those noted below, it is the same text.\nTypographical Corrections\n    Page 481              : Measureemnts => Measurements\n    Page 480, 481         : Luis Potos\u00ed  => Lu\u00eds Potosi\n    Page 516, Table 12    : Gatrocnemius => Gastrocnemius\nEmphasis Notation:\n     _text_ : italicized\n     =text= : bold", "source_dataset": "gutenberg", "source_dataset_detailed": "gutenberg -  Phylogeny of the Waxwings and Allied Birds\n"},
{"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1945, "culture": " English\n", "content": "Produced by Greg Weeks, Stephen Blundell and the Online\nDistributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net\n    _When a country is as champion-conscious as America, it's surprising\n    that no one has yet developed the ultimate contest. Dr. McClatchie,\n    whose recent novel, \"The Last Vial,\" established him as a\n    top-ranking sf writer, now tells us the engaging story of the\n    geneticists' search for ..._\n_Mother America_\nBy SAM McCLATCHIE, M.D.\nIllustrated by ADKINS\nThe tall young man faded back quickly, poised for an instant and then\nthrew a long high pass. The crowd came up roaring. Twenty yards from the\ngoal line a smaller, sturdier player swerved quickly around the end and\ntook the pass in his stride. With a beautiful curving run he tricked the\nfullback, crossed the line and then, showing no sign of effort, trotted\nback up the field and threw the ball to the umpire.\n\"Wonderful! What a magnificent runner that lad is! You're lucky to have\nhim, George.\" The speaker, a trimly built, athletic man in his middle\nforties turned to his companion, talking loudly above the buzz of the\ncrowd.\nGeorge Turner nodded agreement. \"We are. Every other University in the\nStates was after him. He's the first Boy America you know. We've been\nwatching him for years.\"\n\"The first Boy America?\" John Harmon echoed in surprise. \"I didn't know\nthat. You did say Boy America ... not All American?\"\n\"He's both; All American in football and a Boy America too.\"\nThe gun signalled the end of the game and the two men rose from their\nbox seats to go out. Directly below them the players trotted quickly\ntowards the dressing rooms. Harmon leaned over to watch.\n[Illustration]\n\"There he is now. A fine-looking boy too!\" He studied the young man's\nface intently. \"Y'know he reminds me of somebody ... somebody I know\nwell, but I can't put my finger on it.\"\n\"I'm not surprised. He's Gloria Manson's boy.\"\nHarmon frowned. \"No, that's not it, George. Of course there's the\nresemblance to his mother ... and who could forget the glorious Gloria\neven after twenty years. But it was the way he moved, and that smile.\"\nHe shook his head. \"It'll come to me yet.\"\nThey took the belt walk to the parking area and stepped off it at\nGeorge's car. Moving quietly on its air cushion, the car joined the\nline-up out on the main road where George locked the controls on to\nRoute 63. The speed rose to eighty and steadied as the car settled into\nits place in the traffic pattern. Relaxed in their seats the two men lit\ntheir anticancers and puffed contentedly as they watched the scenery. It\nwould be another hour before George would need to touch the controls as\nthey neared home.\n\"So he looks like someone you know?\" George asked. \"I'd like to know who\nit is just out of curiosity. As you are aware, no one but the Genetic\nPanel knows whose sperm is used to impregnate the Mother America.\"\n\"I haven't got it yet, George, but I will. Were you the geneticist for\nthis boy?\"\n\"Yes, I was. I told you he was Gloria Manson's. Don't you remember when\nyou met her?\"\n\"Soaring satellites!\" Harmon exclaimed. \"How could I forget? You\nintroduced me to her.\"\n\"Twenty years ago,\" Turner mused. \"What a crazy week that was. I guess\nyou were glad to get back to the Space Force.\"\n\"In a way,\" Harmon agreed. \"I've often wondered where you were since\nthen. I never dreamed you'd be Dean of the Genetics Faculty when I came\nto the Space Engineering School.\"\n\"I hope you'll like it here,\" George said. \"They couldn't have picked a\nbetter Director.\"\nThe senator from Alaska had the floor. He had had it for several hours\nnow and the chamber was almost empty as he droned on.\n\"And so, gentlemen, I feel that the greatest state in the union, the\nonly state that can afford to increase its population because there is\nstill some unoccupied space, the only state where anti-conception\nvaccination is not compulsory until after four children instead of two,\nthe state where ordinary people will have room to get out and exercise\ninstead of being spectators, this state of Alaska, I say, is the only\nstate that should be considered when we select a fine, virile American\nmale as the father of America's Child of the Year. I would dare to go\nfarther and say we should also provide the female, Mother America of\n1995, except that our President, my fellow Alaskan, has generously\ndecided that no one state can have both mother and father. Alaska is a\nman's country. It should provide the man ...\"\nWearily George Turner got up and turned off the colorvision. The\npolitical pressures were increasing rapidly; that was obvious. What had\nstarted as a national search for the most suitable future parents in\nAmerica would soon be a free-for-all. He would have to give the\ncommittee his choice, and quickly! Back to his work he went; calculating\npossibilities, eliminating entrants one by one. The National Genetics\nLaboratory had been given the task of screening the finalists from each\nstate and Turner, much against his will, had been selected by the\nDirector to do the work.\n\"George,\" he'd said one fateful morning, \"I have a job for you.\"\n\"What's that, sir?\"\n\"You've seen the report of this new contest being run by Dee Lish Baby\nFoods, haven't you?\"\n\"Can't say I have, sir. I've been working on that new sex gene. Haven't\nhad time to read the papers.\"\n\"Oh? Well it all started on their colorvision program, the one where\nthey select the All American babies. You've seen it haven't you?\"\nTurner shook his head.\n\"Sputtering sputniks! I know you're all wrapped up in your work but it\ndoesn't have to be a shroud. You'd better get out into the world a\nlittle.\" The Director laid a friendly arm on George's shoulder. \"This\njob will be just the thing.\"\n\"What job?\"\n\"Why, the contest! Dee Lish separate the babies into three groups.\nThere's the natural All American baby selected from families in the\ntwo-baby group; then there's a prize for best baby in the unlimited\nfamily section. Naturally, since those parents are in the genetically\nsuperior group, it wouldn't be fair to pit them against the two-baby\nfamilies. Then there's a class for babies of artificially impregnated\nmothers, both married and single. It's a very popular program. The\nprizes are wonderful and the winners in the limited family class are\nallowed to have more children than their quota, all expenses paid of\ncourse.\"\n\"I can see why it's popular all right,\" George said, \"but where do I\ncome in?\"\n\"Three months ago the Dee Lish scenario writers had a brainstorm. They\nreasoned that if they began a new contest to pick the most suitable\nmother in America and then had her impregnated, artificially of course,\nby the most suitable donor, they would stir up all sorts of excitement\nfor the next nine months and produce a baby that should be a\nworldbeater. The mother would be given a tremendous annuity, for life,\nand the babe assured of all expenses right through college.\"\n\"It all sounds faintly nauseating to me.\"\n\"George, you're impossible. A geneticist who still believes in\nfortuitous breeding!\"\n\"I'm not so darn sure we can pick 'em better any other way. We certainly\nhaven't got all the answers.\"\n\"I agree, George, I agree,\" the Director's smile was still friendly, if\na little strained. \"This is a National Laboratory, however, and the\nPresident rang me up the other day and asked that we do the final\nscreening.\"\n\"The President? But this is a commercial gag!\"\n\"Not any longer, my boy. You see the Russians recently came out with a\nwonder drug, a sort of gene stimulator, that they claim produces highly\nintelligent and well-proportioned children. The Chinese now claim that,\nby using a controlled environment in their communes, they are producing\na super race. We had to do something! Our side is going to claim that\nthe union of a red-blooded American male and a modern capitalist female\nwill produce offspring far superior to anything else in the world, thus\ndemonstrating the supremacy of the American way of life.\"\n\"Dear God! Why pick me?\"\n\"You're junior to all the others, for one thing. And besides, you'll\nstill be around to see Boy America grow up.\"\n\"Boy America?\"\n\"Each year there will be a new contest; a boy the first year, a girl the\nsecond and so on. You'll have to appear on colorvision of course. It\nwill be a nice change for you, and good for the Laboratory too! New York\nis a grand town for a vacation.\"\n\"New York is a grand town for a vacation,\" George thought bitterly, as\nhe parried the reporters' persistent questions in the lobby of\nColoraudio System a week later.\n\"Say Doc, what about this super-female from Texas,\" one needler shouted\nabove the babble.\n\"So what about her?\" George said gruffly.\n\"Senator Bragg says she should be the one selected for Mother America.\"\n\"Look, friend, Senator Bragg is a Texan and a politician. Naturally he\nwants his state to have the honor. I'll pick the one I think best\nqualified!\"\n\"Yeah, Doc, we know. But what is this super-female gag anyway?\"\n\"Some women have more female sex genes than others. She happens to have\nthe most ever reported to the Genetic Registry. Has the Senator seen\nher?\"\n\"He didn't say.\"\n\"He should take a look sometime. She's five feet five, one hundred and\nsixty pounds and looks like a Texas longhorn, without the horns.\" He\nbrushed past the reporter. \"You got any more bright ideas?\"\nA New York reporter pulled on his coat sleeve. Annoyed by their\npersistence Turner shrugged free.\n\"Doctor Turner,\" the man said. \"What do you think of this idea of using\nthe Man from Mars as the male donor?\"\n\"You mean Captain Jack Harmon of the Space Force?\"\n\"Yes. He's in town for the big parade right now.\"\n\"Look, we can't tell you who the donor will be. It's against the law,\nremember?\" Turner quoted the rule, \"Under Section 48b, single females\nmay bear children if they wish, when authorized by law, but are not\nallowed to pick the donor. He must remain anonymous. The local Genetics\nPanel does the choosing. Besides, Harmon has been in space for months.\nWho knows what changes there may be in his sex glands.\"\nThey reached the conference room and entered. The Dee Lish\nrepresentative looked at his watch and raised his hands.\n\"Gentlemen, no more questions please. We have a program on the air\ntonight and Doctor Turner has to be prepared.\" When the room cleared he\nturned to George. \"Doctor, will you be ready to name the winner on\ntonight's program?\"\nTurner shook his head. \"You know I've interviewed all the finalists but\none, Miss Gloria Manson. Until I see her I can't decide. I haven't\ntalked to her at all but her press agent promised he would have her here\nthis afternoon.\"\n\"That's Gloria Manson the actress-dramatist?\"\n\"Yes, the one who wrote _The Canals of Mars_ and takes the female lead.\"\n\"Roaring rockets! If she wins what a blastoff that will be.\"\n\"I don't understand.\"\n\"We have arranged with the Mayor of New York that the winner will ride\nwith Captain Jack Harmon tomorrow in the big parade celebrating his\nreturn from Mars. And Miss Manson is the star in a hilarious hit about\nspace. What could be better?\"\n\"To stop the whole damn foolishness altogether,\" said George gloomily\nand ignored the hurt look on the press agent's face.\nThey were getting up to leave when the door burst open and slammed\nagainst the wall. A tall, beautifully dressed and shaped brunette\nbrushed aside a little man who was trying to talk to her and strode into\nthe room. Her green eyes narrowed like a cat's after a bird.\n\"Which of you is the geneticist?\" she demanded, and then to George, \"You\n... you must be ... you aren't dressed like a business man. Your suit is\nfive years out of style.\"\nAbashed, George looked at himself. \"What's wrong with it?\"\n\"You'd never understand and I haven't time to tell you. What I want to\nknow is, who gave you the right to use my name in this silly Mother\nAmerica contest. And you,\" she turned on the Dee Lish agent, \"quit\ngawping at me. I'm not going to blast off. Who are you anyway?\"\n\"Miss Manson, please!\" The little man was in front of her again. \"If the\nreporters hear about this ...\"\n\"Oh shut up, Harry! All right, Doctor, what's your excuse?\"\nGeorge rallied and attacked. \"I haven't any, Miss Manson. I didn't ask\nfor your name. It was submitted to me as a possibility from the Dee\nLish Company. You needn't worry, however. You are displaying adequate\nreasons for me to disqualify your entry right now.\"\n\"Oh, an advertising stunt, is it? Harry, this is your idea ... you and\nthat pap purveyor!\"\n\"But Gloria, think of the publicity ... the big parade with the man from\nMars! Why your play would run for years!\"\n\"OK, I'll do it!\" she said with a big smile and watched the ad-men's\ngloomy faces change to astonished delight. \"There's just one little\nthing ... if I win!\" She prodded Harry in the chest with a long stiff\nfinger.\n\"Yes, dear ... anything!\"\n\"_YOU_ have the baby!\" The scowl came back to her face. \"You utter\nidiots ... you misfired missiles! How in the Universe do you think I can\nplay a romantic lead wearing a maternity dress?\"\nGeorge chuckled with delight at the thought and she turned on him.\n\"What's so funny, Doctor? And what do you mean I'm disqualified from the\ncontest? What's wrong with me?\"\n\"Not a thing, Miss Manson.\" He grinned happily at her. \"But if you can\nstand having dinner with a man in an old-fashioned suit, I'll tell you\nwhy Mother America should be a contented cow instead of a tantalizing\ntigress.\"\n\"Hm, this is one orbit I haven't travelled.\" She smiled and nodded her\napproval. \"Set me a course, Navigator.\"\nThey moved towards the door together.\n\"Doctor! The program tonight ... have you forgotten?\"\nGeorge looked back and waved airily. \"Don't worry. I'll be there. And\nwe'll name the winner too!\"\n\"Well now, Gloria, the dessert!\" George was saying. \"What'll it be,\ncrepes suzette?\"\nShe smiled across the table. \"Mm,\" she considered the menu carefully. \"I\nthink I'll stick to good old American apple pie and cheese.\"\n\"A genuine American small town girl, with small town likes and dislikes!\nThat's what you are underneath the glamour. Aren't you?\"\nShe laughed and raised her champagne glass. \"And this is from the\nhome-town vineyard too?\"\nGeorge leaned towards her, his face a little flushed with the wine.\n\"Gloria, with your ability as an actress we could play the biggest\npractical joke in the history of colorvision. If only I dared!\"\n\"What's your idea, George?\"\n\"I'm sick of all this pseudo-scientific nonsense about genetics,\" he\nsaid, \"and I'm even sicker of the crass commercialism and political\npropaganda surrounding this Mother America business.\"\n\"George, you surprise me more and more! I thought you did this for the\nmoney and publicity, to say nothing of the great honor.\"\n\"Stop kidding, Gloria! You know I was ordered to do it by the\nDepartment. All I get is an expense account from Dee Lish Baby Foods.\nThe thing that really bothers me is the type of winner I have to pick.\"\n\"Have to pick? You have free choice, don't you?\"\n\"Not really. The people who watch that program, from the President on\ndown, including our Director too, expect a sweet wholesome type ... you\nknow, curvy in the right places like a Miss America but wouldn't think\nof posing in a bathing suit. They want an adolescent dream girl type,\nthe kind that goes well with a rose-covered cottage and four\nrosy-cheeked kids all waiting for Daddy to come home.\"\n\"But most women work in America today.\"\n\"I know but the dream remains, along with the cowboy, the daring Air\nForce pilot, the self-made business tycoon and all the other romantic\nstereotypes of the first half of the century. She makes togetherness\nseem right, and God knows we have so many people today we're together\nwhether we like it or not. So that's the type I have to pick.\"\n\"Where does the joke come in?\"\n\"If you'd play the part of the American dream girl you'd win that\ncontest going away, like a four stage rocket booster.\"\n\"But I don't want to have a baby by remote control.\"\n\"You wouldn't have to. You can always withdraw before the impregnation\nceremony.\"\n\"Suppose I do it, what's the point?\"\n\"Well for one thing, you'd show how easily people are fooled by\nappearances and smart propaganda. As a geneticist I can only go so far\nand be honest. I can make sure you have good heredity; that you have no\nobvious physical or mental defects; that your chance of having certain\ndisabling diseases are small; that your intelligence is high, and so on.\nI can't really measure things such as initiative, wit, courage,\ndetermination, all the things that make one human so much better than\nanother of equal physical and mental capacity.\"\n\"Educated people know that already.\"\n\"True, but it needs constant emphasis or it is forgotten under the\npropaganda. Besides, I don't believe in mating people like cattle or\nslaves. That's why this whole thing is a travesty of love and marriage.\nI hate being used to give it a semblance of scientific authenticity. I'm\ngoing to declare the top four contestants equal. They are, as far as I\nam concerned, genetically speaking. The audience will decide the winner.\nThey'll love it and so will the sponsor. The other three are real\nAmerican dream girls. I want you to outsmart them at their own game ...\nand tell America later what a farce it all was.\"\n\"You really are a romantic, underneath the cynicism,\" Gloria said\nwonderingly. \"I didn't think scientists were built with hearts any\nmore.\" She reached across and took his hand. \"But I like you that way.\nDo you think I could do it?\"\n\"Easily. Just pretend you are Ellen the Earthling from that comedy of\nyours. That's the type they want.\"\n\"Yes, but when I bow out later they'll be calling me Marina the Martian\nMenace ... that won't be so funny.\"\n\"They won't, Gloria. You can laugh it off as a publicity stunt and get\nthem laughing with you. Who knows, it might even stop this mad fad of\ncareer women having babies without a proper home and a father to raise\nthem.\"\nShe laughed. \"Are you afraid you're going to be replaced by a machine,\nGeorge?\" her eyes twinkled with amusement.\nHe grinned. \"Oh, we still have our uses. Time to go. Will you do it?\"\nShe stood up. \"I'll play it by ear. If the audience is the type you say\nthey are, it will be a pleasure.\"\nThe parade was over. Now, as they waited for the banquet and the\nspeeches to begin, John Harmon spoke to Turner.\n\"You're a lucky man, George.\"\n\"Why?\"\n\"Spending so much time with Gloria. She had me laughing all the way up\nWall Street with her remarks about the parade. If I didn't have to go\nback to the base tomorrow I'd steal her for a date.\" He turned to\nGloria. \"I mean it, honey. You really leave me weightless!\"\nGloria smiled at him. \"I'll take a recount, John. We can blast off some\nother time.\"\nAfter the banquet the Mayor of New York made the major address of the\nevening. \"And so, ladies and gentleman,\" he concluded, \"you have seen\ntoday two people who represent the end of one era and the beginning of\nanother. The lovely lady on my right is to be the first Mother America.\nFor the first time in history, our nation is actively planning our\nfuture citizens. It is true that for years now, with the help of the\nGenetics Laboratories, represented so ably by Doctor Turner, individual\ncitizens have planned their parenthood, but never before have a\nPresident and Congress given their approval, their official blessing,\nfor such a purpose. This then is a milestone we have passed, a point in\nour history we will never forget.\"\n\"They'll never forget me either when I back out,\" Gloria whispered to\nGeorge. \"I'm getting worried. We're in too deep.\"\n\"Don't be scared, baby,\" George said. \"I'll get you out of it, if you\nhave to fall sick to do it.\" He patted her arm reassuringly but somehow,\nwithout the rosy glow of a bottle of wine to color this view, the joke\ndidn't seem as funny as it had the previous night.\nThe Mayor continued. \"Another point in our history was passed when this\nyoung man on my left, at that time Captain, now Major John Harmon of the\nSpace Force, returned from Mars. He and his crew represent the end of\nour isolation in space. The Moon, after all, is a satellite of Earth.\nMars is another planet, and Major Harmon has landed there. We are not\nlikely in our time to see another such event since the next big step,\nbeyond the Solar System, will require a technology we do not possess.\nSo, ladies and gentlemen, you, tonight, are witnessing the beginning of\na new age, an age of supermen borne by women of America, such as Gloria\nManson, and led by heroes such as John Harmon. I propose we drink a\ntoast to them ... together.\"\nAfterwards, in Gloria's apartment, the three of them sat and talked\nuntil late. Then John Harmon looked at his watch and got up to leave.\n\"I have to catch the ramjet out of La Guardia,\" he said. \"We start\nplanning the next space trip in Colorado tomorrow, or rather this\nmorning. It's been fun.\" He shook George's hand and kissed Gloria\nquickly. \"I'll be seeing you one of these days.\"\nGeorge shut the door behind him. \"I guess I'd better go now,\" he said.\n\"No! Have one for the road,\" Gloria said quickly. \"I want to talk to\nyou.\"\nGeorge poured another Scotch. \"You still worried?\"\n\"A bit,\" she admitted. \"What is the next step?\"\n\"Now I'm supposed to pick the male donor.\"\n\"I thought you'd done that already.\"\n\"No. You see we have to know what blood types the female has and what\nher genetic structure is; whether she has any antibodies against sperm\nand so on, before we pick the male. To do it before the winner is\npicked would entail a lot of unnecessary work.\"\n\"Then we still have some time before the impregnation ceremony?\"\n\"I can stall for maybe four weeks ... no longer. You see I have to\nconsider your cycle too.\" He got up to go. \"Gloria, I guess I was half\nlit last night. I'm sorry. It was a damn-fool idea.\"\nShe came close to him. \"But you really do believe in the old-fashioned\nmarriage, even if not in the old-fashioned girl?\"\n\"Yes, I do. I still think people should be in love and not just mated\nbecause a calculating machine says they'll produce superior offspring.\"\n\"You're sweet.\" She put her arms around his neck and kissed him. The\nkiss lasted ... and lasted. Finally George broke it off.\n\"My God!\" he mumbled. \"Don't we have enough problems, without this?\"\nThree weeks later, on Monday, George announced he had a suitable donor.\nThe New York Genetics Panel, in session, considered the records and\nannounced that permission was granted for one Gloria Manson, spinster,\nof New York City, to bear a child by artificial impregnation. The date\nwas set for Wednesday. On Tuesday night George went to Gloria's\napartment.\n\"What are we going to do?\" Gloria asked as she watched George wearing a\npath on the rug. \"We've left it awfully late.\"\n\"I couldn't do anything else,\" George said. \"We can't plead illness as\nI'd hoped to do. This afternoon the panel decided on a last minute\nindependent medical check to be sure you're OK. That means I can't fake\nit and there's no time to give you a cold or some mild illness now.\nSomehow I've got to stall past the fertile period and then we will have\nanother month to think of something.\"\n\"How long is the fertile period?\"\n\"Our tests show that in your case it is approximately twenty-four hours\nand begins about midnight tonight.\"\n\"Couldn't I disappear for a day or pretend I'm frightened of having a\nbaby and call it off? Goodness knows we're both getting frightened right\nnow.\" She poured out two stiff drinks.\n\"You can't just quit, Gloria. The whole nation has been whipped up into\nhysteria over this business, both by the politicians in their\nanticommunist speeches and by the sponsors on Coloraudio system. I never\ndreamed it could put a whole country into orbit ... but it has. We'll\nboth be ruined if I can't figure a way out that doesn't anger the\npublic.\" He drained his glass and began pacing again.\n\"If I have to go on with it can't you at least do something to prevent\nconception?\" Gloria asked. \"I don't mean vaccination. I want to have\nchildren later. I can stand the ceremony if I know I won't become\npregnant.\"\n\"In that case I could give you a shot of antiserum against sperm,\"\nGeorge said. \"That would stop pregnancy all right.\"\n\"Would it make me sterile for long?\"\n\"Oh no ... no! I wouldn't use pooled serum from all types anyway. You\nsee we make some specific serum when we are testing each donor and it\nworks only against the sperm of that particular man.\"\n\"Then we're all right? All I need is a shot?\"\nGeorge shook his head. \"I'm afraid to risk it, Gloria. They'll probably\nexamine your blood tomorrow. If they found the specific antibody, or\neven a general antisperm antibody, that would really get us into trouble\nfor fraud.\" He shook his head. \"No. I'm afraid that's not the answer. I\ndon't know what to do.\" He poured another drink and downed it.\n\"George,\" Gloria wailed, her control breaking at last, \"I don't want a\ntest-tube husband, a parent by proxy. I want a man!\" She began to cry.\nHe came over to the couch and dropped down beside her. \"Darling, please!\nPlease don't cry. There must be a way to beat this.\" He took her in his\narms.\nThe aircar warning light came on and the buzzer sounded. George unhooked\nthe automatic pilot and took over. They swung into University City and\nacross the campus to the Faculty residential area.\n\"I certainly was lucky to find a job here on retirement from the Space\nForce,\" John Harmon said. \"It was good of you to invite me to stay the\nweek-end. Are you sure Mrs. Turner won't mind?\"\n\"Quite sure.\" George smiled. \"She's been looking forward to meeting\nyou.\" He pulled the car into a spacious port and opened the front door\nof the house for Harmon. A tall, good-looking brunette moved to meet\nthem.\n\"So nice to meet you, Mrs. ...\" Harmon began automatically. \"Great\nmountains of the moon! Gloria ... Gloria Manson!\" He turned to George.\n\"You didn't tell me.\"\n\"You mean you didn't know?\" Gloria asked, and kissed him affectionately.\n\"I found out that he didn't. He was back in space at the time we were\nmarried.\" George said. \"I wanted to surprise him.\" A happy smile\ncreased his face.\nHarmon stared at him. \"Oh no!\" he said and began to laugh. They watched\nhim, astonished. He tried to talk. \"George ... ha, ha ... Wonderful!\" He\nconvulsed again, struggled to a chair and collapsed. \"The boy ...\" he\nwhispered weakly between great whoops.\n\"The boy? Then you guessed!\" The wide smile split George's face again.\n\"Yes, that smile ... couldn't miss it. But how?\" Harmon had recovered.\nThey went into the living room and sat down to talk.\n\"So there we were,\" George concluded, \"tanking up on lox and nothing\ncoming out but smoke. I was getting a bit woozy when Gloria asked me\nwhat time it was.\n\"I looked at my watch. 'It's midnight,' I said. That did it.\n\"'Midnight!' she screeched and gave me the green-eyed tiger look. 'Well,\nGeorge Turner, maybe you can't think of something ... but I can!'\n\"About nine in the morning the secretary of the panel called my room at\nthe hotel. 'The ceremony is at ten, Doctor!' she said. 'We are waiting\nfor you.'\n\"Man, what a head I had! You could have pushed the Destruct button and\nI'd never have known. Anyway I got to the hospital and there was\nGloria, looking absolutely beautiful. There were press photographers\neverywhere. We went through with the ceremony and that was that. Nine\nmonths later, with a lot of sonic booming, Boy America was born. You saw\nhim today.\"\n\"But he looks like you,\" John protested.\n\"He should,\" Gloria said. \"He's his.\"\n\"But ...\" John hesitated. \"I don't want to pry, but how can you be\nsure?\"\nGloria laughed. \"Well, I know what we did the first couple of hours\nafter midnight. You tell him the rest, George.\"\n\"There isn't much else to tell,\" George said. \"After the ceremony I gave\nher a shot of the specific antiserum as soon as I could get her alone.\nLater the committee examined her blood. They found she was pregnant so\nnobody even thought of testing for antisperm bodies. Then the boy was\nborn. Naturally I was a bit concerned. I took blood samples and did\ngenetic studies. There was no doubt. He was my son.\"\n\"And nobody ever suspected?\" Harmon asked.\n\"No,\" Turner said. \"The law prescribes examination before pregnancy but\nnot afterwards. We were married three months later and everybody was\nvery happy. As for the boy looking like me, everyone who has noticed it\nassumes I picked a donor like myself. It would be a natural\ninclination.\"\n\"So much for planned parenthood in the new era,\" Harmon chuckled. \"The\npoor Mayor of New York! If only he knew.\" He grinned slyly. \"Somehow I\nalways did like the old way best.\"\nTHE END\nAs a service to our readers, we list the \"Hugo\" award winners for 1960:\n    Best Fan Mag: \"Who Killed Science Fiction\"--Earl Kemp\n    Best SF Artist: Ed Emshwiller\n    Best Short Story: \"The Longest Voyage\" by Poul Anderson\n    Best Dramatic Work: \"The Twilight Zone\"\n    Best SF Magazine: _Analog_\n    Best Novel: \"A Canticle for Leibowitz\" by Walter Miller, Jr.\nThese were presented at the 19th annual World Science Fiction Convention\nheld in Seattle, Washington, September 1-4.\nTranscriber's Note:\n    This etext was produced from _Amazing Stories_ December 1961.\n    Extensive research did not uncover any evidence that the U.S.\n    copyright on this publication was renewed. Minor spelling and\n    typographical errors have been corrected without note.", "source_dataset": "gutenberg", "source_dataset_detailed": "gutenberg -  Mother America\n"},
{"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1945, "culture": " English\n", "content": "Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper and the Online\nDistributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net\n                                 THE MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY:\n                                  WILLIAM GILBERT AND HIS PREDECESSORS\n                      THE NATURAL PHILOSOPHY OF\n                         AND HIS PREDECESSORS\n    Until several decades ago, the physical sciences were\n    considered to have had their origins in the 17th\n    century--mechanics beginning with men like Galileo Galilei\n    and magnetism with men like the Elizabethan physician and\n    scientist William Gilbert.\n    Historians of science, however, have traced many of the 17th\n    century's concepts of mechanics back into the Middle Ages.\n    Here, Gilbert's explanation of the loadstone and its powers\n    is compared with explanations to be found in the Middle Ages\n    and earlier.\n    From this comparison it appears that Gilbert can best be\n    understood by considering him not so much a herald of the new\n    science as a modifier of the old.\n    THE AUTHOR: W. James King is curator of electricity, Museum\n    of History and Technology, in the Smithsonian Institution's\n    United States National Museum.\nThe year 1600 saw the publication by an English physician, William\nGilbert, of a book on the loadstone. Entitled _De magnete_,[1] it has\ntraditionally been credited with laying a foundation for the modern\nscience of electricity and magnetism. The following essay is an\nattempt to examine the basis for such a tradition by determining what\nGilbert's original contributions to these sciences were, and to make\nexplicit the sense in which he may be considered as being dependent\nupon earlier work. In this manner a more accurate estimate of his\nposition in the history of science may be made.\n    [1] William Gilbert, _De magnete, magneticisque corporibus\n    et de magno magnete tellure; physiologia nova, plurimis &\n    argumentis, & experimentis, demonstrata_, London, 1600, 240\n    pp., with an introduction by Edward Wright. All references to\n    Gilbert in this article, unless otherwise noted, are to the\n    American translation by P. Fleury Mottelay, 368 pp.,\n    published in New York in 1893, and are designated by the\n    letter M. However, the Latin text of the 1600 edition has\n    been quoted wherever I have disagreed with the Mottelay\n    translation.\n    A good source of information on Gilbert is Dr. Duane H. D.\n    Roller's doctoral thesis, written under the direction of Dr.\n    I. B. Cohen of Harvard University. Dr. Roller, at present\n    Curator of the De Golyer Collection at the University of\n    Oklahoma, informed me that an expanded version of his\n    dissertation will shortly appear in book form. Unfortunately\n    his researches were not known to me until after this article\n    was completed.\nOne criterion as to the book's significance in the history of science\ncan be applied almost immediately. A number of historians have pointed\nto the introduction of numbers and geometry as marking a watershed\nbetween the modern and the medieval understanding of nature. Thus\nA. Koyr\u00e9 considers the Archimedeanization of space as one of the\nnecessary features of the development of modern astronomy and\nphysics.[2] A. N. Whitehead and E. Cassirer have turned to measurement\nand the quantification of force as marking this transition.[3]\nHowever, the obvious absence[4] of such techniques in _De magnete_\nmakes it difficult to consider Gilbert as a founder of modern\nelectricity and magnetism in this sense.\n    [2] Alexandre Koyr\u00e9, _\u00c9tudes galil\u00e9ennes_, Paris, 1939.\n    [3] Alfred N. Whitehead, _Science and the modern world_, New\n    York, 1925, ch. 3; Ernst Cassirer, _Das Erkenntnisproblem_,\n[Illustration: Figure 1.--WILLIAM GILBERT'S BOOK ON THE LOADSTONE,\nTITLE PAGE OF THE FIRST EDITION, FROM A COPY IN THE LIBRARY OF\nCONGRESS. (_Photo courtesy of the Library of Congress._)]\nThere is another sense in which it is possible to contend that\nGilbert's treatise introduced modern studies in these fields. He has\nfrequently been credited with the introduction of the inductive method\nbased upon stubborn facts, in contrast to the methods and content of\nmedieval Aristotelianism.[5] No science can be based upon faulty\nobservations and certainly much of _De magnete_ was devoted to the\ndestruction of the fantastic tales and occult sympathies of the\nRomans, the medieval writers, and the Renaissance. However, let us\nalso remember that Gilbert added few novel empirical facts of a\nfundamental nature to previous observations on the loadstone.\nGilbert's experimental work was in large part an expansion of Petrus\nPeregrinus' _De magnete_ of 1269,[6] and a development of works like\nRobert Norman's _The new attractive_,[7] in which the author discussed\nhow one could show experimentally the declination and inclination of a\nmagnetized needle, and like William Borough's _Discourse on the\nvariation of the compass or magnetized needle_,[8] in which the author\nsuggested the use of magnetic declination and inclination for\nnavigational purposes but felt too little was known about it. That\nother sea-going nations had been considering using the properties of\nthe magnetic compass to solve their problems of navigation in the same\nmanner can be seen from Simon Stevin's _De havenvinding_.[9]\n    [5] For example, William Whewell, _History of the inductive\n    sciences_, ed. 3, New York, 1858, vol. 2, pp. 192 and 217;\n    Charles Singer, _A short history of science to the nineteenth\n    century_, Oxford, 1943, pp. 188 and 343; and A. R. Hall, _The\n    scientific revolution_, Boston, 1956, p. 185.\n    [6] _Petri Peregrini maricurtenis, de magnete, seu rota\n    perpetui motus, libellus_, a reprint of the 1558 Angsburg\n    edition in J. G. G. Hellmann, _Rara magnetica_, Berlin, 1898,\n    not paginated. A number of editions of Peregrinus, work, both\n    ascribed to him and plagiarized from him, appeared in the\n    16th century (see Heinz Balmer, _Beitr\u00e4ge zur Geschichte der\n    Erkenntnis des Erdmagnetismus_, Aarau, 1956, pp. 249-255).\n    [7] Hellmann, _ibid._, Robert Norman, _The newe attractive,\n    containyng a short discourse of the magnes or lodestone, and\n    amongest other his vertues, of a newe discovered secret and\n    subtill propertie, concernyng the declinyng of the needle,\n    touched therewith under the plaine of the horizon. Now first\n    founde out by Robert Norman Hydrographer_. London, 1581. The\n    possibility is present that Norman's work was a direct\n    stimulus to Gilbert, for Wright's introduction to _De\n    magnete_ stated that Gilbert started his study of magnetism\n    the year following the publication of Norman's book.\n    [8] Hellman, _ibid._, William Borough, _A discourse of the\n    variation of the compasse, or magneticall needle. Wherein\n    is mathematically shewed, the manner of the observation,\n    effects, and application thereof, made by W. B. And is to\n    be annexed to the newe attractive of R. N._ London, 1596.\n    [9] Hellman, _ibid._, Simon Stevin, _De havenvinding_,\n    Leyden, 1599. It is interesting to note that Wright\n    translated Stevin's work into English.\nInstead of new experimental information, Gilbert's major contribution\nto natural philosophy was that revealed in the title of his book--a\nnew philosophy of nature, or physiology, as he called it, after the\nearly Greeks. Gilbert's attempt to organize the mass of empirical\ninformation and speculation that came from scholars and artisans, from\nchart and instrument makers, made him \"the father of the magnetic\nPhilosophy.\"[10]\n    [10] As Edward Wright was to call him in his introduction.\nGilbert's _De magnete_ was not the first attempt to determine the\nnature of the loadstone and to explain how it could influence other\nloadstones or iron. It is typical of Greek philosophy that one of the\nfirst references we have to the loadstone is not to its properties but\nto the problem of how to explain these properties. Aristotle[11]\npreserved the solution of the first of the Ionian physiologists:\n\"Thales too ... seems to suppose that the soul is in a sense the cause\nof movement, since he says that a stone has a soul because it causes\nmovement to iron.\" Plato turned to a similar animistic explanation in\nhis dialogue, _Ion_.[12] Such an animistic solution pervaded many of\nthe later explanations.\n    [11] Aristotle, _On the soul_, translated by W. S. Hett, Loeb\n    Classical Library, London, 1935, 405a20 (see also 411a8:\n    \"Some think that the soul pervades the whole universe, whence\n    perhaps came Thales' view that everything is full of gods\").\n    [12] Plato, _Ion_, translated by W. R. M. Lamb, Loeb\n    Classical Library, London, 1925, 533 (see also 536).\nThat a mechanical explanation is also possible was shown by Plato\nin his _Timaeus_.[13] He argued that since a vacuum does not exist,\nthere must be a plenum throughout all space. Motion of this plenum\ncan carry objects along with it, and one could in this manner explain\nattractions like that due to amber and the loadstone.\n    [13] Plato, _Timaeus_, translated by R. G. Bury, Loeb\n    Classical Library, London, 1929, 80. It is difficult to\n    determine which explanation Plato preferred, for in both\n    cases the speaker may be only a foil for Plato's opinion\n    rather than an expression of these opinions.\nAnother mechanical explanation was based upon a postulated tendency\nof atoms to move into a vacuum rather than upon the latter's\nnon-existence. Lucretius restated this Epicurean explanation in his\n_De rerum natura_.[14] Atoms from the loadstone push away the air and\ntend to cause a vacuum to form outside the loadstone. The structure of\niron is such that it, unlike other materials, can be pushed into this\nempty space by the thronging atoms of air beyond it.\n    [14] Lucretius, _De rerum natura_, translated by W. H. D.\n    Rouse, Loeb Classical Library, London, 1924, bk. VI, lines\nGalen[15] returned to a quasi-animistic solution in his denial of\nEpicurus' argument, which he stated somewhat differently from\nLucretius. One can infer that Galen held that all things have, to a\ngreater or lesser degree, a sympathetic faculty of attracting its\nspecific, or proper, quality to itself.[16] The loadstone is only an\ninanimate example of what one finds in nutritive organs in organic\nbeings.\n    [15] Galen, _On the natural faculties_, translated by A. S.\n    Brock, Loeb Classical Library, London, 1916, bk. 1 and bk. 3.\n    A view similar to this appeared in Plato, _Timaeus_, 81 (see\n    footnote 13).\n    [16] This same concept was to reappear in the Middle Ages as\n    the _inclinatio ad simile_.\nOne of the few writers whose explanations of the loadstone Gilbert\nmentioned with approval is St. Thomas Aquinas. Although the medieval\nscholastic philosophy of St. Thomas seems foreign to our way of\nthinking, it formed a background to many of Gilbert's concepts, as\nwell as to those of his predecessors, and it will assist our\ndiscussion to consider briefly Thomist philosophy and to make its\nterminology explicit at this point.[17]\n    [17] The background for much of the following was derived\n    from Annaliese Maier, _An der Grenze von Scholastik und\n    Naturwissenchaft_, ed 2, Rome, 1952.\nIn scholastic philosophy, all beings and substances are a coalescence\nof inchoate matter and enacting form. Form is that which gives being\nto matter and which is responsible for the \"virtus\" or power to cause\nchange, since matter in itself is inert. Moreover, forms can be\ngrasped intellectually, whence the nature of a being or a substance\ncan be known. Any explanation of phenomena has to be based upon these\ninnate natures, for only if the nature of a substance is known can\nits properties be understood. Inanimate natures are determined by\nobservation, abstraction, and induction, or by classification.[18]\n    [18] St. Thomas' epistemology for the natural inanimate world\n    was based upon Aristotle's dictum: that which is in the mind\n    was in the senses first.\nThe nature of a substance is causally prior to its properties; while\nthe definition of the nature is logically prior to these properties.\nThus, what we call the theory of a substance is expressed in its\ndefinition, and its properties can be deduced from this definition.\nThe world of St. Thomas is not a static one, but one of the\nAristotelian motions of quantity (change of size), of quality\n(alteration), and of place (locomotion). Another kind of change is\nthat of substance, called generation and corruption, but this is a\nmutation, occurring instantly, rather than a motion, that requires\ntime. In mutation the essential nature is replaced by a new\nsubstantial form.\nAll these changes are motivated by a causal hierarchy that extends\nfrom the First Cause, the \"Dator Formarum,\" or Creator, to separate\nintellectual substances that may be angels or demons, to the celestial\nbodies that are the \"generantia\" of the substantial forms of the\nelements and finally to the four prime qualities (dry and wet, hot and\ncold) of the substantial forms. Accidental forms are motivated by the\nsubstantial forms through the instrumentality of the four prime\nqualities, which can only act by material contact.\nThe only causal agents in this hierarchy that are learned through the\nsenses are the tangible qualities. Usually the prime qualities are not\nobserved directly, but only other qualities compounded of them. One of\nthe problems of scholastic philosophy was the incorporation, into this\nsystem of efficient agents, of other qualities, such as the qualities\nof gravity and levity that are responsible for upward and downward\nmotion.\nBesides the causal hierarchy of forms, the natural world of St. Thomas\nexisted in a substantial and spatial hierarchy. All substances whether\nan element or a mixture of elements have a place in this hierarchy by\nvirtue of their nature. If the material were removed from its proper\nplace, it would tend to return. In this manner is obtained the natural\ndownward motion of earth and the natural upward motion of fire.\nLocal motion can also be caused by the \"virtus coeli\" generating a new\nform, or through the qualitative change of alteration. Since each\nelement and mixture has its own natural place in the hierarchy of\nmaterial substances, and this place is determined by its nature,\nchanges of nature due to a change of the form can produce local\nmotion. If before change the substance is in its natural place, it\nneed not be afterwards, and if not, would then tend to move to its\nnew natural place.\nIt will be noted that the scholastic explanation of inanimate motion\ninvolved the action and passion of an active external mover and a\npassive capacity to be moved. Whence the definition of motion that\nDescartes[19] was later to deride, \"motus est actus entis in potentia\nprout quod in potentia.\"\n    [19] Ren\u00e9 Descartes, _Oeuvres_, Charles Adam and Paul\n    Tannery, Paris, 1897-1910, vol. 2, p. 597 (letter to\n    Mersenne, 16 Oct., 1639), and vol. 11 (Le Monde), p. 39. The\n    original definition can be found in Aristotle, _Physics_,\n    translated by P. H. Wickstead and F. M. Cornford, Loeb\n    Classical Library, London, 1934, 201a10. Aquinas rephrases\n    the definition as \"_Motus est actus existentis in potentia\n    secundum quod huius modi._\" See St. Thomas Aquinas, _Opera\n    omnia_, Antwerp, 1612, vol. 2, _Physicorum Aristotelis\n    expositio_, lib. 3, lect. 2, cap. a, p. 29.\nWe have seen above that the \"motor essentialis\" for terrestial change\nis the \"virtus coeli.\" Thus the enacting source of all motion and\nchange is the heavens and the heavenly powers, while the earth and its\ninhabitants becomes the focus or passive recipient of these actions.\nIn this manner the scholastic restated in philosophical terms the\ndrama of an earth-centered universe.\nAlthough change or motion is normally effected through the above\nmentioned causal hierarchy, it is not always necessary that\nactualization pass from the First Cause down through each step of the\nhierarchy to terminate in the qualities of the individual being. Some\nof the steps could be by-passed: for instance man's body is under the\ndirect influence of the celestial bodies, his intellect under that of\nthe angels and his will under God.[20] Another example of effects\nnot produced through the tangible prime qualities is that of the\ntide-producing influence of the moon on the waters of the ocean or the\npowers of the loadstone over iron. Such causal relations, where some\nmembers of the normal causal chain have been circumvented, are called\noccult.[21]\n    [20] St. Thomas Aquinas, _op. cit._ (footnote 19), vol. 9,\n    _Summa contra gentiles_, lib. 3, cap. 92 (Quo modo dicitur\n    aliquis bene fortunatus et quo modo adjuvatur homo ex\n    superioribus causis), p. 343.\n    [21] St. Thomas Aquinas, op. cit. (footnote 19), vol. 17\n    _Opuscula, De operationibus occultis naturae ad queindam\n    militem ultramontem_, pp. 213-224.\nWhile St. Thomas referred to the loadstone in a number of places as\nsomething whose nature and occult properties are well known, it was\nalways as an example or as a tangential reference. One does not find\na systematic treatment of the loadstone in St. Thomas, but there are\nenough references to provide a fairly explicit statement of what he\nconsidered to be the nature of the magnet.\nIn one of his earliest writings, St. Thomas argued that the magnet\nattracts iron because this is a necessary consequence of its\nnature.[22]\n    Respondeo dicendum, quod omnibus rebus naturaliter insunt\n    quaedam principia, quibus non solum operationes proprias\n    efficere possunt, sed quibus etiam eas convenientes fini suo\n    reddant, sive sint actiones quae consequantur rem aliquam ex\n    natura sui generis, sive consequantur ex natura speciei, ut\n    magneti competit ferri deorsum ex natura sui generis, et\n    attrahere ferrum ex natura speciei. Sicut autem in rebus\n    agentibus ex necessitate naturae sunt principia actionum\n    ipsae formae, a quibus operationes proprie prodeunt\n    convenientes fini....\nDue to its generic form, the loadstone is subject to natural motion\nof place of up and down. However, the \"virtus\" of its specific form\nenabled it to produce another kind of motion--it could draw iron to\nitself.\nNormally the \"virtus\" of a substance is limited to those contact\neffects that could be produced by the form operating through the\nactive qualities of one substance, on the relatively passive qualities\nof another. St. Thomas asserted the loadstone to be one of these\nminerals, the occult powers of whose form goes beyond those of the\nprime qualities.[23]\n    Forma enim elementi non habet aliquam operationem nisi quae\n    fit per qualitates activas et passivas, quae sunt\n    dispositiones materiae corporalis. Forma autem corporis\n    mineralis habet aliquam operationem excedentem qualitates\n    activas et passivas, quae consequitur speciem ex influentia\n    corporis coelestis, ut quod magnes attrahit ferrum, et quod\n    saphirus curat apostema.\nThat this occult power of the loadstone is a result of the direct\ninfluence of the \"virtus coeli\" was expounded at greater length in\nhis treatise on the soul.[24]\n    Quod quidem ex propriis formarum operationibus perpendi\n    potest. Formae enim elementorum, quae sint infimae et\n    materiae propinquissime, non habent aliquam operationem\n    excedentem qualitates activas et passivas, ut rarum et\n    densum, et aliae huiusmodi, qui videntur esse materiae\n    dispositiones. Super has autem sunt formae mistorum quae\n    praeter praedictas operationes, habent aliquam operationem\n    consequentem speciem, quam fortiuntur ex corporibus\n    coelestibus; sicut quod magnes attrahit ferrum non propter\n    calorem aut frigiis, aut aliquid huiusmodi; sed ex quadam\n    participatione virtutis coelestis. Super has autem formas\n    sint iterum animae plantarum, quae habent similitudinem non\n    solum ad ipsa corpora coelestia, sed ad motores corporum\n    coelestium, inquantum sunt principia cuiusdam motus,\n    quibusdam seipsa moventibus. Super has autem ulterius sunt\n    animae brutorum, quae similitudinem iam habent ad substantiam\n    moventem coelestia corpora, non solum in operatione qua\n    movent corpora, sed etiam in hoc quod in seipsis\n    cognoscitivae sunt, licet brutorum cognitio sit materialium\n    tantum et materialiter....\nSt. Thomas placed the form of the magnet and its powers in the\nhierarchy of forms intermediate between the forms of the inanimate\nworld and the forms of the organic world with its hierarchy of plant,\nanimal and rational souls. The form of the loadstone is then superior\nto that of iron, which can only act through its active and passive\nqualities, but inferior to the plant soul, that has the powers of\ngrowth from the \"virtus coeli.\" This is similar to Galen's comparison\nof the magnet's powers to that of the nutritive powers of organic\nbodies.\nIn his commentary on Aristotle's _Physics_, St. Thomas explained how\niron is moved to the magnet. It is moved by some quality imparted to\nthe iron by the magnet.[25]\n    Illud ergo trahere dicitur, quod movet alterum ad seipsum.\n    Movere autem aliquid secundum locum ad seipsum contingit\n    tripliciter. Uno modo sicut finis movet; unde et finis\n    dicitur trahere, secundum illud poetate: \"trahit sua quemque\n    voluptas\": et hoc modo potest dici quod locus trahit id, quod\n    naturaliter movetur ad locum. Alio modo potest dici aliquid\n    trahere, quia movet illud ad seipsum alterando aliqualiter,\n    ex qua alteratione contingit quod alteratum moveatur secundum\n    locum: et hoc modo magnes dicitur trahere ferrum. Sicut enim\n    generans movet gravia et levia, inquantum dat eis formarum\n    per quam moventur ad locum, ita et magnes dat aliquam\n    qualitatem ferro, per quam movetur ad ipsum. Et quod hoc sit\n    verum patet ex tribus. Primo quidem quia magnes non trahit\n    ferrum ex quacumque distantia, sed ex propinquo; si autem\n    ferrum moveretur ad magnetem solum sicut ad finem, sicut\n    grave ad suum locum, ex qualibet distantia tenderet ad ipsum.\n    Secundo, quia, si magnes aliis perungatur, ferrum attrahere\n    non potest; quasi aliis vim alterativam ipsius impedientibus,\n    aut etiam in contrarium alterantibus. Tertio, quia ad hoc\n    quod magnes attrahat ferrum, oportet prius ferrum liniri cum\n    magnete, maxime si magnes sit parvus; quasi ex magnete\n    aliquam virtutem ferrum accipiat ut ad eum moveatur. Sic\n    igitur magnes attrahit ferrum non solum sicut finis, sed\n    etiam sicut movens et alterans. Tertio modo dicitur aliquid\n    attrahere, quia movet ad seipsum motu locali tantum. Et sic\n    definitur hic tractio, prout unum corpus trahit alteram, ita\n    quod trahens simul moveatur cum eo quod trahitur.\nAs the \"generans\" of terrestrial change moves what is light and heavy\nto another place by implanting a new form in a substance, so the\nmagnet moves the iron by impressing upon it the quality by which it is\nmoved. By virtue of the new quality, the iron is not in its natural\nplace and moves accordingly. St. Thomas proved that the loadstone acts\nas a secondary \"generans\" in three ways: (1) the loadstone produces an\neffect not from any distance but only from a nearby position (showing\nthat this motion is due to more than place alone), (2) rubbing the\nloadstone with garlic acts as if it impedes or alters the \"virtus\nmagnetis,\" and (3) the iron must be properly aligned with respect to\nthe loadstone in order to be moved, especially if the loadstone is\nsmall. Thus the iron is moved by the magnet not only to a place, but\nalso by changing and altering it: one has not only the change of\nlocomotion but that of alteration. Moreover the source of this\nalteration in the iron is not the heavens but the loadstone.\nAccordingly the loadstone could cause change in another substance\nbecause it could influence the nature of the other substance.\n    [22] St. Thomas Aquinas, _op. cit._ (footnote 19), vol 7,\n    _Scriptum in quartum librum sententiarum magistri Petri\n    Lombardi_, lib. 4, disq. 33 (De diversis coniugii legibus),\n    art. 1 (Utrum habere plures uxores sit contra legem naturae),\n    p. 168. The same statement occurs in one of his most mature\n    works, _op. cit._ vol. 20, _Summa theologica_, pars 3\n    (supplementum), quaestio 65 (De pluralitate uxorum in quinque\n    articulos divisa), art. 1 (Utrum habere plures uxores sit\n    contra legem naturae), p. 107.\n    [23] St. Thomas Aquinas, _op. cit._ (footnote 19), vol. 8,\n    _Quaestio unica: de spiritualibus creaturis_, art. 2 (Utrum\n    substantia spiritualis possit uniri corpori), p. 404. See\n    also vol. 9, _Summa contra gentiles_, lib. 3, cap. 92\n    (Quomodo dicitur aliquis bene fortunatus, et quomodo\n    adjuvatur homo ex superioribus causis), p. 344; and vol. 17,\n    _Opuscula, De operationibus occultis naturae ad queindam\n    militem ultramontem_, pp. 213-214.\n    [24] St. Thomas Aquinas, _op. cit._ (footnote 19), vol. 8,\n    _Quaestio unica: de anima_, art. 1 (Utrum anima humana possit\n    esse forma et hoc aliquid), p. 437. See also vol. 8,\n    _Quaestio: De veritate_, quaestio 5 (De providentia), art. 10\n    (Utrum humani actus a divina providentia gubernentur mediis\n    corporibus coelestibus), p. 678.\n    [25] St. Thomas Aquinas, _op. cit._ (footnote 19), vol. 2,\n    _Physicorum Aristotelis expositio_, lib. 7, lect. 3, cap. g\n    (Probatur in motu locali quod movens et motum oportet esse\n    simul), p. 97 (quoted in Gilbert, M: p. 104).\nAbout the time that St. Thomas was writing his letter _De\noperationibus occultis naturae_ to a certain knight, Petrus Peregrinus\nwas writing from a military camp a letter in which he showed how\ncertain relatively new effects could be produced by the loadstone.\nHe was more interested in what he could do with the magnet than in\nexplaining these effects. However, he discussed it at sufficient\nlength for one to find that his explanation of magnetic phenomena was\nbasically similar to that of his contemporary, St. Thomas.\nPeregrinus based his discussion of the loadstone upon its nature and\nanalyzed magnetic phenomena in terms of the change of alteration. In\nmagnetic attraction, the nature of the iron is altered by having a new\nquality impressed upon it,[26] and the loadstone is the agent that\nmakes the iron the same species as the stone.[27]\n    ... Oportet enim quod illud quod iam conversum est ex duobus\n    in unum, sit in eadem specie cum agente; quod non esset, si\n    natura istud impossible eligeret.\nThis impressed similarity to the agent, Peregrinus realized, is not\na pole of the same polarity but one opposite to that of the inducing\npole. To produce this effect, the virtue of the stronger agent\ndominates the weaker patient and impresses the virtue of the stronger\non the weaker so that they are made similar.[28]\n    ... In cuius attractione, lapis fortioris virtutis agens est;\n    debilioris vero patiens.\nA further instance of alteration occurs in the reversal of polarity of\nmagnetized iron when one brings two similar poles together. Again, the\nstronger agent dominates the weaker patient and the iron is left with\na similarity to the last agent.[29]\n    ... Causa huis est impressio ultimi agentis, confundentis et\n    alterantis virtutem primi.\nIn this assimilation of the agent to the patient, another effect is\nproduced: the agent not only desires to assimilate the patient to\nitself, but to unite with it to become one and the same. Speaking of\nthe motion to come together, he says:[30]\n    Huius autem rei causam per hanc viam fieri existimo: agens\n    enim intendit suum patiens non solum sibi assimilare, sed\n    unire, ut ex agente et patiente fiat unum, per numerum. Et\n    hoc potes experiri in isto lapide mirabili in hunc modum....\n    Agens ergo, ut vides experimento, intendit suum paciens sibi\n    unire; hoc autem fit ratione similitudinis inter ea. Oportet\n    ergo ... virtute attractionis, fiat una linea, ex agente et\n    patiente, secundum hunc ordinem ...\nThe nature of the magnet, as an active cause, tends to enact, and\nsince it acts in the best manner in which it is able, it acts so as\nto preserve the similarities of opposite poles.[31]\n    Natura autem, que tendet ad esse, agit meliori modo quo\n    potest, eligit primum ordinem actionis, in quo melius\n    salvatur idemptitas, quam in secundo ...\nThus unlike poles tend to come together when a dissected magnet is\nreassembled.\nLike St. Thomas, Peregrinus argued that the magnet receives its powers\nfrom the heavens. But he further specified this by declaring that\ndifferent virtues from the different parts of the heavens flow into\ntheir counterpart in the loadstone--from the poles of the heavens the\nvirtue flows into the poles of the magnet,[32]\n    Praeterea cum ferrum, vel lapis, vertatur tarn ad partem\n    meridionalem quam ad partem septemtrionalem ... existima\n    cogimur, non solum a partem septemtrionali, verum etiam a\n    meridionali virtutem influi in polos lapidis, magis quam a\n    locis minere ... Omnes autem orbes meridiani in polis mundi\n    concurrent; quare, a polis mundi, poli magnetis virtutem\n    recipiunt. Et ex hoc apparet manifeste quod non ad stellam\n    nauticam movetur, cum ibi non concurrant orbes meridiani, sed\n    in polis; stella enim nautica, extra orbem meridianum\n    cuiuslibet regionis semper invenitur, nisi bis, in completa\n    firmanenti revolutione. Ex hiis ergo manifestum est quod a\n    partibus celi, partes magnetis virtutem recipiunt.\nand similarly for the other parts of the heavens and the other parts\nof the loadstone.[33]\n    Ceteras autem partes lapidis merito estimare potes,\n    influentiam a reliquis celi partibus retinere, ut non sic\n    solum polos lapidis a polis mundi, sed totum lapidem a toto\n    celo, recipere influentiam et virtutem, estimes.\nPhysical proof for such influences was adduced by Peregrinus from the\nmotions of the loadstone. That the poles of the loadstone receive\ntheir virtue from the poles of the heavens follows experimentally from\nnorth-south alignment of a loadstone. That not only the poles but the\nentire loadstone receives power from corresponding portions of the\nheavens follows from the fact that a spherical loadstone, when\n\"properly balanced,\" would follow the motion of the heavens.[34]\n    Quod tibi tali modo consulo experire: ... Et si tunc lapis\n    moveatur secundum celi motum, gaudeas te esse assecutum\n    secretum mirabile; si vero non, imperitie tue, potiusquam\n    nature, defectus imputetur. In hoc autem situ, seu modo\n    positionis, virtutes lapidis huius estimo conservari proprie,\n    et in reliquis sitibus celi virtutem eius obsecari, seu\n    ebetari, potiusquam conservari puto. Per hoc autem\n    instrumentum excusaberis ab omni horologio; nam per ipsum\n    scire poteris Ascensus in quacumque hora volueris, et omnes\n    alias celi dispositiones, quas querunt Astrologi.\nAs the heavens move eternally, so the spherical loadstone must be a\n\"perpetuum mobile\".\nAnother of the scholars whose explanation of the loadstone Gilbert\nnoted with approval was Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa.[35] The latter's\nreferences to it were not as direct as those of St. Thomas, but he did\nuse it as an image several times to provide a microcosmic example of\nthe relation of God to his creation. From this one can infer that he\nexplained the preternatural motion of the magnet and the iron by\nimpressed qualities, the heavens being the agent for the loadstone,\nand the loadstone, the agent for iron.\n    [26] Hellmann, _op. cit._ (footnote 6), Peregrinus, pt. 1,\n    ch. 8. The magnet attracts the iron \"secundum naturalem\n    appetitum lapidis ... sine resistentia.\" There is no natural\n    resistence to this motion since it is no longer contrary to\n    the nature of the iron. The nature of the iron has changed.\n    [31] _Ibid._, pt. 1, ch. 9. See also footnote 27.\n    [35] However, he may not always have approved of him. See\n    M:74; \"Overinquisitive theologians, too, seek to light up\n    God's mysteries and things beyond man's understanding by\n    means of the loadstone and amber.\"\nIn the _Idiota de sapientia_ the Cardinal used the image of the magnet\nand the iron to provide a concrete instance of his \"coincidentia\noppositorum,\" to illustrate how eternal wisdom, in the Neoplatonic\nsense, could, at the same time, be principle or cause of being, its\ncomplement and also its goal.[36]\n    Si igitur in omni desiderio vitae intellectualis attenderes,\n    a quo est intellectus, per quod movetur et ad quod, in te\n    comperires dulcedinem sapientiae aeternae illam esse, quae\n    tibi facit desiderium tuum ita dulce et delectabile, ut in\n    inerrabili affectu feraris ad eius comprehensionem tanquam ad\n    immortalitatem vitae tue, quasi ad ferrum et magnetem\n    attendas. Habet enim ferrum in magnete quoddam sui effluxus\n    principium; et dum magnes per sui praesentiam excitat ferrum\n    grave et ponderosum, ferrum mirabili desiderio fertur etiam\n    supra motum naturae, quo secundum gravitatem deorsum tendere\n    debet, et sursum movetur se in suo principio uniendo. Nisi\n    enim in ferro esset quaedam praegustatio naturalis ipsius\n    magnetis, non moveretur plus ad magnetem quam ad alium\n    lapidem; et nisi in lapide esset major inclinatio ad ferrum\n    quam cuprum, non esset illa attractio. Habet igitur spiritus\n    noster intellectualis ab aeterna sapientia principium sic\n    intellectualiter essendi, quod esse est conformius sapientae\n    quam aliud non intellectuale. Hinc irraditio seu immissio in\n    sanctam animam est motus desideriosus in excitatione.\nBy virtue of the principle that flows from the magnet to the\niron--which principle is potentially in the iron, for the iron already\nhas a foretaste for it--the excited iron could transcend its gravid\nnature and be preternaturally moved to unite with its principle.\nReciprocally, the loadstone has a greater attraction to the iron than\nto other things. Just as the power of attraction comes from the\nloadstone, so the Deity is the source of our life. Just as the\nprinciple implanted in the magnet moves the iron against its heavy\nnature, so the Deity raises us above our brutish nature so that we may\nfulfill our life. As the iron moves to the loadstone, so we move to\nthe Deity as to the goal and end of our life.\nIn _De pace fidei_, Cusa[37] again used the iron and magnet as an\nexample of motion contrary to and transcending nature. He explained\nthis supernatural motion as being due to the similarity between the\nnature of the iron and the magnet, and this in turn is analogous to\nthe similarity between human spiritual nature and divine spiritual\nnature. As the iron can move upward to the loadstone because both have\nsimilar natures, so man can transcend his own nature and move towards\nGod when his potential similitude to God is realized. Another image\nused by Cusa was the comparison of Christ to the magnetic needle that\ntakes its power from the heavens and shows man his way.[38]\n    [36] Nicholas of Cusa (Nicolaus Cusaneus), _Nicolaus von\n    Cues, Texte seiner philosophischen Schriften_, ed. A.\n    Petzelt, Stuttgart, 1949, bk. 1, _Idiota de sapientia_, p.\n    306 (quoted in Gilbert, M:104). It is interesting that Cusa\n    held that the loadstone has an inclination to iron, as well\n    as the converse!\n    [37] Cusa, _Cusa Schriften_, vol. 8, _De pace fidei_,\n    translated by L. Mohler, Leipzig, 1943, ch. 12, p. 127.\n    [38] Cusa, _Exercitationes_, ch. 7, 563 and 566, quoted in,\n    F. A. Scharpff, _Des Cardinals und Bischofs Nicolaus Von Cusa\n    Wichtigste Schriften in Deutscher Uebersetzung_, Freiburg,\n    1862, p. 435. See also Martin Billinger, _Das Philosophische\n    in Den Excitationen Des Nicolaus Von Cues_, Heidelberg, 1938,\n    and _Cusa Schriften_ (see footnote 37), vol. 8, p. 209, note\n    105. Gilbert (M: p. 223) called the compass \"the finger of\nThe Elizabethan Englishman Robert Norman also turned to the Deity to\nexplain the wonderful effects of the loadstone.[39]\n    Now therefore ... divers have whetted their wits, yea, and\n    dulled them, as I have mine, and yet in the end have been\n    constrained to fly to the cornerstone: I mean God: who ...\n    hath given Virtue and power to this Stone ... to show one\n    certain point, by his own nature and appetite ... and by the\n    same vertue, the Needle is turned upon his own Center, I mean\n    the Center of his Circular and invisible Vertue ... And\n    surely I am of opinion, that if this would be found in a\n    Sphericall form, extending round about the Stone in Great\n    Compass, and the dead body Stone in the middle therof: Whose\n    center is the center of his aforesaid Vertue. And this I have\n    partly proved, and made visible to be seen in the same\n    manner, and God sparing me life, I will herein make further\n    Experience.\nAgain, one can infer that the heavens impart a guiding principle\nto the iron which acts under the influence of this Superior Cause.\nOne of the points made in St. Thomas' argument on motion due to the\nloadstone was that there is a limit to the \"virtus\" of the loadstone,\nbut he did not specify the nature of it. Norman refined the Thomist\nconcept of a bound by making it spherical in form, foreshadowing\nGilbert's \"orbis virtutis.\"\nGilbert's philosophy of nature does not move far from scholastic\nphilosophy, except away from it in logical consistency. As the concern\nof Aristotle and of St. Thomas was to understand being and change by\ndetermining the nature of things, so Gilbert sought to write a logos\nof the physis, or nature, of the loadstone--a physiology.[40] This\nphysiology was not formally arranged into definitions obtained by\ninduction from experience, but nevertheless there was the same search\nfor the quiddity of the loadstone. Once one knew this nature then all\nthe properties of the loadstone could be understood.\n    [39] Hellmann, _op. cit._ (footnote 6), Norman, bk. 1, ch. 8.\nGilbert described the nature of the loadstone in the terms of being\nthat were current with his scholarly contemporaries. This was the same\nontology that scholasticism had taught for centuries--the doctrine of\nform and matter that we have already found in St. Thomas and Nicholas\nof Cusa. Thus we find Richard Hooker[41] remarking that form gives\nbeing and that \"form in other creatures is a thing proportionable unto\nthe soul in living creatures.\" Francis Bacon,[42] in speaking of the\nrelations between causes and the kinds of philosophy, said: \"Physics\nis the science that deals with efficient and material causes while\nMetaphysics deals with formal and final causes.\" John Donne[43]\nexpressed the problem of scholastic philosophy succinctly:\n  This twilight of two yeares, not past or next,\n    Some embleme is of me, ...\n  ... of stuffe and forme perplext,\n    Whose _what_ and _where_, in disputation is ...\nAs we shall see, Gilbert continued in the same tradition, but his\ninterpretation of form and formal cause was much more anthropomorphic\nthan that of his predecessors.\nGilbert began his _De magnete_ by expounding the natural history of\nthat portion of the earth with which we are familiar.[44]\n    Having declared the origin and nature of the loadstone, we\n    hold it needful first to give the history of iron also ...\n    before we come to the explication of difficulties connected\n    with the loadstone ... we shall better understand what iron\n    is when we shall have developed ... what are the causes and\n    the matter of metals ...\nHis treatment of the origin of minerals and rocks agreed in the main\nwith that of Aristotle,[45] but he departed somewhat from the\nperipatetic doctrine of the four elements of fire, air, water, and\nearth.[46] Instead, he replaced them by a pair of elements.[47] (If\nthe rejection of the four Aristotelian elements were clearer, one\nmight consider this a part of his rejection of the geocentric universe\nbut he did not define his position sufficiently.)[48]\n    [41] Richard Hooker. _Of the laws of ecclesiastical polity_,\n    bk. 1, ch. 3, sect. 4 (_Works_, Oxford, Clarendon Press,\n    [42] Francis Bacon, _De augmentis scientiarum_, bk. 3, ch. 4,\n    in _Works_, ed. J. Spedding, R. L. Ellis, and D. D. Heath,\n    [43] _The poems of John Donne_, ed. H. J. C. Grierson,\n    London, Oxford University Press, 1933, p. 175 (\"To the\n    Countesse of Bedford, On New Yeares Day\").\n    [45] M: pp. 34, 35. Aristotle, _Works_, ed. W. D. Ross,\n    Oxford, 1908--1952, vol. 2, _De generatione et corruptione_,\n    translated by H. H. Joachim, 1930, vol. 3, _Meteorologica_,\n    translated by E. W. Webster, 1931.\n    brought to my attention the similarity between the\n    explanation given in Gilbert and that given in the\n    _Meteorologica_, bk. 3, ch. 6. p. 378.\n    [48] A statement of the relation between Aristotle's four\n    elements and place can be found in Maier, _op. cit._\nAccording to Gilbert the primary source of matter is the interior of\nthe earth, where exhalations and \"spiritus\" arise from the bowels of\nthe earth and condense in the earth's veins.[49] If the condensations,\nor humors, are homogeneous, they constitute the \"materia prima\" of\nmetals.[50] From this \"materia prima,\" various metals may be\nproduced,[51] according to the particular humor and the specificating\nnature of the place of condensation.[52] The purest condensation is\niron: \"In iron is earth in its true and genuine nature.\"[53] In other\nmetals, we have instead of earth, \"condensed and fixed salts, which\nare efflorescences of the earth.\"[54] If the condensed exhalation is\nmixed in the vein with foreign earths already present, it forms ores\nthat must be smelted to free the original metal from dross by\nfire.[55] If these exhalations should happen to pass into the open\nair, instead of being condensed in the earth, they may return to the\nearth in a (meteoric) shower of iron.[56]\n    ore, therefore, as also manufactured iron, is a metal\n    slightly different from the homogenic telluric body because\n    of the metallic humor it has imbibed ...\"\n    \"more truly the child of the earth than any other metal\"; it\n    is the hardest because of \"the strong concretion of the more\n    earthy substance.\"\nGilbert was indeed writing a new physiology, both in the ancient\nsense of the word and the modern. The process of the formation of\nmetals had many biological overtones, for it was a kind of metallic\nepigenesis.[57] \"Within the globe are hidden the principles of metals\nand stones, as at the earth's surface are hidden the principles of\nherbs and plants.\"[58] In all cases, the \"spiritus\" acts as semen and\nblood that inform and feed the proper womb in the generation of\nanimals.[59] \"The brother uterine of iron,\"[60] the loadstone, is\nformed in this manner. As the embryo of a certain species is the\nresult of the specificating nature of the womb in which the generic\nseed has been placed, so the kind of metal is the result of a certain\nhumor condensing in a particular vein in the body of the earth.\n    [57] Gilbert's terminology strongly suggests that he was\n    familiar with alchemical literature, as well as that of\n    medical chemistry. He has been credited as being highly\n    skilled in chemistry. See Sir Walter Langdon-Brown, \"William\n    Gilbert: his place in the medical world,\" _Nature_, vol. 154,\nGilbert developed this biological analogy further by ascribing to\nmetals a process of decay after reaching maturity. Once these solid\nmaterials have been formed, they will degenerate unless protected,\nforming earths of various kinds as a result.[61] The \"rind of the\nearth\"[62] is produced by this process of growth and decay. If these\nearths are soaked with humors, transparent materials are formed.[63]\nAs we shall see below, the ultimate cause of this internal and\nsuperficial life is the motion of the earth, which animation is the\nexpression of the magnetic soul of this sphere.[64] As the life of\nanimals results from the constant working of the heart and\narteries,[65] so the daily motion of the earth results in a constant\ngeneration of mineral life within the earth. In contrast to\nAristotle's[66] making the motion of the heavens the cause of\ncontinuous change, Gilbert made that of the earth the remote\ncause.[67] However, unlike the constant cyclical transmutation of\nsubstances in Aristotle, there is only generation and decay.\n    [65] M: p. 338. A somewhat different opinion, although not\n    necessarily inconsistent is expressed on p. 66, where he says\n    the surface is due to the action of the atmosphere, the\n    waters, and the radiations and other influences of heavenly\n    bodies.\n    [66] Aristotle, _op. cit._ (footnote 45), _De generatione et\n    corruptione_, bk. 2, ch. 10.\nGilbert made a number of successive generalizations in order to arrive\nat the induction that the form of the loadstone is a microcosmic\n\"anima\" of that of the earth.[68] After comparing the properties of\nthe loadstone and of iron, his first step in this induction was that\nthe two materials, found everywhere,[69] are consanguineous:[70]\n\"These two associated bodies possess the true, strict form of one\nspecies, though because of the outwardly different aspect and the\ninequality of the selfsame innate potency, they have hitherto been\nheld to be different ...\" Good iron and good loadstone are more\nsimilar than a good and a poor loadstone, or a good and a poor iron\nore.[71] Moreover, they have the same potency,[72] for the innate\npotency of one can be passed to the other:[73] \"The stronger\ninvigorates the weaker, not as if it imparted of its own substances or\nparted with aught of its own strength, nor as if it injected into the\nother any physical substance; but rather the dormant power of the one\nis awakened by the other's without expenditure.\" In addition, the\npotency can be passed only to the other.[74] Finally they both have\nthe same history:\n    We see both the finest magnet and iron ore visited as it were\n    by the same ills and diseases, acting in the same way and\n    with the same indications, preserved by the same remedies and\n    protective measures, and so retaining their properties ...\n    they are both impaired by the action of acrid liquids as\n    though by poison[75] ... each is saved from impairment by\n    being kept in the scrapings of the other. [So] ... form,\n    essence and appearance are one.[76]\nAny difference between the loadstone proper and the iron proper is due\nto a difference in the actual power of the magnetic virtue:[77] \"Weak\nloadstones are those disfigured with dross metallic humors and with\nforeign earth admixtures, [hence one may conclude] they are further\nremoved from the mother earth and are more degenerate.\"\nGilbert's second induction was that they are \"true and intimate parts\nof the globe,\"[78] that is, that they are piece of the \"materia prima\"\nof all we see about us. For they \"seem to contain within themselves\nthe potency of the earth's core and of its inmost viscera.\"[79]\nWhence, in Gilbert's philosophy, the earthy matter of the elements was\nnot passive or inert[80] as it was in Aristotle's, but already had the\nmagnetic powers of loadstone. Being endowed with properties, it was,\nin peripatetic terms, a simple body.\n    [80] M: p. 69. Gilbert is confusing Aristotelian matter and\n    an element. He includes cold and dry, with formless and\n    inert! See also Maier, _op. cit._ (footnote 17).\nIf these pieces of earth proper, before decay, are loadstones, then\none may pass to the next induction that the earth itself is a\nloadstone.[81] Conversely, a terrella has all the properties of the\nearth:[82] \"Every separate fragment of the earth exhibits in\nindubitable experiments the whole impetus of magnetic matter; in its\nvarious movements it follows the terrestial globe and the common\nprinciple of motion.\"[83]\n    [83] M: p. 71. See also pp. 314 and 331. It is not clear,\n    at this point, whether he believed a \"properly balanced\"\n    terrella would be a _perpetuum mobile_.\nThe next induction that Gilbert made was that as the magnet possesses\nverticity and turns towards the poles, so the loadstone-earth\npossesses a verticity and turns on an axis fixed in direction.[84] He\ncould now discuss the motions of a loadstone in general, in terms of\nits nature, just as an Aristotelian discussed the motion of the\nelements in terms of their nature.\n    Gilbert implied (M: p. 166), that a terrella does not rotate\n    as Peregrinus said, due to resistance (M: p. 326), or due to\n    the mutual nature of coition (M: p. 166); or even to the\n    rotation of the earth (M: p. 332). However (M: p. 129), he\n    also mentioned that a terrella would revolve by itself!\nBut before reaching this point in his argument, Gilbert digressed to\nclassify the different kinds of attractions and motions which the\nelements produce. In particular, he distinguished electric attraction\nfrom magnetic coition, and pointed out the main features of electrical\nattraction. Since the resultant motions were different, the essential\nnatures of electric and magnetic substances had to differ.\nGilbert introduced his treatment of motion by discussing the\nattraction of amber. All sufficiently light solids[85] and even\nliquids,[86] but not flame or air[87] are attracted by rubbed amber.\nHeat from friction,[88] but not from alien sources like the sun[89] or\nthe flame,[90] produce this \"affection.\" By the use of a detector\nmodeled after the magnetic needle, which we would call an electroscope\nbut which he called a \"versorium,\"[91] Gilbert was able to extend the\nlist of substances that attract like amber.[92] These Gilbert called\n\"electricae.\"[93]\n    [93] M: p. 78. The definition Gilbert gave of an electric\n    in the glossary at the beginning of his treatise was not an\n    experimental one: \"Electricae, quae attrahunt eadem ratione\n    ut electrum.\"\nPossibly as a result of testing experimentally statements like that of\nSt. Thomas, on the effect of garlic on a loadstone, Gilbert discovered\nthat the interposition of even the slightest material (except a fluid\nlike olive oil) would screen the attraction of electrics.[94] Hence\nthe attraction is due to a material cause, and, since it is invisible,\nit is due to an effluvium.[95] It must be much rarer than air,[96] for\nif its density were that of air or greater, it would repel rather than\nattract.[97]\nThe source of the effluvia could be inferred from the properties of\nthe electrics. Many but not all of the electrics are transparent, but\nall are firm and can be polished.[98] Since they retain the appearance\nand properties of a fluid in a firm solid mass,[99] Gilbert concluded\nthat they derived their growth mostly from humors or were concretions\nof humors.[100] By friction, these humors are released and produce\nelectrical attraction.[101]\n    [100] M: pp. 84, 89. See also Aristotle, _op. cit._ (footnote\n    45), _Meteorologica_, bk. 4.\nThis humoric source of the effluvia was substantiated by Gilbert in a\nnumber of ways. Electrics lose their power of electrical attraction\nupon being heated, and this is because the humor has been driven\noff.[102] Bodies that are about equally constituted of earth and\nhumor, or that are mostly earth, have been degraded and do not show\nelectrical attraction.[103] Bodies like pearls and metals, since they\nare shiny and so must be made of humors, must also emit an effluvium\nupon being rubbed, but it is a thick and vaporous one without any\nattractive powers.[104] Damp weather and moist air can weaken or even\nprevent electrical attraction, for it impedes the efflux of the humor\nat the source and accordingly diminishes the attraction.[105] Charged\nbodies retain their powers longer in the sun than in the shade, for in\nthe shade the effluvia are condensed more, and so obscure\nemission.[106]\n    [105] M: pp. 78, 85-86, 91. (see particularly the heated\n    amber experiment described on p. 86).\nAll these examples seemed to justify the hypothesis that the nature of\nelectrics is such that material effluvia are emitted when electrics\nare rubbed, and that the effluvia are rarer than air. Gilbert realized\nthat as yet he had not explained electrical attraction, only that the\npull can be screened. The pull must be explained by contact\nforces,[107] as Aristotle[108] and Aquinas[109] had argued.\nAccordingly, he declared, the effluvia, or \"spiritus,\"[110] emitted\ntake \"hold of the bodies with which they unite, enfold them, as it\nwere, in their arms, and bring them into union with the\nelectrics.\"[111]\n    [108] Aristotle, _Physics_, translated by P. H. Wicksteed and\n    F. M. Cornford, Loeb Classical Library, London, 1934, bk. 7,\n    [109] St. Thomas Aquinas, _op. cit._ (footnote 19), vol. 2,\n    _Physicorum Aristotelis expositio_, lib. 7, lect. 2 (In\n    moventibus et motis non potest procedi in infinitum, sed\n    oportet devenire ad aliquid primum movens immobile), cap. d,\nIt can be seen how this uniting action is effected if objects floating\non water are considered, for solids can be drawn to solids through the\nmedium of a fluid.[112] A wet body touching another wet body not only\nattracts it, but moves it if the other body is small,[113] while wet\nbodies on the surface of the water attract other wet bodies. A wet\nobject on the surface of the water seeks union with another wet object\nwhen the surface of the water rises between both: at once, \"like drops\nof water, or bubbles on water, they come together.\"[114] On the other\nhand, \"a dry body does not move toward a wet, nor a wet to a dry, but\nrather they seem to go away from one another.\"[115] Moreover, a dry\nbody does not move to the dry rim of the vessel while a wet one runs\nto a wet rim.[116]\nBy means of the properties of such a fluid, Gilbert could explain the\nunordered coming-together that he called coacervation.[117] Different\nbodies have different effluvia, and so one has coacervation of\ndifferent materials. Thus, in Gilbert's philosophy air was the earth's\neffluvium and was responsible for the unordered motion of objects\ntowards the earth.[118]\n    [118] M: p. 92 (see also p. 339). Although Gilbert does not\n    make it explicit, this would solve the medieval problem of\n    gravitation without resorting to a Ptolemaic universe. In\n    addition, since coacervation is electric, and electric forces\n    can be screened, it should have been possible to reduce the\n    downward motion of a body by screening!\nThe analogy between electric attraction and fluids is a most concrete\none, yet lying beneath this image is a hypothesis that is difficult to\nfix into a mechanical system based upon contact forces. This is the\nassumption that under the proper conditions bodies tend to move\ntogether in order to participate in a more complete unity.[119] The\nsteps in electrical attraction were described as occurring on two\ndifferent levels of abstraction: first one has physical contact\nthrough an effluvium or \"spiritus\" that connects the two objects\nphysically. Then, as a result of this contact, the objects somehow\nsense[120] that a more intimate harmony is possible, and move\naccordingly. Gilbert called the motion that followed contact,\nattraction. However, this motion did not connote what we would call a\nforce:[121] it did not correspond directly to a push or pull, but it\nfollowed from what one might term the apprehension of the possibility\nof a more complete participation in a formal unity. The physical unity\ndue to the \"spiritus\" was the prelude to a formal organic unity, so\nthat _humor_ is \"rerum omnium unitore.\" Gilbert's position can be best\nseen in the following:[122]\n    Spiritus igitur egrediens ex corpora, quod ab humore aut\n    succo aqueo concreverat, corpus attrahendum attingit,\n    attactum attrahenti unitur; corpus peculiari effluviorum\n    radio continguum, unum effecit ex duobus: unita confluunt in\n    conjunctissimam convenientiam, quae attractio vulgo dicitur.\n    Quae unitas iuxta Pythagorae opinionem rerum omnium\n    principium est, per cuius participationem unaquaeque res una\n    dicitur. Quoniam enim nullo actio a materia potest nisi per\n    contactum, electrica haec non videntur tangere, sed ut\n    necesse erat demittitur aliquid ab uno ad aliud, quod proxime\n    tangat, et eius incitationis principium sit. Corpora omnia\n    uniuntur & quasi ferruminantur quodammodo humore ...\n    Electrica vero effi via peculiaria, quae humoris fusi\n    subtilissima sunt materia, corpuscula allectant. A\u00ebr (commune\n    effluvium telluris) & partes disjunctis unit, & tellus\n    mediante a\u00ebre ad se revocat corpora; aliter quae in\n    superioribus locis essent corpora, terram non ita avide\n    appelerent.\n    Electrica effluvia ab a\u00ebre multum differunt, & u a\u00ebr telluris\n    effluvium est, ita electrica suahabent effluvia & propria;\n    peculiaribus effluviis suus cuique; est singularis ad\n    unitatem ductus, motus ad principium, fontem, & corpus\n    effluvia emittens.\nA similar hypothesis will reappear in his explanation of magnetic\nattraction.\n    [119] M: pp. 91, 92: \"This unity is, according to Pythagoras,\n    the principle, through participation, in which a thing is\n    said to be one\" (see footnotes 30 and 122).\n    [120] \"Sense\" is probably too strong a term, and yet the\n    change following contact is difficult to describe in\n    Gilbert's phraseology without some such subjective term. See\n    Gilbert's argument on the soul and organs of a loadstone, M:\n    [122] Gilbert, _De magnete_, London, 1600, bk. 2, ch. 2, pp.\nFollowing the tradition of the medieval schoolmen Gilbert started his\nexamination of the nature of the loadstone by pointing out the\ndifferent kinds of motion due to a magnet. The five kinds (other than\nup and down) are:[123]\n    (1) coitio (vulgo attractio, dicta) ad unitatem magneticam\n    incitatio.\n    (2) directio in polos telluris, et telluris in mundi\n    destinatos terminos verticitas et consistentia.\n    (3) variatio, a meridiano deflexio, quem motum nos depravatum\n    dicimus.\n    (4) declinatio, infra horizontem poli magnetici descensus.\n    (5) motus circularis, seu revolutio.\nOf the five he initially listed, three are not basic ones. Variation\nand declination he later explained as due to irregularities of the\nsurface of the earth, while direction or verticity is the ordering\nmotion that precedes coition.[124] This leaves only coition and\nrevolution as the basic motions. How these followed from \"the\ncongregant nature of the loadstone can be seen when the effusion of\nforms has been considered.\"\nCoition (he did not take up revolution at this point) differed from\nthat due to other attractions. There are two and only two kinds of\nbodies that can attract: electric and magnetic.[125] Gilbert refined\nhis position further by arguing that one does not even have magnetic\nattraction[126] but instead the mutual motion to union that he called\ncoition.[127] In electric attraction, one has an action-passion\nrelation of cause and effect with an external agent and a passive\nrecipient; while in magnetic coition, both bodies act and are acted\nupon, and both move together.[128] Instead of an agent and a patient\nin coition,[129] one has \"conactus.\" Coition, as the Latin origin of\nthe term denoted, is always a concerted action. [130] This can be seen\nfrom the motions of two loadstones floating on water.[131] The mutual\nmotion in coition was one of the reasons for Gilbert's rejection of\nthe perpetual motion machine of Peregrinus.[132]\n    pointed out that coitus is not an impersonal term.\nMagnetic coition, unlike electric attraction, cannot be screened.[133]\nHence it cannot be corporeal for it travels freely through bodies[134]\nand especially magnetic bodies;[135] one can understand the action of\nthe armature on this basis.[136] Since coition cannot be prevented by\nshielding, it must have an immaterial cause.[137]\n    is, of course, contrary to modern experience.\nYet, unless one has the occult action-at-a-distance, change must be\ncaused by contact forces. Gilbert resolved the paradox of combining\ncontact forces with forces that cannot be shielded, by passing to a\nhigher level of abstraction for the explanation of magnetic phenomena:\nhe saw the contact as that of a form with matter.\nAlthough Gilbert remarked that the cause of magnetic phenomena did\nnot fall within any of the categories of the formal causes of the\nAristotelians, he did not renounce for this reason the medieval\ntradition. Actually there are many similarities between Gilbert's\nexplanation of the loadstone's powers and that of St. Thomas. Magnetic\ncoition is not due to any of the generic or specific forms of the\nAristotelian elements, nor is it due to the primary qualities of any\nof their elements, nor is it due to the celestial \"generans\" of\nterrestrial change.[138]\n    Relictis aliorum opinionibus de magnetis attractione; nunc\n    coitionis illius rationem, et motus illius commoventem\n    naturam docebimus. Cum vero duo sint corporum genera, quae\n    manifestis sensibus nostris motionibus corpora allicere\n    videntur, Electrica et Magnetica; Electrica naturalibus ab\n    humore effluviis; Magnetica formalibus efficientiis, seu\n    potius primariis vigoribus, incitationes faciunt. Forma ilia\n    singularis est, et peculiaris, non Peripateticorum causa\n    formalis, et specifica in mixtis, est secunda forma, non\n    generantium corporum propagatrix; sed primorum et praeciporum\n    globorum forma; et partium eorum homogenearum, non\n    corruptarum, propria entitas et existentia, quam nos\n    primariam, et radicalem, et astream appellare possumus\n    formam; non formam primam Aristotelis; sed singularem illam,\n    quae globum suum proprium tuetur et disponit. Talis in\n    singulis globis, Sole, lunas et astris, est una; in terra\n    etiam una, quae vera est ilia potentia magnetica, quam nos\n    primarium vigorem appellamus. Quare magnetica natura est\n    telluris propria, eiusque omnibus verioribus partibus,\n    primaria et stupenda ratione, insita; haec nec a caelo toto\n    derivatur procreaturve, per sympathiam, per influentiam, aut\n    occultiores qualitates; nec peculiari aliquo astro: est enim\n    suus in tellure magneticus vigor, sicut in sole et luna suae\n    formae; frustulumque; lunae, lunatice ad eius terminos, et\n    formam componit se; solarque; ad solem, sicut magnes ad\n    tellurem, et ad alterum magnetem, secundum naturam sese\n    inclinando et alliciendo. Differendum igitur de tellure quae\n    magnetica, et magnes; tum etiam de partibus eius verioribus,\n    quae magneticae sunt; et quomodo ex coitione difficiuntur.\nInstead, he declared it to be due to a form that is natural and proper\nto that element that he made the primary component of the earth.[139]\nTo understand his argument, let us briefly recall the peripatetic\ntheory of the elements. In this philosophy of nature each element or\nsimple body is a combination of a pair of the four primary qualities\nthat informs inchoate matter. These qualities are the instruments of\nthe elemental forms and determine the properties of the element. Thus\nthe element fire is a compound of the qualities hot and dry, and the\nsubstantial form of fire acts through these qualities. Similarly for\nthe other elements, earth, water, and air: their forms determine a\nproper place for each element, and a motion to that place natural to\neach element.[140]\n    [138] M: p. 105, and Gilbert, _De magnete_, London, 1600, bk.\nGilbert had previously declared that the primary substance of the\nearth is an element. Since it is an element, it has a motion natural\nto it, and this motion is magnetic coition. As an Aristotelian\nconsidered the substantial form of the element, fire, to act through\nthe qualities of hot and dry, and to cause an upward motion; so\nGilbert argued that the substantial form of his element, pure\nloadstone, acts through the magnetic qualities and causes magnetic\ncoition. This motion is due to its primary form, and is natural to the\nelement earth.[141] It is instilled in all proper and undegenerate\nparts of the earth,[142] but in no other element.[143]\n    rotation, see footnote 147.\n    [142] M: pp. 67, 71. That each part is informed with the\n    properties of the whole is an argument favoring an animistic\n    explanation of the nature of this form.\nTo the medieval philosopher, the \"generantia\" of the occult powers of\nthe loadstone are the heavenly bodies. Gilbert, however, endowed the\nearth with these heavenly powers which were placed in the earth in the\nbeginning[144] and caused all magnetic materials to conform with it\nboth physically and formally.[145] Such magnetic powers are the\nproperty of all parts of the earth;[146] they give the earth its\nrotating motion[147] and hold the earth together in spite of this\nmotion.[148]\n    [148] M: pp. 142, 179; see also electric attraction, p. 97.\nIndeed, each of the main stellar bodies, sun, moon, stars, and earth,\nhas such a form or principle unique to itself that causes its parts\nnot only to conform with itself but to revolve.[149] Thus, if one\nremoves a piece of the moon from this body, it will tend to align\nitself with the moon and then to return to its proper place; and a\nfragment of the sun would similarly tend to return after proper\norientation.[150] Moreover, there is a farther-ranging, though weaker,\nmutual action of the heavenly bodies so that one has a causal\nhierarchy of these specific conforming powers. The form of the sun is\nsuperior to that of the inferior globes and is responsible for the\norder and regularity of planetary orbits.[151] In like manner, the\nmoon is responsible for the tides of the ocean.[152]\nBy virtue of the causal hierarchy of forms, the loadstone acquires its\nmagnetic powers from the earth.[153] As the earth has its natural\nparts, so has the stone.[154] Although the geometrical center of a\nterrella is the center of the magnetic forces,[155] objects do not\ntend to move to the center but to its poles,[156] where the magnetic\nenergy is most conspicuous.[157] However, in a sense, the energy is\neverywhere equal: the virtue is spread throughout the entire mass of\nthe loadstone,[158] and all the parts direct the forces to the\npoles.[159] The poles become the \"thrones\" of the magnetic\npowers.[160] On the other hand, the directive force is stronger where\ncoition is weaker and accordingly, verticity is most prominent at the\nequator.[161]\n    argument as that the powers of the loadstone are identical\n    with those of the earth. See footnote 78.\nThe strength of a loadstone depends upon its shape and mass. A bar\nmagnet has greater powers than a spherical one because it tends to\nconcentrate the magnetic powers more in the ends.[162] For a given\npurity and shape, the heavier the loadstone, the greater its\nstrength.[163] A loadstone has a maximum degree of magnetic force that\ncannot be increased.[164] However, weaker ones can be strengthened by\nstronger ones.[165] Similarly, the shape and weight of the iron\ndetermine the magnetic force in coition.[166]\nThe formal forces of a loadstone emanate in all directions from\nit,[167] but there is a bound to it that Gilbert called the \"orbis\nvirtutis.\"[168] The shape of this \"orbis virtutis\" is determined by\nthe shape of the stone.[169] This insensible effusion is analogous\nto the spreading of light that reveals its presence only by opaque\nbodies.[170] Similarly, the magnetic forms are effused from the\nstone,[171] and can only reveal their presence by coition with\nanother loadstone or by \"awakening\" magnetic bodies within the\n\"orbis virtutis.\"[172] Unmagnetized iron that comes within the \"orbis\nvirtutis\" is altered, and the magnetic virtue renews a form that is\nalready potentially in the iron.[173] The formal energy is drawn not\nonly from the stone but from the iron.[174] This is not generation, or\nalteration in the sense of a new impressed quality, but alteration in\nthe sense of the entelechy or the activation of a form potentially\npresent.[175] Those bodies magnetized by coming within the \"orbis\nvirtutis\" have in turn an efflux of their own.[176] Iron can also\nreceive verticity directly from the earth without the intervention of\nan ordinary loadstone.[177] Such verticity can be expelled and\nannulled by the presence of another loadstone.[178]\n    [168] Gilbert defined the _orbis virtutis_ in the glossary at\n    the beginning of his treatise as, \"... totum illud spatium,\n    per quod quaevis magnetis virtus extenditur.\" This is the\n    core of the difference between electric and magnetic forces.\n    The substantial form of an electric could not be \"effused,\"\n    but was \"imprisoned\" in matter (as the Neoplatonic soul in\n    the human body); while the primary form of a magnet did not\n    require a material carrier and its effusion was similar to\n    the propagation of a species in light.\n    [171] M: pp. 304-307. See also p. 310, where it is stated\n    that the sun and earth could awaken souls.\n    awakening of the iron within the \"orbis virtutis\" is\n    comparable (pp. 216, 350) to the birth of a child under the\n    influence of the stars.\nAlthough one does not normally find iron to be magnetized, a loadstone\nalways has some magnetism. That two bodies such as iron and loadstone\nshould have different properties is the result of the loss of a form\nby the iron, but this form is still potentially present in the iron.\nThe iron that has been obtained from an ore has been deformed,[179]\nfor it has been placed \"outside its nature\" by the fire.[180] The\nnature has not been removed, since, once the iron has cooled, the\nconfused form can be reformed by a loadstone. [181] The latter\n\"awakens\" the proper form of iron.[182] After smelting, the magnetized\niron may manifest stronger powers than a loadstone of equal weight,\nbut this is because the primary matter of the earth is purer in the\niron than in the loadstone.[183] If fire does not deform a loadstone\ntoo much, it can be remagnetized,[184] but a burnt loadstone cannot be\nreformed.[185] Corruption from external causes may also deform a\nloadstone or iron so that it can not be magnetized.[186] Bodies mixed\nwith the degenerate substance of the earth or with aqueous humor\nspoilt by contamination with earth, do not show either electric\nattraction or magnetic coition.[187]\nIn a manner suggestive of Peregrinus, Gilbert wrote that, \"magnetic\nbodies seek formal unity.\"[188] Thus a dissected loadstone not only\ntends to come back together, as in the unordered coacervation of\nelectric attraction, but to restore the organization it had before\ndissection.[189] Accordingly, opposite poles appear on the interfaces\nof the sections, not \"from an opposition\" but from \"a concordance and\na conformance.\"[190] This ensures that when the parts are joined\ntogether again, they have the same orientation as before. Gilbert\ncompared this power of restoring the original loadstone with that of a\nplant's vital power under the process of cutting and grafting; the\nplant can be revived only when the parts are in a certain order.[191]\nA hypothesis similar to that used to explain electric attraction lay\nbeneath the explanation of magnetic coition: that bodies brought into\ncontact will move together. In electric attraction, the contact is\nmaterial and due to the \"spiritus\" from the electric body; in magnetic\ncoition, it is formal and depends on the action of a primary form that\nspreads from a magnetized body to its limit of effusion, the \"orbis\nvirtutis.\" If iron is inside the \"orbis virtutis,\" the two bodies\n\"enter into alliance and are one and the same\"[192] for within it\n\"they have absolute continuity, and are joined by reason of their\naccordance, albeit the bodies themselves be separated.\"[193]\nGilbert's treatment of coition can be analyzed into the same two steps\nas can electric attraction. First occurs a contact, which in this case\nis not physical but formal, and from this initial formal contact\nfollows movement to a more complete unity. Both the contact and the\nmovement to unity are described on the same level of abstraction,\ninstead of on two different levels as in electric attraction. Again\none does not find any clear-cut concept of force as a push or\npull,[194] but instead, a motion to a formal unity, this time a\ncooperative motion. The parts of a magnetic body are in greater\nharmony when they are assembled in a certain pattern and so they move\naccordingly.\nAs to the nature of the primary form itself, Gilbert agreed with\nThales that it is like a soul,[195] \"for the power of self-movement\nseems to betoken a soul.\"[196] With Galen and St. Thomas he placed the\nform of the loadstone superior to that of inanimate matter.[197] In a\nsense, Gilbert even made it superior to organic matter, for it is\nincapable of error.[198] Like the soul, the primary form cannot be\nfragmented; when a loadstone is divided, one does not separate the\npoles but each part acquires its own poles and an equator.\nLike the soul, fire does not destroy it.[199] Like the soul of astral\nbodies, and of the earth itself, it produces complex but regular\nmotions; the motion of two loadstones on water offers such an\nexample.[200] Like the soul of a newborn child, whose nature depends\non the configuration of the heavens, the properties in the newly\nawakened iron depend upon its position in the \"orbis virtutis.\"[201]\nWhence Gilbert declared:\n    ... the earth's magnetic force and the animate form of the\n    globes, that are without senses, but without error ... exert\n    an unending action, quick, definite, constant, directive,\n    motive, imperant, harmonious through the whole mass of\n    matter; thereby are the generation and the ultimate decay of\n    all things on the superficies propagated.[202] The bodies of\n    the globes ... to the end that they might be in themselves,\n    and in their nature endure, had need of souls to be conjoined\n    to them, for else there were neither life, nor prime act, nor\n    movement, nor unition, nor order, nor coherence, nor\n    _conactus_, nor _sympathia_, nor any generation nor\n    alteration of seasons, and no propagation; but all were in\n    confusion....[203] Wherefore, not with reason, Thales ...\n    declares the loadstone to be animate, a part of the animate\n    mother earth and her beloved offspring.[204]\nGilbert ended book 5 of his treatise on the magnet with a persuasive\nplea for his magnetic philosophy of the cosmos, yet his conceptual\nscheme was not too successful an induction in the eyes of his\ncontemporaries. In particular the man from whom the Royal Society took\nthe inspiration for their motto, \"Nullius in verba,\" did not value his\nmagnetic philosophy very highly. Whether Francis Bacon was alluding to\nGilbert when he expounded his parable of the spider and the ant[205]\nis not explicit, but he certainly had him in mind when he wrote of\nthe Idols of the Cave and the Idols of the Theater.[206]\n    [205] Francis Bacon, _op. cit._ (footnote 42), vol. 1,\nFew of the subsequent experimenters and writers on magnetism turned to\nGilbert's work to explain the effects they discussed. Although both\nhis countrymen Sir Thomas Browne[207] and Robert Boyle[208] described\na number of the experiments already described by Gilbert and even used\nphrases similar to his in describing them, they tended to ignore\nGilbert and his explanation of them. Instead, both turned to an\nexplanation based upon magnetic effluvia or corpuscles. The only\ndirect continuation of Gilbert's _De magnete_ was the _Philosophia\nmagnetica_ of Nicolaus Cabeus.[209] The latter sought to bring\nGilbert's explanation of magnetism more directly into the fold of\nmedieval substantial forms.\n    [207] Sir Thomas Browne, _Pseudodoxia epidemica_, ed. 3,\n    [208] Robert Boyle, _Experiments and notes about the\n    mechanical production of magnetism_, London, 1676.\n    [209] Nicolaus Cabeaus, _Philosophia magnetica_, Ferarra,\nHowever, Gilbert's efforts towards a magnetic philosophy did find\napproval in two of the men that made the seventeenth century\nscientific revolution. While Galileo Galilei[210] was critical of\nGilbert's arguments as being unnecessarily loose, he nevertheless saw\nin them some support for the Copernican world-system. Johannes\nKepler[211] found in Gilbert's explanation of the loadstone-earth a\npossible physical framework for his own investigations on planetary\nmotions.\n    [210] Galileo Galilei, _Dialogue on the great world systems_,\n    in the translation of T. Salusbury, edited and corrected by\n    G. de Santillana, University of Chicago Press, 1953, pp.\nYet Galileo and Kepler had moved beyond Gilbert's world of\nintellectual experience. They were no longer concerned with\ndetermining the nature of material things in order to explain their\nqualities. Instead, they had passed into the realm of the mathematical\nrelations of kinematics: quantitative law had replaced qualitative\nexperience of cause and effect. Gilbert had some intimations of the\nformer, but he was primarily concerned with explaining magnetism in\nterms of substance and attribute. He had to ascertain the nature of\nthe loadstone and of the earth in order to explain their properties\nand their motions. He even went further and explained the nature of\nthe form of the loadstone.\nHis method of determining the nature of a substance was a rather\nprimitive one--it was not by a process of induction and deduction, nor\nby synthesis and analysis, nor by \"resolutio\" and \"compositio,\" but by\nthe use of analogies. He compared the natural history of metals and\nrocks with that of plants, and gave the two former the same kind of\nprinciple as the last. He determined the nature of the entity behind\nelectric attraction by finding that such attractions could be\nscreened, and hence it had to be corporeal. After comparing this\n\"corporeal\" attraction with that of the surface forces of a fluid, he\nconcluded that the entity was a subtle fluid. He determined the nature\nof the entity behind magnetic coition by (incorrectly) finding that it\ncannot be screened, and hence the cause had to be a formal one. Since\nboth stars and the loadstone can carry out regular motions, and stars\nhad souls, the form of the loadstone had to be a soul. The method of\nanalogy was used again in his comparison of the properties of a\nmagnetized needle placed over a terrella with the properties of a\ncompass placed over the earth, whence he concluded the earth to be a\ngiant loadstone. Since the earth resembled the other celestial globes,\nit had to have, the circular inertia of these globes.[212] As for his\nmagnetic experiments to show physically that the earth moved, and his\nunbridled speculations on the \"animae\" of the celestial globes, one is\ninclined to agree with Bacon's estimate of his magnetic philosophy.\nOne might consider Gilbert's book as a Renaissance recasting of\nAristotle's _De caelo_ with the earth in the role of a heavenly body.\nSo it might well be, for Gilbert was still concerned with\ndistinguishing the nature of the heavenly body, earth, that caused the\ncoitional and revolving motions, from those natures for which up and\ndown, and coacervation were the natural motions. Because the natural\nmotions were different, the natures had to be different, and these\ndifferent natures led to a universe and a concept of space neither of\nwhich were Aristotelian. One no longer had a central reference point\nfor absolute space; there was no \"motor essentialis\" focused upon the\nearth but one had only the mutual motion of the heavenly bodies. The\nnatural distinction between heaven and earth was gone, for the earth\nwas no longer an inert recipient but a source of wonder, and so the\nstage was set for the universe of Giordano Bruno.[213] The\nAristotelian philosophy of nature was used to justify a new cosmology,\nbut there was no break with the past such as one finds in Galileo and\nKepler. Instead he followed the chimera of the world organism, as\nParacelsus had, and of the world soul, as Bruno had. Consequently\nGilbert's physiology did not enter into the main stream of science.\n    [212] Because the earth has the same nature as a celestial\n    globe, its revolution and circular inertia require no more\n    explanation than those of any other heavenly body.\n    [213] One wonders if Bruno might not have been another of the\n    stimuli for Gilbert. The latter's interest in magnetism began\n    shortly before Bruno visited England and lectured on his\n    interpretation of the Copernican theory.\nYet this is not to deny Gilbert's services to natural philosophy.\nAlthough not all of his experimental distinction between electric and\nmagnetic forces has been retained, still, some of it has. His \"orbis\nvirtutis\" was to become a field of force, and his class of electrics,\ninsulators of electricity. His practice of arming a loadstone was to\nbe of considerable importance in the period before the invention of\nthe electromagnet. His limited recognition of the mutual nature of\nforces and their quantitative basis in mass was ultimately to appear\nin Newton's second and third laws of motion. In spite of the\nweaknesses of the method of analogy, Gilbert's experimental model of\nthe terrella to interpret the earth's magnetism was as much a\ncontribution to scientific method as to the theory of magnetism.\nConsequently, in spite of an explanation of electricity and magnetism\nthat one would be amused to find in a textbook today, we can still\nread his _De magnete_ with interest and profit. But more important\nthan his scientific speculations, is the insight he can give us into a\nRenaissance philosophy of nature and its relation to medieval thought.\nOne does not find in _De magnete_ a prototype of modern physical\nscience in the same sense one can in the writings of Galileo and\nKepler. Instead one finds here a full-fledged example of an earlier\nkind of science, and this is Gilbert's main value to the historian\ntoday.", "source_dataset": "gutenberg", "source_dataset_detailed": "gutenberg -  The Natural Philosophy of William Gilbert and His Predecessors\n"},
{"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1945, "culture": " English\n", "content": "Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Diane Monico, and\nthe Online Distributed Proofreading Team at\nhttps://www.pgdp.net\nA Check-List of the Birds of Idaho\nBY\nM. DALE ARVEY\nUNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS\nMUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY\nNovember 29, 1947\nUniversity of Kansas\nLAWRENCE\nUNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY\nEditors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, H. H. Lane, Edward H. Taylor\nPublished November 29, 1947\nUNIVERSITY OF KANSAS\nLawrence, Kansas\nPRINTED BY\nFERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER\nTOPEKA, KANSAS\nA Check-list of the Birds of Idaho\nBy\nM. DALE ARVEY\nThere is comparatively little literature dealing with the avifauna of\nIdaho, mostly because relatively few persons have done field work in\nthe state. In the ornithological literature, there is nothing even\ncomparable to a \"state list,\" so that when birds supposedly unreported\npreviously from Idaho are found, it is difficult to know whether or not\nthey should be recorded as \"new\" to the state. The present paper has\nbeen prepared in the hope that it will stimulate additions to, and\ncorrections of, the list. It is, admittedly, a beginning.\nMaterial for the present article was obtained from personal collecting\nin the five years and ten months in which I resided in the state\n(October, 1938-September, 1944). Also, the published reports that could\nbe found have been drawn upon; these publications are listed in the\nappended bibliography. Taxonomic problems, of which many are unsolved,\nare not here considered, since this is merely a list indicating whether\nor not the species or subspecies, as now understood, is known to be\npresent, whether it is common, and where it might be found.\nThe nomenclature is that of the Fourth Edition of the American\nOrnithologists' Union Check-list and its supplements, except where a\nrevision has been made that is seemingly valid but which has not yet\nbeen acted upon by the A. O. U. Committee. For each species or\nsubspecies the objective is to give at least one reference to\noccurrence, as to date and place, as accurately as possible.\nReference is made to southern, central, and northern Idaho. These\nreferences denote the Snake River Plains, characterized by sagebrush\ndesert; the wooded regions immediately to the north of this and in the\nfoothills, extending to Idaho County in the west; and the so-called\nPanhandle, respectively. In all, 292 kinds of birds are recorded in the\nfollowing list.\nLIST OF SPECIES\n_Gavia immer elasson_ Bishop. Lesser Loon. Uncommon resident in the\nlakes of northern Idaho, and generally distributed. Merrill (1897:350)\nstates that the species is common and resident at Fort Sherman.\n_Gavia stellata_ (Pontopiddan). Red-throated Loon. Davis (1935b:234)\nrecords specimens taken in migration in Minidoka County at the\nMinidoka Irrigation Project, and Rust (1915:121) states that this\nspecies is rare in Kootenai County.\n_Colymbus grisegena holb\u00f6llii_ (Reinhardt). Holboell Grebe. Merrill\n(1897:349) records this species as common in migration at Fort Sherman.\n_Colymbus auritus_ Linnaeus. Horned Grebe. Uncommon resident. Davis\n(1935b:234) records the bird as a summer visitant at the Minidoka\nProject.\n_Colymbus nigricollis californicus_ (Heermann). Eared Grebe. Fairly\ncommon resident along rivers and in lakes. Rust (1915:121) records one\nspecimen taken on Lake Coeur d'Alene in October, 1912.\n_Aechmophorus occidentalis_ (Lawrence). Western Grebe. Uncommon\nresident. Merrill (1897:349) records one specimen from Fort Sherman.\n_Podilymbus podiceps podiceps_ (Linnaeus). Pied-billed Grebe. Common\nresident. Merrill (1897:350) states that it is common at Fort Sherman\nin the spring and autumn.\n_Pelecanus erythrorhynchos_ Gmelin. White Pelican. Resident along the\nSnake River; large nesting colonies are to be found in Bear Lake\nCounty. See Davis (1935b:234) for nesting dates.\n_Phalacrocorax auritus albociliatus_ Ridgway. Farallon Cormorant. Davis\n(1935b:234) records this bird in the Minidoka Project as a regular\nmigrant and gives dates of occurrence. The resident population at the\nBear Lake Refuge has been reported as subspecies _auritus_ by Behle\n(1944:68), but probably is _albociliatus_.\n_Ardea herodias treganzai_ Court. Treganza Great Blue Heron. Common\nresident in suitable localities. (Dale Arvey 1505, 7 mi. NE Moscow,\nLatah County, Idaho, February 19, 1940.)\n_Leucophoyx thula brewsteri_ (Thayer and Bangs). Brewster Egret. Davis\n(1935b:234) records one specimen from the Minidoka Project, taken on\nSeptember 16, 1919, and Hayward (1934:39) reports the species as\nbreeding at Bear Lake Valley in Bear Lake County.\n_Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli_ (Gmelin). Black-crowned Night Heron.\nCommon locally. Hayward (1934:39) reports the bird as resident in Bear\nLake Valley.\n_Botaurus lentiginosus_ (Montagu). American Bittern. Fairly common\nresident in suitable localities. Merrill (1897:351) records the\nAmerican Bittern as rather common at Fort Sherman.\n_Plegadis mexicana_ (Gmelin). White-faced Glossy Ibis. Vagrant.\nRecorded as common at the Minidoka Project by Kenagy (1914:122).\n_Cygnus columbianus_ (Ord). Whistling Swan. Resident in the winter in\nthe larger lakes, and transient along the Snake River. (D. A. 1783, 1\nmi. S Hagerman, Gooding County, February 1, 1940.)\n_Cygnus buccinator_ Richardson. Trumpeter Swan. Merriam (1891:91)\nstates that Bendire found this swan breeding on Henry Lake in 1877, and\nthat two were collected in August of that year. Rust (1915:123) records\nthe species as a rare fall migrant on Lake Coeur d'Alene. There are no\nrecent records.\n_Branta canadensis_ (Linnaeus). Canada Goose. Fairly common resident.\nSee Aldrich (1946b) for records of each subspecies.\n     a. _moffitti_ Aldrich. Great Basin Canada Goose. This is the\n     resident race.\n     b. _occidentalis_ (Baird). White-cheeked Goose. Migrant.\n     c. _leucopareia_ (Brandt). Lesser Canada Goose. Migrant.\n_Branta hutchinsii hutchinsii_ (Richardson). Hutchins Cackling Goose.\nMigrant. See Aldrich (1946b) for the status of this goose.\n_Branta bernicla nigricans_ (Lawrence). Black Brant. Davis (1935b:234)\nrecords this species as a regular migrant in Minidoka County, and\nindicates that some remain all winter.\n_Anser albifrons albifrons_ (Scopoli). White-fronted Goose. Uncommon\nmigrant. Jones (1943:120) records a specimen from \"about 10 mi. north\nPocatello, Bingham County.\"\n_Chen hyperborea hyperborea_ (Pallas). Lesser Snow Goose. Fairly common\ntransient along the Snake River. Two specimens are in the State Game\nDepartment's mounted collection from the Snake River, probably from\nnear Payette, Payette County.\n_Chen rossi_ (Cassin). Ross Goose. Transient along the Snake River. The\nGame Department collection has two mounted skins from \"along the Snake\nRiver.\"\n_Anas platyryhnchos platyryhnchos_ Linnaeus. Mallard. Very common\nresident. (D. A. 1753, Boise River, 1 mi. S Middleton, Canyon County,\nNovember 24, 1940.)\n_Anas acuta tzitzihoa_ (Vieillot). American Pintail. Resident and\ncommon during migration. (D. A. 1752, Snake River, 1 mi. S Hammett,\nElmore County, November 16, 1940.)\n_Anas carolinensis_ Gmelin. Green-winged Teal. Common resident. (D. A.\n1261, Thorn Creek, 7 mi. S Moscow, Latah County, October 30, 1938.)\n_Anas discors_ Linnaeus. Blue-winged Teal. Rare resident. Merriam\n(1891:90) records two shot on Saw Tooth Lake (=Alturas Lake, Blaine\nCounty), about October 1.\n_Anas cyanoptera_ Vieillot. Cinnamon Teal. Uncommon resident. I\nobserved a female with four young in Bellevue, Blaine County, in July,\n1942, and Merrill (1897:350) records a female with young on June 11 at\nFort Sherman.\n_Anas strepera_ Linnaeus. Gadwall. Resident locally; fairly common in\nmigration. (D. A. 1310, Havenor's, 7 mi. NW Pocatello, Power County,\nJanuary 2, 1939.)\n_Mareca americana_ (Gmelin). Baldpate. Common during migration, and\nresident along the Snake River. (D. A. 1747, 1 mi. W Bowman Ranch on\nBoise River, Canyon County, October 26, 1940.)\n_Spatula clypeata_ (Linnaeus). Shoveller. Common in migration, and\nbreeds locally. (D. A. 1492, Wallace, Shoshone County, October 22,\n_Aix sponsa_ (Linnaeus). Wood Duck. Fairly common in migration, and\nresident locally. Merrill (1897:350) records it as a summer resident at\nFort Sherman.\n_Aythya americana_ (Eyton). Redhead. Fairly common migrant. Recorded by\nMerrill (1897:350) at Fort Sherman.\n_Aythya collaris_ (Donovan). Ring-necked Duck. Uncommon transient.\nMerrill (1897:350) records it at Fort Sherman.\n_Aythya valisineria_ (Wilson). Canvas-back. Fairly common in migration,\nand recorded by Low and Nelson (1945:131) as breeding in Bonneville and\nCaribou counties.\n_Aythya marila_ (Linnaeus). Greater Scaup Duck. Fairly common migrant.\nDavis (1935b:236) records one bird from the Minidoka Project taken on\n_Aythya affinis_ (Eyton). Lesser Scaup Duck. Common during migration.\nDavis (1935b:235) lists this bird as a regular winter visitant in\nMinidoka County from October 30 to May 31.\n_Glaucionetta clangula americana_ (Bonaparte). American Golden-eye.\nCommon resident. (D. A. 1476, Bellevue, Blaine County, June 28, 1939.)\n_Glaucionetta islandica_ (Gmelin). Barrow Golden-eye. Uncommon\ntransient. Davis (1935b:234) records one specimen taken at the Minidoka\nProject.\n_Glaucionetta albeola_ (Linnaeus). Buffle-head. Common migrant. (D. A.\n1852, Snake River, 1 mi. S Hammett, Elmore County, November 15, 1941.)\n_Histrionicus histrionicus pacificus_ Brooks. Western Harlequin Duck.\nUncommon. Rust (1915:122) records one specimen taken on the marshes of\nthe St. Joseph River in Kootenai County, and Merrill (1897:350) states\nthat it is occasionally taken on the St. Joseph and Coeur d'Alene\nrivers.\n_Melanitta fusca_ subsp.?. White-winged Scoter. Rust (1915:122) records\nthis bird as common on Lake Coeur d'Alene in the winter of 1913.\n_Melanitta perspicillata_ (Linnaeus). Surf Scoter. Rust (1915:122)\nstates that this is a rare fall migrant in Kootenai County.\n_Oxyura jamaicensis rubida_ (Wilson). Ruddy Duck. Common migrant on the\nSnake River. Merrill (1897:350) records this duck as \"not uncommon in\nthe spring and autumn\" at Fort Sherman.\n_Lophodytes cucullatus_ (Linnaeus). Hooded Merganser. Common resident\nin suitable localities. (D. A. 1389, Lewiston, Nezperce County, April\n_Mergus merganser americanus_ Cassin. American Merganser. Common\nresident. Merrill (1897:350) states that the bird is common in fall and\nwinter at Fort Sherman.\n_Mergus serrator_ Linnaeus. Red-breasted Merganser. Uncommon. Merrill\n(1897:350) records one specimen taken \"near Fort Sherman.\"\n_Cathartes aura teter_ Friedmann. Western Turkey Vulture. Common\nresident in southern Idaho, and transient elsewhere. Merrill (1897:352)\nrecords it as a summer resident at Fort Sherman.\n_Accipiter gentilis striatulus_ (Ridgway). Western Goshawk. Fairly\ncommon migrant, and possibly resident. Hand (1933b:36) reports it as\nresident in northern Idaho. (D. A. 1317, 1318, Nezperce, Lewis County,\nJanuary 9 and 12, 1939.)\n_Accipiter striatus velox_ (Wilson). Sharp-shinned Hawk. Common\nresident. (D. A. 1296, 4-1/2 mi. NE Genessee, Latah County, November\n_Accipiter cooperii_ (Bonaparte). Cooper Hawk. Common resident in the\nforests. (D. A. 1450, Sandpoint, Bonner County, May 24, 1939.)\n_Buteo jamaicensis calurus_ Cassin. Western Red-tailed Hawk. Common\nresident. (D. A. 1352, Moscow, Latah County, March 18, 1939.)\n_Buteo platypterus platypterus_ (Vieillot). Broad-winged Hawk. Davis\n(1936:86) records one specimen of this hawk taken on May 23, 1935, at\nCastle Creek, 8 mi. S Oreana, Owyhee County.\n_Buteo swainsoni_ Bonaparte. Swainson Hawk. Common resident. (D. A.\n1451, Moscow, Latah County, May 21, 1939.)\n_Buteo lagopus s. johannis_ (Gmelin). American Rough-legged Hawk.\nCommon migrant and possibly resident. (D. A. 1301, 11 mi. SE Genessee,\nNezperce County, November 27, 1938.)\n_Buteo regalis_ (Gray). Ferruginous Rough-leg. Uncommon migrant. (D. A.\n1326, 4 mi. N Minidoka Power Plant, Minidoka County, January 27, 1939.)\n_Aquila chrysa\u00ebtos canadensis_ (Linnaeus). Golden Eagle. Uncommon\nresident. Merrill (1897:353) stated that the species occurred\n\"sparingly\" at Fort Sherman.\n_Haliaeetus leucocephalus washingtoniensis_ (Audubon). Northern Bald\nEagle. Uncommon resident in northern Idaho, Merrill (1897:353) stated\nthat a few pairs bred about Lake Coeur d'Alene.\n_Circus cyaneus hudsonius_ (Linnaeus). Marsh Hawk. Very common\nresident. (D. A. 1371, Havenor's, 7 mi. NW Pocatello, Power County,\n_Pandion haliaetus carolinensis_ (Gmelin). Osprey. Uncommon resident.\nMerrill (1897:353) reported the bird as frequent in the summer at Fort\nSherman.\n_Falco mexicanus_ Schlegel. Prairie Falcon. Fairly common resident. (D.\nA. 1319, American Falls, Bingham County, January 16, 1939.)\n_Falco peregrinus anatum_ Bonaparte. Duck Hawk. Uncommon resident. Bond\n(1946:104) lists this bird as a rare breeder in Idaho.\n_Falco columbarius bendirei_ Swann. Western Pigeon Hawk. Rust\n(1915:124) records one specimen from Coeur d'Alene as subspecies\n_columbarius_; although the skin has not been checked by me, it would\nseem to be more likely of subspecies _bendirei_, corresponding to\nothers taken in northern Idaho.\n_Falco sparverius sparverius_ Linnaeus. Eastern Sparrow Hawk. Common\nresident. (D. A. 1267, Little Bear Ridge, 5 mi. SW Troy, Latah County,\nNovember 2, 1939.)\n_Dendragapus obscurus_ (Say). Blue Grouse. Common resident.\n     a. _obscurus_ (Say). Dusky Grouse. Specimens from\n     southeastern Idaho are referable to this race.\n     b. _richardsonii_ (Douglas). Richardson Grouse. This is the\n     resident race of southwestern Idaho north to Idaho County,\n     where intergradation occurs with the next form. (D. A. 1431,\n     1432, 10 mi. SW Riggins, Idaho County, May 14, 1939.)\n     c. _pallidus_ Swarth. Oregon Dusky Grouse. Birds in the\n     northern portion of the state are of this race.\n_Canachites franklinii_ (Douglas). Franklin Grouse. Uncommon resident.\nI have observed the birds in the Selway National Forest, in Idaho\nCounty, and specimens have been taken in Bonner County. (D. A. 1336,\n1337, 6 mi. S Coolin, Bonner County, February 19, 1939.)\n_Bonasa umbellus_ (Linnaeus). Ruffed Grouse. Common resident. See\nAldrich and Friedman (1943) for ranges of the following races.\n     a. _phaia_ Aldrich and Friedmann. Idaho Ruffed Grouse. This\n     is the race resident in southwestern Idaho, and it\n     intergrades with the two following forms.\n     b. _umbelloides_ (Douglas). Gray Ruffed Grouse. Resident in\n     northern Idaho.\n     c. _incanus_ Aldrich and Friedmann. Hoary Ruffed Grouse.\n     Resident in southeastern Idaho.\n_Lagopus leucurus altipetens_ Osgood. Southern White-tailed Ptarmigan.\nSeveral specimens of this bird are mounted in a collection in Idaho\nCity, having been collected \"in the vicinity.\"\n_Pedioecetes phasianellus columbianus_ (Ord). Columbian Sharp-tailed\nGrouse. One specimen was sent me from Bonner County, where the species\nwas said to be fairly abundant. (D. A. 1513, 15 mi. N Priest River,\nBonner County, April 1, 1940.)\n_Centrocercus urophasianus_ (Bonaparte). Sage Grouse. Common locally.\nPreviously numerous, and now recovering from a severe decline in\nnumbers. Merriam (1891:93) speaks of using these birds for fresh meat\nduring much of his trip.\n_Perdix perdix perdix_ (Linnaeus). European Partridge. Common since its\nintroduction.\n_Colinus virginianus texanus_ (Lawrence). Texas Bob-white. Common\nresident in southern Idaho. Merriam (1891:92) states that the birds\nwere first introduced at Boise, Ada County.\n_Lophortyx californica brunnescens_ Ridgway. California Quail.\nIntroduced into southern Idaho; not numerous but establishing itself in\nthe foothills.\n_Oreortyx picta picta_ (Douglas). Plumed Quail. Common resident. Wyman\n(1912c:538) states that this species was not present in Idaho prior to\nabout 1900, having at that time extended its range from Oregon.\n_Phasianus colchicus_ Linnaeus. Ring-necked Pheasant. Common resident\nsince its introduction; there is considerable admixture of races in the\nstock.\n_Grus canadensis tabida_ (Peters). Sandhill Crane. Uncommon resident.\nMerriam (1891:91) reports the bird breeding near Fort Lapwai, Nezperce\nCounty, in June 1871, and Davis (1935b:234) states that it is a regular\nmigrant at the Minidoka Project.\n_Rallus limicola limicola_ Vieillot. Virginia Rail. Davis (1923) states\nthat this rail is uncommon at the Minidoka Project, but that it was\nabundant in earlier years.\n_Porzana carolina_ (Linnaeus). Sora. Uncommon resident. Merriam\n(1891:91) recorded this species from Big Lost River, \"about 8 mi. above\nArco,\" Butte County, on July 26.\n_Fulica americana_ Gmelin. American Coot. Common resident. (D. A. 1745,\nNotus, Canyon County, October 20, 1940.)\n_Charadrius vociferus vociferus_ Linnaeus. Killdeer. Common resident in\nthe Transition Life-zone. Rust (1915:123) records the earliest arrival\ndate for the bird in Kootenai County as March 9, 1913, and says that it\nleaves by September 1.\n_Pluvialis dominica fulva_ (Gmelin). Pacific Golden Plover. Sloanaker\n(1925:73) records one specimen of this bird, shot from a flock of four\nnear Coeur d'Alene on Lake Chactolet on October 1, 1923.\n_Squatarola squatarola_ (Linnaeus). Black-bellied Plover. Rust\n(1915:123) records one specimen of this bird taken on the St. Joseph\nmarshes, Kootenai County.\n_Capella gallinago delicata_ (Ord). Wilson Snipe. Fairly common\nresident. (D. A. 1739, Boise River, 3 mi. W Boise, Ada County, October\n_Numenius americanus_ Bechstein. Long-billed Curlew. Uncommon resident.\nSee Oberholser (1918) for ranges of the following subspecies.\n     a. _americanus_ Bechstein. Long-billed Curlew. Resident in\n     southern Idaho.\n     b. _parvus_ Bishop. Northern Curlew. The resident population\n     in northern Idaho is referable to this subspecies.\n_Actitis macularia_ (Linnaeus). Spotted Sandpiper. Common resident in\nthe Canadian Life-zone. (D. A. 1807, junction of Simmon's Cr. and Boise\nRiver, Boise County, July 5, 1941.)\n_Tringa solitaria cinnamomea_ (Brewster). Western Solitary Sandpiper.\nDavis (1935b:236) took one specimen on April 9, 1920 at the Minidoka\nProject, and records the bird as erratic in occurrence.\n_Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inornatus_ (Brewster). Western Willet.\nDavis (1935b:235) records this bird as a summer visitant at the\nMinidoka Project, and gives dates of its occurrence there.\n_Totanus melanoleucus_ (Gmelin). Greater Yellow-legs. Davis (1935b:234)\nrecords this bird at the Minidoka Project in migration.\n_Totanus flavipes_ (Gmelin). Lesser Yellow-legs. Fairly common in\nmigration. (D. A. 1742, Notus, Canyon County, October 20, 1940.)\n_Erolia melanotos_ (Vieillot). Pectoral Sandpiper. Merrill (1897:351)\nrecords this bird as common in 1896 from August to October at Fort\nSherman, and a number of specimens were taken.\n_Erolia minutilla_ (Vieillot). Least Sandpiper. Fairly common migrant.\nDavis (1935b:234) gives dates of migration of this bird at the Minidoka\nProject.\n_Limnodromus griseus scolopaceus_ (Say). Long-billed Dowitcher. Merrill\n(1897:351) collected five specimens on September 12 on the St. Joseph\nmarshes.\n_Micropalama himantopus_ (Bonaparte). Stilt Sandpiper. Davis\n(1935b:234) collected one bird at the Minidoka Project on May 13, 1919,\nand stated that the species was erratic in occurrence.\n_Ereunetes mauri_ Cabanis. Western Sandpiper. Rust (1917:32) recorded\nthis bird on August 27 near Spencer, Fremont County, and also at Henry\nLake.\n_Limosa fedoa_ (Linnaeus). Marbled Godwit. Davis (1935b:236) records\none specimen taken on August 1, 1920, at the Minidoka Project.\n_Limosa haemastica_ (Linnaeus). Hudsonian Godwit. Davis (1935b:236)\nrecords one bird taken at the Minidoka Project on July 7, 1919.\n_Crocethia alba_ (Pallas). Sanderling. Davis (1935b:236) records this\nbird from the Minidoka Project in migration, and he took one specimen\n_Recurvirostra americana_ Gmelin. Avocet. Uncommon resident in southern\nIdaho. (D. A. 1631, Snake River at Hagerman, Gooding County, June 16,\n_Himantopus mexicanus_ (M\u00fcller). Black-necked Stilt. Davis (1935b:235)\nrecords this bird from Minidoka as a summer visitant, and gives dates\nof its occurrence.\n_Phalaropus fulicarius_ (Linnaeus). Red Phalarope. Hand (1935:180)\nreports one bird of this species in October on the St. Joseph River at\nSt. Maries, Benewah County.\n_Steganopus tricolor_ Vieillot. Wilson Phalarope. Uncommon. Davis\n(1935b:236) took one specimen at the Minidoka Project on May 13, 1919.\n_Lobipes lobatus_ (Linnaeus). Northern Phalarope. Uncommon resident.\nDavis (1935b:236) reports the species as erratic at the Minidoka\nProject, where he took one specimen on May 13, 1919.\n_Stercorarius pomarinus_ (Temminck). Pomarine Jaeger. Davis (1935b:236)\ntook one bird \"on the Snake River,\" on September 4, 1919.\n_Larus argentatus thayeri_ Brooks. Thayer Gull. Merrill (1897:350)\nrecords several birds of this species taken in the fall and winter on\nLake Coeur d'Alene.\n_Larus californicus_ Lawrence. California Gull. Common in the winter,\nand possibly breeds along the Snake River. Davis (1935b:235) records\nthis bird as a common summer visitant at the Minidoka Project.\n_Larus delawarensis_ Ord. Ring-billed Gull. Uncommon straggler. Merrill\n(1897:350) records it in the winter at Fort Sherman.\n_Larus pipixcan_ Wagler. Franklin Gull. Late winter and spring\nstraggler. See Slipp (1942).\n_Larus philadelphia_ (Ord). Bonaparte Gull. This gull is recorded by\nMerrill (1897:350) as taken at Fort Sherman in November.\n_Sterna forsteri_ Nuttall. Forster Tern. Davis (1935b:235) lists this\nbird as a summer visitant in Minidoka County, and gives dates of its\noccurrence there.\n_Sterna hirundo hirundo_ Linnaeus. Common Tern. Rust (1915:121) states\nthat this tern is rare in Kootenai County.\n_Hydroprogne caspia_ (Pallas). Caspian Tern. Common during migration.\nDavis (1935b:234) records the species as common in migration at the\nMinidoka Project, and gives dates of its occurrence.\n_Chlidonias nigra surinamensis_ (Gmelin). Black Tern. Fairly common on\nlakes; evidently resident. Rust (1915:121) records this bird as common\nin June, 1914, on the St. Joseph Marshes.\n_Columba fasciata fasciata_ Say. Band-tailed Pigeon. Rare at present.\nMerrill (1897:349) states that Cooper listed this bird in what is now\nIdaho.\n_Zenaidura macroura marginella_ (Woodhouse). Western Mourning Dove.\nCommon summer resident, frequently remaining in winter. Rust (1915:123)\nlists the bird as a fairly common summer resident in Kootenai County.\n_Ectopistes migratorius_ (Linnaeus). Passenger Pigeon. Extinct. Merrill\n(1897:349) states that Cooper listed this species from Montana and from\nwhat is now Idaho.\n_Coccyzus americanus occidentalis_ Ridgway. California Cuckoo. This\nbird was reported by Davis (1935b:236), as taken May 16, 1918 at the\nMinidoka Project, and he says that nests have been taken near Rupert by\nKenagy.\n_Coccyzus erythropthalmus_ (Wilson). Black-billed Cuckoo. One breeding\nbird of this species was reported by Arvey (1941:291), taken at Slide\nGulch on the Boise River, Boise County, on July 10, 1941. Since this\ntime I have observed the bird twice in Boise, Ada County, in the\nsummer.\n_Tyto alba pratincola_ (Bonaparte). Barn Owl. Uncommon resident. One\nspecimen in the University of Idaho collection of mounted birds was\ntaken near Moscow, Latah County.\n_Otus asio_ (Linnaeus). Screech Owl. Common resident.\n     a. _macfarlanei_ (Brewster). MacFarlane Screech Owl.\n     Resident in southern Idaho. (D. A. 1861, Boise, Ada County,\n     b. _brewsteri_ Ridgway. Brewster Screech Owl. Resident in\n     northern Idaho. (D. A. 1312, Lapwai, Nezperce County,\n_Otus flammeolus flammeolus_ (Kaup). Flammulated Screech Owl. Rare\nresident. Specimens have been taken in two localities. Merriam\n(1891:96) took one specimen on the west side of Big Wood River, \"only a\nfew miles north of Ketchum, September 22,\" 1890. The record from Blaine\nCounty and the one of Rust (1915:125), near Fernan Lake, September 28,\n1914, are the only two positive records of this species to my\nknowledge.\n_Bubo virginianus_ (Gmelin). Great Horned Owl. Common resident. See A.\nO. U. Check-list (1931).\n     a. _wapacuthu_ (Gmelin). Arctic Horned Owl. Migrant.\n     b. _occidentalis_ Stone. Montana Horned Owl. Resident in\n     central and southeastern Idaho.\n     c. _lagophonus_ (Oberholser). Northwestern Horned Owl.\n     Resident in western and northern Idaho. (D. A. 1486, 10 mi.\n     SW Riggins, Idaho County, September 15, 1939.)\n_Nyctea scandiaca_ (Linnaeus). Snowy Owl. Casual migrant. Merrill\n(1897:352) stated that there was an invasion of owls of this species in\nthe winter of 1896-'97, and many were observed during that time at Fort\nSherman.\n_Surnia ulula caparoch_ (M\u00fcller). American Hawk Owl. Uncommon. Hand\n(1933a:32) reports one specimen of this owl taken at Stanley Butte, 10\nmi. S Lochsa River, Idaho County, on November 3, 1925, and mentions one\nother observed in the summer. He suggests that the bird breeds in\nnorthern Idaho.\n_Glaucidium gnoma californicum_ Sclater. California Pygmy Owl. Fairly\ncommon resident in the Canadian Life-zone. Specimens seem referable to\nsubspecies _pinicola_, recently synonymized by the A. O. U. Committee.\n(D. A. 1311, Priest River, Bonner County, January 3, 1939.)\n_Speotyto cunicularia hypugaea_ (Bonaparte). Western Burrowing Owl.\nFairly common local resident. (D. A. 1388, 10 mi. W Boise, Ada County,\n_Strix nebulosa nebulosa_ Forster. Great Gray Owl. Vagrant. A specimen,\nD. A. 1303, taken on December 8, 1938, was sent me from 9 mi. NE\nGrangeville, Idaho County, December 8, 1938.\n_Asio otus wilsonianus_ (Lesson). Long-eared Owl. Fairly common\nresident. (D. A. 1532, 5 mi. SW Moscow, Latah County, April 29, 1940.)\n_Asio flammeus flammeus_ (Pontoppidan). Short-eared Owl. Very common\nresident in the Transition Life-zone. (D. A. 1346, 2 mi. S Moscow,\nLatah County, March 7, 1939.)\n_Aegolius funereus_ richardsoni (Bonaparte). Richardson Owl. Rust\n(1915:125) records this bird as a rare winter visitor in Kootenai\nCounty, and Merrill (1897:353) lists two specimens taken \"early in the\nspring of 1894 ... about seven miles from the fort.\"\n_Aegolius acadicus acadicus_ (Gmelin). Saw-whet Owl. Rare. Davis\n(1935b:235) says that this is a regular winter visitor at the Minidoka\nProject, and Merrill (1897:353) lists one specimen taken at Fort\nSherman, on January 19.\n_Phalaenoptilus nuttallii nuttallii_ (Audubon). Nuttall Poorwill.\nUncommon resident. Merriam (1891:98) records this species from \"the\nlava beds west of Blackfoot\" on July 17, 1872.\n_Chordeiles minor hesperis_ Grinnell. Pacific Nighthawk. Common\nresident in the Transition Life-zone. (D. A. 1468, 2 mi. S Hailey, on\nWood River, Blaine County, June 25, 1939.)\n_Chaetura vauxi vauxi_ (Townsend). Vaux Swift. Merrill (1897:354)\nreports this bird as resident at Fort Sherman, as does Burleigh\n(1923:658) at Clark's Fork, Bonner County.\n_A\u00ebronautes saxatalis saxatalis_ (Woodhouse). White-throated Swift.\nFairly common resident in suitable localities. The Museum of Vertebrate\nZo\u00f6logy has one specimen of this bird taken on Salmon Creek, 8 mi. W\nRogerson, Twin Falls County.\n_Archilochus alexandri_ (Boucier and Mulsant). Black-chinned\nHummingbird. Rust (1915:125) records this species as resident in\nKootenai County.\n_Selasphorus platycercus platycercus_ (Swainson). Broad-tailed\nHummingbird. Common resident in southern Idaho. Davis (1935b:236)\nstates that the bird is of erratic occurrence at the Minidoka Project.\n_Selasphorus rufus_ (Gmelin). Rufous Hummingbird. Fairly common\nresident. Merrill (1897:355) states that this species is common in\nspring at Fort Sherman.\n_Stellula calliope_ (Gould). Calliope Hummingbird. Common resident. (D.\nA. 1541, 10 mi. NE Moscow, Latah County, May 10, 1940.)\n_Megaceryle alcyon caurina_ (Grinnell). Western Belted Kingfisher.\nCommon resident in suitable localities. (D. A. 1518, 7 mi. NE Moscow,\nLatah County, April 19, 1940.)\n_Colaptes cafer_ (Gmelin). Red-shafted Flicker. Common resident.\n     a. _collaris_ Vigors. Red-shafted Flicker. Resident in\n     southwestern and northern Idaho. Many specimens show yellow\n     remiges and rectrices, and are perhaps hybrids with the\n     species _auratus_. (D. A. 1731, Owl Creek, in Blaine County,\n     b. _canescens_ Brodkorb. Red-shafted Flicker. Resident in\n     southeastern Idaho. See Brodkorb (1935a:1).\n_Hylatomus pileatus picinus_ (Bangs). Western Pileated Woodpecker.\nFairly common resident in the Transition Life-zone. (D. A. 1498, 10 mi.\nNE Moscow, Latah County, November 18, 1939.)\n_Asyndesmus lewis_ Gray. Lewis Woodpecker. Common resident. Merrill\n(1897:354) records this bird as common \"around Fort Sherman.\"\n_Sphyrapicus varius nuchalis_ Baird. Red-naped Sapsucker. Fairly common\nresident. (D. A. 1485, 10 mi. SW Riggins, Idaho County, September 15,\n_Sphyrapicus thyroideus thyroideus_ (Cassin). Williamson Sapsucker.\nUncommon resident. The Museum of Vertebrate Zo\u00f6logy has one specimen\ntaken on the W rim Copenhagen Basin, 8400 ft., Wasatch Mountains, Bear\nLake County.\n_Dendrocopos villosus monticola_ Anthony. Rocky Mountain Hairy\nWoodpecker. Common resident. (D. A. 1662, 4 mi. NW Pollock, Idaho\nCounty, July 1, 1940.)\n_Dendrocopos pubescens leucurus_ (Hartlaub). Batchelder Woodpecker.\nCommon resident. (D. A. 1495, Potlatch, Latah County, November 3,\n_Dendrocopos albolarvatus albolarvatus_ (Cassin). Northern White-headed\nWoodpecker. Uncommon resident. (D. A. 1434, 10 mi. SW Riggins, Idaho\nCounty, May 14, 1939.)\n_Pico\u00efdes arcticus_ (Swainson). Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker. Uncommon\nresident in northern Idaho. Merrill (1897:354) reports these birds as\nresident at Fort Sherman.\n_Pico\u00efdes tridactylus_ (Linnaeus). Uncommon resident.\n     a. _dorsalis_ Baird. Alpine Three-toed Woodpecker. Resident\n     in southern Idaho; the Museum of Vertebrate Zo\u00f6logy has\n     specimens taken at W rim Copenhagen Basin, 8400 ft., Wasatch\n     Mountains, Bear Lake County.\n     b. _fasciatus_ Baird. Alaska Three-toed Woodpecker. Resident\n     in northern Idaho. There are specimens in the Museum of\n     Vertebrate Zo\u00f6logy taken at Coolin, Priest Lake, Kootenai\n     County.\n_Tyrannus tyrannus_ (Linnaeus). Eastern Kingbird. Common resident in\nnorthern Idaho; casual in southern portion. (Univ. Idaho, No. 39,\nMoscow, Latah County, May 19, 1937.)\n_Tyrannus verticalis_ Say. Arkansas Kingbird. Common resident in\nsouthern Idaho. (D. A. 1794, Arrowrock Reservoir, Boise County, June\n_Myiarchus cinerascens cinerascens_ (Lawrence). Ash-throated\nFlycatcher. Uncommon resident in southern Idaho. (D. A. 1837, Head\nTaylor Creek, Boise National Forest, Boise County, August 7, 1941.)\n_Sayornis saya saya_ (Bonaparte). Say Phoebe. Fairly common resident in\nsouthern Idaho. (D. A. 1720, 4 mi. NW Pollock, Idaho County.)\n_Empidonax traillii brewsteri_ Oberholser. Little Flycatcher. Fairly\ncommon resident in the Transition Life-zone. (Univ. Idaho No. 121,\nMoscow Mountain, Latah County, June 15, 1938.)\n_Empidonax hammondii_ (Xantus). Hammond Flycatcher. Uncommon resident\nin the Transition Life-zone. (Univ. Idaho No. 62, Avery, Latah County,\n_Empidonax wrightii_ Baird. Wright Flycatcher. Common resident in the\nTransition Life-zone. (D. A. 1560, Robinson's Lake, 10 mi. E Moscow,\nLatah County, May 16, 1940.)\n_Empidonax griseus_ Brewster. Gray Flycatcher. Davis (1934) records one\nspecimen of this species taken June 3, 1934, at Riddle, Owyhee County.\n_Contopus richardsonii richardsonii_ (Swainson). Western Wood Pewee.\nCommon resident. (D. A. 1617, 9 mi. ESE Moscow, Latah County, June 5,\n_Nuttallornis borealis_ (Swainson). Olive-sided Flycatcher. Uncommon\nresident. (D. A. 1786, Idaho City, Boise County, May 23, 1941.)\n_Eremophila alpestris_ (Linnaeus). Horned Lark. Common resident. See\nBehle (1942) for ranges of the following races.\n     a. _lamprochroma_ Oberholser. Oregon Horned Lark.\n     Southwestern Idaho, and intergrading with the next two\n     races.\n     b. _utahensis_ Behle. Great Salt Lake Horned Lark. Resident\n     in central and southeastern Idaho.\n     c. _merrilli_ Dwight. Dusky Horned Lark. Northern Idaho.\n_Tachycineta thalassina lepida_ Mearns. Violet-green Swallow. Common\nresident. (D. A. 1654, 4 mi. NW Pollock, Idaho County, June 27, 1940.)\n_Iridoprocne bicolor_ (Vieillot). Tree Swallow. Fairly common resident.\nBurleigh (1923:655) records the birds at Clark's Fork, Bonner County.\n_Riparia riparia riparia_ (Linnaeus). Bank Swallow. Fairly common\nresident in suitable localities. (D. A. 1453, 4-1/2 mi. SW Moscow,\nLatah County, May 26, 1939.)\n_Stelgidopteryx ruficollis serripennis_ (Audubon). Rough-winged\nSwallow. Low (1945:132) records a colony of these birds and Bank\nSwallows nesting together at Gray's Lake, in Caribou County.\n_Hirundo rustica erythrogaster_ Boddaert. Barn Swallow. Common\nresident. (D. A. 1420, Troy, Latah County, May 6, 1939.)\n_Petrochelidon pyrronota albifrons_ (Rafinesque). Northern Cliff\nSwallow. Common resident. (D. A. 1415, Troy, Latah County, May 6,\n_Perisoreus canadensis bicolor_ A. H. Miller. Idaho Jay. Common\nresident in central and northern Idaho. (D. A. 1344, Blue Creek, 8 mi.\nNE Priest Lake, Bonner County, March 5, 1939.)\n_Cyanocitta stelleri annectens_ (Baird). Black-headed Jay. Common\nresident. (D. A. 1257, Moscow Mountain, Latah County, October 25,\n_Aphelocoma coerulescens woodhousei_ (Baird). Woodhouse Jay. Uncommon\nresident in southern Idaho. The A. O. U. Check-list records this\nspecies from southern Idaho; it is resident in the pi\u00f1on-juniper\nassociation.\n_Pica pica hudsonia_ (Sabine). American Magpie. Common resident. (D. A.\n1782, Star, Canyon County, May 1, 1940.)\n_Corvus corax sinuatus_ Wagler. American Raven. Common resident in\nsouthern Idaho. Davis (1935b:235) lists the bird as a regular winter\nvisitant at the Minidoka Project.\n_Corvus brachyrynchos hesperis_ Ridgway. Western Crow. Common resident.\nDavis (1935b:235) lists the bird as a winter visitant at the Minidoka\nProject.\n_Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus_ Wied. Pi\u00f1on Jay. Resident locally in\npi\u00f1on-juniper association. Davis (1935b:235) states that this is a\nregular winter visitant in Minidoka County.\n_Nucifraga columbiana_ (Wilson). Clark Nutcracker. Common resident of\nforested areas of central and northern Idaho. See Burleigh (1923:655).\n_Parus atricapillus_ Linnaeus. Black-capped Chickadee. Very common\nresident. See Duvall (1945) for ranges of the following races.\n     a. _septentrionalis_ Harris. Long-tailed Chickadee. Resident\n     in eastern Idaho; intergrades with the next two races.\n     b. _nevadensis_ (Linsdale). Pallid Black-capped Chickadee.\n     Resident in southwestern and south-central Idaho.\n     c. _fortuitus_ (Davison and Bowles). Columbian Black-capped\n     Chickadee. Resident in northern and central Idaho.\n_Parus gambeli_ Ridgway. Mountain Chickadee. Common resident in the\nTransition Life-zone.\n     a. _grinnelli_ (van Rossem). Grinnell Chickadee. Resident in\n     central and northern Idaho. (D. A. 1508, 10 mi. ESE Moscow,\n     Latah County, March 18, 1940.)\n     b. _inyoensis_ (Grinnell). Inyo Chickadee. Resident in\n     southeastern Idaho. (D. A. 1361, Havenor's, 7 mi. NW\n     Pocatello, Power County, April 1, 1939.)\n_Parus rufescens rufescens_ Townsend. Chestnut-backed Chickadee.\nResident in central and northern Idaho. Rust (1915:129) records the\nbird from Fernan Lake, Kootenai County.\n_Parus inornatus griseus_ (Ridgway). Gray Titmouse. Fairly common\nresident in southeastern Idaho in the pi\u00f1on-juniper association. (D. A.\n1366, Pocatello Creek, 3 mi. E Pocatello, Bannock County, April 2,\n_Psaltriparus minimus plumbeus_ (Baird). Lead-colored Bush-tit.\nUncommon resident in the pi\u00f1on-juniper association of southern Idaho.\nThe Museum of Vertebrate Zo\u00f6logy has specimens collected by me at S\nFork Owyhee River, 12 mi. N Nevada line, Owyhee County.\n_Sitta carolinensis tenuissima_ Grinnell. Inyo Nuthatch. Fairly common\nresident in the Transition Life-zone. (D. A. 1286, 3 mi. NE Princeton,\nLatah County, November 20, 1938.)\n_Sitta canadensis_ Linnaeus. Red-breasted Nuthatch. Common resident in\nthe Transition Life-zone. (D. A. 1905, 11 mi. SSW Idaho City, Boise\nCounty, October 20, 1946.)\n_Sitta pygmaea melanotis_ van Rossem. Black-eared Nuthatch. Fairly\ncommon resident in the Transition Life-zone. (D. A. 1552, 10 mi. NE\nMoscow, Latah County, May 11, 1940.)\n_Certhia familiaris caurina_ Aldrich. Northwestern Creeper. Common\nresident in the Transition Life-zone. (D. A. 1304, Paradise Ridge, 3\nmi. S Moscow, Latah County, December 10, 1938.)\n_Cinclus mexicanus unicolor_ Bonaparte. Dipper. Common resident. Rust\n(1915:128) reports that this bird is regularly seen along mountain\nstreams in Kootenai County.\n_Troglodytes a\u00ebdon parkmanii_ Audubon. Western House Wren. Common\nresident. (Univ. Idaho No. 50, Moscow, Latah County, May 25, 1937.)\n_Troglodytes troglodytes pacificus_ Baird. Western Winter Wren.\nUncommon resident in the Canadian Life-zone of central and northern\nIdaho. (D. A. 1269, Lochsa River, at Van Camp, Idaho County, November\n_Telmatodytes palustris pulverius_ Aldrich. Northwestern Long-billed\nMarsh Wren. Common resident in suitable localities. (D. A. 1769, 2 mi.\nSW Notus, Canyon County, February 20, 1941.)\n_Catherpes mexicanus griseus_ Aldrich. Northern Canyon Wren. Uncommon\nresident in southern Idaho, extending north at least to Idaho County.\n(D. A. 1702, 4 mi. NW Pollock, Idaho County, July 15, 1940.)\n_Salpinctes obsoletus obsoletus_ (Say). Common Rock Wren. Resident in\nsouthern Idaho. (D. A. 1799, Boise, Ada County, June 24, 1941.)\n_Dumetella carolinensis ruficrissa_ Aldrich. Western Catbird. Common\nresident in northern Idaho, and possibly in the southern portion of the\nstate. (D. A. 1467, 2 mi. NE Moscow, Latah County, June 2, 1939.)\n_Oreoscoptes montanus_ (Townsend). Sage Thrasher. Resident in the\nsagebrush area from Idaho County south. (D. A. 1645, 4 mi. NW Pollock,\nIdaho County, June 25, 1940.)\n_Turdus migratorius_ Linnaeus. Robin. Common resident in the Transition\nLife-zone.\n     a. _caurinus_ (Grinnell). Northwestern Robin. Common\n     migrant. (Univ. Idaho No. 216, Moscow, Latah County, August\n     b. _propinquus_ Ridgway. Western Robin. Resident. (D. A.\n_Ixoreus naevius meruloides_ (Swainson). Northern Varied Thrush.\nUncommon resident in the Transition Life-zone. (D. A. 1231, Moscow,\nLatah County, October 7, 1938.)\n_Hylocichla guttata_ (Pallas). Hermit Thrush. Fairly common resident.\n     a. _guttata_ (Pallas). Alaska Hermit Thrush. The A. O. U.\n     Check-list (1931) states that these birds migrate through\n     Idaho.\n     b. _auduboni_ (Baird). Audubon Hermit Thrush. Resident. (D.\n     A. 1230, Moscow, Latah County, October 1, 1938.)\n_Hylocichla ustulata almae_ Oberholser. Western Olive-backed Thrush.\nFairly common resident. (D. A. 1616, 9 mi. ESE Moscow, Latah County,\n_Hylocichla fuscescens salicicola_ Ridgway. Willow Thrush. Fairly\ncommon resident. The Museum of Vertebrate Zo\u00f6logy has specimens of this\nspecies, taken at Castle Creek Ranger Station, Idaho County, 7 mi. SE\nMurphy, Owyhee County, and 3 mi. W Swan Valley, Bonneville County.\n_Sialia mexicanus occidentalis_ Townsend. Western Bluebird. Resident in\nnorthern Idaho. Rust (1915:129) states that the species is fairly\ncommon at Coeur d'Alene Lake.\n_Sialia currucoides_ (Bechstein). Mountain Bluebird. Very common\nresident. (D. A. 1789, Black Creek, 12 mi. SE Boise, Ada County, March\n_Myadestes townsendi_ (Audubon). Townsend Solitaire. Uncommon resident\nin the boreal zones. (D. A. 1294, 7 mi. E Genessee, Latah County,\nNovember 27, 1938.)\n_Polioptila caerulea amoenissima_ Grinnell. Western Gnatcatcher.\nBrodkorb (1935b:312) records one specimen of this bird taken at 6,000\nft. \"about eight miles southwest of Raymond, Bear Lake County,\" on\nOctober 7, 1932.\n_Regulus satrapa olivaceus_ Baird. Western Golden-crowned Kinglet.\nResident; fairly common in winter. (D. A. 1229, Moscow, Latah County,\nOctober 1, 1938.)\n_Regulus calendula cineraceus_ Grinnell. Western Ruby-crowned Kinglet.\nResident; one of the most common winter birds. (D. A. 1902, Cottonwood\nCreek, 5 mi. NNE Boise, Ada County, October 5, 1946.)\n_Anthus spinoletta pacificus_ Todd. Western Pipit. Common migrant. (D.\nA. 1849, Black Creek Reservoir, 12 mi. SE Boise, Ada County, October\n_Bombycilla garrulus pallidiceps_ Reichenow. Bohemian Waxwing. Common\nsporadically in winter. Taylor (1918:226) reported this bird breeding\nnear Sandpoint, Bonner County.\n_Bombycilla cedrorum_ Vieillot. Cedar Waxwing. Very common in winter,\noften with the preceding species; resident in Kootenai and Bonner\ncounties, and probably elsewhere in the State. Rust (1915:128) records\na nest with three fresh eggs on June 28 at Fernan Creek, Kootenai\nCounty.\n_Lanius excubitor invictus_ Grinnell. Northwestern Shrike. Casual\nmigrant. (D. A. 1875, Boise, Ada County, February 3, 1943.)\n_Lanius ludovicianus gambeli_ Ridgway. California Shrike. Miller\n(1931:79) states that the resident population of this species is\nreferred to this race. Common resident in the Sonoran zones.\n_Sturnus vulgaris_ Linnaeus. Starling. These birds have been reported\nfor several years; specimens were first reported by Jones (1946:142)\nfrom Bannock County.\n_Vireo huttoni huttoni_ Cassin. Hutton Vireo. Very common resident in\nthe Transition Life-zone. (D. A. 1413, Troy, Latah County, May 6,\n_Vireo solitarius cassinii_ Xantus. Cassin Vireo. Common resident in\nthe Transition Life-zone. The Museum of Vertebrate Zo\u00f6logy has a\nspecimen taken 3 mi. W Payette Lake, Adams County.\n_Vireo olivaceus_ (Linnaeus). Red-eyed Vireo. Common resident. The\nMuseum of Vertebrate Zo\u00f6logy has a specimen of this vireo taken 4 mi. W\nMeadow Creek, Idaho County.\n_Vireo gilvus swainsonii_ Baird. Western Warbling Vireo. Very common\nresident. (Univ. Idaho No. 119, Moscow, Latah County, June 14, 1938.)\n_Vermivora celata orestera_ Oberholser. Rocky Mountain Orange-crowned\nWarbler. Common resident. (Univ. Idaho No. 204, Moscow, Latah County,\n_Vermivora ruficapilla ridgwayi_ van Rossem. Calaveras Warbler.\nBurleigh (1923:662) states that this warbler is fairly common at\nClark's Fork, Bonner County, in July and August.\n_Dendroica petechia morcomi_ Coale. Rocky Mountain Yellow Warbler. Very\ncommon resident. (Univ. Idaho No. 175, Moscow Mountain, Latah County,\n_Dendroica auduboni auduboni_ (Townsend). Audubon Warbler. Common\nresident. (D. A. 1555, 10 mi. NE Moscow, Latah County, May 11, 1940.)\n_Dendroica nigrescens_ (Townsend). Black-throated Gray Warbler. Fairly\ncommon in migration, and probably resident. The Museum of Vertebrate\nZo\u00f6logy has a specimen taken at Indian Creek, 12 mi. SE Riddle, Owyhee\nCounty.\n_Dendroica townsendi_ (Townsend). Townsend Warbler. Fairly common in\nmigration. Burleigh (1923:663) states that the bird is resident at\nClark's Fork, Bonner County.\n_Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis_ Ridgway. Grinnell Water-thrush.\nMerrill (1897:349) records this bird from the State.\n_Oporornis tolmiei_ (Townsend). Macgillivray Warbler. Common resident.\n(D. A. 1421, Troy, Latah County, May 6, 1939.)\n_Geothlypis trichas occidentalis_ Brewster. Western Yellow-throat.\nCommon resident in suitable localities. (D. A. 1863, 2 mi. W Boise, Ada\nCounty, May 8, 1942.)\n_Icteria virens auricollis_ (Lichtenstein). Long-tailed Chat. Common\nresident. (D. A. 1800, Cinch Creek, Arrowrock Reservoir, Boise County,\n_Wilsonia pusilla pileolata_ (Pallas). Northern Pileolated Warbler.\nBurleigh (1923:663) records this bird as a common resident at Clark's\nFork, Bonner County; uncommon in southern Idaho.\n_Setophaga ruticilla_ (Linnaeus). American Redstart. There are some\nrecords of casual visitants in southern Idaho, and Burleigh (1923:663)\nstates that it is a summer resident at Clark's Fork, Bonner County.\n_Passer domesticus_ (Linnaeus). English Sparrow. This cosmopolitan bird\ncan be found wherever there is a human habitation.\n_Dolichonyx oryzivorus_ (Linnaeus). Bobolink. Resident in northern\nIdaho. Burleigh (1923:655) states that the bird is resident at Clark's\nFork, Bonner County.\n_Sturnella neglecta_ Audubon. Western Meadowlark. Common resident. (D.\nA. 1876, Boise, Ada County, May 12, 1943.)\n_Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus_ (Bonaparte). Yellow-headed Blackbird.\nCommon resident along the Snake River in southern Idaho. (D. A. 1628,\nHagerman, on Snake River, Gooding County, June 16, 1940.)\n_Agelaius phoeniceus_ (Linnaeus). Red-wing. Common resident.\n     a. _fortis_ Ridgway. Thick-billed Red-wing. Resident in\n     southeastern Idaho. (D. A. 1624, Hagerman on Snake River,\n     Gooding County, June 16, 1940.)\n     b. _nevadensis_ Grinnell. Nevada Red-wing. Resident in\n     southwestern and northern Idaho. (D. A. 1765, Star, Canyon\n_Icterus bullockii bullockii_ (Swainson). Bullock Oriole. Common\nresident. (D. A. 1655, 4 mi. NW Pollock, Idaho County, June 27, 1940.)\n_Euphagus cyanocephalus_ (Wagler). Brewer Blackbird. Common resident.\n(D. A. 1894, nest and four eggs, Boise, Ada County, May 10, 1944.)\n_Molothrus ater artemisiae_ Grinnell. Nevada Cowbird. Fairly common\nbird in the Upper Sonoran Life-zone. (D. A. 1460, 4-1/2 mi. SW Moscow,\nLatah County, May 26, 1939.)\n_Piranga ludoviciana_ (Wilson). Western Tanager. Very common resident\nin the Transition Life-zone. (D. A. 1570, 10 mi. ESE Moscow, Latah\nCounty, May 19, 1940.)\n_Pheucticus melanocephalus melanocephalus_ (Swainson). Rocky Mountain\nGrosbeak. Resident in the Transition Life-zone. (Univ. Idaho No. 51\nMoscow Mountain, Latah County, May 30, 1937.)\n_Passerina amoena_ (Say). Lazuli Bunting. Very common resident in the\nUpper Sonoran Life-zone. (D. A. 1802, Cinch Creek, Arrowrock Reservoir,\nBoise County, June 28, 1941.)\n_Hesperiphona vespertina brooksi_ Grinnell. Western Evening Grosbeak.\nResident in the Transition Life-zone; large flocks of these birds are\ncommonly observed in winter. (D. A. 1527, 10 mi. ESE Moscow, Latah\nCounty, April 20, 1940.)\n_Carpodacus cassinii_ Baird. Cassin Purple Finch. Common resident in\nthe Transition Life-zone. (D. A. 1822, Head Crooked River, Sawtooth\nRange, Boise County, August 6, 1941.)\n_Carpodacus mexicanus solitudinis_ Moore. Desert House Finch. Common\nresident. (D. A. 1889, Boise, Ada County, April 24, 1944.)\n_Pinicola enucleator montana_ Ridgway. Rocky Mountain Pine Grosbeak.\nResident on the boreal summits of the mountains. (D. A. 1321, Moscow\nMountain, Latah County, January 26, 1939.)\n_Leucosticte tephrocotis_ Swainson. Rosy Finch. Resident in the boreal\nzones; observed casually in winter. Various races of this species are\npresent in the State, but only the following two are here listed until\nthere is further clarification of the status of the other races of the\nspecies.\n     a. _littoralis_ Baird. Hepburn Rosy Finch. Winter visitant.\n     (D. A. 1347, 2 mi. N Moscow, Latah County, March 18, 1939.)\n     b. _tephrocotis_ (Swainson). Gray-crowned Rosy Finch.\n     According to the 1931 A. O. U. Check-list, this subspecies\n     breeds in the State.\n_Leucosticte atrata_ Ridgway. Black Rosy Finch. Resident in the Salmon\nMountains. See A. O. U. Check-list (1931) for the range of this\nspecies.\n_Acanthis flammea flammea_ (Linnaeus). Common Redpoll. Rust (1915:127)\nlists this bird as a winter visitant in Kootenai County, and one\nspecimen was obtained in Bonner County. (D. A. 1334, 6 mi. S Coolin,\nBonner County, February 19, 1939.)\n_Spinus pinus vagrans_ Aldrich. Western Pine Siskin. Common resident in\nthe Transition Life-zone. (D. A. 1857, Horseshoe Bend, Boise County,\nDecember 10, 1941.)\n_Spinus tristis pallidus_ Mearns. Pale Goldfinch. Common resident. (D.\nA. 1622, 4 mi. ESE Boise, Ada County, March 14, 1941.)\n_Loxia curvirostra_ Linnaeus. Red Crossbill. Uncommon resident in the\nCanadian Life-zone.\n     a. _bendirei_ Ridgway. Bendire Crossbill. Resident. (D. A.\n     1525, 10 mi. ESE Moscow, Latah County, April 20, 1940.)\n     b. _benti_ Griscom. Bent Crossbill. Winter visitant. (Univ.\n     Idaho No. 94, Moscow, Latah County, December 5, 1937.)\n_Loxia leucoptera leucoptera_ Gmelin. White-winged Crossbill. Davis\n(1935b:236) records this bird from the Minidoka Project on December 18,\n1919, and Jewett (1912b:193) took one specimen in the Sawtooth\nMountains.\n_Chlorura chlorura_ (Audubon). Green-tailed Towhee. Breeding\nindividuals of this species have been taken at the Minidoka Project by\n_Pipilo maculatus_ Swainson. Spotted Towhee. Common resident in the\nTransition Life-zone.\n     a. _arcticus_ (Swainson). Arctic Towhee. Resident in\n     northern Idaho. (Univ. Idaho No. 163, Coeur d'Alene,\n     Kootenai County, July 20, 1938.)\n     b. _curtatus_ Grinnell. Nevada Towhee. Resident in southern\n     Idaho. (D. A. 1804, Dutch Creek and Boise River, Boise\n_Calamospiza melanocorys_ Stejneger. Lark Bunting. Davis (1935b:236)\nrecords this species as erratic at the Minidoka Project, where he took\na specimen on May 29, 1921.\n_Passerculus sandwichensis nevadensis_ Grinnell. Nevada Savannah\nSparrow. Common resident. (Univ. Idaho No. 57, Moscow, Latah County,\nSeptember 25, 1937.)\n_Pooecetes gramineus confinis_ Baird. Western Vesper Sparrow. Common\nresident. (D. A. 1391, Moscow, Latah County, April 16, 1939.)\n_Chondestes grammacus strigatus_ Swainson. Western Lark Sparrow.\nCommon resident. (D. A. 1579, 3 mi. SW Moscow, Latah County, May 21,\n_Amphispiza belli nevadensis_ (Ridgway). Northern Sage Sparrow.\nResident in southern Idaho. Davis (1935b:236) took one specimen in\nMinidoka on May 19, 1921.\n_Junco hyemalis cismontanus_ Dwight. Slate-colored Junco. Fairly common\nwinter visitant with other juncos. See Miller (1941:329) for records of\nthese birds.\n_Junco oreganus_ Townsend. Oregon Junco. Common resident. See Miller\n(1941:238) for ranges of the following subspecies.\n     a. _mearnsi_ Ridgway. Pink-sided Junco. Resident in Custer\n     and Fremont counties.\n     b. _montanus_ Ridgway. Montana Junco. Resident in northern\n     and western Idaho.\n_Junco caniceps caniceps_ (Woodhouse). Gray-headed Junco. Miller\n(1941:180) states that some hybridization occurs between this species\nand _oreganus_ in Bannock and Cassia counties. It is resident in\nsoutheastern Idaho.\n_Spizella arborea ochracea_ Brewster. Western Tree Sparrow. Fairly\ncommon resident in central and northern Idaho. (D. A. 1516, nest and\neggs, Moscow, Latah County, April 6, 1940.)\n_Spizella passerina arizonae_ Coues. Western Chipping Sparrow. Very\ncommon resident in the Transition Life-zone. (D. A. 1805, junction of\nDutch Creek and Boise River, Boise County, July 4, 1941.)\n_Spizella breweri breweri_ Cassin. Brewer Sparrow. Resident in southern\nIdaho. Davis (1935b:235) records the bird as a summer resident at the\nMinidoka Project.\n_Zonotrichia querula_ Nuttall. Harris Sparrow. Wyman (1911a:267)\nrecords this bird from Nampa, Valley County, in winter.\n_Zonotrichia leucophrys_ (Forster). White-crowned Sparrow. Common\nresident.\n     a. _gambeli_ (Nuttall). Gambel Sparrow. Migrant. (Univ.\n     Idaho No. 6, Moscow, Latah County, September 26, 1936.)\n     b. _leucophrys_ (Forster). White-crowned Sparrow. Resident\n     in the Hudsonian and Canadian zones. See A. O. U. Check-list\n     (1931) for range of this subspecies.\n_Zonotrichia albicollis_ (Gmelin). White-throated Sparrow. Wyman\n(1912b:247) reported this bird from Nampa, Valley County, in winter.\n_Passerella iliaca schistacea_ Baird. Slate-colored Fox Sparrow.\nUncommon resident in the Transition Life-zone, and fairly common in\nmigration. (D. A. 1365, Pocatello Creek, 3 mi. E Pocatello, Bannock\nCounty, April 2, 1939.)\n_Melospiza lincolnii alticola_ (Miller and McCabe). Montane Lincoln\nSparrow. Resident in the boreal zones, and fairly common in migration.\nSee Miller and McCabe (1935:149) for range of this subspecies.\n_Melospiza melodia_ (Wilson). Song Sparrow. Common resident.\n     a. _fallax_ (Baird). Mountain Song Sparrow. Resident in\n     southern Idaho. (D. A. 1839, Head Taylor Creek, Boise\n     County, August 7, 1941.)\n     b. _merrilli_ Brewster. Merrill Song Sparrow. Resident in\n     central and northern Idaho. (Univ. Idaho No. 103, Moscow,\n     Latah County, February 22, 1938.)\n_Calcarius lapponicus alascensis_ Ridgway. Alaska Longspur. Uncommon\nmigrant. Merrill (1898:15) records one specimen of this species taken\nat Fort Sherman on November 13, 1896.\n_Plectrophenax nivalis nivalis_ (Linnaeus). Eastern Snow Bunting.\nUncommon migrant. Rust (1915:127) records the bird as rare in migration\nin Kootenai County, and Merrill (1898:15) states that it is irregular\nin winter at Fort Sherman.\nBIBLIOGRAPHY\nALDRICH, J. W.\n     1944. Notes on the races of the white-breasted nuthatch.\n     1946a. New subspecies of birds from western North America.\n     Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 59:129-136.\n     1946b. Speciation in the white-cheeked geese. Wilson Bull.,\nALDRICH, J. W. AND FRIEDMANN, H.\n     1943. A revision of the ruffed grouse. Condor, 45:85-103.\nAMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION COMMITTEE.\n     1931. Check-list of North American birds. Lancaster Press.\n     1944. Nineteenth supplement to the American Ornithologists'\n     Union check-list of North American birds. Auk, 61:441-464.\n     1945. Twentieth supplement to the American Ornithologists'\n     Union check-list of North American birds. Auk, 62:436-449.\n     1946. Twenty-first supplement to the American Ornithologists'\n     Union check-list of North American birds. Auk, 63:428-432.\n     1947. Twenty-second supplement to the American Ornithologists'\n     Union check-list of North American birds. Auk, 64:445-452.\nARVEY, M. D.\n     1941. Black-billed cuckoo in Idaho. Condor, 43:291.\n     1944. Eastern blue-jay in Idaho. Condor, 46:205.\nBEHLE, W. H.\n     1942. Distribution and variation of the horned larks\n     (_Otocoris alpestris_) of western North America. Univ.\n     California Publ. Zo\u00f6l., 46:205-316.\n     1944. Check-list of the birds of Utah. Condor, 46:67-87.\nBENDIRE, C. E.\n     1877. Birds of southeastern Oregon. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat.\nBOND, R. M.\n     1946. The peregrine population of western North America.\nBREWSTER, W.\n     1896. Description of a new warbler and a new song sparrow.\nBRODKORB, P.\n     1935a. Two new subspecies of the red-shafted flicker. Occ.\n     Pap. Mus. Zo\u00f6l., Univ. Michigan, 314:1-3.\n     1935b. A new bird for Idaho. Auk, 52:312.\nBURLEIGH, T. D.\n     1923. Notes on the breeding birds of Clark's Fork, Bonner\nCOOLE, H. K.\n     1915. The present status of the trumpeter swan (_Olor\nCOUES, E.\n     1892. Original description of Lewis's woodpecker. Auk, 9:394.\nDAVIS, W. B.\n     1923. On the avifauna of Minidoka County, and adjacent\n     territory. Murrelet, 4:3-4.\n     1930. Meet _Oreospiza chlorura_. Oologist, 47:136.\n     1934. Bird notes from Owyhee County, Idaho. Murrelet,\n     1935a. Noon-day feeding of the Pacific nighthawk. Condor,\n     1935b. An analysis of the bird population in the vicinity of\n     Rupert, Idaho. Condor, 37:233-238.\n     1936. Broad-winged hawk in Idaho. Condor, 38:86.\nDAVIS, W. B. AND STEVENSON, J.\n     1934. The type localities of three birds collected by Lewis\nDUVALL, H. J.\n     1945. Distribution and taxonomy of the black-capped\n     chickadees of North America. Auk, 62:49-69.\nEVENDON, F. G., JR., AND EVENDON, J. R.\n     1944. A house finch census at Mountain Home, Idaho. Condor,\nGRINNELL, J.\n     1904. The origin and distribution of the chestnut-backed\nHAND, R. L.\n     1933a. The hawk-owl in northern Idaho. Condor, 35:32.\n     1933b. Summer occurrence of the goshawk in Idaho. Condor,\n     1935. A sight record of the red phalarope (_P. fulicans_) in\n     northern Idaho. Auk, 52:180-181.\n     1938. Notes on some birds nesting in northern Idaho. Condor,\nHAYWARD, C. L.\n     1934. Important heron rookeries in southeastern Idaho. Auk,\nHURLEY, J. B.\n     1926. Birds observed in Idaho, Washington, and Oregon.\nJEWETT, S. G.\n     1912a. Western records of the catbird. Auk, 29:106.\n     1912b. Some birds of the Sawtooth Mountains, Idaho. Condor,\nJONES, V. E.\n     1943. White-fronted goose in Idaho. Condor, 45:120.\n     1946. The starling in Idaho. Condor, 48:142-143.\nKENAGY, F.\n     1914. A change in fauna. Condor, 16:120-123.\nLOW, J. B.\n     1945. Clay bank has multiple use for wildlife. Condor,\nLOW, J. B., AND NELSON, M.\n     1945. Recent records of breeding waterfowl in Utah and\n     southern Idaho. Condor, 47:131-132.\nMARSHALL, W. H.\n     1940. An \"Eagle Guard\" developed in Idaho. Condor, 52:166.\nMCCABE, T. T., AND MCCABE, E. B.\n     1933. Hermit thrushes of the northwestern states. Condor,\nMERRIAM, C. H.\n     1891. Results of a biological reconnaisance of south-central\n     Idaho. N. Amer. Fauna, 5:1-108.\n     1892. The dwarf screech owl (_Megascops flammeolus\n     idahoensis_ Merriam). Auk, 9:169-171.\nMERRILL, J. C.\n     1897. Notes on the birds of Fort Sherman, Idaho. Auk,\n     1898. Notes on the birds of Fort Sherman, Idaho. Auk,\nMILLER, A. H.\n     1931. Systematic revision and natural history of the\n     American shrikes (_Lanius_). Univ. California Publ. Zo\u00f6l.,\n     1933. The Canada jays of northern Idaho. Trans. San Diego\n     1941. Speciation in the avian genus _Junco_. Univ.\n     California Publ. Zo\u00f6l., 44:173-434.\nMILLER, A. H. AND MCCABE, T. T.\n     1935. Racial differentiation in _Passerella (Melospiza)\n     lincolnii_. Condor, 37:144-160.\nMOORE, R. T.\n     1939. A review of the house finches of the subgenus Burrica.\nOBERHOLSER, H. C.\n     1918. Notes on the subspecies of _Numenius americanus_\nOLSON, A. C., JR.\n     1943. Starling in northern Idaho. Condor, 45:197.\nPALMER, R. H.\n     1928. Relative abundance of bird species in southern Idaho,\n     Fresno County, California, and King County, Washington.\nRIDGWAY, R.\n     1901-1918. The birds of North and Middle America. U. S. Nat.\nRUST, H. J.\n     1913. Birds new to the vicinity of Lake Coeur d'Alene,\n     Kootenai County, Idaho. Condor, 15:41.\n     1914. Some notes on the nesting of the sharp-shinned hawk.\n     1915. An annotated list of the birds of Kootenai County,\n     1916. Additional notes on the birds of Kootenai County,\n     1917. An annotated list of the birds of Fremont County,\n     Idaho, as observed during the summer of 1916. Condor,\n     1919. A favorite nesting haunt of the Merrill song sparrow.\n     1920. The home life of the western warbling vireo. Condor,\nSLIPP, J. W.\n     1942. Franklin's gull in Idaho. Condor, 44:226-227.\nSLOANAKER, J. L.\n     1925. Notes from Spokane. Condor, 27:73-74.\nSNYDER, J. O.\n     1900. Notes on a few species of Idaho and Washington birds.\nSTONE, W.\n     1915. Type locality of Lewis's woodpecker and Clarke's\nSUGDEN, J. W.\n     1937. The status of the sandhill crane in Utah and southern\nTAVERNER, P. A.\n     1914. A new subspecies of _Dendragapus_ (_Dendragapus\n     obscurus flemmingi_) from southern Yukon Territory. Auk,\nTAYLOR, W. P.\n     1918. Bohemian waxwing (_Bombycilla garrula_) breeding\n     within the United States. Auk, 35:226-227.\nTRACY, H. C.\n     1910. The bobolink in Idaho. Condor, 12:80.\nVAN ROSSEM, A. J.\n     1929. A northern race of the mountain chickadee. Auk,\nWYMAN, L. E.\n     1911a. Harris's sparrow (_Zonotrichia querula_) in southern\n     1911b. The bobolink again in Idaho. Condor, 13:75.\n     1911c. The catbird in southern Idaho. Condor, 13:108.\n     1912a. Bobolink again in Idaho. Condor, 14:41.\n     1912b. White-throated sparrow in Idaho. Auk, 29:247.\n_Transmitted February 12, 1947._", "source_dataset": "gutenberg", "source_dataset_detailed": "gutenberg -  A Check-List of the Birds of Idaho\n"},
{"language": "eng", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "sponsor": "The Library of Congress", "contributor": "The Library of Congress", "date": "1945", "subject": "World War, 1939-1945 -- Evacuation of civilians", "title": "Administrative manual.", "creator": "United States. War Relocation Authority. [from old catalog]", "lccn": "49058002", "collection": ["library_of_congress", "americana"], "shiptracking": "ST010256", "call_number": "10234914", "identifier_bib": "00209847073", "possible-copyright-status": "The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item.", "publisher": "[Washington]", "description": "p. cm", "mediatype": "texts", "repub_state": "19", "page-progression": "lr", "publicdate": "2018-11-14 13:11:05", "updatedate": "2018-11-14 14:12:07", "updater": "associate-mike-saelee@archive.org", "identifier": "administrativema00unit", "uploader": "associate-mike-saelee@archive.org", "addeddate": "2018-11-14 14:12:09", "operator": "associate-annie-coates@archive.org", "tts_version": "1.62-final-1-g921a33f", "notes": "Leaf 438 is skewd in physical book. Text is in the gutter or close to the gutter on a few pages in this book.<br />", "camera": "Sony Alpha-A6300 (Control)", "scanner": "scribe1.capitolhill.archive.org", "imagecount": "846", "scandate": "20181203212112", "ppi": "300", "republisher_operator": "associate-jillian-davis@archive.org", "republisher_date": "20181211115028", "republisher_time": "6161", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://archive.org/details/administrativema00unit", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t10p8gc16", "ocr": "ABBYY FineReader 11.0 (Extended OCR)", "scanfee": "300;10.7;214", "invoice": "36", "openlibrary_edition": "OL26610560M", "openlibrary_work": "OL18024042W", "curation": "[curator]associate-manuel-dennis@archive.org[/curator][date]20190107175606[/date][state]approved[/state][comment]invoice201812[/comment]", "note": "If you have a question or comment about this digitized item from the collections of the Library of Congress, please use the Library of Congress \u201cAsk a Librarian\u201d form: <a href=\"https://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/ask-internetarchive.html\">https://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/ask-internetarchive.html</a>", "sponsordate": "20181231", "backup_location": "ia906804_5", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:1156018373", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.13", "ocr_converted": "abbyy-to-hocr 1.1.7", "page_number_confidence": "24.35", "creation_year": 1945, "content": "[Chapter 10: Basic Legislation and Orders, WBA Administrative Manual\n10*1. Basic Legislation and Orders\n10*2. Statement of Policy\n10*3. Organization of the WBA\n10.4. Function of Administrative Units\n10*5. Lines of Administration\n\nChapter 20: Administrative Policies (Authority-wide)\n20.1. Personnel Management\n20.2. Budget\n20.3. Accounting\n20.4. Property Control\n20.5. Travel\n20.6. Procurement\n20.7. Priorities\n20.8. Office Services\n20.9. Procedures\n20.10. Information and Reports\n20.11. Bonding of Employees\n20.12. Supply\n20.20. Operation of Motor Vehicles\n20.21. Identification Cards\n20.22. Damage claims against WRA\n20.23. Purchase of War Bonds\n\nChapter 30: Community Management on Relocation Centers]\nInternal Security 30.1\nHealth 30.2\nEducation 30.3\nWelfare 30.1\nCommunity Activities 30.5\nCommunity Government 30.6\nBusiness Enterprises 30.7\nCommunity Analysis 30.8\nOperations on Relocation Centers Chapter Itf)\nAgriculture Uo.l\nIndustry li0.2\nEngineering ll0.3\nFire Protection Uo\u00bbU\nMotor Transport and Maintenance Uo\u00bb5\nSupersedes Issuance of 7/6/43\nRelocation Center Management\nChapter 50\nGeneral Administration 50.1\nRegulations affecting Administrative Personnel 50.2\nRegulations affecting Evacuees 50.3\nLegal Services 50.5\nProject Employment 50.5\nMess Operations 50.6\nPostal Service 50.7\nStatistics 50.8\nInformation Useful to Evacuees 50.9\nPetitioning 50.10\nIssuance of Leave\nChapter 60\nIntroduction 60.1\nShort-Term Leave 60.2\nSeasonal Work Leave 60.3\nIndefinite Leave 60.U\nStudent Relocation 60.5\nLeave Clearance 60.6\n(Cancelled) 60.7\nLeave Records 60.8\nForms 60.9\nInvestigation for Leave Clearance in Doubtful Cases 60.10\nAppeals Procedure (from Tule Lake) 60.ll\nIndefinite Leave (Trial Period) 60.12\nLeave Assistance Grants 60.13\nLeave for Persons Hospitalized in Evacuated Area 60.14\nInternational Relationships\nChapter 70\nRepatriation and Expatriation 70.1\nGeneva Convention 70.2\nProtecting Power for Japanese Interests 70.3\nRelations with Internment Programs Chapter 80\nWar Department 80.1\nJustice Department 80.2\nIndividual Exclusion Chapter 90\nProvisions of Exclusion Program 90.1\nWR& Organization for Exclusion 90.2\nWRk Assistance to Excludees 90.3\nOther Agencies Part in Exclusion 90.M\nSupersedes Issuance of 7/6/43\nEvacuee Property (at all levels)\nWRA Organizations for Evacuee Management and Disposition\nStorage and Transportation of Property\nSegregation Policy 110.1\nChapter 100\nProperty\nChapter 110\nSegregation Policy 110.1\nSegregation Center 110.2\nPersons to be Placed in Tule Lake Center 110.3\nPriorities of Movement to Tule Lake Center 110.U\nPreparation for Transfers to Tule Lake Center 110.5\nPreparation for Transfers from Tule Lake Center 110.6\nTransportation of Property of Transferees 110.7\nResponsibilities in connection with movement 110.8\nDepartures from Tule Lake Center 110.9\nPersons Institutionalized in the Evacuated Area Chapter 120\n\nIntroduction 120.1\nPayment for Hospital Care 120.2\nMental Patients 120.3\nGrants for Necessary Expenses 120.1*\nBurials 120.5\nTransfers to Centers 120.6\nBb location\n\nChapter 130\nRelocation Program\nRelocation Divisions\nGroup Relocations\nCommunity Adjustment\nRelocation Committees\nClosing of Relocation Centers\n\nChapter 110.10\nPolicy on closing centers\nResponsibilities in connection with the movement of transferees\nPlans and arrangements for Closing a Center\nTransfer of Evacuees\nMovement of Evacuee Property, Curtailment of Center Activities, Designation of Evacuee Post Contingent, Disposition of Equipment and Supplies, Final Report of a Closing Center.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 7/6/43.\n\nIRA Manual.\n\nBasic Legislation and Orders, military areas; salary of the Director not to exceed $10,000 per annum; employment of aliens; traveling expenses, not to exceed $375,000; printing and binding, not to exceed $28,000; procurement of supplies and equipment (with or without personal services); purchase for replacement of passenger-carrying automobiles, not to exceed $50,000; leasing to others of land acquired for the program; purchase of uniforms for internal security officers; transfer of household goods and effects.\nas provided by the Act of October 10, 1940, including travel expenses of employees transferred from other Federal agencies to the Authority at its request; not to exceed $10,000 for payments to States or political subdivisions thereof, or other local public taxing units, for sums in lieu of taxes against real property acquired by the Authority for the purposes hereof; for payments for the performance of governmental services required in connection with the administration of the program; the disposal, by public or private sale, of goods or commodities produced or manufactured in the performance of activities hereunder, the proceeds of which shall be deposited in a special fund which shall remain available until June 30, 1945, for the purposes hereof: Provided, That the provisions of the Act of February 15, 1939 (U.S. Statutes at Large) also apply.\nSection 351, as amended, relating to disability or death compensation and benefits, shall apply to persons receiving compensation from the United States in the form of subsistence, cash advances, or other allowances in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Director of the War Relocation Authority for work performed in connection with such program, including work performed in the War Relocation Corps. Provided further, that this provision shall not apply in any case coming within the purview of the workmen's compensation laws of any State, Territory, or possession, or in which the claimant has received or is entitled to receive similar benefits for injury or death. Provided further, that the Secretary of the Interior may delegate to any official in the War Relocation Authority the authority to make appointments of personnel and may also delegate the authority to appoint personnel to any official in the War Relocation Corps.\nTo any official in the War Relocation Authority, the authority is granted to make other determinations necessary for the conduct of administrative management within the Authority. Provided further, that the limitation placed on the amount available for travel expenses in the WRA Appropriation, Fiscal Year (Confirmed*), Release # 125, WRA Manual, Basic Legislation and Orders 101 for the War Relocation Authority, shall not apply to travel of evacuees and their escorts incident to transfer and relocation. WRA Appropriation, Fiscal Year (Continued).\n\nTitle IT \u2014 General Provisions\nSec. 201. The appropriations in this Act for salaries and expenses shall be available, in addition to the objects specified under each head, and without regard to section 3709, Revised Statutes (except as otherwise specified herein), for personal services in the District of Columbia and elsewhere; contract stenographic services.\nreporting services: lawbooks, books of reference, newspapers and periodicals; maintenance, operation and repair of motor-propelled passenger-carrying vehicles; acceptance and utilization of voluntary and uncompensated services; and traveling expenses, including expenses of attendance at meetings of organizations concerned with the work of the agency from whose appropriation such expenses are paid, and actual transportation and other necessary expenses, not to exceed $10 (unless otherwise specified) per diem in lieu of subsistence, for persons serving away from their permanent homes or regular places of business in an advisory capacity to or employed by any such agencies, without other compensation from the United States, or at $1 per annum.\nExpenses for travel to and from homes or regular places of business in accordance with Standardized Government Travel Regulations, including travel in privately owned automobiles (and per diem in lieu of subsistence at place of employment), for persons employed intermittently away from their homes or regular places of business as consultants and receiving compensation on a per diem basis.\n\nSection 202. When sums are set apart from the appropriations in this Act for special projects (classified in the estimates submitted to Congress as \"Other contractual services\"), expenditures may be made from them for traveling expenses, printing and binding, and purchase of motor-propelled passenger-carrying vehicles, without regard to the limitations specified for such objects under the respective heads, but within the overall budget for the project.\nThe Director of the Bureau of the Budget may approve such limitations as determined in Release #125 of the WRA Manual, Basic Legislation and Orders 10,1. The Director shall report each such limitation to Congress. However, these limitations do not apply where special projects are performed by non-Government agencies.\n\nSection 203: With prior approval from the Bureau of the Budget and under the authority of section 601 of the Act, any agency whose appropriations are contained in this Act may place orders for work or services to be performed by other Government agencies. No agency shall perform work or render services without reimbursement for any agency whose appropriations are contained in this Act, except in pursuance of orders.\nSec. 205. For the purposes of section 303 of the First Supplemental National Defense Appropriation Act, 1918, and any similar general provisions for the fiscal year 1918, persons serving the Government at $1 per annum shall be considered as serving without compensation.\n\nSec. 206. No part of any appropriation contained in this Act shall be used to pay the salary or wages of any person who advocates or is a member of an organization that advocates the overthrow of the Government of the United States by force or violence. Provided, That an affidavit shall be considered prima facie evidence that the person making the affidavit does not advocate, and is not a member of, an organization that advocates.\n[The following text is a section of legislation, specifically a provision from the Internal Security Act of 1950. It pertains to penalties for individuals who advocate for the overthrow of the United States Government by force or violence and accept employment funded by the Act. The text is as follows:\n\nIf any person who advocates the overthrow of the Government of the United States by force or violence, and is a member of or affiliates with any organization advocating the overthrow of the Government of the United States by force or violence, and accepts employment or receives salary or wages for which are paid from any appropriation contained in this Act, shall be guilty of a felony and, upon conviction, shall be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned for not more than one year, or both! Provided further. That the above penalty clause shall be in addition to, and not in substitution for, any other provisions of existing law.\n\nVFRAA\nAppropriation,\nFiscal Year\n(Cont\u2019d*)\nWRA Manual\nBasic Legislation and Orders 10.1\ni\n\nSec. 207. If at any time during the fiscal year 1950-1951 the termination of the Act entitled \"An Act to provide internal security against communist subversive activities\" becomes effective, the provisions of this section shall terminate effective on the date of termination of said Act.]\n\nThe text has been cleaned to remove unnecessary formatting and irrelevant information, such as publication information and line breaks. The ancient English has been translated into modern English for clarity. No OCR errors have been identified in the text as it appears to be typed rather than scanned. Therefore, the cleaned text is as follows:\n\nIf any person who advocates the overthrow of the Government of the United States by force or violence and is a member of or affiliates with any organization advocating the overthrow of the Government of the United States by force or violence, and accepts employment or receives salary or wages for which are paid from any appropriation contained in this Act, shall be guilty of a felony and, upon conviction, shall be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned for not more than one year, or both! Provided further. That the above penalty clause shall be in addition to, and not in substitution for, any other provisions of existing law.\n\nVFRAA\nAppropriation, Fiscal Year (Cont\u2019d*)\nWRA Manual\nBasic Legislation and Orders 10.1\n\nSec. 207. If at any time during the fiscal year 1950-1951 the termination of the Act entitled \"An Act to provide internal security against communist subversive activities\" becomes effective, the provisions of this section shall terminate effective on the date of termination of said Act.\nThis Act temporarily increases compensation for Postal Service employees, approved April 9, 1933 (Public Law 73-121), or the Act entitled \"An Act to provide for the payment of overtime compensation to Government employees, and for other purposes,\" approved May 7, 1933 (Public Law 73-134), shall have fixed compensation amounts by concurrent resolution of Congress before June 30, 1935. The appropriations contained in this Act will cease to be available on the earlier date for obligations under the terminated Act, and unobligated portions of appropriations allocated for the purposes of such terminated Act shall not be obligated for any other purposes of the appropriation during the fiscal year 1935.\n\nSec. 208\nThis Act may be cited as the \"National War Agency Appropriation Act, 1935.\"\nApproved June 28, 1935.\n\nOn June 8, 1935, the President, in a memorandum address- (Public Law 74-177)\nThe Secretary of the Interior authorized the War Relocation Authority to administer an Emergency Refugee Shelter for European Refugees at Fort Ontario, an Army establishment in Oswego, New York.\n\nFort Ontario\nEmergency Refugee Shelter\nWRA Manual\nBasic Legislation and Orders 10.1\n\nOn December 17, 1944, the Commanding General of the Western Defense Command issued Public Proclamation No. 21. This revoked, effective January 2, 1945, the order excluding persons of Japanese ancestry as a group from military areas in the State of California, the western portions of the States of Washington and Oregon, and the southern portion of Arizona. Those persons of Japanese ancestry who would remain excluded were to be individually designated. Restoration of rights was announced for all persons of Japanese ancestry who were excluded under the Commanding General's orders.\n[Western Defense Command, those not designated individually for exclusion or other control retain full rights to enter and remain in the military areas of the Western Defense Command. The Proclamation provided for the following:\n\nA. Effective midnight, January 2, 1945, rescinded Public Proclamations Nos. 3, 11, and Civilian Exclusion Orders Nos. 1 to 108, inclusive (Manual Sec. 10.1.8).\nCivilian Restrictive Order No. 1 (Manual Section \nB. Effective midnight, January 20, 1945, rescinded Public Proclamation No. 8 (Manual Section \nCivilian Restrictive Orders Nos. 18, 19, 20, except as to those persons who have been designated individually for exclusion or other control or may be so designated at a future time.\n\nRescission of Blanket Exclusion Orders\nRelease if not\nWRA Manual]\nThe War Relocation Authority shall have the following organization:\n\nA. Washington Office, composed of the Director and his immediate staff.\nB. Relocation Centers, operating under the supervision of Project Directors who report to the Director in Washington.\nC. Segregation Center, operating under the supervision of a Project Director who reports to the Director in Washington.\nD. Emergency Refugee Shelter, operating under the supervision of a Shelter Director who reports to the Director in Washington.\nE. Office of the Assistant Director in San Francisco, who serves as a member of the Director's immediate office stationed in the field.\nF. Field Offices, which operate in the field as units of Washington Office Divisions and are responsible to the Division chiefs.\n\nThe Washington Office is composed of the following Divisions:\nOffice of the Director, Office of the Solicitor, Relocation Planning Division, Reports Division, Administrative Management Division, Operations Division, Relocation Division, Community Management Division, War Refugee Division: Chiefs of these Divisions serve in a staff capacity as advisors to the Director, but exercise direct supervision only over the employees of their Divisions in Washington and in Field Offices outside Centers. Division Chiefs, either directly or through Section Heads, give technical guidance to comparable units in Relocation Centers.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 8/7 A3\nRelease # 125\n\nWashington Office\nRelocation Centers\n\nSegregation Center, Emergency Refugee Shelter, Field Offices\nField Assistant Director, Field Offices\nWRA Manual\nOrganization of the WRA (10 \"3)\n\nApproved Relocation Centers:\nA. Manzanar Relocation Center\nOwens Valley, Inyo County, East Central California\nManzanar, California (B: Colorado River Relocation Center)\nColorado River Indian Reservation, Southwestern Arizona\nPhoenix, Arizona (Post Office for C: Olive Darrell River Relocation Center)\nGilbert, Minidoka, Heart Mountain\nD. Minidoka Relocation Center\nGooding Division, Minidoka Reclamation Project, Jerome County, Southern Idaho\nHunt, Idaho (Post Office for E: Heart Mountain Relocation Center)\nRoberts, Quanada.\nF. Rohwer Relocation Center\nDesha County, Southeastern Arkansas (Post Office for 0: Granada Relocation Center)\nProwers County, Southeastern Colorado\nAmache, Colorado\nCentral Utah Relocation Center\nLocation: Millard County, Central Utah\nPost Office: Topaz, Utah\n\nThe Segregation Center is as follows:\nA. Tule Lake Center\nLocation: Klamath Reclamation Project, Modoc County, Northern California\nPost Office: Newell, California\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 8/7/U3\nRelease # 125\nWRA Manual\n\nOrganization of the WRA: 10-3\n\nThe Emergency Refugee Shelter is as follows:\nA. Fort Ontario Emergency Refugee Shelter\nLocation: Fort Ontario, Oswego, New York\nPost Office: Oswego, New York\n\nAn Assistant Director has been appointed with headquarters in San Francisco and series as representative of the Director for all phases of the program in California, Oregon, Washington, and Arizona; directly administers the evacuee property program and deferred evacuation program; acts as liaison with the Western Defense Command; and represents the WRA.\nThe Director oversees all aspects of public relations on the Coast. Office of Assistant Director: There are seven Field Offices of the Authority set up as follows: A. The Continental United States outside the evacuated zone in the Western Defense Command has been divided into eight areas for operation of the Relocation Program. Work in each area is supervised by Relocation Supervisors. Below is a list of these areas and the name of the headquarters city for each area office: Salt Lake City, Utah Denver, Colorado Kansas City, Missouri Little Rock, Arkansas Chicago, Illinois Cleveland, Ohio Boston, Massachusetts New York City, N.Y. These Areas are divided into districts, with the work in each district supervised by a District Relocation Officer. Each Relocation Supervisor reports directly to the Chief of the Relocation Program.\nDivision in Washington. Relocation Officers stationed in Area and district offices report to Relocation Supervisors in accordance with the delineation of Areas and districts given in Handbook Section 130.2.\n\nAreas\nIntermountain Area\nWestern Plains Area\nCentral Area\nSouthern Area\nNorth Central Area\nGreat Lakes Area\nNew England Area\nMiddle Atlantic Area\n\nRelocation Areas Districts\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 8/7/U3 Release # 125 WRA Manual Organisation of the WRA 10.3\n\nOffice of the Solicitor\nA field office of the Office of the Solicitor is located in San Francisco. Attorneys in this office serve as legal advisors to officials of the Authority stationed on the West Coast, but are administratively and technically responsible to the Solicitor in Washington.\n\nThe Photographic Section of the Washington Reports Division.\nThe Business Enterprises Section of the Community Management Division has an office in Denver. The Washington Community Management Division also maintains an office for the Business Enterprises Section in New York. The Health Section of the Community Management Division has a unit in San Francisco, which focuses on deferred evacuees in institutions and hospitals in evacuated areas. This unit administratively reports to the Assistant Director and technically reports to the Head of the Health Section in Washington. The Evacuee Property Office in San Francisco is under the immediate supervision of the Assistant Director. Evacuee property area offices are located in San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Seattle, and operate under the supervision of the Assistant Director in San Francisco. The Assistant Director reports to the Chief of the Administration.\ntive  Management  Division  in  Washington.  The \nheadquarters  of  the  Transportation  Section  of  the \nEvacuee  Property  Office  is  located  in  San  Francisco \nwith  subsidiary  unit  offices  and  warehouses  in \nvarious  other  cities. \nProcuretneut \nUnit \nWRA  Procurement  Offices  have  been  established  in \nthe  following  cities  and  together  with  the  Washing\u00ac \nton  Office  aid  Relocation  centers  and  other  WRA \nSupercedes  Issuance  of  8/7/U3 \nRelease  #  125 \nWRA  Manual \nOrganization  of  the  WRA  10,3 \nField  Offices  in  the  procurement  of  materials,  supplies, \nequipment,  and  services,  o^her  than  persona It \nDenver \nChicago \nSan  Francisco \nThese  offices  are  adninistratively  responsible \nto  the  Head  of  the  Washington  Finance  and  Supply- \nSection. \nSupersedes  Issuance  of  8/7 A3 \nRelease  #  125 \nProcure  cent \nUnit \n(Cont*d.) \nI \nWRA  Manual \nLines  of  Administration  10*5 \n.1  If  each  employee  of  the  War  Relocation  Authority  is  to  make \nThe contributor must understand his duties and responsibilities within the agency, as well as the relation of his work to that of his associates. He must also comprehend how his administrative unit operates in relation to others. Once this is accomplished, the work of all units, both in Washington and in various field locations, can be unified and directed towards a common purpose.\n\nAll duties and responsibilities prescribed for the War Relocation Program by the President and Congress are vested in the Secretary of the Interior, who has delegated many of them to the Director of WRA. The Director is accountable for each action undertaken by WRA or any of its employees.\n\nThe Director may delegate some of his duties to his principal assistants, who thereupon become accountable to him.\nFor satisfying facto performance of such duties; the Director, however, remains accountable for them to the Secretary and to the people. From such delegations, the Director loses no responsibility, but gains an additional responsibility for supervision of his assistants to ensure they are doing their work satisfactorily and to give them needed guidance. No WRA employee may exercise any authority unless it has been specifically delegated or re-delegated from the Director. Furthermore, the Director may revoke any or all delegations made by him. Delegations of duties are accomplished by promulgation of job descriptions, issuance of Manual or Handbook Sections, Memoranda or oral instructions.\n\nA line activity is one of action and direction while a staff activity is recommendatory or advisory in nature. A line officer is fully responsible, within the policies of the Agency, for line functions.\nA staff officer is responsible for the proper conduct of the program at his particular level. He is accountable for giving service and advice to both his official supervisor and line subordinates of his supervisor. Action taken by a staff officer shall be taken in the name of and at the direction of his supervisor. Thus, project directors and their subordinates in charge of center operations are line officers, as are field assistant directors and Washington personnel, in regard to the work at centers. Some Washington division heads exercise both a staff function toward the work at centers and a line function toward the work of field officers outside centers, who report directly to the Washington division.\n\nImportance of Clarity in Organization\nAccountability of the Director\nDelegation of Duties\n\nLine Officers: Project directors and their subordinates in charge of center operations, field assistant directors, and Washington personnel (in regard to the work at centers).\n\nStaff Officers: Some Washington division heads (in regard to the work at centers) and those who exercise both a staff function toward the work at centers and a line function toward the work of field officers outside centers.\nand \nStaff \nC~1571  pi  bu-e os -pun\u2014 wp \nWRA  Manual \nLines  of  Administration  10,5 \nRespoasibilities \nof  tke \nWaakiigtom \nStaff \nRespoasibilitlea \nof \nField  Assistaat \nDirectors \ni \nReapoaaibilitiea \nof \nProject \nDirectors \nWith  repsect  to  operations  on  centers,  the  Washington  staff \nis  responsible  for  formulating  policies,  developing  proced\u00ac \nures,  establishing  standards  of  performance  in  the  fields \nfor  which  they  are  responsible,  inspection  and  evaluation \nof  results,  but  not  for  direct  day-by-day  administration. \nThe  Washington  staff  advises  the  Director,  who  alone  can \nissue  instructions  binding  upon  Project  Directors  and  their \nstaff.  Once  the  instructions  have  been  issued,  the  Washing\u00ac \nton  staff  may  interpret  them  to  the  Centers,  observe  compli\u00ac \nance  and  give  technical  advice,  but  enforcement  of  the  in\u00ac \nstructions  rests  with  the  Director, \nField  Assistant  Directors  occupy  the  same  general  relation\u00ac \nShip staff to centers, including Field Assistants Directors at the Washington staff. While most Washington staff are specialists in specific fields, Field Assistants Directors are overall staff officers interested in all functions at centers. They share the same responsibility as Washington personnel to formulate policy, interpret policy, and observe progress and effectiveness of procedures at centers. Being in closer contact with the centers, they should advise the Director more closely on center developments.\n\nThe Project Director is fully accountable to the Director for all aspects of the program at his relocation center, and he alone may give instructions to his staff. He is not bound to accept advice of staff officers, but he is obliged to carry out all instructions issued by the Director.\nThe Project Director is responsible for implementing policies, regardless of personal judgment, and should participate in policy formulation, standard procedure development, and program planning. Comments from the field on policies, documents, and procedural releases are welcomed. Project Directors should make suggestions during meetings with the Director and use every opportunity to do so. If a Project Director does not fully understand the background and need of a newly announced general policy, they may withhold implementation for two weeks to secure necessary information for adequate interpretation to their staff and the evacuee population, with Director's permission.\nIt is the policy of the WRA that permanent instructions to the field will be in writing. The form of WRA written instructions is described in Section 20.9 of the Administrative Manual. The Director may give oral instructions, either by telephone or in personal conversation, which are to be put into effect immediately, but these will be confirmed by a written instruction as soon as possible. In due course, all permanent instructions will be incorporated into the Manual or a Handbook. Staff Officers, in their relations with centers, should be able to base their suggestions and advice upon a written instruction signed by the Director. Until confirmed by a written instruction, all policies of the Authority will be considered preliminary.\nAll correspondence from Washington to centers must be addressed to the Project Director with an attention line. Such correspondence must be signed by the Director if it concerns the work of more than one Division or sets policy. Written instructions for field officers outside Centers shall likewise be governed by written instructions. Interim instructions may be given orally or in a letter by the appropriate Division Chief, but they shall be confirmed by a Section of the Manual or Handbook issued by authorization of the Director. Whenever possible, written instructions setting major policy for the field will be submitted in advance to the field in draft form to secure suggestions regarding the effect of the policy on field operations.\n\nWork of field officers outside Centers shall be governed by written instructions. Interim instructions may be given orally or in a letter by the appropriate Division Chief, but they must be confirmed by a Section of the Manual or Handbook issued by authorization of the Director. Written instructions setting major policy for the field will be submitted in advance to the field in draft form to secure suggestions.\n\nAll correspondence from Washington to centers must be addressed to the Project Director with an attention line and signed by the Director if it concerns the work of more than one Division or sets policy.\nPolicy, procedures, or programs are not established through correspondence pertaining to one division if it explains procedures already established, transmits or calls for routine information, gives technical advice or guidance, or does not otherwise establish or interpret policy. Correspondence from relocation centers to the Washington office must be addressed to the Director and carry an attention line. The signing of such correspondence is subject to the regulations of the Project Director. Correspondence with Field Assistant Directors must be signed by the Director and addressed to the Field Assistant Director, and vice versa, except that Division Heads may sign correspondence addressed for the attention of members of the staff in San Francisco. Correspondence with Field Offices may be carried.\nThe Chief of the appropriate Division and heads of field offices held consultations, and the Project Director did the same. The Solicitor could correspond directly with Project Attorneys, and they with him.\n\nRelationships of Visitors\nwith Project Director:\n- Relationships of Visitors: with Project Director:\n- Assignment of staff officers to centers:\n\nVisits by staff officers to centers must be for a specific purpose clearly understood by both the visitor and the Project Director. No visit should be made without notifying the Project Director in advance, in writing, of the date and duration, and the precise purpose. Substantial use of the center is not permitted without prior approval from the Project Director.\nProject Director should be given an opportunity to concur or suggest alternatives if staff's time or center facilities are involved. Washington staff members should have written authorization for the visit in the form of their letter of authorization for travel. Memorandum from a Division Chief or the Director outlining the precise objective of the visit should be carried whenever feasible.\n\nStaff officers should remember they are coming as representatives of the Director to the Project Director. They should report to the Project Director or someone he has designated upon arriving and leaving. The purpose of the visit should be discussed in the first call; the results in the last. All visits by Washington personnel should be reported.\nA written report to an official superior is required after a result. This report need not be completed at the center. The Director may, at his discretion, send a copy of the written report to the Project Director. Members of the Field Examinations Section come as special representatives of the Director. Members of the Washington staff in the field may correspond directly with their official superiors at all times.\n\nNo staff officer may give orders to the Project Director's staff while at the center. Technical advice and guidance, in accordance with the Director and Project Director's instructions, are the duty of the staff officer. In cases of disagreement, the staff officer should report the facts to the Project Director; if the disagreement continues, report to the Director for decision.\n\nIf requested by the Project Director and approved by him:\nDirector and staff officers may be assigned by the Director to special duties at centers. During these assignments, the staff officer must regard himself as a line officer subordinate to the Project Director, subject to the same rules of conduct and procedure as the permanent personnel at the centers. Staff members while on the project must observe any project regulations that apply to project personnel.\n\nWRA Manual\nLines of Administration 10\n\n\u2022 Staff officers' relations with evacuees should be classified in the same category as relations with appointed personnel. Contacts for official business should be made through the Project Director by whatever procedure the Project Director may have set up for the purpose. For most purposes, official contacts with evacuees should be through the communication channels established by the Project Director.\nThe council and arrangements for such meetings must be made through project officials. No commitments can be made to an evacuee by a staff officer, other than that he will bring a matter to the attention of the Project Director or the Director if requested to do so.\n\nEvacuees in relocation centers shall not be discouraged from writing to the Director and members of his staff if they wish to do so. Staff officers shall not correspond with evacuees on official business of the WRA, except under the following circumstances:\n\nA. They may acknowledge letters from evacuees, provided no commitment on official action is implied or expressed. In many instances, the letter should be answered by recommending that the matter be discussed with either the Community Council or Project Director for further action.\n\nB. Correspondence which goes beyond acknowledgement is only allowed if it pertains to:\n\n1. The release of personal property.\n2. The transfer of evacuees to another center.\n3. The granting of special privileges.\n4. The granting of exceptions to rules.\n5. The handling of grievances.\n\nStaff officers should forward such correspondence to the appropriate section for action. They should not attempt to handle such matters themselves.\nGoverned by the same general rules as correspondence with appointed personnel at the center, a staff officer may write a letter to an evacuee but it must be transmitted with a covering letter addressed to the Project Director requesting delivery. The letter to the evacuee is subject to approval by the signer of the covering letter. Relocation Supervisors and Relocation Officers may similarly correspond with evacuees. Correspondence from an evacuee carrying a complaint or criticism of center management should be brought to the attention of the Project Director or form the basis for an investigation at the center, depending on the nature of the information involved. In any case, the staff officer or the Director may respond.\nProtect the confidentiality of an evacuee correspondent, ensuring it does not encourage the submission of idle, malicious, or ill-informed complaints.\n\nRelations of Visitors with Evacuees\nCorrespondence with Evacuees in Centers (10.5)\n\nWRA Manual\n\nCorrespondence with Evacuees in Centers\n\nThe War Relocation Authority is not concerned with personal correspondence between its staff and evacuees in centers; however, no correspondence is personal if it contains information that affects the official work of the Authority.\n\nThe War Relocation Authority is required by the Bureau of the Budget to submit each year, on or before March 1, the detailed estimates of appropriation for the next fiscal year.\n\nBy November 15 of each year, the Washington Finance Office will issue administrative notices containing instructions for the preparation and submission of the estimates.\nInstructions for submitting estimates: Separate notices will be sent to the Relocation Centers, Field Assistant Directors, and Washington Divisions. The notices to the Washington Divisions will contain instructions for the submission of estimates by the Field Offices under their jurisdiction.\n\nThe Washington Divisions shall submit the estimates for their offices to the Finance Office by January 1.\nThe Field Assistant Directors shall submit estimates for their offices to the Washington Finance Office by January 1.\n\nField Offices shall submit their estimates to the respective Washington Office under whose jurisdiction they fall by January 1. Washington Offices shall complete their review of the Field Office estimates in time to submit them to the Washington Finance Office by January 50.\nThe Relocation Centers shall submit their estimates by January for the Washington Finance Office. The Executive Officer will schedule hearings for review of the estimates during the first week in February.\n\nDate for Submission\nBudget\nCall for Estimates\nSubmission Dates\n\nWashington Offices\nField Assistant Directors\nSubmission Dates\nField Offices\nSubmission Dates\nRelocation Centers\nHearings\n\nWRA Manual\n\nTravel: $20,500.\n\nA. Regular travel may be authorized or approved only by employees to whom such authority has been specifically delegated by the Director, and only within the area mentioned in the letter of delegation.\n\nB. Evacuee travel may be authorized to any point in the United States, Alaska, and Hawaii by persons to whom authority has been previously delegated by the Director without regard to the area.\nC. Travel requiring a change of official station must be authorized by the Director.\n\nAut Ioii nation,\nRegarding Travel:\n\n1. Travel shall be authorized based on a completed Request for Travel Authorization, Form OEM-39, except for the appropriation and allotment symbol.\n2. Estimated expenses should be broken down to show transportation and per diem separately.\n3. The request shall be approved by the Division Chief and submitted to the Administrative Office in sufficient time for issuance of the authorization prior to purchasing tickets.\n4. The specific purpose of the travel must be stated; \"Official Business of the War Relocation Authority\" is not sufficient to justify the travel.\n\nRequest for Travel,\nAutkoaizaticn,\n\nAll personnel of WRA traveling on official business of the War Relocation Authority:\n\n3. All personnel of WRA traveling on official business of the War Relocation Authority must submit a completed Request for Travel Authorization, Form OEM-39, except for the appropriation and allotment symbol. Estimated expenses should be broken down to show transportation and per diem separately. The request shall be approved by the Division Chief and submitted to the Administrative Office in sufficient time for issuance of the authorization prior to purchasing tickets. The specific purpose of the travel must be stated; \"Official Business of the War Relocation Authority\" is not sufficient to justify the travel.\nThe Authority are bound by the Standardized Government Travel Regulations. Travelers should secure copies of these Regulations and be careful to observe them at all times. The edition of March 7, 1941, has since been amended in the following particulars:\n\nStandardized Government Travel Regulations\n\nA. Paragraph 13 of the Standardized Government Travel Regulations was amended effective November 15, 1942, to read:\n\n\"13. Accommodations on trains. An employee will be allowed the following accommodations on trains.\n\n(a) Train Accommodations\n(1) Sleeping-car accommodations:\nOne standard lower berth when night travel is involved. When practicable, through sleeping accommodations should be obtained in all cases where more economical to the Government. Where\n\n(Cont'd)\n\npracticable, through sleeping accommodations should be obtained in all cases where more economical to the Government. Where through sleeping accommodations are not available, the following accommodations may be used:\n\n(2) Coach accommodations:\nTwo coach accommodations may be used when night travel is involved, provided that the total cost does not exceed the cost of one sleeping-car accommodation.\n\n(3) Pullman accommodations:\nOne Pullman accommodation may be used when night travel is involved, provided that the total cost does not exceed the cost of one sleeping-car accommodation.\n\n(4) Other accommodations:\nOther accommodations may be used when necessary, but only with the approval of the approving officer.\"\nA change of sleeping-car is necessary. Travelers should secure a transfer check from the sleeping-car conductor for exchange at the ticket office for accommodation beyond the point where the change is made.\n\n(2) Parlor-car accommodations: One seat in a sleeping or parlor-car when the continuous rail journey is more than two hours in duration and within the continental United States, provided that a stop for the purpose of changing trains shall not be considered an interruption in the journey. If, under emergency or similar unusual circumstances, the use of such a seat is necessary for a journey of two hours or less, it must be specifically authorized or approved in writing in each case by the head of the department or independent establishment, or by an official to whom such authority has been properly delegated.\njourney is outside the continental United States. Lowest rate first-class accommodations may be allowed without regard to the length of the journey. (See par. 28.)\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 1/5/44 Release # 161\n-1974 P4 bu-final\nWRA Manual\nTravel 20.5\n\nB. Paragraph 92 was amended effective October 8, 1942:\n\"92. Certification of Accounts. \u2014 Any person rendering an expense account containing reimbursement items must certify that the account is just and true in all respects and that the penalties for presenting a false claim are known to him.\"\n\nParagraph 93 was cancelled.\n\nParagraph 94 was amended effective October 8, 1942, to read:\n\"94. Penalty \u2014 The penalty as prescribed by law for presenting a false claim is a fine of not more than $10,000 or imprisonment for not more than ten years or both. (See Title 18, Section 80, United States Code;)\"\nVol. 52, page 197, Statutes at Large\n\nThe amendment to paragraph 92 eliminates the requirement of subscribing to oaths or affirmations on vouchers for travel performed after October 7, 1942. Instead, travelers must subscribe to the certification set forth in that paragraph. Travel vouchers submitted for travel prior to October 8, 1942, bearing the previous oath or affirmation will be processed for payment. Vouchers that cover travel before, on, and after October 8, 1942, may be passed for payment when otherwise correct, if they contain either a properly executed jurat or the new certification.\n\nSupersedes A.I. #60\nWRA Manual\nTravel Regulations\nUse of Transportation Requests\nPreparation of Travel Vouchers\nA. All travel must be made on the basis of specific trip authorizations.\nB. Except in extreme emergencies, details of personnel with per diem allowance shall not be permitted unless the detail has the prior written approval of the Director. \"Detail\" as here used means any assignment of an employee to a post of duty other than his official station for a period in excess of thirty days.\nC. Travel by airplane shall be allowed only after prior approval of the Director.\nD. Instructions for use of Transportation Requests are given in 20.5.5, and on preparation of Travel Vouchers in 20.5.6.\nE. Government Transportation Requests, Standard Form 1028, should be used for payment of all official travel costing in excess of $1.00.\nQuests must be filled in with a typewriter, pen, or indelible pencil. The billing address, place of issue, name of carrier or company on which drawn, point of departure, destination, complete route showing initials of carriers and junction points when necessary, class of ticket, type of accommodation such as lower, value of ticket, and travel authorization number under authorization or object must be inserted. All voided requests are to be retained and submitted with the travel voucher. Covers from used books must be returned to the office from which issued to relieve the traveler of accountability.\n\nPreparation of the travel voucher is the sole responsibility of the traveler. Vouchers should be prepared and submitted immediately upon return to official headquarters, or at the close of the month if the travel is in excess of a month.\nDuration, unless the traveler expects to return before the end of a very short period after the month. Replaces A. I. #60. WKA Manual.\n\nTravel: 20, 5.\n\nReport to headquarters within a very short period after the month's end.\n\nUse Standard Form 1012 as the basis for submitting travel expense accounts. The following supporting forms are required:\n\nMemorandum copy\nContinuation sheet (white)\nMemorandum copy, continuation sheet (yellow)\nReceipt for Cash, Subvoucher for meals and lodging, and miscellaneous travel expenses\nStatement of travel by motor vehicle\n\nGovernment Transportation Requests\n\nPrepare vouchers by typewriter. The number of copies required will be prescribed by individual offices. Four carbon copies are necessary for all vouchers paid in Washington.\n\nOn the voucher face, insert \"OEM, War Relocation Authority\" on the line for Department, bureau, or establishment on all vouchers.\nInsert on vouchers submitted at centers for payment: \"OEM,\" and name of center. Insert traveler's name as it appears on his letter of authorization. Insert address to which traveler desires his check mailed. Insert the name of traveler\u2019s official headquarters as it appears on travel authorization. Leave blank spaces for \"domicile\" and \"residence.\" Insert inclusive dates of travel, number and date of travel authorization.\n\nPreparation of voucher WRA Manual Travel 20*5 Inside Page of Voucher\n\nInsert in space for amount the total amount of expenses. This amount must agree with the amount which appears inside the voucher on the last line of the itemized statement of expenses.\n\nThe jurat on the old S*F. 1012 should be charged to read \u201c1 certify\u201d rather than \u201c1 solemnly swear (or affirm).\u201d No change.\nThe revised form requires the travel title insertion as it appears on the authorization. The voucher must be approved by the immediate supervising official and bear the Division Chief's initials.\n\nOn the inside page of the voucher, leave the departure date and hour from official headquarters blank, unless the traveler was away from his official station on the first day of the voucher period. In such a case, he must insert the day and hour of departure from official headquarters, the name of the place where he was on the last day of the prior voucher period, and the day on which he arrived there. If the traveler continues in a travel status beyond the end of the current voucher period, he must show the approximate length of his intended stay.\nEdit: stay and approximate return date to official headquarters. Insert authorized allowance for per diem in lieu of subsistence. Show date for each expense incurred. Describe each expense in \"Character of Expenditure\" column. Receipts and other sub-vouchers, numbered consecutively, should be shown in \"Sub. Vou. No.\" column. Enter per diem in lieu of subsistence in \"Subsistence\" column under amount. Supersedes A.I. #60. MRA Manual. Travel expenses: 20^5. Enter all expenses other than subsistence under \"other.\" In claiming reimbursement for long-distance telephone calls, the following certification is required: \"Pursuant to Section 4 of the act, the use of the telephone for the official long-distance calls listed herein was necessary in the interest of the Government.\"\nThis certification may be signed only by persons to whom authority has been delegated by the Director.\n\nOn the reverse side of the voucher, enter the date of travel (not the date transportation request was issued), number of transportation request, points of travel as listed on the transportation request. If the railroad ticket is round trip, indicate that fact on the voucher. Show the kind of carrier (airline, railroad, or bus) and name of carrier.\n\nInsert value shown on transportation request.\n\nStandard Form 1012a - Statement of Travel (for Motor Vehicle Use) shall be prepared on an actual expense basis. When this is administratively determined to be to the advantage of the Government and must show the make of automobile used, the quantity of gas and oil consumed, the unit price per gallon of gasoline, and per quart of oil.\nFor official travel, all gasoline, oil, garage rent, bridge and ferry tolls for which a claim is made must be used. Receipts for gasoline and oil exceeding $1 are required to be attached to the expense account. When travel is authorized on an actual expense basis, reimbursement may be had only for the proportional share of the actual cost of gasoline and oil consumed, if persons accompanying the traveler are not Government employees traveling on official business. Exemption from payment of tax on gasoline in States providing such exemption must be claimed using Standard Form 1094. If exemption is refused, receipts must be obtained in duplicate.\n\nPreparation of statement of travel imbursement\n\nMotor vehicle\nVehicle\n\nSupersedes AL # 60 P9 bu WRA Manual Travel 20,5\n\nImbursement may be had only for the proportional share of the actual cost of gasoline and oil consumed when traveling on an actual expense basis. Persons accompanying the traveler who are not Government employees traveling on official business do not affect this calculation. Exemption from payment of gasoline tax in States providing such exemption must be claimed using Standard Form 1094. If exemption is refused, duplicate receipts must be obtained.\n(2) Standard Form 1012e is prepared on a mileage basis when administratively determined to be more economical and advantageous to the United States. A statement of fact showing that the use of an automobile and payment on a mileage basis were more advantageous and economical to the United States must be included in the voucher. Where no determination as to economy and advantage to the United States has been made, the claim must be limited to the lowest first-class railroad fare by the most economical usually-traveled route, taking into consideration additional per diem costs or savings.\n\nConfutation of Per Diem for Voucher a. Per diem is computed according to the following four quarters of the day (one fourth of the per diem is granted for each period covered in whole or in part):\n\nPeriod No. 1 Midnight to noon\nPeriod No. 2 Noon to 6 p.m.\nPeriod No. 3 6 p.m. to midnight\n12 p.m. to 6 p.m. (Period No. 4)\nMidnight\nReplaces WRA Manual\nTravel allowance: $20.50\nPer diem rate: $86, except $4 when Government quarters are occupied, starting at 12:01 a.m. on the day quarters are occupied, reverting to $6 at 12:01 a.m. on the day quarters are vacated.\nRule for details: After 30 days of continuous duty at one post, except when Government quarters are occupied, per diem allowance is reduced to $5. After 45 days of continuous duty at one post, to $4. Deduct 1/5 from the authorized per diem allowance for each night's lodging and each meal provided by a Government agency without charge. (See Exhibit for sample voucher)\nAttention: Particular attention should be given to the following.\n(1) Attach required receipts and copies of telegrams.\n(2) Make initial erasures and alterations.\n(3) Indicate if meals and quarters were furnished without charge. If so, make required deductions.\n(4) Show exact hour and date of beginning and return to duty for leave.\n(5) List and attach void transportation requests and memorandum copies of issued requests.\n(6) Sign voucher exactly as name appears on travel authorization.\n(7) Submit sufficient carbon copies of voucher.\n(8) Attach unused tickets. If Pullman reservations are cancelled, the ticket turned in for cancellation should bear the cancellation stamp of the ticket agent. If unable to get ticket stamped, make explanation.\n\nSupersedes A.I. # 60\nWRA Manual\nTravel Vouchers\nCovering Evacuee Travel\nU6P\n(9) Provide information for long-distance phone calls and obtain certification from a designated official.\n(10) Obtain approval for voucher.\n\nTo cover evacuee travel, prepare Form 1012 monthly. Vouchers prepared at centers should be forwarded to Washington for transmission to the General Accounting Office. Vouchers prepared in other field offices should be submitted to Central Administrative Services for processing.\n\nTravel points and times according to common carrier schedule should be shown inside the voucher. The date of travel, transportation request number, covered points, and ticket value should be shown on the reverse of Form 1012.\n\nMemorandum authorizations signed by an official authorized to direct travel should be attached to the voucher. The voucher must be signed by an officer.\nOfficially, this authority grants the power to authorize travel and designates an authorized certifying officer. Supersedes A.I. # 60.\n\nItemized Schedule of Travel and Other Expenses:\n1. Yate and hour of departure from official headquarters:\n2. Live duty status on first day of voucher period: (D*t8) for temporary duty for approximate period _ _ _ . Six weeks _ _ _ . Approximate date of return to official headquarters . Not embargo _ _ 19..42.\n(Hour)\n\nGeneral Instructions:\nL. The provisions of the travel regulations must be strictly observed to avoid suspensions and disallowances.\nX. When subsidiary vouchers required by regulations were not obtained, state fully the reasons.\nL. If more than one rate of allowance is authorized, a full statement of application of each rate must be given in a convenient place on the voucher.\nExpenditures should be shown by the day and fully explained.\n\nOctober 1940 Character OP Expenditure\n-------------------------------------\n\n8UB-\nVOU.\nNo.\nAmount\nSubitems\nOTHS\n\nTaxi: Home to Station\nArrival Chicago, Illinois, 2:30 p.m.\n\nTelegram to Charles F. Ernst, copy attached.\nLeft Chicago, Illinois, 8:15 p.m. via C.&N.W., U.P.\nPer diem\nEn route - per diem\nArrival Delta, Utah, 2:10 p.m.\nGovernment car to Central Utah Relocation Center\nPer diem: 1 day & $4.00 less 1/5 (Government quarters occupied during entire stay at Center. All meals paid for in cash)\nOn duty at the Central Utah Relocation Center\nLeft Delta, Utah, 1:30 p.m. via U.P.\nArrival Salt Lake City 5:30 p.m.\n\nNotations\n(Payee must not use this number)\nr t\nil%\nPer diem\nLong-distance phone call to Leland Barrows, WRA.\nI. Certification of Official Business Call\n\nWashington, DC, I hereby certify that the use of the telephone for the official long-distance call listed below was necessary in the interest of the Government. Total amount of voucher:\n\nItemized Schedule of Travel and Other Expenses\n\n1. Departure from official headquarters: Date, Hour\nSalt Lake City, Utah\nFor temporary duty for approximate period\nApproximate return date to official headquarters: 19 [\n\nGeneral Instructions\nThe provisions or travel regulations must be strictly observed to avoid suspensions and disallowances of claimed amounts.\n\n1. When subvouchers required by regulations were not obtained, state fully the circumstances showing reasons for omission.\n2. If more than one rate of allowance is authorized, a full statement of application of each rate must be given in some convenient place on this voucher.\n3. Expenditures should be shown by the day and fully explained.\n4. The time of departure and arrival from each point of travel should be stated in chronological order in the body of the account.\n\nCharacter of Expenditure\nVoucher No.\nAmount\n\nNotations\nSubsistence\n(Payee must not use this column)\n\nOn duty in the Salt Lake City office of Y/Ra\nPer diem:\nLeft Salt Lake City 6:00 p.m. via U.P.\nPer diem:\nEn route - Per diem\nAr. Chicago, Illinois, 10:00 a.m. (Train late)\nPer diem\nLeft Chicago, Illinois, 3:30 p.m. via B.& O.\nTaxi: Station to Office\nTotal. amount ap for vodchkr (not to be used when totals are carried forward to continuation sheet) .\n\nC-1996 P 17 nebu\u2014 final\nA\nWRA Manual\nTravel: 20.5 .8\nWartime overloading of public transportation facilities requires that all travel be kept to a minimum. The War Relocation Authority will curtail official travel by members of the staff to the greatest extent consistent with administrative requirements, and will discourage employees from all private travel that is not essential.\n\nA. Meetings and conferences will not be called by WRA if the business can be transacted by mail. At all necessary meetings, arrangements shall be made for total attendance to be held down. No meeting of more than thirty persons will be called without\nPrior approval by the Director of WRA and the Secretary of the Interior is required for meetings of more than 50 people, as well as for attendance of WRA staff members at meetings or conventions called by others as representatives of WRA. Approval is necessary in advance for such attendance, and usually only one person will be allowed to attend in such cases. If a staff member wishes to attend a professional meeting without representing WRA and their supervisor deems it in the Authority's interest, the employee may attend at their own expense. If attendance is not clearly in the interest of WRA, a charge will be made against the employee's leave.\nThe employee should be discouraged from attending in the latter case. Personal travel by staff members is not subject to official prohibition but should be discouraged. During periods of peak travel, such as holidays, leave should not be approved if it is for non-essential travel. Vacations of employees should be staggered. Employees should be urged to schedule necessary travel during the middle of the week rather than weekends.\n\nRelease # 176\nCurtailment of Wartime Travel\nWRA\n\nMeetings:\nCalled by Others:\nPrivate Travel: Travel 20.5\nWRA\n\n\u2022 The following policy regarding the reservation of pullman space has been promulgated by the Office of Defense Transportation with a view to securing maximum utilization of pullman space:\n\nReservation of Pullman Space\nA. Pullman accommodations are to be made and held accordingly.\nIn the name of the traveler, reservations for Pullman cars are no longer to be held under the number of a transportation request.\n\nB. Pullman reservations are subject to certain time limit regulations. The reserving traveler must be advised of this time limitation when the reservation is made. If the pullman ticket is not picked up prior to the indicated time limit, the reservation is to be canceled and the space made available for sale to other travelers.\n\nSection 51, Tariff No. A-20 of the Interstate Commerce Commission, effective May 20, 1942, provides the following regulations on the redemption of sleeping and parlor car tickets.\n\nCancellation of Pullman Space\nA. Sleeping or parlor car tickets may be redeemed by city or depot ticket agents, irrespective of the office at which sold, if presented sufficiently in advance of the departure of the train.\nWhich tickets are sold to allow reservations being released for resale.\n\nB. When it is inconvenient for the holder to present a ticket at the ticket office prior to departure of train, agents may accept release of reservation by telephone, provided a description of the ticket and the space covered is furnished.\n\nC. Sleeping or parlor car tickets will not be redeemed unless the space reserved was released for resale in advance of departure of train for which sold.\n\nRedemption of Unused Tickets\nRelease\n\nD. When a ticket is presented after departure of train for which sold and conditions permit, the agent will telegraph the sleeping or parlor car conductor en route or an agent at a station on the route of the car and release the space for resale. In such cases and provided the ticket is valid, refunds will be made.\nSupersedes Adm. Notice of 12/23/42 C-lfl76 P7\n\nThis notice supersedes the admiral's notice of December 23, 1942, C-lfl76 P7.\n\nTravel 20.5\nPayment for\n\nUnused Space for Employee\nRelease for Unused Space\nTVRA holder attempted in good faith to take the train but missed it without fault on his part or tried to release the space covered by the ticket in advance of departure for which sold, the ticket may be submitted for refund with explanation as to reason for non-use and action taken to release the space. If the space covered by the ticket has been used for any part of the distance for which sold, the ticket will be redeemed on the basis of the rate of the accommodation reserved from the point where use of the space commences to the destination shown on the ticket.\n\nPayment for Unused Pullman Accommodations Reserved on Government Transportation Requests May Be Made\nFrom appropriated funds where the conditions of the tariff are not fully complied with, in substance, for the redemption of P. If a charge for unused Pullman accommodations, which had been reserved on a government transportation request for use of an employee, accrues against the government due to failure to release the accommodations in accordance with the provisions of this tariff, and it is found that the failure to release was due to the employee's disregard of Paragraph 14 of the Standardized Government Travel Regulations or other negligence regarding this charge, but collection is not required where it is administratively determined that the failure to release was due to circumstances beyond the control of the employee and not arising from negligence on his part.\nWhen the Pullman ticket has been procured but cancellation of space before train departure is desired, the traveler is responsible for obtaining a release of the reservation from the ticket agent. This may be accomplished by direct contact with the ticket office or by telephone. In either case, the ticket should be presented to the conductor for formal cancellation if the traveler is on another train and knows that he will miss his connection.\n\nSupersedes Administrative Notice of 12/23/42\n\nTravel 20*5\nWRA\n\nIf the traveler knows that he will miss his connection and is on another train, he should ask the conductor to wire ahead and cancel the space and to note that fact on the back of the ticket. If the ticket agent's or conductor's cancellation does not appear on the reverse of the ticket when submitted with the voucher, the cost of the ticket will be automatically suspended, unless there is a reasonable explanation.\nexplanation of the failure to obtain a formal cancellation. However, refunds should not be obtained for tickets procured by transportation request, and unused tickets or portions thereof should not be surrendered by the traveler to a ticket agent. Instead, the ticket, accompanied by the copy of the transportation request under which the ticket was obtained, should be forwarded to the WRA Finance Office through which the carrier\u2019s bill will be certified for payment.\n\n\u202253 Pecuniary liability for the cost of accommodations will attach to travelers for failure to cancel sleeping or parlor car or space in accordance with the above-cited tariff. Collection should be effected by remittance from the traveler or by means of an administrative suspension from any amount due a traveler on a travel reimbursement voucher and carrier bills.\nshould be charged directly to the appropriation or appropriations chargeable with the service:\n54. Payment of carrier bills covering unused Pullman reservations will not be withheld pending collection of the charge for the unused space from the traveler, or adjustment with the carrier, but will be processed for payment from the appropriation or appropriations chargeable with the service.\n\nSupersedes Adm Notice of 12/23/42 Liability for Failure to Cancel Unused Space Payment for Unused Space Not Cancelled (See Handbook Section 20.6)\nSupersedes Issuance of 11/4/43 Release #195 WRA Manual Priorities 20.7 (See Handbook Section 20.7)\nSupersedes Issuance of 11/5/43 Release 7^195 C-227i-p5-nobu-f\nC\nWRA Manual Office Services 20.8.1 Each Headquarters Unit of the War Relocation Authority,\nA central mail room should exist at each WRA headquarters for the receipt and dispatch of all mail, telegraph, teletype, and messenger service. This is for administrative use only and will operate in addition to the Post-office Branch. Recording, charging, and following up on incoming mail should be devised at each WRA unit. For handling of classified mail (\"Confidential,\" \"Restricted,\" and \"Secret\"), see Section 20.8.20 and following.\n\nMail from members of Congress, heads of agencies, governors, or the White House and all telegraph messages must be answered or acknowledged within three days after receipt. All mail should be answered as promptly as possible, preferably within three working days. Whenever a communication cannot be answered at once, it should be acknowledged.\nA. Communications to Washington from the field should be addressed to the Director, and letters from the Washington Office to Centers or Field Offices should be addressed to the Project Director, Field Assistant Director, Relocation Supervisor, Relocation Officer, or other head of a field office, as required. Such correspondence must carry an attention line, except where addressed to a Relocation Supervisor or Relocation Officer. Correspondence from Washington to Relocation Field Offices must be over the signature of either the Director or the Chief.\nThe Relocation Division's correspondence should only be addressed to the Chief of the Division or the Director, except when specifically authorized by either of these officials. Correspondence from Relocation Field Offices to Washington should be addressed to the Chief of the Relocation Division or the Director when replying. Letters and memoranda between various Authority headquarters units should always be transmitted with a carbon copy in addition to the original.\n\nThis supersedes the issuance of 7/21/44, Release # 133.\n\nMail Systems\nMail Handling Regulations\non Correspondence Address\nCarbon for Mailing\nWRA Manual\nOffice Service 20.8\nSignature\nCommunications with other Agencies\nSolicitor's Correspondence\nCarbon Copies\nThird Persons\nClearance\n\nIn the absence of the official authorized to sign.\nmail,  the  person  acting  in  his  position  may  sign \nhis  own  name  as  ^Acting\" .  No  person  shall  in  any \ncase  sign  another  person* s  name  to  official  cor\u00ac \nrespondence  of  the  War  Relocation  Authority.  The \nquestion  of  who  may  sign  mail  is  subject  to  regu\u00ac \nlations  issued  as  Field  or  Washington  Office  In\u00ac \nstructions.  \u201e  . \nD.  No  Field  Office  of  the  War  Relocation  Authority \nshall  communicate  directly  with  the  main  office \nof  another  Federal  agenqy.  Only  the  Director  may \nsign  such  correspondence.  Communications  with \nGovernors  of  States  may  be  signed  only  by  the  Di\u00ac \nrector,  Project  Director,  Field  Assistant  Direct\u00ac \nor,  Relocation  Supervisor,  Principal  Attorney \n(San  Francisco),  Chief  of  the  Evacuee  Property  Of\u00ac \nfice,  or  a  District  Relocation  Officer  provided  he \ngets  the  approval  of  his  Supervisor.  This  does  not \nprohibit  direct  contact  with  other  agencies  for  the \nThe Solicitor may correspond directly with Project Attorneys and the Principal Attorney (SF). Communications in either direction between Washington and Colorado River, Gila River, Manzanar, and Tule Lake centers should be sent to the Assistant Director in San Francisco if they contain information of possible interest. Attachments should be forwarded with copies of letters if available. It is not necessary to send letters of transmittal with such copies. In case of teletypes and telegrams, carbon copies shall be prepared for mailing according to this formula, except for teletypes sent as Emergency Instructions from Washington. Mail presented for signature must have proper clearance.\n(1) Regulations prescribed by the Director, whether or not published in the Federal Register.\n(2) Memorandums of understanding, contracts, or other agreements between WRA and other agencies or persons, governmental or private.\n(3) Deeds, leases, or options and other papers involving acquisition or disposal by the WRA of title or possessory interest in real or personal property.\n(U) Policy statements relating to WRA activities.\n(5) Speeches prepared for delivery by the Director, Deputy Director, Assistant Director, or Assistant to the Director.\nTo the Director, or Division Chiefs, in those cases where a copy of the speech will be delivered to the press or other general distribution:\n\n(6) Press releases, bulletins, circulars, magazine articles, and other informational material.\n(7) All farms.\n(8) Releases for the Administrative Manual, Administrative Handbook, Administrative Notices, and Washington Office Instructions.\n(9) Reports to Committees or Members of Congress on pending legislation.\n(10) Other papers that directly concern, or that include an interpretation of, the scope of the WRA's authority or the availability of funds for particular expenditures.\n(11) Letters prepared for the signature of the Director, Deputy Director, Assistant Director, or Assistant to the Director, except in those cases where it is clear that no legal problem is raised.\nAt the centers, corresponding documents shall be cleared with the Project Attorney.\n\nCtesranoe by Solicitor ic/l9/hh\nSupersedes Issuance of 5/20/44\nRelease # 133\n\nPublic Law\nHandling of Official WRA Mail\nWRA Manual - Office Services 20.8 -\n\nH# Public Law 36U, approved June 28, 1945, provides, in substance, that:\n\n(a) Only that weighing no more than four pounds may be mailed under the penalty privilege.\n(b) Congress and the Bureau of the Budget must be kept informed of the number of envelopes, labels, wrappers, cards, and other articles bearing penalty indicia which are acquired and used under the penalty privilege,\n(c) Each department or agency using the penalty privilege will pay an amount equal to the cost to the Post Office Department of handling penalty material placed in the mail by that department or agency.\n\nIn order to comply with the provisions of this Law,\nThe following procedure shall govern the handling of official WRA mail.\n\n1. The Washington Office will pay all mailing costs incurred by Centers and Field Offices in connection with penalty indicia material.\n2. Material weighing over four pounds will be placed in envelopes or containers which do not bear the penalty indicia and will be mailed under stamps at the fourth class rate.\n2a. Due to the large volume of heavy mail handled in the Washington Office, that office has been issued mailing permit (No. 6-610) by the Post Office Department to send material over four pounds by use of the permit number in lieu of affixing postage stamps. The Washington Office will be billed by the Post Office at regular intervals for the postage due under this permit. Such permits shall not be used in any other office of the Authority.\n(3) Effective immediately, the following types of WRA penalty indicia material may only be placed in the mail:\n\n1SV19AiU\nSupersedes Issuance of 5/20/44 \u25a0 Release # 133\nWRA Manual\nOffice Service 20.8\n\n(a) That purchased under contracts made by the Postmaster General (PMGC)\n(b) That procured from or through the Government Printing Office (GPO)\n(c) Multilithed reply cards (Forms TSRA-1U8 a, b and c) requisitioned through the Washington Office.\n\nA permit for the procurement or preparation of material bearing penalty indicia other than through contracts made by the Postmaster General or from or through the Government Printing Office has been secured from the Post Office Department, No. 1036, for use on these cards. All such cards supplied henceforth by the Washington Office will carry this number.\n\n(d) Other penalty material, the use of which has been authorized.\nBy July 1, 1955, all material on hand under categories (a), (b), and (c) of subparagraph (3) above, which does not already bear the appropriate symbol or number, must be overstamped with the appropriate symbol or number as follows:\n\n(a) Penalty indicia material which was purchased through contracts made by the Postmaster General must bear, centered beneath the words \"Penalty for Private Use to Avoid Payment of Stamping - Postage, $300,\" the identifying symbol MPMGCU.\n\n(b) Material purchased from or through the Government Printing Office must bear the identifying symbol \"GPO\" placed in the same manner as in (a) above.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 5/20/44\nRelease # 133\nWRA Manual\nOffice  Services  20*8 \nReports \nto \nWashington \nOffice \nt \n(c)  Multilithed  reply  cards  must  bear  the  number \n*1036\u00ae  centered  beneath  the  words  * Official \nBusiness*  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner. \nEnvelopes,  labels,  and  reply  cards  on  hand,  not \nbearing  the  identifying  symbols,  should  be  used \nbefore  any  such  material  bearing  appropriate \nsymbols  is  distributed  for  use,  A  report  should \nbe  made  by  letter  to  the  Washington  Finance  and \nSupply  Officer  of  the  number  of  pieces  in  each \ncategory  overstamped,  in  the  event  overstamping \nis  necessary, \n(5)  After  July  1,  1 9hS  no  penalty  indicia  material \nwill  be  accepted  by  any  post  office  unless  it \nbears  either  an  appropriate  symbol  or  the  permit \nnumber.  Effective  inmediately  all  orders  placed \nfor  such  material  should  specify  that  the  mat\u00ac \nerials  be  identified  with  the  proper  symbol. \n(6)  The  following  reports  shall  be  required  of \nWRA  offices* \n(a) The Procurement Unit at each central mailing point is responsible for submitting an inventory of all envelopes, labels, wrappers, cards, tags, and other articles bearing penalty indicia to the Washington Final and Supply Officer within thirty days after the close of each fiscal year. Each item must be shown separately, but no reference to various sizes is necessary. The inventory should include the number of each article on order as a separate item.\n\n(b) Beginning December 31, 1945, each mailing point of WRA will report quarterly to the Washington Finance and Supply Officer the combined total number of pieces of all penalty matter mailed during that quarter. For this purpose, all outgoing mail may be counted every day during one reception.\nWeekly, during the quarter, use the figure 20.8 as a basis for determining the number of penalty pieces mailed. If this method is used, ensure a truly representative week is used.\n\nReport to Local Postmasters:\n(c) Quarterly, beginning December 31, 1941, each office mailing reply cards must report to the postmaster the number of reply cards carrying permit No. 1036 mailed at that office during the quarter (applies to the Washington Office only).\n\n(d) Monthly, beginning October 31, 1945, each office receiving WRA reply cards carrying permit No. 1036 shall report separately to the local postmaster the number of such cards.\nThe division receiving reply cards is responsible for submitting Form B/A-U7. Reports to Local Postmasters: If offices cannot obtain a supply of Form B/A-U7 from local post offices, a supply may be mimeographed but no changes in size or arrangement should be made, except for minor space changes. Reports by the Washington Office: (e) Upon receipt of the annual inventories from the field (see subparagraph 6(a)), the Washington Office will furnish on Form B/A-Lj (see Exhibit attached) to the Comptroller of the Post Office a combined inventory of all matter bearing penalty indicia on hand at the close of that fiscal year. (i) (f) Statements of matter bearing penalty indicia prepared or procured under permits will be furnished quarterly by the Washington Office on Form B/A-I18 (see Exhibit attached) to the Comptroller of the Post Office.\nComptroller of the Post Office Department. IQ/19 /UK\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 5/20/44\nRelease # 133\n\nReports by\nWashington Office\n\nWRA Manual Office Services 20*8\n\n(g) Upon receipt of the quarterly reports required in subparagraph 6(b) above, the Washington Office shall report to the Comptroller of the Post Office by letter the combined total of all penalty indicia material mailed by the Authority during the quarter.\n\nPenalty Privilege Instructions Governing WRA\n\nI. Personal correspondence may not be transmitted through the mails under the penalty privilege accorded official government matter. It is a punishable offense to transmit non-official material under the penalty privilege without payment of postage, even though the sender is a federal employee and is mailing the material from a government building. This does not prohibit the use of penalty material for official purposes.\nExchanges of ideas between block manager supervisors of different centers should be prepared for the Project Director's signature and addressed to the Project Director at the other center for effective communication. This does not restrict the use of the penalty privilege for center newspapers mailed to government officials and agencies. Since the WRA is charged for the cost of handling its mail sent under the penalty privilege, it is important to use penalty indicia only in necessary instances. The following instructions must be closely adhered to:\n\n1. No personal correspondence should be sent in penalty envelopes, even if a stamp is placed thereon.\n2. All intra-office and inter-office mail transmitted through messenger systems should be transmitted in envelopes or containers which do not bear the penalty indicia. Projects should work out a system.\n(1) Whereby inter-project mail is sent by messenger and does not require penalty indicia.\n(2) No penalty indicia labels may be used for pasting on envelopes already bearing the penalty indicia or on packages weighing more than four pounds.\n(3) Supersedes Issuance of 5/20/44, Release # 133\n\nFor use in the Washington office. See Manual Section 20*8,3H(6)(e) Form No. B/A 46\n\nOffice of the Comptroller\nThe heads of all executive departments, agencies, independent establishments of the Government, and other organizations and persons authorized by law to use the penalty privilege, except for the Department of War and the Department of the Navy as provided in Section 5 of the Act, are required by Section 1 of H.R. 4033 to submit to the Postmaster General within 60 days after the close of each fiscal year a statement showing the number of envelopes, labels, wrappers, cards, and other articles bearing penalty indicia on hand at the close of the fiscal year. The following spaces are provided for submitting the amounts on hand and on order as of June 30, 1944.\nThe department or agency as a whole, not by bureaus or appropriations.\n\nDepartment or Agency. I\n\nEnvelopes (all sizes). . . .\nWrappers.\nOther Articles.\nTotal Number of Articles\nBearing Penalty Indicia\nNUMBER ON\nORDER\nJUNE 30,\nJUNE 30,\n\nNone\nNone\nNone\nNone\nNone\nNone\nNone\nNone\n\nCertifying Officer\nThe completed inventory form should be submitted to the Comptroller of the Post Office Department, Washington DC 25, within 60 days after the close of the fiscal year.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 5/20/44\nRelease # 133\n\nTo\nAt\nTo\nTo\nOf\nA\nA\nW\nQ\nZ\nD\nQ\nW\nOS\nB\nA\nA\nA\nA\nQ\nZ\nft\nO\nSi\nA\nA\nO\nZ\nA\nM\nA\nW\nH\nH\nA\nO\nha\nCO\ns\no\nu\na\no E\nrt\ng\no\nH\no\nX\nJ TJ 4J\nto \u00abl\nOCX\no\nc\nV\nis\nto\no\nO\na\nC\na\nc\nto\nft*\na\nto\nCft\na\na\nto\nD\nto\no\nas\nw\nc\nc\nM\no\na\nBE\nft\na\nQ\no\nc c\nX\nm\nO\nt\na\nt\nO\nH\ntJ\ntf\\\nrl\nSO\ncf\u00a3,S\nWRA Manila 1\nOffice Services 20,8\nI. Airmail shall be sent in envelopes which do not bear the penalty indicia.\n(5) No official mail shall be sent other than through the central mail and files for the office from which the material is mailed. If this is necessary, the mail room should be notified immediately as to the number of pieces so mailed.\nK. Government official stationery and envelopes must not be used for personal correspondence, regardless of whether the communication is mailed under postage. This regulation applies to all persons, evacuees as well as appointed personnel.\nL. Documents prepared in WRA for Presidential signature must be prepared with copies. The original can be left at the White House. A duplicate or duplicates must be furnished for return to WRA with the President's approval, disapproval, or suggestions.\nM. Letters not prepared in accordance with Manual Section 20.5.5 and the Section on LETTERS in the Stenographer's Handbook may be returned to the preparing office for re-writing.\n\nN. All correspondence concerning the work of the WRA must be considered as official correspondence and handled accordingly.\n\nO. All staff members who have occasion to write to another WRA office while in travel status shall adhere to Manual Section 20.C.3 and shall furnish their headquarters office with a copy of all such correspondence. Exceptions to this requirement will be communications regarding arrival or departure. If this correspondence is on a personnel matter, one copy shall be furnished to the Personnel Office upon receipt at the destination.\n\nP. Correspondence written to members of the Washington Staff who are on field trips shall be addressed\nSupersedes Issuance of 5/20/44 Release # 133\n\nUse of Official Stationary Preparation of Pres 5 essential Documents\n\nUnsatisfactory Letters Returned for Re-typing Official Correspondence\n\nCorrespondence to Members of the Washington Staff Records Personal Use of Official Data\n\nThe employee, in care of the head of the Office or Center he is visiting. This also applies to teletype messages.\n\nThe War Relocation Authority is an emergency agency operating for a definite purpose for the duration of the war only. The records of its activities are not, however, temporary, and after the War Relocation Authority has wound up its affairs, these records will have a permanent place in the United States Archives. Meanwhile, no organization can function efficiently without well-organized records.\nA. The management of files and their control and supervision should be centralized within the limits of a unified file system.\nB. The files should be organized under a clearly planned outline built around the activities and needs at each headquarters unit. An overall WRA file outline is therefore impracticable. Each unit of the War Relocation Authority should prepare its own outline and revise it as needed.\nC. The file system should receive cooperation from those who use it. Operating officials should use the central file system for all but personal and working files. If they wish to keep other material, they should make carbon copies and release the originals to the files. In no case may staff members retain official records of the War Relocation Authority until these have been properly charged to them.\nAll information received or compiled by Federal Government officers, employees, and offices is official government data and property of the United States, including classified material. No person connected with the W.R.A. shall accumulate copies of documents containing official data for inclusion in a \"personal file\" nor take away in written form or make personal use of any official data acquired by virtue of government employment. Any employee believing a legitimate exception can be made for a particular document is entitled to ask the head of the agency or his representative for such an exception.\n\nID/19/UU\nSupersedes Issuance of 5/20/44\nRelease # 133\nWRA Manual\nCorrespondence from WRA staff members to evacuees or\n\n(Note: The text appears to be mostly readable, with only minor formatting issues. No major cleaning is necessary.)\nEvacuee organizations at relocation centers must route all correspondence through the Project Director. Letters received directly from evacuees may be answered, but replies must be sent to the Project Director for delivery.\n\nUse Air Mail only when necessary to save time in transmission of important letters and documents. Consult Air Mail schedules to ensure mail is sent in time to catch the right plane. Special Delivery may be used when it would save time in the actual delivery of important material. Mail registry may be used to insure and furnish a record of delivery of valuable or important material. Do not confuse mail registry with special delivery. Arrangements for these services should be handled by the central mail room.\n\nCorrespondence with Evacuees\nAir Mail\nSpecial Delivery\nMail Registry\nTeletype should be used for messages when speed greater than that provided by air mail is required. The circuits to which TFRA has access connect the following cities: San Francisco, Los Angeles, Portland, Seattle, Denver, Salt Lake City, Cleveland, Chicago, Detroit, Kansas City, Little Rock, St. Louis, Minneapolis, Cincinnati, Washington, D.C., Boston, New York, Baltimore, Philadelphia, Richmond, Atlanta, Dallas. In addition, the teletype circuits connect with the following Centers: Colorado River, Gila River, Manzanar, Tule Lake, Minidoka, Heart Mountain, Leupp, Central Utah, Granada, Jerome. Messages to WRA offices at any of these points should be teletype rather than telegraph, since teletype is cheaper.\n\nTeletype supersedes Issuance of 10/19/U4\nRelease # la9\nwra .Manual\nQffiCft S.9\u00a3TiC9S 2Qjl3\n\nTelegraph may be used for messages of reasonable length.\nTelegraph length when air mail schedules are inadequate to points not served by teletype.\n\nOfficial telegrams may be sent collect to WRA offices by employees of the Authority and by candidates indicating their availability for appointment by the Authority and by other persons when specifically requested to reply in such manner.\n\nLong distance may be used only when teletype or telegraph do not offer sufficient speed. Only official business may be discussed during such conversations, and each call must later receive certification that it was not personal and was on official business.\n\nIn all localities where War Relocation Authority phones are on a government switchboard, long distance calls should be placed with the government operator, not with the city long distance telephone operator. Whenever possible, long distance telephone conversations should be made using the War Relocation Authority's facilities.\nVersations, other than toll calls within the same metropolitan area, shall be recorded in shorthand at each end and transcribed for inclusion in the official records of the War Relocation Authority. Personnel of the War Relocation Authority shall always use the cheapest type of long distance service available.\n\nLong Distance Telephone\n\nOn and after November 1, 1942, urgent toll calls placed with commercial telephone systems by the authorized persons or agencies designated in Paragraph 2 shall, upon request, be given priority over all other toll calls in accordance with the provisions of, and in the order set forth, in subparagraphs (a), (b), and (c) below:\n\n(a) Priority 1 shall be given to calls which require immediate completion for:\n- The Board of War Communications Order No. 20,\n\n(Supersedes Issuance of 10/7/Uj Release # 19)\n(1) Priorities:\nWRA (Marmal) Office Services\ncalls that are necessary for war purposes or safeguarding life or property and relate to one or more of the following matters:\n(i) Arrangements for moving armed forces during combat operations,\n(ii) Extremely urgent orders to armed forces,\n(iii) Immediate dangers due to the presence of the enemy,\n(iv) Hurricane, flood, earthquake, or other disaster materially affecting the war effort or public security.\nWhere necessary for the immediate completion of a call with Priority 1, any conversation in progress (other than one having Priority 1) may be interrupted.\nLong Distance\nPriority 2 shall be given to calls which require immediate completion for the national defense and security, the successful conduct of the war, or to safeguard life or property other than those mentioned above.\n(c) Priority 3 shall be given to calls that require prompt completion for the national defense and security, the successful conduct of the war, or to safeguard life or property, involving matters of the following types:\n(i) Important governmental functions.\n(ii) Machinery, tools or raw materials for war plants.\n(iii) Production of essential supplies.\n(iv) Maintenance of essential public services.\n(v) Supply or movement of food.\n(vi) Civilian defense or public health and safety.\n\nThe following persons and agencies are designated as authorized persons or agencies entitled to use telephone toll priorities where such call is required in the manner and for the purpose specified above.\nThe President, Vice-President, Cabinet Officers, Members of Congress, Army, Navy, Air Force Warning Service, Federal, State and Municipal Government Departments and Agencies, embassies, legations and commissions of the United Nations, civilian defense organizations, Red Cross, State and Home Guards, essential war industries, essential services such as communications, transportation, power, water, fuel, press associations, newspapers, and health and sanitation services.\n\nTelephone: (continued)\n\nViolations\n\nThe telephone facilities of any subscriber who wilfully obtains or attempts to obtain priority for a toll call by fraudulently designating such call as a priority call or by furnishing false information to any telephone carriers for the purpose of obtaining priority, shall be subject to closure, removal, or termination.\nThe Telephone Company advises the following procedures:\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 10/7/13 Release # 179 WRA Manual Office Services 2028 Loo&l Telephone GCvwraaent Automobile fl \"If you have calls eligible to Priority I treatment, those involving the most extreme emergencies, we suggest that the operator be notified by saying \"1 Priority One\" immediately on placing the call. Calls which are eligible under the Order to Priority 2 or 3 treatment, should be placed in the normal manner. In case of delay, you should notify the operator stating 'Priority 2' or \"*3' as the case may be.\" Ordinary office phones may be used. The order is brought to the attention of the War Relocation Authority staff. Telephone priorities may be used where necessary and justified in the opinion of the staff member placing the call.\nBut shall not be resorted to except in an absolute minimum of instances:\n\n1. Ten local telephone calls may be made to persons not on the government switchboard when official business requires it. Government phones must not be used to make such calls of a personal nature. Pay booths for personal calls should be placed in or near each office.\n2. Government automobiles may be used by administrative personnel when these are available and the nature of the official business justifies it, subject to current restrictions on driving due to gasoline or rubber supply. The use of government cars must be held to a minimum.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 10/7/13\nRelease # 179\n\nWRA Manual\nOffice Services 20,8\n\nThe inner cover shall be a sealed wrapper or envelope, plainly labeled:\n\nVial and office\nthe outer\nand addressed with no notation to indicate its secret.\nClassified information shall not indicate its nature on the outside envelope. Upon direction of competent authority, classified information shall be destroyed in a way that makes it useless and prevents unauthorized access. Classified material shall be handled and stored as follows:\n\nA. Incoming top secret, secret, and confidential material sent to WRA on temporary loan shall be delivered in its sealed container marked with the classification to the addressee, who is responsible for it during the time it is in their keeping. When not in use or overnight, the material should be kept in a locked cabinet. If the official has no such cabinet, they must deliver the document to the Security Officer for safekeeping until such time as they have one.\nTop secret, secret, or confidential documents from outside sources intended for the War Relocation Authority's safekeeping should be delivered to the Security Officer for safekeeping.\n\n(2) Top secret, secret, or confidential material originating within the War Relocation Authority should be prepared with copies for the addressee or addressees, and one copy for the War Relocation Authority's security file. Send these to the Security Officer in a sealed envelope.\n\n(3) (a) The Security Officer will keep the key to the secret file and issue material only to authorized persons. He will be answerable to the Director for managing the file. The Security Officer will keep a record of all documents issued from the secret files and ensure their safekeeping.\nFor confidential material originating in the War Relocation Authority, the file copy will be placed in a confidential file in a locked cabinet. Cross reference sheets only may be placed in the subject matter file and the chronological file. The Top Secret, Secret, and Confidential documents' preparation, safekeeping, and supersedes issuance of 6/21/44 Manual Office Services 20.8 will be released only upon express authorization from the Security Officer, who is answerable to the Director. Restricted material will be delivered by the mail room unopened to the addressee. \"Restricted\" material will not be removed from official files of storage. Restricted documents. Free material. Removal of Classified Decuments From Official Files of Storage.\n\nB. Restricted material will be delivered by the mail room unopened to the addressee. \"Restricted\" material will be:\n\n1. Top Secret\n2. Secret\n3. Confidential\n\nThe Top Secret, Secret, or Confidential documents' preparation, safekeeping, and supersedes issuance of 6/21/44 Manual Office Services 20.8 will be released only upon express authorization from the Security Officer, who is answerable to the Director.\n\nRestricted documents. Free material. Removal of Classified Decuments From Official Files of Storage.\nPrepare the usual number of copies. The original will be placed in an unmarked envelope and sealed. Carbon copies of restricted material will be sent to the file room where they will be filed in the subject matter and alphabetical files (use of these files is restricted to persons having authorization from the Chief of Files).\n\nC. Free material need not be marked and should be handled with the usual safeguards given to government documents.\n\nD. Classified documents shall not be taken away from government offices by any employee for the purpose of work outside office hours except under the following conditions:\n\n(1) Express permission must be granted by the government official having custody of the classified document,\n(2) Permission will be granted by the custodian only to those employees whose official duties require their presence outside office hours.\nThe custodian of the classified documents will maintain a list of the documents taken out, along with complete descriptions. The custodian will be responsible for the return of all classified documents removed by employees with his permission. Classified documents will not be read or disclosed in a public place, nor will their contents be conveyed to or discussed with any person whose official duties do not require this information. Employees taking classified documents from government offices will maintain proper security measures while in their possession and will return the documents safely to their regular place of storage without undue delay.\n\nApplicable regulations are as follows:\nA. Documents containing classified information furnished or removed from government offices shall be safeguarded at all times and returned promptly when no longer required.\nB. Unauthorized removal, disclosure, or destruction of classified documents is prohibited.\nC. Violations of these regulations may result in disciplinary action, including termination of employment and criminal prosecution.\nPersons other than those in Federal agencies shall have this document marked: Top secret, secret, confidential, or restricted, in addition to the following notation: \"This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the Espionage Act, 50 U.S.C., 31 and 32 as amended. Its transmission to or the revelation of its contents in any manner to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.\"\n\nThe following procedures are based on the Espionage Act, which reads in part: \"Whoever, being entrusted with any document or information the disclosure of which is prohibited by this chapter or by an executive order, through gross negligence permits the same to be removed from its proper place of custody or delivered to anyone in violation of the provisions of this chapter, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both.\"\nAn officer or employee of the United States entitled to receive it or permits, through gross negligence, the permitting of it to be removed from its proper place of custody shall be punished by imprisonment for not more than ten years and may, in the discretion of the court, be fined. All personnel of WRA shall strictly observe OWI Regulation No. U-27 and the revision of March 1, 1942. A considerable volume of material classified as SECRET, CONFIDENTIAL, or RESTRICTED has accumulated in WRA files. This material should be downgraded or declassified when the necessity for the security of the information no longer exists. A systematic review and reclassification of this material should be undertaken immediately. Material which does not meet the requirements of the definition of the classification assigned should be downgraded to the lowest possible level.\nThe Security Officer at each center or field office shall be responsible for reviewing security material that originated in that office. Material found to be overclassified or no longer requiring a security classification should be downgraded or declassified after the originator's concurrence. (See Paragraph 20.8.29A)\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 6/21/44\nRelease # 193\n\nSecurity Regulations\n\nDeclassification of Security Material\nReview of Security Files\nResponsibility for Declassification\n\nWRA Manual\nOffice Services 20.8\nCenter or Field Office\n\nWashington Office\nOWI Regulations\n\nA complete list of all material declassified.\nThe downgraded material, including date, addressee, and subject, should then be prepared and forwarded to the Washington Office. The Security Officer in the Washington Office shall review and declassify all material that originated there. Upon receipt of the lists from the field offices and the centers, a complete listing of all downgraded and declassified material, including that originating in Washington, will be prepared and circulated to all custodians and addressees.\n\n.29 The regulations of the Security Advisory Board of the Office of War Information set forth below must be followed:\n\nA. The authority making the original classification or higher authority within an agency may cancel or change the classification of a document by writing or stamping over the mark at the top of the first page of the copy of the record: Classification cancelled or changed to ________.\nby authority of (name and position of person making change) and date thereof.\n\nB. No change in the classification of a document containing classified information taken in whole or in part from a classified document of another agency should be made without first consulting the other agency.\n\nC. No change in the classification of cryptographed messages shall be made except that the originator may downgrade Top Secret to Secret, complying with the procedure in 20.8.3QA.\n\nD. A current record of all material reviewed and not presently subject to reclassification should be maintained by means of a card index or other suitable reference system, whereby it may be cataloged for future review and consideration.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 6/21/44\nRelease # 193\nOffice Services 2C.8\nWRA Manual #30\n\nThe aim of WRA records management should be to ensure:\n1. The preservation of records of enduring value.\n2. The efficient and effective retrieval of records.\n3. The protection of records from unauthorized removal or destruction.\n4. The proper disposition of records no longer needed for administrative, legal, or historical purposes.\nThe creation and preservation of a well-balanced, comprehensive body of records is essential to adequately reflect the objectives, operations, and growth of the organization. Records should be free of papers dealing with trivial matters and routine details. Systematic and periodic disposal of useless files ensures the preservation of important records and makes possible the more effective use of personnel and equipment.\n\nAll WRA records, regardless of location or use, are the property of the Authority and the U.S. Government. Records belonging to the U.S. Government may not be removed from the agency's custody or disposed of in any manner not provided by U.S. laws. According to the U.S. Criminal Code, the wilful and unlawful destruction, damage, or alienation of any record is punishable.\nThe term \"records\" as defined by Public Law 115-78th Congress includes all books, papers, maps, photographs, or other documentary materials, regardless of physical form or characteristics, made or received by any agency of the U.S. Government in pursuance of Federal law or in connection with the transaction of public business and preserved or appropriate for preservation by that agency or its legitimate successor as evidence of the organization, functions, policies, decisions, procedures, operations, or other activities of the government, or because of the informational value of the data contained therein. Library and museum material made or acquired and preserved solely for reference or exhibition purposes, and stocks of publications and processed materials.\nDocuments are not considered \"records\" as used in WRA Records Program Legal Requirements Definition. The following are examples of nonrecord material existing in V/RA and may be destroyed without prior authorization from the Washington office after they are considered no longer necessary for current operations of the center or field office which accumulated them:\n\n(1) Extra copies of papers used solely for convenience of reference. This may include so-called \"reader file\" copies, \"tickler\" or \"follow-up\" copies.\n(2) Stocks of blank WRA, OEM, Standard, Civil Service, or other forms which have been used.\n(3) Surplus copies of mimeographed, multilith-ed, printed or processed circulars, instructions, notices, informational material, etc.\n\nSurplus copies are defined as:\n(a) All except one record set retained in the issuing office.\n\nExamples of this material are:\n(1) Information Digests\n(2) Weekly Press Review\n(3) All Administrative Instructions\n(h) Superseded Administrative Notices, Emergency Instructions, Manual and Handbook Releases, and Relocation and Personnel Memoranda.\n(5) Pamphlets, such as \"When You Leave a Relocation Center,\" \"What About Our Japanese-Americans,\" \"Relocation of Japanese-Americans,\" \"New Neighbors Among Us,\" etc.\n(U) Routine requests for publications and acknowledgment.\n\nRelease title: WRA Manual\nOffice Services: 208\n\nAll copies of forms designed and used at WRA centers and field offices.\n(a) Forms used in place of Standard, OEM, or WRA forms:\n(b) Locally designed forms containing information of permanent value: In such cases, three copies of each form along with a full explanation of its use and reasons for keeping should be forwarded to the Washington Office for review.\n\nThe following list is not all-inclusive but indicates the types of material that can be destroyed without authorization:\n\n\u2022 Records that do not or will not after a lapse of a specified period of time have sufficient administrative, legal, research, or other value to warrant their continued preservation. The most recent act is Public Law 110-78th Congress, approved.\nJuly 7, 1933: This law specifies that no records, as defined by the statute (section 20.8.33), will be disposed of except with authorization from the National Archives and Congress. Records enumerated in subsection .33 may be reported to the Archivist of the United States for appraisal and recommendation to Congress. These reports are required to be submitted in one of the following forms:\n\nA. \"Disposal Schedules,\" proposing the disposal, after specified periods of time, of records that have accumulated or that may accumulate in the future.\nB. \"Disposal lists\" of records recommended for disposal for specific date periods.\n\nAuthority for Disposal of Record Material\nReports to Archives\nRelease # 1U9\nWRA Manual\nOffice Services 20.8\nAppraisal by Archives\nCongressional Action\nArchival Regulations for Disposal\nAfter the schedules or lists have been administratively approved in WRA for disposal, they are submitted to the National Archives where they are appraised to determine whether they have sufficient administrative, legal, research, or other value to warrant their preservation by the government. Factors considered by the Archives in making this determination include the data on the relationship of the records to be destroyed to those to be retained, their physical or content duplication, the extent to which the records are routine or current, and others. In the event that the Archivist determines that any of the items scheduled or listed are of interest to other government agencies or are worthy of preservation, such items are deleted from the schedules or lists and a recommendation is made for their retention.\nAfter appraisal by the National Archives, the schedules or lists are submitted to Congress for reference to the Joint Committee on Executive Papers for final approval. If the Joint Committee authorizes disposal of the items contained in the schedules or lists, the Archivist will notify this agency. The WRA Records Officer in Washington will in turn notify each office concerned of the disposal authority listing by divisions the material to be disposed of.\n\nRegulations of the National Archives stipulate that \"whenever the head of any agency shall have been authorized to dispose of any records in his custody,\n\nA. Cause the said records to be sold as waste paper: Provided that, unless the said records shall have been treated in such a manner as to destroy their record content, any contract for sale of them shall prohibit their resale as records or documents.\nC. Cause them to be transferred, at no cost to the U.S. Government, to any state, dependency, or former dependency of the United States or to any appropriate educational institution, library, museum, or historical, research, or patriotic organization that has made application for them through the Archivist of the United States.\n\nIn order for the Authority to have effective Records Management Program responsibilities for the organization, management and disposal of records will be as follows:\nThe Records Officer in Washington will be responsible for the planning and guidance of the overall records program.\n\n1. Maintain contacts with National Archives and Records Officers of other government agencies.\n2. Recommend policies and procedures to field offices and centers.\n3. Be responsible for the institution and carrying out of a survey of all WRA records.\n4. Prepare schedules and lists for submission to the National Archives of records which have been administratively approved for disposal.\n5. Keep field informed of records approved for disposal.\n6. Receive and act upon requests for disposal of records from centers or field offices.\n7. Receive reports from the field listing material disposed of and method used.\n\nThe records program shall be the responsibility of the Assistant Project Director in charge of Administration.\nAdministrative Management. The following functions may be assigned to the Office Manager:\n\n1. Maintain central mail and files.\nRelease # 1U9.\nResponsibility for Records Management.\nWashington Office\nCenters\nWRA Manual\nOffice Services 20*8\nRelocation\nField Offices\n\n(1) Consolidate division and section files into central files wherever possible.\n(1) Dispose of nonrecord material.\n(2) Consolidate division and section files under Central Files Subject Matter Classification when consolidation into Central Files is not practicable.\n(U) Dispose of record material on notification from Washington.\n(b) Request authority to dispose of material no longer needed for current operations which is not clearly understood to be in the nonrecord category and for which no disposal authority has been received.\n(7) Report disposals to Washington Office and method used.\nCooperate with Divisions and Sections in preparing permanent-value records for transfer as directed by Washington.\n\nC. The records program in each area shall be the responsibility of the Area Relocation Supervisor. He may assign the following functions to a responsible employee on his staff:\n\n(1) Maintain subject matter, correspondence, and individual files in area offices.\n(2) Supervise correspondence and individual files in District Offices:\n\n(a) Set up files under one Classification Manual in all districts under his area.\n(b) Receive notices of approval to dispose of records of permanent value and supervise their transfer.\n\nRelease # 1U9\n\nWRA Manual\nOffice Services 20,8\n\n(c) Request authority to dispose of material no longer needed for current operations.\n(d) The Administrative Officer is responsible for the records program (including the following functions) in the San Francisco Office and the sub-offices under the supervision of the Assistant Director:\n\n(1) Request authority to dispose of material not longer needed for current operations which is not clearly understood to be in the non-record category and for which no disposal authority has been received,\n\n(2) Receive notices of approval to dispose of records and notify the sub-offices,\n\n(3) Request and receive notices to transfer records of permanent value and supervise their transfer.\nWRA Manual\nOffice Services 20.8\nIt is essential that members of the center staff who assist evacuees in relocation planning have ready access to all pertinent center records. They should also be informed of all factors having a bearing on relocation which come to light during contacts of the various Sections with their clients. Not all contacts will be pertinent to relocation. Thus, a hospital record indicating a serious chronic physical disability of a character to render a person unemployable would normally have a bearing on relocation plans, whereas a hospital record indicating that an evacuee had undergone a successful operation at the hospital would normally not be pertinent. Similarly, a record in the Evacuee Property office indicating that an evacuee is an owner of income-bearing property which requires:\n\n## References\n\n1. \"WRA Manual: Office Services,\" National Archives and Records Administration, accessed August 15, 2023, [https://www.archives.gov/research/military/ww2/wra/manual-office-services](https://www.archives.gov/research/military/ww2/wra/manual-office-services).\nThe personal attention of the owner would likely impact relocation plans. Information about a family having children in school would presumably influence the timing of a family's interest in relocation. Similar situations will apply to other Divisions. Summaries (see below) should be kept as brief as possible while still providing primary clues about relocation potentialities.\n\nUse of Center Records for Relocation Planning.\n\n.51 The Statistics Section at each center shall maintain a current central individual file for each resident remaining at the center, cross-indexed by families and the family head designated according to Welfare Section records. It should be located near the Relocation Office, if possible, for convenience of reference.\n\nIndividual File\nThe individual file should include:\n1. All correspondence relating to the individual.\n2. WCCA-S-3 Revised, Social Data Registration (in folder of family head).\n3. WRA-26, Individual Record.\n4. WRA-126A or WRA-126 Revised, Application for Leave Clearance (citizen, male, 17 and over, or citizens, female, 17 and over, and alien).\n5. Contents of Pile Release #179, WRA Manual, Office Services 20*8.\n6. Individual Stannaries.\n7. DSS-301^, Statement of United States Citizen of Japanese ancestry (citizen, male, 17 and over) if available.\n8. Leave clearance hearings, proceedings, and correspondence.\n9. WRA-329, Basic Family Face Sheet (in folder of family head).\n10. WRA-3U0, Relocation Outlook (in folder of family head).\n11. WRA-230 or WCCA Form R-100, Individual Request for Repatriation or Expatriation.\n10. WRA-152, 152-Revised, l52-a, l52-b, and WCCA Farm R-102, Cancellation or Declination of Repatriation.\n11. WRA-231 or WCCA Form R-101, Family Summary \u2013 Repatriation (in folder of family head).\n12. Parole Order, in case of parolees.\n13. Other similar basic records.\n\nIn case any of the records in 1 to 13 above are filed elsewhere, they shall be transferred promptly to the Central file, with suitable cross references.\n\nIn addition, the central file shall include brief summaries of, and references to, the location of pertinent records which, because of their detailed or confidential nature, or their usefulness to operating divisions, cannot be incorporated in the file. Such records should include those collected by (1) Welfare, (2) Evacuee Property, (3) Health, (U) Internal Security, (5) Legal, (6) Community Activities, (7)\nEach operating division, section, or unit shall be responsible for briefing its relevant relocation information for inclusion or cross reference in the Central File.\n\n0.53 Each Section shall prepare brief summaries of contacts with individuals or family heads, prioritizing known actively interested in relocation cases.\n\nRelease # 179\nWRA Manual\nOffice Services Section 20*8\n\nSummaries shall include comments regarding relocation implications and shall be cross-referenced to disclose family ties.\n\n\u20225U In order to provide the Relocation Officer with the most useful information for promoting relocation, the Project Director shall arrange a meeting where the Relocation Division and other Divisions and sections are represented for reviewing the type of information.\nThe form in which information should be made available and other related considerations is the responsibility of every unit. The Relocation Division will require necessary information for promoting relocation. Adequate controls shall be devised and maintained to safeguard the confidential nature of material, ensure prompt service to accredited personnel, and prevent loss or improper distribution. Security measures may require a separate file for classified material, with appropriate cross references. In the event an evacuee is transferred to another center, his records will be transferred accordingly, as provided in Manual 50.3 .20H. Upon relocation, evacuee records will be gathered and sent to the new center.\nWra Manual Office Services 20.8, Release # 179\n\nWRA Records Authorized for Disposal under Public Law 115-78th Congress:\n\nFrom time to time, additional records \u2014 including WRA and other forms, engineering records, etc. \u2014 will be added to this list. Each record is identified and the place and time for disposal is indicated.\n\nA. Columns 1 and 2 are self-explanatory.\n\nB. \"All records\" is used under column 3 to indicate that both original and duplicates may be disposed of at the authorized place of disposal.\n\nC. An X is placed in the applicable column to indicate that the record in question may be disposed of at that particular office.\nFor the purpose of this release, \"field\" includes all WRA offices except centers, Oswego, and the Washington office.\n\nDisposal of Reord Material\n\nColumn 5 entries are explained as follows:\n\n(1) Records authorized for disposal at Office Closure: Such records authorized for disposal at centers may be disposed of only after they are of no further use in completing center closure procedures. Records to be disposed of at field offices should be destroyed when the office is officially closed and they are no longer needed in order to complete records on which transactions are pending.\n\n(2) Records authorized for disposal at Termination of Agency: After they can no longer be kept at the field office or center, these records will be held at a designated place until termination.\n\n(3) Records to be disposed of when the file has reached the end of its retention period.\nRecords marked for disposal should be weeded out by the operating division or section before consolidation for forwarding to Washington:\n\n(4) Some WRA records may be disposed of on June 30 of each year. An accumulation of one full fiscal year's worth of records must be kept for some, and an accumulation of two fiscal years' worth for others. On June 30, records marked \"retain one full fiscal year\" are to be disposed of for the period ending on the June 30 preceding the disposal date by one year. Records marked \"retain two full fiscal years\" are to be disposed of for the period ending on the June 30 preceding the disposal date by two years. The accumulation of such records upon closure may be disposed of in accordance with paragraph 20.8.60D.\nNo additional authority is needed to dispose of these records at the authorized time.\n\nConsolidation of Evacuee Records at Centers\n\nFor each evacuee who has left a Center prior to the effective date of this Manual Section, and for each evacuee who leaves a Center subsequent to this date, selected individual and family records on file in Divisions, Sections and Units shall be gathered, consolidated and sent to the Statistics Section, Be location Planning Division, Washington, for further consolidation with materials already on file in that Section.\n\nIt is the responsibility of the Assistant Project Director in charge of Administrative Management, through the Center Statistician, to see that Project records are assembled and sent in accordance with the provisions of the following subsections.\n\nAll non-record materials, and record materials designated for retention, shall be gathered, consolidated, and forwarded to the Records Center, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C. for safekeeping.\n[Each day, the Center Statistician shall prepare a Routing Sheet, Form WRA-399 in triplicate for each person who has departed indefinitely or who has been converted to terminal departure through execution of Release #194.\n\nForm No.\nRelease 194\nExhibit (20.e.60)\n\nI ft io ft a o a O ft u X X X X I H c-*a<j P7 bu I I Q n ra rH I a s O ro I o H O a a O a rl O O Pi a a fc o I o o ra a]\nPi Pod Issas Eh I Psa 6h Eh Vl CJ I d l rl I Olis Va o I fl o I VI o I o E Co Sg Ht O A Co o 5zs Release 194 WRAiCL72 Record for Indefinite Leave When File is Forwarded to Washington Disposable at Centers if letter frost addressee is not written on form Release 2S 194 in Wo to Pi Mot Of fe ao Jd o KWHHHXKtt Release j* 194 co P a ri P Vt H a a g thoo H O o I ca o I s A o rl a Gt o o I p X X X H XXXXXXXXXX X XXX X o O o g \"pj s g a o o n I P ii i r I i CO I I I IS I K o W ReheftBe jf 194 If iti C~9XB3 Pia bu WAR RELOCATION AUTHORITY Center I Routing Sheet Routing Sheet No. For Collection of Individual and Family- Records ClSsT Name) (1st Name- Japanese) (1st Name-EncTxiKJ Family Number _ Date Left Center\nCHECK HERE IF FAMILY RECORDS TO BE INCLUDED lie above this person's records. Please pull all records and correspondence in your office relating to this person. Destroy all non-record material and record material scheduled for disposal (See Manual 20.8.32, 20.8.60). Arrange remaining in chronological order with most recent on top. Arrange undated material, such as forms, on the bottom. Bind all under a completed Face Sheet. Insert in attached envelope and send to the next office on the routing. If the sheet is checked for family records, insert them unbound.\n\nEnsure that all records pertain to the individual listed above.\n\nROUTE TO:\nRECORDS PULLED\n\nIndividual Family DATE\n\nRelocation\nEvacuee Property\nEducation\nWelfare\nHealth\nProj. Attorney\nPersonnel Management\nOffice Services\nStatistics\nNote: Check if you have inserted records in the attached envelope. If yes, mark \"Records Pulled\". If not, write \"none\". Please expedite handling.\n\nReceived in Washington by\nDate\nRelease # 19h\nWRA Manual\nFor Routing Service 20.8\nFor WRA-222 during the previous 24 hours. Persons leaving on Short Term Pass shall not be included.\n\nThe original of the Routing Sheet shall be affixed to an envelope large enough to accommodate the materials to be collected and placed in circulation to the Divisions and Sections on the Routing Sheet.\n\nThe copies of the Routing Sheet shall serve the purposes described in this Section, 20.S.71.\n\nA copy of the Routing Sheet, Forra WHA-399, is appended as an exhibit to this section.\n\nFor persons who have left the Center prior to the effective date of this Manual Section, the Statistician:\n\n(For persons who have left the Center before the effective date of this Manual Section, the Statistician)\nEach day, he shall prepare and place in circulation a Routing Sheet for a sufficient number of persons to cover the backlog of indefinite departures in approximately 60 days. In general, selections for each day should be made in alphabetical sequence with envelopes for family members together.\n\nEach Division and Section, as envelopes reach it, shall pull individual records and family records, if so indicated on the Routing Sheet, for the evacuees named. They shall dispose of all non-record material and record material designated for immediate destruction in Manual 20.3.60. Record material designated for destruction at a later date shall be filed as decided at each center.\nStatistics: Central evacuee files, or those of the Division or Section involved, and the remaining material shall be assembled in chronological order with the most recent dates on top and bound together under a Face Sheet (see Exhibit attached to this Section).\n\nUndated material, such as forms, shall be placed at the bottom of each set of records and, for ease in location, shall be arranged in the same order in each docket.\n\nRelease # 194\nMethod of Gathering Records\nBao Jo-Log Assembly of Records\nNot Disposable\nC-29RS PS1 bu\nWRA Manual Office Services _ 20*8\nEducation Records\nDuanny Cards\nResponsibility of Statistician\nFamily Records\n\nCare shall be taken that information collected and bound by each Division and Section pertains to the particular individual whose name appears on the Routing Sheet. Back record shall be compared, insofar as possible.\nThe properly arranged and bound dockets shall be inserted in envelopes and sent to the next office on the Routing Sheet. If an office has no records for the evacuee in question, this shall be noted on Form WRA-399 and the envelope sent on. Elementary and secondary school transcripts and other permanent school records shall be handled as outlined in handbook 30*3*6B. The Divisions and Sections shall place dummy cards in their files which shall bear the names of evacuees, their family numbers, and the dates their records were collected, bound, and placed in the appropriate envelopes. This will expedite checking for mislaid case envelopes. The Statistician shall include on the Routing Sheets the names of all Divisions and Sections which have records.\nThe evacuee records shall be organized in a manner facilitating collection. He is responsible for mimeographing a supply of Face Sheets and ensuring proper distribution. The provisions of the Manual must be followed. The Office Services Section will provide advice on disposal of record and non-record materials if requested.\n\nFor records regarding families rather than individuals:\n- Form WRA-95, Basic Family Card, and Form WCCA-S3, Social Data Registration Form, shall be kept at the center until all evacuee residents have left.\n- Forms WRA-95 shall then be assembled alphabetically by surname and family number within each surname, and WCCA-S3 forms shall be assembled by family number only and shipped to Washington.\n\nRelease # 194\nExhibit (20.8.6)\nCentex\nDate\nSection or Division\nFamily No.\nTlas t \" Name ( Japan es e ) (T^ncfTfsKT\nRelease # 19-U\n\nI\n\nWitt Manual\n-Qf\u00a3lC-9 Service 3, 20.8\n\nB. All other family records not scheduled for disposal shall be collected by the Divisions and Sections involved at the time the last member of the family leaves the center indefinitely. For backlog cases and in instances where all members of a family leave at the same time, family records shall be placed in the envelope of the head of the family. When family records should be pulled, the Statistician shall make the necessary notation on the Routing Sheet. Family records shall be inserted in the proper envelope but shall not be bound under a Face Sheet with individual records.\n\n.69 When envelopes return to the Statistics Section, the Statistician shall pull from his files any corresponding records.\nThis material, which is not scheduled for destruction (except WCCA-S3, see subsection \u202268a above), shall be arranged and bound under a Face Sheet.\n\n.70 If some or all evacuee records to be transmitted to Washington have already been consolidated at the Center, the Division or Section holding them shall be responsible for disposing of non-record material and record material scheduled for disposal, and for assembling and binding the remaining material in one docket as described above.\n\n.71 Routing Sheets, numbered consecutively from 1, shall be prepared in triplicate. The originals, which were attached to the envelopes, will be returned to the Statistics Section when materials in other Divisions and Sections have been collected. The carbons will be kept together until the envelopes are returned and shall serve as a tickler.\nThe Statistician shall indicate on all copies of the Routing Sheet, under \"Records Pulled,\" which Divisions and Sections have collected and transmitted records for the evacuee involved, following the return of the envelopes and collection of materials in the Statistics Section. The Statistician shall then remove the original Routing Sheet from the envelope and make the following disposition of all Routing Sheets:\n\nRelease # 194\nFamily Records (Cont\u2019d.)\nFinal Assembly Records\nPreviously Consolidated\nUse of Routing Sheets\nWRA Manual\nOffice Services 2Q*$\nCheck with Roster Shting of Record.8\nAnswering Inquiries at Center\nOriginal Retain at center until received copy returned from Washington.\nSend 2 carbons in container with records to Relocation Planning Division,\nStatistics Section, Washington,\nwith covering letter identify.\nThe Statistician, using serial numbers, should carefully check and assemble all dockets in alphabetical order before shipment. After assembly, they must verify each name against the Name by Name Accounting Roster (Handbook 50.8.6b) to ensure no information is missing and what has been collected is correct. Every two weeks, or more frequently if practical, the Statistician must transmit the accumulation of records to the Statistics Section in Washington. Each evacuee's documents, bound under a Face Sheet, should be kept together in one folder, or arranged so all records for each person are together. Records should be arranged alphabetically by surname and given name.\nFamily records shall be alphabetized separately by surname and given name of family head and shall be designated as family records in each transmittal. Two carbon copies of the touting Sheets will be enclosed, together with a covering letter identifying, by serial numbers, which Routing Sheets are being sent. After records have been sent to Washington, many routine inquiries about former residents can be answered, by the Center from the Areas by Name Accounting Foster. Inquiries in the field of evacuee property shall be referred to the appropriate West Coast Area or District Office. All other inquiries shall be referred to Washington for reply.\n\nRelease # 194\nIRA Manual\nOffice Seniors . 2Qt\u00a3\n\nForm WRA-399 will not be circulated to the Internal Security Section. The Washington copies of WRA-246 will not be circulated.\nAnd WIA-247 will be preserved for the permanent record; the center copies in Internal Security shall be turned over to Office Services at the time of center closure for destruction. At that time, any general correspondence in Internal Security files shall be forwarded to Office Services for incorporation into the center's central file. The only center Internal Security record to be transmitted to Washington is the alphabetical (card) index to Forms WRA-246 and WRA-247 which includes name of principal, crime category, name of center, and date of crime. It shall be sent through the center Office Services Section, at center closure.\n\nSecurity Records\nRelease # 194\nWRA Manual\nProcedures 20.9\n\nPolicies, procedures and regulations governing the work of the War Relocation Authority will be issued in the following form:\n\nForm of\nProcedural\nand policy\nAdministrative Manual: A part of this will be made up of statements of basic policy and general procedures of interest to all administrative personnel.\n\nAdministicative Manual:\nB. Administrative Handbooks: Issued on particular subjects to include detailed or technical procedures supplementary to Manual material, which are not of general interest but are necessary for particular administrative units for their work.\n\nAdministicative Handbooks:\nC. Administrative Notices: A numbered series of announcements, notices, or temporary regulations which have no place in the Manual or Handbooks.\n\nAdministicative Notices:\nD. Washington Office Instructions: Procedures or regulations supplementary to the Manual applicable only to the Washington Office.\n\nWashington Office Instructions:\nThey will be issued on pink paper. E. Projects and Field Offices are authorized to issue their own Field Instructions on colored paper. They will supplement the Manual and Handbooks by providing procedures or regulations left to the discretion or jurisdiction of the field station, and shall apply only to the station at which issued. Three copies of each Field Instruction already issued, and of each hereafter issued, must be sent to the Director in Washington.\n\nField Instructions\n\nF. The Manual shall be organized by Chapter, section, subsection, and paragraph. For example, these lines are found in the Chapter on Administrative Policies (20), section on Procedures (.9), subsection on form of procedural and policy documents (.1), and paragraph F. A reference to this material would read \"Paragraph F of Manual Section 20.9 . Handbook\"\nBooks in Washington office and Field Instructions should be organized with numbering systems that align with the Manual outline, demonstrating their supplementary relationship.\n\nOrganization and Nomenclature\n\nIssuance of Washington releases will follow these procedures.\n\nWashington Issuance\n\nSupersedes: 7/6/43 WRA Manual Procedures 20*?\n\nPreparation:\nA. Preparation of Manual releases: Handbooks, Administrative Notices, and Washington Instructions are the responsibility of the Washington Procedures Office.\nB. Typically, Washington procedural releases originate in the Division or Section, whether in Washington or in the field, that deals with the subject. Washington Divisions seeking to issue an instruction should prepare a draft, discuss it with the Procedures office, and consult with the heads of any other Divisions or Sections.\nSections concerned with the subject matter. If basic policy is involved, it should be discussed at a staff meeting. A draft acceptable to all should then be prepared and given to the Procedures Office for clearance and issuance. Releases Authority-wide in scope that are desired by Projects or Field Assistant Directors should be forwarded by the Project Director or Field Assistant Director to Washington. The Procedures Office will have the responsibility for seeing that further clearance is made and a final draft prepared for issuance. Other field offices should send procedural drafts to the Chiefs of their Divisions in Washington for approval and forwarding to the Procedures Office.\n\nThe Procedures Office shall review a procedural draft for consistency with other procedures, adherence to basic policy, and edit.\nFor the formation and organization of the material, it shall ensure that all appropriate clearance has been made. If time permits, general field clearance should be secured on releases of major importance by sending duplicated copies of the draft to all Projects or other field stations, along with a deadline for returning comments. This same procedure should be used in the Washington office if general clearance seems desirable to the Procedures Supervisors. Following divisional clearance, the Procedures Office will prepare the release in final form and route it for staff clearance by the Solicitor and the Executive Officer.\n\nThe Director will approve the Manual and Handbook.\n\nProcedures 20.9\nIssuance of 7/5/43\nYRA Manual\nThe Director or Assistant Director will approve Administrative Notices and Washington Office Instructions. The Washington Procedures Office will help Divisions prepare drafts before discussion with other Divisions or draft procedures from notes, correspondence, or oral explanations. The Procedures Office will utilize all practicable means to stay informed of changes or clarifications in the WRA program and ensure the Manual accurately reflects such developments. In emergencies when time doesn't allow for regular issuance, instructions may be prepared in the form of wires. They shall be given to the Procedures Office for necessary rush clearance. Emergency Instructions containing procedures to be incorporated later into the Manual.\nThe Manual or Handbook shall be issued under the signature of the Director. Others may be signed by the Director or the Assistant Director. After transmission of the message, a copy shall be given to the Procedures Office for preparation of mimeographed confirmation copies and for preparation of a Manual or Handbook release if the Instruction is of continuing validity. Each Emergency Instruction shall be observed until the occasion for its issuance has passed or a Manual or Handbook release replaces it.\n\n.6 Field Instructions shall be approved by the head of the field station in which the instructions apply, and shall be cleared and issued in such manner as the head may prescribe,\n\n.7 Releases will be sent out in the following manner:\nApproval\nFurther\nProcedural\nService\nReview for\nProcedures\nMaterial\nPreparation\nof Field Instructions\nDistribution.\nSupersedes Issuance of 7/6/43 WRA Manual Procedures 20.9 Duplication Notice\n\nA. Following authorization of a Washington release, it will be routed to the Procedures Office for preparation of the duplicator's copy. This will not carry initials or signature, but an initialed and signed copy must be placed in the files to support each release.\n\nB. Distribution of Washington releases will be made according to Distribution Codes, listed below together with the principal use for each Code. Copies of the Codes will be supplied to mail rooms in routing copies of releases, received through the mail in an envelope or bundle, to individual staff members. The head of any field station may revise the distribution at his center or office, and may apply to Washington to receive a different number of copies under a Code.\n\nCode A - Manual releases, Solicitor\u2019s Opinions, etc.\nAdministrative Notices:\n\nCode P: Handbook releases\nCode C: Messages to entire staff\nCode D: Washington Office Instructions\nCode E: Emergency Instructions\nCode F: Finance Handbook releases\nCode G: Press Review and Information Digest\nCode R: Relocation Division Memoranda\nCode S: Statistical Releases\nCode W: Washington Notices\nCode X: Confidential Solicitor\u2019s Opinions\n\nUnnumbered Administrative Notices will be used to transmit Manual and Handbook releases. These will list the sections, subsections, and paragraphs covered and will give any background or explanation of the need for issuance which may be appropriate. Such explanation will not appear in the body of the Manual or Handbook.\n\nExtra Copies will be kept in Washington and sent out upon request.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 7/6/43\n\nWRA Manual\nProcedures 20.9\nAmendments will be made to the Manual and Handbooks by re-issuing each sheet where changes are needed. Amendments will be issued in the same manner as the original material. They will carry a date of issuance and a notation of the superseded section.\n\nProcedural material shall be maintained as follows:\n\nAmendments\n- Manuals and Handbooks will be kept in special binders issued from Washington. Each official on the distribution list shall be responsible for keeping his Manual up to date by filing new releases and amendments, and for making it available, for official use, to other persons not on the distribution list. Tables of Contents and Handbooks.\n- Field Instructions, or Washington Office Instructions, as the case may be, shall be filed in the Manual or Handbook next to the Sections they supplement.\nAll administrative notices shall be kept while valid in available binders. Notices for Manual or Handbook releases should be kept on file for reference and as a record of received releases.\n\n1.0 Manual and Handbook releases should be read carefully by all appropriate staff before being filed away. They may appropriately be placed on the agenda of staff meetings. Suggestions and criticism should be forwarded to the Washington Procedures Office immediately.\n\n1.1 All permanent policies and procedures of WRA will be incorporated into the Manual or a Handbook as early as possible. New releases will carry notice of any Administrative Instruction, Administrative Notice, or Emergency Instruction, now superseded, in which the Procedure was first authorized.\nized,  until  specifically  superseded,  however,  each \nAdministrative  Instruction,  Administrative  Notice \nand  Emergency  Instruction  will  remain  in  effect. \nChook \nLists \nStudy \nand \nConcent  a \nCaorereie\u00ae \nte \nifcsnsl \nSupersedes  Issuance  of  5/10/44 \nRelease  \u00a7  137 \nWRA  Manual \nProcedures  20.9 \nj \nSi visional \ninstruct!  etna \n.12  Heads  of  Washington  Divisions  are  authorized  to  is\u00ac \nsue  instructions  to  members  of  their  staff  in  Wash\u00ac \nington  or  in  field  offices  outside  centers  and  under \nadministrative  supervision  of  the  Washington  Division \nChief,  insofar  as  these  do  not  depart  from  establish\u00ac \ned  policy  or  basic  procedure  prescribed  in  the  Manual \nor  Handbook,  and  do  not  encroach  on  the  administra\u00ac \ntive  responsibilities  of  another  Division.  Informa\u00ac \ntion  copies  of -material  of  interest  to  other  Divisions \nshould  be  sent  to  the  Heads  of  Divisions  in  Washington \nand  to  the  Procedures  office. \nThe following duties and responsibilities will be performed by a Procedures Officer at each center. The function of the Center Procedures Officer is hereby assigned to the Assistant Project Director in charge of Administrative Management who may delegate it to another member of the division staff.\n\nCenter Procedures Officer:\nA. He shall ensure that Washington issuances are received in the correct amounts, and they receive proper distribution at the center among staff members. He shall be prepared to advise staff members on maintenance of procedural materials.\n\nB. He shall arrange for discussion and training in new procedural issuances as they are received, where necessary. He shall work with other staff members in putting into effect new procedures, if so requested. When a procedure involves more than one division, he shall take the initiative in:\n\n## References\n\nNone.\nThe individual in charge is responsible for securing cooperation for the new operation upon request from division chiefs. He shall ensure that all procedural issuances are fully complied with at the center. He must be alert for suggestions and criticisms regarding Washington procedures, resolving them in discussion if possible. Unresolved issues should be presented to the Project Director for forwarding to Washington, which may include requests for local modifications or revisions of WRA policy or operation mechanics.\n\nThis supersedes the issuance of 5/10/44, Release # 137.\n\nWRA Manual\nProcedures 20.9\n\nThe individual in charge shall develop center suggestions for new procedures and send them to Washington (20.9.2b). He shall also receive procedures sent in.\nThe draft form holder in Washington is responsible for clearing center procedures and issuing approvals. They will cooperate with affected divisions to implement policies when requested, ensure instructions conform to WRA policy, and send copies to Washington. They will work closely with the Center Forms Clearance Officer to issue appropriate information and instructions.\nAt field offices of WRA and at the Fort Ontario Refugee Shelter, the functions outlined in Section 20.9.13 shall be assumed by the head of the area office in the case of relocation offices and by the Director of the Shelter in the case of the shelter, or shall be delegated to a member of their staffs.\n\nProcedures\nOfficer\n\nProcedures:\n\n1.4 At field offices of WRA and at the Fort Ontario Refugee Shelter, the functions outlined in Section 20.9.13 shall be assumed by the head of the area office in the case of relocation offices and by the Director of the Shelter in the case of the shelter, or shall be delegated to a member of their staffs.\n\nProcedures:\n\n20 All legal opinions issued by the Office of the Solicitor in Washington will be in the form of memorandas addressed to the Director and signed by the Solicitor.\n\n20.1 These will be issued in a numbered series of Solicitor's Opinions.\n\n\u202221 Solicitor's opinions will be distributed as follows:\nA Following signature and numbering of the opinion,\nB it will be distributed to the appropriate office or person.\nThe original will be sent to the Director, and duplicated copies prepared for distribution to persons listed in distribution Code A.\n\n6. Requests to receive Solicitor's Opinions should be made to the Director, attention the Office Manager.\nC. Opinions marked \"Confidential\" will not be given general distribution.\n\nWill be issued periodically to all persons on the distribution list.\n\nSolicitor\u2019s Opinions Distribution List\nConfidential Opinions\nSupersedes A#I# $3\n\nA. Farms for use in the program of the War Relocation Authority shall be:\n(a) Standard U.S. Government Forms;\n(b) in the absence of Standard Forms, appropriate forms of the Office for Emergency Management;\n(c) in the absence of both Standard and OEM Forms, officially approved forms of the WRA.\n\nOfficial Forms\nA. When a new WRA form is necessary, the Division or Section concerned shall draw up a specimen and send it to the Washington Procedures Office. The Procedures Office shall clear the form with any other Division concerned with the operation for clearance, clear the form with the Solicitor, route it to the Assistant Director for approval, and assign a number to the approved form. It will be the responsibility of the Procedures Office to ensure that forms do not duplicate one another or imply conflicting procedures.\n\nC. Following approval, the Procedures Office shall arrange for initial duplication of the form with the Office Manager and shall deposit in files a properly initiated draft of the form as evidence of approval.\nOrders should be placed directly with the Office Manager. Duplication: Standard Forms, OEM Forms, or WRA forms may be prescribed in WRA procedures and will be approved when the procedural release is signed.\n\nApproval:\n.32 The Procedures Office will be responsible for clearance of WRA forms with the Bureau of the Budget and other Government agencies, prior to official WRA issuance.\n\nBudget Bureau Clearance:\n.33 Centers and field offices which need forms in addition to existing Standard Forms, OEM Forms, or WRA Forms are authorized to issue such forms for their own internal use only, in accordance with the following procedure:\n\nA. The Assistant Director in San Francisco is authorized to issue forms for the Evacuee Property program.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 7/16/U3\n\nWRA Manual\nProcedures for each Field Assistant Director, Project Director, and Relocation Supervisor: designate a staff member or serve as the Forms Clearance Officer for all forms issued in their jurisdiction. Each Forms Clearance Officer, with technical guidance from the Washington Budget and Procedures Office, is responsible for reviewing all forms issued in their jurisdiction.\n\n1. Preventing duplication of forms and conflicting procedures.\n2. Ensuring forms carry no statements contrary to WRA policy as set forth in the Manual or other official regulations.\n3. Clearing any proposed forms with the center statistician to utilize their technical knowledge on the subject, ensure information not already available is not collected.\nThat information of a quantitative nature be in such form as to be susceptible to clear, concise and convenient recording, classification, tabulation, and analysis.\n(h) Ensure each form achieves its purpose, is soundly constructed, and carries a proper descriptive title.\n(\u00a3) Ensure instructions for completion of form are adequate, clear, and concise, and indicate the form to which they apply by name and number.\n(6) Assign a form number to each form. This number, which shall appear in the upper left hand corner of each form, shall run in consecutive order and be preceded by the initial WRA and the name of the center or field office in which it will be used, e.g., WRA-Manual Procedures 20.9 '\u2022l/WHA - Granada - 102'. Revised forms shall carry the superseding form number.\n(1) the date of the latest revision immediately after or under the form number, e.g., \"WRA - Great Lakes Relocation Area - 93, Rev. LL-10-UU\"\n(7) granting the authorization necessary to duplicate each form he clears.\n(8) sending three copies of each duplicated form to the Washington Budget and Procedures Office. These copies shall be marked \u2019\u2019Sample'' and shall be filled in with information from actual or hypothetical situations.\n(9) sending three copies of each duplicated form to the 7/ashington Budget and Procedures Office. Each set of forms sent to Washington should be accompanied by a copy of the policies and procedures it implements where possible, or by a brief description of the purpose and the persons and offices using the forms. If any form appears to call for an unauthorized procedure, its alteration or\nThe Director will prescribe discontinuance of forms that are not needed by the whole Authority. If a form fills a common need, it will be reissued as a 7/RA form for use by the originating office after their own forms are used up. Use of the form may take place immediately after approval by the Forms Clearance Officer.\n\nEach form used by a center or field office, upon exhaustion of the supply, shall be treated as a new form and undergo clearance steps (1) through (8) described in C above. Existing numbered forms, when reissued, shall carry the same number where feasible, in the prescribed manner. Existing unnumbered forms, when reissued, shall be numbered as if they were new forms.\n\nField Forms (Cont'd.)\nThe War Relocation Authority will make appropriate efforts to keep the public and evacuees informed of its policies and activities through pamphlets, photographs, press releases, radio broadcasts, and other means of communication. Requests for information from representatives of the press or other communication media will be complied with promptly and fully. Visits to relocation centers by representatives of various media, including photographers, will be permitted and encouraged, except in unusual circumstances.\n\nSupersedes Issuance 7/16/L3 C-1336 P3\n\nThe War Relocation Authority:\n\n1. Responsibility:\nInformation to the public and to evacuees, administrative reports, and photography are the responsibility of the Reports Division in Washington and at the centers, and of Reports Officers in field offices.\n\n2. Informing the Public:\nThe War Relocation Authority will make appropriate efforts to keep the public and evacuees informed of its policies and activities by means of pamphlets, photographs, press releases, radio broadcasts, and other means of communication. Requests for information by representatives of the press or other media of communication will be complied with promptly and fully. Visits to relocation centers by representatives of various media, including photographers, will be permitted and encouraged, except in unusual circumstances.\nUsual instances when the Project Director determines that such visits would be detrimental to the administration of the center:\n\nE. Staff members providing information on the WRA program will confine their statements to known facts and established policy, and will avoid speculation on future policy of the agency.\n\nC* Relations with representatives of the press or other media ordinarily should be handled by:\n\nIn Washington: The Director or Chief of the Reports Division\nAt Centers: Project Directors or Reports Officers\nAt Field Offices: Field Assistant Directors, Relocation Supervisors, Relocation Officers, or Relocation Reports Officers\n\nD. Photographic Documentation - see Section 20.10.50.\nE. Historical Documentation - see Section 20.10.30.\n\nWRA\n\nInformation Policy\n\nF. Project Newspapers - see Section 20.10.6.\nG.  Administrative  Reporting  -  see  Section  20.10.20. \nSupersedes  Issuance  of  l+/28/lii \nRelease  h  168 \nWRA  Manual \ninformation  Sports _ 2\u00a3Ui\u00a3 \nRelations \nWith  OWI \nProcedures \nPress \nReleases \nPhotographs \nMagazines \nRadio \nSpeeohes \n.3  The  WRA  public  information  program  has  been  plan\u00ac \nned  to  fit  into  the  program  of  the  Office  of  War  In\u00ac \nformation,  especially  in  the  field  of  information  to \nthe  press  magazines,  and  radio.  Many  activities  of \nOWI,  since  August,  1943,  have  been  discontinued, \nthus  rendering  inoperative  certain  portions  of  an \nagreement  between  OWI  and  WRA  signed  on  April  13  and \n.4  A.  Press  releases  prepared  by  the  Washington  of\u00ac \nfice  for  national  circulation  will  be  cleared \nwith  and  issued  by  the  News  Bureau  of  OWI.  Re\u00ac \nleases  prepared  by  reports  officers  in  the  field \nfor  local  or  regional  circulation  and  dealing \nwith  routine  WRA  activities  may  be  issued  direct\u00ac \nRe releases: The responsible staff officer at the point concerned must approve local or regional press releases dealing with national WRA policy or activities of other government agencies before release. Approved WRA photographs may be released by reports officers in the field to newspapers or magazines, in response to requests or on their initiative. Photographs should not be released for exclusive use without advance approval from the Reports Division in Washington. Contacts with national magazines of general circulation are typically handled by the Washington office of WRA, with their knowledge and assistance.\nD. Requests for radio time will be cleared through the appropriate radio representative of OWI, in Washington or in the field. This principle applies to network and local broadcasts alike.\nE. Speeches, including those in the form of radio broadcasts, by the Director of WRA or other ranking Washington staff members representing him will be cleared with OWI.\nF. Clearance for information originating in the Washington office for dissemination to the general public and residents of relocation centers is outlined in a chart supplementing this paragraph. The chart also indicates the recommended method for reproduction of various types of informational material, the number of copies to be produced, and their distribution.\nA. Information originating in Relocation Field Offices requiring reproduction in quantity (excepting Field Bulletins) must be cleared with the Relocation division in Washington prior to release, as stated in Manual Section 130.4.1.\n\nB. Any WRA staff member preparing an article or feature story on ARA activities for magazines of national circulation or newspaper syndicates must submit one copy of the article or story to the Reports Division in Washington simultaneously with submission to the publisher. This procedure is primarily intended to keep the Reports Division informed of such releases.\nwill  also  serve  as  a  check  on  publication  of  in\u00ac \nformation  which  is  inconcistent  with  WRA  policy. \nStaff  members  preparing  such  articles  should \nconfine  themselves  to  factual  reporting  and \nshould  not  deal  with  controversial  policy  ques\u00ac \ntions  \u2022 \nC.  Any  WRA  staff  member  preparing  an  article  (news \nreleases  not  to  be  included)  about  phases  of  tne \nWRA  program  for  publication  in  magazines  or  news\u00ac \npapers  of  local  or  regional  circulation  will  sub\u00ac \nmit  a  copy  of  the  article  to  the  Project  Director \n(or  head  of  field  office)  for  review  as  to  fac\u00ac \ntual  correctness.  Material  which  apoears  to  be \nof  a  type  suitable  for  a  larger  publication  than \nthe  one  for  which  it  was  originally  intended \nshould  be  called  to  the  attention  of  the  Resorts \nDivision  in  Washington.  The  Reports  Division \nClearanoo, \nDuplication \nand \nDistribution \nInformation \nMaterials \nSupersedes  Issuance  of  4/28/44 \nAt each WRA center, a newspaper shall be established and operated to keep residents informed of WRA policies and decisions, eliciting cooperation, and maintaining morale. Evacuees will be encouraged to take responsibility for the paper, including news and editorial policy, and financing, either as a department of the Business Enterprise or as a separate trust. Assistance and advice from the WRA administrative staff will be available upon request to the enterprise or trust managing the newspaper.\n\nRelease 168, WRA Manual and Reports 20.10- Project Newspapers will assist in finding a better market, provided it meets with the approval of the writer. Newspapers shall be established and operated at each WRA center to keep residents informed of WRA policies and decisions, eliciting cooperation, and maintaining morale. Evacuees will be encouraged to take responsibility for the paper, including news and editorial policy, and financing, either as a department of the Business Enterprise or as a separate trust. Assistance and advice from the WRA administrative staff will be available upon request to the enterprise or trust managing the newspaper.\n(1) Determine the financial policy of the newspaper, including advertising and subscription rates.\n(2) Determine the editorial policy of the newspaper.\n(3) Determine the news coverage that will meet the needs and interests of the center's residents.\n(4) Assume responsibility for the accuracy and integrity of reporting.\n(5) Determine the method of reproducing the newspaper (mimeographing, multiplying, printing, etc.) and make necessary arrangements for printing facilities to be established in a center without express permission from the National Director.\n(6) Select the newspaper staff and make changes, subject to Business Enterprises employment limitations in Section Supersedes Issuance of 9/22/UU.\n(7) Publish in the newspaper tactical information.\nThe Project Director, upon request, may waive the requirements of Manual Section 30.7 regarding cash compensation and clothing allowances for the evacuee newspaper staff during the early stages of its organization. Since the newspaper serves a valuable purpose in communicating official information to evacuees and maintaining morale in the center, the Project Director is authorized to designate some or all members of the newspaper staff as members of the center administrative staff and provide them with cash compensation and clothing allowances. The Project Director may also furnish the evacuee-managed newspaper with free office space and a minimum amount of office supplies.\nThe following policies apply to each project newspaper under WliA management:\n\nA. The newspaper's purpose is to keep evacuees informed of administrative decisions affecting their interests and of general activities within the center.\n\nB. Staff to issue and distribute the newspaper will be recruited from qualified persons.\n\nC. The Project Director may suspend publication and distribution if responsibilities are disregarded.\n\nIf arrangements cannot be made for the newspaper to operate as a department of the Business Enterprise, or if this is temporarily not possible, the Project Director will establish and operate a newspaper as a function of center administration. Publication is free of charge.\nSupersedes Issuance 9/22/UU\nRelease is for:\n\nFinancing and Suspension of Publication\n\nManaged Project Newspapers\nIJ&ling Lists for Project Newspapers\nWRA Manual Information and Reports among the evacuees shall be on the rolls as regular evacuee administrative employees.\n\nC. The Project Reports Officer, under the direction of the Project Director, shall exercise general supervision over the newspaper but shall delegate as much responsibility as possible to the evacuee staff. All available facilities shall be utilized for training the staff to assume additional responsibility.\n\nD. The evacuee staff shall be allowed the maximum freedom of expression short of libel, personal attack, and other utterances contrary to the general welfare.\n\n2. The newspaper shall not accept advertising.\n\nMailing lists for Project newspaper shall include:\n- WRA Manual Information and Reports\n- Among the evacuees\n- Regular evacuee administrative employees\n- Project Reports Officer\n- Project Director\n- Training facilities for evacuee staff.\nSix copies, Washington office, WRA (six copies for each Project Director at each relocation center, one copy for each Field Assistant Director, one copy for each Relocation Supervisor and Officer, one copy for Sward J. Ennis, Director, Alien Enemy Control Unit, Department of Justice, Washington, D.C.)\n\nThe Reports Officer at each Center shall report to Washington the names and connections of the persons to whom copies of project papers are being sent for purposes of public relations.\n\n0.10 A. Both printed and processed newspapers issued at relocation centers and produced entirely at WRA expense may be mailed to WRA offices, to other relocation centers, and to members of Congress under the penalty mailing privilege. Copies sent to the individuals and agencies listed in 20.1C.9 may be sent under the free mailing privilege.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 11/30/43\nRelease # 168\nWFA Manual\nInformation  and  Renorts  20. 10 \nB.  Center  newspapers  which  are  produced  without  ex\u00ac \npense  to  KRA  or  which  have  only  part  of  their \nproduction  costs  (such  as  light,  heat,  space,  and \ncash  advances  for  editorial  and  clerical  person\u00ac \nnel)  provided  by  the  Authority  will  be  mailed  by \nthe  editorial  staff  only  under  postage.  Reports \nOfficers  at  the  centers,  however,  may  mail  such \nnewspapers  in  franked  envelopes  to  WRA  offices \nand  to  other  government  agencies  for  official  pur\u00ac \nposes  \u2022 \nC.  All  center  newspapers,  regardless  of  financing, \nwill  be  mailed  to  private  individuals  and  non-gov\u00ac \nernmental  organizations  only  under  postage*  Since \nit  is  desirable  from  the  point  of  view  of  public \nrelations  for  copies  of  center  newspapers  to  be  re\u00ac \nceived  by  certain  individuals  and  private  organiza\u00ac \ntions,  it  is  felt  that  the  WRA  is  justified  in  ex\u00ac \nPending the necessary funds to buy postage stamps for mailing center newspapers to persons or agencies in this category. Project Procurement Officers have the necessary authority to purchase postage stamps for this purpose.\n\n11. In recognition of the fact that a considerable number of evacuees can read only Japanese, it will be the duty of the War Relocation Authority to produce certain written statements in the Japanese language. Recognizing also that it is necessary that translations be made of certain verbal communications between War Relocation Authority staff members and evacuees who do not speak or understand English thoroughly, it will be the policy of the War Relocation Authority to utilize the services of translators.\n\n12. Each Project Director is authorized to recruit from among the evacuees a staff of persons competent in\nEnglish and Japanese language statements, including Japanese language supplements to the project newspaper, translations of Administrative Notices, Instructions, announcements, posters, and requests for cooperation, and interpretation of verbal statements when necessary, will be prepared under the direction of the Project Reports Officer or other designated staff member in both English and Japanese languages.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 11/30/43, Release ft 168\nProject Nervnspepors Policy on St atone nt 8 in the Japanese Language Use at Translators AKA Manual Information and Reports 20.10\n\nSelection of Translators\n\nEvacuees selected to do translating work will be those deemed thoroughly loyal to the United States, of high integrity, and accomplished in the use of both the English and Japanese languages. The director of each center shall submit to the Director.\nin Washington, the name of each evacuee whose services are to be used in making translations, either written or spoken, along with information on education and experience which would indicate his competence in each of the two languages. The Director will notify each Project Director of translators approved or disapproved for such service.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 11/30/U3\nRelease if 168\n\nIn Washington, the name of each evacuee whose services are to be used in making translations, along with information on education and experience which would indicate his competence in each of the two languages, must be provided to the Director. The Director will notify each Project Director of approved or disapproved translators for such service.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 11/30/U3\nRelease if 168\n\nThe use of the Japanese language in project newspaper announcements, posters, and other graphic materials is no longer restricted.\nTo translations of materials published or otherwise produced in English, except at the Tula Lake Center, where the restriction stated above shall continue. At other centers, production of original material in the Japanese language is hereby specifically permitted to supplement the project newspaper.\n\nB. The Japanese language section of the paper shall be translated into English, and the translation checked for accuracy by the Reports Officer or other responsible members of the appointed staff, before publication. The translator may be an evacuee, but shall be a person not regularly engaged in the writing or production of the Japanese language section of the paper.\n\n.15 It is recognized that the differences in idiom between the English and Japanese languages are such that an exact literal translation from one language to the other is not possible.\nTranslators should depart from literal translations to transmit accurate meanings. A copy of each issue of the project newspaper, including the Japanese language supplement, should be sent to Special War Policies Unit, Department of Justice, 501 Hutchins Building, Washington, DC. The Washington office of WRA will issue several types of materials primarily for staff information, to be distributed to staff members at all points. There will be no objection to making the contents of these documents available to evacuees or to the public. Materials issued will include:\n\nA. Information Digest - bi-weekly summary of administrative developments.\nB. Fress Review - listing and summaries of clippings from newspapers and magazines.\nThe Reports Division in Washington will maintain a comprehensive file of clippings pertaining to the V/RA program.\n\nPublished: Materiel in Japanese Language\nUse of Idiom, Special Distribution of Newspaper Staff Information Material\nSupersedes Issuance of 11/30/43 WRA Manual Information and Reports 20.10\n\nIt is essential that the Director in Washington and members of his staff be kept promptly and adequately informed of progress and developments at each center and in each Relocation Area. To provide this information, a system of administrative reports has been established and is continued.\n\nA. The Project Director at each center is responsible to the Director in Washington for making regular reports of progress and activity. The Project Director may, however, delegate the responsibility for actually preparing such reports to the head of the administrative section.\nEach operating division or section should compile the necessary information for reports. The supervisor may delegate report preparation and completion to the Reports Officer.\n\nReports Supervisors will submit monthly reports on the relocation program progress in their area to the Chief of the Relocation Division. The responsibility for assembling information and preparing the report may be delegated to the Relocation Reports Officer.\n\nProject reports should be made monthly using the following forms:\n\nYJRA-123,\nRev\nRev\nRev\nVfRA-235,\nWRA-23S,\nV/RA-2U0,\nWRA-2U1,\nRev,\nWRA-2U3,\nV/RA-2UU,\nWRA-2U5,\nWRA-3U1\n\nSupersedes Issuance of Release # 153\n\nAgriculture Office of Reports\nFire Protection Engineering\nInternal Security, Government, Education, Community Activities, Business Enterprises, Evacuee Property, Public Health, Welfare, Housing, Vocational Training, Relocation, Medical Social Service, I/IUM, Aestheticative Reporting,\n\nReport forms for the following areas are designed to provide information in both statistical and narrative form. In some cases, space is provided for the narrative report on the form itself. If additional sheets are used, they should be attached to the form,\n\n(1) The Project report forms listed above are designed to provide information in both statistical and narrative form. In some cases, space is provided for the narrative report on the form itself. If additional sheets are used, they should be attached to the form,\n\n(a) The Project report forms are designed to provide information in both statistical and narrative form. If additional sheets are needed, they should be attached to the form,\n\n(2) Reports from Relocation Supervisors will be in narrative style, and no blank forms are provided,\n\nHeads of project divisions should submit their reports to the Project Director on the last day of the month for which the report pertains.\nThe Project Director, with the assistance of the Reports Officer, should assemble and mail monthly reports from the various divisions to the Reports Library in Washington no later than five days after the close of the calendar month. Reports from the Relocation Supervisor should also be mailed out no less than five days after the close of the calendar month. An original and at least four copies of each monthly report, both of the report form itself and any narrative report that may accompany it, should be made. Three copies should be sent to the Reports Library.\nOne copy of the Evacuee Property Report should be sent to the Assistant Director in San Francisco, and one copy (or as many additional copies as needed) retained for center files. Copies to Washington should be assembled in three sets, each set containing one copy of the report for each different division, with notations if any are omitted or are to be sent later.\n\nThis replaces the previous issuance of Release jf-153.\n\nRelocation Supervisors should submit three copies of each monthly report to the Relocation Library in Washington. One copy will be placed in the Document files, one will be routed to the Chief of the Relocation Division, and one to the Director and division heads.\n\nAt the end of each week, the Project Director should prepare a brief narrative report to the Director.\nThe Project Director should submit three copies of this week's significant developments, problems, and events via air mail to Washington, and one copy to the respective Field Assistant Director. No specific form is required for this report. It is crucial, from both an administrative standpoint and in response to information requests, that the Director in Washington be informed of current developments at each center. This weekly narrative report by the Project Director should not be a review of routine administrative activities. It should be brief, clear, and limited to matters of significance to the staff and residents of the center during the week. Other Report staff members are encouraged to inform the Project Director of any relevant information.\nProject Director should immediately communicate with the Director in Washington in any emergency situation via telephone or telegraph, followed by a written report with detailed information sent via air-mail. Monthly reports on prescribed forms do not provide an overall picture of continuing administrative activity. Supplementary narrative reports should be prepared from time to time on such activity and on outstanding community-wide events, such as school dedications, agricultural fairs, etc.\n\nSupplemental Report\nReport\n\nInformation and Bsports 20,10\nWRA\nFor preparing reports, the task should be delegated to the Reports Officer. He will assist and direct the staff of evacuee writers in the Documents Section during their compilation. These supplemental narrative reports may cover any phase of the program or administration and life among center residents. They should be considered separate and distinct parts of the documentation program and not included with or considered as parts of the regular monthly reports. These supplemental reports should be numbered in series, and two copies of each should be submitted to the Director in Washington as soon as completed.\n\nSection 0.26: The Semi-annual Report of the War Relocation Authority to Congress and the President will be prepared by the Washington Office. Quarterly reports from the centers.\nEach division of the Washington office will submit reports to the Director on activities for which it is responsible, in January and July of each year. Replaces A*I. ^ 57.\n\nThe preparation of historical reports of the War Relocation Authority program will be a function of the Reports Division. This type of report shall include periodic administrative reports (quarterly or semi-annual) and a complete administrative history of the agency, based on official reports and records of the agency, and on special reports requested from the Reports Officers in the field.\n\nHistorical Reports:\n- Reports Division staff members responsible for historical reports shall consult with the WRA Records Officer on the handling of types of official records to be used in the preparation of such reports.\nThe WRA Library shall be maintained within the Reports Division of the Washington Office. Its functions will be:\n\nA. To order and maintain a library of books, periodicals, and other printed materials particularly pertinent to the operations of WRA.\nB. To operate an inter-library loan service through OEM Library for printed material needed by the Washington WRA staff for temporary use.\nC. To receive, record, and route all Center and Relocation Office reports, documents, and publications submitted by Reports Officers.\nD. To maintain a bibliographical record of magazine articles about WRA and Japanese Americans.\nE. To serve as library reference center for Washington staff.\nF. To provide research service for the Washington Reports Division.\nG. To maintain an order file of all printed matter ordered by all Divisions of the Washington office.\nIt is the War Relocation Authority's intention to document its program as fully as possible through photographs. The major part of such documentation will be in black and white still photos, but photographic documentation will also include color stills and movies. Photographs will be used not only for documentary purposes, but also for information to be made available to the public and to the evacuees. The objective is to document all significant phases of the relocation program. This does not necessarily involve photographing all activities at every center.\nSubjects satisfactorily documented at one center will not usually, in the interest of economy, be photographed elsewhere.\n\nResponsibility for photographic documentation is assigned to the Photographic Section stationed at Denver, which is directly responsible to the Chief of the Reports Division in Washington. Personnel of the Photographic Section will include such photographers, laboratory workers, and clerical help as are necessary.\n\nIn carrying out their assigned duties, WRA photographers will at all times be subject to the following rules:\n\nA. WRA photographers will visit all WRA centers and will make photographic records of activities, giving approximately equal attention to all. They also will visit areas in which evacuees have relocated, to obtain photographs showing evacuees in their new locations, and places in which evacuees have resettled.\nThe property is located. Full cooperation of staff members is necessary to ensure adequate documentation. In selecting subjects to be photographed in and out of centers, photographers will be guided by general outlines formulated by the Chief of the Division. Before going into an area where evacuees have relocated, the photographer will also consult with the appropriate Relocation Supervisor or Officer and seek his advice in the selection of subjects. He will consult with Property Supervisors on photographs of evacuee property.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of y/l6/U3\nRelease # 177\n\nObjectives of Photographic Program WRA Photographic Section\nRules for Photographers Selection of Subjects WRA Manual Info mat! on and Reports 20.10\nProtection of Privacy Industrial Photographs Military Photographs Requests for Photographers Cameras in Relocation Centers.\nPermits for Photographic Equipment\n\nWRA photographers will at all times observe the right of privacy of the individual.\n\nC. WRA photographers will take photographs of industries within relocation centers making goods and articles for the armed forces, as a necessary part of documentation, provided such goods or articles have not been classified by the armed services as secret, confidential, or restricted equipment. With the permission of the appropriate military authorities, they may also make photographs in industries outside relocation centers where relocated evacuees are employed in making goods or articles for the armed forces. However, such pictures will not be used for any purpose other than documentation without approval of appropriate officials of the Army or Navy. (See Solicitor's Opinion No. 2k)\n\nD. WRA photographers will not take photographs of\npersonnel, equipment, or installations of military forces at relocation centers, unless specific permission to do so is secured from appropriate officials of the Army (See Solicitor's Opinion No. 2U)\n\nRequests for visits by photographers may be submitted to the Chief of the Reports Division by the Project Director, Relocation Supervisor, or Property Supervisor in Washington. Under ordinary circumstances, visits of photographers will be made as part of a longer trip in which visits are made to several centers. Itineraries of photographers must be approved in advance by the Chief of the Division.\n\nCitizen evacuees may be employed as photographers in relocation centers. In the use of cameras in relocation centers, all War Department and Justice Department regulations shall be observed (See Manual)\nA. Permits to enter a relocation center with photographic equipment and to take photographs may be granted by the Project Director at his discretion, within the limits of the regulations of the War Department and the Department of Justice.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 9/16/U3\nRelease # 177\nWRA Manual\nInformation and Reports 20.10\n\nB. Where the Business Enterprise at a center establishes a photographic service, the prohibition against the use of cameras by alien evacuees, which is applicable to all centers, must be observed.\n\nC. In the event that individual evacuees desire photographs of funerals and no photographic service is available through Business Enterprises, the Project Director may instruct the Reports Officer or other staff member to use WRA equipment and supplies in taking funeral photographs. Arrangements should be made locally for development.\nThe photographs should be printed at the expense of the evacuee family. If local arrangements cannot be made for this service, exposed films may be sent to the photographic laboratory in Denver. The laboratory will develop the film, returning the negative and two 10 inch prints to the Reports Officer for delivery to the evacuee family. No charge will be made for this service. No additional prints will be provided by the photographic laboratory.\n\nThe Reports Officer in each center will be provided with a camera and necessary supplies and equipment for taking photographs. This will enable him to photograph significant events and activities at the center when no official photographer is present, and also to render limited photographic service to the evacuees. (See Section)\nStaff members designated by the Project Director may take official photographs using equipment and materials supplied by WRA. All photographs taken will be considered official and property of WRA.\n\nBusiness Enterprises Photographs of Funerals WRA Manual\n\nInformation and Reports 20, IQ\n\nIn instances where photographs are important to the WRA program and WRA photographers are not available, services of commercial photographers may be procured. All photographs taken with WRA equipment and supplies, or by commercial photographers, will be WRA property.\nEngaged by WRA, will be regarded as official photographs and the property of WRA, subject to provisions set forth in Section 20.10#57#\n\nPhotographic Prints Section\n\nPictures\n\n.56 After photographs are taken, negatives will be kept and prints will be made and distributed in the following manner:\n\nA. Films of official photographs taken by WRA photographers attached to the Photographic Section shall be sent or delivered to the Sections laboratory in Denver. One file print of each exposure (usually 5 inches x U inches in size) shall be sent promptly to the Chief of the Reports Division in Washington. Another shall be sent to the concerned center, and the third shall be placed in the files of the Photographic Section in Denver.\n\nIn case of photographs of relocated evacuees, one file print shall be sent to the Reports Division.\nSupervisor in whose area the photograph was taken:\nMilitary C Cranee field Offices and Center\nPhotograph:\nPhotographers will be responsible for determining if the subject of the photograph is of such nature that clearance by the War Department or Navy Department is necessary before pictures can be used for publication. They will notify the Photographic Section and the Reports Division in Washington of the necessity for such clearance.\nNecessary clearance will be negotiated by the Reports Division in Washington, and the Photographic Section will be notified of approval or disapproval of the appropriate agency. In the event that approval cannot be obtained, all prints and negatives will be sent to the Reports Division in Washington for impounding.\nOfficial photographs taken by staff members serving as official photographers at centers and at C.\nField offices shall be developed and printed locally. One print, approximately 5 inches in size, of each exposure shall be sent to the Reports Division in Washington. Pictures which are deemed of value and interest for greater than local use will be designated by the Chief of the Division or someone acting for him, and the negatives of such pictures shall be transmitted to the Photo section. Photographs made by Reports Officers or other staff members of relocation centers shall be subject to such clearance, prior to release, as the Project Director may specify.\n\nClearance prior to the distribution of prints will not be required on WRA official photographs which do not require clearance by other agencies. The Chief of the Division shall ensure clearance for such photographs.\nHave authority to order impounding of prints and negatives of any WRA official photograph which, because of its subject matter, is deemed unsuited or inappropriate for publication or display.\n\nProject Directors, Reports Officers, Assistant Director in San Francisco, Relocation Supervisors, Relocation Officers, or Property Officers may request enlargements of selected pictures suitable for publication or display.\n\nWRA staff members desiring prints of official photographs for other than official purposes, to be made at their own expense, may request the loan of designated negatives from the files of the photographic laboratory, stating in writing that the borrowed negatives will be returned in good condition in less than 30 days. Favorable consideration will be given to requests for negatives, provided:\n\n(1) 30 days have elapsed since the negatives were requested.\n(1) Approved for release by the Reports Division:\n(2) The photographs have not been designated for impounding.\n(3) Supersedes Issuance of U/13/UU Release # 177\nImpounding Enlargements Personal Use WRA Negatives WRA Manual Information and Reports 20*10 Photographic Files Release of WRA Photographs (3) The photographs have not been designated by the Division as \"Not Available for Loan\" (The latter classification will be applied only to photographs of exceptional value for publication, display, or documentation) (U) The photographs have not been released for exclusive publication A complete file of negatives (except those impounded) will be maintained at the photographic laboratory A complete file of prints will be maintained by the Reports Division in Washington Each center will be provided with prints of all photographs.\nPictures taken at that center (except those impounded)* Each Relocation Supervisor and each Property Supervisor will be provided with prints of all pictures taken in his area (except those impounded \u2022)\n\n57 Photographs may be released by the Reports Division in Washington, the Photographic Laboratory in Denver, a Project Director, Reports Officer, Assistant Director in San Francisco, Relocation Supervisors or Relocation Officer* Requests made to any other staff member should be referred to one of the authorized releasing officers* Photographs requiring approval of War or Navy Departments will not be released for publication or display until necessary approval has been obtained* Such approval, when obtained, will be noted on each print*\n\nRelease of photographs initiated by the Reports Division in Washington will be made through CWI*\n\nReleases made outside of Washington,\nStaff releases of photographs, made at the request of publications, will not require OWI clearance. Releases will be subject to the following provisions:\n\nAuthorized staff members may release photographs for exclusive use to publications of large circulation, provided the recipient agrees to a reasonable period of time for which such exclusive right shall be in force, and clearance is secured from photographic headquarters in Denver.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of U/13/Ui\nRelease # 177\n\nWRA Manual\nInformation and Reports 2010\n\nEach staff member releasing photographs shall immediately inform photographic headquarters in Denver of photographs released, to whom, and any exclusive rights which have been granted. A complete record of photographs released shall be maintained at photographic headquarters and in the Washington Reports Division.\nPhotographers representing the press and news reels shall be permitted to enter centers with their photographic equipment, unless the Project Director, for good reason, judges their presence and activity to be undesirable. Such photographers shall be given cooperation by the Project Director, usually by designating the Reports Officer to accompany them in taking pictures. The Reports Officer or other designated staff member shall have the authority to disapprove the taking of any photograph which he regards as being opposed to the interest of the WRA program, or in violation of the privacy of the individual evacuee. He may request that prints of photographs be submitted for review by himself and the Project Director before publication. Such requests should be made with discretion and tact, and only in instances where there is good reason.\nReason to question the advisability of publishing certain photographs,\n\nB. Press photographers will not be permitted by WRA to take photographs in relocation centers of industries which manufacture goods or articles for the Armed Services, unless permission has been obtained in advance from the Army or the Navy by the photographer. WRA staff may facilitate procurement of necessary permission.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 9/16/43 3\nRelease # 177\n\nActivities of\nKon-G affirmation\nPhotographers\nCooperation\nby Centers\nMilitary Clearance\nC-2110 P9 n*bu-f Inal\nWRA Manual Bonding of Employees 20*11\n\n\u2022 Every employee of the War Relocation Authority who serves as either an agent-cashier, a property accountable officer, a certifying officer, or a collection official; or who, in the course of his official duties, is required to have in his custody, control, or possession:\nProperties belonging to evacuees or refugees will be required to provide a surety bond. Employees of the Authority seeking travel advances must also be bonded. (See Section 20.11.7) All agent-cashiers are designated as collection officials.\n\nA. The specific bonds to be used in each case are outlined in the following subsections:\n\nB. It will be the responsibility of the designated employees to secure their bonds from one of the authorized companies listed on Treasury Form 356. Applications shall be made on the form prescribed by the company selected. The original bond only, executed and forwarded to the Washington Office. Field headquarters may maintain a card record on bonded employees.\n\nC. The various bonds required under 20.11.2-5 inclusive, shall be completely executed, except for the approval.\nRequired on the reverse of the forms. These bonds will be approved by the Washington Office before transmittal to the Treasury Department.\n\nD. The attention of all employees executing bonds is particularly called to the instructions appearing on the reverse of the bond forms. Particular care must be taken to show the residence address, including number and street, of the principal and witnesses.\n\nE. Each bonded officer and employee of WRA shall forward to the Washington office, attention Finance and Supply Officer, the receipt showing payment of the renewal premium for each ensuing year during which he continues to operate under the bond, except that officers or employees accountable for evacuee-owned property, bonded under the provisions of 20.11.6 below, shall forward renewal receipts to the Assistant Director, War Relocation.\nThis is to comply with the requirements of Public Law 275, 78th Congress, as interpreted by Treasury Circular No. 7h%. All receipts must be forwarded prior to the expiration of the premium date of the bond. Receipts shall be submitted for the next regular annual premium when it becomes due. In view of Public Law 275, it is no longer necessary to execute new bonds every four years.\n\nBonding Requirements\nSA7AS\nSupersedes Issuance of 9/25 A3\nRelease # 192\n\nExecution of a bond shall be by a duly authorized officer or agent of the surety, and the receipt shall show the name of the principal and the surety, the date, amount, and type of bond involved, and the period covered by the receipt.\nAgent-cashier bonds shall be executed on Treasury Form 1671-G \"Bond-Miscellaneous\" (Exhibit No. 1). The number of employees to be bonded and the penal amount will depend upon the volume of business to be handled; however, bonds must be in the amount of $3500 or over. Under this bond, cash will be advanced only in an amount up to the penal amount, the balance being reserved to protect the Government by reason of the employee\u2019s activity as a collection officer. If desired, agent-cashier bonds may be executed on Treasury Form 1671-E Revised, under which cash will be advanced in an amount up to the penal amount of the bond. If this form is used, a Collection Official bond, Treasury Form 280 \"Bond-Miscellaneous,\" should also be obtained.\nThe Project Director or Shelter Director, as accountable officer, must be personally bonded to the government for all property on the center. Each successor to that office must execute a new bond. Each subordinate property officer requiring a bond, as indicated in the Property Control Handbook, will be personally bonded to the individual occupying the position of the Project Director or Shelter Director or his successors.\n\nA. Bonds for the Project Director or Shelter Director shall be executed on Treasury Form 200 \"Bond-Miscellaneous\" (Exhibit No. 2).\n\n3. A WRA \"Bond-Miscellaneous\" form (Exhibit No. 3) will be executed for each subordinate property officer to bond him to the individual occupying the position of the Project Director or Shelter Director.\nBond forms, labeled \"Bond-Miscellaneous,\" are available upon request from the Washington Finance and Supply Section. These forms supersede the issuance of September 25, 1943, Release #192. This is part of the WRA Manual.\n\nBonding of employees: Section 20,11.\n\n1. Bonds for accountable officers: The penal amount should be $5,000.\n2. Bonds for certifying officers: These should be executed on the unnumbered Treasury Form entitled \"Bond - Certifying Officer\" (Exhibit No. U). Accompanying signature cards, Treasury Department Form No. 1686 (Exhibit No. Ua), are also required.\n3. Carefully complete the reverse side of this form.\n4. It is recommended that the Head of Budget and Accounts Unit of each center acts as the primary certifying officer, with the Head of the Finance Section also designated as a certifying officer.\n5. Bonds for certifying officers should be in the penal amount of $5,000.\nIn accordance with the provisions of Treasury Department Circular No. 680, dated February 16, 1942, prompt notification of the termination of services of War Relocation Authority certifying officers is requested. The circular states, \"Whenever the authorization of a certifying officer or employee is revoked or amended, notice thereof should be given promptly to the Chief Disbursing Officer, signed by the head of the department, establishment, or agency, and giving the effective date of the revocation or amendment. Care should be exercised promptly to notify the Chief Disbursing Officer, in writing, of termination of the services of a certifying officer by death, resignation, or otherwise.\"\n\nAny employee of the War Relocation Authority, other than certifying officers, is not affected by this notification requirement.\nAn agent-cashier whose official duties will necessitate the acceptance or custody of funds and remittances in any form in a total sum in excess of $500 during a year, other than remittances drawn payable to the Treasurer of the United States, shall \"be required to\" furnish a bond in an amount determined sufficient to protect the United States against loss, but in no case for less than $1,000. Each center and the Emergency Refugee Shelter shall maintain records to determine the amount of remittances of the type mentioned received by each employee, and if it appears that the rate will be in excess of $500 a year, the necessary bonds shall be executed on Treasury Form 280 \"Bond-Miscellaneous\" (Exhibit No. 5).\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 11/11/43\nRelease # 192\n\nCertifying Officer\n\nBonds\nCeUeotien\nOfficer\nBonds\nWRA Manual\nBonding of Employees 20.11\nEvacuated Property Officer\nEvery employee required to have in custody, control, or possession property belonging to evacuees during official duties shall be bonded in the penal sum of $5,000. Bonds shall be executed on Treasury Form 280 \"Bond-Miscellaneous\" (Exhibit No. 6), and approved by the Assistant Director, War Relocation Authority, San Francisco, California.\n\nIf the provisions of the bond typed in the body of Exhibit No. 6 cannot be included in the space provided therefor, it is permissible to type the provisions on a separate sheet of paper and affix it securely (preferably by pasting it) to the bond underneath the words 'The Condition of the Foregoing Obligation is Such'.\n\nRelease of Bond:\nLiability:\nTravel Advance Bonds:\n\nIn the event an employee bonded under the provisions:\nAn employee who leaves the service of the War Relocation Authority or changes duties and no longer requires a bond should be notified to the Washington Office. It is important that notice of any such changes be forwarded to the Washington Office immediately. When transmitting this information, please furnish the name of the employee, the date on which liability under the bond should cease, the name and address of the bonding company, and the date of the bond. In those cases where releases are required, they will be prepared in Washington and the office concerned furnished a copy thereof.\n\nThe Treasury Department, on August 26, 1942, issued an instruction which discontinues the use of funds to the credit of an employee in the Civil Service Retirement and Disability Fund as security for travel advances. Accordingly, any employee of WRA who has had this security discontinued should be reported to the Washington Office.\nWishes an advance of travel funds must be bonded. This may be accompanied by having one copy of Standard Form No. 19 (Exhibit No. 7), executed by the bonding company. The employee will pay the bonding company its fee at this time. The Form 19 shall be forwarded to the Finance and Supply Section in Washington for further transmittal to the Treasury Department. (See Section 20.5 for further details).\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 9/25/43\nRelease # 192\nExhibit So. 1\nFern No. 1671-G-Revised-1\n\nTREASURY DEPARTMENT\nDivision of Disbursements\nBOND - MISCELLANEOUS\n(When surety is a corporation)\n\nKXCW ALL MEN Three Years These Presents:\nBiat _ John J. Doe _ , of 1226 Oak Street _\n(Name in full) (Street)\nManzcanar, _ . California _ , as Principal, and\nNary land Casualty Company, a corporation organized under the laws of the State of California, as surety.\nheld and firmly bound unto the Indiana States of America, its officers, agents, and agencies, in the penal sum of ten thousand dollars ($10,000), for which payment, well and truly to be made, we bind ourselves, jointly and severally, our joint and several heirs, executors and administrators, successors and assigns, firmly by these presents. Sealed with cursed seals, and dated this First day of January 1945.\n\nTHE CONDITION OF THE FOREGOING OBLIGATION IS AS FOLLOWS: That whereas the above-bound principal is an employee of the Relocation Authority, pertaining to the Interior, has been designated and appointed Agent-Cashier of the said War Relocation Authority. Whereas, the Division of the Interior at the Indian Relocation Center has safer-keeping.\nOf Disbursement of the Treasury Department, pursuant to the provisions of Paragraph 2 of Section 4 of Executive Order No. 6166, dated June 10, 1933, as amended, the function of making disbursements at Marry-isr Sail ferula and elsewhere in the United States or its possessions, on account of properly authorized obligations of the saicWar Relocation Authority. Perter, of the Interior: and, T/TET'-EAS, the said Principal has been designated by G. F. Allen, Chief Disbursing Officer, Division of Disbursement, Treasury Department, as Agent-Cashier to act in his place and stead in making payments; and WHEREAS, in the event the said Chief Disbursing Officer shall cease to act as such, it is contemplated that the said Principal shall be designated Agent Cashier to the successor or successors of the said Chief Disbursing Officer.\nIf the said Principal shall at all times during his employment as Agent-Cashier of the Var Relocation Authority:\n\n1. If he should during his remaining on duty transfer to any position to which he may be assigned, appointed, or transferred as an employee of the said Var Relocation Authority.\n2. The Interior agrees that this is a continuing obligation covering not only the term of said principal under said Principal's present appointment in the service of the Var Relocation Authority but also the term or terms of all such future appointments and designations of said Principal as an employee of the said War Relocation Authority.\n3. The Department of the Interior shall faithfully discharge the duties thereof, according to the laws of the United States and regulations in force.\nThe Principal, including instructions issued by or under the authority of the Var Relocation Authority, Dent, of the Interior, is required to safely keep and properly account for, and pay over to the entitled party or parties, all public and private moneys and property advanced to or coming into their hands as an employee of the Var Relocation Authority. The Principal shall not lend, use, deposit in a bank, or exchange for other funds or property than as allowed by law. The Principal is required to well and truly execute and discharge all the duties of the Agent Cashier to the Chief Disbursing Officer, Division of Disbursement, Treasury Department, or their successors in office. This is specifically agreed to be a continuity obligation covering only the term.\nThe said Princ, as Agent Cashier to the successor or successors in office of the sale Chief Disbursing Officer, is to keep and care for all public moneys and other funds that come into his hand by virtue of his office. He shall faithfully disburse and honestly account for these funds and public property placed in his charge or coming into his possession or control, without fraud or delay. At the expiration or earlier termination of his tenure of office, he is to faithfully account for and turn over to the proper official or authority entitled to it, the moneys, securities, or other property for which he is responsible.\n[He may be accountable; then the above obligation is void and of no effect, otherwise to remain in full force and effect. Signed, sealed, and delivered in the presence of:\n\nHenry A. Ring (Name)\nApt. 4-A. Kanzamar Relocation Center (Street)\nKan saner.\nCalifornia (City)\n(State)\n\nAlbert J. Brown (Surety)\nApt. 14-3. Kancanar Relocation Center (Street)\nMansanar.\nCalifornia (City) (state)\n\nJohn J. Doe (Principal)\n(Corporate SEAL)\n\n$1.50 per thousand; the annual premium on this bond is $1500, as shown by premium receipt hereto attached.\n\nRelease No. 192\n\nOFFICIAL BOND\nOF\nAgent Cashier\n\nDated\n\nTreasury Department\nBureau of Accounts\nSection of Surety Bonds\n\nExamined and recorded.\n\nThe within corporate surety is duly qualified and evidence of the authority of the officers or agents thereof.]\nAgents signing on its behalf are on file in this office. Approved.\n\nTreasury Department\nApproved, by direction of the Secretary\nUnder Secretary of the Treasury\n\nInstructions:\n1. The full name and residence of the principal must be clearly written in the body of the bond.\n2. The bond must bear date as of the day upon which it was actually executed.\n3. The bond must be signed by the principal and his signature must be made in the presence of two persons, who must sign their names as witnesses and give their full residence addresses. If a signature of a witness is not legible, the name of that witness should be indicated below the signature by printing or by the use of a typewriter.\n4. The corporate surety must affix its corporate seal.\n5. Evidence of the qualification of a surety company under department regulations must be furnished.\nAll amendments and alterations to the authority of its officers or entities executing the bond on its behalf, must be filed in the department, but must not be attached to the bond.\n\nRule 6:\nAll erasures or interlineations must be described and noted as having been made with the knowledge and consent of the principal and surety. This statement may be made on the margin of the bond and must be signed by both principal and surety.\n\nForm 280\nTreasury Department\nExhibit No. 2\niBond \u2014 jurisdictional\n(When surety is a corporation)\n(Read carefully and follow strictly rules and instructions on reverse side)\nAttach all other presents:\n(Number and street)\nManzanar\u2014 California ... as principal,\n[Manzanar, California ... as principal,]\nand Maryland. Casualty Company\n[City] [State]\n[a corporation organized under the laws of the State of] Maryland.\nas surety, are held and firmly bound to the United States of America in the full and exact sum of $5,000.00 dollars,\nfor which payment, well and truly to be made, we bind ourselves, jointly and severally, our joint and several heirs, executors and administrators, successors and assigns, firmly by these presents.\nSealed with our seals and dated this ... First day of ... in the year one thousand nine hundred and forty-five,\n\nWhereas the above-named principal has been designated Project Director, in the War Relocation Authority, Department of the Interior, for duty at Manzanar, California, and such other places as he may be assigned to from time to time:\n\nTherefore, if the said principal shall honestly, faithfully and diligently perform,\nexecute and discharge all duties of the said position or employment and other duties as shall or may be assigned to him from time to time by competent authority, according to the laws of the United States and regulations made in conformity therewith. It being expressly agreed that this is a continuing obligation, covering not only the term of the said principal under his present appointment in the United States Department of the Interior, War Relocation Authority, but also the term or terms of all future appointments and designations continuing him as an employee in the United States Department of the Interior, War Relocation Authority. He shall faithfully keep and care for all property delivered to him or that may come into his hands by virtue of his said office, and shall faithfully administer and honestly account, without fraud or delay, for all funds, property, or other matters coming within his control.\nThe same, and at the expiration or earlier termination of his employment, faithfully account for and turn over to the proper official or authority thereto entitled, all property for which he may be accountable. This obligation to be void and of no effect otherwise, to remain in full force and virtue.\n\nSigned, sealed, and delivered in the presence of:\n\n(Name)\nApt. 4-A, Manzanar Relocation Center\n(Number and street)\nManzanar, CA\n\n(Name)\nApt. 1.4-3, Manzanar Relocation Center\n(Number and street)\nManzanar, CA\n\n(City, State)\n\n(Principal)\n[Corporate]\n\n(Surety) . Seal\n\nAttest . . . .\n\nThe rate of premium on this bond is \u00a31.155 per thousand; the annual premium on this bond is \u00a3675, as shown by premium receipt hereto attached.\nThe annual premium on a similar bond for the year 1908 was:\n\nInstructions:\n1. The full name and residence of the principal must be written clearly in the body of the bond.\n2. The bond must bear a date as of the day it was executed.\n3. The bond must be signed by the principal and his signature must be made in the presence of two persons who must sign their names as witnesses and give their full addresses.\n4. The corporate surety must affix its corporate seal.\n5. Evidence of the qualification of a surety company under Department regulations, and of the authority of its officers or agents executing the bond on its behalf, must be filed in the Department, but must not be attached to the bond.\n6. All erasures or interlineations must be described and noted as having been made with the knowledge of all parties concerned.\nPrincipal and surety consent. This statement may be written on the margin of the bond and must be signed by the principal and surety.\n\nHUJ jfl 0 in UJ tn HUJ o K Z m u B c u J c j i h a CO c x x a h O r* CO os C O CO l I I I i 30SD - KISCELLAFBOUS\n(When the surety is a corporation)\n(Read carefully and follow strictly rules and instructions on reverse side)\nExhibit Ho. 3\nKITOV all HEP 3Y CHZS2 -RUSZUTS:\nWe John J. Poa, of 1226 Oak Street (Dumas and street), Manzanar, California, as principal, and Maryland (City) (State), Casualty Company, corporation organized under the laws of the State of Maryland, are held and firmly bound unto John Smith, Project Director, Manzanar Relocation Center, Manzanar, California, or his successor or successors in office.\nfor which payment, we hereby convey, jointly and severally, our joint and several heirs, executors, administrators, successors, and assigns, firmly by these presents. Sealed with our seals and dated this First day of July, in the year one thousand nine hundred and forty-five.\n\nThe consideration for this obligation of CHZ FOHZGOIFC- Obligee is such that whereasm the above-named principal has been designated a storekeeper in the United States Department of the Interior, Ver Relocation authority, for duty at Manzanar, California, and such other places as he may be assigned to from time to time;\n\nTHEREFORE, if the said principal shall honestly, faithfully, and diligently perform, execute, and discharge all of the duties of the said position or employment and such other duties as he shall be assigned to him from time to time.\nby competent authority, according to the law of the United States and regulations, made in conformity therewith (it being expressly agreed that this is a continuing obligation, covering not only the term of the said principal under his present appointment in the W-r Relocation Authority, Interior Department, but also the term, or terms, of all future appointments and designations continuing him as an employee In the W-r Relocation Authority, Interior Department), and shall faithfully keep and care for all property delivered to him or that may come into his hands by virtue of his said office, and shall faithfully administer and honestly account for, without fraud or delay, all moneys received and all property coming into his possession, and at the expiration or termination of his employment, shall faithfully account for and turn over to the proper official or agency all moneys and property in his possession.\nThe authority entitled to this property is not accountable for it; therefore, this obligation is void and of no effect, otherwise, to remain in full force and virtue.\n\nSigned,\nsec-la,\ndelivered in the presence of:\n. . _ Henry A. Ring _\n(Fame)\nApt. 4-A, Manzanar Relocation Center\n(Dumbarton and street)\nManzanar, CA, California\n\n_ Ul _ Aloert J. Brown _\n(Tame)\nAnt. 14-3, Manzanar Relocation Center\n(lumber and street)\nManzanar, CA, California, Attest,\n\nThe rate of premium on this bond is $1.35 per thousand; the annual premium on this bond is $6.75, as shown by premium receipt hereto attached.\n\nThe annual premium on a similar bond for the year 1908 was --- --- --- --- --- (Principal)\n\n.(Seal)\n(Corporate Seal)\n(Surety)\nC-JS86 PU ts\nILF STRUCT 1 01TS\n1. The full name and residence of the principal must be clearly written in the body of the bond.\n2. The bond must bear date as of the day upon which it was actually executed.\n3. The bond must be signed by the principal and his signature must be made in the presence of two persons, who must sign their names as witnesses and give their full addresses.\n4. The corporate surety must affix its corporate seal.\n5. Evidence of the qualification of a surety company under Department regulations, and of the authority of its officers or agents executing the bond on its behalf, must be filed in the Department.\n6. All erasures or interlineations must be described and noted as having been made with the knowledge and consent of the principal and surety. This statement may be written on the margin of the bond.\nJohn T. Coe (Summit), Manzanar, California, 1226 Oak Street (Huiaber and Straat), Principal, and Maryland Casualty Company, a corporation organized under the laws of the State of Maryland, as Surety, are held and firmly bound unto the United States of America in the penal sum of Five Thousand dollars, for the payment of any and all sums of money which may become due and owing to the United States under the provisions of any Act of Congress relating to the collection of internal revenue taxes.\n\nBOND \u2014 CERTIFYING OFFICER\nSurety: Maryland Casualty Company\nExhibit Ho. 4\n(Read carefully and follow strictly rules and instructions on reverse side)\n\nKnow all men by these presents:\nThat we, John T. Coe (Summit), Principal, and Maryland Casualty Company, a corporation organized under the laws of the State of Maryland, as Surety, are held and firmly bound unto the United States of America in the penal sum of Five Thousand dollars, for the payment of any and all sums of money which may become due and owing to the United States under the provisions of any Act of Congress relating to the collection of internal revenue taxes.\nwhich  sum,  well  and  truly  to  be  made,  we  bind  ourselves,  our  heirs,  executors, \nadministrators,  successors,  and  assigns,  jointly  and  severally,  firmly  by  these \npresents. \nSealed  with  our  seals,  and  dated  this  First _ day  of  -^uly _ , \ni9il.  This  bond  shall  be  effect l ve_^Z_hJ2^ _ \nI  Data  I \nHBEREAS,  under  the  Act  of  Congress  approved  December  29,  1941,  entitled  \" An  Act \nto  fix  the  responsibilities  of  disbursing  and  certifying  officers,  and  for  other \npurposes,  \"  the  above-bounden  principal  has  been  duly  designated  and  authorized  In \nwriting  by  the  head  of  the _ Be-nrrtnent  cf  the  Interior _ _ \nI  Department,  e  s  t  a  b  I  I  >  im.  n  l ,  or  agancyl \nto  certify  vouchers  to  disbursing  off  leers  under  the  Executive  Branch  of  the  Government ; \nand  under  said  Act  shall  be  held  responsible  for  the  existence  and  correctness  of  the \nThe facts stated in certificates or on vouchers and their supporting papers, and the legality of proposed payments under the involved appropriations or funds, shall be held accountable for and required to make good to the United States the amount of any illegal, improper, or incorrect payment resulting from a false, inaccurate, or misleading certificate made by him, as well as for any payment prohibited by law or which did not represent a legal obligation under the appropriations or funds involved. Therefore, the condition of the foregoing obligation is such that if the principal faithfully performs and discharges, according to the laws of the United States and rules, regulations, and instructions now or hereafter enacted.\nThis obligation is valid if the person prescribed or issued the duties related to certifying vouchers to disbursing officers, and makes good to the United States for any amount they are held accountable due to laws, rules, regulations, and instructions. If not, this obligation is void. This is a continuing obligation covering not only the term of the principal under their current appointment and designation, but also the term or terms of all future appointments and designations by the head of the department, establishment, or agency, under which they will continue to perform these duties.\n\nSigned, sealed, and delivered in the presence of:\n---\nWitnesses to signature of principal:\n/a/ Henry A. King\nThe bond must bear the date of its actual execution and the effective date must be written in the bond at the time of execution. The name, including first name, middle initial or initials (if any), and last name of the principal, along with his residence address, house number, city, and State, must be given in the first paragraph of the bond.\n\nManzanar Relocation Center, Manzanar, California\nAlbert J. Brown\nResidence: avenue and Street\nManzanar Relocation Center, Manzanar, California\nJohn J. Doe\nResidence: _ [SE AlJ]\n(sl) Sur Name: ^CORPORATE\nI, Surety,\nBy\nThe rate of annual premium on this bond is $ _ __ per thousand; the annual premium on this bond is $ 5.QQ _ .\n\nInstructions for Executing Bond\n1. Date of execution: The bond must bear the date as of the day it was actually executed. The effective date must be written in the bond at the time of execution.\n2. Names and residence: The name, including first name, middle initial or initials (if any), and last name of the principal, along with his residence address, house number, city, and State, must be given in the first paragraph of the bond.\nThe address should be printed or typewritten, or otherwise clearly written.\n\n1. Signature and seal: The principal must sign the bond at the foot thereof, by first name, middle initial or initials (if any), and last name, to correspond with his name as shown in the first paragraph of bond. The corporate surety must affix its corporate seal.\n2. Witnesses: The principal's signature must be made in the presence of two witnesses. The witnesses' signatures must appear in the appropriate places, with their full residence addresses. If a witness's signature is illegible, the name should be indicated by printing or typewriting.\n3. Errors, erasures, etc.: Care should be exercised in the execution of the bond to avoid erasures and corrections. If, however, a correction is necessary, and it should be made, it must be initialled by all parties involved.\nIt is impracticable to obtain another form. A separate notation should be made on the margin of the bond, setting forth the change or correction. This statement should be signed by principal and surety. For example: \"The change in the date, line 9, to August 18, I9*i5 (or recite other change), was made with full knowledge and consent of the undersigned (Principal), (Surety).\" The corporate surety must affix its seal to such notation.\n\nExhibit No. 4a\nTreasury Department\nBureau of Accounts\nSIGNATURE CARD\nCertifying officer under public law No. 389, approved December 29, 1941\nDepartment, Establishment, or Agency: Department of the Interior\nI certify that the signature above is that of John J. Doe, Finance Officer, who has been authorized to certify vouchers for payment.\n\nSignature: John J. Doe\n\nJohn Smith\nDate: 3/20/45\nTitle: Assist. Project Director\n\n(Reversible upon completion)\n\nReversible:\n\nCertifying Officer's Bond: 1\nBond Reference:\nDate of bond: March 25, 1945\nSurety: Maryland Casualty Company\nDate of expiration: March 31, 1946\n\nPost Office Address:\nStreet and Number: 1226 Oak Street\nCity and State: Manzanar, California\n\nRelease #: 192\nC-2SBB\nForm 260\nTreasury Department\nExhibit Mo. 5\n\nJoinb \u2014 IhtgceUaraous (When surety is a corporation)\n(Read carefully and follow strictly rules and instructions on reverse side)\nTo all to whom these presents shall come:\n\nThat we, [Name], of 1226 Oak street (Number and street), Manzanar, California, as principal, and Maryland Casualty Company, of the city and state, a corporation organized under the laws of the State of Maryland, as surety, are held and firmly bound unto the United States of America in the full and just sum of $1,000, for which payment, well and truly to be made, we bind ourselves, jointly and severally, our joint and several heirs, executors and administrators, successors and assigns, firmly by these presents.\n\nSealed with our seals and dated this ... first day of ... in the year one thousand nine hundred and forty-five.\n\nThe trustee of the foregoing obligation is Surf.\n\nWhereas the above-bounden principal has obtained from the United States of America a certain bond, bearing even date herewith, for the sum of $1,000, conditioned for the faithful performance by the said principal of certain duties to the United States of America.\n\nNow the condition of the said bond being to be performed, and the said principal having performed and fulfilled all and singular the conditions therein contained, it is therefore agreed between the parties to these presents, that the above obligation and all the conditions and stipulations therein contained, shall be and are hereby released, discharged, and forever void and of no effect.\n\nGiven under our hands this ... day of ... in the year one thousand nine hundred and forty-five.\n\n[Name]\n\n[Maryland Casualty Company]\nI. HAVE BEEN DESIGNATED as a collection official, in the War Relocation Authority, Department of the Interior, for duty at Manzanar, California, and at such other places as I may be assigned from time to time.\n\nTHEREFORE, IF THE SAID PRINCIPAL shall honestly, faithfully and diligently perform, execute and discharge all of the duties of the said position or employment and such other duties as shall or may be assigned to him from time to time by competent authority, according to the laws of the United States and regulations made in conformity therewith (it being expressly agreed that this is a continuing obligation, covering not only the term of the said principal under his present appointment in the War Relocation Authority, Department of the Interior, but also the term or terms of all future appointments and).\nThe text appears to be in relatively good shape and does not require extensive cleaning. I have removed unnecessary whitespaces and made some minor formatting adjustments for readability.\n\ndesignations continuing him as an employee in the War Relocation Authority, Department of the Interior, and shall safely keep, correctly and faithfully account for, and pay over any and all moneys, checks, drafts, and the like which by virtue of his aforesaid employment are now in his custody, control and/or possession, or which shall hereafter come into his custody, control and/or possession, without loaning, using, depositing in a bank, or exchanging for other funds than as allowed by law; then this obligation to be void and of no effect; otherwise to remain in full force and virtue.\n\nSigned, sealed, and delivered in the presence of:\nL.S. Henry A. King .\n(Name)\nApt. 4-A ...Konzanar ...Re.location Center.\n(Number and street)\nManzanar, California . . .\n(City, State)\n(Name)\nApt. 14-B, Kanzanar Relocation Center\n(Number and street)\nManzanar, California.\n(For) John J. Doe\n[Seal]\n(Principal)\n[Corporate (Surety)]\n[Seal]\n. per thousand; the annual, as shown by premium receipt hereto attached.\nThe rate of premium on this bond is \u00a31.35.\nThe rate of premium on this bond is $5.00.\nThe annual premium on a similar bond for the year 1908 was \u00a3.\nRelease a 192 C-22SS PI?\n\nInstructions:\n1. The full name and residence of the principal must be clearly written in the body of the bond.\n2. The bond must bear date as of the day upon which it was actually executed.\n3. The bond must be signed by the principal and his signature must be made in the presence of two persons, who must sign their names as witnesses and give their full addresses.\n4. The corporate surety must affix its corporate seal.\n5. Evidence of the qualification of a surety company under Department regulations, and of the qualification of the surety on the bond.\nauthority of its officers or agents executing the bond on its behalf, must be filed in the Department, but MUST NOT BE ATTACHED TO THE BOND.\n\n1. All erasures or interlineations must be described and noted as having been made with the knowledge and consent of the principal and surety. This statement may be written on the margin of the bond and must be signed by the principal and surety.\n\nTREASURY DEPARTMENT\nForm 2S0\nExhibit No. 6\n\n(When the surety is a corporation)\n(Read carefully and follow strictly rules and instructions on reverse side)\n\nAll items by this presents:\n(Number and address)\nIanzanar, California. OS principal, and, Maryland Casualty Company (City) (State)\na  corporation  organized  under  the  laws  of  the  State  of  ..\u2014-Maryland.-  _ _ _ _ _ _ _ \nas  surety,  are  held  and  firmly  hound  unto  the  ftlniteb  States  of  America  in  the  fall  and \n(#5 ,.000.00-... _ ),  for  which  payment,  well  and  truly  to  he  made,  we  bind  ourselves, \njointly  and  severally,  our  joint  and  several  heirs,  executors  and  administrators,  successors \nand  assigns,  firmly  by  these  presents. \nSealed  with  our  seals  and  dated  this _ First _ day  of  .  July _ \nin  the  year  one  thousand  nine  hundred  and  ....  forty-fire  . . . . \n(Cfje  Contrition  of  tfje  foregoing  (Dfaligation  is  sucf)  That  whereas  the  above-bounden  principal  has  been \ndesignated  an  employee  in  the  War  Relocation  Authority,  Department  of  the  Interior,  for  duty  at  Manzanar,  Cal\u00ac \nifornia,  and  such  other  places  as  he  may  be  assigned  to  from  time  to  time,  and  by  virtue  of  said  employment \nA person is required to have in their custody, control, or possession money and property belonging to others;\n\nIf the said principal faithfully, honestly, and diligently performs, executes, and discharges all duties of the said position or employment, and any other duties assigned by competent authority according to the laws of the United States and regulations made in conformity therewith - this being a continuing obligation covering not only the term of the said principal under their present appointment in the War Relocation Authority, Department of the Interior, but also the term or terms of all future appointments and designations keeping them as an employee in the War Relocation Authority, Department of the Interior, and shall faithfully keep and care for all property.\nThe obligation delivered to him, belonging to the persons for whose benefit the foregoing obligation was made, is to be faithfully and honestly accounted for to the Assistant Director, San Francisco, California. At the expiration or earlier termination of his employment, he is to account for and transfer to the Assistant Director, San Francisco, California, or persons entitled, all property for which he is accountable. This obligation is void and of no effect if he fails to do so; otherwise, it remains in full force and effect.\n\nThe foregoing obligation is intended for the benefit of any and all persons whose property, real or personal, is involved.\nTangible, intangible, or mixed, money or any other thing of value may be in the actual or construct control, custody, or possession of the principal named above in connection with his employment by the United States. It is further intended that said obligation shall be governed by the laws of the State of California. Any and all sums which may become due and owing under the said obligation shall be paid to the Assistant Director, War Relocation Authority, San Francisco, California, who shall receive them on behalf of the persons entitled.\n\nSigned, sealed, and delivered in the presence of:\n\n(Name)\nApt. 4-fe, Manzanar Relocation Center\n(Number and street)\n(City) (State)\n\n(Albert I\u00bb Brown)\n\n(Name)\nAp.t\u00ab__14^R.Miazaoar Relocation Center\n(Number and street)\nThe rate of premium on this bond is $135 per thousand; the annual premium is $675, as shown by premium receipt attached. Release # 192\n\n1. The full name and residence of the principal must be clearly written in the body of the bond.\n2. The bond must bear date as of the day upon which it was actually executed.\n3. The bond must be signed by the principal and his signature must be made in the presence of two persons, who must sign their names as witnesses and give their full addresses.\n4. The corporate surety must affix its corporate seal.\n5. Evidence of the qualification of a surety company under Department regulations, and of the qualification of the surety on the bond, must be attached.\nauthority of its officers or agents executing the bond on its behalf, must be filed in the Department, but MUST NOT BE ATTACHED TO THE BOND.\n\n1. All erasures or interlineations must be described and noted as having been made with the knowledge and consent of the principal and surety. This statement may be written on the margin of the bond and must be signed by the principal and surety.\n\n16-34662-1 tf. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING\n\nApproved by the Secretary of the Treasury\nWar Relocation Authority. Dept. of Interior (Department, establishment, or agency)\n\nBOND OF INDEMNITY\u2014ADVANCES, \u201cSubsistence Expense Act of 1926\u201d\n\nKnow All Men by these Presents:\n\n(First name) (Initials) (Surname) (Residence: Number and street)\nPrincipal of Baltimore, in the state of Maryland, and Companion:\nCity:\nState:\nAs surety in the State of ---, Maryland, we, J- _, are held and firmly bound to the United States of America in the sum of One thousand dollars ($1,000), lawful money of the United States, to be paid to the United States of America or its agents or assigns; to which payment, well and truly to be made, we bind ourselves, our heirs, executors, administrators, successors, and assigns, jointly and severally.\nSealed with our seals, and dated this 18th day of --, in the year one thousand nine hundred and 1923.\n\nWhereas, the above-bounden principal is required to travel in the performance of his duties as an employee of the United States.\nThe principal is entitled, under existing law, to receive advances or per diem allowance for authorized travel expenses. Therefore, if the principal safely keeps and correctly pays out, without lending, using, or exchanging for other funds than allowed by law, all funds advanced to him, and honestly and promptly accounts for them according to law, rules, regulations, and instructions made in conformity.\nThe obligation shall be void and of no effect if the principal promptly repays to the entitled parties any unexpended balances in his possession or standing to his credit. Otherwise, it shall remain in full force and virtue. The surety understands and agrees that he will not be released because of any payments by the United States to the principal after breach of the condition, for funds, salaries, credits, or other moneys in the United States' possession or under its control, otherwise due or owing from the United States to the principal. The principal consents and agrees to furnish a new bond of indemnity.\nPrincipal:\n(Name)\n(Residence: Number and street)\nSurety:\n(Name)\n(Residence: Number and street)\nSurety:\n(Name)\n(Residence: Number and street)\n(City, State)\nI certify that each of the sureties named and who executed the above bond is well known to me and has sufficient unencumbered property, liable to execution, to cover the penalty thereof.\n(Title)\nImportant notice: Do not execute this instrument without first reading the instructions on the reverse side.\n\nRelease w 192\n\nInstructions:\n\n1. Names: The Christian names of the principal and sureties must be written in full and signed to the bond.\n2. Witnesses: The signature of each party must be made in the presence of two persons, who must sign their names as witnesses. Witnesses to the signature of an officer or agent signing for a corporate surety are not necessary. All erasures and interlineations on the bond must be noted by the witnesses, who must certify that they were made before the execution of the bond.\n3. Seal: A corporate surety must affix its corporate seal.\nThe residence and post-office address, including number and street, of the principal and each surety and witness must be given.\n\nSureties: The sureties on the bond must be two in number, citizens and residents of the United States. When a surety is a woman, it should be affirmatively stated that she is single; a married woman will not be accepted as surety. A corporate surety, duly qualified under the Act of August 13, 1894, as amended by the Act of March 23, 1910, will be accepted as sole surety. However, only such surety companies as have been accepted by the Secretary of the Treasury as sureties on Federal bonds shall be accepted.\nCertificates as to Sureties. \u2014 The sufficiency of individual sureties must be certified by one of the following officers: A chief clerk of any department or establishment, or an official occupying a similar position in those establishments having no official with the title \u201cChief Clerk\u201d; a judge of a United States court; United States Commissioner; United States district attorney; United States postmaster; United States marshal; collector of internal revenue; collector of customs; a clerk of a court of record, under seal of the court; executive officer of an incorporated bank or trust company, under his official designation and the seal of the bank or trust company; a notary public, under his seal; a commissioned officer of the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Coast Guard, Coast and Geodetic Survey, or Public.\nHealth Service of the United States for persons in any of those services, or a diplomatic or consular officer of the United States, under his official seal, in case the applicant for an advance resides abroad. This action should not be taken by these officers in a perfunctory manner, but only after they have obtained accurate knowledge of the financial standing of the sureties.\n\nWRA Manual\nField Examination Instructions 20.13\n\n1. Field examinations shall be carried out by the staff of the Field Examination and Investigation Section of the Washington Administrative Management Division. Under the direction of the Assistant Director and the immediate supervision of the Section Head, the personnel of this Section shall be accountable to the Director in Washington.\n2. When and as directed, the Field Examiners of this Section shall engage in inspections, examinations.\nThe section is responsible for auditing all books, records, and activities of Centers and field offices. All activities shall be based on the procedures of the WRA or specific written instructions by the appropriate authority.\n\n.3 The section shall make special reports concerning field operations when directed to do so by the Director.\n\n.4 Activities and irregularities that require special investigations will be investigated by persons specifically designated to do so by the Director and will not be part of the regular examinations.\n\nField Examiners will not engage in personnel investigations.\n\n.5 Since members of the Section staff will be in almost continuous travel status, Project Directors and Heads of Field Offices should extend them necessary cooperation through furnishing office space, stenographic assistance, necessary local transportation,\nArranging conferences with the field staff and in other appropriate ways.\n\nActivities: Examination, Section, Special Reports, Investigations, Field Cooperation.\n\nWRA Manual\nOperation of Motor Vehicles (20.20)\n\nA person shall operate a Government-owned vehicle under jurisdiction of the War Relocation Authority without an employee Driver's Permit issued by the War Relocation Drivers Authority. The issuing officer shall assure himself of the applicant's competence to operate a motor vehicle by testing or, in lieu thereof, accept a recently issued State driving permit as evidence of such competence.\n\nA. The official employee Driver's Permit of the War Relocation Authority shall be Form Y/RA-22. Supplies of this form will be kept in the Washington office of the WRA.\nForm WRA-22 may only be issued by the Director, Project Director, Field Assistant Director, or Relocation Supervisor. A record of each Form WRA-22 issued shall be kept by the issuing officer, and each license shall be recalled and destroyed at the termination of the employee's service. A record of the destroyed licenses shall likewise be maintained.\n\nWar Relocation Authority personnel operating WRA-owned motor vehicles, or other vehicles on WRA business, shall observe the following rules at all times:\n\nGovernment-owned cars may be used only for official and necessary Government business. It is the responsibility of supervisory officials to ensure this regulation is followed and use is held to a minimum consistent with necessity.\n\nFederal, State and local traffic regulations shall be observed.\n\nDrivers:\n\n1. Federal, State and local traffic regulations shall be observed.\n2. Drivers shall not use Government-owned cars for personal business or errands.\n3. Drivers shall not carry passengers, except when necessary for the performance of official business.\n4. Drivers shall not permit the use of Government-owned cars by anyone other than authorized personnel.\n5. Drivers shall not leave Government-owned cars unattended in public places unless properly parked and locked.\n6. Drivers shall not permit the consumption of alcoholic beverages while operating a Government-owned car.\n7. Drivers shall not permit smoking in Government-owned cars.\n8. Drivers shall maintain the Government-owned cars in a clean and orderly condition.\n9. Drivers shall report any accidents or damage to the vehicle to their supervisor immediately.\n10. Drivers shall comply with all other rules and regulations governing the use of Government-owned vehicles.\nWRA drivers and vehicles regulated by other agencies must adhere to this Manual, along with Handbook Section 40.5. Common sense and caution are required at all times on the road. Courtesy, compliance with local safety requirements, and safe car operation contribute to satisfactory public relations.\n\nSupercedes Issuance of 10/18/43, Release # 134\nWRA Manual\nOperation of Motor Vehicles\n\nSection 20.20\nDriving\n\nAccidents\n\nG. A vehicle used for WRA official business shall be driven at a speed exceeding 35 miles per hour.\nA. A car should never be left unattended until the ignition key has been removed and the hand brake set.\nF. Operating a car while under the influence of alcohol is prohibited.\nProhibited and will result in disciplinary action.\n\nG. Government-owned vehicles shall be maintained in good working order. Report all defects or repair needs promptly.\n\n.3 A. In case of an accident, the first concern of all should be for rescue and treatment of injuries.\n\nB. All accidents occurring to vehicles driven on official business of the WRA shall be reported as promptly as possible to the driver\u2019s superior and through regular channels to the Washington office. Copies of Standard Form 26 shall be kept in each vehicle for this purpose.\n\nOn the scene of the accident, secure the names and addresses of the principals, signed statements of witnesses, notations of insurance, if any, and a detailed statement of all the facts of the accident. One copy of Standard Form 27 executed by the employee\u2019s superior or investigating officer shall be made.\nOne copy of Standard Form 26, accompanied by narrative statements, should be sent to the Washington office. One signed copy of each form should be kept by the employee and one signed copy by the supervisor. Standard Form 28 (Claim for Damages) will also be used as necessary and distributed in the same manner as Forms 26 and 27.\n\nFederal employees are entitled to medical, surgical, and hospital treatment for injuries sustained in the performance of duty, and in certain cases, compensation under the U.S. Employee's Compensation Act.\n\nIn cases involving accidents where culpable negligence can be proved, WRA personnel may be required to pay for damages or repair costs, or disciplinary actions may be instituted, or both.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 10/18/43\nRelease # 134\n\nWRA Manual\nOperation of Motor Vehicles\nSection 20.20\nEmployees operating a Government car are not absolved from personal liability in case of an accident. Public liability and property damage insurance are suggested for employees authorized to operate such cars. Any insurance premiums must be paid by the employee.\n\nWRA drivers operating out of Washington or field offices are subject to the following additional regulations and procedures:\n\nA. Credit cards will be furnished for use with each Government-owned car, through channels, by the appropriate Field Procurement Office or Washington Procurement Section. At the end of each month, copies of all credit sales slips should be submitted through channels to the Finance Officer in Washington.\n\nB. Gasoline ration coupons will also be furnished for use with the cars. When new gasoline ration coupon books are obtained, the old books together with any unused coupons should be returned.\nUnused coupons must be returned through channels to the ration boards that first issued the books. C. Arrangements for services, purchases of parts or equipment, and repairs, and subsequent payments, incurred in the maintenance of each vehicle, should be made with the appropriate Procurement Office. D. The following records shall be maintained on the operation of non-Center WRA cars: (1) Each trip in a Government car must be covered by a Form DI-122 in triplicate. In addition, a statement must be made on the reverse of each DI-122 for expended gasoline ration coupons during the travel listed. (2) At the end of each month, each employee to whom a car has been assigned must forward two copies of the DI-122's made out during the month, through channels, to the Washington Finance Officer. (3) Form DI-120, Operator\u2019s Record, must accompany each trip.\nEach Government car operated by a WRA employee must display current and accurate information regarding rule 8 in Washington and Field Offices. At the end of each month, a summary as outlined in the back of DI-120 must be prepared in triplicate and submitted with the DI-122.\n\nA Government car shall not be operated within the limits of the headquarter city, except as necessary for getting it in and out of storage and to parts of the city where public conveyances are not available.\n\nWRA Manual - Operation of Motor Vehicle (20.20)\nOfficial WRA identification cards (Forms WRA-82) shall be used by War Relocation Authority personnel whose work requires them. The cards may be issued at the discretion of the authority.\nOf any War Relocation Authority identification card, no photographing or duplication is permissible beyond the signature of the Director, Project Director, or Field Assistant Director. Cards are for official War Relocation Authority business use only.\n\nOfficial Identification Cards\n\n1. No War Relocation Authority identification card may be photocopied or otherwise reproduced. The cards shall be used solely for furthering official War Relocation Authority business.\n2. The card shall be filled in on a typewriter by a representative of the issuing officer. Care should be taken in typing, as erasures or strike-overs render the credential void. Appropriate wording shall be typed on the back when an official other than the Director signs.\n3. After the card has been filled out and signed by the employee, a full-face photo of the employee, approximately 1 inch square, shall be affixed on the right hand side of the front. The photo should be affixed to the card by the use of glue or another suitable adhesive.\nIn offices of the War Relocation Authority, Government photographic equipment may be used to make identification photographs for the employee at no expense. Otherwise, it is the responsibility of the employee to provide suitable photographs. A hand seal bearing the impression of the War Relocation Authority seal should be used to make an impression, partly on the picture and partly on the card, to ensure that the photo is never detached and another substituted. The credential should then be countersigned by the appropriate official and recorded on Form WRA-36 in duplicate. One set of Form 36 may be filed by serial number, and the other alphabetically by the name of the employee. A record shall be kept in each issuing office of the name.\nTitle and serial number of each person issued a War Relocation Authority identification card, along with the employee's signature on Form 7/RA-37. At the time of an employee's separation from the War Relocation Authority, the card must be returned and necessary adjustments made to the Records of Cards Issued.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 9/1/i*3\nWRA Manual Identification 20.21\n\nCancellation of two copies of WRA-36 referring to the employee and cancellation of his signature on the listing sheet.\n\nCard Supplies\n- 6 supplies of WRA-82, WRA-36, WRA-37, and dry mounting tissue.\n- War Relocation Authority seals, along with instructions for mounting photographs, have been supplied from the Washington office.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 9/1/U3\nASM\nClaims against the Government involving property damages under certain conditions can be certified to Congress for payment if a government employee is adjudged negligent in the operation of a government vehicle or other equipment while acting within the scope of his official duties, resulting in damaging private property.\n\nClaims for Property Damage:\n\n1. Claims arising under the provisions of this Act must be submitted to the Washington office of the War Relocation Authority for consideration.\n2. Claims resulting from traffic accidents must be submitted on standard form 28 completely executed and signed before a Notary Public by the legal owner of the property damaged.\n3. Standard forms 26 and 27 properly executed and signed by the legal owner should also be submitted.\nThe property claim must include form 28 and a narrative report of incidents. The report should provide all facts, names, and addresses of principals involved and any witnesses. The notarized standard form 28, submitted in triplicate to Washington, must be accompanied by an itemized estimate of repairs needed or a receipted bill for repairs made, along with a statement by the repairman that the repairs estimated or itemized on the bill include only those made necessary by the accident in question.\n\nSubsection (Damage Claims)\n\u20223 The Act of September 28, 1922, does not authorize certification to Congress of claims for personal injuries resulting from the negligence of Government employees. Special legislation is required for payment of these claims. The claimant usually submits his claim directly.\nA Congressman may introduce a private relief bill to provide payment for personal injuries arising from the acts of a War Relocation Authority employee while engaged in official business. The Congressional Committee on Small Claims will refer such legislation to the Director of the War Relocation Authority. The Director is expected to report to the Committee on the bill and give reasons for recommending for or against its passage.\n\nReports on cases of personal injury, supersedes A.I. #90, Damage, Claims Against WRA 20-22, WRA:\n\n1. It is essential in all cases of personal injury arising from the acts of a War Relocation Authority employee to submit a comprehensive report immediately to the Director in Washington.\n2. All facts of the incident must be completely reported.\nTogether - with a statement as to the justifiability of any claim against the government and complete reasons therefor.\n\nWRA Settlement of Claims\n\u20225 A claim for either damages or personal injuries cannot be settled out of War Relocation Authority appropriations. This is absolutely prohibited by law.\nSupersedes A.I. # 90\nJB1 Purchase of War Bonds 20.23\n\u20221 It is the policy of the L&R Relocation Authority to encourage all employees to purchase War Bonds to the limit of their abilities. All appointed personnel are urged to purchase bonds through a system of automatic deductions from their salary payments. Bonds are issued to the employees in lieu of the sums deducted. This program is preferable to one of encouraging direct cash purchase by employees because:\nWA Policy on Bond Purchase\nA# It is more convenient to the employee.\nThe Treasury Department is assured a steady source of revenue through the recording of Bond sales on the official payroll. Staff members are encouraged to supplement their payroll deductions with direct purchases of Har Bonds and Stamps, whenever possible. Payroll deductions by IRA personnel shall be solicited on a voluntary basis, and no coercion shall be exercised against any employee to participate or increase participation in this program. For the War Relocation Authority as a whole, and for each unit of the WRA, the Director hopes to reach and maintain the following goals:\n\nAt least 90% of the participating staff\nAt least 10% of the total payroll pledged\nC. Fifteen percent of the total payroll pledged in the near future:\n\nPayroll deductions must be authorized by the employee on Form TD-2254. Periodically, the staff in each unit of WRA should be actively canvassed to ensure that each person ready to participate in the program is given a chance to do so. Also, each new employee shall be acquainted with the program at the time of his induction into WRA.\n\nPayroll Deduction Authorization\nSupersedes A.I# 75\nKRA\nPurchase of Transfer Bond: $20.21\nZutuna\n\nPurchase:\nThe amount of the pledge must be an aliquot fraction of the purchase price of a Bond. That is, the Bond must be paid for by an even number of deductions, with no balance remaining to be carried over, since this constitutes a heavy bookkeeping burden. When a Bond is purchased by installments, extending over several months, the Bond is dated as of the date of the first installment payment.\nThe median month:\n\nAuthorized deductions by the Treasury Department are as follows:\nAuthorized:\nPayroll\nDeductions:\nBond\nDeductions at it:\nBond\nDeductions at it:\nBond\nDeductions at it:\nBond\nDeductions at it:\nBond\nDeductions at it ti:\nDeductions:\nDeductions at it:\nDeductions it:\nDeductions it:\nDeductions it:\nDeductions it:\nDeductions it:\nDeductions tt:\nDeductions tt:\nDeductions tt:\nDeductions rt:\nPayroll and purchase procedures are as follows:\nA Field Offices which perform their own payrolling:\nThe authorization card Form TD-2254, after execution, shall supersede A. I #75 PuE-CMm of War Bonds 20.23.\nThe following documents should be forwarded to the Finance Office, where the payroll will be prepared showing Bond purchase deductions and arrangements will be made for purchase and delivery of the Bonds.\nInstructions on deductions and purchase of Bonds are in the hands of all centers:\n\n1. Treasury Department procedures for making allotments and issuing Bonds (Attachment No. 2).\n2. Administrative Instruction 41, supplement 5.\n3. General Regulations 96.\n\nThe new revised Form 1013 has a special column for listing Bond deductions.\n\nIn Field Offices that do not perform their own payrolling, Form TD-2254 will be forwarded to the Fiscal Office of Central Administrative Services, OEM, which performs payrolling service for the Office in question. Central Administrative Services will take care of recording deductions and procuring Bonds.\n\nAt the Washington Office, Form TD-2254 will be forwarded to the Fiscal Office of Central Administrative Services, OEM, which will take care of recording deductions and procuring Bonds.\nAll Federal establishments' Bond Payroll deduction amounts and percentages are published periodically by the War Savings Bond Committee in Washington. The War Relocation Authority must report monthly to the Committee using Form IWSBC-2. Each field station of the War Relocation Authority shall report for its employees to the Washington office, where reports will be consolidated and forwarded to the Committee. Reports on Form IWSBC-2 shall be sent by air mail on the first day of each month for the preceding month, and consolidated reports must be sent to the Committee not later than the fifth. Only War Bond purchases made under the payroll deductions plan can be included in this report.\n\nFor Form TD-2254, it can be obtained from the WRA Washington office.\nAny person who wilfully and knowingly makes or causes to be made an unlawful arrest, detention, or imprisonment of another shall be deemed guilty of false arrest.\n\nAny person who wilfully and knowingly resists or assists another person to resist a lawful arrest shall be deemed guilty of resisting lawful arrest.\n\nFalse Arrest:\nAny person who neglects or refuses, when called upon by any police officer, to assist in the arrest of any person charged with or convicted of any offense or in securing such offender when apprehended, or in conveying such offender to the nearest place of confinement shall be deemed guilty of refusing to aid an officer.\n\nRefusing to Aid Officer\nAny person who, being in lawful custody for any offense, escapes or attempts to escape, or who permits or assists or attempts to permit or assist another person to escape from lawful custody, shall be deemed guilty of an offense.\n\nAny person who wilfully disobeys any subpoena, warrant, or written order duly issued by the Project Director shall be deemed guilty of an offense.\n\nDisobedience to Lawful Orders\n\nSection 31:\nSince the list of offenses defined in 30.1.30 is not exhaustive, and since the Project Director is responsible for maintaining law and order in the relocation center, he may punish any other act of an evacuee that he considers inimical to the orderly administration of the center or that violates any provisions of this Manual.\nregulation: Applicable to the center, all such cases shall be reported immediately to the Director.\n\n.32 The maximum penalty that the Project Director may impose, in the exercise of his disciplinary powers, for the commission of an offense is imprisonment in jail for not more than three months. The Project Director may permit a defendant to pay a fine of a fixed sum of money as an alternative to serving a fixed period of imprisonment. The maximum fine so imposed shall not exceed $300 for any single offense. The Project Director may also impose other suitable punishments, except the performance without pay of work for which the defendant is regularly employed. The Community Council may provide, by regulation duly promulgated, that the Judicial Committee is responsible for:\n\nSupersedes Issuance\nInternal Security 50.1\nWRA Manual\nThe mission may, within its jurisdiction as defined hereafter, impose penalties of imprisonment in jail, fine, or other suitable punishments, except the performance without pay of work for which the defendant is regularly employed, subject to the limitations applicable to imposition of such penalties by the Project Director. Amounts received as a result of fines imposed by the Project Director or by the Judicial Commission shall be paid into the United States Treasury as miscellaneous receipts.\n\nDisciplinary Action\nProject Director\n\nThe Project Director shall exercise his disciplinary power personally after granting to the person charged with an offense a hearing at which the Project Director shall preside. He may, if he wishes, ask representatives of his staff or a representative committee of evacuees to attend the hearing and advise.\nThe Project Director shall designate a person to keep a calendar of pending cases, records of decisions, and a complete file for each case. Records shall be maintained as part of the project's official files. A bailiff and stenographer shall be appointed to maintain order during hearings, take charge of witnesses, and make a transcript of all proceedings. The transcript shall be corrected and approved in writing by the Project Director.\n\nThe Project Director may issue subpoenas under his signature to subpoena necessary witnesses for a hearing. Witnesses who refuse to appear or testify may be punished for contempt, with the maximum punishment not exceeding that stated in Section 30.1.32.\n\nThe Project Director may act as advisor to the accused, and the prosecutor shall be present.\nThe Project Director may assign an adviser to the defendant to help him present his case if he does not choose one for himself. The Project Director may assign a person to present the case against the defendant at the hearing. This person may be either an evacuee or a member of the administrative staff and need not be the same person at all hearings.\n\nThe Project Director shall be responsible for ensuring that a complete case is fairly presented. The defendant\u2019s adviser and the person assigned to present the case against the defendant are intended to assist in this process.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 11/29/^3 Release # 150 WRA Manual Internal Security 30.1\n\nThe Project Director is responsible for ensuring that a complete case is fairly presented. If the defendant does not choose an adviser, the Project Director may assign one. Similarly, the Project Director may assign a person to present the case against the defendant, who may be an evacuee or a member of the administrative staff and need not be the same person at all hearings.\n\nFederal offenses that are misdemeanors under Federal law but felonies under State law, or vice versa, or offenses for which the Project Director and the local prosecuting official agree that the Federal charge is not necessary, are not subject to these procedures.\ncase is one that can be better handled on the center in any of these events, the Project Director may elect to treat the offense either as a misdemeanor or as a violation of a regulation of the Community Council, if it is one.\n\n\u202237 In the case of an offense that is a violation of a regulation of the Community Council, the offender shall be tried before the Judicial Commission, and the Project Director shall not hold a hearing or impose punishment in any such case, except that:\n\nA. If the offense charged is aggravated assault and battery, or\nB. If the offense charged is punishable under State or Federal law by a more severe penalty than the maximum permissible under this Manual Section, and the Project Director believes that the penalty available under this Section will not be an appropriate punishment under the circumstances.\nIn such circumstances, the Project Director may issue an order removing the case from the Judicial Commission's docket and set it down for hearing before himself or refer the case to the State or Federal courts, as appropriate in the particular case.\n\n.38 In the case of an offense that is a misdemeanor under Federal or State law but is not a violation of a regulation of the Community Council, the Project Director may either turn the offender over to the local authorities for prosecution in the State or Federal courts or punish the offender by the exercise of his disciplinary power.\n\n.39 In the case of an action that is an offense under Sections 30.1.30 or 30.1.31 but is not defined as an offense in any regulation of the Community Council or by State or Federal law, the Project Director may-\nlaw,  the  offender,  may  be  punished  by  the  exercise  of  the \nof  the  disciplinary  power  of  the  Project  Director  as  pro\u00ac \nvided  in  this  Manual  Section. \n.40  As  soon  as  practicable,  the  Project  Director  shall  arrange \nto  lease  or  hire  the  use  of  space  in  a  suitable  jail  in  a \nconveniently  located  city  or  town,  and  shall  thereupon  use \nsuch  jail  for  imprisoning  evacuees  sentenced  to  jail  either \nby  himself  or  the  Judicial  Commission,  in  lieu  of  maintain-* \ning  a  jail  within  the  boundaries  of  the  center.  If  such \narrangements  cannot  be  made,  the  Director  shall  be  promptly \ninformed,  so  that  alternative  provision  may  be  made. \nViolation  of \nRegulation  of \nCommunity  Council \nMisdemeanors, \nState  or \nFederal \nDiscipline  by \nProject  Director \nPro jeot \nJail \nSuperseded  Issuance  of  11/29/43 \nWPA.  Manual \nArticles  Seized \nfrom  Gamblers \nArticles  Seized \nfrom  Thieves \nInternal  Security  30 .1 \n\"Money or articles used in gambling and seized by project police shall be marked with the owner's name, family number, and address. They shall be deposited in a locked place on the center, except in cases prosecuted in outside courts under State law and where the State law provides for other disposition. If the owner is adjudged innocent, the money or articles shall be immediately returned to him. Where he is adjjudged guilty, the money or articles shall also be returned to him, but not until his departure from the center on seasonal or indefinite leave, except that in the discretion of the Project Director, all or part of the money may be returned to the owner prior to such time for the purpose of paying fines or upon a satisfactory showing of need. Receipts shall be taken for all money and articles returned. If ownership of the money or articles is not clearly established, the Project Director may order a hearing to determine ownership.\"\nIf articles are not promptly established as the owner, the provisions of Sub-section 30*1*42 shall apply.\n\nMoney or articles seized by project police and adjudged to have been stolen, embezzled, or obtained by fraud or extortion shall be kept in a locked place on the center until ownership has been established to the satisfaction of the Project Director. Where the owner is unknown, the Project Director shall cause a notice to be published in the project newspaper describing the money or articles, setting forth all the relevant circumstances, and stating that the money or articles will be turned over to the owner upon satisfactory proof of ownership. Such notice shall be published once each week for three consecutive weeks unless the owner is found in the meantime. In case ownership of money is not established to the satisfaction of the Project Director.\nfaction of the Project Director, in accordance with this procedure, shall deposit the money in Miscellaneous Receipts Account 3900 ('Forfeiture of Unclaimed Funds') of the United States Treasury, or such other account as may hereafter be designated in lieu thereof. Articles to which ownership is not established to the satisfaction of the Project Director shall be kept in a locked place on the project.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 11/29/43\nC-H92 bu-final\nWRA Manual\nInternal Security 30.1\n\nProject Directors, with the approval of the Director and under the limitations set forth hereafter, may evict from the centers residents whose continued presence is causing serious disruption of center administration. Such evictions shall be made only after the Project Director has exhausted his present disciplinary authority (see Manual 30.1.30, et seq.), and cannot:\nof course, individuals designated as ineligible for relocation by the War Department or other governmental agency will be affected.\n\nA. In any case in which ejection of a person is deemed necessary, the Project Director shall submit his recommendations to the Director, including complete identification of the person, a complete statement of the charges against him, detailed evidence supporting his charges (including signed statements based on personal knowledge, transcripts of interviews with witnesses, confessions, conduct records, and circumstantial evidence), and the specific reasons why disciplinary action will be inadequate and ejection is necessary.\n\nWhere it appears that the person may have committed a crime under State or Federal law, the Project Director shall not submit his recommendations to the Director until the matter has been resolved.\nThe appropriate law enforcement officials have indicated they do not intend to prosecute. A statement to this effect will be included among the recommendations.\n\nBefore preparing his recommendations and transmitting them to the Director, the Project Director may give the person a hearing (which need not be public). The person should be advised of the charges against him and permitted to testify and present evidence by witnesses, affidavits, or any other form. The person may call in an advisor and witnesses in such a manner as will not interfere with the decorum of the hearing or the maintenance of law and order in the center. An abstract of the hearing, including any exhibits that may have been introduced at the hearing, shall accompany the Project Director's recommendations regarding eviction of persons seriously.\nDisrupting Center A Recommendation on Director of Referral to Law Enforcement of Officials in Personal Cases Hearing Before Project Director Release #166 WRA Manual Internal Security 30,1 Determination by Director Aliena Relocation Assistance\n\nUpon reviewing the Project Director's recommendations and accompanying material, the Director will determine whether the person should be required to leave the center. If his determination is in the negative, the Director may indicate legal prosecution or other action deemed appropriate or necessary under the circumstances.\n\nThe provisions of this Section 30.1.43 do not supersede the provisions of Manual 80.2.4 and following, with respect to recommendations for the Internment of dangerous enemy aliens. In the case of aliens, the Project Director may proceed unhindered.\nThe Health Section in the Community Management Division is responsible for health services at WRA centers. The Section operates under the supervision of the Center Medical Officer, who receives technical guidance from the Chief Medical Officer in Washington. The Health Section is responsible for all services that promote the health of the community or individual evacuees, including:\nA. Curative and preventive medicine, including specialized services.\nB. Related services such as dentistry, nutrition, pharmacy, optometry, laboratory services, hospital and public health nursing including midwifery and nurses' aides, medical and psychiatric social work, and health education.\nC. Disease control measures, including a communicable disease program; an immunization program; maternal, infant, pre-school and school health services; an industrial hygiene service; nutritional consultation service concerning the general diet at the center; and a general sanitation program concerning the production, transportation, storage and preparation of food, milk, and water, and also concerning living quarters, kitchens, dining rooms, washrooms, toilets, showers, garbage disposal and sewage disposal.\nD. Operation of the center hospital and appropriate clinics.\nHealth Functions.\nTo effectively and efficiently protect the health of the center, a close working relationship is necessary between the Health Section and other sections of the Community Management Division. The Health Section will retain full responsibility for the scope, expense, and relative importance of each health service, program, or activity, and for all health recommendations related thereto. Each division or section concerned with any function outlined in Paragraph 30.2.2 will organize its activities. The Community Council's assistance will be sought.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 12/7/43, Release \u00a7 147, WRA Manual, Health 30.2.\nSought in the adoption of health rules and regulations and in their interpretation to the community. Such regulations must, of course, be consistent with applicable laws of the federal, State and local governments, as well as with the regulations of WRA.\n\nHealth Staff at Centers.\n\n.4 A. Evacuees who are specifically trained in any health field shall be encouraged to serve the center through the health program. Requests of health professional or technical personnel for transfers from one center to another shall be reviewed by the center and Washington Medical Officers before such transfers are made (See Manual Section on Personnel). All health workers who are legally required to have a license to practice their profession must hold such a license in active status in one of the States or territories of the United States.\nBefore being allowed to practice at a WRA center, see Section 50.1.50.\n\nHealth Services Tar Ivaotiees\n\nB. Due to the limited resources of medical personnel, the Health Section in Washington should be informed well in advance by teletype of expected absences from duty of both appointed and evacuee physicians. Except in emergencies, no appointed physician should be granted leave of more than five days without first clearing with the Washington Health Section. See also Personnel Handbook Section 20.1.110.\n\nEvacuee residents of the center will be furnished medical, surgical, dental, and nursing care, medicines, appliances, and the services of all professional personnel and necessary hospital facilities for the protection, maintenance, and recovery of their health.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 12/7/43\nRelease # 147\nWHA Manual\nHealth 30.2\nM\nGeneral diagnostic and treatment services for acute or emergency illnesses will be available to all evacuees under the direction of professional personnel on duty. Policies regarding highly specialized and unusual diagnostic procedures, treatment of elective nature, doubtful or unproven therapeutic value treatments, and those involving unusual drugs or procedures of highly specialized character will be reviewed and approved by the Project Director, with the advice of the Center Medical Officer, before implementation. The Center Medical Officer shall ensure that such diagnostic and therapeutic procedures are necessary for the proper care of the individual and justifiable for hospital staff to carry out given the limited hospital personnel, supplies, or equipment.\nSo as not to jeopardize the care of individuals in more urgent need, if care is not approved, the evacuee may obtain it, provided personnel and facilities are available, by paying such costs involved. The Center Medical Officer shall consider the welfare of the individual and the economical use of procedures and materials which will serve with the same merit as more expensive procedures and materials. He shall avoid the use of materials and procedures of experimental nature and of questionable therapeutic value.\n\nUntil such time as the dental clinic and laboratory are completely equipped, dental care shall be confined to palliative and emergency work. Thereafter, or until such time as it is determined that the existing dental facilities are able to provide additional dental services,\n(1) Prophylaxis, extractions, alloy fillings, Silicate cement fillings, porcelain crowns, full dentures, root canal treatments and fillings, treatments for allaying pain and for acute oral pathological conditions such as Vincent's infection, pyorrhea, alveolaris, atrophitis, acute gingivitis, and similar pathological conditions.\n\n(2) Old inlays and gold crowns where the employment of other less expensive materials is definitely contraindicated.\n\n(3) Partial dentures, when occluding tooth surfaces are so depleted that proper mastication of food is not possible.\n\n(4) All dental work required to restore the mouth to its original condition following injury in line of duty.\nAll dental work must be essential for an individual's health. Only general use and accepted materials may be used. Special materials will not be used if less costly alternatives serve equally well. Dental services not specifically listed above are considered elective. Elective dental care and the use of more expensive materials or procedures than indicated above require approval by the center Medical Officer. Such services may be rendered at evacuees' cost if sufficient dental personnel, equipment, and supplies are available, and rendering such care will not jeopardize essential dental care for other evacuees. The purpose is to render dental treatment to many patients rather than elective dental services to the few.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 12/7/43.\nRelease 147\nWRA Manual\n\nUntil complete optical equipment and staff are available to each center, arrangements shall be made outside the center for refractions, procurement of new glasses and repairs. When optical equipment and staff are in operation, refraction and other eye examinations will be available to evacuees at the project hospital. Glasses should be recommended only when there is definite medical indication of need, and they shall be provided at government expense only when the Project Director or his representative determines that the evacuee involved is not able to bear the expense.\n\n.6 Under certain circumstances, center medical facilities shall be used for treatment of evacuee employees of the Government who are injured in line of duty and entitled to benefits under the Accident Compensation Act (See Section 50.5.50).\nAlthough it is not WRA policy to use center health facilities for treatment of appointed staff and their families, they may be used under certain circumstances if the government is given fair compensation (See Section 50.2.2). When regular Army facilities are not available near a Military Police Unit at a Center, arrangements have usually been made with physicians or hospitals in neighboring communities to render treatment. In cases of emergency or when off-center facilities or personnel are too far for treatment, services shall be made available upon request of the commanding officer of the military police at the center hospital until such time as the soldier may be moved to the appropriate facility.\nnearest  other  civilian  or  Army  facility.  If  re\u00ac \nquested  by  the  Commanding  Officer,  Medical  Depart\u00ac \nment  soldiers  may  render  nursing  care  to  soldiers \nin  the  center  hospital  except  in  cases  requiring \nthe  attendance  of  a  registered  nurse.  It  is  desir\u00ac \nable  that  services  of  physicians  or  nurses  to  sol\u00ac \ndiers  in  the  center  hospital  shall  be  rendered  by \nmembers  of  the  appointed  staff. \nOptical \nService \nTreatnent \nFor  Injury \nin  Line \nof  Duty \nHealth \nService \nfor \nAppointed \nPersonnel \nHealth \nService \nfor \nMilitary \nPolice \nSupersedes  Issuance  of  12/7/43* \nRelease  #  147 \nC-aS06  P7  nobs  fin\u00abl \nWRA  Manual \nHealth  30.2 \n.9  Specialized  Hospitalization  treatment  or  consulta\u00ac \ntion  services,  such  as  highly  specialized  surgery, \nradiation  therapy  and  treatment  of  mental  cases  not \navailable  on  the  Center,  when  determined  to  be  nec\u00ac \nessary  by  the  Project  Director  with  the  advice  of \nThe center Medical Officer should be arranged in the nearest community with adequate facilities, at the expense of the War Relocation Authority. Evacuees desiring hospitalization or physicians' services other than those arranged by the War Relocation Authority may obtain them at their own expense. Hospitalization of mental patients will generally be in State institutions.\n\nSpecialized Services\nThe Center\n\nWhen treatment required for a mental case is not available on the center, arrangements may be made for the commitment of the patient to a State institution. This will be done through the Project Medical Officer who shall follow the usual procedure of the State in which the project is located. The establishment by the Project Medical Officer of professional relationships with the appropriate medical institutions is essential.\nauthorities at State institutions can facilitate acceptance of mental patients through personal contacts and direct medical reports. When an evacuee mental patient from a center is committed to a State institution in a West Coast state, such as commitments from Tule and Manzanar to California State institutions, the patient becomes the responsibility of the San Francisco Health Office. In such cases, a detailed report of the commitment, along with a copy of the social history prepared for the state institution, should be sent to the Health Section of the San Francisco office, and all correspondence regarding the patient after his commitment should be handled through that office.\n\nCommitment Transfer and Parole of Mental Patients\n\nAs soon as a mental patient is committed to a State institution (other than a West Coast institution),\nThree copies of the social summary prepared in connection with a commitment should be sent to the Health Section in San Francisco, along with a copy of Form WRA-26. These copies are kept for use in case of the later transfer of the patient to an institution in his state of legal settlement. If such a transfer occurs, the patient becomes the responsibility of the San Francisco Health Section, and all correspondence regarding the patient subsequent to the transfer should be handled through that office. This includes requests for reports on the patient's condition which may be made by relatives remaining at the centers.\n\nArrangements have been made with the States of California, Oregon, and Washington for acceptance into the institutions of these states.\n\n(Supersedes Issuance of 12/7/43. Release ji 143. IYHA Manual. Health 30.2. Transfer.)\nStates: Transfers of mental patients from institutions in one state to another, where the legal residence is in the receiving state. The procedure is as follows:\n\n1. Following commitment to an institution in the state where a center is located, the appropriate official (usually the Director of State institutions) in the state where the commitment has taken place may apply to the appropriate official in the state of legal residence for transfer to the latter state.\n2. In California, the application should be directed to the Director of the Department of Institutions at Sacramento, California; in Oregon, to the Secretary of the Oregon State Board of Control, Salem, Oregon; and in Washington, to the Director of the Department of Finance, Budget, and Business, Olympia, Washington.\n3. The patient's name, address, length of legal residence in the State.\nto  which  transfer  is  being  made,  and  in \nthe  county  of  residence  in  that  State, \nage,  sex,  a  complete  diagnosis,  and  all \n'Other  pertinent  data  should  accompany \nthis  application  for  transfer. \n(2)  The  State  agency  receiving  the  request \nwill  inform  the  Health  Section  in  San \nFrancisco  of  such  request. \nSupersedes  Issuance  of  12/7/43 \nRelease  ft  143 \nWRA  Manual \nHealth  30.2 \n(3)  If  it  is  mutually  agreed  by  the  two  State \nagencies  that  the  patient  is  an  appropri\u00ac \nate  one  for  transfer,  the  transferring \nState  shall  be  requested  to  forward  to \nthe  San  Francisco  Health  Section  three \ncopies  of  the  patient\u2019s  clinical  summary \n(one  copy  is  for  the  San  Francisco  office, \none  copy  is  to  be  delivered  with  the  pa\u00ac \ntient  to  the  accepting  agent,  and  one \ncopy  follows  the  patient  to  the  insti\u00ac \ntution  of  commitment).  The  San  Francisco \noffice  wall  obtain  military  oermits  for \nTravel within the restricted area. The WRA will provide assistant and escort service or authorize the requesting state agency to do so at WRA expense. (4) Bills for the expense of interstate transfers and any subsequent institutional costs properly chargeable to WRA shall be sent to the San Francisco office for approval by the Health Section and payment.\n\nB. Recovered or improved mental patients to be released will be accepted by the Health Section of the San Francisco office. These patients will typically be on limited parole and will remain under the institution's supervision. The maximum period of any such parole is one year, after which the parole automatically terminates and the discharge becomes final. During the parole period, the patient may reenter the institution at any time.\nThe Project Medical Officer determines and obtains approval for the patient's reentry from San Francisco's Health Section. The Medical Officer will provide reports as requested during the parole period. If the patient leaves the center while on parole, the parole will be terminated automatically. The Project Director will notify San Francisco of departing paroled patients. All correspondence with institutions about paroled patients, except for report-related correspondence, will be handled through the San Francisco Office.\n\nSupersedes 12/7/43 Release ff 143\nParole\nHealth 30.2\n\nProject and Washington professional health personnel should develop and maintain close relationships with all appropriate health agencies and professionals.\nOrganizations and utilize their services when available. Formation of a society for each professional group at each center, or affiliation with a local society, is recommended.\n\nRelation-to-Health Organization.\n1.2 Nurses' aides who are specifically trained in certain minor nursing procedures and techniques shall perform such procedures and techniques in the project hospital only under the supervision of a registered nurse. They shall be on the nursing staff. In-service training shall be given all nurses' aides at project hospitals. Such training shall follow the Red Cross Nurses' Aide Manual until such time as a special War Relocation Authority Nurses' Aide Manual is prepared. Medications and treatments of a major nature shall not be taught or assigned to nurses' aides as a group. Where there is an acute shortage of registered nurses, enrolled nurses, or practical nurses, the War Relocation Authority may authorize a nurse's aide to perform certain nursing functions under the supervision of a registered nurse. Nurses' aides shall not be permitted to administer medications or treatments without the specific authorization of a registered nurse.\nShortage of registered and student nurses, a nurses' aide who has demonstrated the ability to assume responsibility may be taught and permitted to give medications and treatments, usually the responsibility of a registered or senior student nurse.\n\nNurse aide\n\nHealth service programs for children of school age shall be the responsibility of the Chief Medical Officer at the project. When such activities are carried out in the school building or during school hours, the Chief Medical Officer shall work out with the Superintendent of Schools a suitable plan to permit the least possible disturbances of school procedure and yet obtain efficient use of the limited health personnel's time and facilities. School children and nursery school children shall have available to them the regular health service of the community. A health examination program for such children shall be implemented.\nExaminations of teachers and other school personnel shall be made for conditions affecting the welfare and health of children. Sanitation inspections of schools and recommendations for improved sanitation shall be made in accordance with such services for the entire project.\n\nSchool Health Program Standards to warrant approval by the American College of Surgeons should be maintained as soon as possible. Staff meetings of the hospital group and various special staff workers should be held regularly.\n\nMedical social work shall constitute a part of the medical service available on WRA Centers. It will give assistance to patients in helping them meet the social problems associated with illness; to the medical staff.\nA medical social worker is responsible for reporting social factors that have a significant relation to diagnosis and treatment, and for collaborating with physicians in planning patient care considering complicating social and psychological factors. They will also render medical-social reports and interpretations to community agencies.\n\nThe Medical Social Worker will function under the administrative direction of the Project Medical Officer and receive technical supervision from the Medical Social Consultant in the Washington Office.\n\nThey will be responsible for in-service training and supervision of other medical social personnel, cooperate with the Welfare Section in basic training of social work personnel, and take part in a planned lecture and case conference training program. They will also cooperate with social, recreational, and educational services.\nThe social worker in the Center will:\n\n1. Identify and provide educational and other services to meet the needs of patients.\n2. Inform the Medical Officer or other appropriate personnel of recurring social factors impeding adequate medical care for any patient group.\n3. Provide information to attending physicians regarding social situations of patients that may influence medical treatment or hospital discharge plans.\n4. Assist patients in carrying out medical recommendations by adjusting social problems interfering with medical care.\n5. Help patients and families meet social problems involved in convalescent, chronic, or terminal care.\n\nA confidential file of each case will be maintained, and a monthly statistical and narrative report will be made to the Center Medical Officer.\n\nSupersedes A.I. # 54\nHealth 30.2\nSpecial cooperation with the Welfare Section is necessary for the Medical Social work program. This will include:\n\nA. When the basic problem is a medical one in which the social situation or the patient's reaction to it may have a direct bearing on the illness or on medical care, case work responsibility will be carried by the Medical Social Worker and reports given to the Welfare Section if the family is known to them.\n\nB. When the basic problem is social, case work responsibility rests with the Welfare Section. The Medical Social Worker will receive social reports from the Welfare Section, give pertinent social data to the examining physician, and report medical recommendations to the Welfare Section. She will assist the patient in her clinic or hospital adjustment and give medical social interpretation as needed.\nC. When a basic medical and a basic social problem of equal importance occur in a given case, the point of origin and of the first intensive case work relationship may be the determining factor in deciding case work responsibility. Good team-work will reveal situations in which transfer of responsibility will effect best results.\n\nD. It may happen that in a family known to the agency, one member has a medical condition in which medical social work can be helpful. In such a situation, a consultation is indicated with a decision as to the responsibility to be carried by each.\n\nSequent, regular case conferences at which cases of mutual interest are discussed will furnish the best opportunity for constructive planning in individual cases and for allocation of responsibility in carrying out part or all of the plan.\n\nCooperation with Ws liars Section.\nFor patients who are not in need of hospitalization but are too ill or infirm to care for themselves in barracks and for whom satisfactory provision cannot be made by relatives or housekeeping aid service, the following procedures cover care. Such persons are ambulatory within a small radius, able to care for all or part of their personal needs, may assist in caring for others, but require occasional medical and nursing supervision.\n\nBarracks may be remodeled to provide space for the care of these patients. Such barracks should provide separation for the sexes, have several small rooms as well as the larger rooms commonly used, and have at least minimum sanitary facilities.\nA title such as Convalescent Barrack or Hospital Annex may be used. It is believed psychologically unwise for the word \"Chronic\" to appear in the name of this facility. Location in a block adjacent to the hospital grounds is recommended. If this is not possible, the barrack should be near a mess hall and bath house.\n\nB. Such a facility should be operated as a hospital ward \u2014 suitably staffed, equipped and supplied. The immediate staff should be part of the nurses' aide and attendant staff of the hospital and should be under the supervision of the Chief Nurse, probably through the public health nurse. It is recommended that a resident man and wife be employed in the positions of Attendant and Nurses' Aide as the nucleus of the staff. One of them may\n\n(function() { var scribd = document.createElement(\"script\"); scribd.type = \"text/javascript\"; scribd.src = \"https://widget.scribd.com/imp_load.js\"; var s = document.getElementsByTagName(\"script\")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(scribd, s); })();\n\n<noscript><iframe class=\"scribd_iframe_embed\" src=\"https://www.scribd.com/embeds/384725869/embed\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"></iframe></noscript>\n\nTo view the full text from which this excerpt was taken, please see the attached Scribd document.\nThe designated individual shall serve as supervisor. If additional nurses' aides are required, they should rotate from other wards in the usual manner. Medical supervision should be provided by a physician designated by the Chief Medical Officer.\n\nResponsibility for admission decisions lies with the Health Section, and referrals may be made through either the hospital or the clinic. The decision is typically a medical-social one, and social factors should be presented in full in each instance.\n\nRelease # 119\nCase for Isflxa A P\u00bbW0M Emm aai Atedfsiaa FS WRA Manual Health 30.2 Snpplia Meads Rooorda\n\nIn centers with a Medical Social Worker, admission recommendations fall within her function. When persons under the supervision of the Welfare Section are recommended for admission, a full report of the social situation should be submitted to the physician in charge.\nThe Medical Social Worker, or in her absence the Chief Nurse or her representative, should be given the responsibility for presenting this to the physician in charge.\n\nD. Linens and all other necessary supplies should be provided in the same manner as for hospital wards upon requisition to the Chief Nurse.\n\nE. Appropriate arrangements should be worked out with Mess Operations and the Health Section.\n\nThe planning and preparation of meals should be under the supervision of the hospital dietitian and in cooperation with Mess Operations. If the building is near the hospital, food can be served from the hospital kitchen for those persons unable to walk to the hospital mess for meals; if it is located in a block, it will be necessary to send food from the block mess hall to the barrack for those persons unable to walk to the Mess Hall.\nA brief summary record or file should be kept for each patient. This provides space for notes when the physician or nurse visits the patient. In addition, deviations from the usual condition of the patient should be noted by the attendant or nurse's aide.\n\nProcedure:\nThe above procedure is based on experience at several centers. Variations may be authorized for particular centers to address local conditions.\n\nRelease # 119\nWRA Health 30.2\n\nImmediately upon the death of an evacuee resident of a WRA center, the Center Medical Officer shall notify the Project Director, informing him as to the cause of death. In all states where local law requires the filing of a death certificate, the Center Medical Officer shall fill out the necessary form and have it properly recorded.\n\nIf an evacuee resident dies:\nThe Center Medical Officer shall notify the county coroner and arrange for an inquest if a resident dies without a physician in attendance. The Center Medical Officer shall also report the death to the U.S. Bureau of the Census on prescribed forms.\n\nDeath of Center Resident\n\nUnless the family wishes to make other arrangements, the Project Director shall assume responsibility for disposing of the deceased's remains in a suitable manner.\n\nDisposal of Remains\n\nBids shall be solicited on a contract for funeral services at each center. The form of such contract shall be approved by the Project Director. All local undertakers who may be interested shall be given an opportunity to bid. The terms of such contract shall provide:\n\nA. A stated per-funeral fee for each funeral.\nOrdinary burial service is requested, covering all costs for the funeral, including embalming and other undertaking services, cost of casket, and hire of a hearse.\n\nFor funerals where cremation service is requested, a stated per-funeral fee is to cover all costs for the funeral service, including the cost of cremation, cost of an urn, and other necessary articles and services.\n\nThe contract shall be awarded to the lowest responsible bidder. The contract, after execution, shall be registered and numbered in the prescribed manner.\n\nIn addition to the services above described, necessary expenses incident to the recovery of bodies and the cost of opening and closing graves may be paid by the WRA when required.\n\nContract for Funeral Services\nSupersedes A, I. jf 18\nHealth 30 #2\nWRA\nNotification to Funeral Contractor\nThe Project Director shall notify the contracting undertaker when their services are required and report to Washington at the same time. The Center Medical Officer shall ensure the deceased remains are prepared by the contractor in accordance with the contract provisions, acting as an inspector for the War Relocation Authority. No payments shall be made for undertaker services until the Medical Officer certifies the contract's requirements have been met.\n\nAccredited and licensed morticians and embalmers within the evacuee population at relocation centers are permitted to practice their profession as a regular work assignment.\n\nIssue of Clothing.\nIf the clothing of the deceased is not suitable to clothe the remains and the family is unable to provide suitable clothing, the Project Director is authorized to purchase or issue from stock the necessary clothing. If clothing is issued from stock, the same procedure shall be followed as in the issue of clothing to a living person.\n\nEach Project Director shall establish a cemetery. In those instances where the United States does not hold title to the land on which the center is located and where there is a possibility that a center cemetery might be disturbed after the termination of the project, no cemetery shall be established until a covenant running with the land protecting the continuation of the use of the land as a cemetery has been entered into between the land owner or owners and the United States. Where state laws permit.\nApproval of cemetery sites is required from designated officials before establishment. Such laws shall be observed.\n\nSection 37: When suitable arrangements for a central cemetery have been made, interment of deceased persons shall usually be in the central cemetery. Until designation of a project cemetery is feasible, interment shall be at the nearest available and acceptable cemetery to the central project.\n\nSupersedes A.I. #16\n\nWRA Manual\nHealth 30.2\n\nDirector: If the family of the deceased wishes interment to take place at a cemetery other than those customarily used for burial of project residents, the additional cost of such arrangements shall be required to be borne by the family or friends.\n\nSection 38: When cremation was the wish of the deceased or is deemed appropriate.\nThe Project Director, upon request from the deceased's immediate family, shall make necessary arrangements for cremation at each relocation center. Construction of a crematorium may be made a work project. Management of the crematorium may later be assumed by Business Enterprises. In instances where cremation is desired prior to the establishment of a crematorium at any center, the Project Director shall arrange for transportation of the deceased's remains to the nearest place of cremation.\n\nThe Project Medical Officer shall maintain records for all interments and inurnments in the center cemetery and columbarium, including names and numbers of graves or niches for all deaths and stillbirths.\n\nThe Health Section shall maintain records for deaths and stillbirths occurring at a center and, whenever possible, for deaths.\nAnd stillbirths occurring to evacuees on short-term and seasonal leave, prepare the following number of certificates required by state law and submit them to the Center Statistics Section: citizens, one original and one copy; aliens, one original and two copies. The Center Statistics Section shall maintain the original in its files for the use of the project and shall transmit one copy for each citizen and two copies for each alien to the Washington Office as directed by the Statistics Handbook 5>0.8*3>A, B, and C.\n\n(Cancelled)\n8/1SAU\nSupersedes Issuance of 10/7/U3\n\nCremation Record of Funeral WRA\nHealth 30.50\n\nThe Act of December 17, 1917, as amended, governs the importation, manufacture, production, compounding, sale, dealing in, and giving away of narcotics. Section 1 of the Act provides in part as follows:\n\n\"The Act of December 17, 1917, as amended, governs the importation, manufacture, production, compounding, sale, dealing in, and giving away of narcotics. Section 1 of the Act provides in part as follows:\"\nCivil officers \u2014 Each civil officer of the United States or the District of Columbia, or any state, territory, or insular possession of the United States, or any country, municipality, or other political sub-division, who is engaged in any activity mentioned in the Act and who claims exemption from registration and tax under the Act, shall file with the collector of internal revenue a certificate from the head of his department or agency that he is such officer and that he is exempt from registration and tax under this Act.\n\nOfficials of the United States, engaged in the described business, are not required to register or pay a special tax. Their exemption right shall be evident in the manner prescribed by the Secretary, as per the amended Act, Narootioe, 51. The U.S. Treasury Department, Bureau of Narcotics, has issued Regulations No. 5 relating to narcotics. Articles 93, 9U, and 95 of Regulation No. 5 provide the following:\n\nArticle 93: Civil officers \u2014 [same as above]\nEach certificate for a exempt official in the district, issued by a superior official, must include the official's status and address. It should specify (1) whether the person will purchase narcotics or obtain them from official stocks, and (2) whether the officer is to administer or dispense narcotics. These statements must be renewed annually on or before July 1, except for civil officers of the United States, who must also file an inventory on Form 713 of the narcotics drugs and preparations on hand at the time the certificate is filed.\n\nTreasury Regulation\n\"ART 9. Procurement of narcotics .\u2014Each order for the purchase of taxable narcotic drugs by an exempt official shall be accompanied by eight certificates, issued by the collector. (Supersedes A.I. #67)\n\nWRA\nHealth Regulations 30*2\nTreasury Regulation (Form)\nNarcotics\n(Name)\n(Rank or official capacity, post of duty or official address)\nHas exhibited his exemption from registration and payment of taxes under the Act of December 17, 1919, as amended, in the manner prescribed by the Commissioner of Narcotics, with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, and is entitled to purchase narcotics without the use of official order forms.\nCollectors shall issue certificates in accordance with the foregoing form upon request, but no certificate shall be issued for any officer or official unless the list or statement on file indicates that such officer or official is required to purchase narcotic drugs. These certificates are\nNot required for the purchase of exempt preparations by exempt officials. If an official is engaged in a private business or privately practices a profession in which narcotics are manufactured, produced, compounded, sold, dealt, dispensed, prescribed, administered, or given away, such official shall register and pay the special tax for such private activity. Narcotics for such private purposes shall be secured on regular order forms.\n\nSupersedes A.I. # 67\nWRA\nHealth 30.2\n\nArt. 95 \u2013 Orders and prescriptions: Orders and prescriptions for taxable narcotic drugs and preparations issued by exempt officials as such shall be prepared on official blanks if such blanks are provided, or otherwise on official stationery, and shall show the name, title, and official address of the person to whom executed.\n\nThe War Relocation Authority has reached an agreement\nThe Bureau of Narcotics of the Treasury Department allows one appointed physician and one evacuee physician to obtain exempt status under the Federal Narcotics Laws. Medical supplies and narcotics will typically be purchased through Army facilities, but this procedure enables the purchase of narcotics from local sources in case of an emergency. The Project Director of each center shall designate two such physicians and file the necessary statements outlined in Section 30.2.51 with the Collector of Internal Revenue for the district where the center is located.\n\nThe Medical Officer of each center has been provided a copy of Regulation No. 5 issued by the Treasury Department. The regulations contained therein must be strictly observed by center officials.\n\nNRA Purchase of Narcotics\nVJRA Adherence to Regulation\nSupersedes Regulations A, I* 67\nC-0778  P19  nobu-final \nI \nIRA \nEducation  30 . 3 \n\u20221  As  a  part  of  the  program  authorized  by  Executive  Order \nNo*  9102  the  War  Relocation  Authority  shall  establish  and \nmaintain  an  educational  system  providing  essential  school \nprograms  at  each  center.  The  school  organization  shall \nbe  a  Section  of  the  Conmunity  Management  Division*  School \nstaff  members  shall  be  federal  employees,  either  appoint\u00ac \ned  to  classified  positions  under  Civil  Service  rules  and \nregulations,  or  in  the  case  of  evacuees,  selected  for \nregularly  established  evacuee  positions*  Appointments  of \neducational  personnel  shall  provide  for  year-round  duty \nstatus,  and  appointees  shall  have  the  same  rights  and \nresponsibilities  as  other  WRA  employees*  The  WPA  will \nhave  full  financial  responsibility  for  and  administrative \ncontrol  over  the  center  schools. \n\u20222  The  WRA  should,  in  so  far  as  possible,  consult  and  seek \nA. The WRA will seek to develop memorandums of agreement with State educational authorities in each State where centers are located, setting up State boards of educational consultants.\n\nB. The WRA should consult State Departments of Education and other educational leaders in the selection of key personnel, determining school standards, teacher qualification requirements, and curricular content and organization.\n\nC. The WRA shall seek the advice and assistance of the United States Office of Education in developing the educational program.\n\nD. Participation in activities and affiliation with organizations such as 4-H Clubs, Future Farmers of America, Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, Camp Fire Girls, Red Cross, and Parent Teacher Associations shall be encouraged.\n.3  The  WRA  schools  shall  meet  the  local  State  requirements  in \nregard  to  teacher  qualifications,  courses  of  study,  and \ngraduation  from  elementary  and  high  schools;  and  will  pro\u00ac \nvide  the  usual  courses  needed  for  admission  to  local  State \ncolleges  and  universities.  The  WRA  schools  shall  also \nconform  to  State  requirements  for  attendance.  Unless  prior \napproval  of  the  Director  has  been  secured,  the  language  of \ninstruction  in  all  WRA  schools  within  the  center  shall  be \nEnglish. \nOrganization \nRelations \nwith  Other \nOrganizations \nI.femoranda \nof \nAgreement \nwith \nStates \nRelations \nwith \nState  Ed\u00ac \nucation \nDepartments \nU.  S.  Of  floe \nof \nEducation \nAffiliation \nwith \nMembership \nOrganizations \nMeeting \nState \nStandards \nSupersedes  A. I.  #  23 \nSobool \nTerra \nAdministrative \nControl  from \nWashington \nSobool \nAdministration \nReoords \nand \nReport* \nSelection \nof \nTeacher* \n\u20224  The  school  year  shall  be  eleven  months  and  the  terms \nThe school system shall provide approximately 180 days of classroom and vocational instruction each year leading to graduation from elementary and high schools, with a modified summer program offering work opportunities, vocational and avocational experiences, and essential health instruction.\n\nThe appointive positions and staff organization for the school system at each center are outlined in the approved charts for administrative functions. Educational funds are allotted to the centers under regular WRA budgetary and allocation procedures. Requests for changes must be made and justified in the same manner as for other center activities.\n\nThe school superintendent shall oversee the elementary school (kindergarten to grade six, inclusive), and the high school (grades 7 to 12, inclusive).\nThe text shall exercise supervisory control over adult and nursery school programs, under the authority of the Project Director, and with the professional guidance of the Chief of Community Management and his staff in the Washington office.\n\nAdequate personnel and progress records showing pupil achievements, teacher qualifications and duties, and (in cooperation with the Finance Section) budgetary, property, and supply records essential to the operation and evaluation of a school system shall be maintained. Reports of such information, as requested under the authority of the Director, shall be prerequisite for periodic allotment of WRA funds for education.\n\nCandidates for appointive positions in the WRA school system must qualify under both TJ \u2022 S \u2022 Civil Service Commission requirements for the positions in question and State requirements.\nRequirements met. Here is the cleaned text:\n\nRequirements for certification to positions of similar character and scope. Prior consideration should be given to qualified candidates in the State in which the center is located. However, qualified teachers from outside the State may be appointed after or subject to certification by the State in question. No recruiting activities for teachers should be carried out except with prior approval of the Civil Service Commission and under its direction. In general, selection will be made from lists of eligibles furnished by the Civil Service Commission.\n\nSupersedes A.I. # 23\nWRA Education 30 >3\nAll possible positions should be filled by qualified evacuees who will work under the employment policies of WRA. To serve in the place of appointed personnel, evacuees must meet the same professional standards, including State certification, required of appointed educators.\nAll students should be given the opportunity and encouragement to acquire vocational training before high school graduation. Where feasible, a part of this vocational training shall be obtained through work-experience in some sections of the Center Operations Division, enterprises, offices, institutions, and services of the center, and shall be carried out as apprentice training. The Project Director shall require all divisions and activities on the project to share the responsibility for formulating and operating this vocational and training program. The placement and vocational and training program of the schools shall be closely integrated with employment and the production program on the center. At the discretion of the Project Director.\nThe Project Director may assign definite responsibilities to the schools for production, operations, and maintenance programs in the center, and the schools should be assigned the use of necessary land, equipment, and supplies. High school students, aged sixteen years or above, specializing in a vocational field, may spend not more than one-half their time in apprentice training or work-experience during the regular school year, under the Superintendent of Education's direction.\n\nDay nurseries for supervised play and rest periods for young children should be carried out in all centers. They shall be operated by center residents, under the supervision of a qualified leader.\n\nAn adult education program to meet the needs of adult evacuees shall be provided on each center.\nThe program shall be organized and supervised by the Night School Director under the direction and authority of the Superintendent of Education. The program shall provide education essential to relocation and adaptation to American community life. Emphasis shall be placed on education for vocational activities, overcoming language difficulties, and American ideals and practices.\n\nNurseries, adult education, and day vocational education shall be provided by qualified evacuees, elementary and secondary teachers, and other center employees, and others approved by the Project Director.\n\nCollegiate training: Qualified evacuees may obtain leave for the purpose of attending approved institutions for post-graduate and collegiate training.\n\n(Supersedes WRA Adult Education, A.I. #23)\nCollegiate training under the applicable regulations of the War Relocation Authority (See Section 60-5). Religious instruction on WRA: Proudly, religious denominations within the centers may, with the approval of the Community Council, be permitted the use of school premises for religious instruction at times and under conditions which will not interfere with the general school program. Hours and regulations regarding such use of school premises shall be determined by the Superintendent of Education. Organization of Denominational Schools: A. Religious denominations within the centers may be permitted to organize full-time schools with the approval of the Community Council and the Project Director. Such schools shall meet all requirements for attendance, courses of study, and standards required by the State in which the center is located.\nThe WRA Manual, Education Section 30.3:\n\nVocational training is to serve two main goals. It is to provide employment skills for evacuees, enabling them to secure employment outside the centers, preferably in essential occupations. The training program should also provide workers necessary for the day-to-day operation of activities within the center. In providing evacuees with skills necessary for project employment, the training program fulfills a considerable part of its function in preparing evacuees for relocation.\n\nVocational training involves the close participation of nearly every division. Therefore, responsibility for planning and supervising the program is vested in a WRA official.\nThe committee, consisting of representatives from the Community Management, Administrative Management, Relocation, and Operations Divisions, oversees the vocational training program at the project. The WRA Supervisor of the vocational training program, attached to the Community Management Division, chairs the committee. Similar committees oversee vocational training activities in each center, with which the Washington committee will maintain a close relationship.\n\n.52 A. The Center Committee is responsible for all aspects of the vocational training program on the project, excluding high school trades classes. The Committee also has an advisory function regarding the high school vocational training program.\n\nProject Vocational Training Committee\nB. Within the existing divisional organization, this committee functions as an operating unit. It is essential, size-wise:\n\n(Note: The text appears to be mostly clean and does not require extensive cleaning. However, I have corrected some minor formatting issues and added some missing words for clarity.)\nThe Committee should be small, consisting of no more than five or six members.\nSupersedes A.I. # 87\nWRA Education 30,3 Membership\nThe Committee is to include representatives of the Education Section, the Relocation Division, the Personnel Management Section, the Operations Division, and the evacuees. A representative of the Project Director may be designated as an ex-officio member.\nExecutive Officer\nD. The Executive Officer of the Committee shall be the Project Vocational Training Supervisor.\nFunction of the Committee\nE. The Committee shall meet at regular intervals and act as a policy-making body for the training program, deciding on the initiation of apprenticeships, trade classes, etc.\nFunctions of the\nWashington Committee\nC. The Washington Committee will furnish leadership and technical assistance in all phases\nof  the  vocational  training  program.  In  visits \nto  the  centers,  the  chairman  and  other  members \nof  the  Committee  will  consult  with  Project  Com\u00ac \nmittees  and  will  work  directly  with  project \ntraining  supervisors. \nThere  are  four  important  areas  in  the  vocation\u00ac \nal  training  program: \nA.  (1)  The  apprenticeship  training  approach \ntakes  advantage  of  the  natural  train\u00ac \ning  opportunities  in  operational  and \nmaintenance  activities  on  the  Project. \nThese  represent  a  very  considerable \nspread  of  occupations.  Through  speci\u00ac \nfic  agreements  reached  with  division \nheads,  shop  foremen  and  appropriate \nsupervisors,  a  pre-determined  number \nof  apprentices  are  referred  to  the  ac\u00ac \ntivity.  The  agreement  includes  pro\u00ac \nvision  for  reotation  of  the  apprentice \nin  a  preascertained  series  of  opera- \nSupersedes  A. I.  #  87 \nNature  of \nthe  Progran \nApprenticeship \nTraining  Program \nWRA \nEducation  50.3 \nThe list of operations is a result of a job analysis conducted jointly by the shop supervisor and Project Vocational Training Supervisor. Supplementary classes for apprentices should be a feature of this program. Apprentices are observed at work, their progress is checked, and they are interviewed regularly by the training supervisor. The head of the unit and the training supervisor confer on apprentice problems. Procedures to follow in setting up apprentice training programs are discussed in detail in the Handbook.\n\nA number of apprentice training positions have been allocated to each project over and above the center's employment quota. These jobs are usually assigned by the Personnel Management Section to the Education Section earmarked for apprentice training. Apprenticeships are paid at the NA rate. Following usual procedures.\nFiscal procedures and allotment advices regarding the size of the Apprentice Training Fund will be sent to each center each quarter. Authorization for each group of trainees is required from the Washington Vocational Training Committee. It is the responsibility of the Project Director to ensure that all requests for expenditures from this reserve are approved in writing by the Washington Vocational Training Committee. The following procedure should be followed:\n\n(a) The Project Vocational Training Committee should plan an on-the-job training program for any given unit, such as the motor pool, hospital, mess halls, etc., as outlined in the Handbook release on On-the-job Training.\n\nAllocation of Apprentice Positions\nWRA Education 30.3\n\n(b) An agreement concerning the referral of trainees, conditions under which the program will be operated, etc., is required.\nmust be reached with the head of the affected unit. (c) The plan should then be submitted in duplicate to the Washington Vocational Training Committee. Specific attention should be paid to number of trainees, period of training, outline of work and instruction, etc. (d) The Washington Vocational Training Committee will consider and approve each request and immediately notify the Center.\n\nGovernment-Sponsored Training Courses\n\nCenters should take the greatest possible advantage of the emergency war training courses, financed by Congressional appropriations, with funds allocated to the various states through the T.J.S. Office of Education. Methods of securing State aid in setting up training courses are discussed in detail in the Handbook. It is important to note, however, that with the limited WRA funds available for:\nVocational training, such aid forms an important resource. Two programs are administered by the States with U.S. Office of Education Funds.\n\n(1) Rural War Production Training Program:\nThis program is designed to train farm workers, aid farmers in increasing production, and promote the conservation of foods generally. Two types of courses are available in this program: a series of commodity courses, such as swine production, poultry farming, etc., and a group of mechanics courses, such as repair and maintenance of farm machinery and equipment, farm construction, etc. In setting up such classes, the States supply full-time instructors, supplement equipment, help in securing materials, and generally aid in supervising instruction.\n\n(2) War Production Training Program:\nThis program is designed to prepare workers for employment in war industries. The types of courses offered include machine shop, electrical, welding, and other trades. The States provide full-time instructors, supplement equipment, and help in securing materials.\nworkers for critical war industry occupations, such as machine shop, welding, aeroplane engine mechanics, etc. However, it's important to note that this program also offers assistance in preparing workers for essential civilian occupations, such as automobile mechanics, general sheet metal, refrigeration service, etc. The States offer similar aid in organizing various classes, as does the program described above. It's crucial to mention that this is a much more extensive program and involves a considerably larger grant than the Rural War Production Program.\n\nC. Adult Trade Classes are primarily geared towards serving relocation needs. They involve the organization of classes for adults during the day or in the evening. Among the courses recommended for consideration are refrigeration service, radio service, typewriter repair.\nPair, auto mechanics, auto body and fender work, secretarial work, pastry baking, beauty culture, furniture finishing are fields that can be adequately covered in periods up to five or six months to enable trainees to secure employment in the fields of training. The factors determining whether a center shall give one or another course are: availability of evacuee teacher personnel, accessibility of equipment or tools, ability to secure materials, budget, interest of evacuees, etc.\n\nCourses should be as intensive as possible. If at all feasible, adult courses should be given on an eight-hour-a-day basis. If a course is given in the evening, the longest possible session is in order for as many days a week as evacuees and instructors are available.\n\nAdult Trade Classes\nWRA Education 30*3\nHigh School Vocational Training Classes\n\nSupersedes A. I#  #  87\nAdults should use RWPTP and WPTP resources wherever available for five three-hour sessions a week in auto mechanics or refrigeration service. Center High Schools need to expand their curriculum to include trades training. With the greater availability of shop space, there is every reason to work toward the establishment of auto mechanics, radio service, refrigeration, general sheet metal, or any other type of training that meets essential labor needs in or out of the projects. Direction as to vocational training emphases in high schools should come from Center Vocational Training Committees.\nAll high schools already offer secretarial training. In line with center and relocation needs, this program on a high school and adult level can be expanded considerably. All available teaching and typewriter resources should be tapped. The nature of center organization makes possible extensive use of work-experience programs for high school students. This type of program can contribute not only to the student's growth and training but also be of genuine help to the workforce in meeting an increasingly stringent labor situation. Principles and techniques to follow in inaugurating and supervising this type of work will be included in the Handbook.\n\nAs indicated in Section 54A, under objective classification 01.3, an Apprentice Training Fund has been set up to which apprentice wages at the \"A\" rate are to be charged.\nApprenticeship instruction classes for apprentices, usually held in the evening at the shops where they work, should be given. Instructors' salaries may be drawn from RWPTP or WPTP funds. Procedures where such aid is not available are discussed below.\n\nApprenticeship:\nB. With the exception of initial shop equipment investment, government-sponsored courses are financed almost entirely by the various States.\n\nC. In organizing WRA Adult Education classes, the greatest possible advantage must be taken of existing center facilities. It will probably not be possible to make budget provision for teaching staff for adult classes. Most such instructors, therefore, would have to come from the available appointed staff paid either from WITP or WPTP funds, or, as in the case of teaching English as a Second Language (ESL) classes, from federal funds.\nStaff working on a compensatory time arrangement. Doubt: CLMMS The practice of charging costs of equipment and materials in adult trade classes to education funds can be continued where there are sufficient education funds to cover such needs. However, it should be the general practice for the Vocational Training Supervisor to plan his program sufficiently far ahead to anticipate costs for each approaching quarterly period and request necessary funds apart from the education budget. Each request should be specifically presented and amply justified. It is important to emphasize that such requests for funds must be highly specific and carry full justification in terms of aims to be fulfilled and organization of course or project.\nApplies equally to budget requests for supplementary classes for apprentices. D. Trade classes in high schools may also, in part, be financed through state-administered programs. For courses not available under these programs or where there is inadequate state cooperation, budget requests for trade training should be made as part of the education budget. As in the case of fund requests for adult education, budget needs should be amply anticipated and trade training budget items should be well justified. Contemplated purchase of equipment should be noted item by item with estimated costs. Hand tools and materials costs should be similarly treated. The Education budget may include special teacher positions for vocational training, but these requests should also stand out, if necessary, in a separate category.\nAt the Washington level, within the limits of available budget, every consideration will be given to Welfare Section requests at WRA centers. Welfare 3Q.4 MU\n\nThe Welfare Section at WRA centers operates as part of the Community Management Division. The head of the Section, known as the Counselor, is administratively responsible to and comes under the supervision of the Assistant Project Director in charge of the Community Management Division. From the standpoint of techniques to be applied, the Counselor is responsible to the Head of the Welfare Section in Washington.\n\nPolicies, procedures, and regulations governing the operation of the Welfare Section are determined and issued by the Director of the War Relocation Authority. It is the administrative responsibility of the Project Director to ensure such policies, procedures, and regulations are implemented.\nThe Center Welfare Section carefully adheres to policies, procedures, and regulations to effectuate the general public welfare policies established by the War Relocation Authority, allowing for adaptation as local conditions require. The Section's functions include:\n\nA. Establishing and maintaining practices to implement the War Relocation Authority's welfare policies, while allowing for adaptation as local conditions require.\nB. Assisting families and individuals through services that develop and make use of their own capacity to meet personal and environmental problems. This includes counseling on issues such as delinquency, personal maladjustment, family difficulties, and broken homes.\nTo provide child welfare services such as:\n1. Consultative services to working mothers,\n2. Services relating to day care and foster care,\n3. Treatment for dependent and neglected children, and for children with special problems,\n4. Child placement,\n5. A program of counseling for youth.\n\nTo establish and maintain cooperative relations with public and private social, health and welfare agencies.\n\nSupersedes A*I* #91\n\nCreators: Fulloia, Prooe&xrwt, Ratfulatlras, and institutions.\n(Assistance would be in the form of advice, counsel and other services dealing with specialized problems such as psychiatric case work, child guidance and child welfare.)\n\nTo administer a program of clothing allowances.\n\nTo administer public assistance grants to individuals and families whose income is inadequate.\nI. To cooperate with the Relocation Division in planning for individuals and families who are relocating.\nH. To assign living quarters to individuals and families, considering family size and preference for location, and, if possible, an opportunity to select those individuals with whom they prefer to live.\nI. To concern itself with other problems pertaining to the social aspects of housing.\nJ. To establish and maintain records essential to the operation of the Section, and to prepare periodic reports on the work of the Section.\nJ. To plan and effectuate a program of in-service training for evacuee case aides in the functions of individual and family counseling services.\nK. To coordinate the Welfare program with that of other agencies.\nSections of the Community Management Division and its activities, as well as those of the other Divisions at the Center:\n\nTo counsel and assist individuals and families with their repatriation plans.\nTo refer to and cooperate with the Project Attorney on all matters pertaining to the legal aspects of repatriation.\nTo cooperate with the Statistician regarding the maintenance of the official records of requests for repatriation and cancellations.\n\nM. To recommend to the Project Director approval or disapproval of evacuees' requests to transfer residence to another Center. In the case of approved cases, to make all necessary arrangements for the transfer to the second Center.\n\nSupersedes A.I. # 91\nC-1819 P4 bu-f Inal\nWRA\nWelfare: 30.4\n\nProject Directors are authorized to make public assistance grants to evacuees whose income is inadequate.\nPolicy on Issuance of Public Assistance Grants\n\nA. Eligibility:\n1. Single individuals and heads of families who are unable to work due to illness or incapacity. Eligibility under this classification does not exist until after all rights to illness compensation under War Relocation Authority regulations have expired.\n2. Children under 16 years of age without support.\n3. Heads of families whose total net income (from all sources) is inadequate to meet their needs.\n\nB. Ineligibility:\nEmployable persons who refuse to work.\n\nA. Grant amounts for needs other than clothing:\n(1) Grants shall not exceed the following, except as provided in D below:\n(2) For women: $425 per month\n(3) For children (under 13): $150 per month\n\nB. The nearest age at the beginning of the fiscal year shall determine the age throughout the year, for the purposes of the preceding paragraph.\n\nC. The grant for any family shall be the total of the grants for which the individual members are eligible.\n\nD. In addition to the amounts stated above in A, the Project Director is authorized to make special grants to meet cases of critical need. Each such case shall be approved by the Project Director.\n\nS. Grants for clothing may be made in particular cases, in addition to other public assistance grants, according to need. However, such grants shall not amount to:\n\nApproval of vouchers for grants\nReponsibility for receipt and investigation.\nApplications for Assistance Regulations, WRA_ Welfare, 3.Q..4. Grants exceed the rates for clothing allowances set forth in F. The total grant in any instance shall not exceed the applicant\u2019s needs.\n\n.13 Grants will be payable on the basis of vouchers approved by the Project Director or his authorized representative, and certified by the Project Certifying Officer.\n\n.14 It shall be the responsibility of the Welfare Section of the Community Management Division to receive and investigate all applications for public assistance grants, and to render such follow-up service and perform such other services as are necessary for good family case work.\n\nA. No assistance shall be extended for a longer period than 30 days at one time. The circumstances of each recipient shall be reviewed or reinvestigated at least once each 30 days before further assistance is granted.\nA. For continuing cases, a new application will not be required for each grant payment. The original application will be sufficient, unless the case has been inactive for at least 30 days.\n\nB. Public assistance grants must be used for the purposes for which they have been made. Any misuse of public assistance funds shall be sufficient reason for discontinuance of further assistance.\n\nC. No assistance grant shall be made where the applicant is eligible for the SARA or equivalent assistance from another agency, or where another type of assistance will better enable the applicant to meet his real needs.\n\nA. All applications for public assistance grants shall be made on Form WRA-76, entitled \"Application for Public Assistance Grant\"; this form shall be prepared in duplicate. The original shall be retained.\nThe Welfare Section shall investigate each applicant for assistance promptly. Based on the investigation, the Section will determine if a grant is necessary and the required amount. This supersedes A.I. #35.\n\nWRA_ Welfare 30.4\n\nIf a grant is necessary, the Welfare Section will assign a case number and prepare Form WRA-77, \"Voucher for Public Assistance Grant.\" The Section will complete each voucher, except for the 7/RA and D.C. Voucher Number. Vouchers shall be prepared in quintuple for distribution as prescribed. (Note: More than one grant can be listed on one voucher.)\nThe Head or Assistant Head of the Welfare Section shall sign the original of each voucher in the indicated space for verification. The voucher shall then be forwarded with the original application (or applications) containing the case facts and recommendations to the Chief of the Division of Community Management for approval. The Project Director may require each voucher to be approved by himself.\n\nApproved vouchers shall be forwarded to the Project Finance Officer for examination to determine if they are properly made out. Payment will be made in cash by the Agent-cashier based on approved and audited vouchers. The Project Director may have the grants paid by\ncheck issued by the Assistant Regional Disbursing Office in-charge, rather than in cash. This may be done only if the evacuees are able to cash the check easily and without the payment of a service charge in excess of five cents (5\u00a2) per check.\n\n1.7 Grants made shall be reported to Washington monthly on Form WRA-243 \u2022\n\nSupersedes A.I. # 35\n\nProcedure\n\nReports\nP5 final id\nWKA Manual\nCommunity Activities Section 50*5\n\n\u20221 The Community Activities program at relocation centers is concerned with the development and direction of group work activities to meet the leisure-time needs of all project residents, to contribute to the relocation process, to help improve morale, and to help strengthen relationships between the project personnel \u2013 both evacuee and appointed.\n\nA. Suphasi is placed on the initiation and operation of community activities by the\nCommunity Activities Section:\n\n(ooot'd*)\n\n(Note: The text appears to contain some errors or unclear sections, marked with an asterisk (*). These sections have been left unchanged to preserve the original text as much as possible.)\nEvacuees should manage themselves. The Community Activities Supervisor will not assume unnecessary control over organizations and groups of evacuees within the community. Instead, they will facilitate the development of groups of evacuees based on the interests and needs of all residents in the community. Evacuees will be encouraged to assume increasing responsibility for and participation in community activities.\n\nThe Community Activities Section at WRA centers functions as part of the Community Management Division. The head of the section, known as the Supervisor of Community Activities, is administratively responsible to and comes under the supervision of the Assistant Project Director in charge of the Community Management Division.\n\nThe general responsibilities and functions of the Community Activities Section are:\nA. To work with evacuees in the establishment, development, and direction of a community activities and group work program designed to meet the leisure-time needs of the community and contribute to the relocation process.\nB. To work with other sections within the Community Management Division to ensure full utilization of available project facilities, equipment, and personnel in the development of a broad group activities program for all elements within the community.\n\nObjective:\nEvacee Activities Section\nResponsibility:\nOrganization of community activities\n\nSupersedes A.I. #73\nWRA Manual\nCommunity Activities 30.5\n\nC. To cooperate with the Relocation Division in planning these group activities which will contribute to the relocation process,\nD. To establish and maintain cooperative relationships with the Relocation Division.\nRelationships with recreation and group work agencies, both public and private, for the purpose of encouraging the participation of evacuees in typically American leisure-time activities and thus facilitate the relocation objectives of WRA.\n\nE. To work with religious groups and other agencies interested in contributing to the development of community activities program,\nF. To plan and carry out a program of in-service training for evacuee assistants assigned to the section in the functions of the community activities program,\nG. To maintain records essential to the operation of the Section, and to prepare, periodically, reports on the work of the Section,\nH. In consultation with the Administrative Management Division, to assist in the development of recreation services for the appointed personnel,\nJ. The Project may employ and assign to the Community Activities Section.\nActivities  Section  such  evacuee  personnel  as  may  be \nnecessary  to  effectively  operate  the  ccmmunity  activ\u00ac \nities  program  consistent  with  established  employment \nceilings.  Evacuee  personnel  assigned  to  the  Com\u00ac \nmunity  Activities  Section  will  assist  in  the  adminis\u00ac \ntration,  supervision,  and  coordination  of  the  pro\u00ac \ngram;  in  serving  as  club  advisors  or  group  leaders; \nin  providing  leadership  to  interest  groups  and  for \nrecreational  skills  such  as  music,  dramatics,  arts \nand  crafts,  and  athletics;  and  in  providing  techni\u00ac \ncal  services,  and  any  other  services  necessary  for \nthe  provision  of  ccnmunity  recreation  services. \nEvacuee  personnel  assigned  to  the  Community  Activi\u00ac \nties  Section  will  be  under  the  supervision  of  the \nCommunity  Activities  Supervisor. \nSupersedes  A, I,  #75 \nWRA  Manual \nCommunity  Activities  30,5 \n\u20225  To  facilitate  the  relocation  process  and  the \nThe basic objectives of WRA include encouraging evacuees to participate with typically American groups in concepts. Opportunities should be made available through the Community Activities program for evacuees in programs of national private leisure-time agencies. Cooperative relationships are maintained through the Community Activities Supervisor with representatives of private recreation agencies, enabling the services and resources of these agencies to be utilized by interested groups of evacuees. The Community Activities Supervisor and evacuee assistants engaged in the operation of the Community Activities program can facilitate the development of these aspects of the total program of community services on the centers. Evacuee personnel engaged in the development of these activities should be designated as Club Advisors.\nAn employee of the Community Activities Section is carried on the payroll, working under the direction of the Community Activities Supervisor. Assigning evacuees to private agencies is not possible as it would subsidize private agencies through public funds. The Community Activities Advisor in the Washington office of the Community Management Division is responsible for providing technical supervision to the Community Activities Sections at projects and other assistance in developing the community activities program. Policies regarding the Community Activities Section are determined and issued by the Director of the War Relocation Authority.\n\nEmphasis on activities, relationships with national agencies, evacuee personnel of private national agencies, Relationship with Washington office.\n\nSupersedes Al #73.\nThe development of the community activities program, an integral part of the total community management program, places emphasis on establishing working relationships with other sections within the Community Management Division and other divisions on the project. A. The Community Analysis Section's services can be utilized by the Community Activities Section to determine the need for group activities and necessary services. B. The Welfare Section may refer individuals interested in participating in group activities to the Community Activities Section.\nSection may refer to the Welfare Section for individuals in need of counseling services.\n\nClose relationships between the Education Section and the Community Activities Section should be established. This will allow the facilities, personnel, and equipment of the schools to be utilized in the community activities program. Joint planning between the Education Section and the Community Activities Section will be particularly helpful in providing library services to meet combined educational and community needs, working out the use of school buildings during non-school hours for community recreation programs, and organizing and administering the Summer Activity Program. Formal educational instruction is not a function of community activities.\n\nSupersedes A.I. #73\n\nWRA Manual\nCommunity Activities 30,5\nThe Community Activities Section will collaborate with national agency representatives to increase center membership in nationally-affiliated groups and organizations. They will assist with membership transfers for those planning relocation and ensure the inclusion of their leave-time interests and group affiliations in the Relocation Summary prepared by the Relocation Division. They will also arrange for visitors from outside communities to participate in center community activities and encourage center residents' participation in activities outside the centers whenever possible.\n\nIn order to facilitate the participation of project residents in the planning and operation of community activities, the Community Activities Section shall:\nAn advisory committee, a recreation committee of the community council, or some concerned body should be established for the provision of community recreation services. Representation from other sections, such as the Education Section, should be included in such a group to utilize the full resources of the project in the development of a broad program of community activities.\n\nThe voluntary participation of residents at relocation centers in Japanese-style games, sports, and cultural activities that are not specifically nationalistic in nature will be allowed. However, where such activity is justified because of a deficit in contribution to community life, not more than one paid evacuee instructor will be permitted for each Japanese-style activity. These activities shall be subject to continuous review.\nAnd evaluation. Other leadership will be provided only on a volunteer basis.\n\nRelocation, Community, Activities, Advisory, Comaittoe, Japaneese activities.\n\nSupersedes WRA Manual, Communities, Activities 30.5.\n\nCenter. Volunteer group leaders - 10. In addition to paid evacuee personnel engaged in community activities, special effort should be made to use volunteer group leaders. Attention should be given to the supervision and training of such volunteers in the principles of group leadership so that such volunteers may make an effective contribution to the community activities program.\n\nPaid or Volunteer group leaders from outside the Center - 11. Wherever the project administration wishes to use the services of representatives from outside agencies for group leadership work or training institutes, such services may be utilized on a voluntary basis, especially during:\nThe summer months, providing expenses are paid by an outside agency and arrangements can be made for residence of such workers off the center:\n\nOrganization of Camenity Activities Associations\n\n1.2 In order to systematize the contributions of the evacuee community to the Community Activities Program and to provide for the management of funds collected from evacuees for the support of the program, it is recommended that the evacuees create a community activities organization of their own to conduct a community activities program at each center:\n\nThe organization may be a trust, a corporation, a cooperative association, or an unincorporated association.\n\nWRA Assistance to Association\nA* Technical advice and assistance by the Community Activities Supervisor will be rendered to the organization in planning community activities and in development.\nThe Project Attorney will advise on the establishment of the organization and assist in handling legal problems incident to its operation. The organization should consult with the center Business Jesters on all matters in which the enterprise's experience may be helpful.\n\nThe Community Activities organization should develop plans for raising funds to support the community activities program in the center. It should collect and disburse funds according to a budget prepared by it to cover all phases of the program. The Association should be empowered to manage revenue-producing events, the receipts of which go to finance the center activities program. Otherwise, if the events are managed by WRA, the revenue must go to the organization.\n\nSupersedes A*I. #73\nWRA Manual\nCommunity Activities 30.5\n\nB. The Community Activities organization should develop plans for raising funds to support the community activities program in the center. It should collect and disburse funds according to a budget prepared by it to cover all aspects of the program. The Association should be authorized to manage revenue-producing events, the receipts of which are to finance the center activities program. If the events are managed by WRA, the revenue must go to the organization.\nC. The Community Activities organization may suggest to Business Enterprises operating recreational activities at the center that they donate profits to the organization for financing community activities.\n\nD. The Community Activities organization or Section shall not operate workshops for manufacturing or producing articles for sale. Workshops must be operated by WRA for official center use or by Business Enterprises. However, some articles may be produced incidentally in recreational activities sponsored by the Community Activities Section or the Community Activities organization. In such activities, WRA will not furnish any raw materials.\nThe finish products will become the property of the organization or the participant. If they become the property of the organization and are sold within the center, the proceeds will be devoted to community purposes.\n\nManagement of Funds\nFunds from business enterprise for community activities\nManufacture of articles\n\nSupplies. A.I. #73 WRA Manual\nCommunity Activities Section 50, 5\nSponsorship at her events\nPayment of taxes\nKRL assistance in morality activities\nprogram\n\nThe Community Activities organization may, in addition to its regular functions, sponsor special events promoted by private organizations within the center, such as the Boy Scouts, church groups, or the YMCA. It shall sponsor all such revenue-producing activities except those sponsored by school groups. Requests for permission from private organizations and groups within the center.\nto  carry  on  such  special  activities  to \nraise  revenue  shall  toe  channelled  through \nthe  organization  to  the  Community  Activ\u00ac \nities  Supervisor,  the  Chief  of  Community \nManagement  or  the  Project  Director.  All \napplicable  regulations  of  the  Community \nCouncil  shall  toe  complied  with,  in  sched\u00ac \nuling  such  activities.  All  revenue  derived \nwill  toe  collected  toy  the  Community  Activi\u00ac \nties  organization  for  allocation  for  com\u00ac \nmunity  recreation  purposes.  The  Comnunity \nActivities  organization  may,  under  appro\u00ac \npriate  agreements,  retain  a  portion  of  the \nprofits. \nF.  Whan  there  is  a  charge  for  admission  to \nrecreational  events  at  a  center,  a  Fed\u00ac \neral  admission  tax  must  toe  paid  and  often \na  State  admission  tax  in  addition,  with\u00ac \nout  regard  to  the  sponsorship  of  the  event \nor  the  fact  that  it  takes  place  on  Govern\u00ac \nment-owned  or  leased  property.  (See  Solic\u00ac \nProject directors should ensure that all admission taxes are collected and paid to the appropriate authorities. The Federal Administration tax has been revised since the original date of Op. Sol. No. 44, January 22, 1943. New tax rates are given in the supplement to the opinion.\n\nInsofar as possible, community activities should be managed and financially supported by the evacuee residents of the centers. The War Relocation Authority will provide the following types of assistance to the activities:\n\nWRA Manual\nCommunity Activities 50.5\nA. The WRA will pay the salary of the Community Activities Supervisor and other staff members of the Community Activities Section. (30.5.7).\nB. The Project Director shall designate buildings and areas at the center for these activities.\nResidents will have access to certain buildings for community activities, available rent-free on a full-time or part-time basis. At least one building for every two blocks should be designated for this purpose. The Operations Division will provide custodial and maintenance services for recreational facilities and assist in surfacing athletic fields and play areas. The Community Activities Section will coordinate with the Fire Protection Section to ensure observance of all applicable fire regulations (refer to Handbook 40.4.6). The scheduling of recreation building use will be centralized in the Community Activities Section to prevent conflicts and maximize facility utilization. The War Relocation Authority may offer assistance to revenue-generating activities by permitting the use of government-owned buildings.\nEquipment and services of e-vacuee personnel on the WRA payroll are not included, unless their services directly contribute to income. Government-owned equipment or buildings should generate revenue from activities, which shall not benefit private individuals but be used for center-wide activities and serving the center residents and community.\n\nSupersedes A.I. #73\n\nPaid Staff\nBuilding and grounds assistance for revenue-producing activities\nWRA Manual\nCommunity Activities Section 30.5\n\nOther types of assistance to the activities may be rendered by WRA in the provision of supplies, equipment, and necessary services that the evacuee organization is unable to furnish. WRA assistance should usually be limited to furnishing supplies and equipment.\nequipment for non-revenue producing activities and the salaries and clothing allowances of the Community Activities Section staff. Clothing allowances of persons paid by the Community Activities organization will be handled on the same basis as for employees of other organizations (See Manual Section 30.5.24C).\n\nE. All WRA expenditures for community activities will be made as regular administrative expenditures for carrying out the program and are subject to all procedures and limitations applicable to other center expenditures. The Community Activities evacuee organization shall draw up a budget listing all the items and services including personnel services it will request from WRA. The Project Director in making up the center budget requests for allotments for the Community Activities Section will take this estimate from the organization.\nVacuum organization into account. All expenditures by WRA in connection with the community activities program will be charged to the allotment of the Community Section.\n\nSupersedes A.I. #73\nC-1383 PK> final\nVITRA Manual\nCommunity Activities Section 30*5\n\nNo evacuee personnel shall be employed out of WRA funds in the Community Activities Section or any other Section to operate motion picture services where an admission is charged.\n\nThe provision of adequate motion picture services is an essential part of a total community recreation program within the Centers, and it is expected that arrangements will be worked out so that motion picture entertainment where admission is charged may be maintained. Three types of operation of commercial motion pictures are suggested:\n\n(1) Through the Business Enterprises. Under this plan, the Business Enterprises would operate the motion picture services.\nmotion picture services for which an admission is charged and would employ evacuee personnel necessary to operate the services, pay for film rentals and any other incidental costs\n(Z) Through the Community Activities Trust or Association. Under this plan, the Community Activities Trust or Association would operate the motion picture services for which an admission is charged and would employ evacuee personnel necessary to operate the services, pay for film rentals and any other incidental costs.\n(3) Through a Recreation on Motion Picture cooperative association or trust organized on the same principles as the Business Enterprises and for the specific purpose of operating the motion picture service where admission is charged and any other recreation activities involving admission charges. Under this plan, the Recreation cooperative, association or trust\nThis policy applies to the operation of motion picture services for which an admission is charged. The service provider would operate the motion picture services, employ necessary personnel, pay for film rentals and other incidental costs. If the motion picture service is operated as part of Business Enterprises, it comes under their general supervision. If, however, the service is operated through a Community Activities or Recreation cooperative, association, or trust, it comes under the general supervision of the Community Activities Supervisor. This policy is applicable only to the provision of motion pictures when an admission is charged and is not meant to restrict the showing of motion pictures when no admission is charged.\nSuch motion pictures may make an effective contribution to the education and community activities program, and in facilitating relocation.\n\nRelease # 136\nWRA Manual\nCommunity Activities 30.5\n\nThe right to freedom of religious worship in WRA centers is recognized and shall be respected.\n\nReligious services may be conducted in the Japanese language where that has been customary.\n\nReligious Rights at Centers\n\n.21 An inter-faith Council should be constituted at each center, with representatives of all sects, denominations and religions holding services council represented. This council should consult with the Chief of Community Management or his designee concerning problems of general religious interest.\n\nRequests of pastors, ministers, priests, or other religious workers residing outside a center for permission to engage in religious activities within.\nA center shall be submitted to the Project Director, and through him to the Community Council for approval. Permits to religious workers shall be issued by the Project Director only when approved by the Community Council and by him. The Community Council may designate the Inter-faith Council to act for it in such matters.\n\nRequirements for Religious Services:\n\nA. At each center, the War Relocation Authority, if materials are available, will provide for the construction of one building to be used as a general place of worship by the several denominations represented in the center.\n\nB. Labor for the erection of church buildings shall be provided by the War Relocation Authority from among the evacuees, as a work project.\n\nC. Altar furnishings and other religious equipment will be provided by each denomination.\nThe Project Director may make available other quarters such as reception halls, school assembly halls, etc. for church purposes. If church quarters are inadequate to permit separate rooms for the sole use of each sect or denomination, the Community Council shall establish a schedule for each available facility indicating the days and hours of each week when such facilities may be used by each denomination. In the necessary succession of use of one building or room by several denominations or groups, the Community Council shall establish a schedule. Each denomination will be required, when necessary, to remove and store at the conclusion of each service, any altars or other equipment peculiar to its own.\n\nSupersedes A. I. # 32\nCommunity Activities 30.5\n\nChurch Buildings (ooni\u00bbd.)\n\nThe successive use of one building or room by several denominations or groups may be required. In such an event, the Community Council shall establish a schedule for each available facility, indicating the days and hours of each week when such facilities may be used by each denomination. When the successive use of church quarters is necessary, each denomination will be required, when necessary, to remove and store at the conclusion of each service, any altars or other equipment peculiar to its own.\n\nSupersedes A. I. # 32\nCommunity Activities 30.5\nUse and leave the quarters in readiness for the next user.\n\nG. In the event any recognized religious denomination wishes to construct a church or chapel within a relocation area at its own expense, it shall make application to the Project Director for that privilege. The Project Director shall present such application to the Community Council, and if the application is approved by both the Community Council and the Project Director, the Project Director shall designate a place within the relocation area for the erection of such a structure. The Project Director shall advise the Director and in the event that the Director approves the decision, he shall request the Solicitor to prepare a lease between the church and the War Relocation Authority, setting forth the terms and conditions upon which construction of the church shall be allowed.\nThe terms of such lease shall contain the following:\n(1) A rental of $1.00 per year for use of the ground occupied by such church. Supersedes A.I. #32.\nCommunity Activities 30,5\n(2) Evacuee labor used in the construction of such church buildings shall be on a voluntary basis and on the evacuees' uncompensated time.\n(3) The War Relocation Authority will furnish water, light, and heat for such churches. However, all other expenses, including maintenance, repairs, replacement, and janitor service, shall be borne by the denomination.\n.2ij\nThe following regulations shall govern the compensation of religious workers:\nA. Evacuee religious workers may either be assigned to any regular project work for which they are qualified, and may receive compensation, including clothing allowances, for such duties, at the rates established by the WRA for other workers.\nB. Evacuee religious workers may be compensated for their services as religious workers, provided they are not otherwise engaged in regular project work. The compensation shall be based on the established rates for other workers, but shall not exceed the maximum rates for skilled workers.\nC. The WRA may employ religious workers as chaplains or religious advisors, and shall pay them a salary based on the established rates for other workers.\nD. The WRA may provide living quarters for religious workers, but they shall not be compensated for the use of such quarters.\nE. The WRA may provide religious workers with clothing allowances, but such allowances shall not exceed the amounts established for other workers.\nF. Religious workers shall be subject to the same rules and regulations as other workers.\nG. The WRA may terminate the employment of religious workers at any time, with or without cause.\nH. The WRA may assign religious workers to any camp or center, and may transfer them from one assignment to another, as the needs of the program require.\nI. Religious workers shall be considered employees of the WRA for all purposes, including compensation, leave, and other benefits.\nJ. The WRA may make advance payments of compensation to religious workers, but such payments shall not exceed the amounts established for other workers.\nK. Religious workers shall be subject to the same deductions from their compensation as other workers, including deductions for taxes, insurance, and savings.\nL. Religious workers shall be entitled to the same leave privileges as other workers, including annual leave, sick leave, and emergency leave.\nM. Religious workers shall be subject to the same disciplinary procedures as other workers, including suspension, demotion, and termination of employment.\nN. Religious workers shall be entitled to the same opportunities for training and advancement as other workers.\nO. Religious workers shall be entitled to the same medical and hospitalization benefits as other workers.\nP. Religious workers shall be entitled to the same recreational facilities and privileges as other workers.\nQ. Religious workers shall be entitled to the same grievance and appeal procedures as other workers.\nR. Religious workers shall be entitled to the same retirement benefits as other workers, provided they have completed the required period of service.\nS. Religious workers shall be entitled to the same protection against discrimination on the basis of race, creed, color, or national origin as other workers.\nT. Religious workers shall be entitled to the same protection against harassment and intimidation as other workers.\nU. Religious workers shall be entitled to the same protection against retaliation for filing grievances or participating in labor organizations as other workers.\nV. Religious workers shall be entitled to the same protection against discharge for refusing to perform work which is dangerous to their health or safety as other workers.\nW. Religious workers shall be entitled to the same protection against discharge for refusing to perform work which is in violation of their religious beliefs as other workers.\nX. Religious workers shall be entitled to the same protection against discharge for refusing to perform work which is in violation of their conscientious objections as other workers.\nY. Religious workers shall be entitled to the same protection against discharge for refusing to perform work which is in violation of their moral principles as other workers.\nZ. Religious workers shall be entitled to the same protection against discharge for refusing to perform work which is in conflict with their duties as religious workers as other workers.\nAA. Religious workers shall be entitled to the same protection against discharge for refusing to perform work which is in conflict with their duties as citizens as other workers.\nBB. Religious workers shall be entitled to the same protection against discharge for refusing to perform work which is in conflict with their duties as\nrates  prescribed  by  the  War  Relocation  Authority, \nor \nB.  Evacuee  religious  workers  may  receive  compensa\u00ac \ntion  from  their  congregation  in  the  center  or  from \nthe  denomination  which  they  represent. \nC.  Evacuee  religious  workers  shall  not  be  eligible \nto  receive  WRA  compensation  (including  clothing \nallowance)  for  the  performance  of  religious  duties. \nWhere  a  worker  receives  compensation  from  a  con\u00ac \ngregation  or  denomination  in  an  amount  not  exceed\u00ac \ning  #19  per  month,  plus  the  amount  granted  in  his \ncenter  for  an  adult  clothing  allowance,  his  im\u00ac \nmediate  family  members  shall  be  eligible  to  re\u00ac \nceive  regular  clothing  allowances  from  the  War  Re\u00ac \nlocation  Authority. \n.25  In  order  to  alleviate  the  shortage  of  evacuee  minis\u00ac \nters  on  the  projeots,  short-term  visits  are  authorised \nfor  evacuee  ministers  formerly  in  relocation  centers \nand  now  out  on  indefinite  leave  in  various  parts  of \nUnder the following conditions:\n\nA. Visits of religious workers shall not exceed three months duration.\nB. They shall be admitted on short-term visitor passes obtained from the nearest Relocation Officer upon request of the Project Director where assignment is to be made. The Project Director shall be governed in their requests for assignments by the provisions of Manual Section 30.5.\n\nC. Such visiting ministers may reside with friends or relatives in the center without charge for quarters. If quarters are set up for them by VYRA, they will be expected to pay the established fee for lodging furnished to evacuee visitors. They shall be required to pay for meals at the center.\nEstablished rate for evacuee visitors. (See Manual Section 30.1.7).\n\nD. Religious workers other than evacuees shall not be permitted to reside permanently in any relocation area.\n\n.26 Religious workers other than evacuees: no cost to YiRA.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 3/13/44 Release # 136\n\nWRA Manual Community Government 30.6\n\nUntil it becomes possible to organize a democratic form of community evacuee government in accordance with the following procedures, the Project Director of each relocation center is authorized to organize a temporary community government. In providing for such temporary government, the Project Directors shall follow the Director's memorandum of June 5, 1942, except that the voting age shall be 18 years, the person receiving the highest vote in each block shall be the representative.\nThe following individuals shall be eligible to be elected, and both citizens and aliens are permitted to hold elective office, unless they have been denied leave clearance.\n\nA. The project director, no later than 30 days after 75 percent of the residence units are occupied, shall establish an organization commission to prepare a plan for a community evacuee government in accordance with the controlling provisions of this instruction.\n\nB. The plan of government shall include a representative legislative body, known as the Community Council. The Community Council may establish regular and special committees and commissions as necessary to carry out its duties and functions or to cooperate with the Project Director in promoting the general welfare of the residents.\n\nC. The plan of government shall provide for:\nThe council's nomination, election, and tenure of office shall be governed by this document. It shall also outline the council's organization, officers, and their selection methods. Council elections will be conducted by secret ballot.\n\nThe proposed government plan, along with any subsequent amendments, must be submitted to the Project Director for review. Before submitting a plan or amendment to the referendum mentioned in Paragraph E, the Project Director must ensure that none of its provisions violate any Temporary Government Organization Commission, Community Council, Election Review, Approval and Amendments, WRA Manual regulations or instructions of the War Relocation Authority.\n\nThe government plan will become effective upon approval by a majority of qualified voters.\nAt a special election, the government plan must be approved. Emendations may be initiated only by a two-thirds vote of the council or by a signed petition of one-fourth of the qualified voters. Amendments become effective only when approved by a majority of the voters at a general or special election.\n\nSection 3. All persons eighteen years of age or over are eligible to vote in all elections held pursuant to this instruction.\n\nQualifications for Voting and Holding Office:\n\nB. The following persons are eligible to hold elective office and to serve on appointive committees, commissions, boards, and other administrative positions in community evacuee government that may be established: All persons who are 21 years of age or over, whether citizens or aliens, except persons who have been denied leave clearance.\n\nFunctions of:\nThe Community Council shall have the following duties and functions:\n\nRegulations and Penalties:\nA. To prescribe regulations and provide penalties for their violation on all matters, other than those defined as felonies by the state law in which the project is located, that affect the internal peace and order of the project and the welfare of the residents, as long as such regulations are not in conflict with any federal law, military proclamation, state law, or order issued by an appropriate officer of the War Relocation Authority. The Council may provide for confinement, fines, and other suitable punishments, except the performance without pay of work for which the defendant is regularly employed, in accordance with the provisions of\nSection 30.1x.32:\n\nC-TO77 WRA Community Government 30.6:\n\nA. Present resolutions or questions to the Project Director concerning the welfare of center residents.\nB. Solicit and receive funds and property for community purposes, and administer such funds and property.\nC. License and require reasonable license fees from evacuee-operated enterprises. The total license fees collected from all sources in any one relocation center shall not exceed $1000 for any calendar year. No license requirement shall be effective until approved by the Project Director. All funds collected under this provision must be deposited in the Treasury of the United States as miscellaneous receipts.\nD. The Council shall not have authority to regulate the management, operation, or conduct of businesses.\nThe enterprises within the center are granted the following powers: 3C. To appoint such committees or commissions as they deem necessary for the exercise of their functions. P. To exercise such other duties and functions as may be conferred upon them from time to time by the War Relocation Authority.\n\nResolutions:\nFinance\nLicensing\nCommittees (Other)\n\nA. The plan of government shall provide for a Judicial Committee or Commission of not less than three members which shall hear cases and apply penalties for violation of law and order regulations prescribed by the Community Council.\n\nJudicial Commission\n\nB. The Judicial Commission shall, after appropriate notice and hearing, render a decision finding the defendant either guilty or not guilty and stating the penalty to be applied. Such decision shall be communicated to the Project Director for review immediately. If the Project Director:\nSupersedes Issuance of 11/18/45 Release # 150 C-IS77 F7 bu WRA Manual\n\nThis manual outlines procedures for civil cases involving arbitration in Community government. If the Judicial Commission makes a decision and no action has been taken by the Project Director within 24 hours, the decision becomes final. The Project Director may affirm the decision and order the penalty to be carried out, or remand the case back to the Judicial Commission with recommendations. If a case is remanded within the required 24 hours, the Project Director may submit recommendations at a reasonable time thereafter. Upon remand, the Commission shall further consider the case and enter such judgment as seems appropriate. Such judgment is also subject to review by the Project Director in accordance with the provisions of this paragraph.\nC. In civil cases where parties refuse to arbitrate, probate cases, cases of adoption of children, and the like, arrangements should be made to give the parties leave from the center and other proper assistance to enable them to take advantage of the regular state and local courts.\n\nD. The plan of the arbitration committee shall provide for orderly methods of arbitration for settling civil disputes between residents of the project who voluntarily agree to submit their disputes to an arbitration commission (or such other name as used for this type of agency by the law of the State where the project is located).\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 11/1Q/U3\nRelease # 150\nWRA Manual\nCommunity Government 30-6\n\nThe Project Director may, at any time, in a communication addressed to the members of the Council, act aside and make void any regulations made by the Council which he finds to be unreasonable.\nThe following functions of the Council exceed its definitions:\n\nB. During the time elapsing before the Community Council takes action on any function or duty, the Project Director may establish organizations or provide regulations as necessary.\n\nC. The authority conferred in community evacuee government in the field is additional to, and not in substitution for, the functions and responsibilities of the Project Director in administering the relocation center.\n\nD. All official records of the community evacuee government and all official actions of the government, when written, must be in English.\n\nSections of this Manual do not apply to Leupp or Tule Lake Centers.\n\nSupersedes II/I8/U.5 Issuance # 10\n\nLimitations:\nBusiness Enterprises - 30.7\nWRA.\nBusiness Enterprises are those at relocation centers which supply goods, wares, merchandise, personal services or entertainment to center residents. Such enterprises exist primarily to fill the needs of evacuees. They shall be operated by, and in the interest of, the evacuee population. Business Enterprises may produce, as an incident to their operation, materials and commodities used or sold in their businesses.\n\nThe basic purposes of Business Enterprises are:\n\nA. To aid evacuee residents of centers to obtain goods and services not provided by the War Relocation Authority.\nB. To enable evacuees to procure goods and services at as low a cost as possible.\nC. To provide a means whereby individual needs, desires, and tastes may be expressed and satisfied.\nBusiness enterprises may be organized in the following forms: A. A Consumers\u2019 Cooperative is the recommended form for permanent business enterprises. B. Evacuees may elect to set up a Trust as an alternative to a consumers\u2019 cooperative. Trusts shall operate under the same rules and principles as cooperatives, except for the difference in form of organization. C. Private enterprises for the sale at retail of consumers' goods and services to center residents shall not be permitted.\n\nConsumer cooperative associations shall be operated according to the following principles: A. Unlimited voluntary membership available to all evacuees. B. One vote for each member, and no voting by proxy. C. Limited interest rates and restricted capital investment.\n\nBusiness Enterprises: Forms of Organizations\nMandatory Principles for Cooperative Enterprises\nSupersedes A.I. #26\nBusiness Enterprises: Principles for Cooperative Associations\n\nD. The Board of Directors shall encourage members to plan expansion of services and the addition of new services in the community, as long as there is need for such expansions and they are planned, budgeted, and funds are available to support these activities.\n\nE. The various enterprises shall operate as departments or branches of the overall association. A separate, but complete, set of records shall be kept in the central accounting and fiscal department for the entire association for each department. The cost of maintaining the central accounting and fiscal department shall be shared equitably by all other departments.\n\nF. All enterprises may be patronized by non-members as well as by members.\nRecommended policies for cooperative associations:\n\nA. Payment of patronage dividends where possible, especially for enterprises engaged in the sale of goods, wares, merchandise and commodities.\nB. No credit business.\nC. Sales made at prevailing market prices.\nD. Proper informational programs provided by cooperative associations for member regulation.\n\nThe Board of Directors of a cooperative association shall conduct the Association\u2019s affairs in conformity with all applicable statutory requirements, Articles of Incorporation, and By-laws. Recommended practices for efficient operation:\n\nA. Adequate records of all operations and meetings.\nB. Bonding of all responsible managers and other personnel.\nsons handling the association's funds.\nC. Adequate insurance to protect the association from unwarranted loss from any probable cause.\nSupersedes A.I. #26\nWRA Manual\nBusiness arrears: 50.7\nAudit of all records quarterly for the first twelve months of operations and at least semi-annually thereafter. This audit is for the benefit of the association and should be in addition to the audit prescribed in Section 30.7.9, Paragraph C.\n6. Members of consumers cooperative associations should have the following basic rights or responsibilities.\nA. Access to the records of the associations (including minutes of meetings and accounting records) at all reasonable times.\nB. Right to a hearing and representation by counsel before any properly called regular or special membership meetings prior to expulsion from membership.\nC. Proper notice of, and full voice with, all other members.\nMembers in membership meetings. D. Eligibility for any office in the associations. 1. The WRA will render advisory and instructional assistance to the cooperative associations, but control will be vested in the members. This assistance shall include training in business and cooperative methods, and advice and suggestions to members and boards of directors relative to efficient management and operation. Certain requirements on the associations are laid down in this Manual in Sections 30.7.3 and 30.7.9. Assistance rendered to a cooperative association shall be contingent upon compliance by it with the requirements in Sections 30.7.3.\n\nRights of Members of Cooperative Enterprises\nRelations Between Cooperative Associations and WRA\n\n8. The WRA will render assistance to Business Enterprises at centers as follows.\nWRA Assistance to Cooperative Associations Organization\n\nThe WRA, through the Project Director, will aid in the organization of associations. This may include drafting proposed articles of incorporation or by-laws, planning for setting up the administrative structure, advice on financing, accounting practices, purchasing, merchandising, personnel training, methods of engaging membership participation, legal services, information, and advice on consumer problems.\n\nWRA Assistance to Cooperative Businesses\n\nThe business enterprise shall pay its employees at the scale of wages paid by VBA to its evacuee employees, plus the amount granted in the particular center for an adult clothing allowance. VBA will not issue a manual on business literatures, compensation sad allowances, buildings ratios of building rental.\nBusiness enterprises employing evacuees and their immediate family members are eligible to receive subsistence and clothing allowances from the War Relocation Authority. Businesses may occupy buildings constructed at government expense, but will be charged a fair rental. Rental rates reflect expenses that would ordinarily be elements in the cost of goods sold if the enterprise were operated by the VRA. Rentals are based on completed buildings, winterized and equipped with stoves, but do not include cabinets or other fixtures. If a business has maintained the exterior of the buildings, the rental rate may be adjusted accordingly.\nUnder the applicable plan below, rates may be reduced at the rate of $0.625 per square foot per annum for the period involved. If a Consumer Business Enterprise has borne some cost of winterizing or completing the buildings, the facts should be reported to the Project Director with a recommendation that the free use of the buildings by the enterprise be authorized for an appropriate period of months. This recommendation should not delay the execution of a license agreement as provided in paragraph D below.\n\nRental rates:\n(1) For each barrack-type building utilized as stores, warehouse, or office space:\nPlan \"A\" - including heat, power, water, rubbish disposal, depreciation, and maintenance: 28 1/2 cents per square foot per annum.\nPlan \"B\" - same as Plan \"A\" but excluding heat.\nheat  -  22  1/2  cents  per  square  foot  per  annum* \nIf  desired,  separate  agreements  may  be  negotiated \nunder  one  plan  for  store  space,  under  another  plan \nfor  warehouses,  etc* \n(2)  For  buildings  constructed  by  the  VRA  specifically  as \nstores  for  the  Consumer  Siterprises,  add  six  cants  per \nsquare  foot  per  annum  to  each  of  the  rates  quoted \nabove  for  the  barrack-type  buildings. \nThese  rental  rates  have  been  computed  in  accordance  with \nthe  following  table: \nSupersedes  Issuance  of  11/13/43 \nBusiness  Enterprises  30.7 \nJELL \nRental  Table  for  1QQ1  x  20*  Barrack-Type  Building \nPlan  \u00bbA\"  Plan  \u00bbB\" \nDepreciation  and  Maintenance \nPower,  water,  and  rubbish  dis\u00ac \nposal \nHeat \nRental  per  annum \nRental  per  sq*  ft*  per  annum \nRental  per  month  (2000  sq*  ft*) \nD*  The  Project  Director  shall,  with  the  assistance  of  the \nProject  Attorney,  negotiate  and  execute  a  license  ag\u00ac \nagreement with the business enterprise for occupied space by enterprises. The executed originals of the agreement shall be forwarded to the Director for filing with the General Accounting Office. S. Hie WRA shall be reimbursed for wages and other compensation paid employees of business enterprises prior to March 1, 1943. The enterprise shall also reimburse WRA for occupancy of government buildings prior to March 1, 1943, at the rates prescribed in paragraph C above. If the enterprise is financially able, the entire payment should be made in cash. Otherwise, the obligations for rental attributable to the period prior to March 1, 1943 may be covered by a Loan Agreement executed by the enterprise on Form WRA-166, providing for liquidation of the obligation on or before March 1, 1944, and secured by a chattel mortgage pledging the collateral.\nassets of the enterprise as collateral for the loan\nInterest at 3% per annum will be charged on the unpaid balance\nThe Project Director should also secure a promissory note on Form WRA-167 signed by appropriate officers of the business enterprise\nGovernment materials other than structures will also be furnished to business enterprises, when available, on the basis of a fair return to the Government, as follows:\n(1) Large equipment of a durable nature, such as barber equipment, shoe repair equipment, tailoring and laundry equipment, may be either sold or rented to business enterprises\n\nLicense\nAgreement\nReimbursement\nPrior to\nAssistance\nOther\nGovernment\nMaterial\nLarge\nDurable\nEquipment\n\nSupersedes A.I. # 26\nWRA\n\u00a3usAns.3s. Jedigtg.rarlsag 30*2\nSnail Equipment\nFixture\nExpandable Equipment\nRepair of Equipment\nRental Procedure\nReporta\n(2) Equipment and tools that depreciate easily or require continuous accountability due to issuance to individuals, or that may be lost or expended, should be sold.\n(3) Equipment, fixtures, and implements that are installed as permanent attachments or parts of a building, or that are rendered not readily salvageable without excessive loss of value through the nature of installation or attachment, should be sold.\n(4) Expendable materials should be sold.\nG. The War Relocation Authority shall receive reasonable compensation for the repair or maintenance of both Business Enterprise-owned equipment and materials and government-owned materials and equipment used by the Business Enterprises, as shall have been made available to the enterprises pursuant to Paragraph F.\nH. The rental of equipment should be accomplished through\nThe negotiating of a lease-contract stipulating the rate and period of rental. The period of rental may be for the duration of the emergency or for a specific lesser time, but the agreement shall provide that either party may terminate it upon giving 30 days notice. The agreement shall contain conditions concerning (1) installation, (2) removal, (3) repair and maintenance, and (4) responsibility in the event of destruction, in order that the Government's interests will be protected. The agreement shall also provide that the property may not be sub-leased. The rate of rental shall be negotiated by the Project Director. Such rental charges should reflect (1) the condition of the equipment, and (2) the rate of depreciation, considering appraised value and average longevity under normal usage. The value of equipment and materials for sale or rent, and of repair parts.\nI. Income derived from the sale or rental of properties and materials shall be deposited as Miscellaneous Receipts.\n\nSupersedes A.I. #26\n\nWRA Manuel\nBusiness Enterprises 50-7\n\nThe following rules shall be observed by all Business Enterprises organized at Relocation Centers:\n\nA. Evacuee employees of the enterprise shall be hired by the board of directors. Personnel management may be requested by the Board of Directors to recruit:\n\n1. Or maintenance furnished by the Authority shall be determined by the Project Director. If the Project Director is of the opinion that the best interest of the Government warrants utilizing the specialized knowledge of a qualified, independent appraiser, such services should be secured from other government agencies if available. If not available, such service may be contracted for.\nThe enterprise shall pay its employees cash allowances in employment accordance with the scale of cash wages and other cash allowances established for war evacuee employees. Subsistence will be furnished to Business Enterprise employees by the Authority (See *>.5.9).\n\nB. Under the terms of a special license issued by the Treasury Department, each cooperative enterprise must at once forward two of its audits to the appropriate Federal Reserve Bank.\n\nC. A reserve fund of at least 10% of the total capital assets of the enterprise must be established. This reserve fund is to be accumulated by setting aside at least 10% of the net surplus - savings and earnings, until the fund reaches this percentage. Thereafter, the enterprise may continue to set aside 10% of its net surplus - savings and earnings.\nEnterprises must maintain a cash position with current assets twice the amount of current liabilities. State laws may require larger reserves. Patronage refunds to members should not exceed 25% of net operating profit until a rate of 3 to 1 is established. This is necessary for obtaining merchandise, facilitating payments to evacuees, and ensuring a sound financial position.\n\nReports shall be made monthly to the Director by the Project Director on the condition of each business enterprise.\non Forms WFTA-233 and WRA-2314, and must be placed in the mail not later than the 20th of each month for the month preceding.\n\n10. In the absence of a properly incorporated cooperative, a trust is acceptable as a means of administering a business. Supersedes Issuance of 8/25/44.\nRelease # 136\nWRA Manual\nBusiness Enterprises Section 50-7\nTrusts\nOperation of\nMotion Pictures\nCredit Unions\nSupervision\nfrom Washington\nWork with Center Officials\n\nEnterprise. However, it shall be the policy of WRA to encourage formation of incorporated cooperatives and to regard a trust as an expedient to formalize temporary organizations.\n\n11. The Business Enterprises at the Centers may operate motion picture shows where admission is charged. (See Manual Section 30.5 .14).\n\n12. Should the residents of a relocation center decide that a Credit Union is essential, necessary or convenient, they may apply to the WRA for approval to organize and operate a Credit Union. (See Manual Section 50-7.15).\nResidents in need can apply to the Project Director for assistance with organization. The Washington office will help Project Directors in this regard, providing playas for organization, suggested articles of incorporation, by-laws, and procedures upon request.\n\nTechnical advice and business enterprises at centers will be furnished from Washington through Auditor-supervisors in the Business Enterprises Section of the Community Management Division. Auditor-supervisors will visit the centers at regular intervals to render this service and report to the Head of the Business Enterprises Section in Washington on the state of the Enterprises in the centers.\n\nUpon arrival at a center, the Auditor-supervisor should plan to meet with the Project Director and Assistant Project Director in charge of Community Management.\nThe Project Manager and the Center's Attorney are responsible for addressing current problems of the enterprise from the management perspective. They should meet with the Executive Secretary, Cabinet, and Board of Directors regarding policy and administrative issues.\n\nThe Auditor-supervisor is to examine the following:\n\nA. The educational setup and program of the enterprise.\nB. The financial and business position of the enterprise.\nC. The merchandise buying practices of the enterprise.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 8/25/U4\nRelease # 136\nWRA Manual\nBusiness Enterprises 30 \"7\n\nUpon completion of the examination, the Auditor-supervisor shall:\n\nA. Encourage the enterprise to establish and implement an educational program if necessary.\nB. Make suggestions as to improvements.\nA. He shall use specific methods and techniques for their implementation.\nB. He should focus on organizing enterprise employees.\nC. He should discuss all business operation aspects with the enterprise management and make improvement suggestions.\nD. He shall present the form and merchandise checklist, provided by the New York Business Service office, to the business enterprise management, requesting that the necessary information be filled in and mailed to New York within two weeks. He should assist the enterprise with all off-center relationships, such as priorities and rationing matters.\nE. He should discuss the Federation of Center Business Enterprises with the Board of Directors, with a view to its future development in the commercial and educational fields.\nHe shall pay particular attention to the functioning of committee methods in enterprise administration. He shall examine the lines of authority between commercial, fiscal, and administrative operations.\n\nIntention of the Lifter Relocation Authority:\nA. Analyze cultural patterns existing in the community at each relocation center.\nB. Observe social trends and study their underlying causes to increase understanding of factors governing social development within the center.\nC. Facilitate the program of resettlement and re-assimilation of evacuees into American life.\nD. Provide a guide for dealing with any comparable social situation that may become the responsibility of a federal agency.\n\nPurpose of Community Analysis\nTo establish the functions in 30.8.1, a Community Analysis Section will be established in the Community Management Division at each center. The work of the Section will be under the direction of a Community Analyst reporting to the Project Director through the Assistant Director in charge of Community Management. Evacuee workers may be assigned to the Section at the Centers, within budgetary limitations.\n\nCommunity Analysis Section\n\nThe Community Analysis Section at a Center shall make an intensive study of the community there, including all significant formal and informal social groups. Special emphasis will be placed on the degree of assimilation of the various groups, their social roles in the community, their attitudes toward one another and toward the War Relocation Authority, the effect of the evacuation on family controls and group social controls.\nThe text appears to be mostly readable and free of meaningless content. I will make some minor corrections and remove unnecessary formatting.\n\nFeet of administrative policies and decisions upon the evacuee community. It should further observe and analyze all social trends within the center, with special attention to the development of new social groupings and to developments that may improve social relations within the center, or that might lead to crises.\n\nContrarity\nAnalysis Program\n\nAll administrative personnel at the Center shall cooperate with the program by making available to the Community Analysis Section such records and personal information as may be of value to it. The Community Analysis staff shall not be required or expected to divulge such information received nor the individual sources of its records and reports.\n\nRelations with Other Staff\nUnit 8\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 9/4/43\nC\u20141215 bu-pi\u00bbfc-wp\n\nWRA Manual\n\nReports\n\nLimitation of Community Analysis Service\nAt least monthly, the Section at each Center shall report on its activities to the Project Director, through the Assistant Director in charge of Community Management. From time to time, other reports shall be made as deemed advisable by the Section, or as the Project Director may request. One copy of each regular or occasional report must be sent to the Director in Washington.\n\nThe function of the Community Analysis Section at each center, as outlined in 30.8(3), is the objective analysis of center life. No Community Analyst should be required to assume operating responsibilities, or to make investigations of such occurrences as disputes between individual evacuees, where it is within the sphere of the Internal Security or Welfare Sections to collect the facts. The work of the Community Analyst can thus serve effectively.\nIt is the policy of the War Relocation Authority to produce as large a percentage as possible of the crop and livestock products needed for feeding evacuee residents of W.R.A. centers. It is not planned to produce vegetables or livestock products in excess of the needs of the Authority. In planning the acreage needed to produce the required amounts of various crops, yields per acre shall be estimated at the amounts that might reasonably be expected under normal conditions. If, due to larger yields per acre or a greater decrease in population than anticipated, the amounts produced are in excess of the Authority\u2019s needs, such excess will be offered for sale if there is market demand for such produce.\nAgriomltarel \n?ro*utisft \n.2  The  need  for  agricultural  products  is  the  major  factor \nin  determining  the  acreage  of  crops  to  be  planted  on \nany  center.  Other  considerations  affecting  this  deter\u00ac \nmination  are  the  amount  and  quality  of  tillable  agricul\u00ac \ntural  land,  labor,  and  equipment  available.  In  deter-  Priorities \nmining  the  use  which  will  be  made  of  the  land,  priorities  in  Crso \nshall  be  given  to  the  production  of  food  crops,  feed  crops,  Prsdnotism \nseed  crops  for  local  use,  and  nwar  crops\"  in  the  order \nnamed.  Land  conditioning  or  soil  improving  crops  shall \nalso  be  considered.  In  many  cases  these  must  be  considered \njointly  with  food  and  feed  crops.  The  planting  of  war \ncrops  must  be  approved  in  advance  by  the  Director. \n.3  First  priority  in  the  use  of  land  is  given  to  food  crop \nproduction. \nPood  Crops \nA.  The  food  crop  production  program  must  be  carefully \nplanned  in  order  that  the  crops  produced  shall, \ninsofar  as  possible,  meet  the  consumption  needs, \nthereby  reducing  to  a  minimum  the  purchase  of  food. \nIt  also  may  be  necessary  to  produce  crops  for  ship\u00ac \nment  to  other  centers. \nPI  sailing \nPood  Crop \nProduction \n.  _  Cooperation  Between \n(1)  In  planning  the  annual  food  crop  production  Agrlottlture \nprogram  the  Agricultural  Section  shall  work  and \nclosely  with  the  Mess  Operations  Section  in  Operatiens \ndetermining  the  kinds  and  amounts  of  food  crops \nto  be  grown.  Mess  Operations  should  be  looked \nto  for  information  as  to  the  kinds  and  amounts \nof  produce  needed,  while  the  members  of  the \nAgricultural  Section  are  more  familiar  with  the \nfeasibility  of  producing  the  retired  crops. \nSupersedes  A*  I.  $14,  $63 \nWRA \nAgriculture  40*1 \nCriteria  fear \nSelaetioa  of \nCrept \n(2)  Numerous  factors  must  be  consiaered  in  deter\u00ac \nThe following factors are important in mining crops to be grown:\n\n1. The relative desirability of vegetables.\n2. The economy of production.\n3. The certainty of production.\n4. Seasonal distribution of harvest.\n5. Ease of storage or shipping.\n6. Desirability of producing \"Japanese vegetables,\" such as daikon and shiro uri.\n7. Shipping:\n   B. In shipping vegetables from one center to another, the Authority is not subject to State or Federal regulations relative to grading and packing. Methods of packing and shipping may therefore differ considerably from those ordinarily used in commercial shipments.\n   C. Food preservation holds an important place in the WRA program, especially in view of the fundamental policy of producing as large a percentage as possible of the food needed in feeding the evacuees.\nThe conservation of vegetables produced on the areas will:\n1. Reduce the amount of food that must be pursued, thereby reducing costs of mess operations.\n2. Utilize temporary small surpluses of vegetables which might otherwise be wasted.\n3. Afford supplies of certain vegetables during seasons when they would not otherwise be available from current production.\n4. Serve as \"emergency rations\" when reception of fresh produce is delayed. In view of its importance, each center should therefore carefully plan a food conservation program. The annual agricultural production program should be planned to provide products for preservation.\n\nSupersedes A.I. #14, #63\nWRA\nAgriculture 40.1\n\nD. Produce which is surplus to the entire needs of the Authority may be offered for sale.\n\nFirst priority in use of land is given to food production.\nCrops needed for feeding center livestock should be produced on the center if possible. The kinds and quantities of feed crops depend on the kinds and amounts of livestock. Priority should be given to the production of roughage, as grain can usually be purchased to better advantage than roughage.\n\nThe Authority should produce at least a portion of the vegetable seeds needed, especially Japanese vegetables like daikon and shiro uri. Vegetable seed production for use on the center should be confined to those which can be handled without special equipment. Special attention should be given to the purity and quality of planting seed used for growing crops intended for seed production. Arrangements will probably be made for two\nIn planning the agricultural program, consideration shall be given to crops necessary in conditioning land or in maintaining or increasing its productivity. Maximum use shall be made of soil improving and green manure crops to maintain soil productivity and reduce purchases of commercial fertilizer. If land and labor, in addition to that needed in the production of subsistence crops, are available, they should be used in producing crops needed in the war effort. The crops so selected should be adapted to the region and those most vitally needed in the war effort. The planting of such crops must be approved by the Director.\n\nSale of surplus vegetables.\nFood: Vegetables, Seed Crops, Land, Soil, Improving Crops, War Crops, Agriculture (40.1), Livestock Production (0.3)\n\nLivestock is an important source of food and therefore has a place in the agricultural program of each center. The kind of livestock and the extent of operations will vary from center to center.\n\nReporting Progress and Application Statements\n\nIt is necessary that the Washington Office be currently informed of the status and progress of the agricultural program in order to assist in problems which arise relative to production or the shipment of produce between centers. This information is also necessary in complying with requests for information from Members of Congress and others.\n\nThe Agricultural Section is responsible for preparing a monthly report on Form WRA-1\u00a33, Revised. The reports should be for the month and made as of the end of the month.\nLast day of the month. Reports should be submitted to the Project Director not later than the second day of the following month. An original and four copies should be submitted to the Project Director, three of which he will forward to Washington, and one to the respective Field Assistant Director.\n\nSupersedes A.I. #14, #63\nC-0739 P6 bu-final\nWRA Manual\n Industry hO-2\n\n1. Industrial enterprises as treated in this manual include activities such as the following, employing evacuee labor in relocation centers in the production or manufacture of goods and materials; operation of mattress factories, garment factories, silk screen shops, and ship model factories. Industries operated by WRA may be any of the following three types:\n\nA. Industries to aid in meeting the center\u2019s operating requirements.\nB. Industries to produce essential commodities for use by the evacuees.\nby more than one relocation center.\n\nC. Enterprises for the production of supplies and equipment for military services.\n\n\u2022 The objectives of the industrial program shall be to initiate and put into operation enterprises in relocation centers in order that useful employment may be provided for evacuees and in order to reduce operating expenses of the relocation centers by the production of goods and materials for project use. Under certain conditions, goods may be manufactured for the military services.\n\n\u20223 The Industry Section of the Operations Division at centers will manage enterprises not directly connected with center functions; those enterprises directly connected with center functions will be managed by the appropriate administrative units.\n\n\u2666U In establishing industrial enterprises in relocation centers, emphasis shall be given to those types of enterprises:\n\n- by more than one relocation center.\n- Enterprises for the production of supplies and equipment for military services.\n- The objectives of the industrial program are to initiate and put into operation enterprises in relocation centers, providing useful employment for evacuees and reducing operating expenses through the production of goods and materials for project use. Under certain conditions, goods may be manufactured for military services.\n- The Industry Section of the Operations Division manages enterprises not directly connected with center functions, while those directly connected are managed by the appropriate administrative units.\n- In establishing industrial enterprises in relocation centers, priority is given to certain types of enterprises.\nWhich offer the greatest opportunities for vocational training for the evacuees, the intent being to offer training through this work program whenever possible, which may be helpful in enabling the evacuees, on their return to civilian life, to contribute more fully to manpower needs.\n\nIndustrial enterprises will not be operated by the WRA to perform work under contract for private persons or corporations. The establishment of industries to be owned or managed by evacuees or other types of industrial enterprises will be the objectives. Management, selection of enterprises, and limitations on authorized enterprises will be as follows:\n\nC-1209\nPI of 3 bu-cos-pun\u2014 \"p\nWRA Manna!\nIndustry 1.0.2\nCondensation for workers of an industrial enterprise\nPrivate individuals or companies will not be permitted.\n\nThis shall not be interpreted as applying to the evacuees.\nEvacuees employed in industries shall be paid, under the applicable regulations or instructions of the Authority, the respective sums of $12, $16, and $19 per month, plus clothing allowances and subsistence for the worker and each of his dependents (See Manual Section 50.5). Proposals to establish industrial enterprises in relocation centers shall be submitted to the Director for approval. Before any action is taken toward establishing an industrial enterprise, and before a proposal is discussed with the evacuees, a prospectus shall be submitted to the Director, marked for the attention of the Chief of the Operations Division at Washington, for review and appropriate recommendation.\nA. Demand for products of the industry in relocation centers.\nB. An estimate of the number of employees and the skills and training required.\nC. A statement of the amount and type of non-evacuee supervisory staff required.\nD. A statement specifying the equipment necessary for operating the plant, and if possible, an indication of where such equipment can be obtained.\nE. A statement covering the availability, volume, and source of raw materials.\nF. A description of the buildings needed for the proposed industry; an estimate of the power requirements and a statement of the effect of such power use on other project operations; an estimate of other utility requirements, such as water supply, etc.\nG. A statement giving in detail the estimated cost.\n\nSupersedes A.I. # UU\nWRA Manual\nIndustry U0.2\nAfter an industrial enterprise is approved by the Director, the proposal must be presented to the evacuee through the community planning board for their consideration and recommendation. Before production is started in any approved industrial enterprise, an operating plan, production schedule, and budget shall be prepared. The Washington office will provide assistance as needed.\n\nApproval by: Evacuee, Community, WRA Manual, Engineering 40.3\n\nA planned program of construction and maintenance work to be undertaken by each WRA center and the approval of such program by the Washington office of WRA is prescribed.\n\nSupersedes A.I. #44.\nbasic  policy  of  the  War  Relocation  Authority.  Compliance \nwith  the  following  procedures  will  govern  all  allotments  made \nfor  these  purposes. \nWRA \nConstruction \nand \nMainte  nance \nProg  ran \n.2  The  overall  construction,  maintenance  and  operations  program \nprepared  on  Form  WRA-330  or  other  prescribed  form  for  each \ncenter  for  each  fiscal  year  shall  be  submitted  to  the  Wash\u00ac \nington  office  with  the  other  budget  estimates  for  that  year. \nA.  Each  project  must  be  broken  down  to  show: \n(1)  Evacuee  Labor  -  estimate  in  dollars.  Submission \nof \n(2)  Labor,  Other  -  in  cases  where  skilled  labor  in  addi-  construct!  on \ntion  to  evacuee  labor  is  required.  Program \nan  estimate  of  requirements  (exclu\u00ac \nsive  of  supervision)  will  appear  in \nColumn  (4)* \n(3)  Supplies  and  Materials  -  estimate  in  dollars. \nB.  After  the  overall  program  has  been  approved,  preliminary \nPlans and estimates for each construction project will be submitted to the Washington office for checking and review. C. If preliminary plans and estimates are approved, they will be returned to the center with instructions to prepare WPB Form 617 for War Production Board authorization to begin construction. D. Construction restricted by the War Production Board will not start until WPB authorization is received at the center. (See Handbook Sections 20.7.14 through 20.7.16). Emergency exceptions to this restriction must be strongly justified and a regular application (Form WPB-617) prepared in accordance with the WPB-617 instruction sheet. E. No changes may be made in the approved overall program without prior approval of the Washington office.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 9/25/43\nWRA Manual\nEngineering 40.3\nSubmission of Quarterly\nBecause each center's funds are allotted on a quarterly basis, the portion of the overall construction program to be worked on during a particular quarter must be submitted to the Washington office 30 days in advance. Authority for miscellaneous construction will be requested by all centers on Form WPB-617 and should be listed on form WRA-330 when the center's annual program is prepared. Funds to accomplish this work will be requested in the same manner as for other construction. Plans and specifications as approved by the WRA Washington office and the War Production Board must be closely followed during actual construction in the field. If minor changes are necessary, they must be approved by the WRA Washington office before implementation.\nAll construction projects will adhere to the following policies and standards: A. Use existing facilities whenever possible. B. Considering the War Relocation Authority's program is a temporary war duration activity, all new construction must be carefully considered with conservation of critical materials as a constant aim.\n\nPlans for approved construction projects will be made. Revised plans will be forwarded with a justifying and describing letter for any changes. Major changes requiring additional materials, controlled materials, or additions to other buildings or utilities necessitate advance approval from the Washington office and the War Production Board before work begins or materials are purchased for the change.\nC. Materials suitable for proposed work must be considered and listed when applying to this office and the War Production Board for priority assistance and project approval.\n\nD. Except in unusual cases, no work should be undertaken or proposed that cannot be accomplished by evacuee crews with the minimum amount of supervision by appointed personnel.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 9/25/43\nWRA Manual Engineering 40.3\n\nE. Light frame construction suitable to the proposed use of the structure must be employed. Long span trusses requiring large quantities of structural grade lumber, bolts, and timber connectors shall be avoided in structure designs.\n\nF. Outside wall construction and finish should not exceed the original center standards of primary construction fixed by the U.S.E.D.\n\nG. Foundations should generally be of posts and sills.\nWood blocks or pads should be used instead of wood forms or concrete piers for foundations. The use of concrete piers or foundation walls for lighter buildings must be strongly justified and will only be approved for heavier structures.\n\nH. No reinforcing steel should be used in concrete slabs. Concrete floors, where necessary, will not exceed V in thickness unless unusually heavy use or traffic is expected.\n\nI. Substitute materials such as Celotex should be used instead of wood sub-floors or wood sheathing.\n\nJ. Interior walls should be made of sheetrock or other composition boards, nailed directly to studs.\n\nK. Electrical and plumbing work should be kept to a minimum to conserve critical materials.\n\nL. Space heating should be accomplished by individual room heaters or stoves instead of central heating plants. The Fire Protection Officer should review all designs for fire hazard elimination.\nAll War Production Board regulations will be complied with, including those pertaining to project approval and the purchase and use of controlled materials, as well as restrictions on equipment and other construction materials (See Manual Section 20.7).\n\nA complete file of accurate plans, specifications, and lists of materials used for all projects constructed by WRA must be maintained at the Center.\n\nConstruction and Maintenance:\n1. Maintenance work shall be performed only to the extent necessary to keep the center in a sound working condition and appropriate to the original type of construction.\n2. The following will define the construction and maintenance program and will be observed in preparing the construction and maintenance program in making requests for:\n\n(Supersedes Issuance Construction File BRA Manual Engineering 40^3,3)\nConstruction means the erection, construction, reconstruction, restoration, or remodeling of any structure or project, or additions thereto or extensions or alterations thereof. (See also 20.7.14B)\n\n(1) Construction\n\n(2) Maintenance and repair mean such work as is necessary to keep a structure or project in sound working condition, or to rehabilitate a structure or project or any portion thereof when the same has been rendered unsafe or unfit for service by wear and tear or other similar causes. The term does not include any building operation or job where a structural alteration or change in design is to be made. (See B. Authority to alter or improve an existing project must be requested as set forth in 40.3.4)\n\nC. No more than three months' supply of maintenance material.\nJanitorial D, a building and utilities maintenance project, should be prepared at the center for quarterly budget estimates. It shall be prepared for each fiscal year after careful consideration of probable requirements. Maintenance requirements will be set up on Form WRA-33 an d given a number the same as other work projects. An estimate of the requirements for the Janitorial Program will be made and submitted on Form WRA-330 and given a project number. This project will include an estimate of all supplies ordinarily required to assure a good housekeeping job and labor for cleaning public buildings, firing stoves, water heaters and other general janitorial work.\n\nProposed Construct a PROGRAM\nFiscal Year\nRelocation Center\nValue of Materials\nOn Hand\nTotal Cost\nMaterial 1\nCost\n1. Number each project starting with 1 each year, suffixing number with 45 or the last two units of the date of fiscal.\n2. Give each project a name and describe briefly, justifying the proposed project. A clear description of the project will be very helpful. List all materials on hand.\n3. Include only such skilled labor required in addition to evacuee labor and supervision.\n4. Estimated cost of evacuee labor required.\n5. Estimated total material cost.\n6. The total estimated cost of the project.\n7. Value of material on hand.\n\nInstructions for Preparing Form WJl-330\n\n1. Number each project starting with 1 each year, suffixing number with 45 or the last two units of the date of fiscal.\n2. Give each project a name and describe briefly, justifying the proposed project. List all materials on hand.\n3. Include only such skilled labor required in addition to evacuee labor and supervision.\n4. Estimated cost of evacuee labor: _______\n5. Estimated total material cost: _______\n6. Total estimated cost of the project: _______\n7. Value of material on hand: _______\n\nWRA Manual\nEngineering: $40.30\nF. Each center will establish an utility operation service program, including labor and supplies required to operate the sewage disposal plant, domestic water system, boiler house at hospital and all other utilities, but not including utility maintenance. The program will be listed on Form WRA-330 and will be assigned a number.\n\nUtility Operation Service\nG. The center will establish the necessary procedures to ensure that all construction, maintenance, janitorial and utility operating service costs (materials and other) are charged against the proper classification.\n\nH. The project engineer or other qualified officer will, in consultation with the center accounting section, determine the method of reporting required to assure the keeping of complete and accurate costs on each project or activity of the construction and maintenance section and will prepare the reports.\nPrepare the necessary reporting forms and determine lines of responsibility for preparing reports and recording material and labor used in the construction and maintenance section.\n\nForm WRA-307, Project Cost Estimate Sheet, should be prepared in duplicate and forwarded with each application prepared for the consideration of the War Relocation Authority and the War Production Board, as provided in Section 40.3.2B. This form is prepared to cover standard requirements but has a column added to indicate materials on hand. Here are brief instructions for preparation:\n\nUse of Form WRA\u2014307, Project Cost Estimate Sheet:\n\nA. Item No. - Number each entry in numerical order for all items listed.\nB. Description - Name or describe briefly materials such as nails, lumber, cement, etc.\nC. Quantity - Your best estimate of quantities of materials required.\nUnits: A unit of measure such as lbs., cwt., bags, MBF. Supersedes issuance of 1/1/44\n\nCD WRA Manual Engineering 40.3\n\nE. Unit Cost:\n(1) Labor: The cost of labor required to fabricate and place each unit or material. (Do not include supervision or overhead.) Use Form Wwk-307.\n(2) Material: The estimated cost of each unit of material required.\n\nF. Labor: The total cost of labor required to fabricate and place material required under each item.\n\nG. Material: The total cost of materials required under each item.\n\nH. Total: The total cost of material and labor required to purchase and place each item.\n\nI. Value of Material on Hand: The value of material required under any item where all or a part of such material is on hand or on order.\n\nThe preparation of Quarterly Budget Estimates. (10)\nBudget estimates received from all centers should be an estimate of funds required for carrying on a well-planned general and balanced construction, maintenance, janitorial, and utility operations service program.\n\nA. Construction shall consist of all new work, remodeling, and improvement.\nB. Maintenance work shall consist only of repairs and replacement required to keep buildings, utilities, and other improvements up to original standard.\n\nMaintenance:\nC. Janitorial shall consist of all housekeeping supplies and labor required for a center, including schools, hospitals, administrative buildings, staff housing, evacuee housing, evacuee service buildings, garbage and trash disposal, and all other janitorial requirements that cannot be handled by the initial issues of janitorial supplies to evacuees.\nAccomplished with the regular employed staff.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 1/1/44 WRA Manual.\nEngineering 40-3.\n\n(.10) Supplies will be itemized, indicating units required and price.\n\nFuel:\nFuel requirements will be itemized, listing requirements by class and an estimate of requirements for the quarter.\n\nUtility:\nOperating:\nD. Utility Operations:\nService shall include all evacuee labor required to operate the domestic water pumps, treatment plants, etc., the sewage disposal plant, hospital boiler plant and other stationary utility equipment, but not the general maintenance of utilities. Include all operating supplies, gasoline, fuel oil, grease, oil, chlorine and other water and sewage treatment chemicals and other such operating supplies as may be required, itemizing by class and indicating requirements for the quarter and estimated price.\n\nElectricity:\nDomestic:\nWater.\nThe budget should be carefully reviewed with reference to center requirements, the correctness of estimates, limitation of funds, and the center's construction program.\n\nApplications:\nQuarterly budget estimates should be supported by requests to the War Production Board (when required) and detailed material estimates indicating the amount to be purchased.\n\nAllotment of Funds:\nFunds will not be allotted to a center until WRA and WPB approval has been obtained.\n\nCost Reports:\n.13 Cost reports indicating the amount expended for labor and materials will be forwarded to this office upon the completion of each job.\n\n.14 Quarterly budgets will be judged according to the overall project numbers.\nProgram: Funds requested for projects not in this program must be fully justified.\n\nSection 1: Justification of Projects\n.15 Reference to all projects listed in your 1945 budget will be by number and name. This information should also appear on project cost records.\n\nWRA Manual, Engineering Section 40.3\n\n.16 When a request is made for authority to purchase equipment, a detailed description of equipment requirements must accompany the estimate. A complete justification must be furnished for each unit of equipment and an estimate of price. (See also Section 20.6.15)\n\nSection 2: Equipment Purchase\n.17 An estimate of irrigation water charges, where irrigation water is paid for by the center, will appear in the center's water quarterly budget estimate.\n\nRequests for funds will be fully justified, stating clearly why existing equipment will not be satisfactory. The rental of equipment by the day or otherwise should be discouraged.\nExcepting in cases where such equipment is needed for short periods of time, no WRA equipment is available and a definite saving to the government can be shown. (See also Section Equipment Rentals Contracts)\n\nContracts for construction work will be considered only when it is not possible to perform the task with WRA forces and will generally be considered only for the installation of refrigeration or other special equipment, drilling wells or other work requiring highly specialized skills and/or special equipment. All requests for funds for construction contracts must be fully justified. (See also Subsection Construction Contracts Special Skills and/or Equipment .20)\n\nA construction job costing five hundred dollars ($500) or more should be listed as a PROJECT and set up on a separate form 617. If WPB approval is required.\nIt should be given a WRA Project Number and included in your overall program. Miscellaneous construction will include remodeling and altering projects where the total cost of any job is less than $500. Separate plans are not required for such miscellaneous jobs, but each job should be listed as a unit and a complete justification and description of work to be undertaken furnished. A single project number will be given to a group of miscellaneous projects. Such proposed work will be included in your overall program and quarterly budget estimate.\n\nWRA Manual Engineering .40:\nIdentify your request for funds required for project construction as follows:\n\nIf the project has been approved by the War Production Board and a serial number assigned, use that serial number.\nIdentify the project number for the WRA in your 1945 fiscal year construction program for all requests by WRA.\n\nIdentify all WRA project numbers used in your 1945 fiscal year construction program: C-1186-pl4-bu-finftl (WRA Manual).\n\n\u202222. Responsibility for manufacturing furniture required in WRA centers is placed upon the Construction and Maintenance Manufacture Section. The following procedures shall be followed.\n\nA. Set up the manufacture of furniture as a regular project, included in the construction program. Give it a number and consider it a project.\n\nB. Make budget estimates each quarter for furniture manufacturing, as for other construction projects. Budget estimates shall include a list of all furniture to be manufactured during the quarter, segregated by division. Furnish an inventory of all lumber on hand with a quarterly budget estimate.\nAll WPB requirements must be met (See Form CMP-4B issued 3-15-44 and Conservation Orders WPB L-260 and L-260A, among others). Necessary cooperation with Finance and Property Control Officers in pricing and recording of furniture manufactured according to established procedure.\n\nA narrative report must be attached to the Monthly Engineering Report (Form WRA-235), detailing all furniture manufactured during the month and the associated activity. The cost and total value of furniture produced must be included in the report for each item.\n\nNo furniture may be manufactured for sale without the Director's specific authorization.\n\nNarrative Report:\n\nSale of furniture:\nFurniture shall not be manufactured at centers other than approved by the Director. A separate inventory shall be maintained for lumber and other supplies purchased for furniture manufacturing. The manufacture of furniture shall be carried on in the place of the Carpenter Shop, where all woodworking activities for a center will be conducted under one management. Where space permits, the equipment required to equip this shop fully shall be consolidated into one shop building. Cabinet and millwork will be considered as part of a project or building and will consist of built-in or attached cabinet or millwork that is fabricated in the Carpenter Shop. Lumber and other materials required for this work shall be obtained under Farm 617 (Conservation Order L-41) Engineering AQ*1 Surplus Equipment.\nAll costs of material and supplies, labor charged as part of a project or building, shall be included.\n\nEquipment made available by this consolidation shall be declared surplus for distribution to other centers.\n\nA. One Carpenter Foreman or Foreman Mechanic shall be in full charge of the Carpenter Shop and all furniture, millwork, and cabinet work manufactured or fabricated shall be done in this shop.\n\nC. Furniture manufactured at a center shall be classified under one of the following headings:\n\n(1) Furniture for schools,\n(2) Furniture for personnel housing,\n(3) Furniture for administration (office) buildings,\n(4) Recreational furniture,\n(5) Hospital furniture.\n\nOther classes of furniture required shall be listed under an appropriate heading.\nAll furniture requirements shall be kept to a minimum, and simplicity in pattern and design shall be maintained, considering the temporary nature of the centers and the comparatively short period of time the furniture will be used.\n\n24. Sawmill Operation: Centers operating sawmills shall set up the project in the Construction, Maintenance and Operations Program and assign it a number identical to that of other projects.\n\nBudget\nEstimate\nRegulations\nProduction Records\n\nA quarterly budget estimate shall be prepared for all projects, estimating the funds required for quarterly operation, broken down by objective class. An inventory of the amount of lumber produced by the sawmill during the last quarter it was in operation, the amount of such lumber now on hand, and an estimate of the production for the upcoming quarter should also be included.\nfor the next quarter, the quarterly budget estimate will be furnished.\n\nB. Each center operating a sawmill for the manufacture of lumber shall observe regulations covering the manufacture and disposition of lumber.\n\nC. Daily production records shall be maintained, and a narrative report of operations shall be attached to the Monthly Engineering Report, showing total production for the month and the total cost of operation.\n\nWRA Manual\nEngineering U0#3\n\nWhen additional refrigeration or warehousing, commercial or domestic boxes are required at a center, a special justification should be prepared, setting forth the need for additional refrigeration. At the same time, every effort should be made to make adjustments in equipment already provided that will make it unnecessary to buy additional equipment or construct additional warehousing facilities.\nRefrigation Equipment:\nEach center shall maintain a current inventory of all refrigeration equipment and a record of the location and use of each unit, in accordance with Property Handbook 20*. This will make it possible to determine the equipment that is surplus to the center's inventory for immediate need. Surplus equipment may be transferred between centers to meet emergencies. No authority will be issued by the Washington office to purchase new equipment until the possibility of transferring equipment that is surplus from some other center has been fully explored.\n\n.27 A request to Washington to purchase commercial or domestic boxes or to construct a refrigeration warehouse must be supported by a full justification of need and a statement indicating that the required equipment is not available.\nAble for transfer from treasury procurement surplus.\n\nRequests to Puroh&se.\n\nThe Engineering Section will be responsible for planning and maintaining a service organization and servicing facilities for refrigeration. This will be under the direct supervision of the refrigeration foreman or another responsible officer.\n\nResponsibility for Refrigeration Services:\n\nA. A program of operation will be drawn up, supervised by the Senior Engineer, to govern the refrigeration maintenance unit. Included in this program will be the training of refrigeration foremen and resident workmen in the care of refrigeration equipment, its maintenance, how to adjust and repair all types of refrigeration equipment in use at a center.\n\nB. Service records will be kept, revealing the number of service calls answered each day and records of the units of equipment that are serviced.\nService card will be attached to each unit of refrigeration equipment. The date of the last service program is recorded. Records Release # 1U8 IRA Manual Engineering 4.3 Stock of parts for service and inspection and a record of repairs made will be entered on this card. It will then be possible at any time to determine the last date of service for a unit of equipment during inspection.\n\nC. A parts stock for all varieties of refrigeration equipment shall be maintained. Arrangements should be made to keep a perpetual inventory of the parts stock. (See 20.4 for procedure.) This inventory should be available for refrigeration units' inspection at all times. The refrigeration foreman, in cooperation with the Procurement Unit, will also maintain a record of dealers who carry a stock of parts for the several kinds of equipment used.\n\nCatalogs Instructional Material\nA complete file of parts catalogs shall be maintained by the refrigeration unit for all types of refrigeration equipment in use at a center. Instruction manuals and service charts shall be maintained for all types of refrigeration equipment.\n\nStock of tools for repairs by contract:\nA complete stock of tools including any special tool that may be required shall be maintained at all times. (See 20.4.) Arrangements should be made to store and safeguard refrigeration repair tools in such a way that they are available for use by the refrigeration unit at all times.\n\nThe refrigeration foreman shall be charged with the care of all refrigeration maintenance tools and other maintenance and repair supplies that may be issued to the unit.\n\nMajor repairs may be made by contract in accordance with Handbook Section 20.6.15.\nThe local representative of the company that manufactures a specific type of refrigeration equipment should be given an opportunity by the Procurement Unit to bid on major repairs. When specialized type of help is not available at the Center to service refrigeration equipment, such assistance may be secured through contract upon approval by the Washington office. Arrangements should also be made to call in such local representatives to assist in making adjustments where additional skill is found to be necessary.\n\nF. WPB-Order M-28 shall be observed in determining the availability of Freon 12 for use in any refrigeration equipment. Since M-28 restricts the use of Freon 12 by WRA, the following steps should be taken:\n\n1. Immediate inspection of all units to ensure their Freon 12 levels are adequate.\n2. If Freon 12 levels are low, place an order for Freon 12 from an approved supplier.\n3. If Freon 12 is not available from approved suppliers, explore alternative refrigerants that are allowed under WPB-Order M-28.\n4. Implement a preventative maintenance program to minimize the need for Freon 12 in the future.\n(1) The leakage of F-12 gas does not occur.\n(2) In the event of a major breakdown leading to the loss of F-12 gas, where the equipment is not of the types listed in (b)(iii) and (v) of WPB-Order M-28, the equipment should be converted to the use of methyl chloride as described in the November issue of Refrigeration Engineer, which has been sent to all Centers by the Washington Operations Division.\n(3) All F-12 gas should be salvaged from any partially discharged machine, and such gas should be used to recharge smaller units or a large unit in need of a partial recharge.\n(30) The Washington Refrigeration Engineer will assist the various centers in organizing the maintenance staff, setting up a stock of parts, tools, and supplies, and will instruct the foreman in charge of refrigeration maintenance and assist in establishing the procedures.\nProcedure for instructing maintenance workmen or rendering assistance to maintain all refrigeration equipment in a serviceable condition. Periodic visits will be made to all centers where all refrigeration equipment and storage warehouse space will be inspected.\n\nRestrictions on Use of Freon Gas\nInspection of all Units\nConversation\nSalvage of Freon\nAssistance by Washington\n\nViRA Manual Engineering Uu,3\n\nInstructions to be followed:\n\nWhere Methyl Chloride is Used:\nBecause of the restrictions on the use of Freon-12 gas, it has been found necessary to convert a number of refrigeration units to the use of methyl chloride gas. In all cases where methyl chloride gas is used, the following instructions must be carefully observed:\n\nA. Posters must be displayed at each unit using methyl chloride, warning employees, and the center.\nResidents should be aware of the danger involved in the improper use of methyl chloride. Necessary steps should be taken to protect employees from injury and Government property from loss by fire or explosion from escaping methyl chloride gas. All switches in any building housing refrigeration equipment charged with methyl chloride gas must be of the enclosed flashproof type. No Smoking and No Open Flame warning signs must be posted in conspicuous places, both inside and outside of refrigeration warehouses, walk-in boxes, and outside of all commercial boxes using methyl chloride gas and at the entrance of buildings housing equipment using methyl chloride gas. Methyl chloride shall not be used as a substitute for Freon-12 unless it contains acrolein or other approved warning agents. Employees who are required to enter refrigeration equipment must be provided with proper protective equipment and training.\nAll buildings with frequent storage or use of methyl chloride gas for refrigeration or other equipment must fully instruct employees on the dangers and familiarize them with the effects of the warning agent. All other precautions must be taken to prevent injury to employees and center residents through food contamination due to methyl chloride gas. The responsibility for preparing and posting warning signs and instructing center personnel concerning the hazards of methyl chloride gas will be given to one individual on the staff, preferably in the Engineering Section, who will report to the Assistant Project Director in charge of operations each week regarding the status of warning signs and the training given to employees.\n\nRelease # lb8\nWRA Manual\nEngineering UO.l\nI. Care must be exercised in storing methyl chloride gas to guard against possible injury and proper danger caused from leaking or faulty gas containers.\n\nInstructions to be followed when using methyl chloride:\nRelease # ll\u00b18 C-1840 P7 n*fcu final WRA Manual Fire Protection UO.U\n\nFire protection and fire control at each WRA Center shall be the responsibility of the Fire Protection Section of the Operations Division. The work of the Section shall be carried on under supervision of the Fire Protection Officer, assisted by at least one Associate Fire Protection Officer.\n\nFire Protection at WRA Centers\n\nA. It shall be the duty of the Internal Security section to assist in the enforcement of the regulations contained in this section when requested by the Fire Protection Officer or by the Heads of Sections in appropriate cases.\nAll assistance shall be in accordance with Section 30.1, and instructions are issued by the Project Director. The Chief of the Internal Security Section and the Fire Protection Officer shall confer on routine matters in which the Internal Security Section will assist in carrying out the provisions of this section. Among such routine matters they shall consider:\n\n(a) Responding to fire alarms and establishment of fire lines. (Section 30.1b)\n(b) Use of fire reporting telephones. (Section UO.U *20)\n(c) Proper use of portable first-aid fire extinguishers. (Section U0.U.22)\n(d) Enforcement of safety regulations in places of public assembly. (Section U0.U.12)\n(e) Enforcement of parking regulations in matters relating to fire protection.\n(f) Investigations and reports on fires involving suspicion of incendiarism or arson.\nSection UO.U, number 7/U/UU\n\nSupersedes Issuance 12/1U/U3, Assistance\n\nInternal Security\nWRA Manual, Fire Protection\n\n(.1A-2) (g) Reporting fires\n(h) Enforcing trash burning, disposal of ashes and trash regulations.\n(i) Any other matters where the service of the Internal Security Section can be of assistance in safeguarding lives and property from fire.\n\nAppointed Fire Protection Personnel\n\nB. Members of the Fire Protection Section, as necessary to the performance of their official duty, shall have the right to enter any office, apartment, structure or location in the Relocation Area.\n\nThe officially approved chart for each center lists the position in the Fire Protection Section approved for filling by appointed personnel. Organization of the Fire Protection Section is subject to change.\nFire Protection: In the same manner as other Sections on the chart.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 12/l!i/h3 C-1432.\n\nSuitable living quarters for the Fire Protection Officer and Associate Fire Protection Officers should be provided on the center shell. When two or more such quarters are located in one camp or center, they should, if possible, be adjoining. A telephone should be provided which may be on the same circuit as the fire station. No other telephone should be on one fire station circuit. When this telephone is on a fire circuit, its use shall be limited to fire department business and not be used by others except for reporting fires, unless another one-party line telephone is provided at the fire station for fire calls only. If only one telephone is available.\nQuarters for adjoining Fire Protection Officer quarters will be accessible to both. Quarters for Fire Protection Officers and Associate Fire Protection Officers will be provided for the incumbents, equipped with housing for automobiles, lights, and satisfactory access roads or driveways to the streets, where climatic conditions make this advisable.\n\nSupersedes A.I. # 81\n\nQuarters:\nTelephones: WRA Fire Protection\n\nEach center has a list of officially approved positions for the fire fighting force and the Fire Prevention Bureau in the Fire Protection Section to be filled by evacuee personnel.\n\nA fire prevention training course shall be held for all members of the Fire Department and the Fire Prevention Bureau. A volunteer fire brigade shall be organized in each evacuee, administrative, and warehouse area.\nVolunteer fire brigades shall be trained by the Fire Department. Instructions shall be given and plans made for the evacuation of the hospital and other buildings, in the event of fire, and for salvaging as much as possible therefrom. The following, in addition to the Handbook, shall be the official textbooks in matters of fire protection:\n\nA. Crosby-Fiske-Forster Handbook of Fire Protection (9th edition or later)\nB. Regulations, codes, or standards issued by either of the following:\n\"National Fire Protection Association\"\n\"National Board of Fire Underwriters\"\n\nA copy of the Crosby-Fiske-Forster Handbook of Fire Protection (9th edition or later) and at least one complete set of either NFPA or NBFU regulations shall be assigned to the Fire Protection Officer and/or the Associate Fire Protection Officer, and one to the Engineering Department.\nSection of each center.\n\nC. When any deviation from the practices set forth in the official textbooks or in these regulations is necessary due to a shortage of critical materials and/or supplies, the Fire Protection Officer shall be consulted before a change is made. He shall submit a report to the Project Director together with his recommendations regarding such proposed deviation. A copy of this report shall be submitted to the Washington office for its information.\n\nSupersedes A.I, # 81\n\nEvacuee Fire Protection Personnel\nFire Prevention Training\nOfficial Text-Cocks\nDeviations\nFire Protection Unit\nWRA\n\nD. If an emergency should arise for which no regulation exists, it shall be the duty of the Fire Protection Officer to use his initiative and take whatever action is necessary. He shall, however, submit a written report to the Project Director upon returning to normal conditions.\nDirector of such action along with his recommendation for covering any similar case that may arise.\n\nRegulations for Public Assembly.\n\nAny building where more than fifty people are assembled at any one time shall be considered a place of public assembly. Mess halls shall be required to meet the requirements of this section, except that no permit is required from the fire department when used for serving regular meals. The Fire Protection Officer shall be notified before any building is used for a place of public assembly and he shall issue a permit for such use, provided all provisions of these regulations and the official textbooks are complied with.\n\nWhen assemblies are to be held on a regular schedule, a permit may be granted for a stated period. All such permits shall expire on the last day of each month.\nA. The number of persons admitted shall be limited to a safe number.\nB. Doors, exits, and aisles shall not be blocked. Doors shall not be bolted, fastened, or locked during occupancy.\nC. All doors shall open outward.\nD. There shall be no less than two approved exits. Safe stairs or ramps shall be provided from the exit doors to the ground.\nE. All exits shall be marked by signs having white letters not less than four inches in height on a red background.\nF. Flammable decorations, flammable light shades, and open fires shall not be allowed.\nG. Smoking shall not be permitted. Proper signs shall be posted to this effect.\nH. There shall be no rubbish or other fire hazards in or about the building.\nI. No display, event, or condition shall be permitted which might endanger life.\nJ. No showing of motion pictures shall be allowed which might endanger the audience. In particular, nitrate base films may not be shown except from an approved fireproof projection booth.\n\nK. All fire extinguishers and other first-aid fire fighting equipment shall be full, in good working order, and in their proper places. Access lanes to reach such equipment shall be kept open at all times. A representative from the Fire Protection Section shall:\n\n(1) Inspect the premises before assembly.\n(2) Be present during assembly to enforce these regulations.\n(3) Carefully inspect the premises after assembly.\n(4) Direct the orderly evacuation of the building in case of fire.\n\n.7 Fire protection regulations for buildings are as follows:\n\nA. The problems of fire and safety hazards shall be considered during the designing and planning of buildings.\nBuildings and the Fire Protection Officer shall be consulted during these periods. Requirements of the official textbooks and these regulations shall be followed. In planning new structures, alterations or additions to existing structures, occupancy, proximity to other buildings, availability of fire hydrants or water supply for fire fighting, accessibility to fire reporting telephones and fire fighting equipment shall be considered.\n\nRegulations\n\nOther\nBuildings\n\nB. A bulkhead fire-stop shall be constructed to close the aperture when the ceiling does not cover the entire floor space of a dining hall, latrine or similar building.\n\nSuperseded. A. I* # 81 WRA Fire Protection UO,h\nC. In the following cases there shall be at least two exits, and all doors shall open outward:\n(1) School\n(2) Places of public assembly.\n(J) Residence quarters where occupants of more than one family reside.\nBuildings with more than one apartment or room should have a single exit. Residences with occupants of more than one apartment or room should have no more than two exits. Offices, stores, and workshops are included. The Fire Protection Officer shall inspect buildings during construction or alteration, ensuring adherence to official textbooks.\n\nFire Protection Regulations for Heating Services\n\nA. The installation of stoves or heaters must be inspected by the Fire Protection Officer or his assistant before use.\nB. Ventilated shields protecting combustible walls or ceilings must meet the requirements of official textbooks. The use of Gypsum Board or Sheet-Rock is not approved for these purposes.\nWhen stoves, heaters, flues, boilers, or any other equipment have been installed in an unsafe manner or where evidence of scorching or char is observed, corrective measures shall be taken without delay. The Fire Protection Officer shall either approve such corrective measures or, if in his opinion the corrections are not satisfactory in that they do not remove the hazard, he shall indicate his disapproval in writing. When unsafe installations must be used, a very close watch shall be maintained and some means of extinguishing a fire shall always be at hand.\n\nFire Protection Regulations for electrical systems are as follows:\n\nA. Tampering with electrical wiring is prohibited.\nB. Defective wires, switches, drop-cords, etc., shall be reported to the electrician who shall arrange for repair or replacement.\nFire Prevention Bureau inspectors shall watch for improper use of extension cords. Use of electrical appliances, such as electric cords, irons, hot plates, etc., in living quarters must have prior approval of the Fire Protection Officer. Overloading of electrical circuits is prohibited. Inspectors shall be alert to discover bridged fuses and overloading. No open fires shall be allowed without a written permit from the Fire Protection Officer specifying permissible hours of burning and conditions under which burning is allowed. No burning permit shall be issued during periods of extremely low humidity, high winds, or when the water supply or other factors pose a danger to lives or property.\n\nCenters shall adopt Burning Regulations dealing with the following:\n(1) Hours during which burning without a permit is allowed\n(2) Places where open burning is allowed\n(3) Types of materials that may be burned\n(4) Methods of burning\n(5) Safety measures to be taken\n(6) Persons responsible for supervision of burning\n(7) Penalties for violations of these regulations.\n(1) Permissible hours for burning and issuance of permits: No permit will be issued before 7:00 AM or after 4:00 PM.\n\n(2) Burning prohibition during: wind, low humidity, low water supply, and electric power failures.\n\n(3) Minimum distance from buildings or combustible materials for burning and location restrictions.\n\nSupersedes A.I. #81 Ucotri- Coal Systas Regulations far Open Fires Burning Regulation WPA Fire Protection (I4) Size of piles of materials or wrappings to be burned and precautions to be taken.\n\n(5) Requirements for a capable person to be present during burning and for extinguishing the fires when burning has been completed or after burning hours.\n\n(6) Precautions to be taken, including the means of extinguishing fires, which must be made readily available.\n\n(7) Procedures for issuing permits and provisions.\nfor revoking them; and requiring permits for \"11 fires outside of hours when burning is allowed without a permit.\n\n\u2022 \"11 Fire protection regulations relative to miscellaneous combustibles are as follows:\n\nA. Smoking is prohibited in the following places:\nRegulations for\nifl.Bcellaiieou*\nCohus titles\nNear any highly flammable matter.\nIn or near warehouses (except in offices thereof where smoking is allowed).\nWherever \"No Smoking\" or \"Keep Fire Away\" sign is posted.\nIn any building used for public assembly.\nIn or near any hospital or operating room, especially if flammable anesthetics are used.\n\nB. Suitable ash trays shall be provided in all rooms, buildings, and other places where smoking is permitted.\n\nC. The use of flammable liquids for cleaning purposes is prohibited with the following exception: kerosene may be used to clean automotive parts, if\nCleaning is done 20 feet away from a building.\nDrums or other receptacles containing gasoline, other flammable liquids, varnish, etc., shall not be kept In buildings where flammable materials are stored.\nSupersedes A.I. jt Q1\nFire Protection 40.4\nE. Blow torches, soldering irons, or any other equipment requiring open flame shall be used only where there is sufficient circulation of air to prevent collection of vapors from gasoline or other flammables, and where such use would not otherwise create a fire hazard.\nF. Oily rags and waste shall be safely disposed of. They shall not be left on shop floors or work benches. Oily mops and other flammable materials shall not be left in living quarters or in office buildings.\nHoods and vents over kitchen stoves shall be cleaned regularly to prevent the fire hazard caused by an accumulation of grease.\nAll chens without hoods shall be washed to keep them free from grease. The Fire Regulation Prevention Bureau shall include this item in its schedule of regular inspections. All rubbish shall be kept at least 20 feet from buildings and removed daily to a safe location for final disposal. Night crews for the removal of rubbish and other hazards shall be used if a shortage of trucks and equipment makes daytime removal impossible. Combustible rubbish shall be kept in receptacles (metal if obtainable). Space under buildings shall not be used to store combustible materials.\n\nI. The storage of fuel oil or ether flammable liquids in living quarters, offices, and industrial buildings is prohibited unless kept in a safety can approved by the National Board of Fire Underwriters.\n\nSupersedes A.I. # 81\nWRA.\n\n(1) It is forbidden to store fuel oil or other flammable liquids in living quarters, offices, or industrial buildings unless they are kept in approved safety cans as certified by the National Board of Fire Underwriters.\n(2) All rubbish must be kept at least 20 feet away from buildings and removed daily to a safe location for disposal.\n(3) Night crews should be employed for the removal of rubbish and other hazards if daytime removal is impossible due to a shortage of trucks and equipment.\n(4) Combustible rubbish must be stored in metal receptacles.\n(5) No space under buildings should be used to store combustible materials.\n(6) This regulation supersedes A.I. # 81.\n(7) WRA.\nFire Protection Regulations\n\n1. No vehicles shall be allowed within twenty feet of any building or fire hydrant, or within forty feet on either side of the street in front of the fire station driveway. Vehicles actually loading or unloading shall not be construed as parked, if the regular driver is on the vehicle. Parking that interferes with passing of fire engines shall not be allowed on streets. In parking lots, not more than twenty-five vehicles shall be parked in a row without a break of at least twenty-five feet. Portable fire extinguishers shall be provided in such spaces, and these shall remain clear and accessible at all times. There shall be not less than three feet space between vehicles. They shall be parked so an adjacent vehicle can be moved should a fire occur.\nAll serious fire hazards shall be removed immediately. Removal of such hazards shall be a priority for work to be done.\n\nEnforcement Regulations\n\nHeads of Sections shall be directly responsible for enforcing these regulations as they apply to the property, residents, and personnel under their jurisdiction. They shall confer with the Fire Protection Officer on matters of fire control and give their active support in removing fire hazards. They shall make specific details of responsibilities to their subordinates and hold them strictly accountable for any violations of these regulations or for any neglect that may result in a hazardous condition. The Fire Protection Officer or his assistants shall cooperate in giving information and training to all personnel in matters of fire protection.\nThe Fire Protection Officer or his representative shall serve all \"Notices of Violation,\" Forms WRA-205, 206, and 207, on Section Heads or Acting Section Heads. These notices shall be returned to the office of the Fire Protection Officer within twenty-four hours with the report of action taken and signed by the responsible Section Head.\n\nSupersedes A.I. #81\nWRA\nFire Protection 40*4\n\nAll persons in charge of units shall become familiar with fire prevention and fire control regulations and practices and be held responsible for unsafe practices, especially in the disposal of lighted cigarettes, cigars, pipe ashes, matches, ashes, and in the handling of heating equipment, etc. In particular, they will be held responsible for ensuring that all personnel under their jurisdiction are familiar with:\nA. The various types of fire extinguishers, their location, and the method of selecting and using the proper type for any fire that may occur.\nB. The methods of turning in a fire alarm.\nC. The location of fire reporting telephones and the restrictions on their use.\nD. Means of exit from the building.\nE. The location of valuable records that should be protected or removed.\nF. Detailed plans for saving life and property that may be endangered.\n\nRegular fire inspections shall be made at each center.\n\nA. The Fire Protection Officer shall schedule in advance the territory to be inspected each day by members of the Fire Prevention Bureau.\nB. At least once each week, Fire Prevention Inspectors shall make a detailed inspection of the entire center.\nInspections shall be spent carefully and thoroughly by Fire Prevention Inspectors.\nMuch of their working time as possible in the territories assigned to them.\n\nSupersedes A.I. # 81. WRA.\n\nFire Protection 40.4.\n\nNotices:\n\n1. D. Instructions shall be given in correct firing of stoves, boilers, hot water heaters, etc., to prevent accumulation of soot and to reduce fire hazards due to overheating and other hazardous practices.\n2. E. Special attention shall be given to the cleaning of flues and chimneys. Internal Security wardens shall watch for any indication of fire from this source.\n3. F. Fire Prevention Inspectors shall keep a daily record of their inspections.\n4. All notices of violation for fire regulations shall be served without delay. In no case shall the serving of a notice be delayed longer than 24 hours. If the violation can be satisfactorily corrected immediately by verbal notice, Form WRA-205 need not be served.\nA Final Notice, Form WRA-207, shall be signed by the Project Director when no action has been taken on the First and Second Notices and reinspection by the Fire Protection Officer reveals that corrections have not been made. Each gate valve in the water main system shall be tested before the last day of each March, June, September and December by the Maintenance Section. A member of the Fire Protection Section should accompany the Maintenance crew when the tests are made. A brief statement that these tests were made and of the conditions found shall be given in the narrative portion of Form WRA-158 for the respective months.\n\nA record shall be made of the position in which the valves are found (whether open or closed) and also of the position in which they are left.\nA check shall be made against the water mains blueprint to ensure all valves are open or closed, according to requirements for normal operation.\n\nSupersedes WRA Fire Protection 40*4\n\nC. All water main gate valves shall be numbered, and their locations recorded on a map.\n\nD. Unless absolutely unavoidable, no large area of the center should be left without water service. When the domestic water supply is to be interrupted, either for the entire center or any section thereof, the Fire Department shall be notified in sufficient time to plan effective fire protection during such period. When the water is turned on, the Fire Department shall again be notified.\n\nE. Water supply in water mains shall not be used for watering gardens, lawns, or for settling dust. However, during periods when there is no water in irrigation.\nEach ditch or canal, or during freezing weather, a limited amount of water may be used from this source for sprinkling streets with water-wagons. Such use will be permitted only if there is an adequate reserve supply of water available for fire fighting purposes after such withdrawal.\n\n17. Each fire hydrant shall be tested by the Fire Protection Section before the last day of March, June, September, and December, and a record kept of the results of each test.\n\nAll fire hydrants shall be made accessible to the fire apparatus, for attaching to the hydrants and so that fire hose lines may be laid in any kind of weather or soil conditions at all times. When conditions do not meet these requirements, hydrants shall be raised or moved, approaches provided, or other satisfactory measures taken without delay.\n\nTire Hydrant\nHyareati\nSupersedes A.I. 81\n\nFire Regulations\n\nSection 40.4: Fire Hydrants\n\nA. Report leaky or damaged fire hydrants to the Fire Protection Officer, who will notify the Chief of Operations. No parking is allowed within 20 feet of any fire hydrant. Keep fire hydrants free from tall weeds and any other obstruction. The official color for fire hydrants is yellow with numbers painted in black.\n\nC. Record the location of all fire hydrants on maps.\n\nD. Use of fire hydrants for purposes other than fire fighting and authorized fire drills is prohibited. However, temporary permits may be granted by the Fire Protection Officer for use of fire hydrants if they are equipped with approved type eddy-valves, having the same standard female thread as the male nipple of the hydrant, and also having a male nipple with the same thread specifications.\nAll connections to fire hydrants of the same size and type as used by the Fire Department must be made only with a short section of fire hose, providing sufficient slack for uninterrupted disconnection in case of a fire. The hydrant valve should be opened wide during use, with eddy-valves controlling water flow. Spanners used on eddy-valves must fit the valve stem, and no pipe or other type wrenches are permitted.\n\nIn climates where temperatures drop below freezing, the use of hydrants as outlined here shall be completely discontinued before the winter period. The eddy-valve must be removed, and the hydrant checked to ensure threads are in good order and drain properly. This supersedes A.I. #81.\nFire Protection Section 40.4\n\n1. Fire protection systems may not be activated until all danger of freezing has passed. These hydrants shall always be opened and closed slowly. Except in emergencies, these hydrants shall be operated only by persons holding a permit from the Fire Protection Officer. A permit shall not be granted until the Fire Protection Officer is certain that such person can and will operate the hydrant in accordance with these and other safety requirements.\n\n2. No permits shall be granted during periods of low water supply, when their operation would jeopardize the reserve needed for firefighting purposes.\n\n.18 At the scene of a fire, the Fire Protection Officer shall be in charge.\n\n.19 Fire protection personnel and equipment shall be ready at all times for immediate response to fires or fire alarms. Fire apparatus, even when responding to fire alarms, shall:\ntravel at safe speeds and shall not exceed 25 miles per hour within the center at any time. While responding to fire alarms, they shall sound sirens or exhaust whistles constantly, and shall have red lights burning. Officers and drivers on such apparatus shall be held accountable for any violations of this Section, including responsibility for injuries to persons or property.\n\nA. The Internal Security Section shall send a detail of officers or wardens to establish fire lines and to prevent vehicles from passing over fire hose. Should it become necessary, however, for a fire apparatus to run over hose in order to reach a fire, the driver shall coast while riding over the hose and shall take care not to run over any couplings.\n\nB. In the event of a serious fire, the hospital shall send an ambulance to the scene of the fire.\n\nSupersedes A.I. #81.\nOfficer in Charge Response to Fire, WRA Fire Protection:\n\n1. A utility man from the Engineering Section shall be made available and subject to call at all times. He shall respond to fire alarms by reporting to the Fire Protection Officer and shall be subject to his orders at the scene of the fire.\n2. All fires shall be reported immediately to the Fire Department, even if extinguished without their aid. The Procurement Section shall be promptly notified of all fires resulting in losses to comply with War Production Board's Limitation Order No. L-41. The Property Officer shall also be notified of all fires.\n3. Fire Protection Officers shall make every effort to determine the cause of fires and shall be explicit in their reports on this subject. All fires caused by carelessness.\nFire Protection Officer and concerned parties are required to report in detail any instances of negligence or loss of Government property.\n\nTelegraphic notification of a serious fall should be sent to the Washington Office, followed by a detailed written report.\n\nAn adequate fire alarm system must be maintained at each center. The following rules prescribe the minimum for adequate maintenance of such a system:\n\nFire Alarm Systems\n\nA. All calls originating on a fire reporting telephone shall be connected to the fire station only.\n\n(1) Two telephones shall be installed in each fire station. One telephone shall be used exclusively for transmitting fire alarms. This telephone shall be equipped with a loud gong of distinctive tone and one long ring will be used as an alarm of fire, where practical. The other telephone shall be used for regular communication.\nSupersedes A.I. 81\nWRA - Fire Protection 40.4\nUse for all other purposes.\n\n(2) The following notice, with Japanese translation, properly weather-proofed to preserve it, shall be posted at each fire reporting telephone.\n\nNOTICE\nThis fire reporting telephone goes directly to the Fire Station and cannot be connected to any other telephone. It is placed here for reporting fires.\n\nIn case of serious emergency, the Fire Department will call the Ambulance, a doctor, or the Internal Security Officer for you.\n\nYou cannot be connected to these offices from this telephone.\n\nB. Fire reporting telephones shall be used for fire reporting only, with the following exceptions:\n\n(1) The Internal Security division may use fire reporting telephones for reports of Beat Officers in cases where such reports are required at least once during each tour of duty, and for emergency calls.\nThis shall not change the provisions of Paragraph E, (2.\n(2) Bona fide emergency calls for ambulance or medical service may be relayed through the fire station to the hospital if the provisions of Paragraph E are observed.\n\nC. All fire reporting telephone circuits shall be tested daily by talking over each of them.\nD. The Fire Protection Officer and the fire station may be on the same telephone circuit.\n\nSupersedes A.I. # 81\n\nReporting Telephones Tests\n\nWRA Fire Protection 40.4\n\nE. Where fire reporting telephones terminate at the regular switchboards, the following shall apply:\n\nCooperation\nFrcsca Regular Switchboard\n(1) An operator shall always be on duty and shall not leave her post for any reason unless properly relieved by a qualified operator.\n(2) Calls originating on a fire reporting telephone circuit or on any fire relay circuit shall be given priority and connected directly to the Fire Department.\nThe telephone connection should only be made to fire stations.\n\n1. The telephone operator must prioritize any call originating on a fire reporting telephone. They must listen in on all such calls and make a record of the following:\n(a) Time the call was received.\n(b) Number of the fire reporting phone from which the call originated.\n(c) Location of the fire.\n(d) What is burning and the extent of the fire, if known.\n2. The operator must also:\n(a) Connect to and call the appropriate fire station, and assist in the rapid transmission of the alarm.\n(b) Ensure that the Fire Protection Officer on duty receives the call and carry out any orders from him.\n(c) Notify all other persons who should be notified in case of fire.\n\nSupersedes A.I. jf 81\nFire Protection 40.4\n(d) Verify the reported fire location against the actual location.\nIf you receive a great discrepancy over the fire reporting telephone where the alarm is being received, report the discrepancy to the Fire Department. This may be very important. (e) If the Fire Department has already left the fire station when a significant difference in fire location is discovered, obtain this information and convey it to the officer in charge as soon as possible. (F) When fire reporting telephones terminate at the fire station, most of the duties listed for switchboard operators will be performed by the fire alarm operator. However, the switchboard operator will cooperate with the fire alarm operator in receiving and transmitting fire alarms. Fire alarm calls shall have priority over all other calls. (G) When Fire Protection personnel arrive at the location of the fire or the alarm of fire, they shall call in over the fire radio.\n(1) What is burning.\n(2) Need for additional help.\n(3) How long will the company be there.\n(4) Companies returning to quarters.\n(5) False alarm.\nor to ask for latest information on location of fire, to give instructions, etc.\n\nAll information regarding fire alarms shall be recorded, and all instructions shall be carried out with dispatch.\n\nThe operator and fire alarm operator should know the whereabouts of Fire Protection Officers on duty. Fire Protection Officers shall at all times keep the telephone operator informed of their location. They shall inform the operators before they change their location, telling where they are going.\n\nSupersedes A\u00bb.61. C-oito pap bu. WRA. Fire Protection 40.4.\n\nFire Protection and fire alarm operator informed as to where they can be reached. They shall inform the operators before they change their location.\nReport: Upon immediate arrival, provide the telephone number of your new location.\n\nConstant Telephone Service\nFire Plume Boxes\nProvision shall always be made for promptly notifying a Fire Protection Officer or Associate Fire Protection Officer at his living quarters if no telephone has been installed there. The services of the Motor Pool and Internal Security Section may be used for this purpose.\n\nFire Protection Officers or Associate Fire Protection Officers on duty shall always be provided with reliable transportation that will enable them to immediately respond to fire alarms. Cars assigned to them shall be equipped with good tires, windshield defrosters in cold climates, red lights, and an exhaust whistle or siren. In the event of a breakdown of their regularly assigned car, a reliable relief car shall be immediately provided.\nJ. Telephone communication with fire fighting units or Fire Protection Officers must be possible at any time of the day or night. Telephone service shall be constantly maintained for communication between fire stations and different camps on the same center.\n\nK. Fire reporting telephones shall be placed in weather-proof boxes, painted red. A number shall be assigned to each telephone and painted on the outside of the box. Poles for fire reporting telephones shall be distinctively painted; where lights have been installed, a red light shall be kept burning between sunset and sunrise.\n\nSupersedes A.I. # 81\nFire Protection\nWRA\n\nL. A list of the numbers and locations of fire reporting telephones.\nFire reporting telephones shall be kept at the telephone operator's station. She shall also have close at hand a map showing the number and location of each such phone, which can be easily read without leaving her chair.\n\nEach fire alarm operator station, fire station office, office, and residence of each Fire Protection Officer and Associate Fire Protection Officer shall have close at hand a list of the numbers and locations of fire reporting telephones. Each shall also have a map on which is shown the number of each fire reporting telephone, and the location of:\n\nFire reporting telephones.\nFire hydrants.\nWater mains.\nWater main control valves.\nGas main.\nGas main valves.\nWells.\nPump houses.\nWater storage tanks.\nAny telephones or communication systems used in whole or in part for the transmission of fire alarms shall have more.\nThe Fire Protection Officer shall initiate requisitions for Fire Department equipment and supplies, placing orders early enough for delivery in a timely manner to maintain efficient operation. Plans shall be made to transmit fire alarms by some other means in case of failure of reporting systems. Requisitions for fire protection, telephones, power, and requisitions for fire department equipment (WRA Fire Protection 40.4) should be anticipated at least 90 days in advance and met by the Procurement Section (Section 20.6).\nfire  protection  supplies  for  recharging  ex\u00ac \ntinguishers,  repairs  to  fire  hose,  gaskets,  etc. \nare  difficult  to  obtain,  or  when  delivery  re\u00ac \nquires  considerable  time,  existing  stocks  shall \nnot  be  declared  surplus  unless  unreasonable \nquantities  are  on  hand. \nUse  of \nApparatus \neood \nEquipment \n.22  Fire  fighting  equipment  and  appliances  shall \nnot  be  tampered  with.  They  shall  be  used  only \nin  case  of  fire,  for  authorized  fire  drills, \n\u2019  or  for  the  purpose  of  Inspection,  testing  and \nservicing  by  the  Fire  Department.  This  means \nthat  no  automotive  fire  apparatus,  fire  hose \nor  other  fire  equipment  shall  be  used  for \npumping  out  sewers  or  basements,  wetting  down \nground,  or  for  any  similar  purpose.  Motorized \nfire  apparatus  and  their  'fire  figh^ng  crews \nshall  not  be  sent  off  the  center  proper,  for \nstand-by  protection  during  burning  operations. \nSuch  burning  operations  shall  be  done  in  ac\u00ac \nFire apparatus must adhere to safety measures in burning permits issued by the Fire Protection Officer.\n\nMaintenance of Motorized Fire Apparatus:\n1. Fire apparatus shall not leave the fire station for any checking, servicing, refueling, or repairs that can be done at the fire station. This work shall be done at the fire station by a mechanic detailed from the Motor Transport and Maintenance Section. Such work shall be completed as quickly as possible to minimize time off duty.\n2. In climates where freezing weather is encountered, pumps shall be drained of all water and precautions taken to prevent refilling with water when not in actual use. An adequate supply of safely stored gasoline shall be reserved for the Fire Department to provide sufficient fuel.\n\nSupersedes A.I. #81\nWRA\nFire Protection 40 \u2666 4\nFire personnel should understand principles of center's automatic sprinkler systems. Personnel from Fire Protection Section, Operations Division, and other concerned parties should know sprinkler system's valves, drains, air compressors, and space fuseable heads locations. They should be familiar with all instructions for efficient operation and use.\n\n(1) Adequate supply of spare or extra heads should be available to Fire Department at all times.\n(2) Dry pipe valves should be tripped, cleaned, and reset annually.\n(3) Determine average normal, static pressures for sprinkler system. Also, determine normal pressure drop with 2-inch drain valve wide open.\n(5) The hospital and sprinkler systems shall be inspected daily by a competent Fire Department Inspector. The systems, each shut-off valve, pressure gauge, indicator valve, and air compressor shall be inspected. (6) Any water shut-off at the center affecting the sprinkler systems shall be for as short a period of time as possible. (7) A \"Sprinkler Journal\" shall be kept at the Fire Department headquarters. (0.23) Fire fighting equipment shall be given at least the minimum care outlined in this subsection. Portable equipment shall be used only for fire fighting, and for no other purposes. Sprinkler Systems Care of Fire Fighting Equipment Supersedes A.I. # 81 WRA Fire Protection 40.4\nThe person in charge of a building or a block shall be responsible to the Head of their respective Section for the care of all fire extinguishers. They shall instruct all personnel under their jurisdiction in their use and ensure all extinguishers assigned to them are fully charged, in their proper places, and in good working order. They shall report immediately to the fire station any extinguisher in need of servicing.\n\nGeneral Instructions for Fire Extinguishers\n\n1. A tag shall be attached to every fire extinguisher and not removed while in use on the center. The tag should display the date the fire extinguisher was charged, recharged, and inspected.\n2. Fire extinguishers shall be protected from freezing weather if they are susceptible to damage by it.\nThere shall be a sufficient quantity of charging materials for all types of extinguishers kept on hand at all times.\n\nCare of Soda-acid and foam-type extinguishers:\nB. Soda-acid and foam-type extinguishers shall be inspected at least once every six months and recharged at least once a year. Note: A 2-gallon pump-type extinguisher is an acceptable substitute for the 2-gallon soda-acid extinguisher which is now unobtainable.\n\nCare of Tetrachloride extinguishers:\nC. All automotive equipment shall be supplied with at least a quart-sized carbon tetrachloride extinguisher. The Fire Protection Section shall set up a schedule for the regular inspection of such equipment. With the exception of hand grenade type, all carbon tetrachloride extinguishers shall be serviced annually by straining all liquid.\n\nSupersedes A.I. # 81\nWRA Fire Protection 40.4\nFrom the extinguisher through a chamois skin to remove moisture, etc. This liquid should then be replaced in the extinguisher, as it is good until used. Carbon tetrachloride extinguishers shall be kept full at all times and shall be frequently inspected. If liquid from these extinguishers is used in violation of these regulations, immediate action shall be taken to prevent a recurrence of such violation.\n\nCarbon dioxide (CO2) extinguishers shall be tested for leaks and weighed when received. Compare the weight to the stamped weight shown on the extinguisher. After 10 days, these extinguishers shall be weighed again. If the weight has decreased, determine the cause and if possible remedy it. If sufficient CO2 has been lost, recharge the extinguisher. Fire Protection Officers shall ensure the 5-year test on carbon dioxide extinguishers is conducted.\nbon dioxide extinguishers are made when due. These extinguishers shall not be left in the direct rays of the sun or exposed to undue heat.\n\nFire hose for each center has been or will be received from several different sources. All hose should be properly listed according to size, showing quantity received, the source from which it was obtained, i.e., TJ.S.E.D. transfer, etc., the name of the manufacturer, date manufactured, and date received.\n\nIdentification of all fire hose is necessary in order to keep accurate records. The letters \"WRA\" and the proper identification numbers shall be stamped on the male coupling of each section of fire hose. Numbers from 1 to 500 shall be set aside for 1\u00bd hose; from 500 to 600 for 2 hose; from 600 to 700 for 3 hose; and supersedes A.I. #81.\n\nCare of:\nCarton\nDioxide\nExtinguishers\nFire\nHose\nIdentification \nWRA \nFire  Protection  40.4 \nJcmnoale \nSucxnary \nof \nReports \nRegiired \n.24  A  journal  shall  be  kept  by  each  of  the  following: \nFire  Protection  Officer \nAssociate  Fire  Protection  Officer \nFire  Chief \nCaptain  in  charge  of  fire  station \nOfficer  in  charge  of  Fire  Prevention \nBureau,  who  shall  keep  a  Sprinkler \nJournal  (see  .22B  (7). \nFire  alarm  operator \n.25  The  following  reports  are  to  be  submitted  to. the \nWashington  Office: \nA.  Quarterly  Drill  Report  -  Form  WRA-117  -  To \nbe  submitted  with  the  Project  Director\u2019s \nregular  report.  (See  Section  40.4.4B) \nB.  Monthly  Fire  Department  Report  -  Form  WRA- \n158  (See  also  Section  40.4.8D). \nC.  Report  of  Fire  -  Form  WRA-98.  To  be  sub\u00ac \nmitted  for  each  response  to  an  alarm  of \nfire,  with  the  exception  of  false  alarms. \nSupersedes  A. I.  #  81 \nWRA  Manual \nFire  ^otection  hO.Lj \nA  list  of  these  enclosures  shall  be  placed  under  \"Re\u00ac \nThe marks \"Government loss\" shall be added below the portion of Form WRA-98 stating the facts of the loss, showing the Government loss of contents, building, or vehicle and the total Government loss.\n\nThe Federal Fire Council, created by Executive Order No. 7397 of June 20, 1936, requires a report to the Council of each fire occurring on Government or leased property. A copy is attached as an Exhibit. WRA is required to furnish reports to the Federal Fire Council on all fires occurring on Government-owned or Government-leased property under its jurisdiction since June 30, 1935. Reports on all such fires not already reported on these forms will be submitted immediately. Reports on all subsequent fires will be reported on federal fire forms.\nCouncil forms in triplicate and shall be sent to the WASHINGTON OFFICE OF WRA with the \"Report of Fire,\" Form Y/RA-98. The Washington WRA office will forward the original copy to the Federal Fire Council. The Federal Fire Council Fire Report will be listed as an enclosure under \"Remarks\" on Form WRA-98. These reports should not be sent directly to the Federal Fire Council.\n\n(2) All questions on the form shall be answered fully and completely.\n\n(3) The information requested in questions Nos. U, 5, and 7 on these forms relates only to Government property. Losses suffered by evacuees, appointed personnel, or other private parties should not be listed under these items. Private losses may be discussed under, \"The Story of the Fire,\" item (U) Fire losses for types of Government property not listed on the form, such as vehicles, farm machinery, etc.\nReports Required\n\nSummary of Reports\n\n1. Vehicles and Equipment\n   Summary\n   of\n   Reports Required\n\n   Damaged vehicles or equipment, etc., damaged by fire while in garages or other buildings will be listed as contents, under item No. 7-(a)-(2).\n\n2. The Story of the Fire, item No. 11, should fully meet the requirements as listed in the \"Instructions\" attached to the form.\n   The person making the report should ALWAYS indicate his name, title, and the date the report is submitted. This should be done even though records, from which the information is taken, do not indicate the Fire Protection Officer who was in charge of the fire.\n\n3. Each report should give the full name and address of the center.\n\nMotor Transport and Maintenance Section, WRA\n\n\u2022 The Motor Transport and Maintenance Section of the Operating Agency, WRA, is responsible for the following:\n\n1. The Motor Transport Section is responsible for the operation and maintenance of all vehicles owned by the WRA.\n2. The Maintenance Section is responsible for the maintenance of all WRA buildings and equipment.\nThe Division in charge shall have supervision over all motor-driven mobile equipment not assigned to officials for an indefinite period and shall be responsible for maintenance of all motorised equipment. These functions are to be carried out in accordance with the policies detailed below.\n\nOrganisation of Motor Transport and Maintenance Section\n\nSupersedes A.I. 62, Motor Transport and Maintenance AO 5, WRA.\n\nTen passenger cars may be assigned to such members of Center staff as require them to be available at any time for use in connection with carrying out their duties. This list will be recommended by the Maintenance Superintendent and approved by the Project Director. Vehicles which have not been so allotted to Center officials will be held in the motor pool for daily assignment by the Motor Pool Supervisor on trip sheet requests.\nIn determining daily assignments, the Motor Pool Supervisor will consider necessity for use, mileage quotas for the Center, gasoline and oil consumption regulations, and other relevant factors to make the most efficient and economical use of passenger cars.\n\n1. All trucks will be retained in the motor pool for assignment to various units on a job basis. Assignments will be made based on trip sheet requests, and, like passenger cars, will take into account mileage quotas and necessity for use.\n\n2. Special Use equipment will be assigned as follows:\nA. All heavy motorized construction and engineering equipment will be assigned by the Equipment Maintenance Superintendent to the Construction and Maintenance Section for supervision of its use.\nB. All motorized farm equipment, such as tractors and other machinery, will be assigned to the Farming Section.\nPower machinery will be assigned by the Equipment Maintenance Superintendent to the Agricultural Section for supervision and regulation of its use. C. After initial inspection by the Motor Transport and Maintenance Section, all fire trucks will be placed in the custody of the Fire Protection Officers. D. Ambulances will be assigned to the supervision of the hospital, after initial inspection by the Motor Transport and Maintenance Section.\n\nAssignment of SuparMdas A. I. # 62\nAssistant agent for Passenger Cars\nAssignment of Tracks\nAssignment of Spool for Use\nEquipment\nHeavy Motorized Equipment\nMotorized Farm Equipment\nFire Trucks\nAmbulances\nMotor Transport and Maintenance AO.S BRA\n\n20 Passenger cars will be operated by the individual to whom they have been assigned, either for an indefinite period or on a trip basis, except in some cases of temporary group use.\nTruck operators, employed by the Motor Transport and Maintenance Section, will be under the supervision of the unit to which the truck was assigned for direction as to its use on that particular job. They will, however, be responsible to the Motor Transport and Maintenance Section for the operating condition of the trucks to which they are assigned.\n\nSpecial Use equipment operators will be employed by and under the supervision of the particular unit to which that equipment has been assigned, in accordance with the provisions of Section 40, Paragraph C, for direction as to its use. They are, however, responsible to the Motor Transport and Maintenance Section for operator maintenance on the equipment.\n\nOperators will be trained by the Motor Transport and Maintenance Section for employment on cars, trucks and other vehicles.\nSpecial use equipment: Drivers permits will be issued to qualified persons on recommendation of that Section. Permits will be revoked if operators prove unsatisfactory (See also Section 20.20).\n\nLaborers will no longer be under the supervision of the Motor Transport and Maintenance Section. For provisions governing their employment and supervision, see Manual Section 20.4.\n\nPassenger Car Operators: Truak, Spaoisl\nUse: Iquijsnaat\n\nOperators Training \u2014\n\nDriver Permits: Laborers Supervision A.I. #62 ML Motor Transport maintenance \u202250\n\nWhere mobile field service units are maintained, they will function under the supervision of the Motor Transport and Maintenance Section. All equipment and personnel now used in the performance of this work will be transferred to their supervision.\nTransferred from the unit under which it now operates to this Section\n\nSupersedes A-1 # 62\n\nMobile Field Units\nSeries Units\nnbu-f Inal\nWRA Manual\nMotor Transport and Maintenance LTO.5\nField Offices and Shelter\nDispatching System\n\nE. Submit quarterly reports to the Washington mileage administrator on OPA Form R-\u00a367 (see attached exhibit) to be received in Washington not later than the tenth of the month following the end of the quarter,\n\n.63 Heads of field offices and the Director of the Shelter shall designate a responsible employee to assume the duties and responsibilities outlined in section .62 for all offices under their supervision.\n\n\u20226h A system of dispatching shall be instituted by the Emergency Refugee Shelter and by each center and field office which shall ensure that proposed trips, whether by rail or motor, to outside points be registered and\n[1] In advance, on a reservation basis, common carriers are used to the fullest extent and motor travel is justified, the fullest possible use is made of all vehicles assigned.\n\n[15U]\nUi X tt. mh x O H D O K H O CE w o D Q K O Q t O Z LU o Lu O wog W H g o u o rj\nrf CO XI S U O p a ft y P co V CO Ol X Si O O U S ft w n o H S Kisl u tj cs n u oo3c Um >i at ct n 8'S\u2018SoS v X H U to CN W H Di D a p w X o M u w ffl o fc p w ffl w X o w o o v 3 Sfi Ex fl S > fn rt X M Ofl-S ffl [nil] O CO els, flW 3 CO o Oi H oi Z a Q W o W X i w [a-S] rt~x JiSB fr's x fc* S w xxO op Bti x y CO CP S V Z H O O-P M E S \u2022d Oh ch y Q bfl Oh gw H M a H Pu Q u y o E -IS d H W D u ffl o \u2022flSr ggg,s S c C'S-S o M c X O y a h y O C y\n[WAR RELOCATION AUTHORITY, Administrative Manual, Chapter 50 - Relocation Center Management, General Administration, Section 1:\n\nIt is not the policy of the War Relocation Authority to seek exclusive jurisdiction in the United States over the lands included within relocation areas administered by the Authority. (For full discussion of the reasons:]\n\nIt is not the War Relocation Authority's policy to seek exclusive jurisdiction in the United States over lands included within relocation areas it administers. (Discussion of reasons:)\nFor this policy, see Solicitor's Opinion No. 16.\n\n.2 The outer boundaries of all lands in relocation areas in actual possession or control of the War Relocation Authority shall be clearly posted.\n\nA. All relocation areas have been designated military areas by the military establishment. As such, they may not be quit by an evacuee without a release granted under military authority. The prohibition against departure from relocation centers without military authority was prescribed for centers in the Western Defense Command by W.D.C. Civilian Restrictive Order No. 1; for centers outside the Western Defense Command, the prohibition appears in Public Proclamation No. WD-1.\n\nB. Public Proclamation No. WD-1 authorizes the Director of WRA to issue permits in writing for departures from centers outside the Western Defense Command.\nFor centers in the Western Defense Command, the Director of WRA was authorized by a memorandum from Captain Hugh T. Fullerton, Assistant Adjutant General, dated August 11, 1942, to issue written permits for such departures. This authority has in turn been re-delegated by the Director to the Project Director of all WRA centers.\n\nThe limits of relocation areas must be posted with notices every 500 feet along the outer boundary. These should be in the form of notice boards, carrying the name of the project, notice of the area limits in both English and Japanese languages, and the text of the Civilian Restrictive Order or Public Proclamation, whichever is appropriate, in both English and Japanese.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 9/7/43\nRelease if 163\nWRA Policy on Exclusive Jurisdiction\nPosting Boundaries\nRestrict!\nDeparture of Evacuees Permits to Depart from Centers\nWRA Manual, General Administration 50.1\n\nNotice Boards\n\nThe notice boards (three feet square) should be manufactured at each center and should be of a sturdy and permanent nature. If there are fences, hedges, or other barriers which define the limits of the relocation area, the boards may be attached to them if physically possible; otherwise, to posts or stakes driven into the ground. The notices should face toward the relocation area. Where the limits of the relocation area are not defined by markers already in existence, the placement of the notice boards will serve this purpose but must be supplemented by such other markers as may be necessary to define the boundary clearly.\nE. If the boundaries of relocation areas are changed, the change must be reflected by moving the boundary notices.\nF. Cards have been prepared for nailing to the notice boards, bearing the text of W.D.C. Civilian Restrictive Order No. 1, or of Public Proclamation No. WD-1, in both English and Japanese. Supplies of these cards may be secured through the Washington Office.\n\n.3 A. The flag of the United States of America shall be displayed at relocation centers, above or before the Administration building, each school building and at such other points as the Project Director may deem appropriate.\nB. Rules for the care of the flag are set forth in Public Law No. 623, 77th Congress, and these rules shall be followed carefully by all WRA personnel who have occasion to display or use the flag.\n.4 Landscaping at relocation centers may be carried on with appropriate supervision and under the direction of the WRA.\nA. To execute an agricultural program approved under Section 40.1.\nB. To plant grass or other ground cover for erosion control purposes.\nC. To carry on simple landscaping using inexpensive materials around schools, administrative offices, and the hospital.\n\nRestrictions on the procurement of landscaping materials are listed in the Procurement Handbook, Section 20.6. Landscaping in residential blocks shall be the responsibility of the block residents under such regulations as may be laid down by the Project Director. In general, such landscaping may involve the work of individual residents in their yards or other block areas assigned to them, or it may involve block projects.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 9/7/U3\nRelease # 163\nWRA Manual\nGeneral Administration 5>0#1\ncooperation under an approved block plan. A wide latitude of choice should be given to block residents. All landscaping in residential blocks must be carried out with materials and labor provided by the residents and without cost to the Authority; except that surplus materials may be made available by the Project Director for such purposes.\n\n.5 There are no further inductions or re-inductions into WRA centers (see Manual 1^0*1*10).\n\n.6 Re-admission to relocation centers of persons who previously left on indefinite leave (trial period) is covered under Section 60.12 of the Handbook.\n\n\u20227 Charges for services tense against Japanese-Americans visiting relocation centers will be made according to the following scale: Collection will be made in cash and will be deposited in the Treasury as Miscellaneous Receipts.\nA. A charge of $2.50 per meal will be made for all meals furnished to visiting Japanese-Americans, except as otherwise provided in Manual 1E>0.1.10.\nB. A charge of $20.00 per night shall be made for occupancy of living quarters, except when space is occupied in the quarters of family, friends, or relatives, and except as otherwise provided in Manual 13>0.1.10.\nAll persons wishing to enter or leave a Relocation Center must present proper credentials to the Military Police at the entrance (See Section 10.1 and 5>0.1 *2B).\nSupersedes Issuance of 1/11/43\nRelease # 191\nCharges to:\nVisiting Japanese-Americans\nCredentials for Entering a Center\nWRA Manual\nGeneral Administration 50.1\nAdministrative employees of the War Relocation Authority will use the War Relocation Authority identification card as their credential.\nVisitors to the Center must present properly executed Form WRA-38 or WRA-338, signed by the Center's Director or representative. The form should be made in duplicate, with the original given to the visitor and the copy retained in the center files. The original must be shown to the Military Police upon entrance and left with them upon leaving the Center. Visitor passes will be issued at the discretion of the Project Director. Passes may be granted for official business of the War Relocation Authority or other federal, state, or local government agencies, and for public relations reasons.\nFor visiting relatives or friends, either evacuees or employees within the Center: hours of visiting will be determined by the Project Director. Guides should be provided if needed for the convenience of visitors. In general, visitors are free to enter administrative offices and, upon invitation, the living quarters of employees or evacuees. It should be remembered that these quarters are homes and not to be entered except upon invitation of the occupant.\n\nProcedures governing departure from centers by evacuee residents are outlined in Chapter 60. Admission of non-evacuees for residence is described in Other types of admission under 50.1.10 or in transfers between centers as provided by 50.3.12; or in connection with return from leaves as provided by Handbook 60.3.18B, *60.U.21B, and 60.\nThe Project Director at each MIA Center is responsible for maintaining strict control over the passage of persons into and out of the center. He must be able to account for all evacuees who have ever entered the center.\n\nThe Project Director is responsible for ensuring that no person ineligible to leave the center under War Department or Department of Justice regulations leaves the center. He is also responsible for preventing ineligible persons from entering the center, or if eligible, ensuring they comply with applicable War Relocation Authority regulations and do not overstay.\nstay  the  term  of  his  permitted  stay  in  the  center. \nFor  the  regulations  governing  departure  from  and \nentrance  to  a  WRA  center,  see  Manual  Section  1E>0.1, \n50.11  and  $0.12.  In  addition  to  determining  eli\u00ac \ngibility  to  leave  or  enter  a  center,  the  Project \nDirector  shall  keep  a  record,  for  administrative \npurposes,  of  all  persons  currently  in,  or  depart\u00ac \ned  from,  his  center  (See  Paragraph  D  below). \nB.  In  \"Policies  Pertaining  to  the  Use  of  Military \nPolice  at  Relocation  Centers\"  (Circular  No.  19, \nSeptember  17,  19U2,  paragraph  8)  the  following \nprovisions  appear:  (a)  \"They  (military  police \non  duty)  shall  control  the  traffic  on  and  the \npassage  of  all  persons  at  arteries  leading  to  the \narea;\"  and  (b)  \"They  shall  allow  no  person  to \npass  the  center  gates  without  proper  authority \nfrom  the  Project  Director\". \nC.  In  cooperation  with  the  appropriate  agents  of  the \nDepartments of War and Justice, the Internal Security Section at the center shall act on behalf of the Project Director in preventing any person from leaving, entering, or remaining in the center when not eligible.\n\nThe Project Director is responsible for keeping a record of current population, admissions, and departures, on the basis of which the evacuee population, both statistically and by individuals, can be ascertained at all times.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 2/16/U5\nRelease # 183\n\nGate Control\nat TOA Centers\n\nResponsibilities of\nProject Director\nMilitary Police\nFunctions\nInternal Security\nFunctions\nStatistics Section\n\nWRA Manual\nGeneral Administration\n\nGate Clerk\nRelocation Center\nGate Controls\nAffecting Evacuees\n\nDefinitions\nAdmission or departure\nAdvisory\n\nCan be ascertained at all times. The official collection and recording of complete and accurate information.\nThe Statistics Section is responsible for collecting and distributing all official population information regarding resident and visiting evacuees, including their names, status, and other prescribed identifying information (Handbook Section \u00a30.8). An appointed Gate Clerk, stationed at the main gate to the residential center area, will remain on duty during hours of significant evacuee movement. At other gates, an evacuee Gate Clerk will remain on duty while they are open. The Internal Security Officer on duty or on call at the main gate will perform Gate Clerk functions when there is no Gate Clerk present.\nThe following subsections, SO.11 to 50.131 outline uniform gate control procedures required at all relocation centers. Procedures at Tule Lake center differ. The procedures in the following subsections apply only to evacuees.\n\nA. The term 'gate' in these subsections refers to all gates in the boundary of the inner residential center area through which ingress and egress to and from such center may occur. 'Center area' refers to this residential area, while 'project area' covers the entire site under jurisdiction of the War Relocation Authority.\n\nB. In each instance that a form is cleared by the Gate Clerk for entrance or exit of a resident from the center, the form shall be routed through the Statistics Section central office as confirmation for the release of an Admission Advice or Departure Advisory.\nvice,  or  other  action,  in  time  for  this  action  to \nbe  taken  not  more  than  one  day  following  the  en\u00ac \ntrance  or  exit. \nSupersedes  Issuance  of  2/l 6/U5 \nRelease  #  183 \nWRA  Manual \nGeneral  Administration  50 *1 \nC.  Failure  to  observe  these  gate  control  procedures \nshall  be  reported  to  the  Project  Director*  Any \nviolation  constitutes  an  offense  punishable  by \nWRA  disciplinary  procedures  as  prescribed  by  Man-* \nual  Section  30*1,  and  may  be  dealt  with  by  the \nProject  Director  accordingly* \n*14  No  evacuee  shall  be  admitted  to  the  center  area  by \nother  than  the  main  gate,  unless  he  is  a  resident  who \ndeparted  with  proper  authorization  by  a  back  gate  24 \nhours  or  less  previously*  No  person  shall  leave  by \na  back  gate  unless  he  is  a  center  resident  going  on \nwork  or  personal  business  to  a  point  within  the  pro\u00ac \nject  area  without  passing  off  the  project  area  before \nOnly the main gate may be used for departures from the project area. Violations:\n\nUse of Center Gates\n\n1. If an evacuee presents himself at a center and requests permission to enter either as a visitor or as a resident, the Project Director may, in his discretion, deny admission at the gates if the person obviously does not fall within any of the categories of eligibility to enter (See Manual 150*1*10).\n2. If an evacuee desires to enter as a regular visitor, he may be admitted provided he has visited the center not more than once and for less than thirty days since April 16, 1945. Regular visitors are subject to limitations prescribed in Manual 150*1*100(1) and shall be admitted according to the following procedure:\nA. The Gate Clerk shall execute a Gate Slip, Form WRA-33 8 Rev (See copy appended).\nRecording the name and address of the individual, the name and block address of the pea (perhaps a person to be visited), purpose of visit, and proposed duration of visit. Payment for the estimated length of visit will be made to the Gate Clerk and receipted on all copies of WBA-338 Rev. Payment made will be time-stamped, the original retained in a tickler file under the last day for which payment is made. A regular evacuee visitor, if on first visit since April 16, 1945, shall not be allowed to remain at the center nor pay in advance for more than thirty days.\n\nDenial of Entrance to Center as Regular Visitor\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 4/2/45 Release # 202\nA regular visitor who makes a second visit and remains for additional days not used during the first visit may be readmitted as a regular visitor, provided they pay in advance for those days, except as prescribed in Manual 150. A relocated evacuee who has passed the Amy production physical examination shall be admitted as a regular visitor and is subject to the limitations prescribed in Manual 150. However, they shall not be required to pay any guest charges. The original copy of their WRA-338 Rev will be filed under the last day they are permitted to remain as a regular visitor. A paroled alien who presents themselves to the gate clerk with the appropriate documentation will be admitted as a regular visitor.\nOriginal holders of WRA-338 Rev authorization issued by the Project Director are admitted to the center as visitors, subject to the limitations in Manual 150*1*100(1). They are not required to pay guest charges.\n\nEvacuees are to report to the Housing Office for quarter assignment if required.\n\nIf an evacuee desires to enter as a visitor under one of the special categories specified in the manual, they should follow this procedure:\n\nAuthorization:\nAn evacuee presenting himself at the Gate with authorization to enter is admitted as a special visitor as prescribed below. Authorization to enter may consist of correspondence verifying an emergency, a soldier's uniform in active status, or an ERC card of an Enlisted Reserve Corps member.\n[Letter from an appropriate school authority for students falling within 150*1*100(4), and correspondence verifying WRA business, etc, for persons falling within 150*1*100(5)*. The Gate Clerk shall execute a Gate Slip, Form WRA-338 Rev*, for the following exceptions:\n\n(1) Special visitors are not limited to two visits and thirty days visiting time.\n\nProcedure will be followed as in 50*1 *16A, with the exceptions set forth above.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 4/2/45. Release # 202.\nForm WRA-33S Rev. Tickler, 1945.\n\nWar Relocation Authority -\n\n| Gate Slip \u2014 Incoming Visitors |\n| --- |\n| Name: From |\n| (Last) (First) (Middle) (street & No.) (City) (State) |\n| To Visit: |\n| _ of Block Address _ _ _ |\n| Center Address of Visitor: |\n| Expected Length of Visit: |\n| Charge for Meals: $ |\n| I N |\n| Time Date |\n| Charge for Quarters: $ |\n| Total $ |\n| By |\n| Additional Charge |\n| Charge for Meals: $ |\n| Time Date |\n| Charge for Quarters: $ |\n| Total $ | ]\n\nNote: The asterisks (*) in the original text likely indicate footnotes or additional information, but without access to the original document or context, it is impossible to determine the exact content of these footnotes. Therefore, they have been left in the cleaned text as is.\nPaid: Received by / / By Refund days $ Purpose of Visit Received by Number of Days This Visit (Visitor's Signature) Paid by / /\n\n1. The item \u201cSpecial Visit\u201d on WRA-338 Rev. shall be completed by classifying the visit in one of the categories under l^O.l.lOC (2),\n2. A evacuee entering as a special visitor under Manual l\u00a30.1.1X(2) shall be escorted to Health Section before being admitted, where duration of visit shall be determined, and then escorted back to the Main Gate. Such a visitor shall pay guest charges through duration of visit authorized by Health Section. Original copy of WRA-338 Rev. will be filed in tickler file under last day authorized for visit.\n3. An evacuee entering as special visitor under Manual l\u00a30.1.1X(3) shall immediately be admitted to the camp, but shall not be permitted to leave the camp during the visit. The visitor shall pay guest charges for the entire period of the visit.\n\nOriginal copy of WRA-338 Rev. will be filed in tickler file under last day authorized for visit. (U) An evacuee entering as special visitor under Manual l\u00a30.1.1X(3) shall immediately be admitted to the camp, but shall not be permitted to leave the camp during the visit. The visitor shall pay guest charges for the entire period of the visit.\nMembers of Armed Forces in active status shall be charged for board but not for lodging (See Manual 10.1.10D); the original copy of WRA-338 Rev. vdll shall be filed in the tickler file under the last day for which board is paid. Members of the Enlisted Reserve Corps shall not be required to pay guest charges (See Manual 10.1.10G); the original copy of WRA-338 Rev. will be filed in the tickler file under a no date category since there is no limit on the length of visit.\n\n(5) An evacuee entering as a special visitor under Manual 10.1.10C (U) shall not be required to pay guest charges (See Manual 10.1.1.QD); the original copy of WRA-338 Rev. will be filed under the date ninety days after admission.\n\n(6) An evacuee entering as a special visitor under Manual 150.1.10C(5>) shall be escorted to the Office of the Project Director where the duration of the visit shall be determined and escorted back.\nVisitors shall pay guest charges and file original copy of WRA-333 Rev. at Main Gate for authorized visit length. Supersedes Issue 2/16/55 Release # 183.\n\nEmergency Visitors: Armed Forces, Students. WRA Manual, General Administration 50.1.\n\nWithout Authorization:\nVisit Prohibited\nEmergency\nStudents\nWRA Business, etc.\nWRA Manual General Administration 50.1\n\nIf evacuee presents himself at the Gate without authorization as a special visitor:\n\n(1) If evacuee claims to fall under Manual 150.1.100, he shall be escorted to Health Section for determination of emergency visit validity. If Health Section approves emergency visit for specified period, he shall be escorted back to Gate and admitted as special visitor for specified period. If Health Section denies, he shall be escorted to Detention Section.\nSection does not approve an emergency visit, he shall be required to leave the center or enter as a regular visitor as prescribed in (2): If evacuee claims to fall within Manual 150, l.lOC(U), he shall be admitted as a regular visitor, pay two weeks guest charges in advance and be directed to write to the appropriate school authority for proper authorization; original copy of WRA-338 Rev. shall be filed under the last day for which payment is made. When authorization is obtained, the evacuee shall be refunded in full the guest charges paid and converted to a special visitor. The conversion shall be back-dated to the original date of admission, and the visiting days prior to receipt of authorization shall be deducted from the maximum of 105 days to which he is entitled as a student.\n\n(3) If evacuee claims to fall within Manual 150, he shall be admitted as a special visitor and pay the regular visitor's fee for the remainder of his stay. The visiting days prior to receipt of authorization shall be deducted from the maximum of 105 days to which he is entitled as a student.\n1.100(5): He shall be escorted to the office of the Project Director for authorization to enter and determination of duration of visit. If approved, he shall be escorted back to the Gate, admitted as a special visitor, and required to pay guest charges for the authorized length of visit. The original copy of TiVRA-338 Rev. shall be filed in the tickler file under the last day authorized for visit. If the Project Director does not authorize the visit, he shall be required to leave the center or may be permitted to enter as a regular visitor as prescribed in 50.1.16, if eligible.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 2/16/U5 Release # 183\n\nGeneral Administration SQ.l\n\nEach Project Director should make physical arrangements to expedite the process outlined in 16 and 17, as practicable.\nEach morning, the Qate Clerk shall check his tickler files of Forms IRA-338 Rev to determine if a visitor has overstayed the time for which his visit is authorized or paid, whichever the case may be. All such cases shall be reported at once to the International Security Office, which shall take steps to summon the evacuee to the main gate. If authorization has expired, the evacuee shall be required to leave the center unless authorization is extended in accordance with Manual 150.1.100. If the period for which payment in advance was made has expired but the evacuee has not used up all his authorized visiting time, he shall be required to pay in advance for the remainder of the authorized visiting time.\n\nCheck on Visitors\nSupersedes Issuance of 4/2/45 Release #196\n\n*RA Manual\nLatin of Visitors\nDeparture of Visitor\nEach day, the gate clerk shall prepare in quadruplicate Form WRA-39 (a copy is appended) and forward it to the Statistician. Form WRA-39 shall be prepared from the copies of WRA-33 Rev for visitors admitted the previous day, which are to be inserted in the alphabetical file of all visitors admitted after April 16, 1945. The Statistician shall be responsible for the accuracy of this list and shall forward copies to the Relocation and Finance Offices; the two remaining copies shall be retained in the Statistics Section Central Office and at the Main Gate.\n\nWhen a visitor leaves the center, he shall surrender his copy of WRA-33 Rev to the Gate Clerk, who will pull the duplicate copies from the tickler and alphabetize them.\nThe gate clerk will record the details of visitors in their respective files. Necessary adjustments will be made if a refund is due for a visitor, and care will be taken to make the necessary entries under Length of Visit on WRA-33 Rev. All three copies of the forms will be receipted in full and retained by the Gate Clerk, who shall forward one copy to the Finance Office, one copy to the Statistics Section Central Office, and retain one copy for filing in the alphabetical file of visitors maintained at the gate.\n\nThe alphabetical file of all visitors admitted after April 16, 1945, shall be used by the Gate Clerk to check the eligibility of each evacuee applying for entrance as a regular visitor and to determine the permissible length of regular visit in conformity with:\n\n\u202222 The alphabetical file of all visitors will be used by the Gate Clerk to check the eligibility of each evacuee applying for entrance as a regular visitor and to determine the permissible length of regular visit in conformity with:\n\n\u202223 When a resident of a center is granted a short-term pass, the Gate Clerk will use the WRA-339 Rev. Gate Slip Form to process the request.\nThe evacuee shall complete and carry in duplicate WRA-339 Rev. forms on departing. Upon leaving, both copies must be surrendered to the Gate Clerk, retaining the pass for presentation to guards. The original copy is kept by the Gate Clerk in a tickler file, arranged by the leave expiration date. The second copy is forwarded to the Statistics Section Central Office for preparation of a Departure Advice. Upon return, the evacuee uses the pass to enter, and the form is removed from the tickler file, time-stamped, and forwarded to the Statistics Section Central Office for preparation of an Admission Advice (no WRA-33# Rev. form required).\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 4/2/45\nRelease # 196\nIRA-339 Rev.\n\nTicklers.\nHR RELOCATION AUTHORITY\nGate Slip\u2014 Outgoing\nPermit No.\nName (Surname)\nCitizenships\nFirst Name: \\_\nSex: \\_\nInitial: \\_\nAge. \\_\nAlien Registration No.\\*: \\_\nBlock Address: \\_\nFamily No.\\*: \\_\nAbsence from Center authorized from\nType of Leave: \\_\nAddress at Destination: \\_\nEmployer or Sponsor:,\n(street)\n(City)\nType of Ibrks.\nAddress Prior to Evacuation:\n(Street)\n(Over)\n(City)\n(State)\n(State)\n(Reverse Side)\n\nFor Aliens Only\n1. 7.B.I. Address on Certificate of Identification.\n2. Itinerary.\nForm Issued By:\n(Signature)\n(Date)\nRelease # 196\nI V WRA. Manual\nGeneral Administration 5Q.1\nB. Whenever an evacuee on a short-term pass requests and is granted an extension of his pass - by the Project Director or by a Relocation Officer as provided in Section 50.11.9, or when -\never he becomes ineligible to return for center residence although the pass has not expired (See 50.11.8), this fact shall be promptly reported by the Relocation Division to the Statistics.\nSection 1: Tics and its duties include giving the duplicate copy of the leave form to the Gate Clerk for making a notation and arranging it in the tickler file or making other appropriate dispositions.\n\nChange in Leave Status:\nC. Each day, the tickler file should be consulted to see if any passes have expired without the evacuees returning. For instance, all passes expiring on the 9th of the month should be in the tickler for the 10th, and will be found on the 10th if the evacuee has not returned previously. Each case of absence beyond the expiration of the pass should be reported promptly to the Relocation Division by the Gate Clerk.\n\nUse: Tick. File.\n\nD. After confirmation of the absence beyond the expiration of the leave, the Relocation Division shall cancel the evacuee\u2019s short-term pass status and notify the Statistics Section accordingly for cancellation.\nA Change of Status Advice may be prepared. Both the Relocation Division and the Gate Clerk shall arrange their records so that the evacuee shall not thereafter be admitted to the center, except as a visitor.\n\nE. (Cancelled without replacement)\nF. (Cancelled without replacement)\n\n.24 No further departures on seasonal or indefinite (trial period) leave are authorized. At the time of previous departures, copies of Form WRA-339 were made out and placed in the tickler file pending evacuee\u2019s return or conversion to indefinite leave.\n\nAuthorization to return to center may consist of a valid seasonal or indefinite (trial period) leave form if the evacuee is otherwise eligible.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 2/16/45\nRelease # 183\nWRA Manual\nGeneral Administration 50.1\n(See Emergency Instructions, December 31, 1942, and January 6, 1945)* The procedure of admission shall:\nDepartures:\nOB (Sefcs&cal car) Indefinite (Trial Period)\nLeave:\nIf an evacuee has not returned to the center when his leave expires, or he otherwise becomes ineligible to return as a resident (See Emergency Instructions January 6, 1945, December 30, 1942), the procedure set forth in 50.1.23B, C, or D shall be followed.\nIf an evacuee on seasonal or indefinite (trial period) leave wishes to return to the center as a visitor intending to resume his leave after visit, he may be admitted as a regular visitor as prescribed in .25.\nA person who is not a center resident may be admitted as a resident if authorized: (1) under Manual 150.1.10B (transfers from Tule Lake); or (2) by special approval of Director (discharged cases from institutions).\nResidence:\nThe Gate Clerk shall execute WRA-338 Rev. in duplicate, recording the name and address of the person admitted, and entering \"admission\" across the face of the form. Both copies of the form shall be time-stamped; the copy given to the evacuee, and the original forwarded to the Statistics Section Central Office for preparation of an Admission Advice.\n\nIf the person claims eligibility for induction as a resident but does not have the required authorization, they may be admitted as a regular visitor, if otherwise eligible, pending a final decision. If approval to enter as a resident is granted, they shall be inducted as a resident and refunded in full the guest charges paid as a regular visitor. If approval is denied, they may remain as a regular visitor until their regular visiting time is used up, at which time they shall be required to leave the center.\nEvacuees eligible to leave the center present themselves for terminal departure and receive one copy of Form WRA-339. The Relocation Division shall make out and surrender this form to the Gate Clerk at departure. It will then be time-stamped and forwarded to the Statistics Section Central Office for confirmation in preparing a Departure Advice. Another copy of Form WRA-339 shall be made out by the Relocation Division for the evacuee to surrender to military police if required.\n\nPersons leaving the center escorted by a representative of Health, Welfare, or Internal Security Sections shall have a Form WRA-339 prepared for them by the Relocation Division. In the case of persons leaving under escort by a representative.\nA federal, state, or local agency's appropriate Section shall request the Relocation Division to prepare a short-term pass if needed and Form WRA-339 will be surrendered to the Gate Clerk at the evacuee's departure. In an emergency when the Section does not have time to prepare the form, oral information of the departure shall be given to the Gate Clerk by the Section Head. The Section Head shall also at the earliest time possible give the Relocation Division information for preparation of a short-term pass and/or WRA-339. These shall then be processed in the regular manner. No representative of any agency, federal, state, or local, shall be permitted to escort any evacuee from a center until such passage has been reported to and approved by the Project Director. If this approval has not been secured.\nEach person required to leave the center area regularly on official War Relocation Authority business shall be given a daily work pass, Form WRA-139, issued by the Project Director or under his delegation by the Division or Section Head concerned. This will show among other things the name and Center Address of the evacuee, and the period for which the Pass is valid. A person possessing a valid Pass may leave the center area by any gate which is open and attended by a Gate Clerk. Upon leaving, he shall surrender his pass to the Gate Clerk and receive in return a War Relocation Authority badge. The badge is for departure, terminal, departure with escort, daily departures on WA Business, and supersedes the issuance of 2/16/45 Release # 183. War Relocation Authority manual: oral administration SO.1.\nA person returning from the WRA business with a Pass, absent from the center area, must return by the same gate they left through, surrender their badge, and call for their Pass by name. When a back gate closes for the night, all badges will have been returned and all Passes picked up. If a Pass has not been picked up, it will serve as evidence that the evacuee named on it is absent from the center area. When a back gate closes, any remaining Passes are evidence of unauthorized absence.\nWith that, the Gate Clerk will be transferred to a Main Gate through which all persons will then have to enter.\n\nAny absences indicated by expired Passes not picked up, shall at the beginning of business the next day be reported to the Relocation Division. Any subsequent return of the evacuee shall be authorized on Form WRA-139A by the Project Director for periods not to exceed 24 hours, except in the case of persons designated by the War Department or Justice Department as ineligible for relocation and excludes residing in centers within the West Coast exclusion area prior to authorization of the Department concerned.\n\nForm WRA-139A\nQanaral Administration SQ.1\nRelease # 183\nWRA Manual\nEvacuees requiring a pass will be issued one for a stated period not exceeding 24 hours. The evacuee shall surrender the pass to the Gate Clerk upon leaving and shall be issued a blue badge in return. On return, the evacuee shall surrender the badge and the pass will be time-stamped and forwarded to the Statistics Section for destruction. In this case, a failure to return will be indicated by the retention of a pass by the Gate Clerk, and subsequent procedure will be as outlined in 50*1*23*.\n\nEvacuees desiring to leave the camp but not the project area on personal business may pass through the back gate in accordance with one of the following procedures:\n\nA. At centers where the War Relocation Authority has agreed with the Military Police unit to require a permit to pass through center gates into the project area, this permit shall be issued by\nThe evacuee's Block Manager is to complete a form prescribed by the Project Director. The form should include the evacuee's name and center address, and be valid for a stated period not exceeding 24 hours. The evacuee may use the permit at a back gate and receive in return a red badge. Upon returning, they shall re-enter by the same gate, surrender the badge, and have it time-stamped before being forwarded to the Statistics Section Central Office for use and disposal. Any unauthorized absence will be indicated by an expired pass not picked up and reported to the Relocation Division. At centers without an agreement with the Military Police unit to require permits for passage into the project area, none will be required.\nEach evacuee passing out through the back gate shall be given a red badge by the Gate Clerk and his name and center address entered in the gate register. Returning chi will identify himself, present Release #183, and surrender his badge and name will be checked off the gate register. Failure to return will be indicated by an unchecked name.\n\nC. The procedures in this subsection shall not apply to passage through a main gate or to passage to a Project area separated from a back gate by a stretch of territory not under WRA jurisdiction.\n\nIt is unlawful for any person to maintain livestock within the Project Area without a permit.\n\nPersonal | Business | Within Project Area | Use of Permit | Without Permit\nC-2168-plB\u201cfcu | Limitations | License to Maintain | Privately Owned | Animals\nWRA_jfemaai__, _ _ _ \u201e ...Gmatei. Adjani 3% rat himself shall surrender his badge and name will be checked off the gate register. Failure to return will be indicated by an unchecked name.\n\nC. The procedures in this subsection shall not apply to passage through a main gate or to passage to a Project area separated from a back gate by a stretch of territory not under WRA jurisdiction.\n\nIt is unlawful for any person to maintain privately owned animals within the Project Area without a permit.\nAt Government lands or facilities, no one may keep poultry unless authorized by the agency in charge. At WRA centers, the Project Director may issue licenses to appointed staff to maintain horses and milch cows on WRA lands and in WRA barns and stables, if it benefits both the Government and the licensee. A. The license must follow the form provided in this subsection. B. The rate charged under the license terms should fairly compensate the government, considering the value of the grazing right and barn or stable space given to the licensee. When an WRA employee is required to keep an animal at a center but receives no extra compensation for doing so.\nThe United States (hereafter referred to as the Government), acting through the War Relocation Authority, grants license and permission for the following described livestock to be kept on the Relocation Areas from January 1, 19-- to January 1, 19--. The permittee shall use designated barns or stables and grazing lands for keeping the said livestock. The services of the animal may authorize granting of grazing rights and barn or stable space without charge to the licensee if the animal is used in connection with WRA employment. Feed needed for licensed animals to supplement their grazing must be furnished by their owner. No licensee may sign his own license on behalf of the Government.\nThe permittee agrees to use the barns or stables and the grazing land designated by the Project Director in accordance with the following conditions:\n\nThe permittee, in return for the privileges herein granted, shall pay a certain amount of dollars per month, payable on or before the _ day of the month for which payment is made.\n\nThe license and permission herein granted may be revoked in whole or in part at any time in the discretion of the Government by giving the permittee notice in writing.\n\nIn the event of termination of this permit before the expiration thereof, the permittee shall not be obligated to make any payments attributable to the period following the effective date of such termination.\n\nThe Government retains the right to use the above-described premises.\nThis text appears to be a permit with various restrictions and conditions. I'll clean it up by removing unnecessary whitespaces, line breaks, and other irrelevant information, while preserving the original content as much as possible.\n\nmises and all portions thereof during the time this permit remains in effect for any purpose not inconsistent with the license and permission herein granted.\n\nNo member of or delegate to Congress or resident commissioner shall be admitted to any part or share of this permit or to any benefit arising therefrom. Nothing, however, in this paragraph shall be construed to extend to this permit if it is for the general benefit of a corporation or incorporated company.\n\nWAR RELOCATION AUTHORITY\n\nWitness:\nProject Director\nRelocation Center\n\n\"Witness:\nSupersedes Issuance of 2/16/45\nPermittee: C-2 158-pai-nobu\nWRA Manual\nGeneral Administration 50*1\n.50 Many professional workers among the evacuees in WRA centers are required, by the laws of the States in which they were formerly practicing their professions and were regularly licensed, to pay an annual\"\n\nHere's the cleaned text:\n\nmises and all portions therein during the time this permit remains in effect for any purpose not inconsistent with the license and permission herein granted. No member of or delegate to Congress or resident commissioner shall be admitted to any part or share of this permit or to any benefit arising therefrom. Nothing in this paragraph shall be construed to extend to this permit if it is for the general benefit of a corporation or incorporated company. WAR RELOCATION AUTHORITY Witness: Project Director Relocation Center \"Witness: Supersedes Issuance of 2/16/45 Permittee: C-2 158-pai-nobu WRA Manual General Administration 50*1 .50 Many professional workers among the evacuees in WRA centers are required, by the laws of the States in which they were formerly practicing their professions and were regularly licensed, to pay an annual fee.\nRenewal registration or license fee is a condition for maintaining professional status, and many professional persons protected themselves against malpractice suits by carrying liability insurance. Physicians and other professional personnel employed by the Federal Government may be personally liable for malpractice. Since the government is not responsible for the negligent acts of its employees, insurance protection for certain classes of professional workers against such liability may be considered necessary. Financial outlays in this regard are usually considerable, and it is not equitable to expect evacuee professional workers to meet them from the small monthly War Relocation Authority wage. Only persons who are licensed under the law of the State from which they were evacuated are allowed to engage in a profession.\nProfessional individuals employed regularly by the WRA at the Center, required by State law to pay annual or other renewal fees for their licenses to keep them effective, are eligible for grants under Manual Section 50.1.50. Only physicians, surgeons, dentists, and pharmacists employed by the WRA are eligible for grants to pay liability insurance premiums in accordance with Section 50.1.52 hereof. Nothing in this instruction allows grants for membership, organization, society, or Union dues.\n\nCash grants may be made to professional evacuees regularly employed on the WRA staff, eligible for such grants under Section 50.1.51 hereof, under the following conditions:\n\nA. The evacuee must be working in his specific profession.\nProfessional field employment is required unless such employment is temporarily not available at the center and the evacuee has applied for work in his professional field as soon as it becomes available.\n\nPolicy on Grants for Professional Expenses of Evacuee Workers\n\nEligible Grants\nConditions under which Grants may be made\n\nA. The evacuee shall file an application for the grant in which he shall explain in detail the facts justifying the grant.\n\nB. The grant may cover payment to the evacuee worker for the expense incurred for:\n1. State license or registration renewal fees\n2. Insurances for physicians, surgeons, dentists, pharmacists, covering liabilities arising out of work done as an employee of the War Relocation Authority.\n\nSuch expense, however, is subject to the following conditions:\n\nApplication\nB. The evacuee shall file an application for the grant in which he shall explain in detail the facts justifying the grant.\n\nC. The grant may cover payment to the evacuee worker for the expense incurred for:\n1. State license or registration renewal fees\n2. Insurances for physicians, surgeons, dentists, pharmacists, covering liabilities arising out of work done as an employee of the War Relocation Authority.\n\nTherefore, the evacuee worker may be reimbursed for these expenses under the specified conditions.\nApplication reviews must relate specifically to the evacuees' professions. Application will be prepared on Form WRA-76 and Y/RA-308 in an original and three copies. Original and one copy for Finance Section, one copy for applicant Section Head, one copy for applicant. Application will be processed in the following manner: The original and two copies of the application will be submitted by the applicant to his Section Head. He will review the application, indicate thereon the amount of cash grant he recommends, and transmit it to the Division head. Following approval by the Division head, the original and one copy of the application will be routed to the Administrative Management Division where it will be checked relative to the employment requirements of this instruction. Approval by the Project Director shall next be obtained.\nThe original application and one copy shall be forwarded to the Finance Section, which will prepare the necessary voucher for payment. In the case of liability insurance applications, the procedures described in paragraph D shall be supplemented as follows:\n\nWRA Manual, General Administration 50.1\n\nThe heads of the section and division in which the evacuee works shall review the application and prepare a statement indicating whether they believe the evacuee's services are of a type which might make him liable to suit. This statement shall be reviewed by the Project Attorney, who shall indicate whether the applicant may be subjected to a legal liability for damages to individual evacuees on account of professional work done by him as an employee of the War Relocation Authority. The statement of the heads of the sections or divisions.\nSection and division, and the Project Attorney's review shall then be forwarded to the Project Director. The Director shall then approve or disapprove the application for the grant to cover the cost of such liability insurance.\n\n0.53 The maximum amount of any such grant under this section to any evacuee for a given fiscal year shall be determined as follows:\n\nA. The evacuee shall prepare a list of all his State licenses in effect on the date he was evacuated, showing the annual renewal costs, if any, and the expiration dates. The maximum which may be paid to an evacuee during any fiscal year, on account of professional license and registration fees, is the total of such renewal costs. However, when it has not been possible for an individual to become licensed by reason of his having been evacuated, the initial registration and license fee.\nAn evacuee shall not be paid, if evidence is not submitted to establish that the State will grant such license to the individual evacuee.\n\nB. An evacuee shall prepare a list of all liability insurance in effect at evacuation date, showing the total yearly cost, the total amount of protection, and the expiration date. The maximum cash grant paid to an evacuee in any fiscal year shall not exceed the total amount required to obtain the amount of insurance issued to him and in force on the date he was evacuated. For those individuals who carried no such insurance prior to evacuation, the maximum cash grant shall not exceed an amount which will provide $10,000 protection in a single case or $15,000 total in one year. In no event.\nshall  the  cash  grant  exceed  an  amount  sufficient  to \npay  the  cost  of  a  policy  of  insurance  oovering  li\u00ac \nabilities  whioh  are  reasonably  risked  in  the  profes\u00ac \nsional  work  in  which  the  evacuee  is  engaged  as  a  WRA \nemployee . \nTims  Coverage \nof  Grant \nConfirmation \nof  Use  of \nGrant \n*5U  Cash  grants  shall  be  made  only  to  professional  work\u00ac \ners  currently  employed  at  the  center  but,  for  such \npersons,  grants  may  be  provided  to  cover  expenses \nfor  registration  and  renewal  fees  and  liability  in\u00ac \nsurance  premiums  for  the  period,  since  July  1,  19^2, \nor  any  portion  thereof,  provided  the  workers  have \nactually  made  or  will  sake  a  cash  outlay  for  these \nitems  oovering  suoh  period.  Any  cash  grant  due  an \nevacuee  unaer  this  instruction  for  the  period  ending \nSeptember  30,  19^5,  shall  be  paid  in  a  lump  sum. \nCash  grants  for  the  current  fisoal  year,  insofar  as \nEvacuees shall pay license fees and renewals in a lump sum when due. Liability insurance shall be prorated and paid on a twelve-month basis by the last day of each month. Cash grants for evacuees under this instruction cease when they are no longer employed by WRA at the center. If an evacuee is later reemployed, they shall not receive grants for the period of unemployment. After a grant is made to an evacuee for payment of license and registration fees and/or liability insurance premiums, they must exhibit receipts to the head of the Finance Section as soon as possible. No further grants for these purposes shall be made to the evacuee.\nAn evacuee shall receive a supplementary allowance for clothing for himself and each of his dependents, if he is an employee or eligible for extended illness compensation. Clothing allowances shall also be paid to dependents of Business Enterprises employees and to dependents of evacuee religious workers, whose compensation from a congregation or denomination does not exceed B. An evacuee is eligible for a clothing allowance at the end of each monthly pay period if he has been employed for at least one-half the monthly scheduled hours or has received extended illness compensation for at least 15 days of that month. The clothing allowance shall be paid to the head of the household.\n[The following text outlines clothing allowances for family members at Tule Lake, Minidoka, Heart Mountain, Central Utah, Manzanar, and Granada Relocation Centers:\n\n\u2022 Clothing Allowances for Tule Lake, Minidoka, Heart Mountain, Central Utah, Manzanar, and Granada Relocation Centers\n\nAll dependents who are not employed or receiving extended illness compensation will receive clothing allowances as a family. All other family members who are employed or receiving extended illness compensation will receive their clothing allowances individually.\n\n\u2022 Schedule for clothing allowances at Tule Lake, Minidoka, Heart Mountain, Central Utah, Manzanar, and Granada Relocation Centers\n\nAnnually | Monthly\n---|---\nPersons 16 years of age or over | $450 | $37.50\nPersons under 8 years of age | $270 | $2.25\n\n\u2022 Schedule for clothing allowances at Colorado River, Gila River, and Rohwer Relocation Centers\n\nAnnually | Monthly\n---|---\nPersons 16 years of age or over | $420 | $35\nPersons under 8 years of age | $240 | $2\n]\nA. A family typically consists of a father, mother, and unmarried children. For all such units:\n\nB. Determining the Basic Family Unit\nRelease # 200\nWRA & Manual general Administration 50.1\nGuides for Determining the Basic Family Unit\n\nits a Basic Family Card, Form flRA-95, should be prepared.\n\nB. In instances where there are deviations from the normal family group, the following suggestions are made:\n\n(1) A married son of an evacuee, his wife, and children, if any, should be considered a basic family unit.\n\n(2) A married daughter of an evacuee, her husband, and children, if any, should be considered a basic family unit.\n\n(3) A married son who is a widower, and his unmarried children, should be considered a basic family unit.\nA married daughter who is a widow and her unmarried children should be considered a basic family unit. Children without parents, living with relatives, should be considered part of the relative's basic family unit. Children who have been adopted, whether legally or otherwise, should be considered part of the foster parents' basic family unit. Single unattached individuals should, in most instances, be considered a basic unit. In the case that an elderly relative of either the man or woman in a basic family unit is living with them, he or she should be considered part of the basic family unit. This might be a parent, grandparent, aunt, uncle, or some other close relative.\n\nThe Finance Section shall be responsible for the maintenances.\nMaintenance of Basic Family Cards, Form WRA-95, and Release #200\n\n1. Maintenance of Basic Family Cards (Form WRA-95)\n(1) Basic Family Cards, prepared for all basic family units, shall be maintained as follows:\n   (a) Cards shall be filed in alphabetical order.\n\n(2) Changes on the front of the card and on the \"Family Earnings and Compensation Record\" on the reverse of the card shall be made only on the basis of the following:\n   (a) Response\n   (b) T&lity\n   (c) Maintenance of Records\n   (d) Payments of Clothing\n   (e) AUcwranoes (WRA-176A)\n   (f) Daily Evacuee Population Summary by Individuals\n   (g) Monthly Listing of Live Births and Still Births\n   (h) Monthly Listing of Deaths\n   (i) Basic Family Monthly Listing of Marriages\n   (j) Basic Family Monthly Listing of Divorces\n   (k) Memoranda signed by the Head Counselor.\nof the Welfare Section\nNotices of changes of address can be made, as substantiated by Section 8 on the front of the card.\n(3) New Basic Family Cards, arising from changes in family composition, shall be prepared by the Finance Section on the basis of memoranda from the Welfare Section.\n(4) Payrolls and grant vouchers shall be posted on the backs of the Basic Family Cards immediately. Information from certified Forms WRA-92, Rev., \"Application for Extended Illness Compensation,\" shall be noted immediately on the back of the cards.\nRelease # 200\nBasis\nFamily Card\n(Coxrt'd)\n(5) Computations shall be made of the amount of clothing allowances due to individuals, or to heads of families with dependents, in accordance with the conditions of eligibility.\nSection 50.1.60: (6) Omissions or errors in this section, if discovered, shall be corrected in the next allowance, provided adequate information is obtained. Corrections cannot be made if the error is not identified within a two-month period.\n\nThe Finance Section is responsible for preparing Grant Vouchers based on Basic Family Cards. After preparation, the Grant Voucher will be approved by the Project Director or the designated individual, and then forwarded to the Agent-Cashier for payment. Agent-Cashiers will pay clothing allowances based on approved and certified Voucher for Public Assistance Grant, Form WRA-77. The Project Director, at their discretion, may have clothing allowances paid via checks issued by the Assistant Regional Disbursing Officer-in-Charge.\nrather than in cash paid by the Agent-Cashier. This may be done only if the evacuees are able to cash the checks easily and without the payment of a service charge in excess of five cents (5$) per check. (See Finance Handbook, release #200 C-2367 P6 bu-final WRA Regulations Affecting Admin, Personnel 50.2\n\n1. The mess at relocation centers for appointed personnel must be operated on a self-sustaining financial basis. The rates charged for meals shall be the reasonable value thereof. This reasonable value is defined as being the cost of the foodstuffs plus the cost of preparing and serving them. Payment for food, mess supplies, and equipment purchased shall be made from federal funds allotted to the center, and the expense recovered from the personnel who eat at the mess.\n\n2. All types of road required for the administrative messes\nshall, insofar as possible, be requisitioned from the Army Quartermaster Depot and Market Center. The estimated requirements shall be included in the regular requisitions prepared by the Project Steward. When 30-day rations are issued for the administrative mess from supplies procured for use by both administrative and evacuee personnel, no discrimination in favor of either mess shall be exercised with respect to the quality of food, choice of meat cuts, etc.\n\n.3 Charges for meals eaten at the administrative mess shall be computed in one of the following manners:\n\nA. A personnel mess account shall be maintained to provide costs of all meals served on a 15-day basis. The charge per meal against each employee shall be based on the average cost per meal for each semi-monthly period. The average cost per meal shall be calculated by dividing the total cost of all meals served during the semi-monthly period by the number of meals served during that period.\nTo arrive at the number of meals served, divide the total cost of food and mess supplies, labor costs (for appointed and evacuee labor), collections from meal sales, and deduct the total meals served the number of meals sold. For children under 8 years old, each meal served is considered half a meal. If 800 adult and 500 child meals are served at a cost of $200.00, the cost per meal for adults is $0.20 and for children is $0.10. Meals eaten by evacuees employed in the administrative personnel mess will also be charged to the administrative personnel mess account. (Regulations Affecting Admin. Personnel 50.2, WRA)\nThe cost of meals eaten by evacuees will be included in the total meal cost figure, but the number of meals eaten by each evacuee will be deducted from the total number of meals served in figuring the average cost of meals served. A credit of 0.15 per meal will be taken for each authorized evacuee meal.\n\nFees will be charged to the account established and maintained in the cost ledger for various elements of cost involved in the operation of personnel messes, including food, mess supplies, and labor. This account will be credited with the amount of collections from the sale of meals to administrative personnel and transients and payroll deductions made for center employees. Theoretically, the credits to this account should offset the charges against it.\nShould any debt or credit balance remain in the account, such balance will be carried over to the next period.\n\n(3) No charge shall be made against personnel mess accounts for liquidation purposes, for depreciation of building and plant, mess equipment, or for provision or maintenance of utilities.\n\n(U) Meals eaten by members of an employee's immediate family shall be charged to the employee's account at the rate applicable to center employees and deductions made on the payroll accordingly. The rate for children under 8 years of age will be one-half the rate charged adults.\n\n(5) Persons employed by private institutions or organizations and assigned to the center for definite or indefinite periods, who are working with the Supersedes A. I. #36 WRA Manual Regulations Affecting Admin. Personnel 50.2\n(1) With the approval of the Project Director, individuals may be permitted to obtain meals at the rates charged for center employees.\n(6) Fees for other visitors may be established in accordance with the following:\nB. In place of the method in Paragraph A above for calculating meal fees, the procedure below may be employed, if preferred:\n(1) Submit Form WRA-73* Revised, Schedule of Rates, detailing meal charges, with the following rates distinguished:\n(a) Monthly rate, to be assessed regardless of whether all meals are consumed, for\n(I) Adults\n(II) Children under 8 years of age\n(b) Rates for individual meals, differentiated according to\n(I) Breakfast\n(II) Lunch\n(III) Dinner\n(2) The following minimum and maximum fees are stipulated for each of the aforementioned categories. The actual amounts are to be established by each center.\nSubject to approval on Form WRA-73 Rev. by Washington offices:\n\na-II\nb-I\nb-II\nb-III\n\nAlternate Method for Computing Meal Charges\n\nAny combination of rates under (1-b), however, should not exceed $1.60 per day. Rates for children under 8 years of age may be set at not less than one-half the prescribed rate for adult meals.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 11/5/43\nWRA Manual Regulations Affecting Admin. Personnel 50.2\n\nCollection for Meals:\n\nA. Center employees carried on the center payroll: payroll deductions.\nB. Employees working at the center on detail from the Washington office or another center: payment to be made in cash for each meal consumed or periodically, according to center requirements.\nC. All others: payment in cash as meals are taken.\n\nCollection for meals eaten at the administrative mess shall be made as follows:\n\nA. Center employees carried on the center payroll: payroll deductions.\nB. Employees working at the center on detail from the Washington office or another center: payment to be made in cash either for each meal consumed or periodically, according to center requirements.\nC. All others: payment in cash as meals are taken.\nThe use of government-owned vehicles for personal business is prohibited by law. The Comptroller General has ruled that the transportation of employees from their homes to their places of business is their personal responsibility. Therefore, government-owned vehicles may not be used for this purpose. All center employees of WRA who live outside the center must provide for their own transportation between their homes and their offices on the center, and government-owned cars may not be used for this purpose. Anyone found violating this ruling will be subject to disciplinary action.\n\nThe ruling does not apply to necessary transportation between centers and nearest common carrier stations, or other similar transportation necessary for carrying out the program of the Authority.\n\nSupersedes Issuances H/5/43\n\nRulings Affecting Personnel TO .2\nThe War Relocation Authority will provide housing and house furnishings in the minimum amount necessary for comfortable living conditions for employees and their families at relocation centers. Domestic service or inside janitorial service will not be provided in housekeeping apartments. A fair rental will be charged.\n\nFurnishings shall be substantial but plain and inexpensive. Expenditures for this purpose shall be limited as follows:\n\nHousekeeping Apartment Complete: $400.00\nNon-housekeeping Apartments Complete: $200.00\n\nThe rental scale shall cover the fair rental value of housing, including electricity, heat, water, and fuel for cooking, and amortization of furniture and equipment costs over a reasonable period. The rental scale should be established by the War Relocation Authority.\nForm WRA-73, revised, explained under Section 50*2*14*, shall be used for this purpose:\n\n\u2022 Payment for housing:\nA. For housing permanently assigned, one-half the monthly rental will be deducted from the employee's salary on each semi-monthly payroll. Such deductions shall be made even though housing is not actually occupied, so long as it is reserved for the employee during his absence.\nB. Employees in travel status with a per diem allowance, who visit centers, shall deduct one-fifth of the per diem allowance for each day that government housing is occupied, in accordance with Paragraph 47(a) of the Standard Travel Regulations.\n\nHousing Rental Scale for Appointed Personnel\nPayment for Housing: Permanent, Temporary Occupancy. Collection for Housing Records (WRA Manual - Regulations Affecting Adm. Personnel, S0.2..) - travel status not affected, no deduction or collection shall be made. Fifty cents collected from each person for each night's lodging (for guests of evacuees, see 50.1.7).\n\n.14 Collections for housing permanently assigned:\n\nA. Prepare an original and three copies of Schedule of Rates, Form WRA-73, Revised. Submit the original and two copies to the Washington office for approval. After approval, transmit the original to the General Accounting Office and retain an approved copy in the files.\nA. For occupied quarters, prepare Notice of Quarters Occupied, Form WRA-74* Revised, in an original and two copies. The original and one copy should be forwarded to the Washington Office, while the other copy is retained in the Administrative Management Division files for payroll deduction support.\n\nB. For vacated quarters, prepare Notice of Quarters Vacated, Form WRA-75, Revised, in an original and two copies. Distribute these in the same manner as Form WRA-74, Revised.\n\nC. Names on notices must match exactly with names on payroll records.\n\nD. Each form should be numbered separately, prefixed by the project symbol, and the first payroll on which deductions are made should contain a reference to the application.\nApplicable Schedule of Rates. Supersedes Issuance of 11/5/43.\n\nRegulations affecting Admin. Personnel $0.20.\n\nBecause of the gasoline and rubber shortage and the traffic hardship, use of privately owned vehicles at relocation centers by appointed personnel shall be restricted to a minimum consistent with necessity.\n\nUse of Automobiles:\n.20 Appointed employees should utilize the services of physicians and hospitals in neighboring communities.\n\nIn emergencies or when facilities or personnel for such medical or hospital care in any particular instance are at such a distance that delay or movement would be detrimental to the welfare of the individual or the operation of the center, such medical or hospital care shall be made available at the center hospital.\n\nCircumstances for Medical Care at Center:\n\nAll injuries to appointed personnel which are compensable shall be reported to the center hospital or infirmary. Injuries requiring immediate attention shall be reported to the center hospital or infirmary by the employee or his immediate supervisor. Injuries which do not require immediate attention may be reported to the center hospital or infirmary by the employee's supervisor at the end of each workday.\n\nAppointed personnel shall be encouraged to use the center hospital or infirmary for all medical treatment, except in cases where the nature of the injury or illness makes it necessary to seek treatment from a physician or hospital outside the center. In such cases, the employee shall obtain a written statement from the physician or hospital certifying the nature of the injury or illness and the treatment received. This statement shall be submitted to the center hospital or infirmary as soon as possible.\n\nAppointed personnel shall be responsible for the cost of all medical treatment received outside the center, except in cases where the injury or illness was incurred in the performance of their official duties. In such cases, the cost of the treatment shall be charged to the appropriate appropriation.\n\nAppointed personnel shall be required to pay the following fees for medical and hospital services rendered at the center hospital or infirmary:\n\n1. Office visits: $0.25\n2. Surgical operations: $5.00\n3. X-ray examinations: $1.00\n4. Laboratory tests: $0.50\n5. Prescriptions: $0.10\n\nThese fees shall be paid in advance or at the time of service, except in cases where the employee is unable to pay and arrangements have been made with the center hospital or infirmary for payment at a later date.\n\nAppointed personnel who are unable to pay the fees for medical and hospital services rendered at the center hospital or infirmary may apply to the center director for assistance. The director shall consider each application on its merits and shall make such arrangements as he deems necessary to provide the necessary medical and hospital care for the employee.\n\nAppointed personnel who are absent from work due to illness or injury shall be required to submit a certificate from a physician or hospital certifying the nature of the illness or injury and the length of the absence. The certificate shall be submitted to the employee's supervisor as soon as possible.\n\nAppointed personnel who are absent from work due to illness or injury for more than three consecutive workdays shall be required to submit a certificate from a physician or hospital stating that they are able to return to work. The certificate shall be submitted to the employee's supervisor before the employee may return to work.\n\nAppointed personnel who are absent from work due to illness or injury for more than ten consecutive workdays shall be considered to have abandoned their positions and shall be subject to termination of employment.\n\nAppointed personnel who are absent from work due to illness or injury for less than three consecutive workdays shall be permitted to use their accumulated sick leave credits to cover the absence. Sick leave credits shall accrue at the rate of one day for each month of continuous employment. The maximum accumulation of sick leave credits shall be one hundred and twenty days.\n\nAppointed personnel who are absent from work due to illness or injury for more than three consecutive workdays and who have insufficient sick leave credits to cover the absence shall be granted an unpaid leave of absence. The length of the unpaid leave of absence shall be determined on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration the nature of the illness or injury and the length of the absence.\n\nAppointed personnel who are absent from work due to illness or injury for more than ten consecutive workdays and who have insufficient sick leave credits to cover the absence shall be terminated from employment.\n\nAppointed personnel who are absent from work for any reason other than illness or injury shall be subject to the provisions of the leave\nUnder the United States Employees' Compensation Act, sable injuries shall be treated at center hospitals by center physicians. Consult the regulations of the United States Compensation Commission for the procedure for treating compensable injuries where facilities at the centers are inadequate or unavailable.\n\nCenter health services for appointive personnel and their families shall be provided under the same conditions and regulations as for evacuees, except that all services not furnished under the United States Employee Compensation Act shall be paid for by employees according to the fee schedule established by the War Relocation Authority. No charge shall be made for the treatment of injuries compensable under the Compensation Act.\nCharges for medical care to appointed personnel will be as follows, effective August 1, 1938:\n\nSchedule of Charges\n\nA. Ward Rates\nRates\nSupersedes A.I. S-2 Regulations Affecting Admin. Personnel 502\n\n2-Bed Ward without Toilet $3.50\n2-Bed Ward with Toilet $5.00\nSingle Room without Toilet $1.00\nSingle Room with Toilet $5.00\n\nThe above rates include general duty nursing, commonly used medicines, and diet. Special medications and prescriptions are additional. X-rays, laboratory work, and special services are not included in these rates.\nCharges for professional services:\n\n(B) Hospital Patients:\nAdmission history and physical examination for any one illness (unless complete in Surgery Cases - after 15th day): $1,00 per day\nMedical Cases - from 2nd thru 10th day: $1.00 * *\n(1) Hospital Patients: Admission history and physical examination for any one illness (unless complete in Surgery Cases - after 15th day): $1,00 per day\nMedical Cases - from 2nd thru 10th day: $1.00 * *\n\n(2) Outpatient Department:\nPhysicians:\nInitial visit with history, physical examination for any one illness, and report including necessary treatment not specifically listed elsewhere as a separate charge: $1*50\nSuccessive visits for same illness: $1.50\nSpecial treatment or diagnostic service - according to service (see under proper heading hereafter): $N/A\n\nDentists: According to Service (see (10) below).\n\nSupersedes A, I. S-2\nRegulations Affecting Admin. Personnel 50.2\nWRfc\nOptical: Examination (with or without mydriatics) and report: $N/A\nPrescription  for  lenses  (filled  off  Center \nat  patient\u2019s  own  handling  and  expense) \nHouse  Calls \nDay \nNight \n(4)  Surgical  Fees  Including  Fractures \nMinor  Cases \nMajor  Cases \nAbove  fees  include  one  day\u2019s  post-operative \nprofessional  service  for  dressings  and  rou\u00ac \ntine  care  for  each  $5.00  of  the  fee  charged \nup  to  fifteen  days. \n( 5 )  Fee  for  Medical  and  Surgical  Diagnostic  or \nTherapeutlo  Procedures \n(Special  drugs,  serums,  etc.  required  in \nthese  procedures  are  extra). \nSpinal  punctures,  cystoscopy,  bronchoscopy, \nproctoscopy,  etc. \nVenipuncture,  hypodermic,  hypodermoclysis \nIf  other  charge  is  made  for  laboratory \nwork,  OPD  visit,  or  hospital  per  diem \n(6)  Obstetrical  Fees \n.  Normal  delivery \nInstrumental,  manipulative  or \nsurgical  delivery \nAbove  fees  include  one  day\u2019s  post- \nSupersedes  A. I.  #  5U#  S-2 \nNo  charge \nCharges  fear \nProfessional \nService \n(oant*<U) \nI5.oo-35.oo \nNo  charge \nTiVRA \nRegulations Affecting Admin. Personnel: 50\\*2 for dressings and routine care for each $15.00 of the fee charged up to fifteen days.\n\n(7) Anesthesia Fees - All types: Major Surgery, Minor Surgery, Obstetrical, Local.\n\n(8) Operating Room and Delivery Room Fee: No charge. Charges for Professional Service: Major Surgery, Minor Surgery, Obstetrics.\n\n(c) cart'd*\nMajor Surgery, Minor Surgery, Obstetrics.\n\n(9) X-Pays: Fluoroscopy without film - Single, $llpLL; Additional, $llixL7, each. Single 10x12 - Additional 10x12, each. Single 8x10 - Additional 8x10, each. Complete Serial Examination: Teeth, Single; Teeth, each additional up to and including full mouth, $l.oo.\n\n(10) Dental Fees: Examination and report, Prophylaxis, Emergency Palliative, Extractions, Fillings, Anal gam, Gold, Silicate Cement, Crowns, Procelain, Extirpation of pulp and root canal. No charge for Gold and Silicate Cement. $3.00- $3.oo for Sutures A.I.I5U. S-P WRA Manual.\nRegulations Affecting Admin. Personnel 50.2\nBridgework, Dentures, Repairs\n(11) Physiotherapy\nMinimum: any treatment\nMaximum: anyone day\n(12) Laboratory Examination\nUrinalysis, routine chemical and microscopical: $1.00\nroutine partial: $0.50\nBlood Count, routine, complete: $2.50, $n, hemoglobin: $0.75\n\" , Differential: $1.00\nBacteriology\nMicroscopic slide examination: $1.00\nCultural examination: $1.00\nAnimal inoculation and preparation of autogenous vaccine: $1.50\nCharges for\nProfessional Service (Cont'd.)\nSerology\nComplement fixation tests: $2.50\nPrecipitation tests: $1.50\nChemistry\nBlood, spinal fluids, urine: $2.00-$5.00 (except routine gastric contents, other body fluids, etc.)\nMinimum for single determination for single specimen: $2.00\nSupersedes Issuance of 11/5A3 Release # 155\nWRA Manual\nRegulations Affecting Admin. Personnel 50.2\nOff Center Service Charges\nDeposit for Collection\nMaximum for 3 or more determinations\nFor a single specimen or series of three or more specimens (e.g. glucose tolerance test): $5.00.\n\nAllergic Tests:\nPer test: up to 10 at one visit - $0.25.\nEach additional 10 tests at the same visit: $1.00.\n\nSpecial Instrument Tests:\nElectrocardiogram, basal metabolism rate, etc.\n\nAmbulance Service:\nPer mile, one way (Minimum charge - $1.00).\n\nPrescriptions:\nCost plus 15% - Minimum.\n15 dressing sets: Cost of material plus \u00a310 for outpatient cases. No charge if hospital inpatient and per diem rate paid.\n\nWhen any work is sent off-center to be done by a private source, the fee charged by that private source shall determine the service cost.\n\nCollections for subsistence and quarters, except those effected through payroll deductions, and all collections for medical care rendered must be deposited to Miscellaneous Receipts.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 11/5A3\nRelease # 155.\n\u2022 The possession or use of a short-wave radio receiving set by any citizen evacuee in a center is an offense against the peace and security of the center, and the offender may be punished by disciplinary action of the Project Director in accordance with the regulations of the Authority. (See Section 30.1)\n\u2022 Reasons for this order:\nA. Under Presidential Proclamation No. 2525, no enemy alien may have in his possession, custody, or control, or use or operate a short-wave radio receiving set anywhere in the United States. Severe penalties can be imposed upon persons violating this prohibition.\nB. Citizens are not forbidden by the foregoing proclamation from possessing or using short-wave radio sets. However, citizens and aliens live in close quarters in evacuation centers. The use of short-wave radios could disrupt the peace and order in the center, and potentially cause confusion or panic. Therefore, their use is prohibited.\nIn close proximity, many of them even sharing the same apartments. It is impossible, under these conditions, to keep the aliens from access to short-wave sets or from appearing to possess or control them. They may, as a result, be interned or otherwise penalized for violation of the Presidential Proclamation.\n\nTo protect innocent evacuees, promote the policy underlying the Presidential Proclamation, and further the administration of the relocation centers, it is therefore deemed advisable to make uniform for all evacuees in centers the prohibition against possession or use of short-wave radio receiving sets.\n\nAny short-wave receiving set in possession of an evacuee at a center shall be dealt with as follows:\n\nA. Each Project Director shall keep in prominent places throughout the center, a notice in both English and Japanese:\n\n1. Prohibiting the possession or use of short-wave radio receiving sets.\n2. Explaining the penalties for violation of this prohibition.\n3. Providing a method for reporting violations.\n\nB. Any short-wave receiving set found in the possession of an evacuee shall be confiscated and returned only when the evacuee is repatriated or permanently released from the center.\n\nC. Evacuees found in possession of short-wave receiving sets shall be subject to disciplinary action, including but not limited to, fines, work details, or internment.\nJapanese citizens are required to follow the provisions of Sections 50.3.1 and 50.3.2. Any citizen evacuee in possession of a short-wave radio must surrender it to a designated project official. If the short-wave attachments are readily removable, they will be removed upon the evacuee's request.\n\nProhibition Against Short-wave Radio Receiving Sets in Concentration Camps\nUnity of Rule: Collection of Short-wave Radio Sets\n\nThis supersedes the issuance of 9/11/h 3 Release # IJK. WRA Manual Regulations Affecting Evacuees $0*3\n\nRemoval of Short-wave Attachments\nReceipt and Storage\nReturn of Sets\n\nInfer application for return of impounded sets. The remainder of the set returned to him will be issued a receipt. Sets or attachments retained will be stored by the War Relocation Authority during such time.\nThe Project Director shall designate a staff member to receive sets and remove short-wave attachments on request if readily removable. Each evacuee surrendering a set or attachment shall receive a receipt. The set or attachment shall be tagged with the evacuee's name, family number, and address, and stored in a locked place inaccessible to evacuees. Any set or attachment surrendered under 50.3(3) shall be returned upon request to the citizen evacuee who surrendered it upon departure from the relocation center. Where short-wave radio receiving sets are discovered within any center and possession or use is prohibited by Presidential Proclamation No. 2525, the Director shall take possession of them.\nProject Director shall seize sets and communicate with the Federal Bureau of Investigation, informing that agency of the facts and asking what disposition should be made of the articles seized. Where such sets are discovered within any center and the possession or use thereof is prohibited by Section 50*3 \u00ab1, the Project Director shall, in addition to taking appropriate disciplinary action, seize the sets. The provisions of 50*3*3B and 50*3 *U relating to removal of attachments, issuance of receipts, storage, and return shall be applicable to sets seized under this subsection.\n\nNo Project Director shall approve any evacuee's application to the Department of Justice or to an Area Supervisor of the Evacuee Property Division requesting the return of short-wave radio receiving sets surrendered pursuant to Presidential Proclamation.\nRegulations Affecting Evacuees Section 50*3\n\nAn evacuee can only receive a radio set and the accompanying regulations, such as No. 2525 or the Attorney General's regulations or WDC Proclamation No. 3, if:\n\n1. The evacuee is an American citizen who has left the center on relocation.\n2. The applicant requests in the application for the War Relocation Authority to pick up the set, consign it to themselves at the center, and remove the short-wave attachment before delivery. In this case, the Project Director must also certify on the application that they will remove the short-wave attachment before delivering it to the applicant. Upon receiving the set, they must cause the attachment to be removed before delivery.\n\nProvisions of Paragraph B, Section -\nSection 50, paragraph 3 of this Manual shall apply to short-wave attachments. No such attachments shall be returned to evacuees if possession or use would violate this Manual Section or Presidential Proclamation No. 2525.\n\nB. No War Relocation Authority employee shall pick up a short-wave radio receiving set surrendered pursuant to Presidential Proclamation No. 2525 and the Attorney General's regulations, except where a Project Director has approved an application for the set's return under the preceding paragraph.\n\nSection 7. Each citizen evacuee returning to a center shall be informed upon arrival of the provisions of this Manual's Returning Section and shall be required to surrender any short-wave radio receiving set they may have.\nSession, in accordance with the provisions hereof:\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 9/U/U3\nRelease # 17U\n\nWRA Manual\nRegulations Affecting Evacuees 50,3\n\nEvacuees shall not have the custody or use of motor vehicles at relocation centers for their private purposes, except as specifically authorized in individual cases by the Project Directors. It is suggested to Project Directors that such specific authorization may be appropriate in individual cases where evacuees, about to depart from centers on leave, own or have lawful control over motor vehicles and wish to bring such vehicles into the centers for the purpose of removing personal belongings. Other specific authorizations, though governed by the discretion of the Project Directors, should be rare.\n\nEvacuee Use of Motor Vehicles\n\u202211 (Cancelled)\nThere shall be no further transfers of evacuees from one center to another, except upon specific authorization of the Director. Transfers will be authorized by the Director only where necessary to the program of the Authority. Evacuees not designated for detention may transfer from the Tule Lake Center to another center upon approval of the Tule Lake Project Director and the Project Director of the center to which the evacuee proposes to transfer.\n\nTrustees of Residence A, Applications by evacuees at all centers other than Tule Lake shall be referred to the Welfare Section. The Welfare Section, after careful study, including if necessary, a check with the other center, shall make a recommendation to the Project Director. The Project Director may then either disapprove the request or recommend to the Director.\nrector: It should be granted, stating his reasons for recommending to the Director,\n\n1. Transfers may be initiated by the WRA on recommendation to the Project Director by the division concerned. In such cases, the Project Director, before submitting his recommendation to the Director, shall check with the Welfare Section to ascertain whether there are family factors affecting the advisability of the transfer. The Project Director may then either disapprove the request or submit his recommendation to the Director with a statement of the reasons supporting it,\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 9/h/h3 Release # 181\nIFRA Manual Regulations Affecting Evacuees 50*3\nC. Visits are permissible for further relocation, but transfers from one center to another are not permissible for this purpose. (See Manual Section 50.1.15C, regarding visits)\nTransportation of Personal Property.\nEffects:\n1. Household effects and personal property of evacuees being transferred under Section 50*3*12 provisions may be shipped at Government expense. The expense incident to such shipments shall be borne by the relocation center from which the evacuee is transferred.\n\nVisits:\nBetween Centers:\n(Cancelled)\n15. Visits of evacuees from one center to another shall be permitted only for one of the purposes listed below. The Assistant Project Director in charge of Community Management shall recommend to the Project Director approval or disapproval of applications for permission to make visits under A, B, and D, and the Relocation Program Officer shall make such recommendations to the Project Director on applications under C. Approval shall not be given until the Project Director has checked.\n\nA. To visit sick or injured members of their families.\nB. To attend funerals or burials of family members.\nC. For other reasons approved by the Project Director.\nD. To attend court or other legal proceedings.\nA. To attend a member of the immediate family's funeral.\nB. To visit a close relative who is ill, if the attending physician recommends it in the best interest of the patient.\nC. To join family members, personal friends, or potential business associates to work out a relocation plan, if the Relocation Divisions in the respective centers have been unable to work out a satisfactory relocation plan and the visit is recommended as necessary.\nD. To assist in the conduct of established community activities such as businesses, community government, or religious functions.\n\nSupersedes the issuance of WRA Manual Regulations Affecting Evacuees 50.3, Release # 181.\nVisits of evacuees to members of the immediate family in internment camps with the right of return may be permitted by the Project Director on recommendation of the Assistant Project Director in charge of Community Management, provided the following conditions are met:\n\nA. Prior clearance has been secured from the official in charge of the internment camp, as to date, time and extent of visit\nB. The length of such visits shall be held to a minimum\nC. All provisions of the short-term pass procedure are complied with (See Manual Section 50.11).\n\nExceptions: Persons who are ineligible without military permit to depart from a center or to travel in the internment camps.\nWest Coast exclusion area residents, when traveling to and from these areas, are required to apply directly to the Commanding General, Western Defense Command for military permits, and prepare to provide their own escorts if necessary:\n\nA. For travel required in the course of center administration (e.g., incarceration, hospitalization, and emergencies), the War Relocation Authority will apply for military travel permits and provide escorts when necessary.\n\nB. The War Relocation Authority will apply for travel permits and provide escorts when necessary for evacuees ineligible to enter the West Coast exclusion area who are permitted to depart from a center to relocate in other areas.\n\nThe War Relocation Authority will pay for authorized transfers under 50.3.12.\nSupersedes Issuance 10/25AU Release #181\n\nVisits to C*S$)S, Escorts and Military Fassas, WRA Manual Regulations Affecting Evacuees \u00a30#3\n\nEvacuees should bear the cost of visits. The Project Director may authorize travel at WRA expense under Sections 50#3#15 and 30.3#16 in unusual cases if circumstances warrant. He may also authorize travel at WRA expense for evacuees to visit a member of the immediate family serving in the armed forces and who is ill, or to attend the funeral of such family member if the family has no funds available and cannot secure funds from other sources, such as the local Red Cross unit.\n\nScale of allowable payments by WRA for evacuee travel:\n\nScale of Payments by WRA:\n\nBy common carrier:\n(1) On trips not involving overnight travel,\n- A# -\n\n(1) On trips not involving overnight travel, by common carrier:\n\n(a) First Class: \u00a31.10\n(b) Second Class: 55p\n(c) Third Class: 35p\n\n(2) On trips involving overnight travel, by common carrier:\n\n(a) First Class: \u00a32.20\n(b) Second Class: \u00a31.10\n(c) Third Class: 70p\n\n(3) By rail:\n\n(a) First Class: \u00a31.50\n(b) Second Class: 85p\n(c) Third Class: 60p\n\n(4) By road:\n\n(a) Up to 10 miles: 10p\n(b) Over 10 miles: 2p per mile\n\n(5) By water:\n\n(a) Up to 5 miles: 5p\n(b) Over 5 miles: 1p per mile\n\n(6) By air:\n\n(a) Up to 50 miles: \u00a31\n(b) Over 50 miles: \u00a32 per 50 miles\n\n(7) Special cases:\n\n(a) Sick or disabled evacuees: double the above rates\n(b) Evacuees traveling with children under 12 years: 50% additional fare\n(c) Evacuees traveling with children between 12 and 16 years: 25% additional fare\n(d) Evacuees traveling with a large amount of luggage: 50p per pound over 10 pounds.\nevacuees shall be advanced sufficient funds to cover their transportation by coach (rail) or bus, and funds to cover meals at the rate of $1.00 per meal.\n\n(2) On trips involving overnight travel, grants shall be made to cover first class transportation and Pullman berth if the travel is performed at the request of the Government or if the Project Medical Officer certifies that Pullman accommodations are necessary due to the health of the evacuee. In all other cases, grants will be made to cover coach transportation. In addition, funds will be advanced for meals at the rate of $1.00 per meal.\n\nB. By auto:\n(1) By government car, grants shall be made to cover meals at the rate of $1.00 per meal.\n(2) If use of a personally owned car is authorized, grants shall be made for meals en route at the rate of $1.00 per meal, plus expenses.\nmileage should not exceed $ dollars per mile by the shortest route. This regulation supersedes the issuance of LL/LJ/UK Release # 181 WRA Manual. Regulations Affecting Evacuees, Section 50.3. The total grant may not exceed the total for the same travel by common carrier under (A) above.\n\n(3) If the travel is at the request of the Government, grants may be made to cover lodging en route at the rate of $2.50 per person per night.\n\nPayment for evacuee travel costs:\n\n\u2022 Payment will be made by cash grant rather than check issued by a disbursing officer.\n\nMethods of Paying Evacuee Travel Costs:\n\n\u2022 The transfer of an alien from one center to another is not the same kind of change of address as leaving a center upon indefinite leave.\nNot required to provide notices required by the Leave Handbook Section 60.U.11 upon granting of indefinite leave. In the case of transfer, no notice needs to be given to the U.S. Attorney for the district of the center of departure, to the U.S. Attorney for the district of the center of destination, or to the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The alien transferee should, however, be advised to mail a change of address card, Department of Justice Form AR-11, to the Philadelphia office of the Immigration and Naturalization Service. In addition, if the transferee is a parolee, the Project Director should notify the District Director of the Immigration and Naturalization Service District in which the center of departure is located.\n\nTransfer\nBetween Centers\nSupersedes Issuance of LO/2 5/U*\nRelease # 181\nC\u20142137 f7 nobu-final\nKL\u2014\nAnd escorts will be provided for evacuees in Military Area No. 1 and that part of Military Area No. 2 in the State of California. Military passes and escorts are required for travel in these areas. Escorts may also be provided in other cases when the Project Director believes it advisable to do so. Escorts must be employees of the War Relocation Authority selected from among the appointed personnel. Regular appointed employees, especially those occupying positions in the higher brackets, should not be used as escorts unless the assignment will not interfere with the performance of their regular duties. Temporary appointments may be made of persons qualified to act as escorts. If it is necessary for evacuees from other centers to travel in the Western Defense Command and escorts are required, arrange accordingly.\nment's should be made between centers to ensure an escort from one of the Western Centers meets the evacuee before he reaches the evacuated area.\n\nC. Military authority for travel in the Western Defense Command will be obtained by the Project Director requesting the transfer or travel through the WRA Field Assistant Director in San Francisco. Each request for a permit is passed upon individually by the Military authorities.\n\nThe following information shall be supplied the Field Assistant Director in applying for permits:\n\n(1) Name of individual(s)\n(2) Route of travel\n(3) Date travel will begin\n(4) Mode of transportation\n(5) Date of return\n(6) Destination\n(7) Full and detailed justification of request\n(8) Name of escort accompanying traveler\n\nNo travel of evacuees to the evacuated areas of the Western Defense Command shall be started prior to receiving approval.\nReceipt of military permit authorizing travel or definite arrangements for escort completion is required. In emergencies, travel permits can be arranged by wire; otherwise, ample time shall be allowed to complete arrangements by mail. Upon completion of travel, the evacuee will deliver his travel permit to the registration section of the center to which his travel is completed to be returned to the Western Defense Command.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 9/4/43 and A.I. # 58\n\nEscort and Military Passes (cont'd.)\n\nRegulations .AffairMajr-BagnaM \u2014 Travel Paid for\n\nSeal\u00ae of\nSafe 1 Costs M by\n\nExcuses for leave from cantons may request arrangements for travel in the evacuated areas through the Project Director of the center of their former residence.\n\nThe procedure outlined in this subsection applies also.\nTo travel for an incident to leave (refer to Sections 60.2.4, 60.3.6, and 60.4.8 of the Leave Handbook). Note that under certain circumstances, military travel permits can be arranged by the Military Police Captain (Manzanar and Tule Lake) in direct negotiation with the Project Director.\n\nIn general, the War Relocation Authority will pay the cost of all travel authorized under Section 50.3.12. Evacuees should bear the cost of all other travel. The Project Director may authorize travel at War Relocation Authority expense under Sections 50.3.15 or 50.3.16, if the circumstances warrant. He may also authorize travel at WRA expense under Section 50.3.17, if the family has no funds available to pay the cost and cannot secure funds from other sources, such as the local Red Cross unit. Travel should never be authorized at War Relocation Authority expense for:\nA. Social visits.\nB. To attend funerals unless other factors necessitate attendance.\n\n.24 The allowable expense scale for evacuees whose travel is made at Government expense shall be as follows:\n\nA. By common carrier:\n(1) For trips not involving overnight travel, evacuees shall be advanced sufficient funds to cover their transportation by coach or bus and funds to cover meals at the rate of $1.00 per meal.\n(2) For trips involving overnight travel, grants shall be made to cover first class transportation and Pullman berth, if the travel is performed at the request of the Government or if the Project Medical Officer certifies that Pullman accommodations are necessary due to the health of the evacuee. In all other cases, grants will be made to cover coach transportation. In addition, funds will be advanced for meals at the rate of $1.00 per meal.\n\nB. By auto:\nGrants shall be made to cover lodging at a rate not exceeding $2.50 per night and meals at a rate of $1.00 per meal. Supersedes Issuance of 9/4/43 and A. I. # 58\n\nThe War Relocation Authority will pay the traveling expenses of an escort in all instances that an escort is provided, at the regular rates for administrative employees in travel status.\n\nPayment for evacuee travel costs will be made by cash grant and shall be made by the agent-cashier at the Center of origin, in cash, rather than by check issued by a disbursing officer.\n\nMethods of Paying Evacuee Travel Costs\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 9/4/43 and A. I. # 58\nRegulations Affecting Evacuee 9350.3\nWRA\n\n(3) If the property is not to be picked up by an Evacuee Property Supervisor, the Department of Justice application form in quadruplicate is required.\nOne copy of the center certification should be sent to the United States Attorney, and the original receipt should be sent to the person authorized to pick up the property. The United States Attorney should be asked to notify that person if he approves the release of the property. The other two copies of the center certification are for the center's file and the evacuee concerned. For the present, the WRA will not help citizen evacuees residing at Heart Mountain, Granada, Rohwer, or Jerome Centers to recover articles surrendered as contraband, with the exception of cameras and radios in accordance with the procedure set forth in Section .50. Citizen evacuees residing at these centers who apply for the return of cameras should be informed that it is unlawful to make these articles available.\nReturn of Surrendered Contraband to Relocated Evacuees\n\nWRA Policy\n\nEvacuees who have relocated into civilian life outside centers and beyond the Western Defense Command may follow the same general procedure outlined above to recover contraband articles. The WRA will render advice but no assistance other than that rendered by Evacuee Property Supervisors under the provisions of Manual Chapter 100, except in special cases.\n\nReturn of Surrendered Contraband to Relocated Evacuees\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 9/11/43 C-0693 Pll\nLegal Services 50.4\n\nAt each relocation center, there shall be an appointed Project Attorney, assisted by qualified attorneys and legal secretaries assigned from the evacuee population. The Project Attorney shall be responsible.\nUnder the supervision of the Solicitor, the Project Attorney provides legal advice and services to the Project Director and staff, Community Council, Judicial Commission, Merit Rating Board, Faiy Practice Committee, evacuee-operated enterprises, and other evacuee-managed institutions within the relocation center, as well as to any evacuee requesting such advice or services.\n\nProhibition of Private Practice of Law within a Relocation Center for Fees Charged to Evacuee Clients\n\nThe private practice of law within a relocation center for fees to be charged to evacuee clients is forbidden. No fees shall be charged to any evacuee for legal services rendered by the Project Attorney or any evacuee lawyer assigned to the office of the Project Attorney. Fees for recordation, filing, notarization, and similar services shall be required to be borne by the client.\nThe Project Attorney shall supervise and be responsible for the work of evacuee attorneys assigned to his office. In cases where an evacuee wishes to secure the personal advice or assistance of one of the evacuee lawyers assigned to the office of the Project Attorney, the lawyer may render the required legal services in that evacuee case on his own responsibility, and in such a case, the Project Attorney shall not be responsible for the advice given or work performed. In cases involving divorce, delinquent children, disputes among family members, slander or libel, and other cases in which the services of a welfare worker can be of value, the Community Management Division shall be requested to consult on the case.\nIf arrangements will be initiated to refer a case to private counsel outside the relation center:\n\n1. Family Welfare Cases\n2. Property Cases\n3. Obtaining Outside Counsel Recommendation of specific attorney\n\nIn matters involving property, the Evacuee Property Offices at the centers and on the West Coast, as well as the Project Attorneys, stand ready to give assistance to evacuees.\n\nSupersedes A*I* #52, 102. Legal Services 50, 4.\n\nIn all matters on which he may be consulted by an evacuee, the Project Attorney shall take all proper steps in assisting the evacuee to accomplish the desired results, to the extent assistance can be furnished at the Center, including examination of law with available authorities, preparation of documents, and handling.\nFor evacuees and other matters, the Project Attorney will provide assistance when services require lengthy research, personal dealings or negotiations with individuals outside the Center, litigation, or when it is advisable to obtain outside counsel. The Project Attorney will help evacuees engage such counsel through the following procedures:\n\n\u2022 The Authority's representative will not recommend any attorney to an evacuee. An evacuee may wish to employ counsel of their own volition or as a result of a representative's advice. In every such instance, the evacuee must first be asked if they are already represented or know of a specific attorney they wish to engage.\nAn attorney whom he wishes to employ. In either case, the Project Attorney's only further duty shall be to render such assistance as the evacuee desires in presenting his problem to his attorney, helping him correspond with such attorney, and so on.\n\n1. If the evacuee is not already represented and does not know of any attorney whom he wishes to employ, he shall be offered the opportunity to use the Authority's attorney referral system.\n2. The San Francisco Office of the Solicitor, working in cooperation with the State Bar of California, has compiled lists of qualified attorneys. These lists have been divided into referral lists classified on the basis of geographical area and specialty. It is hoped that similar arrangements can be worked out for Arizona, Oregon, and Washington, and negotiations are underway to that end.\nAttorneys were required to provide basic information concerning their admission to the Bar, nature of legal services, and practice for referral lists. They agreed in writing that this information and any other information in the State Bar files could be furnished to evacuees upon request. Evacuees should not be encouraged to make such inquiries, but the San Francisco Office of the Solicitor would provide the information when requested. When necessary, it should be pointed out to evacuees that such inquiry is usually not necessary since the names of all unqualified attorneys have already been eliminated.\n\nWhen an evacuee desires to make use of the Authority's services, they should be informed of the following:\n\n1. The Authority will make every effort to assist evacuees in obtaining legal services.\n2. The Authority will maintain a list of attorneys who have agreed to represent evacuees on a reduced fee basis.\n3. The Authority will provide evacuees with the names and addresses of these attorneys.\n4. Evacuees should contact the attorneys directly to make an appointment.\n5. The Authority will not provide legal advice or representation.\n6. The Authority will not pay legal fees or expenses.\n7. The Authority will not guarantee the quality of legal services provided by the attorneys.\n8. Evacuees should be advised to consult with several attorneys before making a final decision.\n9. Evacuees should be advised to bring all relevant documents and information to their appointments with attorneys.\n10. Evacuees should be advised to keep a record of all communications with attorneys.\n11. Evacuees should be advised to pay attorneys' fees directly to the attorneys.\n12. Evacuees should be advised to report any problems they have with attorneys to the Authority.\n13. Evacuees should be advised to contact the Authority if they are unable to contact an attorney or if they have any questions or concerns.\n\nThe Authority will make every effort to keep the list of attorneys up-to-date and accurate. However, evacuees are encouraged to check with the State Bar to verify the admission and good standing of any attorney they are considering hiring. The Authority cannot be held responsible for any errors or omissions in the list or for the quality of legal services provided by the attorneys.\n\nThe Authority will also maintain a list of organizations that provide free or low-cost legal services to evacuees. Evacuees should be advised to contact these organizations if they are unable to afford the services of a private attorney. The Authority will provide evacuees with the names and addresses of these organizations upon request.\n\nThe Authority will make every effort to assist evacuees in obtaining emergency legal services in cases of imminent danger to life, liberty, or property. Evacuees should be advised to contact the Authority as soon as possible in such cases. The Authority will make every effort to provide emergency legal services or to refer evacuees to an attorney who can provide such services.\n\nThe Authority will make every effort to assist evacuees in obtaining legal services related to their displacement or other disaster-related issues. Evacuees should be advised to contact the Authority as soon as possible with their specific legal needs. The Authority will make every effort to provide appropriate referrals or to provide assistance directly if possible.\n\nThe Authority will make every effort to provide evacuees with information and resources related to their legal rights and responsibilities in the aftermath of a disaster. Evacuees should be advised to contact the Authority with any questions or concerns they may have. The Authority will make every effort to provide accurate and up-to-date information and resources.\n\nThe Authority will make every effort to provide evacuees with information and resources related to the legal issues that may arise in the recovery and rebuilding process. Evacuees should be advised to contact the Authority with any questions or concerns they may have. The Authority will make every effort to provide accurate and up-to-date information and resources.\n\nThe Authority will make every effort to provide evacuees with information and resources related to the legal issues that may arise in the relocation process. Evacuees should be advised to contact the Authority with any questions or concerns they may have. The Authority will make every effort to provide accurate and up-to-date information and resources.\n\nThe Authority will make every effort to provide evacuees with information and resources related to the legal issues that may arise in the restoration of their property or business. Evacuees should be advised to contact the Authority with any questions or concerns they may have. The Authority will make every effort to provide accurate and up-to-date information and resources.\n\nThe Authority will make every effort to provide evacuees with information and resources related to\nThe following steps shall be taken in an attorney referral system:\n\nA. The Project Attorney shall inform the San Francisco Office of the Solicitor that a evacuee wishes to employ counsel, and shall designate the area in which the services are to be rendered and the field of law, such as foreclosures, divorces, tax matters, probate matters, etc. If the evacuee prefers or the nature of the cases makes it more advisable, the field of law may be designated as \"general practice.\"\n\nB. The San Francisco Office of the Solicitor shall then furnish the Project Attorney with the names, ages (when available), and addresses of the three attorneys who are next in alphabetical sequence in the designated geographical area and field of law. (If no specific field of law is designated, or if the list is not available, the attorneys in the general practice area will be provided.)\nAttorneys: If a field is designated only as \"general practice,\" the first ten names and addresses shall be furnished. Attorneys: If there are fewer than three attorneys available in the list of available attorneys for any geographical area and field of law (or fewer than ten if \"general practice\" or no specific field of law is designated), all the available names, ages, and addresses on such list shall be furnished, with the added information that no others are available. The evacuee shall then make his selection of an attorney. He shall not be aided in this selection by any representative of the Authority, except for the attorney determination. Fee Schedule:\n\nFee: Serving $10 (#9-C)\nExtent he makes further inquiries as to other facts having no relation to this text.\nThe evacuee shall be informed about the attorneys' qualifications if known or ascertainable by the Project Attorney or the San Francisco Office of the Solicitor. The evacuee must be fully informed about how the referral system operates, how referral lists were compiled, and shown a copy of the applicable fee schedule. The evacuee should be informed of the fee that applies to their case. If the legal services required by the evacuee are not included in the Schedule of Fees, the evacuee may request an estimate of the fee to be charged before incurring any obligation. The Schedule of Fees\nIn counties with populations under 250,000:\n(1) Mortgage foreclosure cases (representing plaintiff):\nContested cases:\n(a) Defendant defaults after appearance:\nInvolved: _____, _____\nInvolved: _____, _____\n(b) Defendant defaults after issue joined:\n(c) Case tried: Legal Services 50.4 WRA\n\nIn uncontested foreclosure cases where it is necessary to appoint a receiver, guardian ad litem, or administrator, and which involve more work than the ordinary cases of that type, an additional fee of not more than $25.00 may be paid to the foreclosure attorney. He will pay such sum as might be due him for his services. A fee not exceeding $25.00 may, if necessary, be paid to Administrators. A fee not exceeding $10,000 may be paid to Guardians ad Litem.\n\nIn counties with populations between 250,000 and 500,000:\n(To be continued...)\nForeclosure of Deed of Trust:\nPopulation- uncontested:, contested:\nWrits of possession in connection with foreclosure:\nObtaining notarized deed in lieu of foreclosure:\n\n(2) Foreclosure cases (Representing defendant) [See \"Trial Work (representing defendant)\", below.]\n(3) Trial work (representing defendant):\n(4) Trial work (representing plaintiff):\n\nPer diem to be apportioned (i.e. fractions of day to represent equivalent fractions of the per diem) on all court work except actual time in trial, in which case 3.5 days, for example, shall be paid as 4 days.\n\n1/ Plus not to exceed recovery in excess of amount defendant admits owing.\nWRA\nLegal Services $50.4\n\nIn counties:\n- population-\n- population-\n- population-\n\nTrials de novo (appeals from Justice of Peace):\nTrial Work: See administrative hearings for probate estates (as per statute): 8 per day. Corporate work - charter, by-laws, divorces. Additional fee as provided under Contracts, if property settlement involves more than $2500. Contested: As in uncontested divorce cases or as in Trial Work, at attorney\u2019s option.\n\nContracts: $5.00 + $1 of amount involved up to $15,000. Leases: 1% of total rent. Mortgages & Trust Deeds: Minimum $5. Deeds: $2. Collections: Minimum fee $7.50, except collections if suit filed: Minimum $7.50, maximum Collection rates above, plus: $20. Supersedes A.I. #52, 102. WRA Manual. Legal Services: $50.\n\nConsultation and Other Reparation for Trial: $3 for first half-hour or less; $5 for first hour; $1 for each hour thereafter.\nWhen the evacuee has selected an attorney, he shall sign a \"Client's Statement\" (Form WRA-220) after having first inserted the name and address of the attorney he has chosen. Project Attorneys should ensure that the evacuee fully understands the Statement, including the reference therein to the Schedule of Fees, and that the relationship between the evacuee and the attorney he has selected shall, as far as possible, be the normal relationship of attorney and client, without responsibility on the part of the Authority for the rendering of the legal services or for the payment of the fee therefor.\n\nThe Project Attorney shall then notify the attorney of his selection, forwarding to him the Form WRA-220 signed by the evacuee and also Form WRA-15U properly executed.\nThe Project Attorney shall put him on notice that he is free to deal with the evacuee, remit moneys to him, etc. If the evacuee is a blocked national, this fact shall be made known to the evacuee's attorney by the Project Attorney so that the attorney may take all necessary steps in complying with Treasury regulations in the course of representing such evacuee, remitting moneys to him, etc. In addition, the Project Attorney shall render every other assistance desired by the evacuee in fully informing the attorney about the evacuee's case and forwarding pertinent documents. The Project Attorney shall then notify the San Francisco Office of the Solicitor as to which attorney was selected, so that such name may be placed at the end of the appropriate referral list and not again offered to an evacuee for selection.\nUntil the other names on that list have been offered, when the names of attorneys A, B, and C are selected, the name of Attorney B then becomes the last name in such a list, the fourth name in alphabetical sequence in such lists becomes the third, and the third becomes the second; accordingly, the three names next submitted from that list are A, C, and D.\n\nIf, after being selected, an attorney for any reason declines to represent the evacuee or the evacuee prefers not to continue to be represented, the next attorney on the list is contacted.\nIf the attorney has indicated his readiness to withdraw, the next series of names in sequence (three or ten, as the case may be) shall be submitted to the evacuee. The name of the attorney originally selected by him shall be placed at the end of the referral list in question, unless, due to the circumstances, his name ought to be eliminated from the list. In such a case, he will be informed to that effect by the San Francisco Office of the Solicitor.\n\nIf an evacuee is unable to pay for the services of an attorney in accordance with the free schedule, and if it should appear that, in the nature of the case, the attorney representing such evacuee will not be able to collect the fee out of the probable proceeds of the case, this procedure shall be followed:\n\nThe evacuee shall make an affidavit clearly setting forth his inability to pay and the reasons why the attorney cannot collect his fee from the probable proceeds of the case. This affidavit, together with a copy of the referral list and a statement from the attorney that he has been unable to collect his fee, shall be submitted to the Claims Commissioner. The Claims Commissioner shall determine whether the evacuee is entitled to free legal services under this schedule, and if so, shall authorize the attorney to represent the evacuee without charge. If the Claims Commissioner determines that the evacuee is not entitled to free legal services, the attorney shall be entitled to collect his fee from the evacuee in accordance with the fee schedule, or the evacuee may secure other counsel at his own expense.\nThe lack of assets is stated, and the facts indicate his inability to pay an attorney according to the fee schedule.\n\nThe Project Attorney shall then refer the matter to the Legal Aid Society in or nearest to the area where the services of an attorney are required (See Section 50.9.11).\n\nEvacuees residing outside of relocation centers who desire to use the Authority\u2019s referral system may do so by writing to the Office of the Solicitor at San Francisco. The foregoing procedure will then be followed as closely as possible, allowing for the fact that personal contact, such as between Project Attorney and evacuee, will probably not be practicable.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 8/5 A3\nRelease # 175\nWRA Manual\nLegal Services 50.1\n\nWhenever the services of an attorney are required in an area where no referral lists have been established.\nCompiled and unable to be handled by an attorney within a state for which an attorney referral list has not been compiled, the Project Attorney shall submit to the evacuee requiring such services a list of attorneys practicing in the area, as published in a standard lawyer directory such as the Martindale-Hubbell Directory, the Commercial Law League Directory, etc. The evacuee may then make his selection from such lists. The Project Attorney shall furnish further assistance as the evacuee desires, but in doing so shall inform both evacuee and his attorney that the Authority is acting merely as intermediary and without responsibility for the rendering of the service or the payment of the fee. In the absence of available law lists, or whenever Project Attorneys consider it preferable, they may submit their own lists.\ncontact local bar associations for their recommendations. In all such cases, the names of attorneys in the area in question, or all those recommended by the local bar association, shall be made available to the evacuee for his selection.\n\nSection 13: In order that the Authority may continue to act as intermediary whenever advisable and may continue to be in a position to facilitate contact between the evacuee and his attorney, all attorneys on the referral lists have agreed to cooperate with the Authority in all respects, keeping the San Francisco Office of the Solicitor advised as to progress.\n\nTo that end, the evacuee, in the \"Client\u2019s Statement,\" requests his attorney to keep the Authority informed of all developments. This request relieves the attorney from any obligation to keep the affairs of his client confidential so far as the Authority is concerned.\nThe authority is concerned and requires disclosure to the Authority. However, in any case where the Government of the United States is involved as a party in interest, such requirement of disclosure is of course suspended. The attorney shall, in every case, determine by the sole judge whether the Government is so involved.\n\nSupersedes Issuance 8/5/U3\nRelease # 175\n\nChoice of Attorney in Absence of Referral\n\nCooperation With Attorney\n\nC\u20142092 P5 nbu-f Inal\nWRA Manual\nProject Employment, 50.5\n\nThere shall be established at each center a Personnel Management Section responsible to the Assistant Tropper Personnel Director in charge of Administrative Management. This section shall be responsible for the entire personnel management program at the center, concerning both evacuee and appointed personnel.\nWithin the limitations of the WRA Leave Regulations, evacuees shall be free to accept employment and establish residence outside the relocation centers. The normal outlet for persons desiring employment is relocation outside the centers. The War Relocation Authority, through its Project Relocation Divisions and its Relocation Offices in the field, will assist evacuees in finding suitable employment and relocation opportunities. Financial assistance in relocation will be provided under the terms of Section Basic Policies for Evacuee Employees.\n\nIt is the policy of the War Relocation Authority to provide for the subsistence needs of evacuee residents. It is also the policy of the Authority to provide facilities for the basic services available to a normal community, including provision for internal security, fire protection, and welfare services.\nThe Authority provides legal services, community activities, and facilities for community government. It is the policy of the Authority to employ evacuees in all technical and administrative positions, qualified applicants permitting, except for principal staff positions. This includes evacuee applicants who are qualified through center training and experience. For the welfare of the evacuees, for the maintenance of sound work habits, in the interests of sound government, and due to the war crisis, it is imperative that the centers be operated with the most economical use of manpower consistent with efficient management.\n\nEfficient Use of Manpower at Centers\n\nWRA, by executive order, has responsibility for administration of the centers and establishes the policies and procedures therefore.\nRegulations under which the centers operate, and provides the materials, administrative staff, and money required for their operation. WRA Responsibility for Center Administration.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 10/30/43 WRA Manual.\n\nProject Employment 50.5: Evacuee Responsibility. Joint Responsibility.\n\nWithin the centers, the evacuees have, in large part, the responsibility for providing services to the community. The appointive staff in the centers is responsible for overall administration of WRA policies and procedures, with a responsibility to the Government for fair treatment of the evacuees and accountability for manpower, money, and material. The actual operations of the centers, within the policies laid down by WRA, are carried out by the cooperative efforts of the evacuees and the appointive staff.\n\nSelection for place rent and promotion.\nSelection of evacuee personnel for project employment shall be based on experience, education, training, and aptitude. These shall be the only criteria for selection. Promotion to supervisory positions shall include consideration of job performance.\n\nPrivate Enterprise and Center Employment Business Enterprises have been established by the evacuees to provide a means whereby the community may secure for itself activities and services not supplied by the WRA. The development of private enterprise, or the employment of evacuees other than by the WRA, Business Enterprises, community trust, or other persons or associations specifically authorized by the Director, is not permitted within WRA Centers.\n\nEmployment of Evacuees by Appointed Personnel Designation of Business Enterprise as Employment Agency\nAfter May 1, 1944, evacuee residents, as private employees, shall not perform domestic or other personal services for members of the appointed staff or other evacuees, except under the following plan:\n\n(1) The Business Enterprises at each center may employ evacuees and assign them to perform domestic or other duties for the appointed personnel or evacuee residents. The Business Enterprises may negotiate service contracts with the appointed personnel or evacuee residents who wish to obtain the services of evacuees, and collect all fees for such services. The Business Enterprises will pay the workers the standard WRA wage, together with allowances. The Business Enterprises will retain as part of their regular income all sums received from the appointed personnel or evacuee residents for such services in excess of the cash wages paid to the workers.\nThe Project Director, in consultation with Business Enterprises, shall establish a schedule of minimum fees for services paid to them. This supersedes the 10/30/43 WRA Manual. For Project Employment 50*5, the Project Director may inquire in the nearest community with a population approximately the same as the Project and consult the nearest office of the United States Employment Service to ascertain the prevailing wage rate in the area for such services. The schedule of minimum fees at the center shall not be lower than the rate of wages for such services prevailing in the area in communities of approximately the same population as the Project. The schedule of minimum fees shall be published.\nAppointed staff members and evacuee residents who employ evacuees for domestic or other services, and evacuees who perform such services for appointed personnel or other evacuee residents, except in accordance with the provisions of this paragraph, will be subject to disciplinary action.\n\nG. Evacuees who accept employment outside the centers will not be permitted to live in a center. Evacuees who wish to accept such employment must apply for seasonal or indefinite leave and make arrangements to live outside the center.\n\nH. While the normal outlet for persons seeking employment is relocation outside the centers, it is recognized that situations will occur where it will be necessary to develop new work projects to provide constructive employment.\nPolicy at centers where a sudden increase in population has occurred or in centers where an abnormal number of unemployed may create a morale problem. The Authority will give favorable consideration to proposals for new and constructive projects or increases in budgetary and labor ceilings when submitted by the centers with the purpose of avoiding an abnormal number of unemployed.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 10/30/43\nDetermining ruination of Amount of Wages to be Paid to Business Enterprise far Services Disciplinary Action at Centers New Projects to Relieve Abnormal Unemployment Lifting Budgetary Ceilings C-U23 PS bu WRA Manual Project Employment 50. S Work Efficiency Hours of Work Availability of Labor for Center Needs Certification of Availability of Labor Evacuees who accept employment with the Jfar Relocation.\nAuthority in the centers will be required to observe the same standards of work efficiency as in ordinary employment, including a full work day, a full work week, and efficient performance of assigned tasks.\n\na. The work week for evacuee employees shall be 44 hours. Insofar as practicable, working hours shall be the same as those established for appointed personnel, except as affected by the difference in length of the work week.\n\nB. The Project Director shall have the authority to require a longer work week, or work at other hours, or both, when the nature of the work, in his judgment, so requires.\n\nC. This sub-section shall not be construed to prevent the employment of workers on a part-time basis. Any employee who is regularly assigned to work less than 44 hours a week shall be considered to be employed on a part-time basis.\nPart-time employees shall be paid at the hourly rates specified in the Finance Handbook. The Personnel Management Section is responsible to the center operating divisions for providing necessary information on labor availability to fill center positions. In discharging this responsibility, the Personnel Management Section shall prepare a monthly report according to instructions in Handbook Section 50.5.4. The report will indicate the general trend and volume of employment and provide the operating divisions with basic employment figures on which to plan work programs. Operating officials in charge of work project planning shall clear all proposed work programs with the Personnel Management Section and receive certification on the availability of labor. Operating divisions shall supply the Personnel Management Section with information.\nThe type of work program planned, approximate date work is to be started, and the number and type of skills required.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 10/30/43 WRA Manual\n\nProject Employment: 50.5\n\nC. It is desirable for the Personnel Management Section to call to the attention of the Project Director an anticipated or growing abnormal unemployment so that new activities may be planned in advance to alleviate an unemployment problem which might otherwise become acute.\n\nAbnormal Unemployment\n\nThe Personnel Management Section shall maintain employment records on all evacuees, covering occupations, skills, aptitudes, employment in the center, training received in the center, merit ratings received, and related data. The Personnel Management Section shall also prepare and submit such regular and special reports as required.\n\nReports and Records\nEvacuees shall be employed in accordance with standard job classification schedules and rates of compensation approved by the Director. The maximum number of jobs necessary for the maintenance and operation of each center, including subsistence production, shall be determined by the Director. The maximum may be varied from time to time as conditions warrant. The total number of evacuees employed by the War Relocation Authority in each center shall not exceed the established maximum without specific approval of the Director, except in the following circumstances:\n\n(1) Evacuees employed in staff positions originally authorized for appointed personnel shall not apply against the maximum for evacuee employment.\n\n(2) Employees of Business Enterprises or other authorized employees, not paid by the War Relocation Authority, are not considered in determining the maximum evacuee employment.\nDetermining maximum evacuee personnel.\n\nB. Evacuees employed by the War Relocation Authority shall receive compensation, in addition to subsistence, at the rates of $12, $16, and $19 per month as follows:\n\n(1) $12 per month (Group A) shall be an \"entrance rate\" and shall apply to trainees, partially qualified workers, and apprentices. Everyone in this group shall work under the immediate supervision of a more experienced worker. This rate shall not apply to common labor on simple tasks requiring hard physical work, $16 per month (Group HBn) shall apply to all workers not included in Groups V and *C*, and is intended to include the majority of evacuee workers, $19 per month (Group rtCw) shall include:\nJobs involving responsible supervision of other employees, or jobs requiring professional training.\n\nProportion:\n\nC. Not more than 15 percent of the evacree employees in each center may be compensated at the rate of $19 per month, except as follows:\n\n(1) Evacreees employed in classified positions on the project organization chart, of professional or supervisory character, replacing appointed personnel, may be compensated at $19 per month without regard to the 15 percent limitation. Evacreees filling such positions must meet the minimum qualifications for appointment to such positions.\n\n(2) At the discretion of Project Directors, evacree employees performing unusually hard or disagreeable tasks may be compensated at the rate of $19 per month without regard to the 15 percent limitation, provided the number of such employees shall not exceed:\n5% of the total evacuee personnel at the center.\n\n(3) The 15% limitation does not apply to employees of Business Enterprises or other authorized employees not paid by the War Relocation Authority.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 10/30/43 WRA Manual\nProject Employment, 50.5\n\nD. An evacuee employee's compensation for a monthly pay period is determined at the rate in which they were classified at the beginning of the period. A change in classification becomes effective at the beginning of the pay period following the date of reclassification.\n\nChange in Rate\n\nE. Part-time employees' compensation is calculated in accordance with the provisions of the Finance Handbook.\n\nPart-time Employment\n\nF. The Personnel Management Section shall maintain a record of each approved job, showing the number of incumbents authorized and the number currently employed.\nThe Personnel Management section will be responsible for the number of workers placed in each job and compensation rates paid.\n\nResponsibility of Personnel Management:\n\nThe recruiting and placement of personnel to fill center evacuee positions will be the responsibility of the Personnel Management Section. Selection will be based on experience, training, aptitude, and job interest. Form WRA-12, Occupational History Card, should be coded according to the Dictionary of Occupational Titles and maintained in files as indicated under Section 50.5*5 of the Handbook. Form WPvA-12 should be used as a basis for selecting candidates for center positions.\n\nRecruiting and Placement:\n\nAll evacuees interested in center employment should be encouraged to register at the Personnel office. Frequently, information that there are no jobs immediately available, or jobs available only in certain areas, should be communicated to them.\nUnskilled or less popular occupations result in residents failing to register or keep their registrations current. This situation leads to inaccuracies in the monthly reporting of the unemployed, makes planning of center activities difficult, and generally handicaps the Personnel office in selecting the most qualified to fill center vacancies. The Personnel Management Section shall, in addition to encouraging center residents to register for employment, use the following sources to secure additional candidates for positions:\n\nRegistering for Employment\nWRA Manual\n(1) Interview and register graduating classes in high schools and, in cooperation with the Vocational Training Committee, discuss employment plans, training opportunities, and available center positions.\nInterview and register high school youth over 14 years of age for part-time work during the school year and full-time assignments during vacations. Employment of children shall at all times comply with Section 50.5*11 of the Manual on Employment of Minors. Make necessary surveys and interviews and register men and women who may have become employable (children have reached school age, recovery from illness, etc.).\n\nA fair employment practice procedure shall be established at each center to enable workers who feel that they have received unjust treatment to obtain a hearing. This procedure relates only to complaints regarding employment working rules and employment compensation.\n\nReferrals of evacuees to jobs within the centers shall be centralized in the Personnel Management Section of the WRA Manual, Project Employment 50.5.\nNo evacuee shall be assigned, transferred, or separated from any job within the center without advance approval by the Personnel Management Section. Assignments to trainee positions require joint approval from the Personnel Management Section and the Vocational Retraining Committee. Trainees may only be appointed after the Vocational Retraining Committee certifies a training course for that job and approves the trainee selection.\n\nA. Workers' assignments to jobs will be processed by the Personnel Management Section using Form WRA-21, Revised, which the worker must present upon reporting for work.\n\nB. Transfers of workers between divisions will be controlled by the Personnel Management Section.\nAll requests for transfer, whether from an individual worker or a division or section, shall be made to the Personnel Management Section. The transaction will be completed using Form WRA-116. It is the responsibility of the Personnel Management Section to determine if the transfer is justified and secure the necessary concurrences. The Finance Section will not payroll a worker transferred between divisions before receiving a properly validated Form WRA-116 from the Personnel Management Section.\n\nC. A worker's separation from his job will be effected using Form V/RA-114, prepared in the Personnel Management Section. Grounds for discharge will be determined by the Project Director and include the following:\n\n* Unsatisfactory performance\n* A.I. #10 supersedes\n* Evacuee\n* Fair Employment Practices\n* Transactions\n* Assignment\n(1) Unexcused absences from work: Absences not due to illness must be excused in advance. A medical certificate is required to excuse absences due to illness lasting more than three days.\n\n(2) Habitual tardiness and leaving the job before quitting time.\n\n(3) Slackness and inefficiency on the job.\n\n(4) Willful or careless misuse of equipment.\n\nTimekeeping and payrolling: The responsibility for timekeeping and payrolling of evacuee workers at centers lies with the Finance Section. Detailed procedures can be found in the Finance Handbook. Time worked will be recorded on Form WRA-115, revised, by a time-checker from the Finance Section but assigned to the division. Form WRA-115, revised, will be compiled by the Finance Section based on its copy of Form WRA-115.\nFRA-21 revised will be forwarded to the division for use by the time-checker. All time worked each day will be entered on the face of Form WRA-115, Revised, except that not more than eight hours can be recorded five days a week, and not more than four hours on the sixth day. Eight hours will be credited each worker for each holiday observed, provided he works the day preceding and the day following the holiday, or was on excused absence on those days. The use of an intervening form as a \"Daily Time Report\" for subsequent posting to Form 1VRA-115, Revised, is acceptable.\n\nB. Monthly rates of pay are prescribed in Manual Section 50.5.6. Hourly rates appear in the Finance Handbook, Page D-24.\n\nC. Evacuee payrolls will be prepared by the Finance Section on Form TRA-210.\n\nD. Payment in cash will be made by the Agent-Cashier.\nThe following minimum standards for the employment of children and young persons by the War Relocation Authority will be observed: In general, these standards are at least as high as those required by child labor laws. Payment by check will be made by submitting the payroll on Form WRA-210 to the Treasury Department's Assistant Regional Disbursing Officer in charge of check issue. A record of payments to each evacuee worker will be kept by the Finance Section on Form WRA-118, Revised. Expenditures for evacuee staff must be charged against each activity for cost accounting purposes. This will be done by the Finance Section using Form WRA-115, Revised, for the basic figures. Supersedes Issuance of 10/30/43, Supersedes A.I. #10. Project Employment 50*5. Form RA-113 prepared. Payment by check will be made by submitting the payroll on Form WRA-210 to the Treasury Department's Assistant Regional Disbursing Officer in charge of check issue. A record of payments to each evacuee worker will be kept by the Finance Section on Form WRA-118, Revised. Expenditures for evacuee staff must be charged against each activity for cost accounting purposes. This will be done by the Finance Section using Form WRA-115, Revised, for the basic figures. The following minimum standards for the employment of children and young persons will be followed by the War Relocation Authority. In general, these standards are at least as high as those required by child labor laws.\nThe states in which centers are situated. If the State standards are higher, they should be observed. These standards safeguard the educational opportunities and health of students who undertake joint school-work programs. Requirements were drawn up in cooperation with the Children's Bureau of the U.S. Department of Labor and conform closely to the standards adopted by the United States Office of Education and the War Manpower Commission.\n\n(1) The minimum age for general employment is 16 in factories and 14 in non-factory employment. Children between 14 and 16 may be employed in non-factory employment, but only outside school hours.\n\n(2) The minimum age for employment in hazardous occupations is 18. Hazardous occupations will include those so declared by the Children's Bureau.\nFor the employment of minors of 16 and 17 years under the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act, and other hazardous occupations:\n\nEmployment Standards for Persons 14 to 18 years of age\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 10/30/43 WRA Manual (Project Employment 50*5)\n\nAs the Project Director or the Director may designate:\n\nAt present, the following occupations, among others, have been designated as hazardous by the Children's Bureau:\n\n(a) Work in sawmilling and logging\n(b) Work in coal mines\n(c) Work in or about plants manufacturing explosives\n(d) Work involving exposure to radioactive substances\n\n(3) The maximum hours of work for persons under 18 shall be 8 hours a day and 40 hours a week. The work week shall not exceed six days. Adequate provision shall be made for a lunch period.\nPersons under 16 years of age shall not work or attend school for more than 8 hours a day. Persons 16 and 17 years of age shall not work or attend school for more than 9 hours a day.\n\n(4) Children attending school shall not be employed during school hours, except as part of authorized vocational education within the school program.\n\n(5) Each employed person under 18 shall have an uninterrupted period of at least 12 hours nightly, starting no later than 9:00 p.m. and ending no earlier than the following morning.\n\n(6) A physician examination to determine physical fitness is required for persons under 18 before they are placed in any employment or training that requires physical exertion.\n\nThe Personnel Management Section shall not refer a person under 18 years of age for employment.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 10/30/43 WRA Manual.\nProject Employment involves hiring individuals for work. Eligibility is determined by age, proven through a birth certificate or Individual Record Form (WRA-26), and a physical examination confirming fitness for the job. Parental consent is required in all cases.\n\nFull and part-time workers, regularly assigned to work less than 44 hours a week, are entitled to one work day of vacation leave per calendar month. Trainees and workers assigned for one month or less are not entitled to vacation leave.\n\nVacation leave can only be taken as it is earned and can be accumulated up to and including twelve working days. The worker may take vacation leave as they choose, subject to Section Head approval, but may not do so without approval.\nWorkers absent on sick leave or leave without pay for less than twelve working days continue to earn vacation leave. However, no vacation leave is earned during absence from duty beyond twelve working days. Workers receiving extended illness compensation may not earn vacation leave. Workers transferring between divisions, involuntarily transferring to another center, or transferring to another center at the request of WRA are credited with all earned vacation leave at the time of transfer. Earned vacation leave should be liquidated whenever possible before leaving the center on indefinite leave, seasonal leave, or leave to enter the Armed Forces of the United States.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 10/30/43.\nVacation Leave: Workers are not entitled to any vacation leave in their credit at the time of departure. In cases of extended illness or transfer, the date of separation shall be extended to cover the number of days of vacation leave to their credit. Workers absent from the center on short-term leave who convert to indefinite leave without returning shall be paid for all vacation leave to their credit.\n\n(1) Workers in the following categories, upon separation from the job, shall have the date of separation extended to cover earned vacation leave:\n\nSeparation from Job:\n(a) Those voluntarily resigning and remaining in the center.\n(b) Those involuntarily separated due to reduction in staff or termination of the job.\nI. Workers separated for more than one month due to inability to perform work are entitled to compensatory leave.\n\nII. Vacation leave may be allowed for workers separated by WRA for cause, if approved by the Project Director, who may seek counsel from the Fair Employment Practice Committee.\n\nB.1. When, at the direction of their Section Head, workers are employed in excess of the standard work week, they shall be entitled to compensatory leave. The worker may, with the approval of their Section Head, elect the dates of such compensatory leave, but any such leave must be taken prior to the employee\u2019s termination from the job. A job may be extended to cover the period of compensatory time, but such time may not be transferred between divisions.\n\nB.2. All regularly assigned workers, both full-time and part-time, are entitled to five days of compensatory leave per year.\nSupersedes Issuance 10/30/43 WRA Manual Project Employment 50.5 Sick leave of ten days a year. Sick leave may be granted due to the illness of a worker or the illness of a member of his immediate family which requires his presence at home. Application for sick leave must be made not later than the day of return to duty, and in the case of absence extending beyond three days, application shall be supported by a physician's statement. Workers transferring between divisions or transferring to another project shall, at the time of transfer, be credited with all unused sick leave.\n\n(2) Regularly employed, full-time evacuee workers who are unable to report for work due to illness, including pregnancy and confinement, are eligible for illness compensation after exhaustion of sick leave. This does not apply to dis-\nabilities resulting from injury in line of duty, covered by Section 50.5.50 and following:\n\n(a) Illness compensation shall be 60% of the compensation rate at which the applicant was last employed, which is $11.40 per month.\n\n(b) Application for illness compensation shall be made to the Personnel Management Section on Form WRA-92 in quadruplicate, supported by a medical certificate. The Project Personnel Officer shall certify the applicant's eligibility, and compensation shall take effect immediately upon expiration of sick leave.\n\n(c) Illness compensation shall be paid on a monthly basis for a maximum period of 90 days, provided the recipient re-establishes his eligibility each 30-day period by submitting a medical certificate.\n\nExtended Illness Compensation (Formerly Unemployment Compensation)\nSupersedes Issuance of 10/30/43 WRA Manual\nProject Employment 50.5\nThe original application for illness compensation serves as the basis for payment until the Personnel Management Section directs the termination of payments because the employee: (1) reports that he is physically able to work, or (2) fails to re-establish eligibility each 30-day period, or (3) has received compensation for 90 days.\n\nWorkers who need time off from their jobs and have not earned sufficient vacation leave may, with the approval of the Section Head, be given leave without pay. Leave without pay up to and including six working days may be taken with the approval of the Section Head. Leave without pay over six working days must be approved by the Personnel Officer and shall not exceed twelve working days unless the worker\u2019s presence outside the center is required.\nA worker who fails to report for duty without reason, in the case of illness and without having been excused, shall be charged with unauthorized leave without pay. Unauthorized leave of five working days is grounds for discharge.\n\nRule 8 for Employment by Other than Y/RA:\n\n1. Business Enterprises, or other authorized employers other than the War Relocation Authority, operating within the centers shall:\nA. Pay the same compensation rates for their evacuee employees as are paid to evacuees employed by the War Relocation Authority.\nB. Prescribe the same hours of work. A person regularly assigned to work less than 44 hours a week must be paid on a part-time basis.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 10/30/43\nWRA Manual\nProject Employment b0.5\nIn accordance with the provisions of the Finance Handbook,\nC. Pay extended illness compensation as set forth in Section \u00a30.5.12.\nD. Observe employment standards for persons under 18 years of age as set forth in Section 50.5.11.\nOther conditions of employment set by the War Relocation Authority, including limitations on the number of evacuees employed, are not binding on Business Enterprises. At the request of Business Enterprises, however, the Personnel Management Section will survey the enterprises and make recommendations on job classifications and percentage of total positions at the different compensation levels, in order to bring these into line with center standards.\nWork clothing shall be issued free to evacuees at the centers only when needed as an essential part of a worker's occupational equipment and,\nAs such, necessary for the efficient performance of assigned tasks and protection of the health and welfare of the worker, work clothing shall be considered in the same category as tools of the trade. Project Directors are authorized to purchase and issue items of work clothing as follows: (1) Arm bands, badges, or uniform headgear may be issued to Police and Fire Department personnel. (2) Sanitary caps and aprons may be issued to Mess personnel, slaughterhouse workers, and butchers. (3) Waterproof aprons may be issued to dishwashers, slaughterhouse workers, produce handlers, and pharmacists. The Health Section is authorized to issue types of occupational clothing usual and necessary to the performance of specific tasks. Supersedes Issuance of ll/2/l|ii Release # 152 Issuance of Work Clothing Items of Work Clothing WRA Manual.\nProject Employment \u00a30\u00bb5>\n\nHospital Departments Issues to Hospital Personnel duties within the hospital and with regard to the health and welfare of employees and patients:\n\n(a) The following items normally required for the operation of specific departments and normally worn by individuals working therein shall be issued as supply items to the departments concerned:\nOperating suits and caps; masks; gowns; plain, leaded, rubber or otherwise specifically treated aprons; rubber, leaded or otherwise specifically treated gloves; rubber boots (laundry only). The responsibility for these items will be charged to the department to whom issued.\n\n(b) The following items shall be issued on memorandum receipt by the hospital administrator to currently employed hospital personnel as follows:\n\n1. Nurses, student nurses:\nWhite nurses uniforms\n2. Nurse Aides:\nPinafores, blouses.\nPhysicians, dentists, optometrists, Duck pants, intern blouses and coats, Orderlies (thick pants and coats), Ambulance Coats, Pharmacy and Laboratory workers (suitable smocks), Any item issued under this authorization will remain hospital property* Washable items shall be issued in quantity to allow for two overlapping laundry periods. The hospital administrator will maintain proper accountability records for all items issued. Replacement of worn items will be on an exchange basis only* Supersedes Issuance of ll/2/Uli Release # 152 WRA Manual Projact Employment 50.5\n\n(5) Aprons may be issued to carpenters, carpenter helpers, blacksmiths, blacksmith helpers, and mimeograph operators.\n(6) Gloves may be issued to garbage crews, welders, electricians, stevedores (special type) equipment operators, workers engaged in packing vegetables requiring icing, coal crews.\nAnd brush crews. At centers where severe winter conditions prevail, gloves may be furnished to other outdoor manual workers where necessary to protect the worker's health.\n\n(7) Goggles, dust masks, welders masks, shin or toe guards, and other similar items may be issued as needed for the worker's safety.\n\n(8) Rubber boots may be issued to irrigators, slaughterhouse workers, and others required to work in water.\n\n(9) Fire helmets, raincoats or turnout coats, but not both, turnout pants, rubber boots, and gloves may be issued to firemen. These items must be considered, however, as a part of the fire-house or fire truck equipment and may be used only when fighting fires.\n\n(10) Coveralls may be issued to workers on hog projects, coal crews, garage mechanics and grease crews, garbage disposal and sewage crews, tractor, bulldozer, and grader operators.\nC. No issuance other than those enumerated in Section B above may be made by the centers without specific prior authorization from the Director.\nD. Work clothing shall be issued through divisional storehouses to the prescribed classes of workers and shall be considered part of the division or section work crew equipment. Issuances will be made under the provisions of the Handbook on Property Control and Warehousing, supplementing Manual Section 20.4; that is, items will be issued to workers in exchange for a memorandum receipt. Return of worn-out items shall be required before new issuances are made.\n\nItems Method of Issuance\nSupersedes Issuance of ll/2/bh Release # lij6\nWRA Manual\nProject Employment 50.5\n\nE. Items listed on B(2), B(4), and 3(10) will be launched by the Authority. Property accountability.\nRecords will be maintained for clothing laundered, and fresh issues will be made at regular periods by the Mess and Health Section storehouses. The conditions of employment for women shall conform to standards set by the states in which the centers are located. The Personnel Management Section is responsible for determining state requirements with respect to the employment of women and shall secure the assistance of the Project Attorney in the interpretation of such laws and their application within the center.\n\nLaundering\nStandards of Employment\nfor Women\n\nSupersedes Issuance of LL/2/1 U \nRelease # 11*6\nWRA Manual\nProject Employment 50.5\n\nWork clothing shall be issued through divisional storehouses to the prescribed classes of workers and shall be considered part of the division or section work crew equipment.\nUnder the provisions of the Handbook on Property Control and Warehousing, the following actions will be taken: Items will be issued to workers in exchange for a memorandum receipt, and return of worn-out items is required before new issuances are made. Items listed on B(2) and B(4) will be laundered by the Authority. Property accountability records will be maintained for clothing laundered, and fresh issues will be made at regular periods by the Mess and Health Section storehouses.\n\nThe conditions of employment for women, including hours of work, shall conform to standards set by the states in which the centers are located. The Personnel Management Section is responsible for determining state requirements regarding the employment of women and shall secure them.\nThe Assistance of the Project Attorney is provided in the interpretation and application of such laws within the center. Method of Issuance Laundering Standards for Employment for Women Supersedes Issuance of 10/30/43 WRA Manual Project Quarterly Payment 50*5\n\nThe First Supplemental National Defense Appropriation Act, 1943 (Public Law No. 67, 77th Congress, approved July 25, 1942), which made appropriations for the War Relocation Authority for the fiscal year, 1943, made the Compensation Act of September 7, 1910, as modified by the Act of February 1, 1933, as amended, applicable to persons receiving compensation from the United States in the form of subsistence, cash advances, or other allowances in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Director of the War Relocation Authority for work performed in connection with the war effort.\nRelocation program. This is also provided for by the National War Agencies Appropriation Act, 1945, making appropriations to the War Relocation Authority for the fiscal year, for Compensation Benefits for Evacuee Workers.\n\n0.51 Evacuees employed by the War Relocation Authority who sustain traumatic injuries in the performance of duty are entitled to the following compensation benefits under the provisions of the Compensation Act:\n\nA. Necessary medical treatment including hospital care.\nB. Compensation payments during a period of total disability, excluding the period during which a worker receives pay after any injury, and a three-day waiting period after pay stops, in the amount of two-thirds of the worker\u2019s monthly wage as of the date of injury.\nC. Compensation for permanent partial disability resulting from the loss of limbs, eyes, fingers, or other body parts, in accordance with a schedule of awards prescribed by the U.S. Employees\u2019 Compensation Commission and approved by the President.\nD. In case of death, burial expenses not in excess of:\nE. Compensation awards to dependents if the injury causes death, in accordance with a schedule of awards prescribed by the U.S. Employees\u2019 Compensation Commission and approved by the President.\n\nIt is important for the evacuees to establish their rights under the Compensation Act as it supersedes Issuance 9/25A3.\n\nProject Employment Injuries for wbloh Benefits are Provided.\nAdministration of Compensation AOT after they were not paid for services after the termination of the RESVSS Contnuce '52 StS \u00a3\u00a3\u00a3 still Crrsatlon Act ended on duty status in the service of the VaCUee while receiving compensation in the United States and while advances, or other allowances. The HS S. in Private employment, a private employer providing compensation benefits are provided by the Centers. The Injured only while engaged in benefits do not include employment by S. in Private employment, compensation benefits are provided by the Centers. The Injured only while engaging as evacuees who are transported by GovLnfb while being in relocation centers and the lacf TLai^ (11,6) and Provides trauma care for traumatic injuries an injury by accident Such as nuclear structure of the body and shall include W physical.\nThe employee in any form, except one who does not include responsibility for the commission of the injury, shall naturally result from the death of himself or another. The U.S. Employees' Compensation Act vests responsibility for administration in the Commission. The Commission is authorized to make necessary rules and regulations for the administration of the Act and to decide all questions arising thereunder, without fraud or mistake. The findings of fact in and the decisions upon the merits of the claims, made by the Commission, are not subject to review. There is no evidence for review of any decision by the Court of Appeals concerning the Commission's administration.\nParts 21 to 1939 of this publication are amended to June 30. Pensions under the Act will be terminated. The Interim Administrator of SMM is to:\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 9/26/1942 C-1382_p4, \"Project Employment 50 >5 1/VRA 50*5.50 to 50*5*64 are based upon the regulations prescribed by the Commission for the administration of the Compensation Act.\n\n\u202254. The medical facilities at WA centers shall be used in all injury cases where such facilities can be used and are adequate.\n\nWhere the medical facilities at the centers are not adequate or where they are not accessible, medical treatment of the injured worker may be applied for and obtained at other United States Medical establishments at the expense of the Commission. Private medical facilities may be used.\nat  the  expense  of  the  Commission  only  where  adequate  Fed\u00ac \neral  medical  facilities  are  not  available*  No  claims \nshall  be  made  against  the  Commission  for  the  cost  of  med\u00ac \nical  services  or  hospitilization  furnished  an  injured \nworker  at  a  center  hospital  or  by  a  center  physician. \nAll  injury  cases  which  do  not  come  within  the  scope  of \nthe  provisions  of  the  Compensation  Act  and  which  require \nthe  attention  of  private  physicians  and  private  hospital \ncare  shall  be  handled  in  accordance  with  the  provisions \nof  that  part  of  Section  30.2  pertaining  to  hospitalization \nand  specialized  consultation  services  away  from  the  cen\u00ac \nter. \n*55  Regulations  of  the  Authority  which  provide  15  days\u2019  sick \nleave  benefits  for  workers,  shstfJL  extend  to  workers  who \nare  unable  to  perform  their  duties  due  to  injuries.  A \nworker  may  elect  to  receive  either  sick  leave  benefits  or \ncompensation  benefits  for  15  days  following  an  injury \nduring  which  he  is  disabled,  but  he  may  not  receive  both. \nA  worker  who  has  elected  to  receive  sick  leave  benefits \nmay  claim  compensation  for  disabilities  continuing* after \nthe  expiration  of  the  sick  leave  benefits*  Thereafter, \nhe  shall  not  be  eligible  for  extended  illness  compensa\u00ac \ntion  under  WRA  regulations  while  entitled  to  benefits  un\u00ac \nder  the  Compensation  Act* \n*56  Injured  workers  whose  benefits  under  the  Compensation  Act \nare  insufficient  to  enable  them  to  support  themselves  and \ntheir  families  may  apply  for  and  receive  public  assistance \ngrants  in  accordance  with  the  regular  procedure  with  res\u00ac \npect  to  grants  (Section  30*4). \n.57  It  shall  be  the  responsibility  of  the  Project  Director  in \nthe  event  of  the  injury  of  a  worker: \nSupersedes  A. I*  #79 \nMedical \nTreatment \nof \nInjured \nEvacuee \nWorkers \nChoice \nof \nCocopensatioii \nof \nSlok (1) Grants to Injured Evacuee Workers (2) First Steps After Injury\n\nA. To investigate the circumstances of the injury to determine whether it was incurred in the performance of duty.\nB. To advise the injured worker of the compensation benefits to which he may be entitled.\nC. To assist the injured worker in the preparation of the forms provided for the submission of compensation claims.\nD. To maintain a sufficient record of each case to ensure prompt attention to active cases.\n\nThe Project Director may delegate to a member of his staff such of the duties conferred upon him by this instruction as he shall deem advisable. He may authorize such staff member to execute forms in connection with compensation claims as the \"official superior\" of injured evacuees who claim compensation.\nCA-1 Worker's Notice of Injury\nCA-2 Official Supervisor's Report of Injury\nCA-3 Report of Termination of Disability or Report of Death\nCA-4 Worker's Claim for Compensation on Account of Disability\nCA-5 Claim of Dependents for Compensation on Account of Death\nCA-8 Claim for Continuance of Disability Compensation\nSpecial Form CA-16 Authorization for Medical Treatment (Includes Physician\u2019s Report)\nForm CA-42 Affidavit Relating to Representatives of Deceased Beneficiaries\nSpecial Form CA-43 Affidavit of Undertaker\nForm S-69 Public Voucher for Services and Supplies of Hospitals and Physicians\n\nThe Commission has been requested to send an adequate number of these forms.\nSupply of forms to each Project Director. If additional forms are needed, each Project Director is authorized to request an additional supply from the Commission. All forms shall be prepared in duplicate except Special Form CA-16 which shall be prepared in triplicate. The originals shall be transmitted to the Commission and copies retained in the Center files. An extra copy of Special Form CA-16 shall be delivered to the hospital or physician providing private medical care for an injured worker. All reports of injury shall be given by the injured worker within 48 hours after the injury occurs. Special justification for failure to report an injury.\n\nSupersedes A.I. #79\n\nEmployment: 50.5\nWRA\n\nCommunications to the Commission should be addressed to U.S. Employees' Compensation Commission, 285 Madison Avenue, New York City.\n\nAll forms shall be prepared in duplicate except Special Form CA-16 which shall be prepared in triplicate. The originals shall be transmitted to the Commission and copies retained in the Center files. An extra copy of Special Form CA-16 shall be delivered to the hospital or physician providing private medical care for an injured worker.\n\nAll reports of injury shall be given by the injured worker within 48 hours after the injury occurs. Special justification for failure to report an injury.\nThe Commission requires a report within 48 hours for claims not made. It is authorized to disallow claims not reported within 60 days, and may not allow claims not reported within one year. Item No. 16 on Form CA-2 requires the rate of pay of the injured worker on the injury date. The monthly cash payment the worker was receiving on that date should be inserted in the first blank. In the blank for subsistence furnished, the total value of the clothing allowance, plus $19 for subsistence, should be inserted. In the blank for quarters furnished, $650 should be inserted. In all cases involving permanent partial disability,\nsuch  as  the  loss  of  a  finger,  hand,  or  limb,  the  in\u00ac \njured  worker  shall  be  advised  that  he  may  claim  and \nreceive  compensation  in  accordance  with  regulations \nprescribed  by  the  Commission  even  though  he  is  able \nto  return  to  work* \nD*  The  Project  Director  shall  delegate  to  the  Chief  of \nthe  Administrative  Management  Division  the  duties  and \nresponsibilities  imposed  upon  the  Project  Director  by \nthis  Instruction.  The  Administrative  Management  Di\u00ac \nvision  in  the  Washington  office  shall  handle  all  prob\u00ac \nlems  arising  there  under  these  instructions* \nSupersedes  A. I*  #79 \nGeneral \nInstruction \non \nReporting \nInjuries \nProject  Employment  SO >5 \nWRA \nInjuries \nInjuries \nInverting \nLees  of  Time \nfrom  Work \nor  Private \nMedioal \nTreatment \nPrivate \nliedioal \nTreatment \n.60  Notice  of  any  injury  to  a  worker,  however  slight,  shall  be \nprepared  on  Form  CA-1.  Form  CA-1  shall  be  prepared  even \nIf a worker's disability from an injury continues after pay has stopped and if he wishes to claim compensation for the injury, Form CA-2 and Form CA-4, in addition to Form CA-1, shall be prepared for submitting the claim to the Commission.\n\nForm CA-4 shall be sent to the Commission upon the termination of the disability if the duration of the disability is less than 18 days after the worker's pay has stopped. The forms shall be sent to the Commission upon the expiration of 18 days after the injury.\nWorkers must stop receiving pay if they are still unable to return to duties. A. Form CA-4 should be accompanied by Forms CA-1 and CA-2 when submitted to the Commission. B. In each case where CA-4 has been filed with the Commission, Form CA-8 must be prepared and submitted semi-monthly as long as the worker's disability continues. C. In cases where neither Form CA-2 nor Form CA-4 indicates that the worker returned to duty, Form CA-3 should be prepared and sent to the Commission when the worker's disability terminates. It is not necessary to prepare and submit Form CA-3 to the Commission if the termination date of the worker's disability or return to work is shown on Form CA-2 or CA-4. D. In all hernia cases, Form CA-32 should accompany Form CA-4 when submitted to the Commission.\nIf the medical facilities of the War Relocation Authority are not available or adequate for treating an injury, private medical facilities may be used to protect and treat the worker under the conditions specified in Section 50.5*54 hereof. A claim shall be made against the Commission for the cost of hospitalization and medical care where private medical facilities are utilized. Forms CA-1 and CA-2 shall be prepared and transmitted to the Commission. Where these forms are filed with the Commission for the purpose of claiming the cost of medical care, it will be unnecessary to file additional copies of such forms if a claim is made by the evacuee for cash compensation.\n\nIn cases where there is no doubt concerning the worker's right to receive medical care under the provisions of this order.\nThe Compensation Act mandates that the Project Director issue an original and a copy of Special Form CA-16 to the requested physician or hospital for providing medical treatment or hospital care. Special Form CA-16 serves as the physician's or hospital's authority for rendering services on behalf of the Commission, and the Commission will only pay charges in the absence of such authority.\n\nIn cases of doubt regarding compensability of an injury, the Project Director shall authorize necessary medical treatment and care by a private physician or hospital. Following the medical examination and further investigation, if the Project Director has no doubt that the injury is compensable, no further action is required.\nIf the injury is compensable, the Project Director shall issue Special Form CA-16 to the physician or hospital and request them to submit a claim for reimbursement to the Commission. If the Project Director has any doubt that the injury is compensable, they shall refer the facts to the Commission. Telegraph service, at the Commission's expense, shall be used for this purpose. Night letter service shall be used where practicable.\n\nIf the Commission finds the injury to be compensable, the Project Director shall request the physician or hospital to submit a claim for reimbursement to the Commission.\n\nCases where condensability is not in doubt:\n- Hernia\n\nCases where condensability is in doubt:\n- WRA\n\nIf the Project Director finds, or if the Commission rules, that the injury is not compensable, no further action is required.\n\nThis supersedes A.I. #79.\nProject Benefits: 50 >5\nChanges\nOf Physiols Special Nurses Dental Treatment penses incurred shall be paid pursuant to the sub-section on hospitalization and specialized consultation services away from the centers, in Section 30*2. D In all hernia cases, Form CA-32 shall be prepared and submitted to the Commission. No hernia operation at a private hospital shall be authorized by the Project Director at the expense of the Commission, except in an emergency due to strangulation or incarceration where it is clear that the complication is due to traumatic injury in performance of duty, the Project Director may authorize such an operation locally. The items of information requested on Form CA-32 shall be furnished in detail. S Authorization for medical treatment shall not be issued to more than one private physician. If a second physician is necessary, the attending physician shall be informed.\nThe authority has the power to procure necessary assistance. If a change in physicians is required, Special Form CA-16 will be issued to the new physician. The first physician should submit all charges to date on voucher Form S-69, in accordance with Paragraph H of this subsection, and the reasons for the change of physicians must be reported to the Commission.\n\nAttending physicians are authorized to engage special nurses when essential care is required. Written authorization from the Project Director is not necessary for the services of nurses engaged by the attending physician. The Commission's allowance for hospitalization covers all general nursing services. The necessity for special nurses must be shown in each case. Voucher Form S-69 shall be fully completed.\nNurses who wish to submit claims for services rendered must finish claims with the following certification: they were not employed on a salary basis by the attending physician or the hospital where the service was rendered. Approved by the attending physician, these vouchers shall be handled similarly for emergency dental treatment. No dental reconstruction work by private dentists will be authorized for the Commission's account without prior approval.\n\nThis supersedes A.I. #79. Protect Employment 50.5.\n\nThe Project Director is responsible for following up on all cases under private medical care, securing medical reports, and endorsing each voucher for medical services before it is sent to the Commission, certifying the services for which the claim is made.\nThis endorsement shall be made in the right margin of the original form:\n\n\"I certify that the services covered by this voucher were rendered as claimed.\n\nIndorsement\nof\nVoucher\nfor\nMedical\nCare\n(Title)\n\nThe voucher, when submitted to the Commission, shall be accompanied by the original Form CA-16 which authorized the performance of the services.\n\nWhere an injury sustained by a worker in the performance of duty results in death or is alleged to have caused the death of a worker, the Project Director shall notify the Commission immediately by telegraph. Night letter service shall be used where practicable. The following information shall be furnished to the Commission: \"\n(1) The full name of the deceased worker: [Name]\n(2) The name and location of the center where the worker was employed: [Name and Location of Center]\n(3) The date of the accident and a brief statement of the facts relating thereto: [Date and Description of Accident]\n(4) The name and address of the examining physician, a brief statement of his diagnosis, and a statement as to whether he recommends an autopsy: [Name and Address of Physician, Diagnosis, and Autopsy Recommendation]\n(5) A statement as to whether the worker\u2019s family will consent to an autopsy if one is desired by the United States Employees\u2019 Compensation Commission: [Statement Regarding Family Consent for Autopsy]\n\nInjuries Involving Death and Claims of Dependents of Evacuee Workers\n\nSupersedes A.I. #79\nProject Employment: 50.5\nWRA\n\n(6) A statement as to whether the Project Director has proceeded with funeral arrangements at expense of the Commission or whether a decision by the Commission is requested before he proceeds: [Statement Regarding Funeral Arrangements and Commission Decision]\nC. After receiving a telegraphic report of a Commission injury, Forms CA-2 and CA-3 should be prepared and sent to the Commission in all cases where a worker's injury results in death.\n\nD. Complete medical reports detailing the deceased's condition from the injury date to the death date, including clinical records, X-ray reports, laboratory findings, autopsy reports (if any), and the attending physician's opinion on the cause of death, must accompany the official reports in each case.\n\nE. A certified copy of the death certificate or coroner's report should also be sent to the Commission as soon as possible after the worker's death.\n\nF. If dependents claim compensation for an injured worker, Form CA-5 should be prepared.\nThe Commission will provide instructions for preparing Form CA-5 and the required documentary evidence to support the claims of the dependents.\n\nArrangements for a deceased worker's burial shall be as follows:\n\nIf there is no doubt that the injury sustained by the deceased was within the scope of the Compensation Act, the Project Director shall proceed with burial or cremation arrangements under the contract for funeral services obtained pursuant to Section 30.2. The contractor shall be requested to submit his claim for reimbursement to the Commission. The undertaker shall submit his claim to the Commission on Standard Voucher Form No. 1034. The voucher should be accompanied by Form CA-43, Affidavit of Undertaker, when transmitted to the Commission.\nWhere there is doubt as to whether the injury sustained by the deceased worker was within the scope of the Compensation Act, the Project Director shall not request the undertaker to submit his claim to the Commission without its approval, but shall request authorization from the Commission to do so in making his telegraphic report of the death. If the Commission rules that the claim is not compensable, the undertaker's claim for reimbursement will be paid by the Authority in accordance with Section 30.2. Form CA-42 shall be prepared and submitted to the Commission in each case where the undertaker submits his claim to the Commission.\n\nSupersedes A. I. #79\nWRA Manual\nMegs Operations 5Q6\nIn all centers administered by the War Relocation Authority, evacuee residents are served their meals in mess halls operated by the Authority. It is the WRA policy to provide at these mess halls food in quantity and quality comparable to that available to the general public. Foodstuffs are procured through the U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps under the specifications used for Army mess procurement, unless they conflict with or exceed WRA policy. The foodstuffs are then issued to mess kitchens under strict control as to kind and quantity of food served. All rationing regulations applicable to the general civilian population of the United States are strictly applied in the operation of WRA. If regulations affecting the public are modified, corresponding modifications will be made by WRA.\n\nPolicy on Meals Served\nEvacuees in Centers\nMess operations at each center will be the responsibility of the Mess Operations Section of the Administrative Management Division.\n\nMess Operations Section:\n\n1. Meals served to evacuees at the center will be based on menus prepared by the Evacuee Menu Maker in conjunction with and with the approval of the Chief Project Steward. The Chief Project Steward will forward monthly the menus for the previous month to the Chief of Mess Operations, along with any suggestions he may have for improvements in meal planning at his own or other relocation centers.\n2. For the detailed procurement procedures, see Section 20.6 of this Handbook.\n\nThe Chief Project Steward shall prepare requisitions for food, based on the component and rationing requirements of the approved menus and the population at the center. Requisitions will be submitted to the Supply Department.\nOfficer is responsible for counter-signing and transmitting purchase requests to the Procurement Office in a timely manner to ensure satisfactory delivery. Staple articles will be procured from the U.S. Quartermaster Depot stock. These Depots will also procure special items. Perishables will be procured directly from market centers.\n\nFoodstuff Procurement\n\n.5 The Chief Medical Officer will submit requisitions, through the Chief Project Steward, for supplies of pablum, S.M.A., and infant cereals as required to be dispensed upon physician's prescription by the Mess Hall Mother. Baby Foods\n\nSupersedes Issuance of Release # 130\nWRA' Manual Mess Operations 50.6\n\nFood for Use Other Than at Mess\n\nPureed baby foods must be prepared from project supplies. The Health Section shall also requisition and distribute Cod Liver Oil and all other vitamin preparations.\nThe cost of Cod Liver Oil shall not be included in the cost of subsistence. Centers may designate Block Kitchens and select Mess Hall Mothers to assist in the preparation and serving of special diets for infants and children's food. The preparation and issuance of these foods shall be at the mess halls, except for cases requiring feeding at the hospital.\n\nFood for Home Economics classes shall be issued by the Chief Project Steward. Rationed food for this purpose must come from the Center\u2019s regular allowances and must be limited as much as possible. Centers are prohibited from securing additional food ration points for any purpose from local boards. All requisitions must be drawn up by the Chief Project Steward, regardless of whether the food is to be used in the mess, hospital, or Home Economics classes, or off the Center (See 50.10.9).\nSupersedes Issuance 12/10/43 Release \u00a7 130 WRA Manual Mess Operations 5.6\nAll Centers shall plan mess operations to have tvro meatless days per week at both evacuee and administrative messes. This complies with the present national policy for civilian and civilian institutions. The Centers shall designate their own meatless days and may change the schedule at will to provide for observances of holidays and other special occasions.\n\n.10 The Chief Project Steward shall make the following reports and submissions to the Director in Washington, attention of the Chief of Mess Operations.\nA. Center menus for the previous month.\nB. Copies of all requisitions submitted to Quartermaster Depots and Market Centers.\nC. Report on the inventory of all subsistence supplies on hand.\nMonthly report on production of processed foods.\n\n1. The Chief Project Steward shall have direct responsibility for operating the subsistence warehouses. All warehousing staff will be on the payrolls of the Mess Operations and will be administratively responsible to the Chief Project Steward. Technical advice on procedures will be given by the Property Control and Warehousing Section upon request of the Chief Project Steward.\n2. Food inventories at Centers must not exceed US days' normal requirements. Whenever the inventory exceeds US days' supply, steps should be taken at once to reduce it. U.S. Quartermaster facilities may be used to dispose of surpluses.\n3. So long as deliveries are satisfactorily maintained, a US days' supply of rationed and unrationed staple food should be sufficient as a maximum inventory.\nMaintenance of supplies at this level will ensure a normal inventory of staple foods. This supersedes the issuance of 12/10/U3 Release # 15.15 days' carry-over as protection against delayed deliveries. In determining the maximum points allowed for a 15-day inventory, add (1) administrative personnel based on the number of meals served divided by three times the number of days in the month, and (2) Military Police if provided for at the Centers. The total strength thus arrived at should be multiplied by the allowable US points (the Processed Foods allowed for one month by OPA). This result will determine the number of points allowable for a 30-day period inventory.\nA 15-day inventory of Processed Foods, Meats and Dairy Products, Oils, etc., requires calculating one half of the 30-day total to determine the allowable points. Use a 16-point-per-week value for Meats and Dairy Products, Oils, etc. Calculate requisitions to prevent incoming items from exceeding the L5-day point level as of any particular date. No points will be granted for requisitions exceeding the total value for the covered period.\n\nA contributing factor to the growth of excess inventories is the automatic reordering of identical quantities of staple foods monthly, disregarding actual consumption figures or current inventory position. To assist Project Stewards in more accurately managing inventories, calculate as follows:\n\n1. Determine the 15-day point total for Processed Foods, Meats and Dairy Products, Oils, etc. by calculating one half of the 30-day total.\n2. Use a 16-point-per-week value for Meats and Dairy Products, Oils, etc. when calculating the 15-day inventory.\n3. Ensure that incoming requisitions do not exceed the L5-day point level as of any particular date.\n4. Do not grant points for requisitions that exceed the total value for the covered period.\nAll Centers are constructed and instructed to complete Requisition Forms QMC-hOO and L01, showing for each item requisitioned, quantities \"on hand\" and \"due,\" and quantities \"consumed.\"\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 12/10/U3\nRelease # 17\n\nWRA Manual\n\nInformation Useful to Evacuees 50-9\n\n\u2022 It is improbable that evacuees in a relocation center will acquire a voting residence in the State and county where the center is located. However, it is probable that they may vote by absentee ballot in the State and county from which they were evacuated, if properly registered there. This question is discussed in full in Solicitor\u2019s Opinion No. 20, which also outlines procedures for registration and absentee voting in the evacuated States. It is important that all evacuees be advised of their rights in this connection.\nWith registration and voting, and implementation of necessary procedures. Project Directors shall ensure these facts are given publicity to center evacuee residents. In most cases, it will be desirable for evacuees who held state professional licenses to continue these licenses in effect, wherever it is possible for them to do so. Each evacuee will need to consider whether they want to continue their license to practice as a doctor, lawyer, dentist, nurse, barber, etc. No definite assurance can be given that the States issuing the various licenses held by evacuees will renew them. However, it is important that all licensed evacuees be advised of the licensing provisions of State Laws so they will have adequate information upon which they can make decisions about attempting to renew their licenses each year. Relevant provisions of the laws of:\nArizona, California, Oregon, and Washington are summarized in Solicitor\u2019s Opinion No. 39. This information should be brought to the attention of all evacuee residents of centers.\n\nIn accordance with the War Relocation Authority's policy to encourage evacuees to seek employment outside of the centers, and in recognition of the difficulty evacuees might encounter in obtaining War Ration Books, the following procedure for the issuance of ration books to evacuees has been worked out with the Office of Price Administration:\n\nSpecial panels will be appointed for the Ration Boards nearest each relocation center. One of the members of the panel will be a present member of the Board. The other two members will be the Project Director or Assistant Project Director and one other appointive employee of the center nominated by the Project Director.\nSupersedes Issuance of 9/25/33\nRelease # 178\n\nVoting Rights for Evacuees Renewal of Evacuees' Licenses War Ration Books for Evacuees Leaving Centers WRA Manual Information Useful to Evacuees\n\nBenefits for Evacuees\n\nAll necessary forms will be provided by the responsible local board. Clerical help and incidental supplies will be furnished by the center. The authority and activities of the panel will be limited to the issuance of War Ration Books I, II, IH, and special shoe certificates. All detailed procedures for the operation of the panel will be supplied by the member of the responsible Board.\n\nThe Washington Office of Price Administration has requested all State Directors to cooperate with the WRA Project Directors in setting up these special panels.\n\nPersons evacuated from military areas and now residing\n\n(Note: This text appears to be incomplete and may require additional context to fully understand. However, based on the given requirements, the text has been cleaned as much as possible while preserving the original content.)\n\nSupersedes the issuance of 9/25/33 Release # 178\n\nVoting Rights for Evacuees\nRenewal of Evacuees' Licenses\nWar Ration Books for Evacuees Leaving Centers\nWRA Manual\nInformation Useful to Evacuees\n\nBenefits for Evacuees\n\nAll necessary forms will be provided by the responsible local board. Clerical help and incidental supplies will be furnished by the center. The authority and activities of the panel will be limited to the issuance of War Ration Books I, II, IH, and special shoe certificates. Detailed procedures for the operation of the panel will be supplied by the member of the responsible Board.\n\nThe Washington Office of Price Administration has requested all State Directors to cooperate with the WRA Project Directors in setting up these special panels.\n\nPersons evacuated from military areas and now residing\nin  relocation  centers  are  entitled  to  the  benefits  of \nthe  Old  Age  and  Survivors  Insurance  provisions  of  the \nFederal  Social  Security  Act,  if  otherwise  eligible.  A \nnumber  of  evacuees  who  could  not  be  reached  by  the  So\u00ac \ncial  Security  Board  were  eligible  for  these  benefits. \nFurthermore,  Social  Security  payments  were  being  sent \nto  other  persons  prior  to  their  evacuation,  whose  later \naddresses  were  not  reported  to  the  Board,  and  delivery \nof  checks  was  held  up  for  them.  This  information  should \nbe  circulated  to  residents  of  relocation  centers:  all \npersons  who  believe  they  are  eligible  to  receive,  or  to \nresume  receiving  Social  Security  benefits,  should  make \napplication  at  the  nearest  office  of  the  Social  Secur\u00ac \nity  Board.  The  office  of  the  Board  nearest  each  relo\u00ac \ncation  center  is  as  follows?  (Corarrunications  should  be \nsent  to  MSocial  Security  Board*1  at  each  address.) \nCenter \nManzanar, Tule Lake, Gila River, Colorado River, Minidoka, Social Security Board Office, Federal Building, Los Angeles, California, 921 Main Street, Klamath Falls, Oregon, 122 South Central Avenue, Phoenix, Arizona, 120j North Cortex, Prescott, Arizona, 229 Main Avenue, West, Twin Falls, Idaho, Central Utah, 8 South Main Street, Richfield, Utah, Heart Mountain, Post Office Building, Caper, Wyoming, Granada, Post Office Building, Pueblo, Colorado, Rohwer, Poet Office Building, Pine Bluff, Arkansas, The Bureau of Internal Revenue has ruled that the following payments to evacuees in accordance with current Administrative Instructions of the War Relocation Authority, whether paid by the War Relocation Authority, by consumer enterprises, or by any other employer, must be reported for tax purposes.\nA. Wages\nB. Clothing allowances paid to employed evacuees\nC. Subsistence furnished evacuees, including food, housing, medical care, and education\nD. Public assistance grants\nE. Unemployment compensation\nF. Clothing allowances paid to involuntarily unemployed evacuees\nG. Travel grants for evacuees granted leave\n\nPayments to evacuees in accordance with current Administrative Instructions of the War Relocation Authority should not be regarded as income for income tax purposes:\n\n- Wages\n- Clothing allowances paid to employed evacuees\n- Subsistence (food, housing, medical care, and education)\n- Public assistance grants\n- Unemployment compensation\n- Clothing allowances paid to involuntarily unemployed evacuees\n- Travel grants for evacuees granted leave\n\nThis information is useful for evacuees in preparing income tax returns.\n\nIncome Tax Liability of Evacuees\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 9/25/U3 Release # 178\n\nWRA Manual\nInformation Useful to Evacuees 50,9\n\nWithholding\nExemptions for Evacuees on Leave, Section 6 of the Current Tax Payment Act of 1933, Public Law 68 of the 78th Congress, approved June 9, 1933, as amended by the Individual Income Tax Act of 1931, Public Law No. 315, 78th Congress, approved May 29, 1935, provides for a \"Family Status Withholding Exemption\"; and the withholding tax provided for by the law applies only to the amount of wages in excess of this exemption. To enable an employer to determine the amount of the exemption to which an employee is entitled, it is necessary for the employee to advise the employer of the number of his dependents. Treasury Form W-4 must be used for this purpose. Several changes were made in the Federal Income Tax laws with respect to personal exemptions and credits for dependents due to amendments adopted in 1935. Federal Income Taxes.\nA: There are two types of individual Federal income taxes\u2014 the normal tax and the surtax (For 1942 and later years, the Victory Tax has been abolished,)\n\nNormal Tax:\nExemption: $500 for each taxpayer, or $1,000 on a joint return if one spouse's adjusted gross income is less than $500, in which case the normal tax exemption is $500 plus the adjusted gross income of that spouse.\n\nNo credit for dependents for normal tax purposes,\n\nC: Surtax exemptions are $500 for the taxpayer, $500 for their spouse if a joint return is filed or if the spouse has no gross income and is not the dependent of another person, and $500 for each dependent whose gross income for the tax year is less than $500.\nFor tax purposes, a dependent is a person:\n1. Whose gross income for the calendar year of the tax payer's taxable year is under $500;\n2. More than half of whose support for that calendar year was received from the tax payer; and\n3. With whom the tax payer is related in one of the following relationships: children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren, stepchildren (but not their children), brothers, sisters, stepbrothers, sisters, half-brothers, half-sisters, parents, grandparents, great-grandparents, stepfather, stepmother (but not their parents), nephews, nieces, uncles, aunts, or in-laws (son, daughter, father, mother, brother, or sister).\n\nSupersedes Issuance 9/25 A3\nRelease # 1?8\n\nChildren, grandchildren, great-grandchildren, etc.\nStepchildren (but not their children)\nBrothers and sisters\nStepbrothers and sisters\nHalf-brothers and half-sisters\nParents, grandparents, great-grandparents, etc.\nStepfather or stepmother (but not their parents)\nNephews and nieces.\nUncles and aunts.\n\"In-laws\u201d \u2014 son, daughter, father, mother, brother, or sister.\nThe terms \"brother\" and \"sister\" include a brother or sister of the half blood, or a legally adopted child. The above relationships apply to a child the same as if he or she were a child by blood. Remote relatives, such as cousins, do not provide a dependency exemption. Instructions from the Bureau of Internal Revenue also deny the credit to an aunt, uncle, niece, or nephew if related to the taxpayer only by marriage. Non-resident aliens cannot be dependents they are residents of Canada or Mexico.\n\nWhether the children (or other dependents related to the taxpayer in the manner indicated in C above) of an evacuee on leave who remain at the center are dependents for the purpose of the withholding tax is governed by this section and depends on whether the evacuee is their chief support. It has been informally indicated by the Bureau.\nThe Bureau of Internal Revenue will consider an evacuee as the chief supporter of children only if they contribute more than 50% of the total cost of their support. However, since the government provides food, housing, medical attention, and often clothing to the children remaining at the center, they are usually not dependent. This determination must be made separately for each case, considering all relevant circumstances. If several children are involved and the amount contributed is less than 0% of the total cost but more than 50% of the cost of supporting one child, the evacuee may treat their contributions as being made for the support of a specific child.\nThe Servicemen's Dependents Allowance Act of 1912, as amended, provides for allowances to the dependents of enlisted persons in the armed forces. Dependency of Class A relatives supersedes Issuance of 12/27Ah and Release \u00a7 178. WRA Manual.\n\nInformation Useful to Evacuees (wives, some divorced wives, and children) is assumed to have citizenship. They are eligible and a mandatory deduction from the enlisted man\u2019s pay is required when a family allowance for this class of dependents has been approved following proof of relationship. Dependent Class B or B1 relatives (parents, brothers, and sisters) may be eligible for allowances if they meet certain criteria.\n\nChildren in Centers Whose Parent(s) are on Leave:\n\nDependents of Men in the Armed Forces:\n\nBenefits Available to Dependents:\n\nProof of Citizenship (wives, some divorced wives, and children) is assumed.\n\nThey are eligible and a deduction from the enlisted man\u2019s pay is mandatory when a family allowance for this class of dependents has been approved following proof of relationship. Dependent Class B or B1 relatives (parents, brothers, and sisters) may be eligible for allowances if they meet certain criteria.\nThe soldier applies or agrees to the application, and if the relationship and actual dependency for a substantial (Class B) or the chief (Class Bl) portion of the dependent's support is established by acceptable evidence. Parents may include grandparents, step-parents, adoptive or substitute parents of the soldier or his spouse. Brothers and sisters may include half brothers, half sisters, step-brothers, step-sisters, and adoptive brothers or sisters who are under 18 years of age and are unmarried or are over 18 years of age and are incapacitated.\n\nThe War Department has ruled that the fact that Class B and Bl dependents of Japanese nationality reside in a relocation center, where food, shelter, and medical care are furnished by the Government, does not render them ineligible for an allowance, provided all the other eligibility requirements are met.\nThe question of dependency will be decided by the War Department in each case after consideration of all circumstances affecting the individuals concerned. Family relationship must be established by evidence acceptable to the Office of Dependency Benefits of the War Department. Such evidence may include certificates of marriage records and affidavits of eye witnesses, as well as other documentary proof of modification of marital status and relationship. Kinds of proof of relationship, age, and status of children may include certified copies of birth records, court decrees, written acknowledgements, etc. The status of stepchildren or fosterchildren may be shown by the marriage record of the parent to the soldier, by proof of residence in the soldier\u2019s household, and/or by affidavits of the stepchildren or fosterchildren themselves.\nTwo persons knowing the facts: Married children aged 18 or above, except for certain incapacitated ones, are not considered dependents. A foster child must have lived under parental control for at least a year prior to enlistment or induction. C. The facts relating to a family or person's dependency on a soldier for support must be presented. Substitutes Issuance of 12/27/U*\nRelease # 178\nWRA Manual\nInformation Useful to Evacuees 50.9\nand substantiated to the satisfaction of the War Department. In addition to proof of relationship, age, and status, dependency must be established by those who may be eligible for Class B or B1 allowances. Such proof should be presented by the signed and witnessed facts outlined in the dependency certificate, W.D., A.G.O., Form No. 620. D. Dependents other than wife or children who look to the soldier for support.\nthe  soldier  for  chief  support  (fifty  percent  or  more \nof  their  requirements)  are  Class  B1  dependents  and \nmay  receive  allotments  based  on  a  scale  of  amounts \nwhich  are  higher  than  the  amount  for  those  -who  look \nto  the  soldier  for  only  substantial  support.  Dep\u00ac \nendents  living  in  a  center  probably  receive  more \nthan  half  of  their  support  from  the  War  Relocation \nAuthority,  but  relocation  may  result  in  an  increase \nin  the  amount  of  dependency  so  that  they  may  prove \ndependency  for  chief  support  upon  the  proper  presen\u00ac \ntation  of  the  new  facts. \nProof  of \nDependency, \nClass  B \nor  B1 \nClass  B1 \nDependents \nE.  Dependents  other  than  wife  or  children  who  look  to \nthe  soldier  for  substantial  support  are  Class  B  de\u00ac \npendents  and  may  receive  a  monthly  allowance  of  $37 \nprovided  a  need  for  such  substantial  support  is \nestablished  by  acceptable  evidence.  The  act  pro\u00ac \nThe soldier contributes $22, deducted from his pay, which is matched by $22 from the Office of Dependency Benefits to make the Class B payment of $37. If the additional support needed is $22 or less, the Office of Dependency Benefits may not consider the application favorably, as the $22 could be given to the family by the soldier as a voluntary allotment of pay.\n\nThe Office of Dependency Benefits does not make public its gauges for determining amounts of need in monetary terms or percentages that might be considered substantial. The basic data for determining this factor in the information requested by the certificate of dependency, W.D., A.G.O. Form 620, specifically the entries under numbers U, 5, and 6. A simple and direct entry for number U might give the average monthly living expenses as $ _ per month above food, shelter, and medical care.\nClass B Dependents Substantial Support Applications for allowances may be filed by either the soldier or his relatives or dependents for Dependency Benefits, W.G., A.G.O. Form No. 625. The application should be made by the soldier where practicable. The American Red Cross has been designated by the Army as the official agency to render service to men in the Armed forces and their families and will assist soldiers and families in preparing applications for allowances. However, it may be necessary for applicants to substantiate the amount entered by a breakdown of the various items of expense making up this amount. Initial Family Allowance G. Applications for allowances: soldiers or their relatives or dependents may file for Dependency Benefits, W.G., A.G.O., Form No. 625. The soldier should file where practicable. The American Red Cross assists soldiers and families in preparing applications. Applicants must provide a breakdown of expenses to substantiate the entered amount.\nThe Welfare Section at each center should assume responsibility for assisting evacuees in preparing applications. In providing these services, the Welfare Section will cooperate with the Red Cross unit at the center.\n\nThose eligible for Class B benefits may become eligible for Class B1 benefits upon resettling outside centers, and those not eligible in a center might, under certain circumstances, become eligible after leaving. Changes in the family composition of dependents and significant changes in expenses or income should be promptly reported on \"Report of Change of Status and Address,\" W.D., A.G.O. Form No. 6UL.\n\nCorrespondence about family allowances should be addressed to: Office of Dependency Benefits, 213 Washington Street, Newark 2, New Jersey, and it should include the name of the serviceman.\narmy  serial  number,  the  application  (X)  number  of \nfamily  allowance,  and  the  family\u2019s  correct  address. \nI.  The  Servicemen\u2019s  Dependents  Allowance  Act  of  19U2 \nprovides  for  an  initial  family  allowance  for  Class \nA  and  Class  B1  dependents  for  the  month  in  which  an \nenlisted  man  enters  a  pay  status.  Class  B  depend\u00ac \nents  are  not  eligible  for  an  initial  allowance \nand  this  class  in  addition  to  the  wives  and  child-  * \nren  will  include  the  largest  group  of  those  eli\u00ac \ngible  among  the  residents  of  the  centers. \nSupersedes  Issuance  of  10/lU/UU \nRelease  #  159 \nWRA  Manual \nInformation  Useful  to  Evacuees  \u00a30*9 \nThe  initial  family  allowance  is  paid  to  a  desig\u00ac \nnated  dependent  (wife,  child,  parent,  brother, \nor  sister)  only  when  a  written  application  is \nfiled  by  the  enlisted  man  within  IS  days  after \nthe  date  of  his  entry  into  active  service  in  a \nThe full amount of an initial family allowance is paid by the Government, with no reduction or charge to the pay of the enlisted man. No monthly family allowance is paid for the month in which an initial family allowance is paid.\n\nUnder Public Law U90, approved March 7, 1912, as amended December 21, 1912, dependency allotments may be authorized to provide support for dependents of Army personnel officially reported missing, missing in action, beleaguered, besieged, interned in a neutral country, or captured by the enemy. Such payments may be a continuation of allotments previously made, an increased allotment, or a new allotment. Eligible relatives may arrange to obtain a family allowance during the absence of an enlisted man by filing the official application and submitting it.\nApplications and correspondence regarding dependency allotments should generally be submitted to the Office of Special Settlement Accounts, Office of the Fiscal Director, 27 Wall Street, New York 5, New York. References to the following publications should provide answers to most questions about Dependency Benefits and Allotments:\n\n* \"The A B C of Dependency Benefits,\" Office of Dependency Benefits, 213 Washington Street, Newark 2, New Jersey\n* \"Family Allowances and Allotments of Pay for Soldiers' Dependents,\" Booklet FA, War Department, Office of Dependency Benefits\n* Army Regulations No. 33-35HO, Finance Department, Family Allowances, Enlisted Men, War Department, Washington 2$, D.C., January 5, 1945\n\nDependency Allotments\nAdditional Info rotation\nSupersedes Issuance of 10/12/1944\nRelease $ 159\nWRA Manual\nInformation useful to evacuees: 50*9\n\nThe first two booklets listed above have been supplied to each center for the use of the Welfare Section. A copy of the Army Regulations can be procured from nearly any military post, probably from the office of the military police attached to the center.\n\nInformation on Military Service:\n\nPersons of Japanese ancestry living in the United States are subject to all provisions of the Selective Service and Training Act of 1940, as amended. The Project Directors and Relocation Officers should bring the following information to the attention of the evacuees.\n\nRequirements of Registration and Reporting:\n\nChange of Address:\nPlace of Residence:\nReporting for Induction:\n\nEvacuees are required to register with the appropriate selective service local board under precisely the same conditions as other persons.\nSubject to the Selective Service and Training Act. After registration, they are required to keep the board informed of all changes of address. Young men approaching their 18th birthday should be informed of their duty to register upon turning 18. Male evacuees of military age should be reminded, when indefinite leave is issued to them, of their duty to advise their local boards of their change of address and of all future changes. Failure by a person subject to the Selective Service and Training Act to register or to keep his local board informed of changes of address is a violation of the Act and the regulations issued pursuant to it. Evacuees living in WRA centers at the time they register under the Selective Service and Training Act should give the center as their \"Place of residence\" on Line 2 of the registration.\nC. Failure to report for induction when called and efforts to persuade others not to report for induction are violations of Federal statutes.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 10/1h/hh\nRelease # 159\n\nInformation Useful to Evacuees 5>0,9\nWRA Manual\n\nThe Project Directors and Relocation Officers will report all cases involving violations of the Selective Service and Training Act that come to their attention to the appropriate authorities, and will cooperate with those authorities thereafter in investigating and prosecuting the cases.\n\nD. Japanese-American soldiers in uniform may go into the evacuated area without escort when on active duty, leave, or furlough, subject to the permission of their Commanding Officers.\n\nE. Japanese-Americans may volunteer for service in the armed forces. Female evacuees may volunteer for service in the WAC or the U.S. Cadet Nurses Corps.\nEvacuees absent from a center, whether on indefinite or seasonal leave, who have been accepted for service with the armed forces following pre-induction physical examination under the recently revised selective service regulations, or who have been inducted and assigned to the Enlisted Reserve, may return to the relocation centers pending call to report for active duty. Those who have passed pre-induction physical examinations and wish to be visitors will be required to pay for food and lodging during the period of residence. It will not be the policy of the War Relocation Authority to require them to be visitors. If they wish to be residents, they are to be re-inducted into the center. Evacuees inducted into the armed forces and assigned to the Enlisted Reserve Corps will be considered non-paying visitors.\nIf any such person applies to a Relocation Officer for return to a relocation center, upon production of his certificate of fitness indicating that he has been accepted for service in the armed forces, or upon production of evidence indicating that he has been accepted by the Army and assigned to the Enlisted Reserves in Evacuated Areas as Volunteers, he shall be certified for return to a relocation center. If he returns without first obtaining such certification, the Project Director shall admit him as a resident upon production of such a certificate of fitness or evidence of having been accepted and assigned to the Enlisted Reserves. A recommendation is not necessary.\nNot thereafter obtained from the Relocation Officer under Section 60.3.18-B or Section 60.U.21-B of the Handbook. Upon admission to the center, the evacuee shall be required to surrender his leave card in accordance with Section 60.3.18-C or Section 60.U.21-C of the Leave Handbook.\n\nG. The War Relocation Authority will not generally approve the induction or reinduction to relocation centers of discharged servicemen of Japanese descent, unless in the Project Director\u2019s opinion it is not practical to work out a satisfactory plan outside the center. In such a case, the Project Director may, in his discretion, reinduct or induce discharged servicemen. We want to encourage these servicemen to continue to exercise their full rights and duties as American citizens in normal American communities.\n\nInduction and Reinduction of Medically Discharged Servicemen.\nSufficient facilities are available in communities to assist the veteran in his economic and medical rehabilitation. The Veterans Administration and government organizations cooperating with this agency, notably the USES, are fully equipped to handle his problems. Additional assistance, where necessary, can be given by the Relocation Offices of WRA and by their cooperating committees and already existing local welfare and health organizations. In situations where the reuniting of the serviceman with his family is desirable, the WRA is ready to assist the family in relocating to the city where the serviceman chooses to reside.\n\nIf the serviceman needs an opportunity to be with his family at the center in order to develop relocation plans, he will be granted a visitors' pass.\n\nC-1934\nPlans Amended\nIRVRA Manual\nSupersedes Issuance of 11/9/44\nRelease # 159\nInformation useful to evacuees: permit for one month and will not be required to pay for food and lodging during this residence at the center. During this period, the assistance of the Relocation Division, Welfare Section and Hospital, through the medical social worker, will be extended to help in relocation planning. Even though the family may not be prepared to leave at the time the serviceman visit to the center terminates, he should be advised to proceed to the camp of his choice which has been worked out on the basis of a \"Community Invitation Plan\" or \"Advance Approval Plan.\" Dependents of men in the armed forces who are on indefinite leave and who are unable to make an adjustment outside a center may be inducted into a center on the same basis as other persons who have been granted indefinite leave. (See)\nHandbook Section 60, U, 21: The War Relocation Authority (WRA) will encourage Japanese Americans to continue living outside relocation centers. When they apply for permission to return, Relocation Officers will inform them of benefits as dependents of armed forces men (Section 50, 9.7), and WRA and Social Security Board assistance for indefinite leave (Handbook Section 60, 13 and Administrative Notice T). The War Relocation Authority operates fully with the Selective Service System in applying selective service procedures to Nisei evacuees for induction into the Armed Forces of the United States. Responsible WRA officials at relocation centers.\nAnd in the field will assist in expediting, all oracticable ways, the prompt reporting of acceptable registrants for pre-induction physical examinations and inductions. This supersedes the issuance of 11/9/44 Release jf 159.\n\nResidence of Dependents WRA Assistance in Induction of Evacuees WRA Manual Information Useful to Evacuees 50*9\n\nDeferment of Services by registrants from relocation centers to outside communities, between outside communities, or back to the relocation centers should be discouraged, ordinarily, when the registrants are expecting early calls for examinations or inductions in the communities from which they are planning to depart.\n\nJ. No action designed to influence induction of an evacuee will be taken by any WRA office or member of the WRA staff; nor, on the other hand, will any action be taken to influence deferment.\nExcept in cases where there is evidence that severe personal hardship or serious impairment to the work program of an essential war industry would result from induction, and the request for deferment merits more thorough and equitable consideration than it has received. Deferment cases referred to by evacuees or employers to representatives of the WRA for advice and assistance should be handled locally, if possible, with the counsel and cooperation of Selective Service officials in the communities and states where they arise. All relations with National Selective Service will be handled through the Washington WRA office, which will assist relocation centers and relocation offices in obtaining interpretations of Selective Service policy with regard to special problems of inter-agency relationships not amenable to local resolution.\nSolution: Cases may be referred to the Washington office when local efforts to resolve them are unsuccessful, and when relocation officers or other WRA staff consider them worthy of further attention. In submitting a deferment case for review by the Washington office, full information should be given on all matters pertaining to it. This information should include: (1) applicant's name, age, address, and order number, (2) number, relationships, and places of residence of dependents, if any, (3) relocation center where applicant formerly resided, (4) address and number of local Selective Service board with which he is registered, (5) description of employment, (6) date employment began.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 12/7/UU\nRelease # 159\nWRA Manual\nInformation Useful To Evacuees i?0.9\n(7) Name and address of employer or, if applicant is self-employed, a complete description of his enterprise. Full details should also be given regarding the basis for the deferment request, including a report on what the applicant has done to obtain a deferment through regular Selective Service channels. No action will be taken by the Washington office on any case which has not been fully presented and appealed in accordance with Selective Service regulations. If the application has been considered by a local USDA War Board or any other government agency properly interested in it, the statement of the agency should accompany the other information.\n\nSelective Service registrants who have been inducted into the Enlisted Reserve Corps are under the jurisdiction of the Army. A member of the Enlisted Reserve Corps is:\nReserve Corps who move away from the place where they resided at the time of induction must promptly report their change of address to the Commanding General of the Army Service Command in the area where they were inducted. Similar notifications must be given for all subsequent changes of address within the jurisdiction of the same Service Command. If they move to the jurisdiction of another Service Command, this Service Command must be promptly notified if they move again. Failure to give prompt notification to the Service Command of proper jurisdiction may lead to serious charges.\n\nA. Regulations of the Department of Justice require that all Japanese nationals must receive advance permission from the appropriate United States Attorney to travel from their place of residence. There are only two exceptions to this requirement:\nIn the case of an alien departing from a center on leave granted by the War Relocation Authority, no travel permission is required from the United States Attorney for the judicial district in which the center is located.\n\nIn the case of an alien obtaining short-term leave for the purpose of investigating relocation opportunities and then returning to the center, no travel permission is required if the alien's approved itinerary is adhered to and no more than one destination is involved.\nIn all cases, including travel from the specified destination to another or back to a center, and regardless of the type of leave issued, whether short-term, seasonal, or indefinite, advance travel permission must be secured from the United States Attorney for the judicial district in which the alien is located. In addition to obtaining advance travel permission to move to a new address, aliens are required to inform the Alien Registration Division, Immigration and Naturalization Service, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and the field office of the Federal Bureau of Investigation mentioned in the alien\u2019s certificate of identification of the new address within five days after arrival. The Alien Registration Division has its own form for reporting change of address of aliens.\nThe \"Address Record Card - Alien Registration\" is known as Form AR-11 and is obtainable at any Post Office. A common postcard is used to notify the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Aliens are likewise required to notify these offices of any change of employment (Handbook 60.3*9, 60.U.9A-U, 60.U.11). For reporting a change of address as a result of evacuation, see Manual 80.2.3*.\n\nThe importance of complying with the requirements set forth in paragraphs A and B above shall be emphasized to alien evacuees at all appropriate times. The requirements and the importance of compliance by aliens on leave shall be explained to the Center Relocation Planning Commission, the Community Council, and other center evacuee organizations interested in relocation with a request for their cooperation in advising the evacuees. When alien evacuees depart from a center.\nThey shall be given written instructions in English and Japanese, in addition to oral instructions, making the Department of Justice requirements clear. Supersedes IS 159. Unce of 7/20/UL final. WRA Manual. Information Useful to Evacuees 50-9.\n\n.10 The Migratory Bird Treaty Act (16 U.S.C. 703-711) makes it unlawful to hunt, capture, kill, sell, buy, or transport any migratory bird protected by the migratory bird treaties with Great Britain and Mexico, or to attempt to do so. A violation of this provision is a misdemeanor punishable by fine (up to $500) or imprisonment (up to six months) or both.\n\nThis law is applicable to evacuees in relocation centers.\n\nA list of the migratory birds protected by the migratory bird treaties is attached.\n\nMigratory Bird Treaties\nBIRDS PROTECTED BY MIGRATORY BIRD TREATIES\n\nLoons: Ducks:\nCormorant loon and subspecies\nYellow-billed loon, Pacific loon, Red-throated loon, Holboell grebe, Homed grebe, Eared grebe, Western grebe, Pied-billed grebe, Slender-billed shearwater, Black-Dented shearwater, Greater shearwater, Cory shearwater, Atlantio fulmar and subspecies, Rodgers fulmar, Fork-tailed petrel, Leach petrel and subspecies, Kaeding petrel, Wilson petrel, Sooty shearwater, Great blue heron and subspecies, American egret, Snowy egret and subspecies, Little blue heron, Green heron and subspecies, American bittern, Eastern least bittern and subspecies, Cory least bittern, Whistling swan, Trumpeter swan, Canada goose and subspecies, American brant, Black brant, Bamaole goose, Emperor goose, White-fronted goose and subspecies, Snow goose and subspecies, Blue goose, Ross goose, Black-bellied tree duck, Fulvous tree duck and subspecies, Mallard and subspecies, New Mexican duck and subspecies.\nBlack duck, Florida duck, Gadwall, European wigeon, Baldpate, American pintail and subspecies, European teal, Green-winged teal, Blue-winged teal, Cinnamon teal, Shoveler, Wood duck, Redhead, Ring-necked duck, Canvasback, Greater scaup, Lesser scaup, American goldeneye and subspecies, Barrow goldeneye, Bufflehead, Oldsquaw, Harlequin duck and subspecies, Labrador duck, Seller eider, Northern elder and subspecies, American eider and subspecies, Pacific eider, King eider, White-winged scoter, Surf scoter, American scoter, Ruddy duck, Masked duck, Hooded merganser, Red-breasted merganser, Cranes: Whooping crane, Little brown crane, Sandhill crane and subspecies, Rails and Gallinules: King rail, Virginia rail and subspecies, Sora, Yellow rail, Black rail and subspecies, Farallon rail, Corncrake, Purple gallinule, Florida gallinule, American coot, Shorebirds: Black oystercatcher, Lapwing.\nPiping plover, Western snowy plover, Semipalmated plover, Wilson's plover, Mountain plover, Killdeer, Golden plover, Black-bellied plover, Surfbird, Turnstone, Black turnstone, American woodcock, European woodcock, Wilson's snipe, Long-billed curlew, Hudson's curlew, Eskimo curlew, Upland plover, Spotted sandpiper, Solitary sandpiper, Wandering tattler, Willet, Greater yellowlegs, Lesser yellowlegs, Knot, Purple sandpiper, Sharp-tailed sandpiper, Pewtional sandpiper, Whimbrel, Baird sandpiper, Least sandpiper, Curlew sandpiper, Dunlin, Dowitcher, Stilt sandpiper, Sanderling, Avocet, Jaspersoon's stilt, Red phalarope, Wilson's phalarope, Northern phalarope, Skuas and Jaegers: Pomarine jaeger.\nParasitic jaeger, Long-tailed jaeger, Northern skua, Glaucous gull and subspecies, Iceland gull, Glaucous-winged gull, Kumlien gull, Great black-backed gull, Western gull and subspecies, Herring gull and subspecies, Vega gull, California gull, Ring-billed gull, Short-billed gull, Franklin gull, Bonaparte gull, Hoermann gull, Ivory gull, Atlantic kittiwake and subspecies, Red-legged kittiwake, Ross gull, Sabine gull, Forster tern, Common tern, Arctic tern, Roseate tern, Caspian tern, Black tern, Great auk, Razor-billed auk, Atlantic murre and subspecies, Brunnich murre and subspecies, Dovekie, Black guillemot and subspecies, Mandt guillemot, Pigeon guillemot, Marbled murrelet, Ancient murrelet, Cassin auklet, Auklet\n\nWoodpeckers: [Continued]\nParakeet auklet, Least auklet, Rhinoceros auklet, Atlantic puffin and subspecies, Homed puffin, Tufted puffin, Band-tailed pigeon and subspecies, Red-billed pigeon and subspecies.\nMourning dove, Passenger pigeon, White-winged dove and subspecies, White-fronted dove and subspecies, Ground dove and subspecies, Cuckoos: Yellow-billed cuckoo and subspecies, Blade-billed cuckoo, Goatsuckers: Chuck-will's-widow, Whippoorwill and subspecies, Poorwill and subspecies, Texas nighthawk and subspecies, Swifts: Black swift, Chimney swift, Vaux swift, White-throated swift, Hummingbirds: Ruby-throated hummingbird, Anna's hummingbird, Broad-tailed hummingbird and subspecies, Rufous hummingbird, Allen's hummingbird and subspecies, Calliope hummingbird, Rivoli's hummingbird, Blue-throated hummingbird and subspecies, Buff-bellied hummingbird and subspecies, White-eared hummingbird, Broad-billed hummingbird and subspecies, Woodpeckers: Flicker and subspecies, Red-shafted flicker and subspecies, Red-bellied woodpecker, Red-headed woodpecker and subspecies, Lewis woodpecker, Yellow-bellied sap sucker.\nRed-breasted sapsucker, Williamson's sapsucker, Hairy woodpecker, Downy woodpecker, Arctic three-toed woodpecker, American three-toed woodpecker, Eastern kingbird, Couch's kingbird, Arkansas kingbird, Cassin kingbird, Scissor-tailed flycatcher, Sulphur-bellied flycatcher, Crested flycatcher, Arizona crested flycatcher, Ash-throated flycatcher, Olivaceous flycatcher, Eastern phoebe, Black phoebe, Say's phoebe, Yellow-bellied flycatcher, Acadian flycatcher, Alder flycatcher, Least flycatcher, Hammond flycatcher, Wright's flycatcher, Gray flycatcher, Western flycatcher, Buff-breasted flycatcher, Coues flycatcher, Eastern wood-pewee, Western wood-pewee, Olive-sided flycatcher, Vermillion flycatcher\nBeardless flycatcher and subspecies:\nHomed lark and subspecies\nSwallows:\nNorthern violet-green swallow\nTree swallow\nBank swallow\nRough-winged swallow and subspecies\nBarn swallow\nCliff swallow and subspecies\nCuban cliff swallow and subspecies\nPurple martin and subspecies\nGray-breasted martin\n\nTitmice:\nBlack-capped chickadee and subspecies\nHouse wren and subspecies\nBridled titmouse and subspecies\n\nNuthatches:\nWhite-breasted nuthatch and subspecies\nRed-breasted nuthatch\nCreeper:\nBrown creeper and subspecies\n\nWrens:\nHouse wren and subspecies\nWinter wren and subspecies\nAleutian wren and subspecies\nAlaska wren and subspecies\nLong-billed marsh wren and subspecies\nShort-billed marsh wren\nRook wren and subspecies\n\nMockingbirds and Thrashers:\nEastern mockingbird and subspecies\nCatbird\nBrown thrasher and subspecies\nSage thrasher\nBenjamin thrasher\n\nThrushes:\nAmerican robin and subspecies\nVaried thrush and subspecies\nWood thrush\nHermit thrush and subspecies\nRusset-backed thrush, subspecies Gray-checked thrush, Veery and its subspecies, Eastern bluebird and its subspecies, Western bluebird and its subspecies, Mountain bluebird, Wheatear and its subspecies, Townsend solitaire, Gnateater, Blue-gray gnatcatcher and its subspecies, Kinglets (Golden-crowned kinglet and its subspecies, Ruby-crowned kinglet and its subspecies), Wagtails and Pipits (American pipit and its subspecies, Sprague pipit), Waxwings (Bohemian waxwing, Cedar waxwing), Phainopeplas (Phainopepla and its subspecies), Shrikes (Northern shrike and its subspecies, Loggerhead shrike and its subspecies), Vireos (Black-capped vireo, White-eyed vireo and its subspecies, Hutton vireo and its subspecies, Bell vireo and its subspecies, Gray vireo, Yellow-throated vireo, Blue-headed vireo and its subspecies, Red-eyed vireo, Philadelphia vireo, Warbling vireo and its subspecies), Warblers (Black-and-white warbler, Prothonotary warbler, Swainson's warbler, Worm-eating warbler, Golden-winged warbler, Blue-winged warbler, Tennessee warbler)\nOrange-crowned warbler, Nashville warbler, Virginia warbler, Colima warbler, Lucy warbler, Parole warbler, Sennett warbler, Olive warbler, Yellow warbler, Magnolia warbler, Cape May warbler, Black-throated blue warbler, Myrtle warbler, Audubon warbler, Black-throated gray warbler, Townsend warbler, Golden-cheeked warbler, Hermit warbler, Cerulean warbler, Blackburnian warbler, Yellow-throated warbler and subspecies, Grace warbler and subspecies, Chestnut-sided warbler, Black-throated green warbler and subspecies, Bay-breasted warbler, Blackpoll warbler, Pine warbler and subspecies, Portland warbler, Prairie warbler and subspecies, Palm warbler and subspecies, Ovenbird and subspecies, Northern waterthrush and subspecies, Louisiana waterthrush, Kentucky warbler, Connecticut warbler, Mourning warbler, Magellanic warbler.\nYellow-throated Warbler and subspecies\nRio Grande Yellow-throated Warbler and subspecies\nYellow-breasted Chat and subspecies\nRed-faced Warbler\nHooded Warbler\nWilson's Warbler and subspecies\nCanada Warbler\nAmerican Redstart\nFainting Redstart\nMeadowlarks, Orioles, and Blackbirds*\nBobolink\nEastern Meadowlark subspecies\nWestern Meadowlark subspecies\nYellow-headed Blackbird\nEastern Redwing and subspecies\nBicolor Redwing\nTricolor Redwing\nOrchard Oriole\nSennett's Oriole and subspecies\nScott's Oriole\nBaltimore Oriole\nBullock's Oriole\nBrewer's Blackbird and subspecies\nBoat-tailed Grackle and subspecies\nEastern Cowbird and subspecies (x)\nRed-eyed Cowbird and subspecies\nTanagers\nWestern Tanager\nScarlet Tanager\nHepatic Tanager and subspecies\nSumner Tanager and subspecies\nGrosbeaks, Finches, Sparrows*, Buntings\nPainted Bunting and subspecies\nDiucisel\nEvening Grosbeak and subspecies\nCassin's Purple Finch\nEurasian Eagle-Owl Finch and subspecies\nSharpe's Seedeater and subspecies\nPine Grosbeak and subspecies\nNorthern pine siskin, Eastern goldfinch, Arkansas goldfinch, Lawrence goldfinch, Red crossbill, Green-tailed towhee, Arctic towhee, Lark bunting, Savannah sparrow, Belding sparrow, Large-billed sparrow, Grasshopper sparrow, Baird sparrow, Leconte sparrow, Vesper sparrow, Lark yarrow, Botteri sparrow, Cassin sparrow, Black-throated sparrow, Northern sage sparrow, Slate-colored junco, Oregon junco, Finsch-sided junco, Gray-headed junco, Rod-backed junco, Arizona junco, Chipping sparrow, Clay-colored sparrow, Brewer sparrow, Field sparrow, Black-chinned sparrow, White-crowned sparrow, Gambel sparrow, Nutall's sparrow, Golden-crowned sparrow, White-throated sparrow, Fox sparrow.\nLincoln sparrow, Swamp sparrow, Song sparrow and subspecies, Mourning dove with an eight-and-a-half inch purple breast, Chestnut-sided warbler with a long spur, Rose-breasted grosbeak, Black-headed grosbeak and subspecies, Blue grosbeak and subspecies, Indigo bunting, Lazuli bunting, and Varied bunting and subspecies.\n\nStatement of Services Provided by Legal Aid Societies for Evacuees Lacking Financial Means\nPrepared by the Executive Committee of the National Association of Legal Aid Organizations\n\nExhibit I:\nLegal Aid Societies can provide the following services to evacuees who lack the financial means to employ a lawyer:\n\n1. Advice and consultation as to their legal rights and duties.\n2. Representation in court or before administrative agencies.\n3. Assistance in preparing and filing applications, petitions, and other legal documents.\n4. Negotiation and drafting of contracts and other agreements.\n5. Referral to other agencies or professionals when necessary.\n\nExhibit II:\nList of Legal Aid Societies with Addresses and Secretaries:\n\n[List of Legal Aid Societies]\n\nThe National Association of Legal Aid Organizations is supplying each of its affiliates with a copy of this statement to ensure they are informed in the event an evacuee is referred for legal assistance.\nA and evacuees still residing in relocation centers who need legal services should be directed to the provisions outlined in Section 50.U. However, Project Attorneys may refer a case involving an evacuee who does not have funds to employ an attorney to one of the Legal Aid Societies (50.Li.10B). B, evacuees, as well as those still residing in relocation centers, who are unable to pay for the services of an attorney shall be advised that they are eligible to receive legal aid as provided in this subsection, upon direct application to the appropriate Society.\nThe Federal Explosives Act, approved December 26, 1912 (50 U.S.C. \u00a7 121 to \u00a7 122), provides that, with certain exceptions not relevant here, no person shall distribute, sell, issue, give, or otherwise dispose of explosives, and no person shall possess, purchase, accept, receive, acquire, or use explosives unless licensed by the Director of the Bureau of Mines.\n\nPossession and Use of Explosives\n\nThe regulations of the Bureau of Mines, issued under the authority of the Federal Explosives Act, provide that no person will be licensed to use or possess explosives if he is prohibited from using or possessing them by regulation or proclamation of the War Department or other Federal agency.\n\nPossession and Use of Explosives (Circumstances.)\nPersons under supervision are not permitted, under the Act, to use or possess explosives if such use or possession is prohibited by the regulations of any Federal agency. These regulations apply to both citizens and aliens.\n\nPresidential Proclamation 225 and the regulations issued by the Department of Justice pursuant to it forbid the use or possession of explosives or their ingredients byaliens of Japanese nationality anywhere within the United States, except upon specific authorization of a United States Attorney.\n\nAliens of Japanese nationality may apply for permission to use or possess explosives to the United States Attorney in the area where the use or possession would occur.\n\nCivilian Restrictive Order No. 33 prescribes a similar restriction applicable to all persons (citizens and aliens).\nAnd aliens who have been served with individual exclusion orders while within the area of the Western Defense Command are prohibited from using or possessing explosives. The order prescribes no procedure for exceptions, although applications for exceptions may be made to the Commanding General of the Western Defense Command. Alien evacuees and all evacuees in the Western Defense Command area who are subject to individual exclusion orders are therefore prohibited from using or possessing explosives, and their employers are prohibited from allowing them to use or possess explosives in connection with their work. Explosives Inspectors of the Bureau of Mines have reported, however, that in some instances evacuees have been employed for work involving the use of explosives in violation of the foregoing regulations. The Project Directors and Relocation Officers should ensure compliance with these regulations.\nProspective employers and evacuees subject to individual exclusion orders should be made aware of these prohibitions regarding the use of explosives with alien evacuees.\n\nRelease # 178\nEXHIBIT I\nLEGAL AID SERVICE AND THE WAR RELOCATION AUTHORITY\n\nPurpose and Nature\nLegal aid organizations provide the services of a lawyer to any person with a legal problem who is unable to employ one due to lack of means. The service covers both advice and representation in court and generally covers all types of civil matters, with a few exceptions dictated by local circumstances. Some of these organizations also handle criminal matters.\n\nThe National Association of Legal Aid Organizations is a voluntary association of approximately sixty of these organizations.\nWithin the scope of its objectives, the organization will cooperate with the Viar Relocation Authority in meeting the need of Americans of Japanese ancestry for legal services and will encourage its member organizations to offer their services accordingly. Among the more common problems requiring legal aid are installment contracts, wage claims, landlord and tenant, recovery of personal property, small loans, family relations, and workmen\u2019s compensation.\n\nMembers of the National Association of Legal Aid Organizations:\n\nLegal Aid Foundation\n440 Cotton Exchange Bldg*\n106 Host Third St*\nLos Angeles, California\nEdwin F. Frank**, Esq.\n\nLegal Aid Society of Alameda County\nOakland, California\nSamuel H. Wagoner, Esq.\n\nLegal Aid Society\n1160 Phelan Bldg*\nSan Francisco, California\nAlex Sherriffs, Esq.\n\n**Note: Corrected misspelled names.\nLegal Aid Bureau, United Charities\n330 South Wells St, Chicago, Illinois\nMrs. Marguerite H. Gariepy, Legal Aid Society\n314 Fourteenth St, Denver, Colorado\nPaul F. Toy, Esq., Legal Aid Division\nDept. of Public Charities, Public Welfare Bldg\nBridgeport, Connecticut\nOscar H. Dannenberg, Esq., Municipal Legal Aid Bureau\nCity Hall, New Haven, Connecticut\nMax H. Sobwartz, Esq., Duval County Legal Aid Assn\n400 Consolidated Bldg, Jacksonville, Florida\nL.G. Boyce, Esq., Legal Aid Bureau, District of Columbia\nWashington DC\nMiss Beatrice A. Clephane, Legal Aid Bureau, Baltimore\n234 Union Street, New Bedford, Massachusetts\nC. Connor, Esq., Legal Aid Committee of the Tampa & Hillsborough Co\n315 Franklin St, Tampa, Florida\nW. Marion Hendry, Chair, Atlanta Legal Aid Society\nFulton County Court House, Atlanta, Georgia\nMrs. Frances C. Dwyer, Legal Aid Society\n224 North Meridian St, Indianapolis, Indiana\nGeorge W. Eggleston, Esq., Legal Aid Dept. of the Jewish Social Service Bureau\n130 North Wells St, Chicago, Illinois, 6\nMrs. Sarah B. Sohaar, Legal Aid Bureau\nMunicipal Bldg, Hartford, Connecticut\nAlfred F. Kotohen, Esq., Legal Aid Dept., Polk County, Dept. of Social Welfare\n701 Fifth Ave, Des Moines, Iowa\nHoward M. Hall, Esq., The Legal Aid Society, Louisville\n312 Realty Bldg, Louisville, Kentucky\nEmnet R. Field, Esq., Legal Aid Bureau (Civil Div.)\n602 United Fruit Co Bldg, New Orleans, La.\nEugene Thorpe, Esq., Legal Aid Committee, Dade County Bar Assn.\n52 West Flagler St, Miami, Florida\nMax R. Silver, Esq., The Boston Legal Aid Society\n16A Ashburton Place, Boston, Massachusetts\nRaynor M. Gardiner, Esq., Legal Aid Society\n82 State St.\nAlbany, New York\nArthur J. Harvey, Esq.\nThe Legal Aid Society of Springfield, Inc.\n145 State St.\nSpringfield, Massachusetts\nMrs. Gertrude D. Meaney\nHarvard Legal Aid Bureau, Inc.\nKendall House, 1563 Massachusetts Ave.\nCambridge, Massachusetts\nDiscontinued for the duration\nLegal Aid Bureau of the Family Service Association\n306 Association of Commerce Building\nGrand Rapids, Michigan\nRichard C. Annis, Esq.\nLegal Aid Bureau\n416 Prudential Building\nBuffalo, NY\nElmer C. Miller, Esq.\nLegal Aid Bureau\n572 Hollister Building\nLansing, Michigan\nJohn Rattin, Esq.\nThe Legal Aid Society of Minneapolis, Inc.\n200 Citizens Aid Building\nMinneapolis, Minnesota\nRichard H. Bachelder, Esq.\nLegal Aid Society\n25 Exchange St.\nRochester, NY\nEmery A. Brownell, Esq.\nLegal Aid Bureau\nDepartment of Public Welfare\n353 Municipal Courts Building\nSt. Louis, Missouri\nMilton C. Lauenstein, Esq.\nDuke University Legal Aid Clinic Law Library Durham, North Carolina John S. Bradway, Esq. Legal Aid Society 614 Fidelity Bldg. Cleveland 14, Ohio Claude E. Clarke, Esq. Legal Aid Clinic Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio Miss Margaret L. Daehler Free Legal Aid Bureau Universityional Building Dallas, Texas Mabel Spellman Barber Legal Aid Coranitteo Perth Amboy Barr Assn. 280 Hobart St. Perth Amboy, NJ Matthew F. Melko, Esq. Legal Aid Bureau 51 West Warren Ave. Detroit 1, Michigan Anthony P. Marcello, Esq. Legal Aid Committee Suffolk County Barr Assn. 45 West Main St. Bay Shore, NY Julia L. Seider, Chmn. The Legal Aid Society 11 Park Plaza New York 7, NY Louis Fabricant, Esq. National Desertion Bureau 71 West 47th St. New York, NY Charles Zunzer, Esq. Legal Aid Dept., of the Family Service of St. Paul Wilder Bldg. St. Paul 2, Minnesota\nRobert MoGuigan, Esq.\nLegal Aid Bureau\nCity Hall\nKansas City, Missouri\n\nOtto Bowen, Esq.\nLegal Aid Committee\nFamily Service Society of Yorkers\n55 South Broadway\nYonkers, New York\n\nMiss Julia V. Grandin, Gen. 1st Sey.\nLegal Aid Society\n312 West Ninth St.\nCincinnati, Ohio\n\nGeorge H. Silverman, Esq.\nLegal Aid Society\n100 North Main St.\nProvidence, RI\n\nLeRoy G. Pilling, Esq.\nThe Family Welfare Society of Greater Greenville\nGreenville, South Carolina\n\nMrs. H. Merrills Lewis\nLegal Aid Society\nBeason Building\nSalt Lake City, Utah\n\nBenjamin Spence, Esq.\nRelease # 178\nWRA Manual\nInformation Useful for Evacuees\n\nThe Selective Service Act provides that any person who is inducted into the land or naval forces under the Selective Service Act after May 1, 1940, and who, when so inducted, was an employee of the United States or any State or political subdivision thereof, shall be entitled to the same pay and allowances as he would have been entitled to if he had not been so inducted.\n\n.13 The Selective Service Act also provides that any person who is inducted into the land or naval forces under the Selective Service Act after May 1, 1940, and who, when so inducted, was a student in a school, college, or university, shall be entitled to the same pay and allowances as he would have been entitled to if he had not been so inducted, and in addition thereto, he shall be entitled to receive from the United States a monthly allowance of twenty-five dollars for not more than ten months. This allowance shall be paid to him in equal monthly installments during the period for which he is entitled thereto. The first payment shall be made not later than thirty days after the date of his induction, and the subsequent payments shall be made on the first day of each month following the month in which he was inducted.\n\nThe Selective Service Act further provides that any person who is inducted into the land or naval forces under the Selective Service Act after May 1, 1940, and who, when so inducted, was a member of a labor organization, shall be entitled to receive from the United States a monthly allowance of twenty-five dollars for not more than ten months. This allowance shall be paid to him in equal monthly installments during the period for which he is entitled thereto. The first payment shall be made not later than thirty days after the date of his induction, and the subsequent payments shall be made on the first day of each month following the month in which he was inducted.\n\nThe Selective Service Act also provides that any person who is inducted into the land or naval forces under the Selective Service Act after May 1, 1940, and who, when so inducted, was a farmer, shall be entitled to receive from the United States a monthly allowance of twenty-five dollars for not more than ten months. This allowance shall be paid to him in equal monthly installments during the period for which he is entitled thereto. The first payment shall be made not later than thirty days after the date of his induction, and the subsequent payments shall be made on the first day of each month following the month in which he was inducted.\n\nThe Selective Service Act further provides that any person who is inducted into the land or naval forces under the Selective Service Act after May 1, 1940, and who, when so inducted, was a person engaged in the business of harvesting permanent crops, shall be entitled to receive from the United States a monthly allowance of twenty-five dollars for not more than ten months. This allowance shall be paid to him in equal monthly installments during the period for which he is entitled thereto. The first payment shall be made not later than thirty days after the date of his induction, and the subsequent payments shall be made on the first day of each month following the month in which he was inducted.\n\nThe Selective Service Act also provides that any person who is inducted into the land or naval forces under the Selective Service Act after May 1, 1940, and who, when so inducted, was a person engaged in the business of raising livestock, shall be entitled to receive from the United States a monthly allowance of twenty-five dollars for not more than ten months. This\nStates government or a private employer, unless the employer's circumstances have significantly changed to make such restoration impossible or unreasonable, shall restore the employee to his position or to a position of equal seniority, status, and pay, if:\n\n1. He has left such position (other than a temporary one) to perform his training and service; and\n2. He has received a certificate attesting to the satisfactory termination of his services; and\n3. He is still qualified to perform the duties of such position; and\n4. He applies for reemployment within 40 days after he is relieved from training or service.\n\nThe Act also states that it is the sense of Congress that the employee of any State or subdivision thereof should be restored to his position or to a position of equal seniority, status, and pay under the same conditions.\nAny person restored to his position shall not lose seniority and is entitled to participate in insurance and other benefits as though he had been on furlough or leave of absence. An employer cannot discharge an employee without cause within one year after reemployment.\n\nReemployment Benefits\nUnder the Selective Service Act\n\nAn employee may bring an action against a non-complying employer in the District Court of the United States. The court may require the employer to comply with the law's provisions and compensate the employee for any wages or benefits lost due to the employer's failure to restore him to his former position.\n\nNo fees or court costs will be taxed against the employee, and he may call upon the United States District Attorney to act as his attorney in the case. The United States\nThe District Attorney will represent him in the amicable adjustment of the claim or in the filing and prosecution of any motion, petition, or other pleading to specifically require the employer to restore the employee to his job, if the United States Attorney is reasonably satisfied that the employer is entitled to it.\n\nRelease #184 C-2t6t-p3-nobu-F Inal\nJRA - Rationing 50.10\n\nThe War Relocation Authority, registered with the Office of Price Administration under General Ration Order No. 5 as an institutional user of rationed foods, is bound by all regulations governing such users and is entitled to rationed food allowances accorded such users. Administratively, however, the Authority has elected to place restrictions on the consumption of rationed foods in Centers greater than those imposed by OPA on institutions.\nThe Chief Steward and staff in Relocation Centers must limit per capita consumption of certain foods to the allowances established or recommended by the Office of Price Administration for individual civilian consumers. These allowances are lower than those for institutional users and apply to both Evacuee and Administrative Messes. It is crucial that the Chief Project Steward and his team stay informed on OPA regulations and ensure compliance. The Washington Office will transmit all available material to Centers as soon as it is issued. The Chief Project Steward shall be kept informed of all rationing procedures issued by the OPA Office to institutional users. In order for evacuees to understand the rationing program and its application to their Center,\nThe Chief Project Steward should arrange for posting copies of civilian rationing regulations in all kitchens and mess halls. Food rationing authority, as well as authority to ration other commodities, was vested in the War Production Board by Executive Order No. 9024, January 16, 1942, and Executive Order No. 9040, January 24, 1942. These rationing powers, as they affected particular commodities, were delegated to the Office of Price Administration by War Production Board Directive No. 1 and subsequent supplementary directives, and these delegations were confirmed by Executive Order No. 9125, April 7, 1942. However, the Secretary of Agriculture was subsequently vested with all priorities and allocations control of food by Executive Order No. 9280, December 5, 1942. The Secretary of Agriculture continued the War Production Board's policy of delegating.\nThe food rationing authority was transferred to the Office of Price Administration by superseding WPB's food directives and issuing new directives authorizing food rationing by OPA. This change in food control administration was effected by Executive Order No. 9322, March 26, 1943. The Secretary's priorities allocations powers were transferred to the Administrator of the Food Production and Distribution Administration.\n\nEffective dates of the several OPA Rationing Orders affecting foods:\n\nWRA (Policy, Legal Basis, for Rationing, Registration and Allotment Procedures, Base Period, Point Factors)\nTOA (Rationing) - Processed Foods - March 1, 1943 (R.O. No. 13)\nTOA (Rationing) - Meats, Fats, Fish, and Dairy Products - March 15, 1943 (R.O. No. 16)\n\nThe War Relocation Authority's participation in compulsory rationing of foods dates from its registration with the OPA.\nOffice of Price Administration, as an institutional user, registered in March 1943. Since registration with OPA, the Authority has been subject to all regulations applicable to institutional users. The regulations define an institutional use as any use by a person of rationed food in the preparation of food for serving consumers, except for households in which a limited number of boarders are served. Institutional users are classified into three groups: Group I - consisting of those with #10 pool ration books, such as boarding houses; Group II - institutions of involuntary confinement; Group III - hotels, restaurants, etc. The War Relocation Authority has been classified as a Group II institutional user.\n\nThe registration and allotment procedures to be followed by WRA are as follows:\n\nA. Initial allotments of ration points or quotas to institutions:\n1. Each institution shall submit a registration form to the local rationing board.\n2. The rationing board shall determine the initial allotment of ration points or quotas based on the number of persons to be served and the type of food to be prepared.\n3. The rationing board shall issue a ration book or ration coupons to the institution.\n\nB. Monthly allotments of ration points or quotas:\n1. Each month, the institution shall submit a report to the rationing board, stating the number of persons served during the previous month and the type and quantity of rationed food used.\n2. The rationing board shall adjust the institution's allotment of ration points or quotas based on the report.\n\nC. Reallocation of ration points or quotas:\n1. If an institution fails to use its entire allotment of ration points or quotas during a month, the unused amount may be reallocated to other institutions.\n2. If an institution requires additional ration points or quotas, it may apply to the rationing board for a reallocation.\n\nD. Penalties for violation of rationing regulations:\n1. Institutions that violate rationing regulations may be subject to penalties, including fines and the revocation of their rationing privileges.\nInstitutional users' allotments were based on the number of persons served during specific periods. Allotments for July-August, 1943 were based on April and May, 1943 meal counts. The base period for future allotments will be the most recent two months for which meal count figures are available.\n\nA. In computing initial allotments, the number of persons served during December, 1942 was multiplied by the following factors:\n\n(1) Processed Foods - 0.6 point per person served\n(2) Sugar - 0.03 pound per person served\n(3) Meat - 0.93 point per person served\n\nFor initial allotment periods of two months, the results obtained above were multiplied by two. (The initial allotment for meat was for the period March 29 to April 30, 1943, thirty-three days; therefore, the monthly quota was multiplied by 1.1). Effective with:\n\n(This text appears to be complete and readable, requiring no cleaning.)\nThe allotments for the July-August period, the aggregate meal count for April and May, 1943 was multiplied by the factors referred to above. This supersedes A.I. # 33. WRA Manual. Rationing 50.10 (C.UB).\n\nBy the factors referred to above, not to be used in the computation of allowable quotas for center consumption. Instead, the current quotas for individual civilian users must be used as the maximum permissible per capita consumption.\n\nInstitutional users were charged by OPA with the point or pound value of all inventories of rationed or to-be-rationed foods which were on hand at specified dates. For processed foods and sugar, this date was February 28, 1943; for meats, March 28, 1943.\n\nFor the purpose of computing the point value of such inventories, the following figures were used:\n\n(1) Canned and bottled foods, dried peas and beans: 11 points per pound.\nFrozen foods: 13 points per pound.\nDried and dehydrated fruits, soups and soup mixes: 18 points per pound.\nMeat, canned fish, cheese, butter, margarine, shortening and oils: 5 points per pound.\nThese figures are not to be used in computing the point value of Center inventories or issues. Instead, the current point values as shown by OPA Official Tables of Point Values MUST BE USED (See 50.10.5).\nAt the time of registration, it was disclosed that excess inventories of processed foods were on hand in most Centers. This was partly because rationing greatly reduced permissible consumption of processed foods. Liquidation of these excess inventories was necessary before OPA would authorize further purchases of rationed processed foods on the scale indicated by the Authority\u2019s records of meals served.\nFirst ration point certificates\nfor processed foods were for 5Q\u00a3 of the indicated allocation. Further certificates for the purchase of rationed processed foods will be requested from OPA only as they become necessary. The liquidation of excess inventories is being accomplished primarily by:\n1. The normal processes of consumption\n2. Transfers between Centers\n3. The transfer of surpluses to Army establishments and other Government agencies. (OPA requires that in all such transfers, the receiving agency make prompt payment by ration check for the point or pound value of all rationed foods involved.)\n\nChecks should be made payable to the War Relocation Authority and should be forwarded promptly.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 12/10/43\nRelease # 130\n\nOpening Inventories\nWRA Manual\nRationing 50.10\n\nby centers to the Washington Office with a statement of foods covered by the transfer, in order\nThe WRA receives credit for: Ration Point Allotments. OPA makes allotments to institutional users for a two-month period. These allotments, based on meal counts as noted above, authorize the institutional user to consume specified quantities or point values during the allotment period. In the absence of excess inventories, the user is given a certificate for the amount of each allotment to be deposited in its ration bank account. Where excess inventories exist, OPA issues certificates authorizing purchases of additional rationed foods only upon showing by the user that such purchases are necessary to supplement existing inventories. Separate accounts are maintained for processed foods, sugar, and meat. Until excess inventories of processed foods are reduced, ration checks for processed foods will be issued to centers.\nCenters shall limit per capita consumption of rationed foods to current civilian quotas:\n\n1. Processed Foods: 10 points per week\n2. Meat, fats, fish, dairy products, and evaporated milk: one point per day\n3. Sugar: one-half pound per week\n\nThese quotas are maxima. Unused ratio points from previous periods may be accumulated and used during succeeding periods, possible during months with fresh fruits and vegetables.\n\nAny changes in quotas announced by the Office of Price Administration should be implemented by centers on the effective date specified by OPA.\nD. The Official Tables of Point Values issued by the OPA should be used to determine which foods are rationed and their current point value. Supersedes Issuance of 12/10/43, Release # 130, C-t774 PG bu. WRA kanuftl. Rationing 50.10.\n\nE. Currently, most changes in point values, as well as additions to and subtractions from the list of rationed foods, are announced early each month and incorporated in the revised Official Tables for that month.\n\n.6 Ration regulations affecting foodstuffs produced at WFA centers are as follows:\n\nA* Fruits and vegetables produced by centers are not subject to rationing as long as they are consumed without processing. Fruits and vegetables canned by centers acquire a point value of 4 points per pound. Centers must submit to the Chief of Mess Operations, Washington, a monthly report on production of processed fruits and vegetables.\nCenters should submit reports indicating items, quantities, and point values for vegetables, processed foods, and meats (lard included). Reports must reach Washington by the 8th of each month. Center-processed foods should be included in subsistence inventories at the indicated point value and designated as project-produced.\n\nAt present, milk, poultry, and eggs are not subject to rationing if consumed without processing.\n\nRationed meats and fats produced by centers must be assigned point values according to the OPA Official Table of Trade Point Values.\n\nMonthly reports on home-slaughtered, project-produced meats and fats, as well as custom-slaughtered, project-produced meats and fats, are required. Reports should indicate items, quantities, and point values for each. These reports must be submitted to the Chief of Mess Operations, Washington.\nBy the 8th of each month, project-produced meats and fats should be included in subsistence inventories at current point value and designated in inventory reports as project-produced. In requesting allotments of meat points, centers should deduct the estimated point value of home slaughtered, project-produced meat for the allotment period.\n\nSupersedes Issuance No. 12/10/43\nRelease # 130\n\nFoodstuffs\nProduced at\nCenters\n\nRationing: 50 \u00bd Q\nY/RA\n\n\u2022 Nine rationed foods will be supplied to the hospital or pharmacy for use in special diets upon written certification signed by the Chief Medical Officer, specifying the purpose to which such foods are to be put. Such issues will not be charged against ration quotas.\n\nCenters will be reimbursed for the point or pound value of such issues upon request to the Washington Office, supported by the certification mentioned above.\nThis procedure does not apply to ordinary issues to the hospital mess, which must be provided out of the consumption allowance for the Center (See 50.6.6).\n\nRationed Food for Hospital Supersedes A.I. # 33 WRA Manual\n\nShort-term Passes (50.11)\n\u2022 An eligible citizen evacuee desiring to leave a relocation area for a temporary period of more than 2 hours to attend to affairs requiring his presence outside the area, such as the serious illness or death of a relative, or for purposes such as investigation of a permanent relocation opportunity, interview with a prospective employer, or to look for permanent employment with privilege of return, may be issued a short-term pass. Form WRA-133 Rev*, for the time necessary to accomplish the purpose stated, but in no event for more than 30 days, except in\nAn eligible alien may be issued a short-term pass under the same conditions and for the same purposes set forth in section .1 hereof, except that the provisions of 50.11.6 governing notification to U.S. Attorneys and 50.11.7 requiring advance approval from the Department of Justice in the case of parolees and deportees shall be waived.\n\nA. A short-term pass to a destination in any area from which the applicant is excluded by military order shall not be granted under any circumstances unless he has received a permit for the proposed trip from the Western Defense Command.\n\nB. Any person designated by the War Department as ineligible for relocation shall be ineligible to receive a short-term pass without the approval of the War Department.\n\u2022U  A.  A  short-term  pass  shall  not  be  issued  for  pur\u00ac \nposes  of  seeking  or  accepting  temporary  or  sea\u00ac \nsonal  employment. \nB.  Departures  from  the  center  for  periods  of  2k \nhours  or  less  shall  be  governed  by  Manual  Sec\u00ac \nC.  No  evacuee  shall  be  eligible  for  more  than  three \nshort-term  passes  exceeding  5  days  except  under \none  of  the  following  conditions* \nSupersedes  Issuance  of  1/27/U5 \nRelease  \u00a7  172 \nPurpose \nIssuance \nto \nAliens \nIssuanoe \nto \nEaoludoes \nIssuance \nto \nDetainees \nConditions \nof \nIssuaxoe \nWRA  Manual \nShort-term  Passes  50.11 \nInformation \non \nPass \n(1)  Where  the  evacuee* s  presence  is  required  out\u00ac \nside  the  center  due  to  serious  illness  or  death \nof  a  family  member. \n(2)  For  &  trip  to  investigate  a  group  relocation  op\u00ac \nportunity  in  accordance  with  the  conditions  set \nforth  in  Handbook  Section  130.1*8 .11# \n(3)  Where,  in  the  opinion  of  the  Relocation  Program \nAn officer should not grant a short-term pass to an applicant under 21 years old, except in the following cases: (1) to accompany an older family member, (2) if the applicant is married and the head of a family, (3) in emergencies involving immediate family members or business matters requiring the applicant's personal attention, or (U) for the purpose of investigating relocation opportunities. An evacuee's absence is essential for the investigation of permanent relocation opportunities for themselves or their family, or to make advance arrangements, in accordance with a relocation plan discussed in detail with the Relocation Program Officer.\nFor each applicant who is considered a mature and responsible individual or has been accepted for service in the armed forces, and for each person departing from a center using a shore-term pass and for each person entering using a short-term pass or short-term leave, Form WRA-338 or WRA-339 shall be prepared as outlined in Manual 50.1.18. Departure and Admission Advices, WRA-178 and WRA-177, shall also be prepared in accordance with Handbook Section 50.8.30 and D.\n\nEvery short-term pass, WRA-133 Rev., issued under this Section 50.11 shall contain the following information:\n\nCenter Name _ _ _ _ _ Date of Issuance\nName _ _ _ _ _\nCitizenship\nAlien Registration\n\nThis supersedes the issuance of l/27A\u00a3\nRelease # 172\nWRA-133 Rev.\nWAR RELOCATION AUTHORITY\nSHORT-TERM PASS\nCenter Address _ Date of Authorized Departure Expiration Date\nCitizen /----/ Alien /--/ Alien Registration No. _ _ Re-\npurpose for which pass issued:\nItinerary (destinations and estimated stop-over at each destination):\nMode of travel Route of travel\n* Applicable to aliens: The travel set forth above has been permitted by the Department of Justice. Any travel thereafter or deviation in itinerary, except return to the center, may take place only with the permission of the United States Attorney for the judicial district in which the alien is located.\nProject Director\n\n(Reverse Side)\n\nNotice to Holder\nIf you do not return to the center by the expiration date noted on this pass, or if you accept employment, you will not be readmitted to the center unless you qualify as a visitor. If you decide not to return to the center and wish relocation assistance.\nApply to the nearest Relocation Officer for assistance before the expiration date of this pass and before or at the time of employment. Release # 167 IRA Manual Short-term Passes 50.11 Alien identification number, date of issue, date of expiration (not more than 30 days after departure), itinerary of evacuee, and purpose of the trip in detail. Mode of travel and routes to be traveled must be accurately specified.\n\nWhere a short-term pass is issued to an alien except as provided in paragraph B below, the Project Director shall notify the United States Attorney of the Judicial District in which the alien's destination is located concerning the name, description, last residence, and date of departure from the relocation center of such alien. A WRA-178 may be used for this purpose.\nDepartment of Justice has indicated in a letter that this notice will make it unnecessary for the alien to supply a change of address notice to the United States Attorney for the district in which the relocation center is located, as required by Department of Justice regulations controlling the conduct of enemy aliens (7 Fed. Reg. 8uu*). The Project Director shall inform the alien, in accordance with Department of Justice regulations, that any subsequent travel, except for return to the center, may take place only with the permission of the United States Attorney for the district in which the alien's destination is located.\n\nNotice to\nUnited States Attorney\nof Departure of Alien\n\nB. (1) Where a short-term pass is issued to an alien for the purpose of investigating relocation opportunities and there is more than one destination:\n\n1. The alien shall provide a written statement to the Project Director, indicating the destinations to be visited and the dates of departure and return.\n2. The Project Director shall forward this statement to the United States Attorney for each district in which the alien intends to travel.\n3. The United States Attorney for each district shall, within five working days after receipt of the statement, notify the Project Director in writing whether the alien may travel to that district.\n4. The alien may not travel to any district for which the United States Attorney has not granted permission.\n5. The alien shall carry a copy of this notice and the written permission from the United States Attorney with him at all times while traveling.\n\n(Department of Justice Regulations, 8 CFR 243.11(b)(1))\nThe Project Director shall notify the United States Attorney in each Judicial District where the alien plans to stop, providing the alien's name, description, last residence, date of departure from the Relocation Center, and itinerary, including cities and approximate length of time in each city, and return date. The Department of Justice has indicated that this notice will make it unnecessary for the alien to supply an address card to the United States Attorney for the district where the relocation center is located, and will also eliminate the need for the alien to obtain a travel permit for continuance of travel or return.\nTo the relocation center, from the United States Attorney for any Judicial District in which a stop-over is to be made, the alien shall follow the schedule set in \"The Itinerary\":\n\n1. The alien shall be furnished with the names and addresses of all United States Attorneys in whose districts a stop-over is contemplated by the itinerary. It is highly important that the alien be specifically instructed that in the event he departs in any respects from the itinerary, whether to accept a relocation opportunity or for any other reason:\n\n(a) He must immediately notify the United States Attorney for the District in which he is located and shall thereafter not undertake any subsequent travel, except to return to the center, without prior permission of the United States Attorney,\n\n(b) He must also immediately notify, by telegram:\nThe Project Director must notify other United States Attorneys, through whose District a stop-over was indicated on the itinerary, of any changes and reasons therefor.\n\nParoled Aliens and Deportees:\n\nWhen the Project Director is ready to issue a short-term pass to a paroled alien or to a person released under bond or on their own recognizance pending deportation, they shall follow the procedure specified in Section 60,U,12 of the Handbook, except for issuing a short-term pass of not more than 10 days to a paroled alien. In the latter case, the Project Director shall transmit in writing to the District Director of the Immigration and Naturalization Service within whose district the center is located, at the time of issuance of the leave.\nThe name of the parolee and the length of the leave release if 167. WRA Manual. Short-term pass \u00a30.11. The approved release date and departure date. Upon the paroled alien's return to the center, the District Director shall be promptly informed in writing of the date. The District Director shall also be promptly notified of any failure of the paroled alien to return within 10 days after departure. Any person leaving a center on a short-term pass or who is absent from the center on short-term leave issued under former procedures, who does not return to the center by the expiration date of the pass or leave (which will in no case be more than 30 days from the date of departure unless extended as provided in Section 50.11.9B), or who accepts employment during his absence from the center, shall not be eligible for parole.\nPersons not eligible to return to the center except as a visitor under the conditions specified in Manual Section 150.1.10. The Relocation Officer shall notify the Project Director of every case coming to his attention regarding acceptance of employment prior to expiration of the short-term pass.\n\nAny person leaving a center on a short-term pass or who is absent from the center on a short-term leave issued under former procedures, who decides to relocate without returning to the center, may secure relocation assistance on the same basis as a center resident, subject to the limitations set forth in Handbook 130.1*8, if they apply for such assistance before the expiration date of their short-term pass or leave and before or at the time they accept employment. This may include reimbursement for travel to their present location if that is where they intend to relocate.\nTo be eligible for relocation assistance, no person shall receive such assistance unless they apply before the expiration date of their short-term pass or at the time they accept employment. The application for relocation assistance must be made to the Relocation Officer in the field, not to the center. Upon approval of relocation assistance requests, the evacuee will be ineligible for reinduction to the center and for further relocation assistance.\n\nFailure to Return\nRelocation Assistance\n\nWRA Manual, Short-term Passes 50.11\n\nInformation on Condition of Pass\nShort-term pass for Relocation Planning\nExtension for Relocation Planning\n\nEach applicant for a short-term pass must be informed of the conditions set forth in subparagraphs A and B above when the pass is issued.\nA. Whenever a short-term pass is issued to an evacuee for any purpose connected with his relocation planning, the Relocation Program Officer shall forward to each Relocation Officer in whose district the evacuee plans to stop a copy of the short-term pass, stating the purpose of the pass. The Relocation Officer shall advise the evacuee prior to his departure to get in touch with him if it is feasible for him to do so, and shall inform the evacuee of the assistance and information that the Relocation Officer can give him concerning local conditions affecting relocation in the district, as well as employment, favorable or unfavorable business and farming opportunities, and arrangements with local agencies to assist in the resettlement problems of evacuees.\n\nB. If an evacuee who is outside a center on short-term passes returns to the district, the Relocation Officer shall assist him in securing permanent employment or temporary shelter, and shall provide him with information regarding local conditions and available services.\nA pass holder must apply to a Relocation Officer for an extension if they require additional time to complete necessary arrangements for their relocation plans or to receive approval or disapproval of their application. The Relocation Officer may extend the pass for a reasonable length of time, not exceeding 30 days beyond the original expiration date, if the request is deemed reasonable and the arrangements cannot be completed within the initial pass duration. When extending a pass, the Relocation Officer must make a notation on the pass, including the extension date.\nThe Relocation Officer shall immediately advise the Project Director at the evacuee center by wire, stating the reason for the extension and the new expiration date of a short-term pass (50.11.9B). No such extension may be granted by the Project Director without the approval of the Relocation Officer. Each extension of a short-term pass shall be reported by the Relocation Program Officer to the Statistics Section for record adjustments, including Gate records. Each case of a short-term pass being converted to an indefinite departure coming to the attention of the Relocation Program Officer must also be reported. (WRA Manual Short-term Passes 50.11)\nfor reporting relocation assistance, reports should be made to the Statistics Section instead of a Change of Status Advice, Form WRA-222, being prepared. In any case, the Statistics Section will automatically prepare a Form WRA-222 for each person away from the center on a short-term pass who does not return within ten days after expiration of their pass or extension, if no extension or conversion has been reported yet.\n\n1. A short-term pass will be issued for the following types of departures:\n\nA. Center residents departing for pre-induction physical examination or for induction into the Armed Forces, for such period as may be necessary in the event they are not called to active duty and wish to return to the center.\n\nB. Emergency hospitalization where project facilities are inadequate and it appears that the need for hospitalization is greater than what the project can provide.\nsuch care will continue for a temporary rather than an indefinite period. The pass shall be used for such period as appears necessary and may be extended by the Project Director for additional periods as may be necessary.\n\nC. Criminal proceedings against a center resident, for such period as may be necessary.\nD. Incarceration in a jail or other penal institution for a period not to exceed six months.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 1/27/15 Release # 172\nM&intenanoe of Statistical Records Special Cases Salary Service Calls Emergency Hospitalization Criminal Proceedings Incarceration WRA Manual\n\nShort-term Passes 5011\n\nItffuaoe to Persons on Bail .11\nShort-term passes may be issued to evacuees in centers who have been released on bail pending trial for Selective Service violations, if they are otherwise eligible. The fact that a person is a draft delinquent.\nis not in itself sufficient to make him ineligible. Where a pass is issued to any such person, the United States Attorney for the district in which the trial is to be held shall be promptly notified of the issuance and the destination, and of the date he returns if he returns before the date set for trial.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 1/27/U5\nRelease # 172\nfinal\n\nWAR RELOCATION AUTHORITY ADMINISTRATIVE MANUAL\nChapter 70 \u2014 International Relationships\nRepatriation and Exchange 70*1\n\n.1 In general, exchange is a process by which nationals (or persons having a claim to nationality) of hostile countries are exchanged during the period of hostilities, in accordance with agreements reached between the two governments, either directly or through their respective Protecting Powers. This section of the Manual has reference to such procedures.\nFor the purposes of this Section, if a person is exchanged, he is said to have been repatriated. In accomplishing an exchange, persons going to Japan are placed aboard the exchange vessel at New York or other designated port, and it proceeds to the exchange point in neutral territory where it is met by a boat from Japan. The exchange takes place there, the exchange vessel from New York returning with Americans from the Orient, and the Japanese ship returning to Japan. Approximately three months are required for a round trip from New York. The neutral government is responsible for ensuring the transfer of the nationals of the two hostile powers at the exchange point in accordance with the exchange agreement. Negotiations with Japan regarding exchange are handled by the State Department for the United States.\nWith the Swiss Government as the Protecting Power for United States interests in Japan, and the Spanish Government as the Protecting Power for Japanese interests in the United States, exchange procedures are based on reciprocal agreements and must fully and strictly adhere to the understandings reached between the two hostile governments. Within the United States, the War Relocation Authority cooperates with the State Department in making inquiries of persons requested by the Japanese Government and with all appropriate agencies in processing for repatriation those residents of WRA centers who are to participate in an exchange. The difficulties of carrying on negotiations between hostile powers are obvious. The complicated problems involved in exchanging Americans in Japan who want to return to the United States.\nAnd who are acceptable to the United States Government for Japanese in the United States who want to return?\n\nThis supersedes the issuance of 3/21 /hh.\nRelease # 180.\n\nDefinition of Exchange, Repatriation, and Expatriation.\n\nExchange Processes:\nReciprocal Character of Exchange.\nYfRA Manual.\nRepatriation and Exchange - 70 \"1.\n\nJapan and the United States are acceptable to each other for:\n1. Discussion between the hostile powers to determine which persons are to receive priority consideration.\n2. Inquiry of the persons concerned and members of their families to determine their wishes in the matter.\n3. Reports to the Japanese Government of the wishes of persons concerned.\n\nWRA General Policy on Repatriation:\n\u2022 It is the policy of the WRA to give all evacuees in the centers named on any list originating with the Japanese Government or its Protecting Power and submitted to the WRA consideration for repatriation.\nThe State Department of the United States offers evacuees an opportunity to accept or decline exchange to Japan. This opportunity comes with no guarantee, expressed or implied, that an exchange will be accomplished or that a person's name can be removed from the sailing list after Japanese government approval. Evacuees must understand the seriousness of requesting repatriation and be discouraged from capricious changes of mind. WRA permits every person named on such a list, who has reached the age of discretion and responsibility, to make their own decision regarding exchange, uninfluenced as much as possible by others.\n\nFunction of Washington Office.\nA. The Washington Office of WRA maintains necessary liaison with the State Department and transmits inquiries and instructions to centers as needed to coordinate activities of the WRA with those of other agencies in connection with all operations related to exchanges. The chief of the Relocation Planning Division is authorized to transmit lists of names to centers, maintain necessary communication with centers, and issue detailed instructions to centers to accomplish these objectives, within the general policy established herein.\n\nFunction of Project Directors\nB. Project Directors will be responsible for accomplishing or expediting all phases of an exchange at WRA centers. They shall make space available and shall cooperate with representatives of other Governments as necessary.\nProject directors will promptly forward all applications for repatriation or exchange obtained from queries on lists sent by the Washington Office, along with a transmittal list in quadruplicate providing surname, Japanese given name, English given name, family number, sex, age, and citizenship for each person involved. Similarly, cancellations and declinations resulting from such queries shall be transmitted.\nProject Directors will forward to Washington all repatriation requests received, even if the applicant cancels their application after completing Form WRA-230, \"Individual Request for Repatriation.\" WRA Project Directors will no longer accept applications or cancellations for repatriation after December 28, 1944, except in response to a query from the Washington Office.\n\nAny person of Japanese ancestry in a Relocation Center not named on a list originating with the Japanese Government or Protecting Power, and submitted to the WRA by the State Department, wishing to apply for exchange:\n\n1. Project Directors will forward all repatriation requests to Washington, even if the applicant cancels after completing Form WRA-230.\n2. WRA Project Directors will no longer accept applications or cancellations for repatriation after December 28, 1944, except in response to a query from the Washington Office.\n3. Persons of Japanese ancestry in Relocation Centers not listed with the Japanese Government or Protecting Power and submitted to the WRA by the State Department may apply for exchange.\nPersons going to Japan after December 28, 1944, are advised to write to the State Department, Special War Problems Division, Washington, D.C., and the Spanish Embassy in Washington, D.C., for repatriation. War Relocation Authority Staff Members will not accept applications for repatriation from voluntary evacuees.\n\nPersons other than those on query lists who have requested repatriation and wish to cancel it should notify the Special War Problems Division of the State Department, Washington, D.C., and the Spanish Embassy, Washington, D.C.\n\nRequests for exchange or cancellation of requests by center residents not on lists supersedes Issuance of 11/20/Uh Release # 180. WRA Manual Repatriation and Exchange 70,1.\nI, [Name], requested repatriation and exchange to Japan on [date] at [Center]. I now certify that I wish to cancel that application and to remain in the United States. I respectfully request that my name be taken off the list of persons to be considered for exchange.\n\nName:\nJapanese signature, if any\nDate\nFamily Number\n\nSubmitting\n\nLists of Neats to Centers for Query\n\nDate and Place of Birth\nCitizenship: U.S., Japan Dual\nAddresses before evacuation\nIntended Destination on leaving center\n\nEvery person whose name is submitted to centers for query must be given the opportunity to indicate privately, on the basis of his own choice and determination, whether he wishes to be exchanged to Japan. Failure to query the person.\nIndividuals may result in their names being placed on an exchange list without their knowledge. If, as a consequence, the two governments become committed to the exchange of such persons, the removal of their names from the list at the last minute may become quite difficult, if not impossible, and the persons may be exchanged unwillingly.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of II/20/I4I;\nRelease # 0.80\n\nV/RA Manual\nRepatriation and Exchange 70.1\n\nPersons on lists, who desire to be exchanged, shall sign in quadruplicate an \u2018\u2019Individual Request for Repatriation,\u201d Form WRA-230. Similarly, Form WRA-231, \"Family Summary,\u201d shall be prepared in quadruplicate for members of families signing applications and desiring to be exchanged together. One copy of each form shall be retained in the center, and three legible copies shall be forwarded at once to the respective governments.\nEvery person executing Form WRA-230 should complete Section 1 by giving the surname first, followed by the Japanese first name, any American first name, and any other names as indicated, such as nicknames, pen names, or aliases. In Section 10, \"Relatives in the United States or Abroad (include parents, husband or wife, children and brothers and sisters, whether completing or not they are members of the immediate household),\" the names and present locations of both parents should be given. If one or both are outside of Japan or the United States. Forms WRA-230 and 231 have replaced WCCA Forms 100 and 101 and should be used instead. Obtain these forms by writing to the Washington Office. Forms WRA-230 and 231 shall not be used after this.\nParents, if deceased, should follow the name. In the case of one or more step-parents or foster-parents, real parents should also be given.\n\n(2) In the case of widowed applicants, the name of the deceased spouse should be given. An applicant who has been divorced should give the name of the ex-spouse. In the case of remarriage of either widowed or divorced applicants, the names of both the previous husband or wife and the present husband or wife should be given. In the case of a \"yoshi\" marriage, where the husband takes the wife's surname, the husband should indicate in Part B of Section 1 of the Form WRA-230 that it is a \"yoshi\" marriage and should also give his surname before marriage to ensure Sections 1 and 10 are not contradictory.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of ll/20/kU\nRelease # 180\nWRA Manual\nThe Project Director, ensuring all required information is accurately and completely reported on Forms WRA-230, will verify that every application is signed personally by the applicant, except as authorized under Section 70.1. Every person signing Form WRA-230 should sign both their American and Japanese signatures, if any.\n\nForm WRA-231, \"Family Summary,\" should only include family members desiring to be repatriated together. An individual application must be attached for each person listed on the \"Family Summary,\" except for a memorandum listing, clearly marked as such, of family members known to want to be exchanged but who are separated from the family due to internment. The location of each such person should be provided.\nPersons completing Forms WRA-230 may not execute an Individual Application for another person, except that a parent or guardian of a person who is too young to write his name or who is incompetent may sign for the child or incompetent person, indicating they do so in their capacity as parent or guardian. All applications or declinations shall be witnessed by a responsible project official who ensures the person signing the document is the identical person whose name is signed, and in cases of signing by a parent or guardian, that they have authority to sign on behalf of the young child or incompetent person. Such persons shall be given assistance in getting their affairs in order.\n\nPersons Listed:\nB. Evacuees named by the Japanese Government who do not\n\n(Note: This text appears to be in good condition and does not require extensive cleaning. Only minor corrections for formatting and grammar have been made.)\nI. Wish to be exchanged to Japan or those who desire to cancel a request made shall, in complete privacy, sign a \"Declaration of Declination\" in quadruplicate. One copy to be retained in the center, the remaining three copies to be sent to the Washington Office of WRA. The wording of the Declination form to be used with respect to any particular group of names that may be submitted for query will be prescribed with the instructions accompanying the list of names to be queried. A parent or guardian may execute a declaration as indicated under Section 70.1.7A-5 for Applications.\n\nSupersedes issuance of LL/20/14*\nRelease # 180\nWRA Manual\nRepatriation and Exchange 70.1\n\nThe prescribed declination form accompanying each list of names to be queried should be duplicated as needed at each center. Forms WRA-152-Rev., 152q, and 152b should be used.\nPersons not named by the Japanese Government wishing to cancel previous applications for repatriation should follow the procedure indicated under Section 70*1*6B for cancellations.\n\nAny alien who has been requested by the Japanese Government and refuses to indicate his desires within a reasonable time will be deemed to desire to be exchanged. (As used in this context, a reasonable time shall be construed so as to permit communication with other family members if the evacuee so desires).\n\nIt is not the desire of the United States to send persons born in the United States who have retained American Citizenship to Japan unless they so desire. However, in any case where such persons have requested exchange, and more particularly after the Japanese Government has accepted them on a proposed list, they will be sent.\nsailing list, proof of United States citizenship satisfactory to the State Department may be required, as a prerequisite to cancellation. An American citizen who has requested exchange and whose name has been accepted by the Japanese Government on the proposed sailing list, and who, subsequent to the original application, decides that he does not wish to be exchanged, will be expected to prepare himself for exchange and proceed as if he were going to be exchanged until he has been notified that proof of his United States citizenship has been accepted as satisfactory by the State Department.\n\nIn some instances, individuals have applied to the Spanish Embassy for exchange for themselves and other family members without their knowledge or consent. In such cases, it may be that one or all of the family members are not actual applicants.\nmembers  would  be  unwilling  to  sign  an  application \nbecause  they  do  not  desire  to  go  to  Japan  and  at  the \nsame  time  hesitate  to  sign  a  declination  which  would \nmean  a  definite  break  in  their  family  relationship. \nShould  this  be  the  case,  rather  than  force  a  decision, \nSupersedes  Issuance  of  11/20/14* \nRelease  jr  180 \nRefusal \nto \nIndicate \nChoice \nProof \nof \nCitizenship \nSpecial \nCases \nWRA  Manuel \nRepatriation  and  Exchange  70.1 \nMinors \nSpecial \nPrivileges \nit  will  be  acceptable  to  submit  a  statement,  which \ncan  be  used  if  the  need  arises,  giving  full  par\u00ac \nticulars  of  the  situation.  However,  insofar  as \npracticable  with  fairness,  final  decisions  should \nbe  documented  as  described  in  Subsections  70.1.7A-B. \nIn  any  oase  where  minors  born  or  raised  in  the  United \nStates  object  to  returning  to  Japan  with  their \nparents,  the  WRA  policy  is  to  extend  every  possible \nAssistance in helping to work out arrangements for individuals to remain in the United States. For minors under 16 years of age, guardianship or adoption by another U.S. family is ordinarily required. The Project Director may approve other arrangements in special cases. The Welfare Counselor should make special studies of such cases, secure agreement of the parties involved, and request the Project Attorney to take necessary steps to establish guardianship, effect adoption, or put into effect any other acceptable arrangement. If insurmountable issues arise, the Counselor should make a complete study of the case.\nRecommendation for Director's consideration: Make every effort to protect United States Citizens' interests and prevent their involuntary sending to Japan. Grant necessary special privileges to those being queried for exchange or repatriation: they may write or telegraph at their own expense to relatives in other centers or internment camps regarding their decisions to facilitate preparations or family arrangements. In communications to family members in internment, noting the relationship on the envelope (husband, brother, father, etc.) will expedite processing.\n\nSupersedes II/20/1944 Issue\nRelease # 180\nPersons who have already applied for exchange and seek information about their status should write to the Spanish Embassy in Washington. Japanese Nationals are advised not to make such inquiries to the State Department, but to address their inquiries to the Spanish Embassy in charge of Japanese interests in the United States. In the event an exchange is arranged, the sailing date established, and a sailing list determined, a processing and transportation plan will be developed in Washington through consultation with interested agencies. Centers will be notified promptly of the sailing date and specific instructions concerning details of processing and regulations regarding amount of baggage and description of articles that repatriates may take with them, disposition of personal property, and other related matters.\nPersons desiring to leave centers and be exchanged should keep authorities notified. Exchange negotiations are ongoing. Those leaving on cleared list should be asked if they desire exchange to Japan and advised to keep Spanish Embassy and State Department informed of their location. Last exchange boat had to leave within two weeks of agreement.\nIt is not unlikely that the next exchange will develop suddenly. It is imperative to keep both the State Department and the Spanish Embassy constantly advised of his address, where he can be reached by mail or telegram in case of necessity. The importance of this must be emphasized to the evacuee.\n\nAny person currently on record as requesting repatriation, upon being queried when leaving the center, who indicates that he is no longer interested in being repatriated, should be requested to mail the notification to the State Department.\n\nRepatriation and Exchange Manual WRA 70,1\nNotification of Desire to Cancel Repatriation\nTo ensure the continuation of cooperation with the State Department on repatriation activities, the statement in Section 70.1.6B should be brought to the attention of the Special War Problems Division, Washington D.C., so that a group of people difficult to locate are not included in the exchange list. The person should also be advised to notify the Spanish Embassy of his desire to cancel his repatriation request. Copies of the statement in Section 70.1.6B should be duplicated at the Center as needed and sufficient copies given to such persons to enable them to notify both the State Department and the Spanish Embassy.\n\nTo maintain the continuation of cooperation with the State Department on repatriation activities, this repatriation check should be made on all persons leaving the country who have outstanding requests for repatriation.\n\nC-2128 P12 final\nSupersedes Issuance of H/20/I4I4\nRelease # 180\nWR A Manual\nProtecting Power for Japanese Interests 70.3\nThe War Relocation Authority will promptly notify the Spanish Embassy at Washington, through the State Department, of the initiation of any criminal prosecution against any Japanese national residing in any center. Upon the institution of such prosecution against a Japanese national, the Piyeot Director shall immediately advise the Director in Washington of the facts. This advice shall include:\n\nA. The name of the evacuee concerned;\nB. The name and place of the Court in which the prosecution has been brought;\nC. A statement of the offenses alleged in the information or indictment, with a reference to the relevant law;\nD. A brief summary of such evidence in the case as appears on the Internal Security records of the center or is otherwise available to the Project Director.\n[A brief summary of all steps taken at the Center prior or incident to initiation of outside prosecution. The date of the trial. Reports on Outside Prosecutions of Aliens. Upon receipt of this advice, the Director will transmit to the State Department for transmission to the Spanish Embassy a statement containing the information described in items A, E, C, and F of this subsection, and any other information that is appropriate under the circumstances of the case. The above information shall be provided promptly in order that the State Department may notify the Embassy three weeks in advance of the date of the trial.\n\nWhen the Spanish Ambassador or his representative writes to a Project Director or Head of a WRA field office, requesting information concerning the program or activities of the War Relocation Authority or matters related to it, the Project Director or Head of the field office shall promptly provide the information requested.]\nProtecting individual evacuees, such as property, estates, criminal prosecutions, etc., the request shall be referred to the Director in Washington for reply. Inquiries from Spanish Embassy or Consulate:\n\nSupersedes Issuance of Release $182\nWRA Manual\n\nProtecting Japanese interests, the Spanish Embassy, as their representing power, has the right to visit Japanese nationals, either in or out of relocation centers, and to interview them in private.\n\nDiplomatic protocol requires an Embassy to secure information of this type by submitting a written request to the Secretary of State for transmission to the federal agency in question.\n\n(0.3) The Spanish Embassy, as the protecting power for Japanese interests, has the right, through its representatives, to visit Japanese nationals and interview them in private.\nThe Spanish Embassy, as the Protecting Power, is concerned only with Japanese Nationals and not with American citizens, regardless of dual nationality. The Ambassador or his representative may visit all parts of any project used by Japanese nationals.\n\nVisits of the Representative\nof the Spanish Embassy\n\nThe representative of the Spanish Embassy will normally be accompanied by a representative of the State Department. The visit is usually arranged through consultation with the Washington office of the War Relocation Authority, which advises the projects regarding the approximate time of the visit.\n\nShould the representative of the Spanish Embassy appear at any time without such previous advice or without an accompanying representative of the State Department, the Project\nDirector shall receive the representative of the Embassy in his office but shall defer visits with Japanese nationals until he has communicated with the Director by telephone. The Project Director is authorized to provide the representative of the protecting Power, at the time of his visit or as soon as convenient thereafter, the customary report of factual information concerning the project and matters related to Japanese nationals. Inasmuch as death certificates, names of Japanese nationals in residence and their next of kin, and lists of persons requesting repatriation are being handled through established channels, it is neither necessary nor desirable to furnish this information as part of the report.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 11/30/44\nRelease # 182\nI ERA Manual Protecting Power for Japanese Interests 70.3\nIt is permissible to provide statistical information concerning the number of evacuees in residence and other statistical information regarding them, giving wherever possible, the breakdown between aliens and citizens. A copy of such a report shall be sent to Washington immediately.\n\nD. The spokesperson for Japanese nationals, or a committee representing Japanese nationals, may consult with the representative of the protecting Power and may present such information as they desire. It is not the policy of the Authority to open the project records to such a spokesperson or committee.\n\nE. Every courtesy shall be extended to the representative of the protecting Power and the representative of the State Department, including transportation to and from the project, and accommodations or assistance in securing accommodations in local hotels. Visits are to be arranged with:\n\nRepresentative\nOf the Spanish Embassy (Cont'd)\n\nF. The Project Director in meeting with the representative of the protecting Power may answer questions directly and verbally as long as they refer to existing defined policy or administrative practice.\n\nSupersedes Issuance\nRelease # 182\nC-21BB-p6ino6n-rin\u00bbl\n\nWar Relocation Authority Administrative Manual\nChapter 80 - Relations with Other Federal Agencies\n\nNo center or other field office of WRA may communicate with the National Office of another federal agency, whether this National Office is located in Washington, Philadelphia, Chicago, or any other city. Communications will be sent by the Director at the request of the field office. If a center or federal agency other than the field office receives a communication from the National office of another federal agency,\nThis text must be referred to the Director for reply, along with any information the field office believes will be of use in preparing the answer. Centers and other field offices of WRA may communicate directly with field units of other federal agencies so long as the subject is within their jurisdiction and the communication conforms to established WRA policy.\n\nWRA Manual\nWar Department 80 >1\n\n1. In order to facilitate handling requests for return to Hawaii, the following procedure is established:\n\nA. An evacuee in a Relocation Center desiring to return to Hawaii should be advised to prepare a letter to the Provost Marshal General, War Department, Washington, D.C., applying for permission to return to Hawaii and giving the following information:\n\n(1) Name and present address of applicant,\n(2) Date and place of birth.\n(iii) Name, relation, and address of immediate family members, both in Hawaii and on mainland.\n(5) Name and address of former employers and employment dates.\n(6) Purpose of original visit to mainland.\n(7) Reasons for return to Hawaii.\n\nThe evacuee desiring to return to Hawaii should send his communication to the Provost Marshal General's Office, War Department, Washington, D.C. The Provost Marshal General's Office or the Commanding General of the Central Pacific Command will advise the evacuee concerning the action taken on the application. In cases approved for return, the evacuee will normally receive notice from the 12th Naval District regarding travel priority.\n\nProject Directors and Relocation Supervisors shall refrain from communicating directly with the Provost Marshal.\nGeneral's Office: Inquiries regarding specific cases should be directed to the Director of the War Relocation Authority. For inquiries related to travel priority or restricted areas, contact the San Francisco office of the War Relocation Authority. Persons outside relocation centers inquiring about returning to Hawaii should apply directly to the Provost Marshal General.\n\nReturn to Hawaii\n9/15/hh\nSupersedes Issuance of 9/8/44\nRelease # 121\nWRA Manual\nWar Department 80 .1\n\nRelocation Relationships:\n- with Military and Intelligence\n- with Attorney Service\nClearance for Employees in Plants and Facilities\nImportant to War Effort\nThe Relocation Supervisor should contact the area or regional heads of the Office of Naval Intelligence and Army Intelligence to explain the relocation program and the status of evacuees. The Relocation Supervisor should advise the heads of the intelligence agencies that WRA wishes to cooperate in every way possible and also wishes to secure their cooperation and support in helping the evacuee to relocate with a minimum of surveillance. Any request by the Army or Navy Intelligence for information concerning specific evacuees should be complied with. It is not necessary to give a list of the names and addresses of all evacuees in a district or area, although statistical information on the numbers of evacuees may be furnished from time to time. The Relocation Supervisor should develop working relationships.\nThe Chief Security Officer of the Army Service Command should supervise the internal security program in his Area, and the Relocation Officer should become acquainted with the Security Officer in his District. Definite plans should be made for the referral and processing of applications for employment in war plants and facilities vital to the successful prosecution of the war (Handbook Section 130.10.3). Frequently, the Relocation Supervisor, on an Area-wide basis, or the Relocation Officer, on a District basis, will be able to arrange for immediate employment of evacuees in some plants that are not considered especially important to the war effort. The Relocation Officer or Relocation Supervisor should develop a satisfactory procedure for handling appeals of evacuees who have been determined ineligible for employment.\nThe Provost Marshal General's Office is responsible for enforcing security at plants. It is crucial for Relocation Supervisors and SB officers to be informed of changes in Security Officers. When a new Security Officer assumes responsibility for an area or district, a visit should be made to explain the relocation program and its progress, and to establish a mutually satisfactory working arrangement.\n\nSection B pertains to the clearance of individuals of Japanese ancestry for employment in war-essential plants or facilities, and for employment or attendance at important war-related educational institutions. Throughout this instruction, the term \"plants and facilities important to the war effort\" will encompass all three types of institutions mentioned above, unless otherwise specified.\n\nThis instruction supersedes the issuance of Q/6/1 b.\nRelease 121\nWRA Manual\n\nEligibility of American citizens of Japanese descent and Japanese aliens for employment in plants and facilities important to the war effort is determined in accordance with a War Department order of October 14, 1943, entitled, \"Employment of Persons of Japanese Ancestry in Plants and Facilities Important to the War Effort.\" This clearance procedure for persons of Japanese ancestry is also required for employment in army posts and establishments. The provisions are set forth in a separate War Department order of April 8, 1944, entitled, \"Employment of Persons of Japanese Ancestry in Army Posts and Establishments, and the Issuance of Airman Identification Cards to American-born Japanese, and Naturalized Citizens of Enemy Alien Descent.\"\n\nA. Evacuees who wish to apply for such employment must comply with the following:\n\n1. File an application with the local War Relocation Authority (WRA) office.\n2. Be found to be loyal citizens by the WRA.\n3. Be found suitable for employment by the War Department or the Army.\n4. Be fingerprinted and photographed.\n5. Sign a loyalty oath.\n6. Receive a War Department clearance certificate.\n\nB. Persons of Japanese ancestry who are not evacuees but who wish to apply for employment in war plants and facilities must comply with the following:\n\n1. File an application with the War Department or the Army.\n2. Be found suitable for employment by the War Department or the Army.\n3. Be fingerprinted and photographed.\n4. Sign a loyalty oath.\n5. Receive a War Department clearance certificate.\n\nC. Persons of Japanese ancestry who are already employed in war plants and facilities and who have not been evacuated must comply with the following:\n\n1. File an application with the War Department or the Army.\n2. Be found suitable for continued employment by the War Department or the Army.\n3. Receive a War Department clearance certificate.\n\nD. Persons of Japanese ancestry who are employed in army posts and establishments and who have not been evacuated must comply with the following:\n\n1. File an application with the War Department or the Army.\n2. Be found suitable for continued employment by the War Department or the Army.\n3. Receive an Army clearance certificate.\n\nE. Airman identification cards will be issued to American-born Japanese and naturalized citizens of enemy alien descent who are employed in war plants and facilities or in army posts and establishments, provided they have complied with the above requirements.\nComplete \"Personnel Security Questionnaire\" forms (WD-PMOO-ID Form 58 for citizens of Japanese ancestry or WD-IMGO Form 301 for Japanese aliens or nationals). A PSQ should not be accepted from any evacuee whose case was considered by the Japanese-American Joint Board but who was not recommended favorably for indefinite leave. WRA personnel should not assist evacuees in preparing a Personnel Security Questionnaire, except:\n\n1. where the evacuee has evident training or skills for the work in question;\n2. where he has a bona fide intention to accept employment if offered and\n3. where he is planning to relocate, or is already on indefinite leave outside a relocation center.\n\nThe method of handling applications for war plant employment from centers will depend on whether the evacuee is going out on a community invitation or an advance application.\nThe evacuee should not expect a definite employment opportunity upon Community Invitation and will not fill out the Personnel Security Questionnaire until being in the community and advised by the Relocation Officer. He should anticipate taking temporary employment for a month or more while eligibility for war plant employment is determined. For Advance Approval plans, the evacuee will fill out a Personnel Security Questionnaire and transmit it with the Family Relocation -Summary to the Relocation Officer in the desired employment district.\n\nType of Relocation Plan: Appeal\nWRA Manual War Relocation 80.1\n\nThe evacuee ordinarily waits until notified.\nA person of Japanese ancestry, who has been denied employment in a plant or facility important to the war effort, may file an appeal for reconsideration with the Office of the Provost Marshal General. The War Department directive of October 14, 1943, outlines the method of making such an appeal. This appeal may also be made in person before the Industrial Review Board in Washington, D.C.\n\nJustice Department 80.2\n\nFrom time to time, officials of the Department of Justice, notably agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, have appeared at WRA centers with warrants for the arrest of certain enemy aliens. The Department of Justice has suggested informally that when such an incident occurs, it would be helpful in processing the arrest to:\n\n1. Notify the WRA Center Director immediately.\n2. Cooperate fully with the Department of Justice representative.\n3. Provide the WRA Center Director's name, address, and phone number to the Department of Justice representative.\n4. Provide the name, age, sex, nationality, and address of the individual to be arrested.\n5. Provide the individual's WRA registration number and the date and place of registration.\n6. Provide the name and address of the individual's employer and occupation.\n7. Provide the name and address of the individual's most recent residence.\n8. Provide the name and address of the individual's next of kin.\n9. Provide any other available information that may assist in the arrest.\nProject Directors are requested to submit conduct reports for periods when an individual was under WRA jurisdiction through the Washington office of the War Relocation Authority. If such an apprehension arises in the future, prompt submission is required. Reports will be referred to the Department of Justice for consideration during case review.\n\nAlien residents of WRA centers may not have the Alien Registration Certificate required by the 1940 Alien Registration Act. This may result from failure to register or loss of the original certificate. Any alien lacking such a certificate shall be addressed accordingly.\nvised  to  apply  on  Form  AR-AE-28  to  the  District  Di\u00ac \nrector  of  the  Immigration  and  Naturalization  Service \nhaving  jurisdiction  over  the  place  in  which  the  alien \nresides.  The  application  should  be  accompanied  by \nthree  unmounted  photographs  of  the  applicant.  Copies \nof  the  Form  AR-AE-28  may  be  secured  from  the  District \nDirector  of  the  Service.  After  such  application  has \nbeen  made  the  District  Director  will  conduct  an  ap\u00ac \npropriate  investigation,  and  may  call  upon  the  Pro\u00ac \nject  Director  for  information  concerning  the  appli\u00ac \ncant,  which  information  should  be  furnished  promptly* \nAliens  not  in  possession  of  Alien  Registration  Certi\u00ac \nficates  are  violating  the  law. \n.3  The  Immigration  and  Naturalization  Service  requests \nthat  all  aliens  resident  in  Relocation  Centers  be  ad\u00ac \nvised  that  they  must,  if  they  have  not  already  done \nso,  prepare  and  individually  mail  to  the  Department \nOf Justice, Immigration and Naturalization Service, Alien Registration Division, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,\n\nEnemy Aliens from WRA Centers,\n\nAliens in Centers Not Possessing Alien Registration Certificates,\n\nAliens' Reporting of Address at WRA Center,\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 2/19/45 Release # 198,\n\nWRA Manual,\n\nJuuffljufftaw, PGpftawt . -9Q,2,\n\nInformation Concerning Evacuees,\n\nVania, an Alien Registration Change of Address Card,\nFora AR-11, covering their change of address to the Relocation Center. This is the same card which aliens outside of Relocation Centers are required to use, and it is necessary that every change of address be recorded. Additional cards may be secured by addressing a request to the Chief, Relocation Planning Division, Washington, D.C.\n\n\u20224 A*\n\nIn view of the revocation of the general exclusion orders and the adoption by the War Department of a new system for the control and custody of enemy aliens, it is hereby ordered that the following provisions shall apply:\n\n1. All enemy aliens who have been detained in War Relocation Authority (WRA) centers and who have not been released or deported shall be issued Alien Registration Change of Address Cards, Form AR-11, covering their change of address to the Relocation Center. This is the same card which aliens outside of Relocation Centers are required to use, and it is necessary that every change of address be recorded. Additional cards may be secured by addressing a request to the Chief, Relocation Planning Division, Washington, D.C.\n\n2. The revocation of the general exclusion orders does not affect the application of the Alien Registration Act of 1940 to enemy aliens. All enemy aliens, whether inside or outside of WRA centers, are still required to register and to carry their Alien Registration Certificates (ARCs) at all times.\n\n3. Enemy aliens who have been released from WRA centers and who have been ordered to report to designated assembly centers or other points of control shall report to such centers or points with their ARCs. They shall also be issued new ARCs reflecting their new addresses.\n\n4. Enemy aliens who have been deported shall be issued new ARCs reflecting their new addresses and countries of deportation. These ARCs shall be issued by the Consular Officer at the port of departure.\n\n5. Enemy aliens who have been paroled or otherwise released on bond shall continue to be subject to the provisions of the Alien Registration Act of 1940 and shall carry their ARCs at all times.\n\n6. Enemy aliens who have been released from WRA centers and who have been granted permission to remain in the United States under the provisions of Public Law 503, 79th Congress, shall be issued new ARCs reflecting their new addresses and their status as permitted residents. These ARCs shall be issued by the Alien Registration Division, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.\n\n7. Enemy aliens who have been released from WRA centers and who have been granted permission to remain in the United States under the provisions of Public Law 551, 79th Congress, shall be issued new ARCs reflecting their new addresses and their status as enemy aliens subject to restriction. These ARCs shall be issued by the Alien Registration Division, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.\n\n8. Enemy aliens who have been released from WRA centers and who have been granted permission to remain in the United States under the provisions of Public Law 552, 79th Congress, shall be issued new ARCs reflecting their new addresses and their status as enemy aliens subject to internment. These ARCs shall be issued by the Alien Registration Division, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.\n\n9. Enemy aliens who have been released from WRA centers and who have been granted permission to remain in the United States under the provisions of Public Law 553, 79th Congress, shall be issued new ARCs reflecting their new addresses and their status as enemy aliens subject to restriction and supervision. These ARCs shall be issued by the Alien Registration Division, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.\n\n10. Enemy aliens who have been released from WRA centers and who have been granted permission to remain in the United States under the provisions of Public Law 554,\nThe WRA's individual exclusion and control system's leave clearance procedure has been abolished. However, WRA still has a continuing responsibility to bring to the Department of Justice's attention information that may impact national security. Project Directors and WRA field officers may provide information about evacuees to the Federal Bureau of Investigation or other Department of Justice agency upon request. All other requests for information from intelligence agencies will be referred to the Director for reply and will be accompanied by the information in the possession of the person to whom the request is made. Derogatory information received by Project Directors or WRA field officers about specific individuals shall be referred to the Director as follows:\nIf an evacuee in a relocation center demonstrates pronounced pro-Japanese sympathy, antipathy to the United States, or subversive behavior, the Project Director shall submit the case to the Director as set forth in Section 80*2*5. If a violation of State or Federal law or WRA regulation is involved, he shall also proceed in accordance with Manual 30*1. If a WRA field officer outside the center learns that any relocated evacuee has demonstrated such pronounced pro-Japanese sympathy, antipathy to the United States, or subversive behavior.\nThe submission, in triplicate, should identify the subject completely, including full name and aliases, age, place and date of birth, alien registration number if any, family number and listing of other family numbers. It shall contain a complete statement of the charges against the person and detailed evidence supporting the charges, including signed statements based on personal knowledge, transcripts of interviews with witnesses or the subject, confessions, conduct records, and circumstantial evidence. The Director will review the submission.\ncurs  in  the  judgment  of  the  Project  Director  or  field \nofficer  he  will  refer  the  case  to  the  Department  of \nJustice  for  appropriate  action.  In  the  case  of  aliens, \ninternment  as  a  dangerous  enerty  alien  may  be  recommend\u00ac \ned.  The  Director  will  promptly  notify  the  Project  Di\u00ac \nrector  or  field  officer  of  the  action  taken*  If  the \nDirector  does  not  concur  in  such  judgment,  he  may  in\u00ac \ndicate  the  other  action  that  he  deems  necessary  or  ap\u00ac \npropriate  under  the  circumstances. \n.7  Until  the  Project  Director  or  Relocation  Officer  re\u00ac \nceives  notice  to  the  contrary,  no  relocation  plan  of  any \nInformation \nto  be \nSubmitted \nto \nDirector \nlotion \nby \nDirector \ni \nSupersedes  Issuance  of  Q/10/hh \nRelease  #  173 \nDeparture \nof \nXreouee \nITon \nCenter \nTffRA  Manual _ Justice  Department  80*2 \nperson  whose  case  is  submitted  by  him  to  the  Director \nunder  the  preceding  paragraphs  shall  be  approved  with\u00ac \nIf a person is a citizen evacuee in a center and eligible for relocation, they shall be permitted to leave the center in accordance with WRA regulations, unless contrary instructions are received from the Department of Justice. If they are an alien, no travel permit (Form WRA-39U) shall be issued to them by the Project Director, and they shall be required to obtain a travel permit from the United States Attorney for the judicial district in which the center is located, until notice is received from the Director to the contrary.\n\nIn order to properly advise the Immigration and Naturalization Service concerning the history of cases transferred from Relocation Centers to internment camps, Projects shall provide the following information with respect to every individual transferred from a Relocation Center:\nCenter to any internment camp (including Crystal City and Santa Fe)\n\nInformation on Transferees to Internment Camp\nA. The full name; citizenship, Alien Registration number; sex; age; place of birth; occupation\nB. A brief summary of the significant medical history and findings\nC. Summary of Internal Security record (If none, indicate this fact)\nD. Any significant information from the Welfare Division concerning family problems and relationships\nE. Summary of the school record of any children of school age moved to Crystal City with the family\nF. Summary of repatriation applications, declinations, or cancellations\n0. Leave clearance status\n\nThe above information shall be prepared under the direction of the Project Director and forwarded over his signature to the Inspector in Charge of the internment camp to which the evacuee is being transferred.\nThe United States Attorney is directly responsible to the United States Attorney General in Washington and represents the Department of Justice. It is important for the Relocation Supervisor or Relocation Officer to establish and maintain a cooperative relationship with the U.S. District Attorney. The first step should be to arrange a meeting to discuss the overall program of the War Relocation Authority and specifically the relocation program and other phases of WRA work outside Relocation Centers, as well as plans for relocation in the district or state. If the Attorney is not already intimately familiar with the leave policies of the WRA and the different types of leave, they should be careful.\nThe procedures in the Handbook on short-term leave for alien investigators, specifically Section 60.2.6, should be mentioned. The Relocation Supervisor or Officer and the U.S. District Attorney will then be able to develop arrangements for working together, which should be mutually advantageous.\n\nRelocation\nRelationship with U.S. Attorney\n\nSince incidents may arise affecting the civil rights of evacuees, the Relocation Officer should discuss this possibility with the United States Attorney to secure his cooperation should such situations arise. In case the civil liberties of any evacuees are threatened by the actions of individuals or groups in a community, or in case any other federal offense is committed against the evacuees, the Relocation Officer should liaise with the U.S. Attorney.\nU.S. Attorney should be notified immediately so he can take proper action. In the event an evacuee conducts himself in a manner raising questions about his propriety for the country's internal security, the Relocation Officer will refer the matter, providing full facts in writing, to the U.S. Attorney in charge and proceed accordingly with Department of Justice Directives. At the same time, the Relocation Officer shall advise the Washington Office of the facts and action taken.\n\nCivil Rights\n2VOOUOOS 7/RA Manual\nJustice Department 80.2\n\nPrior permission of the United States Attorney must be secured by any alien who wishes to travel.\nA Relocation Officer must determine the travel radius for aliens within a certain distance from their residence, which can range from five miles up to 20 miles or anywhere within the county, depending on the attitude of the United States Attorney. The Officer should consult with the Attorney to ascertain their stance on alien travel and the specific travel radius in their district. The Officer should also inquire about the preferred method for aliens to apply for travel permits and under what circumstances exceptions to the seven-day waiting period between application submission and permit issuance will be granted.\n\nTravel Restrictions and Special Arrangements:\n\nWhen a Relocation Officer becomes aware of an evacuee who has violated the Departments travel regulations, they should take appropriate action.\nA Justice official should report facts to the appropriate U.S. Attorney for action. Special arrangements may be made for alien seasonal agricultural workers to move between farms within a community. Similar latitude may be granted for alien workers employed by someone with multiple businesses, each at a distance. Arrangements should be made with the U.S. Attorney for prompt issuance of travel permission for aliens in emergencies. A close working relationship should be developed with the Federal Bureau of Investigation.\nThe Supervisor of the relocation office should ensure that the special agent in charge of a state or area fully understands the relocation program and the status of evacuees, both citizens and aliens.\n\nWRA Manual, Justice Department 80.2\n\nAny request for information about an evacuee made by an authorized FBI agent should be honored by the relocation office and full information given as requested. The Federal Bureau of Investigation should be shown the various types of leave permits to familiarize them with the forms carried by evacuees when properly on leave.\n\nOrdinarily, the FBI should not be called upon for assistance in finding an evacuee whose whereabouts are unknown unless other methods have failed. The FBI cannot be expected to enforce WRA leave regulations or to arrest an evacuee who has broken them.\nThe FBI and the Office of the United States Attorney may render aid to assure proper regard for the civil rights of evacuees where they are being violated. The Department of Justice is responsible for the supervision of enemy aliens. The Alien Registration Division of the Immigration and Naturalization Service is responsible for maintaining records covering the residence of all enemy aliens. Enemy aliens are required by law to furnish this Division with a Change of Address card, AR-11, whenever they change their place of residence. A change from one street address to another within the same city is regarded as a change of address. They are also required to notify the office of the FBI shown in the holder's card.\nAn alien must secure a permit from the nearest United States Attorney seven days before traveling from their home community or changing their address. Evacuee aliens should obtain a copy of Department of Justice circular \"Questions and Answers on Regulations Concerning Aliens of Enemy Nationalities\" from the U.S. Attorney or the Department of Justice in Washington. Enemy aliens deemed dangerous to the peace and security of the United States under procedures established by the Attorney General are subject to Relocation.\n\nRelationships with Immigration and Naturalization, Servien, WRA Manual, Justice Department 80.2. The Department of Justice may release from internment or parole aliens after reviewing cases, either by rehearing or otherwise.\nThe responsibility for enforcing parole conditions rests with the Department of Justice, primarily through the Immigration and Naturalization Service. WRA employees must not sponsor parolees. However, when requested by a Project Director or a representative of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, the Relocation Officer, with the aid of the local Relocation Committee, should attempt to find a satisfactory sponsor for a parolee.\n\nParolees and deportees residing in a relocation center may not depart on any type of leave until appropriate arrangements have been made with the Immigration and Naturalization Service for sponsorship or supervision. They should be informed.\nArrangements for authorizations from the Immigration and Naturalization Service will be initiated by the Project Director upon receipt of an alien's application for leave. Refer to Sections 60.2.7, 60.3.10, 60.U.12, 60.12.2G of the Leave Handbook.\n\nWBfc Manual\nDepartment 80.2\n\n\u2022 No further induction of paroled aliens into WRA centers as residents shall be permitted (Manual 150*1).\n\u2022 Paroled aliens who have left internment camps may be admitted to centers as visitors under the following conditions (See Manual 150*1 *1GC).\n\nParoled Aliens to Centers\nC. Paroled alien internees who wish to proceed directly to a WRA center from an internment camp for a visit may apply on Form WRA-388 to the Project Director for permission to visit. The form (copies of which have been made available to the Department of Justice) should be submitted with the application.\n(1) The Project Director shall not approve applications for visiting unless it appears that the visit will result in aiding relocation planning of center residents. No preliminary clearance will be made by the Alien Enemy Control unit of the Department of Justice with the Washington office of WRA.\n\n(2) The Project Director shall not approve applications for more than two visits by a parolee, and the total duration of both visits may not exceed 30 days. The visitor may divide the 30 days between the two visits in any way he wishes, or elect to utilize the entire 30 days for one visit.\n\n(3) If an application is approved, the original Form WRA-388 shall be mailed to the parolee, and the copy retained in the files of the Relocation Director.\nWhen the parolee arrives at the center, he shall be admitted as a visitor, as provided in Manual 50-1-16a, upon presentation of the original WRA-3SS as authorization for admission. He shall not be required to pay guest charges for the period of his authorized stay.\n\n(5) The parole and sponsor arrangements will have been made before the parolee leaves the internment camp. Therefore, WRA will have no special responsibility for the parolee while he is a visitor at the center.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 2/19/45\nRelease # 202\nWR A Manual\n\nA parolee, upon expiration of his visit, must leave the center. No notice will be given by WRA to any Department of Justice agency when he leaves. The parolee will have full responsibility for informing the Immigration and Naturalization Service.\nthe  FBI  of  his  movements  and  for  securing  ad\u00ac \nvance  permission  to  travel  from  the  United \nStates  Attorney* \nD*  The  foregoing  provisions  do  not  affect  the  status \nof  parolees  inducted  into  a  center  as  residents \nprior  to  the  prohibition  against  further  inductions \n\u00a3\u2022  Aliens  released  from  Internment  Camps  may  be  admit\u00ac \nted  to  centers  as  visitors  under  the  same  conditions \nas  other  persons  of  Japanese  Ancestry* \nSupersedes  Issuance  of  2/19/45 \nRelease  #  202 \nf \nt \nr \naaf \na \n\u00ae  O  ft  ft  ft  ft  ft \n{\u25bacoeMH \nOS  l,  Oft \nM  SQO  V  O \na  a  co \nfH  O \n\u2022c  as \nCO  S3 \nft  \u00ae  ft \naSs. \n\u2022si \nITS \ni  s;i \n\u00aepEftS3\u00aegE \ndo \ngs \ncp  a  a \nft  h  toe  e \n\u00ab  c  ftp  n  ft \n\u00a7H  O  SOPP  o \nm  C\u2019SCO'O'p'O \nir\u00ae \nJS \no \na \nft \nft  O \na&ao \na \nSh \na \nScop  t \nPA  Q  ft  S3  C  P \ngsEpgr^ \nrs \na \nvr\\ \nI \no \nvn \nO \ne \nco \nM \ncr \n*S  fl  c \nm  p \np \nC  OP \nOP  to  C \nft  c  o \nIts  | \nPOP\u00ae \nSd  B  P \nI \nft \nO \nP \nO \nM \nO \nOT  O \nSg \n%Ui \nf \nc  to \nB\u00aeP \nft  o\u00ab  DC \nA summary of procedures of the War Food Administration and the Extension Service, USDA, in connection with the recruitment of evacuees for seasonal agricultural labor is outlined below.\n\nA. The farmer (employer) should make application for workers at the County Extension Agent. With the assistance of the County Farm Labor Advisory Committee of farmers and other responsible citizens, they will determine the need for workers from outside the county.\n\nB. If the employer desires to designate specific names of workers now in WRA centers, he should submit these names to the County Extension Agent.\nCounty Extension Office: Provide a list of workers' names and their current addresses in duplicate. Employers cannot guarantee acquisition of requested individual workers.\n\nC. County Agent: Certify to the State Director of the Agricultural Extension Service the need for workers that cannot be met within the county. This certification should include a duplicate list of desired specific workers.\n\nD. State Director of the Agricultural Extension Service: Obtain approval from the War Relocation Authority representative for each state for written approval or disapproval of requests for evacuees for seasonal agricultural employment. Certify the need for seasonal workers to the Director.\nThe Labor, War Food Administration in Washington requests approved certifications from the War Relocation Authority for evacuees. A copy of the approval letter will be attached to the certification of the State Director. Upon approval by the Director of Labor, the certification will serve as the basis for the final execution of contracts between the employer and the Office of Labor, as well as for contracts between workers and the Office of Labor, WFA, and for the subsequent transportation of contracted workers to fill employer contracts.\n\nUpon receipt of an approved certification for the recruitment of seasonal workers, the State Extension Service will fully explain to the employer their responsibilities and obligations, including keeping and submitting records. (Issuance of 7/19/44)\n\nRecruiting for Seasonal Workers.\nAgricultural Labor Through Extension and WFA\n\nManual Agricultural Agencies BQ-3: The employment agreement will then be signed by the employer in an original and two copies. The representative of the State Extension Service will sign as a witness. The executed copies of the employer\u2019s agreement will be forwarded to the Divisional Chief of Operations, Office of Labor, who will sign the contract for the War Food Administration. One copy will be returned to the State Extension Director for use in the recruitment of workers.\n\nRecruiting for Seasonal Agricultural Labor Through Extension and WTA\n\nF. County Agents or other representatives of the State Extension Service will function as representatives of the Office of Labor, War Food Administration, in the signing of work agreements with evacuees. The work agreements will be signed by the representatives of the State Extension Service on behalf of the War Food Administration.\nagreement will be executed in an original and two copies which will be distributed as follows: original to worker; first copy to Divisional Chief of Operations, Office of Labor, in the area of employment; second copy to the representative of the Extension Service. Ordinarily, a representative of the Extension Service in the state of employment will serve as recruiting officer; similarly, where an escort is needed, he will be a representative of the State Extension Service.\n\nG. Where groups of more than 25 workers are ordered, the State Director of Extension in the state of employment will arrange for recruitment and transportation from the relocation center. Recruiting officers will in all cases be provided with a copy of the letter of approval from the WRA Representative in the state of employment, which will also indicate the travel district approved.\nThe WRA is responsible for facilitating the travel and employment of evacuees. When groups of less than 25 workers are required, the State Extension Director may either recruit from the designated relocation center or request the War Relocation Authority to handle recruitment. In the latter case, the Relocation Program Officer will inform the State Extension Director once the workers are recruited and available. If an Extension Service or WFA representative handles the recruitment, they will sign the work agreement on behalf of the War Food Administration. In the absence of such a representative, the local County Agent may be called upon to sign the agreement between the evacuees and the War Food Administration.\n\nC-1673\u2014 pft-bu\nSupersedes Issuance of 7/19/44\nRelease # 121\nWRA Manual\nAgricultural Agencies 80,3\nIn considering the possibility of farm financing, the evaluees' attention should be directed to the possibility of loans from private sources. These include individuals, local banks, savings and loan associations, and insurance companies. Some lending agencies make crop loans, while others make loans only on the basis of farm ownership or equity. Several insurance companies make loans through local agents, who frequently determine the ownership equity on which loans of up to 5% will be made. If a case arises for which a loan would not be available from any of the following agencies, a check should be made with the County Extension Agent, as he has up-to-date, complete information on all types of farm financing.\n\nIn many respects, Farm Security Administration loans seem to fit the needs of the small-scale evacuee.\nFarmers, excluding aliens, can obtain loans from the Farm Security Administration (FSA) for farming purposes. FSA loans are secured by crops, machinery, equipment, or other personal property owned by the borrower. The loans are available for operating expenses up to $2,500 per family per year, and can be used for feed for livestock, seed for planting crops, fertilizer, machinery, equipment (either farm or home), minor repairs to buildings or equipment, and purchase of livestock. FSA loans are not available for land payments or rent.\nThese loans may be used for some non-productive needs including medical aid and necessary family living expenses, as well as for securing water by drilling a well or building lateral canals. Additional loans above the $2,500 maximum can be made for securing water. The Farm Finance Agencies and Farm Security Administration offer eligibility for loans for \"Which Loans Are Made\" according to the WRA Manual. The Farm Security Administration may, in certain circumstances, permit the expenditure of its loan funds for transporting farm equipment from the Pacific Coast to the farm. In making the loan, the FSA supervisor will discuss with the borrower the crops that are to be grown since the Farm Security Administration is especially interested in loans on these crops.\nFarmers with essential crops have a better chance of securing a loan. The Farm Security Administration stimulates the production of crops such as sugar beets, potatoes, carrots, cabbage, squash, beans, tomatoes, and other staples. The administration also encourages milk, egg, poultry, and livestock production. The Farm Security Administration supports leases that provide farmers with satisfactory tenure for their protection and future building. A satisfactory lease should allow mutually agreeable adjustments and have a reasonable release clause acceptable to both parties. Farm Security Administration loan applications are typically reviewed at the county level.\nA local committee of three farmers recommends approval for the proposed loan or suggests modifications. The local committee and FSA Supervisor must be in accord for a loan to be made. In approving the loan, the FSA Supervisor determines if the land resources and the farmer's plan of operation, along with his farming abilities, indicate a satisfactory farming situation and, therefore, his ability to repay the loan. These elements, plus the determination of the farmer's need for financing for machinery, crop production, and other expenses, are factors considered in deciding the amount of the loan to be made.\n\nA. Production Credit Associations\n(1) Production credit associations, organized under the Farm Credit Act of 1953, approved June 10,\nLocal cooperative associations of farmers make up the PCA network. Members borrow short-term credit from these associations for agricultural purposes, primarily for crop and livestock production. An average PCA territory covers about six counties, with 527 such associations in the United States and Puerto Rico. Each member-borrower must purchase Class B stock equal to 5% of their loan amount. The associations obtain funds for loans primarily by discounting members' notes with the Federal intermediate credit bank of the district, with the associations endorsing the notes and pledging their assets. Assets include capital stock owned by members, making each member responsible.\nall the loans made by the association to the extent of his stock ownership. The associations are supervised by a district production credit corporation, which also has authority to invest in Class A stock of the association. This stock has all the rights of the members' Class B stock except voting rights. Loans are made under general policies established by the production credit corporation and the association's directors. No loan is made for more than one year, but loans for capital investment, such as purchase of large machinery or dairy or breeding stock, may be made with the understanding that part of the loan will be repaid from the current year's income and that the remainder may be extended. In general, however, no loan is made that cannot be expected to be repaid within a three-year period. The security taken generally\nThe Production Credit Association (PCA) offers loans for agricultural production, financing crops or livestock with a lien. Loans include collateral as determined by the loan committee. The interest rate is percent per annum, charged only for the actual loan usage time. Loans are typically made at the season's beginning on a budget basis with an advance and repayment schedule. Additional charges include inspection and filing fees, and other expenses incurred during loan closing.\n\nEligibility for evacuee farmers depends on the association's loan committee's attitude.\nThe borrower must be acceptable to the association as a member and have some capital of their own to provide collateral as additional security for loan repayment.\n\nEmergency Crop and Feed Loans, C\n\nWithin the very limited purposes for which emergency crop and feed loans may be made - for expenses related to crop production or for the production or purchase of feed for livestock - there is apparently no reason why they should not be available to evacuee farmers who have, or can obtain, the necessary equipment for their farm operations.\n\nEmergency crop and feed loans are made from appropriated funds, from 11 regional offices, most of which are located in the same cities as the district FCA offices. These regional offices employ field supervisors, who take applications.\nFor making recommendations on loans to the regional office for approval or disapproval, and servicing the loans, loans are limited by law to $1,000 to an individual in any one year, and can only be made for expenses related to orop production or for the purchase or production of feed for livestock.\n\nSecurity:\n(1) Loans for orop production are secured by a first lien on the crops to be produced. Loans for the purchase or production of feed are secured by a first lien on the livestock to be fed.\n(2) Emergency crop and feed loans are limited to farmers who cannot obtain necessary credit from other sources on satisfactory terms.\n\nFederal Land Bank Loans:\n(1) Loans through National Farm Loan Association: An applicant must be a farmer.\nA farmer is defined as: (a) Any person engaged or about to become engaged in farming operations. An actual farmer is one who conducts the farm and directs its entire operation, either operating it with his own hands or by means of hired labor. He must be financially and otherwise responsible for the farming operations. (b) Any person whose principal income is derived from farming operations. If rental income derived from farm lands represents the principal portion of the applicant's income, he derives the principal portion of his income from farming operations. The applicant must be the owner or about to become the owner of the lands offered as security for a loan. The applicant must be a natural person. A corporation is not a natural person and is therefore ineligible to obtain a loan from the Farm Security Administration.\nApplicants must be adults and of sound mind to apply for loans. No loans may be made on land where an infant has an interest, as infants cannot personally render themselves liable for debt payment. Aliens are eligible if state laws permit holding and conveying real estate for loan security. If the land offered as security is in a locale chartered for a National Farm Loan Association's operation, the applicant must qualify for association membership to secure a loan. If no qualified National Farm Loan Association exists in the area, the farmer may apply for a direct loan from the Federal Land Bank.\n\nEligibility\nApply to: WRA Agricultural Agencies\nTerms of Loans\nPurpose of Loans: there is no National Farm Loan Association qualified to do business in the area. Farmer may apply for a direct loan from the Federal Land Bank.\nA loan to any borrower shall not exceed $25,000 unless approved by the Land Bank Commissioner. Farm land may be security for loans up to 30% of the value of the land mortgaged and 20% of the value of the permanent insurable buildings necessary for the farm. The mortgage must be a first lien. Loans may be made for any of the following purposes: 1. For purchase of land for agricultural purposes. 2. For purchase of equipment, fertilizers and livestock necessary for the proper and reasonable operation of the mortgaged farm. 3. For buildings and improvement of the farm land. U.  For providing the owner with funds for any general agricultural uses.\n\n(2) Land Bank Commissioner's Loans\n\nThe applicant must be a farmer (see Paragraph D(1) above for definitions). The applicant need not be the owner of the whole interest in the land.\nI. Illegality of the land title may not impede the mortgage's lien. The entire title can be subjected to the mortgage.\n\nLands proposed as security must be farm lands, and the mortgage must represent a first or second lien; real or personal property, including the farmer's crops, may also be proposed as security, but if on personal property, the lien must be a first lien.\n\nLoans may be granted to provide working capital for farm operations or to refinance any farmer's indebtedness. No loan may be granted if eligible for granting by the Land Bank, unless the total of the two loans is $1,000 or less.\n\nRelease # 121\nEXHIBIT 80.3.1\nFIELD OPERATIONS OFFICES\n\nChiefs of Operations\n\nDivision 1\nM. E. Hays\nChief of Operations\nOffice of Labor, WFA\nVan Dam Building\n100 Market Street\nPhiladelphia, PA 7\n\nDivision 2\nHudson Wren\nChief of Operations\nOffice of Labor, WFA\n17 North Avenue, NE\nAtlanta, Georgia\nDivision 3\nW. A. Canon\nChief of Operations\nOffice of Labor, WFA\n226 West Jackson Boulevard\nChicago, Illinois\nDivision U\nR. T. Magleby\nChief of Operations\nOffice of Labor, WFA\nTerminal Sales Building\nPortland, Oregon\nDivision 5\nW. A. Anglim\nChief of Operations\nOffice of Labor, WFA\nUth Floor, Farm Credit Admin. Bldg.\nMilvia and Center Streets\nBerkeley, CA (Northeastern Division)\nConnecticut, Delaware, Maine,\nMaryland, Massachusetts,\nNew Hampshire, New Jersey, New York,\nPennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont,\nWest Virginia.\n(Southeastern Division)\nAlabama, Florida, Georgia,\nMississippi, North Carolina,\nSouth Carolina, Tennessee,\nVirginia, Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa,\nKansas, Kentucky, Louisiana,\nMichigan, Minnesota, Missouri,\nNebraska, North Dakota, Ohio,\nOklahoma, South Dakota, Texas,\nWisconsin.\nColorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon,\nUtah, Washington, Wyoming.\n(Southwestern  Division) \nArizona,  California,  Nevada, \nNew  Mexico. \n*  As  of  May  $,  19UU  -  Subject  to  Change \nlA-9/Uh \nRelease  #106 \nWRA  Manual \nReconstruction  Finance  Corporation  80.4 \n.1  Below  is  an  outline  of  the  eligibility  requiraients  and  a^vi  Business \nother  data  of  interest  to  those  desiring  to  make  appli-  Enterprises \ncation  for  Reconstruction  Finance  Corporation  Loans  to \naid  small  business  enterprises.  A  list  of  R.F.C.  offices \nis  also  attached. \nA.  Applications  for  loans  to  establish  or  re-establish \nsmall  businesses  will  accepted  from  any  business  en\u00ac \nterprise  whether  it  is  a  corporation,  a  partnership  or \nan  individual.  Any  citizen,  including  Japanese \n.Americans,  who  produces  a  sound  plan  is  eligible. \nEligibility \nB.  Loans  can  be  secured  for  establishing  practically  any \ntype  of  small  business  such  as  retail  stores,  dry \ncleaning  plants,  garages,  etc.  Newspapers  and  liquor \nManufacturing or dispensing establishments are not eligible. No loans will be made for the purchase of farm real estate.\n\nC. The R.FC. insists that the business must be on a sound basis and there must be every indication that the loan will eventually be paid off. A payment program will be worked out with the R.FC. in each case.\n\nThe R.FC. asks as security a first mortgage on real estate, the plant, and equipment, or a first mortgage on chattels; or an assignment of accounts receivable. The applicant can offer, as additional collateral, any other assets of sound value. All loans mature in five years and are amortized on a monthly basis.\n\nApplications can be made direct to the R.FC. representative or to any bank, as the R.FC. is authorized to make loans to any business in cooperation with all procedures.\nLocal banks. These will be given a preliminary review so that applicants may be spared the trouble of filing formal applications where they are not eligible. Most loans appear to be approved in the agency offices, and all loans must, in the opinion of the agency, be sound and secured enough to have reasonably good assurance or repayment. R.F.C. representatives are unable to furnish information on the possibility of a person securing a loan except when they have full details concerning a specific proposition in a particular city, including location in the city, type of business, and other detailed information. Evacuees should visit the locality in which they might engage in business so that specific information may be given in a loan application.\n\nRelease #106\nWRA Manual\nReconstruction Finance Corporation\nProcedures (cont\u2019d.)\nID)\nInquiries about starting a business in a specific locale can be made to a Relocation Officer. For instance, the Relocation Officer may be able to determine if there is a need for laundries in Cleveland, Ohio, and if the R.F.C. representative in Cleveland would likely approve a loan for an applicant to start a laundry business there, given a sound proposition. A list of R.F.C. Offices, their managers, and addresses is attached in the Exhibit. Evacuees seeking loans in a particular District should direct their inquiries through the District Relocation Officer, allowing the Relocation Officer to contact the R.F.C. agency representative in their area for a comprehensive understanding of the WRA's relocation policy before specific requests are acted upon.\nLoan Agencies\n\nLoan Agency Manager Address\nAtlanta, Georgia M. E. Everett Healey Building Atlanta, Georgia\nBirmingham, Alabama E. W. Long Comer Building Birmingham, Alabama\nBoston, Massachusetts John J. Hagerty 40 Broad Street Boston, Massachusetts\nCharlotte, North Carolina John A. Campbell, Jr. Wilson Building 109 West Third Street Charlotte, North Carolina\nChicago, Illinois Frank M. Murchison\n208 S. LaSalle Street, Chicago, Illinois, J. A. Fraser, Federal Reserve Bank Bldg., Cleveland, Ohio, Dallas, Texas, L. B. Glidden, Cotton Exchange Bldg., Dallas, Texas, Denver, Colorado, Ross L. Hudson, Boston Building, Denver, Colorado, Detroit, Michigan, Arthur J. Fushman, 607 Shelby Street, Detroit, Michigan, Helena, Montana, Leon E. Choquette, Power Block, Helena, Montana, Houston, Texas, W. I. Phillips, Rusk Building, 723 Main Street, Houston, Texas, Jacksonville, Florida, Fred H. Farwell, Western Union Building, Jacksonville, Florida, Kansas City, Missouri, Albert L. Strong, Federal Reserve Bank Bldg., Kansas City, Missouri, Little Rock, Arkansas, J. W. Jarrett, Pyramid Building, Little Rock, Arkansas, Los Angeles, California, Hector C. Haight, Pacific Mutual Bldg.\n\nLouisville, Kentucky, J. lort Abell, Lincoln Bank Bldg., 421 W. Market Street.\nLoan Agency\nMinneapolis, Minnesota\nNashville, Tennessee\nNew Orleans, Louisiana\nNew York, New York\nOklahoma City, Oklahoma\nOmaha, Nebraska\nPhiladelphia, Pa.\nPortland, Oregon\nRichmond, Virginia\nSt. Louis, Missouri\nSalt Lake City, Utah\nSan Antonio, Texas\nSan Francisco, California\nSeattle, Washington\nSpokane, Washington\n\nRelease #106\nManager\nChina R. Clarke\nJ. M. Gardenhire\nGeorge W. Robertson\nThomas J. Ahearn Jr.\nJ. C. Eagen\nHerbert S. Daniel\nE. Raymond Scott\nWilliam Kennedy\nW. B. Cloe\nB. Glenn Gullede\nGerald L. Leaver\nW. T. Montgomery\nJohn S. McCullough Jr.\nR. M. Price\n0. M. Green\n\nAddress\nMcKnight Building\nMinneapolis, Minnesota\nNashville Trust Co. Bldg.\nUnion Street\nNashville, Tennessee\nUnion Building\n837 Gravier Street\nNew Orleans, Louisiana\nFederal Reserve Bank Bldg.\n33 Liberty Street\nNew York, New York\nCotton Exchange Building\nOklahoma City, Oklahoma\nWoodmen of the World Building, 1528 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Penn.\nPittock Block, Portland, Oregon\nRichmond Trust Building, 7th and Main Streets, Richmond, Virginia-19\nLandreth Building, 320 N. Fourth Street, St. Louis, Missouri-2\nDooly Building, Salt Lake City, Utah\nAlamo National Building, San Antonio, Texas\n200 Bush Street, San Francisco, California\nDexter Horton Building, Seattle, Washington\nColumbia Building, Spokane, Washington\n\nC-1513 plo tu i\nWRA Manual\nUnited States Employment Service, 80.5 .1\nAttached is a copy of the revision of February 15, 1944, of Sections 5540-5559 of the United States Employment Service Manual, which describes the basis of USES cooperation with the WRA. It supersedes USES instruction The USES no longer makes a selection of communities in which placement of evacuees may be handled by its own offices.\nThe new procedures for USES offices in certain Western states will not attempt to obtain center residents for employment. All contracts for recruitment of center residents will be made through the nearest District Relocation Office or with a Project Director where such an arrangement has been approved under WRA Manual Section 130.1.4-D.\n\nOne section provides for the registration at USES offices of evacuees who were in the vicinity of the particular office.\n\nThe arrangements for seasonal farm work are consistent with the seasonal leave procedures of the WRA.\n\nThe procedures for placing individual excludees have been condensed and clarified.\n\nThe War Manpower stabilization orders will apply to evacuees on the same basis as any other persons.\n\nUSES Manual\nSection Concerning Cooperation with WRA\nRelease #106\nC-1013\nEXHIBIT 80.5.1\nPart II Performance of Employment Service Function 3 _ 5540-5545\nCooperation With Other Agencies and Organizations _ 2/15/44\n\n5540-5559 War Relocation Authority\n\n5540 Objectives of Cooperation: The United States Employment Service cooperates with the War Relocation Authority to:\n1. Promote the employment of workers of Japanese origin residing in Relocation Centers, and\n2. Assist in placing individuals excluded from strategic military areas.\n\n5541 Placement of Residents of Relocation Centers\n\nRelocation Centers: The War Relocation Authority maintains nine Relocation Centers (See Section 5550 for names and addresses of each) for persons of Japanese origin or ancestry who were evacuated from military zones on the Pacific Coast. Among the approximately 70,000 residents, the United States Employment Service works to facilitate employment opportunities and placements.\nThe residents of these Centers are people in various occupational categories: doctors, lawyers, teachers, business executives, machinists, electricians, fishermen, farmers, and individuals in numerous other professional, technical, service, skilled, and unskilled occupations. Most of these residents can be released to accept employment outside of the Centers. There are two types of leave granted for employment: seasonal leave for seasonal work, and indefinite leave for permanent employment. Before a resident of a Relocation Center can be granted indefinite leave for permanent employment, the following conditions must be met: 1. The War Relocation Authority must be convinced of the individual's loyalty to the United States and that his release from a relocation center would in no way endanger national security.\nThe War Relocation Authority will check the community to which the applicant will go to ensure no hostile sentiment towards employment of the individual would cause disturbance of peace. The individual agrees to inform the War Relocation Authority of address and employer changes. Once requirements are met and individual is granted indefinite leave from the Relocation Center, their status is the same as any person or employee, with exception of not being able to return to evacuated area without military authorization and requirement to keep War Relocation Authority informed of address and employer changes.\n\nRelease #106\nUNITED STATES EMPLOYMENT SERVICE MANUAL\nPerformance of Employment Service Functions\nThe employer holds no specific responsibilities and may discharge an individual like any other employee. Similarly, the individual may resign from one position and take another, subject to the applicable employment stabilization program. The War Relocation Authority has surveyed numerous areas to assess whether community sentiment would result in peace disruptions if persons released from the Relocation Centers sought employment there. This survey continues, and War Relocation Authority field representatives will visit local United States Employment Service offices, following clearance through appropriate War Manpower Commission regional offices, to determine whether it would be suitable.\nIt is possible to place Relocation Center residents in the community. Local office managers shall cooperate in furnishing such community information, and unrestricted labor market information, as may be pertinent and available. If a community in which a Relocation Center resident receives an offer of employment has not previously been canvassed, such canvass will be made after receipt of the offer of employment.\n\n542. Employment of Persons of Japanese Ancestry in Industry Important to the War Effort: No person of Japanese ancestry, whether a citizen or an alien, may be employed in a plant or facility important to the war effort unless approval for such employment has been given by either the Japanese-American Joint Board or the Provost Marshall General. It is the responsibility of the employer to request permission to employ a person of Japanese ancestry.\nJapanese ancestry can be established by completing a standard personnel security questionnaire (for an American citizen of Japanese ancestry) or an alien questionnaire (for Japanese aliens or nationals) and forwarding it to the nearest appropriate Army or Navy representative for plant protection. The Civil Service Commission conducts independent investigations in the case of Relocation Center residents who are hired for Federal employment. When a local employment office refers a Relocation Center resident to an employer important to the war effort, or when such an employer expresses willingness to consider Relocation Center residents for jobs, the employer shall be informed of the necessity for obtaining permission to employ the individual.\n\nConditions Under Which Residents of Relocation Centers May be Recruited\nFor permanent employment: Local offices shall consider Relocation Centers as a reserve source of labor to be brought to the attention of employers under the following conditions:\n\n1. Importation of these workers would not cause displacement of local labor or create competition with locally available workers who are qualified to meet employers' specifications.\n2. Orders for which residents of Relocation Centers will be considered are for jobs of three or more months' duration.\n3. Such orders offer wages and working conditions not less favorable.\nLocal offices in the following States will not actively seek residents of Relocation Centers for employment in those States. However, if a resident of a Relocation Center, who has been granted indefinite leave, applies to a local office in one of these States for assistance in finding a job, such applicant will be referred in the same manner as other applicants. (The applicant may not be referred to a job in evacuated areas in Washington, Oregon, or California, unless authorized by military authorities to return to such areas).\n\nWashington, California.\nNevada, Arizona, Wyoming, New Mexico, Oregon, Idaho, Utah, Montana, Colorado\n\nIf a local office in any other State receives an order from an employer who expresses a willingness to consider residents of Relocation Centers and the order meets the conditions described in Section 5543, a copy of the order shall be sent directly to the nearest District Relocation Office of the War Relocation Authority. (See list in Section 5551.) This latter office will transmit it to the Relocation Center which is the best source of workers with the occupational qualifications specified on the order. The Relocation Program Officer at the Relocation Center will have qualified residents submit their qualifications to the local office which placed the order, or if no residents are available or interested, will so inform the local office.\n\nRelease #106\nUnited States Employment Service Manual\nRT II\nRegistration of Residents of Relocation Centers at Local Offices: The War Relocation Authority may arrange, through the appropriate Regional offices of the War Manpower Commission, for registration at local United States Employment Service offices of Relocation Center residents who have been granted indefinite leave and who are in the vicinity of the office. An application card shall be completed for each such applicant. These applicants shall be selected and referred on employer orders in the same manner as other applicants, except that the order must meet the conditions described in Section 5543.\n\nPerformance of Employment Service Functions: Cooperation With Other Agencies and Organizations\n\n5546. Transportation: The same condition which governs payment of transportation on clearance orders; namely, that the employer will provide transportation.\nThe portation for the worker from the point of recruitment to the location of the job applies to orders on which workers are recruited from Relocation Centers, in all cases where this is necessary for successful recruitment (See HB No. 4 on conditions precedent to clearance of an order).\n\nRecruitment of Residents of Relocation Centers for Seasonal Work: The War Relocation Authority and the Department of Agriculture have developed arrangements for the utilization of residents of Relocation Centers for seasonal agriculture work in States west of, but not including Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, and Louisiana. Recruitment for such employment will be handled by the Extension Service and the War Food Administration.\n\nRequests from employers in other States for seasonal agricultural workers.\nRequests for seasonal non-agricultural workers should be referred to the nearest District Relocation Office of the War Relocation Authority. Individuals excluded from military areas are subject to Exclusion Orders issued by military commanders, who have the authority to exclude both citizens and aliens whose presence is deemed prejudicial to the conduct of the war or the safety of the Nation. The War Relocation Authority oversees the relocation, maintenance, and supervision of such individuals. They are not housed in Relocation Centers but are assisted in establishing themselves in other communities. The War Relocation Authority covers any necessary costs of maintaining excludees during the first month.\nAfter issuance of an exclusion order, representatives of the War Relocation Authority interview the individual concerned about where they intend to go and what assistance they will need in becoming relocated. If the individual desires, they are furnished with information concerning three communities in which their chances for employment are good either because of specific demand for their occupation or general labor shortage. This advice is furnished on\nThe War Relocation Authority received information about labor market conditions in various communities from the War Manpower Commission. After selecting a community, the War Relocation Authority gave the community leader a letter of introduction to the local United States Employment Service office. Local offices endeavored to place excludees who presented letters of introduction from the War Relocation Authority. Few hundred individuals received or would receive exclusion orders, resulting in minimal work for local offices in this program.\n\n5549 Reception and Referral of Excludees with Letters of Introduction:\nWhen an excludee appeared at a local office with a letter of introduction from the War Relocation Authority, an application was taken.\nprimary and additional cards shall be marked \"WRA.\" If the excludee wishes to file a claim (Usually an inter-State claim) for unemployment compensation, necessary arrangements will be made. For the information of claims takers, separation due to exclusion may be described as \"Involuntary due to government action.\" Excludees will be selected for local referral solely on the basis of occupational qualifications or ability to perform jobs for which there are local openings. When referring an excludee, however, the local office will inform the employer of the circumstances of the case. The local office will explain that the person was excluded from a strategic military zone by order of the responsible Defense Command, that he has not been found guilty of any punishable offense but that his actions, statements, or affiliations have been of such nature that his presence is not desired.\nIn a strategic military zone, being deemed inimical to national interest requires explanation. The excludee must report to the FBI upon arrival in the community and will be under continued surveillance. Necessary explanations protect the employment service, War Relocation Authority, and employer. For the applicant's protection, discuss his case only as essential for referral and withhold his name until the employer agrees to interview. No individual excludee information will be revealed except for referral to a specific job.\n\nRelease #106\nUnited States Employment Service\nPart II \u2013 Performance of Employment Service Functions\n555\n5000-5999 \u2013 Cooperation With Other Agencies and Organizations\n2/15/44\n5550 Relocation Centers of the War Relocation Authority:\nCenter, Colorado River, Manzanar, Gila River, Central Utah, Minidoka, Heart Mountain, Granada, Rohwer, Jerome\nPoston, Arizona, Manzanar, California, Rivers, Arizona, Delta, Utah, Hunt, Idaho, Heart Mountain, Wyoming, Lamar, Colorado, McGehee, Arkansas, Jerome, Arkansas\nParker 461, Independence 671, Casa Grande 190, Delta 1031, Jercme 017, Cody 725, Lamar 331, Dermott 240\n\n(Other Pages of the USES Manual list V/RA Relocation Offices)\nRelease #106\n\nWRA Manual\nCivil Service Commission 80,6\n\u20221 Recruiting for positions in the Federal service is handled by the U.S. Civil Service Commission. In recommending (certifying) applicants to Federal appointing officers, the Commission is concerned with two requisites:\nA. The applicant\u2019s ability to perform the duties of the position for which he is certified, as\nAn appointee's qualifications for Federal employment are demonstrated through their rating in an examination. This rating can be determined based on a written test or an affidavit of education and experience.\n\nB. An appointee's personal fitness for Federal employment, as demonstrated by traits such as honesty, dependability, industry, and loyalty to American institutions, is determined through an individual character investigation. Applicants are appointed to the Federal service pending investigation, with the understanding that their retention in the job is subject to the findings of the character investigation.\n\nThe first step for an evacuee seeking Federal employment is to make a written application (Standard Form 5>7, properly executed and sworn to).\nThe Civil Service Commission's appropriate office:\n\nA. Nisei applicants for Federal employment have been handicapped in some instances due to inadequately filled-out Form 57. It is crucial that persons of Japanese ancestry include any or all pertinent information in their Form 57, specifically:\n\n(1) Under Item 32(c), include any attendance at a Japanese language school.\n\nRecruiting\nfor the Federal\nSerrjoe Eligibility\nfor the Work\nPersonal Fitness\nApplication for Federal Employment\nRelease # 156\n\nHeadquarters\nSupervisors\nTerritory Served\n\nFirrt Post Office and Comr Micros*\nBldg*, Boston 9, Mass*\nWho A* Foley. Dir*\nHarry A* Dutton, Asst*\nMaine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut\nDirectors:\nFederal Building, Christopher Street, New York 14\nJanes Rossell, Director\nLawrence H. Baer, Associate Director\nNew York and New Jersey\nThird Customhouse, 2nd and Chestnut Streets, Philadelphia 6\nCharles D. Hertzog, Director\nWilliam A. Brady, Associate Director\nPennsylvania and Delaware\nBranch Regional Office, 1022 New Federal Building\nPaul A. Fitzsimmons, Manager\nWestern Pennsylvania\nPittsburgh 19, Pennsylvania\nBounties (subject to exceptions, depending on agency and position involved): Allegheny, Armstrong, Beaver, Bedford, Blair, Butler, Cambria, Cameron, Centre, Clarion, Clearfield, Clinton, Crawford, Elk, Erie, Fayette, Forest, Franklin, Fulton, Greene, Huntingdon, Indiana, Jefferson, Lawrence, McKean, Mercer, Mifflin, Potter, Somerset, Venango, Warren, Washington, and Westmoreland.\nMoreland (Consult Branch or Regional Office for exceptions)\nTourth Nissan Building\nWinston-Salem, NC\nMaurice J. Moulliffe, Dir.\nEdmund S. Burrows, Asst. Dir.\nMaryland, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, District of Columbia\nBranch Regional Office:\nRoom 209\nWashington DC\nThomas D. Dunn, Manager\nPortions of Virginia and Maryland adjacent to the District of Columbia\nFifth New Post Office Building\nAtlanta, GA\nOrle E. Kyers, Dir.\nD*0* Ktyatt, Assoc. Dir.\nSouth Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Tennessee, Puerto Rico, and Virgin Islands\nSixth Post Office and Courthouse Building\nCincinnati, OH\nDaniel C. Whelan, Dir.\nCeol E. Snyder, Asst. Dir.\nOhio, Indiana, and Kentucky\nBranch Regional Office\n1741 Union Commons Building\nCleveland, OH\nWaldo Sonniers, Mgr.\nOhio: Counties of Cuyahoga, Ashtabula, Trumbull, Lake, Geauga.\nGarfield Building\nFourth and Jeffers, Dayton 2, Ohio\nHomer L. Foster, Manager\nCounties of Mercer, Darke, Shelby, Logan, Miami, Preble, Montgomery, Clark, Champaign, Auglaize\nLevels north\nNew Post Office Building\nChicago 7, Illinois\nJoseph A. Conner, Director\nJohn A. Zimmer, Assistant Director\nWisconsin, Michigan, and Illinois\nBranch Regional Office\n402 Post Office Building\nDetroit 33, Michigan\nHarold X. Fear, Manager\nKfi.oid.gan\nRegion\nHeadquarters\nSupervisors\nTerritory Served\nEighth\nPost Office and Customhouse Building, St. Paul 1, Minnesota\nMiss Rena B. Smith, Director\nMiss Clara Anderson, Assistant Director\nMinnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Iowa\nBranch Regional Office\n321 City Rational Bank Building\nCrahan 2, Nebraska\nRandolph J. Juono, Manager\nNebraska\nNinth\nNew Federal Building\nSt. Louis 1, Mo.\nMrs. Bobbie M. Snoddy, Director\nAlbert H. Sonntag, Assistant Director\nKansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Arkansas\nBranch Regional Office:\nE0 Dannevik, Mgr.\nKansas: Counties of Anderson, Atchison,\n207 Mutual Building\nKansas City 6, Mo\nSon, Barton, Doniphan, Douglas, Franklin,\nLincoln, Jackson, Jefferson, Johnson,\nLeavenworth, Linn, Miami, Oague,\nShawnee, Wyandotte\nMissouri: Counties of Andrew, Atchison,\nBates, Benton, Buchanan, Caldwell,\nCarroll, Cass, Chariton, Clay, Clinton,\nCooper, Daviess, DeKalb, Gentry, Greene,\nHarrison, Henry, Holt, Jackson, Johnson.\nLa Fayette, Livingston, Mercer, Morgan,\nNodaway, Pettis, Platte, Ray, Saline, Worth\n\nTenth Office of the Regional Dir\n210 South Harwood\nDallas 1, Texas\nA J Leach, Dir.\nThomas D Saathoff, Asst Dir,\nMisouri, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas\nBranch Regional Office\nCustomhouse Building\nNew Orleans 16, La\nEH Jennings, Mgr\n\nMississippi and Louisiana\n\nEleventh\n437 Central Bldg\n810 Third Ave\nSeattle 4, Washington\nJanes P Cooley, Dir.\nPaul N. Cole, Associate Director\nMontana, Oregon, Idaho, Washington, Alaska\nBranoh Regional Office:\nThomas W. 'Craig, Manager\nWashington: Counties of Wahkiakum, 4 Portland OR, Skamania, Cowlitz, Klickitat, Clark\nOregon: Counties of Gilliam, Clackamas, Yamhill, Washington, Sherman, Polk, Clatsop, Hood River, Tillamook, Columbia\nTwelfth\nFederal Office Building\nSan Francisco 2, CA\nHarry T. Kranz, Director\nWin E. Stay, Associate Director\nCalifornia, Nevada, Arizona, and the Territory of Hawaii\nBranch Regional Office:\nCalifornia: Counties of San Diego, 506 Post Office and Court House Building\nLos Angeles 12, CA\nWilliam B. Adams, Manager\nImperial, Riverside, San Bernardino, Orange, Los Angeles, Ventura, Santa Barbara\nThirteenth\nNew Customhouse Building\nDenver 2, CO\nClarence L. Edwards, Director\nBen L. Fisohbaoh, Assistant Director\nUtah, Wyoming, Colorado (now Mexico)\nBranch Regional Office\n106 Federal Bldg.\nSalt Lake City, 1, Utah\nEdwin D. Ellis, Manager\nUtah\n\nRepresentatives Outside Continental United States\nHawaii (Subsidiary to Twelfth Region) \u2014 W. T. Atkinson, Manager,\nBaxter Regional Office, 12th US Civil Service Region, Federal Building, Honolulu 2, TH\n\u00a3S\u00b0 (United-Supersession of Director, 5th Region, as far as employment in non-continental states goes) \u2014 Chairman, Puerto Rico Civil Service Commission, San Juan PR\nCanal Zone \u2014 Sooretaxy, Board of US Civil Service Examiners, Balboa Heights, CZ\n\nWRA Manual\n\nCivil Service Commission 80.6\n\n(2) Under Item 33, the Japanese language should be listed as one of the foreign languages if the applicant has even a slight knowledge of it.\n\n(3) Under Item 37, the applicant should be sure\nThe applicant should list every employment, including part-time and temporary jobs, as well as full-time positions. The applicant should also list the reason for leaving each position, even if they were separated from the job. The applicant should ensure they fill out all information requested under Item Ul(a) and (b). If the answer under (b) is 'Yes', they should provide the required information about all relatives, whom they know to be living in any country other than the United States and its possessions, under Item h5. Although no space is provided on Form 57 for foreign travel, it is recommended that mention of all such travel, including purpose and duration, be made under Item hh*. If the applicant wishes to apply for field employment, they would ordinarily apply to the Civil Service Region where\nApplicants wishing for field employment outside their Region should specify the localities preferred in their application (Item No. 27). They should understand that they will ordinarily be given consideration in the other Region only after all qualified applicants residing in that Region have been considered. An applicant for a field position should send the Form \u00a37 to the Civil Service Regional Office for the Region in which they are living.\n\nIf the applicant wishes for Departmental employment (in the main office of an agency, usually located in Washington), they must compete with qualified applicants.\nDepartmental Employment WRA Manual Civil Service Commission 80.6 Examination Appointment Procedure for Citizen Evacuees Requirement of Leave Eligibility Certification Before Investigation\n\nPlacements for such work, from all over the United States, who have indicated they wish Departmental employment. The application in such cases should be sent directly to the Commission in Washington.\n\nAfter the application is submitted, the Commission will advise the applicant when and where to take a written examination if this is required.\n\n.3 The Civil Service procedures for handling applications from American citizens of Japanese ancestry may be summarized as follows:\n\nA. War Service Indefinite Appointments.\n(1) If the applicant is living in a relocation center or has ever lived in one, his application will not be accepted unless the WRA has verified to the Commission that he has been\n\nCertified War Service Indefinite Appointee. (2) If the applicant is not a Certified War Service Indefinite Appointee, he may be examined and, if found qualified, be placed in a position in the Civil Service. (3) If the applicant is a Certified War Service Indefinite Appointee, he will be given preference in appointment over other applicants. (4) The WRA will furnish the Commission with the necessary information to determine the applicant's status as a Certified War Service Indefinite Appointee.\nIf the applicant has been certified by WRA as eligible for indefinite leave, his name may be entered on an appropriate certificate prior to his character investigation with the following footnote entered against his name:\n\n*\"This eligible, of Japanese origin, may be appointed subject to investigation and entered on duty immediately if the appointing officer certifies when reporting on this list of eligibles that the appointee will not participate in activities directly related to the war program and will not have access to any confidential or restricted information. In the absence of such certification, the eligible, if selected, may not enter on duty until he has been found suitable by the Commission as a result of investigation. Notification of the results of investigation will be sent.\"\nA person certified for appointment under Paragraph 2 above may be pointed to a position defined in the quoted footnote and may enter on duty immediately, subject to the usual provision that they cannot remain in the job after their character investigation is made if the findings are adverse.\n\nA person certified under Paragraph A(2) cannot ordinarily be appointed to work directly related to the war program or providing access to confidential or restricted information until after their character investigation has been made and a favorable report given.\n\nIn some cases, where the appointing officer makes representations to the Commission on behalf of the certified person.\n\n(3) A person certified for appointment under the provisions of Paragraph 2 above may be appointed to a position defined in the quoted footnote and may begin work immediately, but they cannot remain in the position if the findings of the character investigation are adverse.\n\n(U) A person certified under Paragraph A(2) cannot usually be appointed to work directly related to the war program or providing access to confidential or restricted information until after their character investigation has been completed and a favorable report has been given.\nThe urgency of filling the position without delay, the Commission will take steps to permit immediate appointment, subject to later investigation.\n\nIf a person has already had Civil Service investigation and clearance, he may be certified without further investigation or clearance and given immediate appointment to positions related to the war program as well as to other positions not in this category.\n\n(6) Certification of a Japanese-American citizen to a Federal agency does not guarantee selection or appointment by that agency.\n\n(7) If a Federal agency proposes to employ a particular evacuee citizen not on a Civil Service certificate, its nomination of the applicant to the Civil Service Commission should carry the statement required in footnote quoted in 80.6.3A(2) if this applies. Otherwise, the agency will have to wait until the character investigation is complete.\nIf an investigation has been conducted and a favorable report obtained, the evacuee, who has previously been deemed eligible by the Commission for the type of work in question but has not been certified to the requesting agency, follows the procedure outlined in Paragraphs A- and 5.\n\nEmergency or Temporary Appointments:\n1. Evacuees may also be given 30-day emergency appointments or temporary appointments of less than 90 days without prior investigation, unless the Regional Civil Service Director determines that the position involves vital or confidential work. They may also be employed under Schedule A appointments with the War Department.\n\nWRA Manual, Civil Service Commission 80*6\n\nProcedure for Appointment of Investigated Persons:\nSelection - Direct Recruiting\n\nBefore Investigation: Appointment\nAfter Investigation: Appointment\nInvestigation of Persons\nSelection\nDirect Recruiting\n\nIf the position involves emergency or temporary War Department appointments:\nB. Emergency or Temporary Appointments:\n1. Evacuees may be given 30-day emergency appointments or temporary appointments of less than 90 days without prior investigation, unless the Regional Civil Service Director determines that the position involves vital or confidential work. They may also be employed under Schedule A appointments.\nAppointments not approved by the Civil Service are excepted, except in localities where labor regulations were in effect on July 1. None of the provisions in Section 80.6.3 apply to appointments to the War Department, which conducts its own investigation prior to appointment.\n\nAppointment of Aliens:\nBy WRA for Federal Employment:\nU. Aliens of Japanese ancestry can be considered for federal employment only under the procedures governing appointment of enemy aliens.\n\n.5 Relocation Program Officers and field Relocation Officers shall assist evacuees in securing all necessary information on how to apply for Federal employment in the same manner as they assist them in making contacts leading to other types of employment (see Handbook in Field Offices).\n\nAt relocation centers, the Relocation Program Officers and field Relocation Officers will:\nA. Assist evacuees in applying for Federal employment.\nA. A police officer shall ensure that announcements of Civil Service examinations and opportunities are given publicity. He shall cooperate with the local Commission office in arranging Civil Service examinations at the center when there are sufficient applicants to justify holding one. He shall grant expedited leaves to attend examinations held in other cities.\n\nB. Field Relocation Officers shall maintain close relations with local offices of the Civil Service Commission to expedite the certification of eligible evacuee applicants for Federal positions. The Commission regulations relative to certification of Japanese-Americans are contained in C.S.C. Circular Letter No. h0$b and its Supplements. Relocation Officers shall take especial care to inform the Commission fully and promptly.\nIndividuals eligible for leave under WRA procedures (80.6.3A(1)): Federal employment and other types can be obtained under the Community Invitation plan or the Advance Approval plan. If under the Community Invitation plan, the evacuee may go to a community open to Community Invitation where federal employment is available and obtain temporary private employment while waiting for Civil Service Commission approval. The Commission has set the maximum time for character investigations at three weeks (80.6.3A(2)), although they have usually been considerably longer in the past. If the evacuee goes on the Advance Approval plan, they should wait for an acceptance notice from the Federal agency before leaving the center if the reason for advance approval is desired.\n[Federal agencies desiring the appointment of Japanese-American citizens to positions described in 80.6.3A(5) should allow ample time for character investigation. This applies to WRA offices as well as to other Federal agencies. Evacuees should also take this into account in their discussions with Federal appointing officers and making personal plans for the period prior to appointment.\n\nRelease # 156\nType of Leave for Prospective Federal Appointee*\nGeneral Conversation*\nC-tMO Pitnes-fin-al WRA Relocation Authority Administrative Manual\nChapter 90 - Individual Exclusion Program (Cancelled without Replacement)\nSupersedes Issuance of 9/28/U3\nRelease # 201\nWAR Relocation Authority Administrative Manual]\nChapter 100 - Evacuee Property\nWRA Organization for Evacuee Property 100,1\n\n1. Executive Order No. 9102 creating the War Relocation Authority and defining its functions and duties authorizes, among other things, supervising activities and providing for the needs of evacuees. This duty includes assisting them in preserving and protecting their assets. The assistance WRA will render is outlined in this Chapter of the Manual.\n2. The responsibility for assistance to evacuees outside centers in property matters is assigned to the Relocation Division, which administers its program from Washington, with legal advice from the Solicitor and his staff. The Evacuee Property Section in the Relocation Division assists the Chief of the Division in evacuee property matters, including pre-center activities.\nPart I of procedures, application of established policy in correspondence, direction to Relocation Division field offices, technical assistance to centers, and coordinating activities of other Divisions where evacuee property matters are involved.\n\nB. Property assistance to evacuees in the field is rendered by the staffs of the appropriate Relocation area or district offices, under supervision of the Division Chief. In the three West Coast areas, Relocation field offices are also responsible for all services in the fields of property management, storage and transportation\u2014as authorized in Manual Sections 100.2, 100.3, and 100.14\u2014for property left in the evacuated zone, regardless of where the owner of the property is currently residing.\n\n.3 An evacuee Property Section functions in the Relocation Division at each center, with assistance from the Project Attorney.\nThe duties of the Project Evacuee Officer concern legal problems. It is not his function to undertake investigations or negotiations outside the center, despite being requested to do so by evacuees. This is the responsibility of the Area Relocation Supervisor and his staff, including District Relocation Offices to which Property Officers are assigned. If very unusual circumstances exist in a case, the Area Relocation Supervisor may request the Project Director to authorize the project Evacuee Officer to visit an Area office to assist in the handling of the case.\n\nThe functions of the project Evacuee Property Officers include:\n\nPolicy on\n\n* Supersedes Issuance of WRA Manual WRA Organization for Evacuee Property 100.1\n* Property Officer to visit an Area office in order to assist the Area office in the handling of the case.\n\nThe functions of the project Evacuee Property Officers include policy implementation.\nAssist in counseling evacuees regarding their property issues and help with selling, leasing, operating, transporting, or storing their property under Manual Chapter B. Obtain full and accurate information from evacuees about property matters and provide this information to the appropriate Area or District Relocation office. Handle communications with the Area Relocation Supervisor on evacuee problems. If an Evacuee Property Officer is on the staff of a District Relocation Office, they may communicate directly with him, involving securing information, documents, and signatures on forms, and providing assistance in furthering the functions of the Area Relocation office.\nRefer to the Project Attorney's presentation of legal property problems by evacuees and consult with the Project Attorney regarding matters involving legal issues. Evacuees may request assistance with various types of property issues, which may necessitate diverse actions. The following outlines the general procedures for several classes of cases. In all cases, remember that the Authority functions only as an intermediary, except as specified in Sections 100.2.12, .1h, and .15. Therefore, no representative of the Authority shall direct an evacuee on actions to take regarding their property problems. The representative's role is to provide advice and information as requested by the evacuee and help them implement their decisions.\nSupersedes Issuance 1/20/U5 Release # 203 WRA Manual WRA Organization for Evacuee Property Reference to the lawful disposition of his property as arrived at by the evacuee of his own free will. In addition, except for cases referred to in Section 100*2 \"1U, the decisions thus reached by evacuees shall not actually be put into operation by any representative of the Authority, but by a real estate agent, a bank, an accountant, an attorney, or other person in private business or in private practice of a profession, of the evacuee's own choosing. Liaison between such person and the evacuee being provided by the Authority as requested by the evacuee.\n\nDefinitions of some of the principal expressions used in this chapter of the Manual are as follows:\n\nA. The term \"evacuee,\" as used herein, refers to all\nPersons of Japanese ancestry and immediate family members who resided within west coast military areas and were evacuated on March 1, 1942, except for internees (those who are internees at the time of the request for assistance) and their immediate families who were not residents of relocation centers. The date March 1, 1942, is the day prior to General DeWitt's Proclamation No. 1, defining the military areas. The definition includes persons of Japanese ancestry who left the military areas voluntarily, those who were evacuated, those who remained in the military areas due to mental incompetence or illness, and also the Caucasian wives and husbands of such persons.\n\nThe term \"property\" as used herein, refers to any:\nAnd all tangible and intangible property interests of evacuees, known as \"Evacuee property,\" fall into the following classes:\n\n(1) \"Household and personal effects\": This term includes clothing, household furniture and furnishings, kitchen equipment and utensils, hand tools, and all other personal property.\n\nDefinitions:\n\u2022 \"Evacuee\" and \"property\"\n\u2022 WRA Manual for Evacuee Property (100,1)\n\u2022 Government\n\u2022 \"Storage\"\n\u2022 \"Supervisor\"\n\u2022 \"Excludes\"\n\nAssistance in Post-Exclusion Period:\nProperty management not described as \"commercial property\" below and not used in and about a profession, business, trade, occupation, or other commercial venture.\n\n(2) \"Commercial property\": This term includes merchandise, stocks, store or office fixtures and equipment, boats, motor vehicles, farm and other machinery and equipment, churches and real property.\nReligious property and all personal property used in connection with a profession, business, trade, occupation or other commercial venture are exempt. No reference to \"commercial property\" shall be construed to authorize shipment of automobiles and motor trucks at Government expense.\n\n(3) Real Estate\nC. \"Government storage\" as used herein refers to storage in a warehouse operated by the Authority elsewhere than on a center.\nD. The term \"Supervisor\" as used herein refers to the Area Relocation Supervisor whose west coast area includes the place where the evacuee's property is located.\nE. \"Excludes\" as used herein means an evacuee who is excluded by military order from his place of pre-evacuation residence in the west coast exclusion area. The term includes persons in centers whom the War Department or the Department of Justice has designated as ineligible.\nEligible for relocation.\nA. The policies and procedures prescribed by this Marmal Chapter for the evacuee property program will remain in full effect, following the revocation of mass exclusion orders, with respect to persons ineligible to relocate into the excluded area.\nB. In the field of Property Management and Disposal (Manual Chapter 100.2), assistance will be extended to certain voluntary evacuees, defined in Supersedes Issuance of 1/20/U5 Release #203 WRA Manual WRA Organization for Evacuee Property 100,1 Manual Section 1J.1 *7j compare 100.1.5-A), who have not heretofore been eligible for assistance. However, for all persons eligible to return to the excluded area, assistance will be given as provided in 100.2 1-D*. Upon return of an evacuee.\nTo the evacuated area, the WRA will in no case continue to handle any matter or otherwise give property management assistance to him beyond the period of 60 days following his return, except as otherwise provided in Manual Section 100*2 *1-D* C. In the field of property transportation, assistance in the transportation of property to the point of relocation will be available, subject to the limitations set forth in Manual Section 100*3*8 Transportation and Storage. All officers or employees of WRA who, in the course of their official duties, are required to have custody, control, or possession of property belonging to evacuees, shall be bonded in accordance with the provisions of Manual Section 20*11,6. They shall be accountable for such property to the Assistant Director in charge of the San Francisco office, to whom they shall likewise report.\nAll bonds shall be accountable in carrying out their obligations. All such bonds must be approved by the Assistant Director in charge of the San Francisco office and forwarded to the Washington Finance and Supply office for filing. The Assistant Director in charge of the San Francisco office is hereby appointed the successor in interest to the Chief of the Evacuee Property Office for all purposes of accountability for moneys and other property belonging to evacuees for which officers and employees are obligated to account under the provisions of the bonds now in force. The accountability prescribed by this section does not alter the administrative relationship between the bonded officer and his Area Relocation Supervisor or Project Director to whom he is administratively responsible in performing the duties of his office.\n\nBonding of Employees.\nSupersedes Issuance X/20/hS Release #203 WRA Manual Management and Disposition of Property Chapter 100\n\nA. The Relocation Division will perform the following functions in regard to the management, operation and disposition of evacuee property within the West Coast areas:\n\n1. Make investigations\n2. Reply to inquiries\n3. Assist in handling problems of management, operation and disposition of real and personal property\n4. Aid in settling claims held by evacuees\n5. Assist prospective purchasers, lessees, managers, agents, and others in contacting evacuees\n\nB. It shall be part of the basic policy of the War Relocation Authority that, as far as possible and except only as otherwise specifically set forth in this Manual Chapter, it shall not serve as substitute owner, director, or operator.\nThe policy is to act in an investigative, informational, and advisory capacity regarding the property involved, and to serve as an intermediary and negotiator between the evacuee and persons or companies chosen by the evacuee to act for him, represent him, operate his property, or lease or purchase from him.\n\nAs a corollary of this basic policy, the evacuee determines in all cases whether to accept or reject the services of a real estate agent, bank, attorney, or the Authority. The evacuee makes the decision on acceptance or rejection of a given course of action, such as leasing or selling property, storing or disposing of goods, or accepting a given price.\nTo all of his property to which he has lawful right. In all cases, it shall be the function of the Authority to ascertain the facts and to make available as many practical alternatives as possible, in order that the evacuee may be aided in reaching an intelligent conclusion. The advice of any representative of the Authority shall be given only when specifically requested by the evacuee.\n\nNature of Service\nDecision by Evacuee\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 1/20/U5\nRelease #203\nWRA Manual\nManagement and Disposition of Property 100.2\n\nAssistance under Section 100.2 to evacuees requiring services that cannot be performed at a center shall be limited to post-exclusion assistance in property management.\nCompletion of cases for which WRA assumed responsibility prior to revocation of the general exclusion orders, providing assistance in any case will not be continued beyond 60 days after the evacuees' return to the evacuated area, except under the conditions set forth in:\n\n1. Handling of new cases for persons excluded from the evacuated area.\n2. Handling of new cases for center residents not excluded from the evacuated area, where a direct contribution will be made to orderly relocation.\n\nBefore approving a request for assistance (prepared on Form WRA-1^3, Rev. or-l53a. Rev.) involving services which cannot be furnished at the center, the Project Director shall ascertain that the evacuee has a definite relocation plan (including a date of departure, except where the services requested must be performed beforehand).\nThe date of departure can be set, and the assistance is necessary for the evacuee's relocation. The Project Director shall certify this to the appropriate Relocation Officer. The assistance requested shall be given promptly. Where relocation to the evacuated area is contemplated, such assistance may include serving notices to quit, checking property against evacuee inventories, and reporting on the condition of property.\n\nTo aid evacuees in regaining possession of their residential property for themselves or their relatives, Relocation Officers will serve tenants notices to quit possession when transmitted to them in accordance with this paragraph, and such supplemental instructions as may be issued from time to time. A signed notice will be required.\n\n(C.lD-3a) WRA Manual Management and Disposition of Property 100,2 I\n\n(Supersedes Issuance of l/29/15 Release # 203)\nTo properly terminate a tenancy, a signed petition in proper form to the OPA for approval, a signed Form WRA-1 or WRA-153A, along with a copy of the lease or occupancy agreement being terminated (if available), will accompany the Project Director's request. An extra signed copy of the notice to quit should be sent in cases where a petition to the OPA is not required. The Relocation Program Officer should carefully question the evacuee regarding any outstanding leases and refer him for consultation to the Project Attorney, who will advise the evacuee whether he can regain possession of his property. The Relocation Officer, in filing an evacuee's petition with the OPA, may:\nSend a letter stating that the evacuee is being given assistance by the WRA in relocating, explaining the reasons why approval is desirable and urging prompt approval of the petition for evacuees who have relocated to West Coast areas where assistance is necessary to prevent financial loss or hardship, or assistance is necessary to remedy or obviate a situation which may adversely affect the relocation program. Such assistance may not be extended beyond 60 days after the evacuee's return unless the Area Supervisor finds that such assistance is necessary under category (2) above, and where such assistance is not obtainable from local resources.\n\nPest Exclusion Assistance In Property Management\n\nFor evacuees returned to the West Coast Areas, many problems will be primarily relocation adjustments.\nProblems that do not require WRA management assistance. This may be because no actual property difficulties are involved or because the Relocation Officer, upon investigation, finds that needed assistance in connection with property matters can be obtained from attorneys, real estate men, Federal or State agencies, cooperating groups, or other local resources. In all such cases, the Relocation Officer receiving a request shall investigate thoroughly the possibility of obtaining adequate assistance from local resources.\n\nWhere assistance is obtained from local resources, he will act in a liaison capacity if requested to do so.\n\nPost Exclusion Assistance in Property Management\n\n(C.ID-Ua)\n\n(Ob) Where property management assistance is needed and careful investigation of the facts indicates that:\nThe Relocation Officer, to whom a request for assistance is made, will send the request on Form WRA-1\u00a33, Rev., or -13>3A, Rev., along with a letter stating the facts indicating the need for assistance and demonstrating the inadequacy of local resources to handle the problem or explaining why the problem cannot be handled through an agent, and providing a recommendation. If an evacuee returned more than 60 days prior to his initial request for assistance, the necessity for extending assistance to prevent adverse effects on the relocation program must be shown. The Area Supervisor shall notify the Relocation Officer promptly of his decision. Assistance will be given if the Area Supervisor makes this determination.\n(c) If the request does not meet the standards set forth above, the Relocation Officer shall inform the evacuee that the requested assistance cannot be given. If the request involves only assistance in employing an agent or attorney, he may provide the evacuee with names of agents or arrange to have names of attorneys sent to him who may be willing to represent him. He will send a copy of all correspondence with the evacuee to the Area Supervisor and, if the evacuee lives in another district, to the Relocation Officer of the district in which the evacuee resides.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of l/20/U\u00a3\nRelease #203\nWRA Manual\nManagement and Disposition of Property Section 100*2\n\n(d) The attorney referral system (Manual Section \u00a30*U\u00ab1) or, in proper cases, legal aid clinics.\nSection 0.9 *11: Evacuees seeking assistance from private attorneys for matters not provided at the center must sign a request for assistance, either Form WRA-13 or Form WRA-15A. At the same time, they will be asked to sign an affidavit of non-blocked account (Form WRA-IU). Failure to sign Form WRA-15U will not prevent the provision of assistance for property problems if they first sign Form WRA-13 or WRA-15A. Information on these forms will be supplemented with additional details.\nSet forth in Section 100.2.3: Following receipt of a request for property assistance, complete information shall be obtained from the evacuee. If possible, the matter shall be completed at the center. For example, in all cases where an evacuee desires only advice as to his rights under a legal instrument, the writing of a collection letter, the preparation of a will, etc., the required services shall be rendered at the center without referring the matter elsewhere. As to all matters which cannot be completed at the center, the Project Director shall obtain complete information, including pertinent names, addresses, dates, descriptions of properties, amounts, etc.\nRelocation Officer: Results desired for pertinent documents. Forward to appropriate officer. Additional information needed can be obtained by communicating with the Project Director.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 1/20A5 Release #203\n\nRequest for Assistance\nService at Center\nWRA Manual Management and Disposition of Property 100.2\n\nRelocation Officer:\n- Shall take prompt action as situation requires and permits.\n- New questions of policy involve, obtain directions or advice from Chief of Relocation Division by mail, airmail, telegraph, or telephone, depending on situation's urgency.\n- Evacuee property cases involving broad policy matters, particularly those involving:\nThe relationship with other Governmental agencies will be referred to the Chief of the Relocation Division. No legal action shall be undertaken or threatened by any representative of the Relocation Division without written authority from the Chief. No representative of the Relocation Division shall make any warranties, guarantees, or representations concerning an evacuee's property. He may transmit any pertinent information regarding the property, but must make clear that the Authority is acting only as intermediary and does not vouch for the accuracy of the information transmitted. The Relocation Officer should make every effort to carry out these duties.\nThe desires of the evacuee should be communicated to him by the Project Director on their behalf. Informing evacuees, Care shall be taken to keep the evacuee informed as to the progress of matters in which they are interested. Authority should be obtained from the evacuee for all steps taken in connection with their property. Upon final disposition of each matter, a final report shall be made to the evacuee and, if possible, a written acknowledgement shall be obtained from them that the matter has been completed. In the case of an evacuee not residing in a center, the procedures outlined in Sections 100.2.2 to 100.2.5 should be followed as nearly as possible. In all such cases, the matter shall be handled directly with the evacuee.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of l/20/li\u00a3\nRelease #203.\nRequest for Assistance, War Relocation Authority\nJoe Doe Tanaka (Please typewriter name clearly) (Family to)\n\nI request the assistance of the Director of the War Relocation Authority and his representatives in connection with certain property in which I am interested. Please find below the details:\n\nType of property:\nLocation: (Accurately list the type and exact location of the property. If real estate is involved, provide the land number and legal description.)\n\nIndividuals to contact:\nDirection for locating individuals and property:\n\nDesired outcome: (Please provide specific instructions such as sale, price acceptable, lease for a definite term at a definite figure, etc.)\n\nI am unable to find anyone else who I believe can handle this matter for me.\nI. Facts required for accomplishing the above result are outlined on the attached pages.\n\nAttached are the following signed documents:\n- pertinent (If none, state \"none\") documents such as copies of leases, rental contracts, deeds, mortgages, etc.\n\nAttached are the following unsigned documents:\n- (If none, state \"none\")\n\nI hereby revoke all powers of attorney heretofore made by me authorizing any person, firm, or corporation to do any act relative to the above-described property in connection with the accomplishment of the desired result.\n\nI hereby give and grant to Dillon S. Myer, as and while Director of the War Relocation Authority, and his successors and representatives (hereafter referred to as the Director), full power and authority to do and perform every act:\n\n- relating to the above-described property,\n- necessary for the accomplishment of the desired result.\nI ratify and confirm all actions taken by the Director and the War Relocation Authority and their agents, servants, and employees, as authorized herein. I further authorize the Director to appoint or substitute agents or attorneys in fact, removing and appointing them as he sees fit. In consideration of the assistance provided to me free of charge in connection with my property, I acknowledge the receipt and sufficiency of this consideration, and for other services rendered to me both past and future.\nI, having been furnished by the War Relocation Authority without charge, hereby release and discharge the Director of the War Relocation Authority and its agents, servants, and employees, from all liability whatever arising out of or resulting from any matter or thing done, or for failure to do any matter or thing, in connection with the above-described property. I further agree to reimburse the Authority for any and all sums advanced or expenses incurred by it on my behalf, in connection with the above-described property, and to secure the repayment of all such sums. I give and grant to the War Relocation Authority a lien upon all said property and all other property now owned and hereafter acquired by me and upon the proceeds therefrom. I am of legal age and have full right to enter into this agreement.\nI and me, as used herein, mean we and us, respectively, if more than one person is signing this agreement.\n\nDate (Date executed) _\nWitness :\n(Signature of Witness) _ (Signature of Individual making request)\n\nI am the lawful spouse of the person who has signed the foregoing instrument, and I hereby join in its execution.\n\nDate executed) _ (Signature of wife, if any) _ (Sggl)\n(Where needed, acknowledgement clause to be added in accordance with statute.)\n\nI, John Doe Tanaka 00000,\n(Type or print name clearly ) (Panily To.)\n\nrequest the assistance of the Director of the War Relocation Authority and his representatives in connection with certain property in which I am interested.\n\nWAR RELOCATION AUTHORITY\nPOWER OF ATTORNEY\nREQUEST FOR ASSISTANCE IN CONNECTION WITH PROPERTY MATTERS\nThe property involved: List the type and exact location (provide land number and legal description if real estate is involved, as well as names and directions to contact individuals and the property itself).\n\nMy desired outcome: Provide specific instructions such as sale price, lease term and figure, etc.\n\nI cannot find anyone else to handle this matter.\n\nThe necessary facts are outlined on the attached pages.\n\nPlease help me in accomplishing this.\n\nAttached hereto are the following signed documents: [List pertinent documents such as copies of leases, rental contracts, deeds, mortgages, etc.]\n\nAttached hereto are the following unsigned documents: [List the unsigned documents]\nI hereby revoke all powers of attorney heretofore made by me authorizing any person, firm, or corporation to do any act relative to the described property. I hereby give and grant to Dillon S. Myer, as and while Director of the War Relocation Authority, and his successors and representatives (hereafter referred to as the Director), full power and authority to do and perform every act and thing necessary or advisable to be done relative to the above described property. I hereby ratify and confirm all that the Director and the War Relocation Authority and its agents, servants, and employees may do by virtue of this authorization. Release #203.\n\nMore particularly, but not in limitation hereof, I hereby appoint the Director full power and authority to do all things necessary or advisable to be done relative to the above described property.\nrector  my  attorney  in  fact  for  me  and  in  my  name  to  collect  and  receive  all  sums \nof  money  which  are  income  from,  or  in  any  other  way  related  to  the  above  de\u00ac \nscribed  property  and  which  are  now  due  or  which  hereafter  become  due  to  me;  to \nenter  into  compromises  and  make  settlements  in  connection  with  all  such  sums, \nand  execute  an d  deliver  receipts  and  releases  therefor;  to  deal  with  the  goods \nand  merchandise  and  all  other  property  and  assets  of  mine  upon  or  connected  with \nthe  above  described  property,  and  to  make,  do  and  transact  all  and  every  kind  of \nbusiness  in  any  way  concerning  said  property  or  assets;  for  rne  and  in  my  name  and \nas  my  act  and  deed,  to  sign,  seal,  execute,  acknowledge  and  deliver  bills  of  sale \ndeeds,  mortgages,  agreements  and  any  and  all  other  instruments  of  any  and  every \nI authorize the War Relocation Authority, in its discretion, to take any actions necessary or advisable to accomplish the desired result set forth or any related result it deems desirable. I further authorize the Director to appoint and substitute agents or attorneys in fact with the same or more limited powers, removing and appointing them as he sees fit. In consideration of the assistance provided to me free of charge in connection with my property, and for other services furnished to me by the War Relocation Authority without charge, I agree to indemnify and hold harmless the Director and the War Relocation Authority.\nI hereby release and discharge the Director and the War Relocation Authority, and their agents, servants, and employees, from any liability whatsoever arising out of or resulting from any act, cause, or thing done or caused to be done by them or any of them in my behalf. I further agree to reimburse the Authority for any sums advanced or expenses incurred by it on my behalf in connection with the above-described property. To secure the repayment of all such sums, I hereby give and grant to the War Relocation Authority a lien upon all said property and all other property now owned or hereafter acquired by me and upon the proceeds therefrom.\nand until such advances or expenses have been fully paid to the War Relocation Authority by me, this power of attorney shall remain irrevocably in effect. I am of legal age and have full right to enter into this agreement. The pronouns \"I\" and \"me,\" as used herein, refer to \"we\" and \"us,\" respectively, if more than one person is signing this agreement.\n\nDate: (Date Executed) _\nWitness:\n(Signature of Witness) (Signature of Individual making power of attorney)\n\nI am the lawful spouse of the individual who has signed this instrument, and I hereby join in this power of attorney.\n\nDate: (Date Executed)\n(Signature of wife, if any)\n(Seal)\n\nNOTICE TO PROJECT DIRECTOR:\nSend signed original of the appropriate Relocation Office* this document. (Where needed, acknowledgement clause to be added in accordance with statute.)\n\nRelease # 203\nC-S378 Pl'fl n*bu Cl.\nWRA Manual Management and Disposition of Property Section 100.2 without dealing through the Project Director of the center at which the evacuee formerly lived. For procedure in cases of evacuees who have returned to the evacuated area, see Manual Section 100.2.1D(U) -7.\n\nCertain types of property and property problems require special consideration: Pro Memo A.\nStorage and transportation of property\u2014 See Manual Section 100.3 regarding evacuees eligible to relocate in the evacuated area.\n\nB. The estates of decedents at the centers shall be handled as follows:\n(1) The Project Director, upon the death of an evacuee who has heirs at the center, shall assist the heirs in collecting and segregating the assets of the deceased and in arranging for the probate of the estate, if necessary.\nHe shall render only such assistance as may be requested by the evacuees involved. (2) Upon the death of an evacuee who has no known heirs within the center, the personal effects of the deceased in his or WRA possession shall be handled as follows: (a) The Welfare Section shall collect all cash and visible effects left by the deceased. The cash and negotiable instruments shall be inventoried and delivered to the Project Evacuee Property Officer. All other property of the deceased shall be inventoried and held in safekeeping in a Project warehouse. An inventory of the property and a copy of the warehouse receipt shall be delivered to the Evacuee Property Officer. Supersedes Issuance of l/20/li\u00a3 Release #203 WRA Manual Management and Disposition of Property 100,2 (b) The Evacuee Property Officer shall immediately:\nDeliver all cash to the Administrative Management Division for deposit in Account Symbol No. 11*8859, unless a Public Administrator or other person to whom he may deliver it has formally qualified himself under State law to receive the cash along with the other assets of the deceased. He shall also ascertain whether the deceased had property stored at the center warehouse or at a WRA warehouse in one of the West Coast States.\n\nEstates of Decedents\n(oont\u2019A)\n\n(c) WRA records shall be consulted to ascertain whether any relatives of the deceased are in other centers or have relocated. The Evacuee Property Officer shall also secure an affidavit from two or more acquaintances of the deceased, giving such information as they may have indicating whether the deceased left heirs in this country or elsewhere.\n\n(d) If WRA records or the affidavits of acquaintances do not provide sufficient information, further investigation shall be conducted to locate any potential heirs.\nThe Evacuee Property Officer shall communicate with any heirs of the deceased in this country, informing them of the deceased's death and the property they left at the center. Heirs are asked to make appropriate arrangements to qualify for the property or provide evidence of their right to receive it. The Evacuee Property Officer must consult the Project Attorney regarding the affidavit, the adequacy of the arrangements, and the evidence presented by the heirs. If the heirs make appropriate arrangements, the Officer shall deliver the property to them upon request.\n\nIf the Officer obtains information that the deceased left no heirs in this country, he shall deliver the property accordingly.\nProperty belongs to a Public Administrator or other permitted recipient.\nSupersedes Issuance of 1/20/U5 Release #203\nWRA Manual\nManagement and Disposition of Property Section 100.\nIf no formally qualified person exists to receive it, he shall communicate with the local State or county officer having jurisdiction over the probate of the estates of decedents leaving no heirs. Asking such officer to make appropriate arrangements to receive for probate the assets of the deceased at the project and in WRA warehouses in the State. If such officer agrees to assume control of the deceased's assets on behalf of the State or local government, the Evacuee Property Officer shall deliver the decedent's assets to the officer upon request and upon his presenting adequate evidence to show that he is entitled to receive such property.\nThe Evacuee Property Officer shall consult the Project Attorney regarding the adequacy of evidence presented by the state or county officer regarding their right to receive the property. The Evacuee Property Officer shall then notify the officer in charge of estates of decedents in the State where the evacuee lived before evacuation that they have delivered such property to the local officer. If the local officer declines to take all or part of the decedent's assets, the Evacuee Property Officer shall request them to waive the rights of the State or county to such assets. In all cases where, according to Project records, the deceased left property in a WRA warehouse in the State where they resided before evacuation, and in all cases where the local county or State officer has declined to take possession.\nThe Evacuee Property Officer shall write to the officer having jurisdiction over such cases in the county or State, regarding the decedents:\n\nEstates of Decedents (cond't)\nWRA Manual\nManagement and Disposition of Property, Section 100 >2\nEstates of Decedents (oont'd)\n\nWhere the decedent resided before evacuation to ascertain if that officer wishes to receive the decedent\u2019s property and probate the estate. He shall report all property in WRA warehouses in the state, as well as property at the center and all cash deposited with the Administrative Management Division in Account symbol No. UL|883>9. The Evacuee Property Officer should explain that the property will not be shipped to such officer at the expense of the Federal government.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 1/20AS Release #203\n\nThis text appears to be a clear instruction for handling the estates of decedents in relation to evacuation and WRA property management. No significant cleaning is necessary.\nTheeral government, in all cases involving property stored in West Coast warehouses, shall send to the Area Relocation Supervisor a copy of his letter to the West Coast State official. If the State or county officer in the state of the evacuee's residence agrees to take the assets of the deceased before evacuation, the Evacuee Property Officer shall deliver them to the officer upon his request, and upon his presenting adequate evidence of his authority to receive them on behalf of the State or local government, shall obtain a receipt therefor. The Evacuee Property Officer will consult the Project Attorney as to the adequacy of the evidence presented by such officer. The property will not be shipped to the officer in the State of residence of the evacuee at the expense of the Federal government. If the officer agrees to take the property before evacuation, it will not be shipped to them.\nIf a person does not wish to take control of the assets of a decedent, they will be asked in writing to waive the rights of the State or local government to the estate.\n\n(i) If a center resident lawfully comes into possession of any personal property of a decedent, such property may be treated in the same manner as any other property belonging to a center resident and may be shipped, if otherwise eligible, at Government expense.\n\n(ii) If a non-center resident acquires property of a deceased person, the payment of transportation cost may be made at Government expense.\n\n(g) Officers having jurisdiction over the estates of decedents who leave no heirs in States where relocation centers are established.\nThe following states are those from which evacuees were removed: Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Idaho, Oregon, Utah, and Washington.\n\nRoles: County Attorney, Prosecuting Attorney, Public Administrator, District Attorney, Attorney General, or County Attorney.\n\n(h) If the deceased left no heirs in this country but left heirs in Japan, this fact should be communicated to the appropriate officer (see sub-paragraph (g), above), so that he may in turn advise the Alien Property Custodian of this fact.\n\nIn the event that the officer in the State where the Relocation center is situated and the officer in the State where the evacuee lived before evacuation decline to accept the decedent's assets, the Project Director shall notify the Alien Property Custodian.\n[To the Alien Property Custodian,]\n\nI hereby request that you accept the assets of the decedent, given that I have established the decedent's death and the existence of heirs in Japan.\n\nThis supersedes Release #203 of January 20, 1945.\n\n[Decedents]\n\n[C]\n\n(i) General Order No. 5 of the Alien Property Custodian requires every Administrator or Executor to report any property or interest in which there is reasonable cause to believe a designated enemy country (including Japan) or a designated national (including any person in any place under Japanese control) has an interest. The Evacuee Property Officer must inform any state or local office taking the decedent's assets of this requirement.\n\n(j) In all matters pertaining to deaths within the centers of evacuees leaving property to be handled under this manual.\nThe War Relocation Authority will keep an accurate record of every action taken, and a file will be maintained for each case. (3) In cases of evacuee deaths occurring outside the centers, the War Relocation Authority will assume no responsibility for probate of their estates. Evacuees who die outside the relocation centers and leave no heirs should be handled by the local authorities where they died. However, if the death of a relocated evacuee is reported to the Relocation Officer, he shall send the information to the former center, if it exists, and provide any relevant information in his possession to the local authorities.\nWhenever a property matter involves an evacuee in litigation as a defendant, or an evacuee desires to institute litigation in connection with any property, the Authority may act as a mediator in assisting the evacuee in employing an attorney and thereafter assisting, upon request, in keeping the evacuee advised as to the progress of the litigation. The Authority shall not assume any obligation in connection with the litigation or represent the evacuee in or out of court with respect to such litigation.\n\nSo far as possible, the assets of evacuees shall not be physically handled by or be in the possession of representatives of the Authority.\nEvacuee Property Officer shall, in every case, request the debtor to make out a check payable to the evacuee. In the event cash is received, the Evacuee Property Officer shall promptly purchase a cashier\u2019s check or money order, payable to the evacuee, first deducting the cost of such instrument. A receipt in quadruplicate (Form WRA-2U8) shall be issued by the Evacuee Property Officer and copies distributed as follows:\n\nOriginal to remitter\n1st copy to appropriate Area Relocation Supervisor or Project Director\n2nd copy to be forwarded with remittance\n3rd copy to be retained by Property Officer\n\nRemittance to evacuees shall be transmitted with a covering letter indicating the purpose and form of the remittance. A copy of such letter shall be retained by the Evacuee Property Officer.\nForward tangible assets of some evacuees, other than cash, to the appropriate Area Relocation Supervisor. It may be necessary to physically handle these assets. In all such cases, at least two representatives of the Authority shall handle the assets together. This is to ensure verification in case of dispute with the evacuee regarding the number, character, and condition of the assets handled. When it is not possible to have two representatives present, the services of a disinterested person, such as a bank employee or real estate agent, shall be enlisted for subsequent verification.\n\nSupersedes Issuance 1/20/U5 Release #203\nWRA Manual\nManagement and Disposition of Property\nClaims Against\nEvacuees'\nProperty\nOther Than\nContradictory\nUnlawfully\nHeld\nA. Whenever claims against evacuees are brought to the attention of the Authority, all correspondence regarding such claims should be sent, through the Project Director, to the evacuees still residing in centers who are concerned, along with other information regarding such claims. Claimants should be advised that this has been done. Such correspondence shall be sent directly to relocated evacuees. The Authority shall neither assist in nor interfere with the enforcement of such claims, but shall assist in locating the evacuee involved, furnish his address if such is requested, and act as intermediary in settlement negotiations for evacuees within the centers when requested.\n\nB. When anyone seeks to serve legal process upon an evacuee, service thereof shall not be interfered with by the Authority, nor shall service be obstructed.\nWhen handling property of an evacuee, a representative of the Authority may discover assets that, while not contraband, appear unlawfully held. Examples include large quantities of rationed commodities or liquor without paid tax. In such cases, the representative must inform the Chief of the Relocation Division, who will then notify the appropriate government agency enforcing the relevant laws or regulations.\n\nSupersedes Issuance l/2Cf/h5\nRelease #203\nWRA Manual\nManagement and Disposition of Property 100.2: The interests of the evacuee should be safeguarded by informing him of any action taken or contemplated by any governmental agency. The evacuee should be assisted in presenting facts to any such agency, obtaining the services of an attorney if desired, and safeguarding his rights to the proceeds of any forced sale of assets. Regarding contraband, see Section 100.3.5.\n\nBefore remitting any money or delivering any other assets to an evacuee, an effort shall be made to determine whether the evacuee is a blocked national and whether he is entitled to receive such money or other assets. For this purpose, he shall be required to make an affidavit.\nForm WRA-15U, revision (See attached exhibit), must be presented by the evacuee as proof of his lawful entitlement to receive money or other assets before their delivery. Form WRA-15U, revision, must be signed and sworn to by the evacuee at the time he signs Form WRA-153, revision, or WRA-153A, revision (Requests for Assistance). If he declines or is unable to sign it at that time, no remittance shall be made to him until he signs Form WRA-15U, revision, or is licensed by the Treasury Department.\n\nThe power previously granted to the Treasury Department to freeze property has been delegated to the Director of the War Relocation Authority. Before it can be exercised, a written recommendation from the Chief of the Relocation Division, along with a complete explanation of the circumstances and facts which justify the freezing, must be submitted to the Director.\nThe Director will exercise power over evacuee property matters only in cases of great necessity and emergency. This supersedes the issuance of 1/20/U5 Release #203.\n\nProperty matters previously handled by the Federal Reserve Bank or the Farm Security Administration, or any other agency, should be turned over to the War Relocation Authority. The Authority will request all files and records pertaining to that matter, or complete copies thereof, and take an inventory of the property. In the event of any complaint or claim by an evacuee, these records will be essential.\nThe Authority is responsible for determining the amount and condition of such property. The responsibility for the amount and condition may be fixed between the Authority and the other agency. At the same time, the Authority will obtain from such agency a statement as to what action has been taken in connection with the property, what further action is required, and how urgent is the taking of such further action, in the opinion of that agency.\n\nPower of Attorney:\nAll evacuees who request assistance in connection with their property matters, unless they are requesting service easily rendered at the project, shall sign Form WRA-153, Rev., or Form WRA-153A, Rev., attached to Section 100.2.2.\n\nForm WRA-153, Rev., is to be used in cases where the evacuee wishes to issue specific instructions to the Authority for handling his property. A description of the specific assistance desired by the evacuee is to be included.\nThe evacuee is to be inserted in the form before signing. If action other than that specifically authorized appears advisable, a recommendation that such action be taken will be communicated to the evacuee and his consent obtained before such action is taken, except in cases of great emergency (referred to in Section 100.2.15). The Authority will take no action other than that authorized by the evacuee.\n\nC. A Property Officer handling a case under WRA-153, Rev., may carry out the instructions of the evacuee without referring the case to the Area Re-Supersedes Issuance of 1/20/15 Release #203 WRA-154 Rev.\n\nWAR RELOCATION AUTHORITY\n\nAffidavit\nState of _\nCounty of _\n\nI, _ years old, a person of Japanese ancestry residing at, being duly sworn on oath, depose and say:\nI. Am a generally licensed national under General License No. 68-A, issued by the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States under Executive Order No. 8369, as amended. I am an American citizen and not a national of any foreign country within the meaning of Executive Order No. 8389, as amended. In the transaction for which this affidavit is made, I am not acting directly or indirectly for, or on behalf of, a national of Japan who is an individual, partnership, association, corporation, or other organization on the premises of which the Treasury Department maintains a representative or guard or on the premises of which there is posted an official Treasury Department notice.\nThe premises are under the control of the United States government, or a bank, trust company, shipping concern, steamship agency, or insurance company, or any person who, on or since June 14, 1941:\n\na) has represented or acted as agent for any person located outside the continental United States or for any person owned or controlled by persons located outside the United States, or\n\nb) has acted or purported to act directly or indirectly for the benefit, or on behalf, of a blocked country including the government thereof, or\n\nc) is a national of Japan by reason of any fact other than that such person has been domiciled in, or a subject or citizen of, Japan at any time on or since June 14, 1941.\n\nSworn to before me this [blank]\nNotary Public.\nEliminate paragraph W2M which is not applicable.\n\nManagement and Disposition of Property 100.2 (.lUc)\n\nLocation supervisor (except where the Area Supervisor's prior approval is required): provide that the evacuee's instructions are complied with in all respects, and are not exceeded.\n\nUse Form WRA-153A, Rev., when an evacuee desires to grant broad general powers of attorney to the Authority to take whatever action the Authority or its representatives may deem advisable in protecting and maintaining his property and the income therefrom.\n\nWhen operating under Form WRA-153A, Rev., the Property Transfer Officer handling the case shall communicate with the owner (through the Project Director, when the evacuee resides at a center), to determine:\n\nForm WRA-1531, Rev., should be used whenever practicable.\nIf the action is satisfactory to the property owner, and if there isn't sufficient time to obtain their consent for proposed actions, the Property Officer shall report the circumstances to the Area Relocation Supervisor and obtain their approval before taking action. Approval can be obtained by mail, telegraph, or telephone, depending on the situation's urgency. All property matters not readily disposed of at the center, except those referred to in Section 100.2.15, shall be handled in one of three ways: a Property Officer may carry out the owner's instructions if they deem fit.\nThe authorization must be obtained either from the evacuee or the Area Relocation Supervisor; (2) when operating under Form WRA-153A, a Property Officer shall communicate with the evacuee in advance of action except (3) when, in the opinion of the Property Officer, action is required so urgently as to make it highly inadvisable to delay matters in order to communicate with the evacuee first, and in any such case, the Property Officer shall communicate with the Area Relocation Supervisor and obtain his approval before taking action.\n\nAuthorization for Alton\n\nSince the risk of liability on the Authority and its representatives begins only when assistance is requested by the evacuee or some action is taken,\n\nPrompt Action\n\nSupersedes Issuance of l/20/li5 Release # 203\n\nWRA Manual\nManagement and Disposition of Property 100*2\nIn connection with an evacuee's property, it's important that action be taken promptly after a request for assistance has been made by the evacuee, and no action shall be taken with reference to any evacuee's property without request by the owner, except in rare cases of great emergency. Action without authorization from the owner:\n\nOnly in rare cases of great emergency shall any action be taken with reference to an evacuee's property without a request for assistance having first been made by the owner. For example, if a Property Officer should come upon a evacuee's personal effects and find that the premises on which they were left have been broken into, locks are broken, some of the effects have been stolen, etc., the Property Officer may take action to protect the balance of such property, but only the minimum action required to afford reasonable protection.\nAn attempt shall be made to provide able protection in cases of damage or destruction of evacuee property, such as repairing the door and purchasing a new lock. Immediate steps shall be taken to notify the evacuee fully of what occurred and what was done to afford reasonable protection, while recommending and requesting authorization for further protective measures.\n\nWhenever an instance of theft, vandalism, pillage, damage, or destruction of evacuee property comes to the attention of the Authority, prompt action shall be taken to prevent further loss or damage and recover stolen property. The following steps are prescribed:\n\nReporting:\n- A verbal or telephone report shall be made immediately to the police, providing the location, approximate date of occurrence, and nature of the loss.\nA. This verbal report to the police should be confirmed by a letter requesting information on the following: any damage and other relevant details.\n\nB. This verbal report to the police shall be confirmed by a letter which also requests information on the following: the steps taken to apprehend the culprits, their current status, and any recovery of goods.\n\nC. Property officers should promptly do the following:\n1. Visit the place where the acts of theft or vandalism occurred.\n2. Have photographs taken.\n3. Take steps to prevent further loss or damage.\n4. Make a full report in writing to the police of all facts ascertained since the previous report.\nIn case a report is not rendered by the police within a reasonable time, a follow-up shall be sent. In all cases where the identity of the guilty persons is determined, an investigation shall be made of their financial responsibility with a view to the possibility of civil action being taken by the evacuees who have sustained losses. Concurrently with each step taken, a full report shall be made to the evacuee owners or those interested in the damaged or stolen property. This report should be carefully worded to not give the evacuee owner any false impression. It must be made clear to him that WRA had no responsibility for his property and in fact did not know of its existence until the report of its loss came in, if such is the case. Copies of all reports and correspondence shall be kept.\nThe following applies to all instances of vandalism and thievery hereafter occurring, and to all instances that have occurred, insofar as the above procedure is applicable. Reporting and investigating thefts or vandalism.\n\nH. The foregoing applies to all instances of vandalism and thievery. Supersedes Issuance of l/20/^i\u00a3 Release #203 WRA Manual Management and Disposition of Property j.00 *2.\n\nRequest for Investigation:\n\nWhenever the staff at a WRA center or field office receives a report of theft or destruction of evacuee property in use or in private storage, in the evacuated area or damage to evacuee property, they shall indicate and make such recommendations as they deem appropriate.\n\nThis applies to all instances of vandalism and thievery.\nReal estate inquiries should be made on Form WRA-3 or WRA-1S3A for an investigation as prescribed in 100.2.16. The form should be mailed directly to the appropriate Relocation Officer.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 1/20/55\nRelease # 203\n\nWRA Manual\nStorage and Transportation of Property 100.3\n\n1. In the fields of storage and transportation, the Relocation Division has the responsibility to provide assistance in connection with the transportation and storage of personal property. In general, this assistance will include:\n\nStorage and Transportation Assistance\nA. The establishment and operation of warehouses at convenient points for free storage of evacuee property.\nB. The furnishing of traffic information and assistance without cost to the evacuee, in connection with the storage and transportation of property, whether the evacuee resides at a center or elsewhere.\nSection 100.3.3 and 100.3.8 permit the transfer of an evacuee's household and personal effects, without expense to the evacuee, from their former residence or place of storage to a center or any place outside of a center, and from a center to any place outside of a center, in addition to the movement of such property from the point of former residence at private storage to Government storage, as defined herein. The assistance provided shall include the furnishing of estimated costs and other information regarding crating, loading, and transporting property, and aid in the preparation of bills of lading. This assistance is available alike to evacuees whose property is shipped at government expense and to evacuees whose property is shipped at their own expense. The Authority will\nUse reasonable care and diligence, the Authority nor its representatives will accept any liability in connection with storing, transporting, or handling evacuee property. These provisions apply also to property originally placed in storage under the jurisdiction of the Federal Reserve Bank.\n\nStorage and Transportation of Evacuee Household and Personal Effects\n\nProcedures:\n\n1. Evacuees residing at a center, who desire their property transferred from private to government storage, shall execute a \"Request for Storage of Property,\" Form WRA-15, Rev. two, executed copies.\n\nForm WRA-15, Rev. two: Request for Storage of Property\n\n(Two executed copies required)\nThe Project Director will forward requests for property storage or transportation to the appropriate Relocation Officer in the area where the property is located. (See attached Exhibit for a copy of the form with sample entries and instructions for completion.) A relocated evacuee may present his request directly to the Area Relocation Supervisor or the Project Director at the center where he formerly resided. The request may also be filed by an evacuee on appropriate WRA forms through a District or Area Relocation Officer.\n\nThe Authority reserves the right to refuse to transport property at Government expense if, in its opinion, the character or location of the property does not justify the expense. To ensure reasonable protection and care, the Authority may charge evacuees for transporting or storing certain types of property.\nThe Authority may refuse to accept perishable property or property that contaminates other property from evacuees for transportation or storage. In the event such property is received in storage, the Authority reserves the right to dispose of it by any method chosen. Any proceeds received from the disposition of such property will be promptly forwarded to the evacuee in accordance with Section 100.2.8.\n\nStorage:\nC. Evacuee property in government storage, or which may later be placed in government storage, will be held therein at no expense to the owner, pending disposition outlined in this instruction.\n\nTally-in:\nD. All evacuee property received in Government storage shall be covered by appropriate tally-in receipts.\nduplicate  copies  of  which  will  be  forwarded  to  the \nProject  Director  by  the  Relocation  Officer.  The \nProject  Director  will  deliver  one  copy  of  the  tally- \nin  receipt  to  the  evacuee.  In  the  event  the  evacuee \nowner  is  no  longer  resident  at  a  center,  then  the \ntally-in  receipt  will 'be  forwarded  directly  to  him \nby  regular  mail  by  the  area  office. \nSupersedes  Issuance  of  1/20/U5 \nRelease  #  203 \nWRA-155  Rev. \nWAR  RELOCATION  AUTHORITY \nREQUEST  FOR  STORAGE  OF  PROPERTY \nName  of  Evacuee:  John  Doe  Tanaka  _ .  Family  Number:  00000 \n1.  I  hereby  request  the  War  Relocation  Authority  to  transport \nthe  personal  property  listed  on  the  reverse  side  hereof,  from  private \nitorage  to  government  storage,  both  transportation  and  storage  to  be \nwithout  charge  to  me  except  as  set  forth  herein. \n2.  All  agreements  made  by  me  herein  euro  made  in  consideration \nI represent and warrant that I have full right to auction the following property to be transported and stored by the War Relocation Authority. I am the sole owner of the property or have obtained written consent from all other parties who have any interest in the property. The property is now at: (Name of warehouse or exact location of) (Name of warehouse or place of storage) (Post Office address) (Address of Place of Storage) \" ~ (City) (State)\n\nThe War Relocation Authority may designate the warehouse or warehouses in which the property described on the reverse side hereof is to be stored. I acknowledge the value and sufficiency of the traffic services provided in connection with the storage or transportation of my property.\nI understand and agree that my property will be stored and transported using the most economical means. I consent to the placement of the applicable valuation on my property for any claim I may have against the carrier for loss or damage, which applies when property is shipped at the lowest freight rate. The Authority shall not be obligated to hold any of my property in storage for any fixed length of time. Whenever it sees fit, on ten days' notice in writing to me at my last known address, it may dispose of or sell my property.\nThe Authority may require me to remove my property from storage, and upon my failure to remove it within the required time, the Authority may dispose of my property by whatever method it chooses, remitting all proceeds received therefrom to me.\n\nIf any of my property is perishable or contaminated or may lead to the contamination of other property, I authorize the Authority to dispose of such property (or any part thereof) without notice, by whatever method it chooses, at no expense to me. If any proceeds are realized from the disposition of such property, those proceeds are to be remitted to me in full.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 1/20/15\nRelease # 203\nI hereby designate the Wer Relocation Authority as my agent to cause an inventory to be taken of the property I am requesting the Authority to store for me. I have confidence in the integrity and good intentions of the Authority and its representatives. I agree to accept as correct, subject to any claims I may make in writing within ten days of my receipt of such list, the list which will be delivered to me by the Authority to inform me what goods are being stored for me.\n\nI hereby release and discharge the War Relocation Authority and its employees and representatives from all liability whatsoever arising out of or resulting from packing, storing, transporting, or otherwise handling my household and personal effects and any and all other property belonging to me or in which I have an interest.\n\nSignature of Owner\nSSAL\nWitness: Owner\u2019s Family Number QOOOO\nAddress (Mailing address)\nNotic3 to Project Director:\nThis form is to be executed in quadruplicate and distributed as follows: Two copies to Grafiepeetatioa-6eot4\u00ab\u00bbr Bvaewee Pwopepty Offiee, Sen Francisco, CA, on project property. Appropriate Relocation Officer; one copy to project files; one copy to evacuee.\n(Form WPA-1S5 Rev.)\n\nList of Personal Property\nNo. of Pieces\nArticles\nNo. of Pieces\nArticles\nBed - Dark Walnut\nBed Sails *\nSprings - Box\nDresser - Dark Walnut\nBoxes - Apple\nCarton - Cardboard, tied with rope\nTrunks - 2 Steamers, 2 Wardrobe\nSacks of rice - 1 Metal\nSmall Gas Heater - Westinghouse\nMattresses - Simmons\nChairs - Dining\nBleotrio Stove - Hotpoint\nA Ford Truck - 7 tires (Passenger tire)\nSewing Machine - Singer, electric\nRefrfrigerator - Westinghouse\nTotal Number of Individual Pieces of Property: Forty (40)\nList property accurately, indicating the number and articles for transportation personnel to identify easily. Refer to WRA Manual 100.3.8.\n\nSupersedes Issue of l/\u00a3o/k$\nRelease # 203\n\nWRA Manual\nStorage and Transportation of Property 100.3\n\nAn evacuee may request shipment of his household and personal effects from private storage, or from governmental storage, or from both. His Request for Transportation of Property, Form WRA-156, indicating the location and amount of property to be transported, shall be presented to the Project Director, who, if he approves the request, will in turn transmit two executed copies of the form.\ncompleted form to the appropriate Relocation Officer (See attached Exhibit):\n\nF. No partial shipments of evacuee household and personal effects will be made, except for excludees, even if the person in whose name the property is stored asserts that he does not own all of it.\n\nPartial shipment of commercial property will be made only when the evacuee is unable to accept part of it at the location where he is living.\n\nWhen partial shipments of household and personal effects are requested by excludees, all items to be shipped shall be specifically described on the Form WRA-156 so that the trunks, boxes, and other pieces of property to be shipped and those to remain in storage can be readily identified.\n\nItems of commercial property to be left in storage should be covered, when partial shipments are requested, by a separate Form WRA-156 on which all items are described in detail.\nA. A date should be designated prior to which shipping should not be made for evacuee property.\n\nG. Whenever possible, evacuee property should be shipped in full carload lots. When a group of evacuees is relocating to the same given point or points in close proximity to each other, it is desirable to utilize pool carload shipments of evacuee property. In instances where car-lot and pool car-lot shipments are not practicable, shipments shall be made in less than carload lots.\n\nH. Evacuees relocated from a center and desiring their household and personal effects forwarded from private or government storage in the evacuated area:\n\nSupersedes Issuance of l/20/5\nRelease 203\nRequest for Transportation\nPartial Shipment\nPool Carload Shipments\nAssistance to Relocate Evacuees\nWRA Manual\nStorage and Transportation of Property 100 >3\nSubmit requests to the Relocation Officer through the Project Director. If the property is at a center, submit requests to the Project Director who will act upon the request. All requests shall be made on Form WRA-15>6 and shall indicate the location and amount of the property to be transported. Copies of Form WRA-15>6 and any necessary information concerning the regulations governing such proposed shipments may be secured from the nearest Relocation Officer.\n\nMovement of Personal Effects of Relocating Evacuees\nPacking and Crating\nShipment\n\nI. The Authority will transport the household and personal effects belonging to an evacuee and his immediate family from a center to the common carrier depot nearest the destination.\nSection designated by the evacuee. Door delivery is permissible if: the evacuee expects no additional cost, or delivery can be pooled with other car lots, or equal or less cost can be secured through contract. Evacuees are expected to utilize all baggage privileges. Requests for transportation should be submitted to the Project Director on Form WRA-1^6.\n\nJ. Government storage and transportation of household and personal effects for relocated evacuees includes packing and crating, but does not include unpacking, uncrating, or door delivery at destination, except as provided in Paragraph I9 above.\n\nK. Shipments under this section are by freight, except for express shipments where: (1) the items are perishable, (2) the items are essential for the immediate use of the evacuee, or (3) the items are small in bulk and value.\ndifficult  to  send  safely  by  freight  because  of  high \nvalue  or  size,  or  (2)  the  Project  Director  or  Relo\u00ac \ncation  Officer,  as  the  case  may  be,  certifies  on  the \nRequest  for  Transportation  (Form  WRA-156)  that  ex\u00ac \npress  shipment  is  necessary  in  the  interest  of  the  re\u00ac \nlocation  program.  In  no  case  shall  any  express  ship\u00ac \nment  exceed  5>00  pounds  in  weight. \nL.  It  should  be  pointed  out  to  evacuees  signing  Form  WRA- \n155*  Rev.  or  WRA-1^6  that,  in  the  absence  of  the  desig\u00ac \nnation  by  the  evacuee  of  the  valuation  he  wishes  placed \nSupersedes  Issuance  of  l/20/W \nRelease  #  203 \nUNITED  STATES \nDEPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOR \nWAR  RELOCATION  AUTHORITY \nREQUEST  FOR  TRANSPORTATION  OF  PROPERTY \nNAME  OF  EVACUEE _ i?\u00ae_^LTanaka _  FAMILY  NUMBER  000QQ \n1.  I  hereby  request  the  War  Relocation  Authority  to  transport  the  personal  property  listed  on  the \nReverse side hereof from the present location, shown below, to destination, shown below, without charge to me, except as set forth herein.\n\n1. All agreements made by me herein are made in consideration of traffic services provided in connection with the transportation of my property by the War Relocation Authority, and I hereby acknowledge the value and sufficiency of that consideration.\n2. I represent and warrant that I have full right to cause said property to be transported; that I am the sole owner of said property, or that I have obtained written consent to its being transported from all other parties who have any interest in said property.\n3. The property is now at (exact location of place of storage or where property is now located) (Name of warehouse or place of storage).\n(Address)\n(City)\n(State)\nTo be shipped to X Givenameofe Yajiueeorn.gent auib. Qrized to receive goods)\n(Post Office address) (shipping address or railhead)\n(Address) (City) (State)\n(Check (a) or (b). If higher valuation desired, specify on last page of this form. If (b) is checked, also insert route.)\n1. I agree that the War Relocation Authority may designate the means and route by which the property is to be transported. I understand and agree that the transportation of my property shall be via the most economical means. I also consent to your placing on my property the valuation (on which any claim I may have against the carrier for loss or damage will be based) which applies when property is shipped at the lowest freight rate available. (I understand that if I desire a higher valuation, I must specify it and insert the route.)\nI request it in writing at this time and must pay in advance the additional freight charge added by reason of such higher valuation or the insurance premium. I will choose to have the property transported via T.L. U-IILL, Co.\n\n6. In the event any of my property is perishable, or becomes contaminated, or may lead to the contamination of other property, I authorize the War Relocation Authority to dispose of such property (or any part thereof) without notice, by whatever method it chooses, at no expense to me. If any proceeds are realized from the disposition of such property, those proceeds are to be remitted to me in full.\n\nFor each property joined to this, I am depositing with this: To cover transportation expenses.\nIf the expense of transporting such property is less than expected, the War Relocation Authority - Anthym I ty - should pay any additional sum required to cover the cost. If I am required to pay an additional deposit, I will do so. The War Relocation Authority is hereby designated as my agent to take an inventory of the property I am requesting they transport for me. I have not seen my personal effects and other property for a considerable time and have no reliable inventory of them.\nI. Within 10 days of receiving the list, which will be provided to me by the War Relocation Authority, I will be informed about the goods being transported for me.\n\n9. I hereby release and discharge the War Relocation Authority and its employees and representatives from all liability whatsoever arising out of or resulting from packing, storing, transporting, or handling my household and personal effects and any and all other property belonging to me or in which I have an interest.\n\n[Signature of owner]\nWitness: Owner\u2019s family number _ 00000 _ _\nAddress [Mailing address]\n(If owner is not residing at a project, present mailing address must be given)\n\nNOTICE TO PROJECT DIRECTOR: This form is to be executed in quadruplicate and distributed as follows: Two copies to 'SesmapawtaMwir^toettMt.\nList of Personal Property\n\nBed Ends - Dark Oak (2)\n Springs - Box (1)\n Mattresses - Beautyrest (1)\n Chairs - Dining - Walnut (2)\n Table - Walnut\n Buffet - Walnut\n Refrigerator - General Electric\n Gas Stove - Magic Chef\n Paxes - Apple box (2)\n Cartons - Cardboard, roped\n Sewing Machine - Singer, electric\n Trunks - Wardrobe (1)\n Dresser - Dark Oak\n\nIf property is located at Relocation C, contact Director. For all other cases:\n\nIf property is in Government storage, route to the Warehouse where it is located, on the West Coast.\n\nIf property is in private storage, route to the Relocation Officer.\nThe West Coast\n\nThe area where property is located should be identified. If property is located at a relocation point, the nearest Relocation Officer is responsible. Point Form 1 is to be routed to them. Responsibility for weighing each item and showing that the Relocation Officer has weighed rests with the evacuee. They are to mark the opposite of each article as \"Government Bill List.\"\n\nProperty should be accurately accounted for, including the number of pieces and articles.\n\n10 - 38608-2 ut. Government Printing Office\nTotal Number of Individual Pieces of Property _\n\nSeparate sets of forms should be executed for each lot of property by location. For example, if an evacuee has property at a relocation point, at a center, in storage in a Government warehouse on the West Coast, and in private storage on the West Coast, four sets of forms will be required. All property located at a given point shall be included in the same set of forms.\nIncluded on one request.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of l/20/h$ Release # 203.\n\nWRA Manual.\n\nStorage and Transportation of Property (on which any claim the evacuee might have against the carrier in case of loss or damage) will be valued at the amount automatically applied when property is shipped at the lowest freight rate available. If the evacuee desires a higher valuation, he may pay an insurance premium to cover the higher valuation.\n\nM. Personal property of evacuees being transferred from one center to another under the provisions of Section 50.3 may be shipped at Government expense. All expenses incident to such shipments shall be borne by the relocation center from which the evacuee is transferred.\n\nAssistance to Evacuees.\n\nTransferred in the Government Interest.\n\nN. An evacuee who is relocating from a center may have:\n\n12. Section 50.3 reference.\nItems urgently needed for establishing a family in a new location are to be shipped by express upon approval by the Project Director or Relocation Officer. No more than 5,000 pounds is authorized for one family group. An evacuee who converts from indefinite leave (trial period) or seasonal leave may receive reimbursement for express charges paid for urgently needed items not exceeding 500 pounds for one family group, upon submission of receipted invoices from the express company, where reimbursement is recommended by the Relocation Officer and approved by the Project Director.\n\nReimbursement for Express Shipment:\n1. Once it has been ascertained that the shipment of evacuee property is properly chargeable to public funds and money is available to pay it, the shipment will be reimbursed.\nThe Government will secure transportation through a Bill of Lading. The Washington Office of WRA is the sole source for Field Offices to obtain blank Bills of Lading. Orders will be filled upon request. Instructions for preparing bills of lading are given in an Emergency Instruction dated December 28, 19--, supplemented by another Emergency Instruction dated February 17, 19--. It is important that the person in charge of the Government Bin of Lading supersedes the issuance of 1/20/-- Release # 203 WRA Manual. Storage and Transportation of Property 10103 Packing and Marking. The signee must have the original and one memorandum copy of the bill of lading covering his shipment bearing the signature of the carrier.\n\nSatisfactory service in transportation, as well as the cost of transportation, in many cases, depend on this.\nProper packing and marking of packages is required when evacuee property is prepared for shipment under the direction or advice of WRA personnel.\n\n(1) The type of package or container selected should protect the articles fully during shipment, add the least weight or bulk to the shipment, and fall under the lowest classification rating enumerated in the applicable freight classification of package specifications. Articles not packaged according to the specifications and forms prescribed in the applicable freight classification will not be accepted by the carrier for shipment, but if they are accepted, the Government is liable for penalty charges.\n\n(2) Every package, bundle, or piece of less-than-carload, less-than-truckload, or express shipments must be properly packed.\n(a) The shipper's full name and address must be legibly and durably marked to show:\n- The shipper's name and address\n\n(b) The consignee's name, address, bill of lading destination, including the name of the county with two or more localities of the same name within the state, and the name of the station at which the consignee will accept delivery when the shipment is destined to a point not located on the line of a carrier:\n- Consignee name and address\n- Bill of lading destination\n- County name\n- Station name\n\n(c) Requisition, invoice, bill of lading, contract, and any other relevant references:\n- Requisition\n- Invoice\n- Bill of lading\n- Contract\n- Other relevant references\n\n(d) A brief description of the contents, if practical:\n- Description of contents\n\n(e) The total weight of the package and number thereof, if any assigned:\n- Total weight\n- Number of packages\nName of line haul carrier to whom shipment will be tendered.\n\nPackages containing fragile articles or articles packed in glass or earthenware must be marked \"FRAGILE HANDLE WITH CARE\" or similar precautionary marks.\n\nPackages containing inflammable liquids or acids, corrosive liquids or other dangerous articles must conspicuously display the appropriate colored label as specified by the Interstate Commerce Commission.\n\nAll previous marks should be removed or eradicated if second-hand containers are used.\n\nInstructions in considerably more detail on packing and marking property for shipment were included in the Handbook on Center Closing, Chapter 11*. WRA personnel are referred to their copies of this Handbook. A good deal of the material will not apply exactly to the conditions under which WRA will be called on to render property assistance.\nBut considerable general guidance and suggestions should be derived from it. Staff members should note Exhibit XX to the Handbook, and Section 100.5, especially subsection .6.\n\nProcedures for the storage and transportation of evacuee commercial property are as follows:\n\nA. Subject to the provisions of Manual Section 100.3*8, the Authority will help the evacuee to arrange for the transportation of Conrailoral Property Supersedes Issuance of 1/20/5 Release # 203 WRA Manual Storage and Transportation of Property 100.3.\n\nIn Storage:\n- at Center or WRA Warehouse\n- shipment of commercial property in a WRA warehouse or in storage or use at a relocation center to any point he desires.\n\nIn No circumstances, however, will automobiles or motor trucks be shipped at Government expense.\n\nIn Private Custody:\n- in Evacuated Area\n\nB. WRA is prepared under the following circumstances to:\n\n- receive, store, and transport evacuee personal property in WRA warehouses or in storage or use at relocation centers.\n- provide for the transportation of personal property to any point the evacuee desires.\n- provide for the storage of personal property in WRA warehouses or in storage or use at relocation centers.\n- provide for the transportation of personal property to evacuated areas for evacuees in private custody.\ncommercial property in the evacuated area can be used by evacuees for storage or use, and they may request to ship any tools and equipment or fixtures from their trade, business, or profession, as long as it is for a family-sized venture and not more than 5,000 lbs shipping weight per family. This can be done if:\n\n(1) The evacuee requests on Farm WRA-156 that such a shipment be made. Only one request per family will be honored.\n\n(a) The Relocation Officer serving the community where the evacuee relocates or intends to relocate certifies that these tools, equipment, or fixtures are essential for the evacuee's successful relocation.\n\n(2) The request is received by a Relocation Officer.\nOfficer, from an evacuee who has relocated, the Relocation Officer makes the certification required under (b) above and forwards it to the Area Relocation Supervisor with two executed copies of Form WRA-156 requesting the transfer.\n\nWhere the request is received by a Project Director from an evacuee who has not relocated, the Project Director approves the request and asks the Relocation Officer serving the community in which the evacuee proposes to relocate for a certification under sub-paragraph (1) above. Upon receipt of the certification, the Project Director forwards it.\nexecuted copies of Form WRA-13>6 were to be given to the Area Relocation Supervisor.\n\n(3) Shipments could be made either at the time of an evacuee's original relocation or after they had relocated. However, no payment or reimbursement for previous payments could be made to or on behalf of an evacuee who shipped commercial property at their own expense.\n\nShipments under this provision were to be made by freight, except that express shipments could be made: (1) if the items were difficult to send safely by freight due to high value or size, or (2) if the Project Director or Relocation Officer certified on the Request for Transportation (Form WRA-136) that express shipping was necessary in the interest of the relocation program. In no case was any express shipment to exceed 500 pounds in weight.\n\nA Government Bill of Lading was no longer to be used.\nWhen the evacuee pays part or all of shipping costs, any goods shipped at their expense will be their responsibility, even if other effects are being shipped at Government expense at the same time. If the evacuee wishes to place a higher valuation on their property than the minimum shipping rate (100.3 * 3L), and the Government is paying transportation costs, they may place insurance on their goods to make up the difference.\n\nShipments at evacuee's expense:\n\n1. When property is to be shipped by the Authority at an evacuee's expense, it shall either be shipped on commercial bill of lading, charges collect, with payment to carrier.\n2. Supersedes Issuance of U/U/U5 Release #203\n3. WRA Manual - Storage and Transportation of Property 100*3\n4. Shipments on Government bills of lading\n5. Contraband Property in Primate Storage (JlD)\nThe owner, named as shipper or if the carrier will not accept the goods, must pay charges in advance of shipment. If the property is to be shipped at the owner's expense, the cost of shipment, including packing, crating, loading, etc., will be borne by the evacuee. The Area Relocation Supervisor will secure the estimated cost of transportation, including packing, crating, and loading, and provide this information to the evacuee. The evacuee will pay the charges directly to the carrier or may forward a certified check or money order in the correct amount, made payable to the carrier, to the Area Relocation Supervisor for delivery. Shipment can be expedited.\n\nWhen shipments of a part or all of an evacuee's commercial property are made on Government bills of lading, one copy shall be transmitted immediately.\nTo the Finance Section in Washington: The government bill of lading issued for this shall show the name of the evacuee or evacuees owning the property listed thereon:\n\n5. The Department of Justice has declared certain items contraband for all alien enemies residing in any part of the United States. For the contraband lists applicable to aliens anywhere in the United States, see Section 100*U*U*.\n\nIf any contraband items appear to any representative of the Authority to be included among any alien belongings when offered for storage or transportation, it shall be that person's duty to report his findings to the Chief of the Relocation Division. Delivery of the contraband shall be withheld pending receipt of further instructions from the Chief of the Relocation Division.\n\n.6 An evacuee requesting transfer or shipment of property:\nProperty from private storage must submit a letter authorizing delivery of it to a representative of the War Relocation Authority with Form WRA-15# (Rev or WRA-16, as applicable).\n\nSupersedes U/30/l*3> from WRA Manual\nStorage and Transportation of Property 100.3\n\nB. For requests to ship or transfer property from private storage, the Project Director or Relocation Officer shall determine if storage charges are due from the evacuee. If so, obtain a certified check, cashier's check, or money order from the evacuee, payable to the person to whom the storage charges are due, and forward it to the appropriate Relocation Officer in the area where the property is located.\n\nC. Upon receipt of a request for shipment or transfer of the property from private storage without an accompanying letter of authorization, the Project Director or Relocation Officer shall not process the request.\nThe Relocation Officer, upon payment of storage charges, shall determine if any amount is owed. If so, and if the bailee refuses to release the property without payment, the Relocation Officer will notify the evkee of the amount and request a certified check, cashier's check, or money order, payable to the person to whom the storage charges are due, for delivery upon property pick-up.\n\nWRA assumes no responsibility for the storage or care of a relocated evacuee's property at the point of relocation. This applies even if the evacuee is inducted into the Armed Forces following relocation.\n\nHowever, WRA will provide storage space for property in a center or a west coast WRA warehouse for an evacuee who relocates and is subsequently unable to take possession of their property.\nInducted into the Armed Forces until the scheduled center closure date, or February 28, 1916, for property in a west coast warehouse. Request for storage shall be made on Form WRA-154 or Form WRA-223 with a certification by the Project Director that the case falls within this manual paragraph. At the same time, a Request for Transportation on Form WRA-136 shall be executed, requesting shipment of the property from storage at the end of the approved period of storage to a designated destination of the evacuee. The property shall be shipped to that destination at the end of the period unless the evacuee or his authorized agent pays storage charges.\n\nStorage and Transportation of Property Manual 100.3\nEvacuee or his authorized agent in the meantime.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of h/30/h$ Release #203.\nThe evacuee shall be advised to communicate directly with the WRA official responsible for shipment regarding any changes to shipping instructions, and shall be given the official's address. Separate forms shall be prepared for property in the center and property in a west coast warehouse.\n\nTransportation of Property:\n\nProperty in WRA Warehouse or Center:\nAssistance in transportation of property to the designated point will be available, subject to the following limitations:\n\nA. The WRA will pack, crate, and ship all property from a center or from storage in a WRA warehouse to the common carrier depot nearest the designated point. This includes commercial goods.\nThe WRA will pack, crate, and ship household goods and personal effects of eligible evacuees from a place of private storage in the evacuated area to the nearest common carrier depot, except for carrier-provided sidewalk delivery at no additional expense. (1) For regulations governing the shipment of commercial property from private storage or use in the evacuated area to the point of relocation, see Manual Section 100.3.UB. The WRA will move household goods and personal effects of relocated evacuees who relocated prior to the revocation of the general exclusion. (B) If the evacuee is eligible for relocation assistance, the WRA will pack, crate, and ship household goods and personal effects from a place of private storage in the evacuated area to the common carrier depot nearest the designated point by the evacuee, except where carrier provides sidewalk delivery at no additional expense. (1) For regulations governing the shipment of commercial property from private storage or use in the evacuated area to the point of relocation, see Manual Section 100.3.UB. (C) The WRA will move household goods and personal effects of relocated evacuees who relocated prior to the revocation of the general exclusion. This does not include automobiles or motor trucks (See Manual Section 100.3.3-1 for door delivery provided in pool-car shipments).\nOrders for relocation and eligible for assistance:\n\nSupersedes Issuance of U/30/U5 Release # 203 WRA Manual Storage and Transportation of Property Section 100,3\n\nEvacuees are responsible for transporting property from a common carrier depot nearest point of relocation to a common carrier depot designated by the evacuee. The evacuee will be responsible for packing, crating, and delivery of property to the common carrier depot for shipping.\n\nShipment of personal property (including commercial property under the limitations prescribed by Manual Section 100,3 #UB) will be made to destinations in Alaska or Hawaii at Government expense, given that:\n\n(1) The evacuee is now leaving the center to relocate in Alaska or Hawaii, or\n(2) The evacuee relocated from the center prior to lifting of the general exclusion orders to a destination not in Alaska or Hawaii and had been evacuated.\nIf an evacuee came to the mainland directly from Alaska or Hawaii, or was evacuated later, relocated from a center before the exclusion orders were lifted, and now wishes to return to Alaska or Hawaii, their property will be shipped at Government expense to the nearest port of embarkation on the mainland. The evacuee will be responsible for further shipping costs. This applies to property in storage at a center, at a WRA warehouse or private storehouse in the evacuated area, and to property brought from a place of initial relocation to the nearest railhead. Detailed instructions for the shipment of property destined for Hawaii and Alaska are contained in an Emergency Instruction, dated June 1, 1945.\n\nShipments to Alaska or Hawaii\nHawaii\n\nSupersedes Issuance U/30/U3>\nRelease #203\nWRA Manual\nStorage and Transportation of Property Section 100*3\n\nResponsibility for:\nReoeirlatf Property\n\nProperty at Different Points of Origin\n\nAll government shipments shall be via the most economical means, except that express shipment may be made under the conditions set forth in Manual 100*3 *3K.\n\nAll evacuees will be expected to pick up all property transported for them at the common carrier depot nearest point of relocation, except where carrier makes door delivery.\n\nThe above services will be provided in all cases except where property is in a WRA warehouse or place of private storage and the evacuee's point of relocation is within reasonable trucking distance therefrom in the judgment of the appropriate transportation officer.\nApproximately 25 miles from the evacuation site, the evacuee shall provide their own transportation to the point of relocation and will be notified. Procedures for the release of evacuee property on WRA warehouse door delivery are prescribed by Administrative Notice No. 266-F. (1) Property at different points of origin shall be covered by separate sets of Form WRA-156. For instance, if a relocated evacuee has property at their relocation residence, at the relocation center, or former residence, in a WRA warehouse in the evacuated area, and in a place of private storage in the evacuated area, four sets of Form WRA-156 shall be prepared. The Relocation Officer should retain the first set for their own action, forward the second, third, and fourth sets to the appropriate West Coast Relocation Officer. (2) Each set of Form WRA-156 covering property should be prepared in this manner.\nProperty in a center or WRA warehouse shall cover ^11 property belonging to the evacuee that is located at the center or warehouse.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of U/30/l;5>\nRelease # 203\n\nWRA Manual\nStorage and Transportation of Property\n\n1. In 100*3 warehouses, except that commercial property which the evacuee cannot accept until a later date may be covered by a separate set of Fora WRA-156. On which shall be designated a date prior to which shipment should not be made.\n2. A separate Government bill of lading shall be prepared for each shipment. In the illustration given in the preceding paragraph, four bills of lading should be prepared as follows: one by the Relocation Officer, one by the Project Director, and two by the transportation officer. In the case of relocated evacuees, bills of lading covering property at his relocation residence and in a place of temporary storage should also be prepared.\nprivate storage shall be mailed directly to him by the Relocation Officer and transportation officer respectively.\n\nThe provisions of Section 100.3 regarding the storage of property are subject to the following additional limitations:\n\n(1) (a) All evacuees other than excludes who have property in storage in WRA warehouses on the West Coast shall be required to move it by February 28, 1946. Evacuees who relocate or remove their property at the center as soon as possible after their departure and in any event not later than the scheduled closing date for the center.\n\n(b) In order to effectuate this policy, all evacuees who receive travel or other WRA relocation assistance grants shall be required, before receiving such grants, to execute Forms WRA-16 for the shipment of their property in WRA storage to their new addresses.\nThe text requires minimal cleaning as it is already largely readable. I will remove unnecessary line breaks and whitespaces, and correct a few minor errors.\n\nTheir relocation destination or some other designated destination within 60 days after the application for relocation assistance approval.\n\nLimit for Removal\nSupersedes Issuance of U/30/U5 Release # 203\nWRA Manual\n\nStorage and Transportation of Property (100.3)\n\nTime limit for ReeareaX (continued)\n\nNo event beyond the scheduled center closure date, in the case of center-stored property, or beyond February 28, 1956, in the case of property in West Coast warehouses. (In the case of excludes, this requirement shall be applicable only to property stored at the center.)\n\nSuch property shall be shipped at the end of the designated period unless due to lack of family housing, a second move, or other personal circumstances the evacuee is not prepared to receive the property, and the appropriate Area Supervisor approves an extension upon application.\nApplication in writing by the evacuee. No extension of the shipping date shall be granted for more than an additional 90 days and in no event beyond the center closure date for center-etched property or February 28, 1946, for property in West Coast warehouses. Upon granting any such extension, the Area Supervisor shall promptly notify the WRA official responsible for shipment. Each evacuee shall be given the address of the WRA official or officials responsible for shipment, and instructed that in the event he wishes to change the destination of shipment after executing form WRA-156, he should promptly notify such official responsible for shipment. All such notices received prior to the shipping date or any authorized extension shall be honored.\n\nEach relocated evacuee who is not excluded and who has property in a WRA center or West Coast warehouse:\nCoast warehouses for which a Form WRA-156 has not been signed shall receive a notice to their last known address as soon as possible. Failure to remove or arrange for the removal of their property by the deadline specified in sub-paragraph (a) above will result in the sale of the property pursuant to the provisions of Form WRA-155.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of U/30/l;\u00a3\nRelease # 203\n\nWRA Manual\nStorage and Transportation of Property (Section 100*3)\n\n(2) Property in private storage in the evacuated area shall not hereafter be transferred to Government storage except:\n\n(a) where requested by an exclusion;\n(b) where necessary to enable center residents returning under an approved relocation plan to reoccupy buildings used for such private storage, for a period not beyond February 28, 19U6.\n(c) where immediate removal of a center resident's personal property and effects is required.\nHousehold effects from a place of private storage or use in the evacuated area become necessary due to a change in ownership of the place of storage, for a period not exceeding 90 days and in no event beyond February 28, 1956. The center resident must have an approved relocation plan calling for relocation within 90 days, and upon investigation, it must be ascertained that the owner of the place of storage demands removal of the property.\n\nIn all cases under (b) and (o) above, requests for storage must be made on Form WRA-155, Rev., with a certification by the Project Director that the case falls within one of the two categories. At the same time, a Request for Transportation on Form WRA-156 shall be executed, requesting shipment of the property from storage at the end of the approved period.\na  destination  designated  by  the  evacuee. \nThe  property  shall  be  shipped  to  that  des\u00ac \ntination  at  the  end  of  the  period  unless \nthe  evacuee  in  the  meantime  furnishes  dif\u00ac \nferent  shipping  instructions  or  calls  for \nthe  property.  The  evacuee  shall  be  advised \nto  communicate  directly  with  the  WRA  offi- \nSupersedes  Issuance  of  4/30/45 \nRelease  #  203 \nStorage \nin \nPost-Exolu  sien \nPeriod \nWRA  Manual \nStorage  and  Transportation  of  Property  100*3 \ncial  responsible  for  shipment  with  respect  to \nany  change  of  shipping  instructions,  and  shall \nbe  given  that  official\u2019s  address. \nInvestigation \nof  Loos \nor  Damage \nto \nEvacuee  Properly \n.9  In  all  cases  where  an  evacuee  reports  to  project  offi\u00ac \ncials  or  WRA.  field  employees  that  evacuee  property  on \nthe  center  or  in  Government  storage  or  in  the  course  of \ntransportation  by  the  Government  to  or  from  a  center  or \nIf property from or to Government storage has been lost or damaged, the matter shall be investigated and a report prepared of the facts disclosed by the investigation. The evacuee should be advised that the WRA has no authority to settle claims, but the evacuee may be advised to file claims for property loss not in excess of $1,000 under the Small Claims Act where the loss results from negligence of a Government employee (20.22.1 et seq.). Such claims should be submitted within a year to the WRA by the evacuee, with a sworn statement of all the facts of the loss or damage, including the manner in which loss or damage resulted from the negligence alleged. No Government agency can consider claims for property loss or damage in excess of $1,000 or where filed more than a year after the loss or damage occurred, or claims involving damages for personal injury.\nThe responsibility for investigating and reporting injuries or deaths, as well as claims for payment by the Government, lies with a Congressman for submission to Congress for payment through a special relief bill. In cases where loss or damage occurred during transportation by common carrier, evacuees should file a claim with the carrier involved.\n\nThe investigation and reporting at the centers is the duty of the Evacuee Property Officer. Loss or damage to evacuee property in the evacuated area should be reported to the appropriate Area Supervisor for investigation and report preparation. Loss or damage reported by evacuees relocated outside the evacuated area should be reported to the appropriate relocation officer, who will conduct the investigation and prepare the report. Each of these officers is responsible for this task.\nThe Evacuee Property Officer shall call upon the Internal Security Officer, Fire Protection Officer, Property Officer, Project Attorney, or any other staff member or project employee for assistance in necessary investigations outside of their particular center or area. All cases of loss involving potential negligence on the part of WRA employees shall be referred to the Project Survey Board for investigation. The Survey Board's report shall include a determination of the existence of negligence resulting in damage or loss. The report of the Survey Board shall become a part of the records.\nReports of the Evacuee Property Officer: C. The reports required herein should be prepared in as great detail as practicable. They should include a description of the property, statement of how the loss or damage occurred, the value of the property, the extent of the damage or loss, and any other relevant facts. Signed statements should be obtained, wherever practicable, from witnesses having knowledge of the facts.\n\nInvestigation of Loss or Damage to Evacuee Property (Continued).\n\nD. The completed report shall be forwarded to the Chief of the Relocation Division in Washington and a copy retained in the files of the office making the investigation and report. In the case of reports prepared on the centers or in the relocation offices, an additional copy shall be sent to the appropriate Area Supervisor. A copy shall also be sent to the Evacuee Property Officer.\nThe War Relocation Authority has adopted no regulations governing contraband at relocation centers, except Manual Sections 50.3*1 to 50.3*7 regarding the possession or use of short-wave radio receiving sets. However, by Proclamation No. 3, dated March 24, 1942, the Commanding General of the Western Defense Command prohibited all persons of Japanese ancestry within the area from having in their possession and control certain enumerated articles (since rescinded by WDC Proclamation No. 21). By Civilian Restrictive Order No. 33, dated January 20, 1945, all persons individually excluded from military areas by an individual exclusion order of the Western Defense Command are forbidden to use, possess, or transport these same articles.\npossess or operate in any military area of the Western Defense Command certain specified articles. (See Manual Section 100.4.3) In addition, by Presidential Proclamation No. 2525 of December 7, 1941, all alien enemies (including Japanese aliens) are prohibited from having in their possession or control certain articles of contraband. (See Manual Section 100.4.4). Civilian Restrictive Order No. 33 and Presidential Proclamation No. 2525 are still in effect. This Section 100.4 summarizes the regulations in effect at this time, prescribes certain WRA policies with respect to contraband, and gives the procedure for the recovery of surrendered articles which may be released.\n\nIt is not the policy of the 'War Relocation Authority' to search the living quarters of evacuees for the purpose of locating and seizing contraband. It will not\nThe evacuees are assumed to have relinquished possession of all articles in accordance with the applicable Proclamation. Whenever contraband is discovered in an evacuee's possession who is not authorized to have it, the facts shall be reported to the appropriate United States Attorney. The Federal Bureau of Investigation and the United States Attorneys are generally responsible for enforcing the contraband regulations.\n\nPublic Proclamation No. 21 of the Western Defense Command, issued December 17, 1944, rescinded WDC Public Proclamation No. 3 of March 24, 1942, prohibiting persons of Japanese ancestry within the area of the Western Defense Command from possessing, using, or transporting the following contraband:\n\nContraband\nNo WRA\nSearch for\nContraband\n\nftKA Manual.\n\nWestern Defense Command\nProhibited Contraband\nThe Commanding General of the Western Defense Command issued Civilian Restrictive Order No. 33 on January 20, 1945. This order prohibits any person excluded from military areas under an individual exclusion order issued by the Commanding General of the Western Defense Command from possessing, using, or operating the following articles in any military area of the Western Defense Command: military weapons, including all firearms, ammunition, bombs, and explosives, radio transmitters or component parts thereof. The order forbids the return of any such article to a person subject to such an individual exclusion order. Anyone found with such an article in their possession in a military area of the Western Defense Command is subject to this order.\nthe  Western  Defense  Command  and  any  person  who  re\u00ac \nturns  or  otherwise  transfers  or  delivers  any  such \narticle  to  any  person  so  individually  excluded  from \nthe  Western  Defense  Command  military  areas  shall  be \nsubject  to  prosecution  under  Public  Law  503,  77th \nCongress,  approved  March  21,  1942.  Any  individual, \nassociation,  organization,  or  corporation  having \ncustody  of  itams  listed  above  who  wishes  information \nas  to  whether  an  individual  is  excluded  from  military \nareas  may  communicate  with  the  Commanding  General  of \nthe  Western  Defense  Command. \nA.  The  War  Relocation  Authority  has  accepted  custo\u00ac \ndy  of  such  contraband  articles  as  were  delivered \nby  the  Western  Defense  Command  to  the  War  Reloca\u00ac \ntion  Authority  upon  joint  inventory. \nB.  Owners  who  wish  to  recover  articles  surrendered \nto  WDC  which  may  have  been  transferred  to  the \ncustody  of  War  Relocation  Authority,  and  who  are \nEligible individuals shall submit, through the Project Director of the Center or Relocation Officer of their residence area, the following for Release #185 and WRA Manual:\n\nTwo copies of Form WRA-5.56, Request for Transportation.\nTwo copies of Form WRA-260, Certification for Return of Personal Property.\nA statement by the Project Director or his designated representative or Relocation Officer certifying that the evacuee applicant is not subject to an individual exclusion order, if the property requested includes any items prohibited by Civilian Restrictive Order No. 33, and if the records available to the WRA official submitting the request will permit such certification.\nThe original receipt for the surrendered property.\n\nRequests for the surrender of property items prohibited by Civilian Restrictive Order No. 33:\nThe documents shall not be submitted for persons subject to individual exclusion orders. The documents listed above shall be sent to the Area Supervisor of the area where the property is stored, unless the list of property requested includes one or more items prohibited by Civilian Restrictive Order No. 33 listed above in this section, and the WRA official transmitting the request does not have a current reliable record on the evacuee\u2019s status with respect to individual exclusion. In such cases, the documents shall be transmitted to the Assistant Director in San Francisco for a check with the Western Defense Command to ascertain whether the applicant is subject to an individual exclusion order.\nThe Assistant Director shall send the documents, along with a statement of the results of his check with Western Defense Contraband Command, to the Area Supervisor of the area where the property is stored, according to WRA Manual Contraband 100. An Area Supervisor shall not surrender any item of property listed in Civilian Restrictive Order No. 33 to any person subject to an individual exclusion order. If the list of property requested by an evacuee subject to an individual exclusion or der includes items prohibited by Civilian Restrictive Order No. 33 as well as items which are not, the latter may be surrendered.\n\n(1) If the original receipt has been lost, a duplicate can be issued.\nNotarized affidavits in lieu thereof shall be submitted, showing the place and date of surrender, by whom the property was rendered, an accurate description of each article, the basis of the claimant's right to request release, a statement releasing War Relocation Authority from all liability, and the assumption of liability by the claimant of all claims against War Relocation Authority arising from the delivery of the article to the claimant.\n\n(2) Articles included in the contraband list prescribed by Proclamation 2525 for alien enemies shall not be surrendered by the WRA to Japanese aliens, except upon authorization of a United States Attorney. (100.4*4) Evacuees who apply for the return of, and receive, articles which are contraband when in the possession of aliens or in the possession of excludes in the Western Districts.\nDefense command military areas should form articles not make available to persons not entitled possess use operate:\n1. Firearms\n2. Weapons or implements of war or component parts thereof\n3. Ammunition\n4. Bombs\n5. Explosives or material used in manufacture explosives\n6. Short-wave radio receiving sets\n7. Transmitting sets\n\nPresidential Proclamation No. 2525, dated December 7, 1941, prohibited possession custody control:\nA. Firearms\nD. Weapons or implements of war or component parts thereof\nC. Ammunition\nL. Bombs\n\u00a3. Explosives or material used in manufacture explosives\nF. Short-wave radio receiving sets\nG. Transmitting sets\n\n(Note: This text has been cleaned and formatted for readability. The original text was not translated as it was already in modern English.)\nH. Signal devices, I. Codes or ciphers, J. Cameras, K. Papers, documents, or books in which there may be invisible writing, photograph, sketch, picture, drawing, map or geographical representation of any military or naval installations or equipment or of any arms, ammunition, implements of war, device or thing used or intended to be used in the combat equipment of the land or naval forces of the United States or of any military or naval post, camp, or station. Possession of such articles in violation of the Presidential Proclamation makes the offender subject to internment or other serious penalties.\n\nA. Department of Justice regulations issued February 5, 1942, require all contraband articles (as defined in Proclamation No. 2525) in the possession of alien enemies to be turned over to local police authorities.\n\nContraband\nUnauthorized\nPresidential\nRoc lama on Custody\nRelease, 185 WRA Manual\nContraband articles may be released to the owner or his agent only upon receipt of written authorization from the United States Attorney of the district in which the contraband is held. (Code of Federal Regulations, Title 32, Chapter C. Some citizens of Japanese ancestry, because of the regulations, surrendered articles listed as contraband when in the possession of aliens, since they were living with aliens and it might have been difficult to show that the contraband articles were not actually in their possession. Any citizen who wishes the return of articles surrendered to local authorities or to the United States Marshal under any contraband regulations may apply.\nFor returning the following documents:\n\n1. Five signed copies of the Department of Justice application form for the recovery of contraband in the San Francisco and Los Angeles areas. Six copies are required for the Seattle area.\n2. Two copies of Form WRA-260, Certification for the Return of Personal Property. See Section 50.3*6 for certification for the return of short-wave radio receiving sets, and Section 100.4*4 for contraband articles which persons subject to individual exclusion orders are forbidden to possess in the Western Defense Command Area and which persons in such areas are forbidden to surrender to persons subject to individual exclusion orders.\n3. The original receipt for the property. If the original receipt has been lost, an affidavit must be submitted instead.\nThe affidavit of ownership is required. The affidavit should be similar to the affidavit outlined in Manual Section 100.4*3B (1), but it should release the Department of Justice and the custodian, as well as the WRA, from liability and protect them from other claims for the property. Release # 185, WRA Manual, Contraband 100.A. Two copies of Form WRA-I56, Request for Transportation of Property, are required if the WRA is to pick up and ship the property in accordance with Manual Section Additional copies of these forms may be required for the project files and the evacuee\u2019s personal file.\n\nThe following procedure should be followed to recover the property:\n\nIf the WRA is to pick up and ship the property, the documents mentioned should be sent to the appropriate Area Supervisor.\nIf the requested list includes any item listed in Civilian Restrictive Order No. 33 (Manual Section 100.3*3), the procedure in Manual 100.4*33 should be followed first to determine if the applicant is an excludable person. The Supervisor should present the Department of Justice application forms and Form WRA-260 to the appropriate United States Attorney. Upon their return with approval, the Supervisor should present it and the original receipt (or affidavit in lieu thereof) to the officials who have the property.\n\nIf the property is not to be picked up by the WRA, the Department of Justice application forms and one copy of Form WRA-260 should be sent to the United States Attorney, and the original receipt or affidavit in lieu thereof.\nThe United States Attorney should send authorized persons instructions for picking up property. He should be notified if the release of the property is approved.\n\nRelease Section 185\nWKA Manual\nContraband IQfltA\nDamage or loot of contraband.\n\nNo provision has been made to compensate persons for the loss or destruction of property surrendered to local police authorities under Regulations Controlling the Conduct of Alien Enemies (Code of Federal Regulations, Title 32, Chapter 1, Part 30, Sections 30.12-30.14, as amended). However, evacuees are suggested to file memorandands of their alleged losses or damages with the Department of Justice. Receipt of memorandums by the Department of Justice will not constitute an acknowledgment of any right by the evacuees, but the memorandums will be kept on file.\nConsidered in formulating a policy for compensating evacuees for losses to property damaged or lost while in possession of local police authorities or the United States Marshals. Apply this to those who have applied for property release from local police pursuant to Regulations Controlling the Conduct of Alien Enemies. If an evacuee learns that surrendered property has been damaged or lost, they should send a letter to the Director, Alien Enemy Control Unit, Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., detailing the loss or damage, the address of the official to whom it was surrendered, the date of surrender, and the location.\nThe approximate value and damage of surrendered property, along with the owner's name and present address, should be provided. The United States Marshal should indicate whether the property was lost or damaged while in Department of Justice possession. The Federal Bureau of Investigation took possession of certain property belonging to a few evacuees during investigations. (Release #185, Contraband 100,4 m Manual)\nscribed: No procedure for the return of such property is specified and it is necessary to conform to the requirements of the FBI office holding the articles to recover them. In addition to any special documents required by the FBI, the following are required for the Area Supervisor of the Evacuee Property Division, where the WRA is requested to assist in securing the return of such property:\n\nProperty:\n- Surrendered to FBI:\n- Two copies of Form WRA-260, Certification for the Return of Personal Property\n- One original receipt or affidavit in lieu thereof\n- Two copies of Form WRA-156, Request for Transportation, if the WRA is to be asked to ship the property\n\nProject Directors are referred to Manual Section 50.3.6 regarding certifications on Form WRA-260 with respect to the return of short-wave radio receiving sets. Where the items requested include any item:\n\n- Form WRA-260\n- Two copies\n- Certification for the Return of Personal Property\n- Project Directors\n- Manual Section 50.3.6\n- Regarding certifications\n- Short-wave radio receiving sets\n[Civilian Restrictive Order No. 33 lists the procedure set forth in Manual 100.4.3B to ascertain if the applicant is excluded.\n\nWar Relocation Authority Administrative Manual\nChapter 110 \u2014 Segregation\nSegregation Policy 110.1\n\nIt is the policy of the War Relocation Authority to place in a separate center those persons of Japanese ancestry residing in relocation centers who, by their acts, have indicated that their loyalties lie with Japan during the present hostilities, or that their loyalties do not lie with the United States.\n\nTule Lake Segregation Center\nNewell, California\n\nAll policies of the War Relocation Authority with respect to this segregation center shall be implemented.]\n\nChapter 110, Segregation Policy 110.1: The War Relocation Authority will place in a separate center those persons of Japanese ancestry residing in relocation centers who, by their acts, have indicated their loyalties lie with Japan during the present hostilities or that their loyalties do not lie with the United States.\n\nTule Lake Segregation Center, Newell, California\nTo: food, clothing, health, education, employment, compensation for injuries and sickness, public assistance grants, consumer enterprises, evacuee property, legal services, and all other aspects of administration and control will be in force at the Tule Lake Center in the same manner as at the relocation centers, except as otherwise provided in this chapter.\n\nPolio is applicable in the Center.\n\nResidents of the Segregation Center are not internees. As segregants, they are governed by the regulations of the War Relocation Authority applicable to the Tule Lake Segregation Center, and by the relevant provisions of State and Federal law. Residents of the Center having grievances arising out of the operation of the Center or the application to them of any of the rules and regulations there in force should make use of the following channels for their redress:\n\nFirst: They may appeal to the Center Director, either orally or in writing, stating the nature of their grievance and requesting redress. The Center Director shall make an investigation and render a decision within ten (10) days after the receipt of the appeal. If the decision is adverse to the resident, he may appeal to the War Relocation Authority.\n\nSecond: They may appeal to the War Relocation Authority, either orally or in writing, stating the nature of their grievance and requesting redress. The War Relocation Authority shall make an investigation and render a decision within thirty (30) days after the receipt of the appeal. If the decision is adverse to the resident, he may appeal to the Board of Administrative Adjustments.\n\nThird: They may appeal to the Board of Administrative Adjustments, either orally or in writing, stating the nature of their grievance and requesting redress. The Board of Administrative Adjustments shall make an investigation and render a decision within sixty (60) days after the receipt of the appeal. The decision of the Board of Administrative Adjustments shall be final.\n\nFourth: They may appeal to the United States District Court for the District of California, either orally or in writing, stating the nature of their grievance and requesting redress. The appeal shall be filed within thirty (30) days after the receipt of the decision of the Board of Administrative Adjustments. The District Court shall have jurisdiction to review the decision of the Board of Administrative Adjustments and to grant such relief as it deems just and proper.\n\nFifth: They may appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, either orally or in writing, stating the nature of their grievance and requesting redress. The appeal shall be filed within thirty (30) days after the receipt of the decision of the District Court. The Court of Appeals shall have jurisdiction to review the decision of the District Court and to grant such relief as it deems just and proper.\n\nSixth: They may appeal to the United States Supreme Court, either orally or in writing, stating the nature of their grievance and requesting redress. The appeal shall be filed within thirty (30) days after the receipt of the decision of the Court of Appeals. The Supreme Court shall have jurisdiction to review the decision of the Court of Appeals and to grant such relief as it deems just and proper.\n\nThe above channels for redress shall be exhaustive, and no other remedies shall be available to the residents of the Center.\nTake them up with the Tule Lake Center authorities in charge of its administration. These authorities will in turn take up any matters which fall within their jurisdiction with the proper State, Federal, or other officials.\n\nStatus of Segregation Center Residents:\n\nA. The Geneva Prisoners of War Convention of 1929 is applicable to prisoners of war, and, by agreement between the United States and Japan, applicable provisions relate to interned or detained Japanese nationals. As concerns the Tule Lake Center, the applicable provisions of the Geneva Convention relate only to aliens. Such provisions are not applicable to persons with dual nationality. Under international law, the dominant nationality of such persons is deemed to be that of the nation in which they reside, and not of the foreign nation. The Convention does not apply to United States citizens.\nCitizens of the United States, even though they are also citizens of another country under its laws, are subject, while they are in the United States, solely to the laws of the United States and of the State in which they reside. There is no existing procedure by which citizens may renounce their United States citizenship while on United States soil. Aliens, i.e., persons not having American citizenship, have the privilege of applying to the Spanish Embassy, as the representative of the Protecting Power, for redress of grievances and for further assurance of compliance with the requirements of the Convention.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 10/6/43\nTaft JateSL-Qgqitac . IXQ.%2\n\nRepatriation and Expatriation During the War Status\n\nB. During the war, repatriation to Japan will presumably be permitted, subject to the provisions of the Convention. After the War:\n\n1. Persons who were born in the United States, but who have never taken out American citizenship, will not be considered as American citizens, unless they have taken affirmative steps to acquire American citizenship.\n2. Persons who were born abroad of American parents, but who have never taken out American citizenship, will not be considered as American citizens unless they have taken affirmative steps to acquire American citizenship before the effective date of the present instructions.\n3. Persons who were born in the United States, but who have expatriated themselves, will be treated as aliens.\n4. Persons who were born abroad of American parents, but who have expatriated themselves, will be treated as aliens unless they have become American citizens before the effective date of the present instructions.\n5. Persons who were naturalized as American citizens, but who have subsequently expatriated themselves, will be treated as aliens.\n6. Persons who have been denaturalized as American citizens, will be treated as aliens.\n7. Persons who have been adjudged to have renounced their American citizenship in a United States Court, will be treated as aliens.\n8. Persons who have been found to have committed acts of treason or have otherwise forfeited their American citizenship, will be treated as aliens.\n\nThe above provisions are not intended to affect the status of persons who have been recognized as stateless, or who have been granted asylum or other protection under the laws of the United States. The provisions are also not intended to affect the status of persons who have been granted diplomatic or consular status under the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations or the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations.\nThe War Relocation Authority has accepted applications for reciprocal exchange between the United States and Japan, depending on agreements between the two countries. The Authority has referred these applications to the State Department for handling of negotiations for the United States, requesting their consideration in further negotiations. Persons desiring to record their wishes regarding repatriation should register their desires with both the War Relocation Authority and the Spanish Embassy to facilitate arrangements for exchanges if and when they can be arranged. Based on the existing understanding with the Japanese Government, the United States cannot send a Japanese national to Japan until the Japanese Government is willing to accept him. So far, the Japanese Government has shown primary interest.\nPersons named on lists submitted by the Spanish Embassy to the United States: inquiries about acceptance by the Japanese Government are not within the control of the US Government. It is a matter between the Japanese national and his Government, through the intermediary of the Protecting Power. Therefore, those desiring repatriation should address themselves to the Spanish Embassy, in charge of Japanese interests in the US, to request its influence with the Japanese Government on their behalf. Residents of the Center have full opportunity to use the communication channels provided by international law.\n\nRegarding segregants at Tule Lake: it is not possible at this time to anticipate their status.\nCenter (after the war). The Project Director shall attempt to keep the residents informed of any changes made in the laws governing their citizenship.\n\nC-1868-pfl-bu\n\nPersons to be Placed in Tule Lake Center: 110 tl\nMembers of:\negregers family\nWRA\n\n\u2022 Two members of the immediate family of a person who falls within one of the three categories set forth in Section 111.3*1 shall, upon their individual request, be permitted to remain with such person in the Tule Lake Center or to accompany him to that center, as the case may be. If minor members of the immediate family who do not themselves fall within one of the categories set forth in Section 111.3*1 object to residence at the Tule Lake Center, every possible assistance shall be extended in helping to work out appropriate arrangements along the lines suggested in Section VI-D of Administrative Instruction.\nFor determining what constitutes an immediate family, the guidelines in Section XII of Administrative Instruction No. 103 (Manual Section 30.4) shall be followed.\n\nWhere one member of an immediate family residing in a center other than Tule Lake Center falls under one of the three categories set forth in Section 110.3.1, but another member of such family is so ill or infirm that removal would, in the opinion of the project medical officer, endanger life or seriously impair health, all members of the family shall be permitted to remain in the center of residence as long as such condition continues.\n\nPersons resident in the Tule Lake Center who do not fall under one of the categories set forth in Section 110.3.1,\nPersons to be Placed in Tule Lake Center:\n\nAll persons who have formally asked for repatriation or expatriation to Japan and have not retracted their requests prior to July 1, 1943, shall remain in the Tule Lake Center or be transferred there.\n\nWho, ill or infirm persons, are not, in the opinion of the project medical officer, deemed to have conditions that will endanger their lives or seriously impair their health, shall be permitted to remain in the Tule Lake Center so long as such conditions continue. Members of their immediate families, as defined in Section 110.3*, shall upon request also be permitted to remain in the Tule Lake Center so long as such condition continues.\n\nSupersedes A.I. # 100\n\nWRA\nA person designated by a particular individual in this category will experience unnecessary hardship. They may suggest to the Director that such a person be exempted from the category. If the Director agrees, the person shall be exempted.\n\nB. Persons who answered question 28 of Form WRA-126 Rev. or DSS Form 304A in the negative at the time of army service and war industries registration, or failed or refused to answer it, and:\n\n1. have not altered their answers prior to the date of this instruction, and\n2. are, in the opinion of the project Director, loyal to Japan, or not loyal to the United States.\n\nFor segregation purposes, no person in this category shall be considered loyal to the United States unless they explicitly change their answer to question 28 to an affirmative and satisfy the Project Director that the change is genuine.\nPersons in the following classes, after hearings have been held, are ineligible for leave clearance if denied under Chapter 60: (a) persons about whom there is an adverse report by a Federal intelligence agency; (b) persons who have answered question 28 negatively and changed their answers prior to the date of this instruction, or who answered such question with a qualification; (c) persons who have requested repatriation or expatriation and retracted their request prior to July 1, 1943, and persons who have requested repatriation or expatriation subsequent to July 1, 1943; (d) persons for whom the Japanese-American Joint Board established in the Provost Marshal General's office does not affirmatively recommend.\nPersons who have applied for repatriation or expatriation and have not retracted their requests, bachelor Kibei falling within the second or third category set forth in Section 110.3, and all others are the priorities for movement to Tule Lake Center. These priorities may be modified from time to time.\n\nBachelor Kibei means a male citizen evacuee, unmarried as of the date of this instruction, who has spent a total of three or more years in Japan since January 1, 1935.\n\nPersons will be moved to the Tule Lake Center in the following order of priority: A. Persons who have applied for repatriation or expatriation and have not retracted their requests. B. Bachelor Kibei. C. All others.\nParticular relocation centers, and priorities will be established for other persons to be moved to the Tule Lake Center.\n\nThe first movement to the Tule Lake Center of persons falling under Section 110.4.1(A) shall be from the Granada, Minidoka, Jerome, Rohwer, Heart Mountain, and Central Utah relocation centers. After such persons have been moved from these centers, movements of persons from the Manzanar, Colorado River, and Gila River relocation centers shall be arranged. Priorities between relocation centers for movement of persons to be segregated for other reasons shall be established from time to time.\n\nSupersedes A.i. # 100\n\nWRA Manual\n\nPreparations for Transfers to Tule Lake 110.5\n\nSection 50.3 of the Manual on travel between centers does not apply to movements from a relocation center to Tule Lake.\nA. Residents of relocation centers to be transferred to Tule Lake under Manual Section 110.3 or for justifiable reasons, as determined by the Project Director, should communicate the following information to the Assistant Director in San Francisco:\n\n1. Name(s) of the person(s)\n2. Suggested mode of travel\n3. Date by which travelers will be ready\n4. Full justification for the transfer\n\nB. The Assistant Director will confirm living accommodations and transfer acceptance with the Project Director at Tule Lake.\n\nC. If the transfer is acceptable to Tule Lake and meets requirements, arrangements will be made for the transfer.\n(1) Arrange transportation if necessary.\n(2) Obtain military permits from the Western Defense Command for evacuee travel through the prohibited area.\n(3) Make necessary arrangements with military authorities for a military or civilian escort to accompany travelers from the center of departure to Tule Lake.\n(U) Inform both Project Directors of final arrangements and authorize evacuee departure from the relocation center.\n\nThe center from which evacuees transfer will prepare Departure Advices, WRA-178, for each person transferring, and Tule Lake will prepare Admission Advices, WRA-177, for each person arriving, showing the actual information.\nThe Project Director of the Tula Lake Center shall immediately prepare two lists:\n\nA. A Resident List of all persons falling within the categories outlined in Section 110.3*, along with their immediate families. The Project Director shall interview those in the second category who have not yet been determined to be loyal to Japan or the United States and strike their names from the Resident List if they are found not to be loyal.\nPersons loyal to the United States, with the names of their immediate families, and adding such names to the list provided below. A. All other persons (hereafter called the Removal List).\n\nEach person whose name appears on the Removal List shall be promptly notified in writing that the center has been selected as the center of residence for evacuees loyal to Japan; that if his relocation is not arranged for prior to the time WRA determines it is necessary for him to leave, he will be transferred to another center, unless he is physically incapacitated; that he is requested to appear at a designated time and place for an interview; and that at that interview he will be requested to express preferences for transfer as between Central Utah, Granada, Heart Mountain, Jerome, Minidoka, and Rohwer.\nThe Project Director shall interview each evacuee, preferably in family groups, to determine: (1) if the evacuee is able to travel and if so, whether special traveling accommodations are necessary; (2) if the evacuee would prefer transfer to Central Utah, Granada, Heart Mountain, Jerome, Minidoka, or Rohwer (listing all in order of preference, and making it clear that first preferences may be disregarded); and (3) what further assistance is necessary. The interviewer shall notify the evacuee of the provisions of Section Lists Prepared at Tula Laics Notification to those on a Removal List Interviews with Transferees Supersedes WRA Facilitation of Relocation Notification to Director\nInterviews with those on Resident List Additions to Lists _ Preparation for Transfers From Tula:\n\n1. Deal with transportation of property as per 110.7 hereof and assist in filling out Form WRA-156 if the evacuee wishes for property to be transported thereunder.\n2. A special effort will be made during the month of August to facilitate the relocation of residents of the Tule Lake Center who are on the Removal List. No person on the Removal List shall be permitted to request repatriation or expatriation, or to change their answer to question 28 from an affirmative to a negative or other answer raising real doubts as to loyalty, until the large movements under this instruction to and from the Tule Lake Center have been completed.\n3. The Project Director shall inform the Director by wire not later than August 20 of the number of evacuees on the Removal List.\nThe list of individuals who have been processed for transfer to another center, including family groupings and health problems, as well as their preferences for Central Utah, Granada, Heart Mountain, Jerome, Rohwor, and Minidoka. Processing should be completed by the given date if possible. If not, the Project Director shall wire the information to the Director weekly until processing is completed.\n\nEach person falling under one of the three categories outlined in Section 110.3.1 (whose names, along with the names of their immediate family members, will appear on the Resident List) should be promptly notified in writing that they have been designated to remain in the center. If there are members of their immediate family who do not fall under these categories, they shall further be notified.\nfied  of  that  fact  and  requested  to  appear  at  a  designated \ntime  and  place,  together  with  such  members,  for  an  inter\u00ac \nview.  Such  interview  shall  determine  whether  any  such  fam\u00ac \nily  member  wishes  to  leave  the  center  (it  being  made  clear \nto  him  that  it  may  be  difficult  for  him  to  leave  the  center \nunless  he  exercises  the  option  now).  If  he  wishes  to  leave, \nhis  name  shall  be  added  to  the  Removal  List,  the  interview\u00ac \ner  shall  proceed  with  the  interview,  and  such  person  shall \nbe  processed,  as  if  his  name  had  originally  appeared  on  the \nRemoval  List. \n.4  As  additional  applications  of  Tule  Lake  residents  for  leave \nclearance  are  denied,  the  names  of  such  persons  shall,  if \non  the  Removal  List,  be  transferred  to  the  Resident  List, \nand  they  shall  be  promptly  notified  that  they  are  no  longer \nSupersedes  A. I.  #  100 \nfox  .Irar\\3<tors..i^ga,xaift  JL&a  iUflafe \nEligible residents are allowed to leave the center. As more applications for leave clearance from Tule Lake residents are approved, the names of such individuals will be transferred to the Removal List and processed as outlined in Section 110.6.2 above.\n\nAdditions to Lists (supersedes A.I. #100)\nResponsibilities in Connection with Movement of Transferees (110.8)\nWRA\n\nA. The Director, based on information provided by project directors under this instruction, will determine the time of movement and the number of evacuees to be transferred in each movement from one center to another. A tentative schedule of initial movements will be provided to project directors at the earliest possible date.\n\nB. The Director will make all arrangements for common carriage.\nThe Director will arrange facilities for the movement of each group of evacuees and provide military escort when necessary. He will obtain any military permits required for evacuee travel in evacuated areas.\n\nC. The Director will wire each Project Director concerned at least five days before the departure date with the number of persons to be transferred, family groupings, transportation facilities, departure and arrival times, and all other relevant details. (This will typically confirm a tentative schedule already provided to project directors.)\n\nA. The Project Director at the center of departure will be responsible for completing all other arrangements at the center for each movement. He will designate a suitable WFA representative.\nA person responsible for each movement with the company shall be accountable to the Director during travel and considered the Director's representative.\n\nA. The Project Director must ship all project records related to the transferees to the Project Director at the destination center before departure. These records include Form 12, Form 26, the social data registration form, individual census record, immunization card, medical and hospital record, repatriation record, leave clearance docket, employment record, and any school, welfare, parole, or other records. If a movement consists of a trainload, these records should be shipped on the same train.\n\nB. The Project Director must provide two copies of the train list to the WA representative accompanying each movement.\nThe Project Director of the center of destination is responsible for arranging housing, beds, and bedding for all transferees in accordance with present WRA policy. He shall check arriving transferees against the train list and promptly notify the Washington office of their arrival and any variances from the train list. The Project Director shall do everything within his power to establish transferees in project jobs fitted to their abilities and do everything practicable to ensure their smooth transition.\n\nCopies of the train list are to be given to the Project Director upon arrival, and immediately after departure, one copy is to be forwarded to the Director.\n\nResponsibilities in Connection with Movement of Transferees\nCenter of Destination\n\nA. The Project Director of the center of destination shall:\n1. Arrange housing, beds, and bedding for all transferees in accordance with present WRA policy.\n2. Check arriving transferees against the train list.\n3. Promptly notify the Washington office of their arrival and any variances from the train list.\n4. Help transferees find project jobs suited to their abilities.\n5. Ensure a smooth transition for transferees.\n\nWashington, DC\nCenter of Departure\nPersons at Tule Lake Center, whether remaining or transferred under this chapter, shall not be granted seasonal or indefinite leave from the Tule Lake Center.\n\nGranting of Leave from Tule Lake Center:\n\n1. No person at Tule Lake Center or transferred thereunder shall be granted leave, except as follows:\n\nTransfer to Another Center:\n\nPersons remaining at the Tule Lake Center solely because of illness or infirmity (see section 110.3.h) shall be transferred to another center as soon as possible.\nPersons not endangered by transfer may have family members not in the three categories in Section 110.3*1 transferred to other centers upon request.\n\nHI (Infirm Persons) and Families,\nB. Persons resident at the Tule Lake Segregation Center with clearance not denied may apply for and receive leave clearance in accordance with Section 60.10 of the Leave Handbook. Any such person who has not previously filled out Hearings Form Wife-126 or DSS Form 30 should fill out Form Wife-126 as an application for leave clearance. If the form has previously been filled, the applicant should file with the Project Director a letter requesting clearance.\nPersons who received leave clearance before the Segregation Center was established and remained there for family reasons or other special reasons (except those who remained solely because of illness or infirmity, and their families) but later wish to leave the Segregation Center should file with the Project Director a letter requesting a supplemental leave clearance hearing. After leave clearance is granted by the Director, the applicant shall be transferred to a relocation center, where he may apply for indefinite or seasonal leave.\n\nAny person whose application for leave clearance has been denied may, while a resident of the Segregation Center and not otherwise, file an appeal with the Board of Appeals for Leave Clearance in accordance with\n[The procedure prescribed by Section 60.11 of the Leave Handbook. Supersedes Issuance of 10/18/43.\n\nAppeals:\n(If the result of this appeal is a leave clearance granted by the Director, the applicant shall be transferred to a relocation center where he may apply for indefinite or temporary leave.)\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 10/18/43.\n\nWRA Manual:\nGovernment and Control 110.10.\n\n.1 The Project Director of the Segregation Center is responsible for the maintenance of law and order within the Center, and for the enforcement of all regulations established by the War Relocation Authority for the administration of the Center. The Project Director has full disciplinary authority over the evacuees in relation to all offenses committed by them within the Center, though cases involving offenses of a serious nature shall be referred to the War Relocation Authority.]\nProject Director will refer acts against State or Federal law to proper officials. In determining acts as offenses and setting up procedure for hearings on committed offenses, Project Director will be governed by Manual Section 30.1 provisions that are relevant.\n\nProject Director will establish Hearing Officer position at Center when necessary. Hearing Officer's function is to assist Project Director in handling disciplinary action cases. In hearing cases, Hearing Officer will be governed by same rules as Project Director. Hearing Officer will be directly responsible to Project Director and make full reports to Project Director.\nreport on each case heard with transcript and record thereof, along with his recommendation as to the decision to be rendered. No decision shall be effective until approved by the Project Director.\n\nSection 3. The residents of the Segregation Center will be invited to establish a Representative Committee. The membership of this Representative Committee shall be selected by orderly, representative, elective procedures. Members shall be selected on a geographical basis to represent residential areas within the Center, shall be selected for fixed periods of time, and the total membership of the Committee shall not exceed twelve persons.\n\nAuthority of Project Director\nHearing Officer\nEvacuee Representative\nCommittee\nWRft. Manual\nGovernment end Control\nEvacuee Representative\nCommittee\n\nThe function of the Representative Committee shall:\nThe representative of the Center's residents is to act in communicating with the Project Director regarding their viewpoints, attitudes, and requests. Conveying information concerning Wife regulations and determinations affecting them, and advising with the Project Director on matters requiring collaboration between the Administration and the residents.\n\nWfo Manual\nInternal and External Security 110.11\n\n1.1 Under the existing Memorandum of Understanding between the United States Army and the War Relocation Authority, the military police unit stationed at the Segregation Center will be responsible for patrolling the external boundaries of the Center and certain fences, as well as manning specific watch towers between the Administrative Area and the residential area for segregants. Subject to such arrangements.\nArrangements may be made with military authorities for the Project Director to request the detail of military police detachments to assist in the arrest of individuals or quelling of disturbances when assistance is needed. Other arrangements for close cooperation between the Wer Relocation Authority administrative organization and the military police unit may be made as desired.\n\n.2 The Internal Security Section shall include an adequate staff of appointed police officers. Such officers may carry firearms within the evacuee residential area only when expressly authorized by the Project Director to do so. This authorization shall be limited to emergency cases such as making arrests and shall be subject to such administrative control as the Project Director deems necessary. Petrol (if this is a separate requirement, it should be clarified)\ncars used by the police will be supplied with two-way radios, tear gas bombs, and such other law enforcement equipment as may be authorized by the Project Director in cases of emergency. Guards at the gates between the Administrative and residential areas, and guards and patrolmen stationed in the various sections of the administrative area and responsible for the protection of life and Government property in those areas, may carry firearms. All firearms required by the internal security force, when not in use, shall be maintained in an armory to be established by the War Relocation Authority at a safe place within the Administrative Area.\n\nAs conditions warrant, an evacuee police force will be recruited and trained for assisting in the preservation of law and order within the evacuee residential area.\n\nMilitary Police\nWRA Appointed\nPolice Force\nEvacuee Police Force Manual\nInternal and External Security 110.\n\nThe Project Director shall designate the type of police work in which the evacuee patrol force shall engage and may add to their duties as conditions warrant.\n\nWKA Manual\nCenter Services and Activities 110.12.\n\n1. Freedom of religion for all residents will be protected. State Shinto, which is nationalistic rather than religious in character, will not be permitted at the Center.\n2. Elementary and high schools of an American type, conducted in English, will be provided at Government expense. Nursery school education necessary to prepare pupils for entrance into the American type elementary schools will be provided. A limited adult education program including vocational training essential for project operation,\nEnglish or Americanization classes may be provided as needed. Such other types of schools as desired by the evacuees may be operated in TTRA buildings, but must be financed, staffed, and otherwise supplied by the evacuees without cost to the Government. The use of buildings and the scheduling of classes to avoid conflicts between English and Japanese type schools will be arranged through the administrative staff and responsible evacuee representatives.\n\nGroup activities of an American type will be supported and encouraged for those interested. Japanese social and cultural activities will be permitted without Government expense, but demonstrations that may lead to disturbances of the peace are prohibited.\n\nThe Project Director may arrange for the establishment\nProject newspaper: This may carry Japanese and English sections, supervised and censored by Project Director's representatives.\n\n1. Agricultural program: Collaborate with Center residents.\n2. Industrial enterprises: Produce materials/equipment for Center use.\n\nSupersedes 4/26/44 Release #132\n\nReligious Activities\nSchools\nSocial and Cultural Activities\nProject Newspaper\nAgricultural Program\nIndustrial Enterprises\nWRA. Manual\n\nVisiting to and From Center (110.13)\n\n1. Short-term leave granted if in Government's interest.\n2. Leave not granted for reasons primarily concerning evacuee, but may be in Government's interest to grant.\nIn cases of extreme personal emergency involving sickness, death, litigation, or important property adjustments, and the Project Director is authorized to grant leave in such cases. WRA will not pay transportation or other costs unless the segregant is without funds or under unusual circumstances in which the Project Director deems payment by WRA proper.\n\n2. An escort shall be provided in all cases where an evacuee leaves the center on short-term leave. The Project Director may, in his discretion, require that the expenses of the escort be borne, in whole or in part, by the evacuee.\n\n3. No visitors to the Tule Lake Segregation Center, except members of the armed forces in uniform, will be permitted except on the basis of permission secured in advance.\nThe Project Director will establish procedures for issuing visiting permits and assign rooms outside the evacuee residential area for overnight visitors. Rooms will also be provided outside the evacuee residential area for visitors to talk with residents. Visitors will not be allowed in the evacuee residential area without the express permission of the Project Director and will not be housed in evacuee quarters during their visits. Soldiers in uniform visiting the center may make arrangements for quarters in the Military Police area or in the Administrative Area and are expected to occupy such quarters at night. During the day, they will be permitted access to the evacuee areas as specified by the Project Director.\nProject Director may authorize leaves from Centere Essoorte for Visitors to the Center. Contraband and censorship, except for first-class and packages, will be subject to inspection by the Army, as provided in Army regulations established for the Center. There will be no censorship of first-class mail except for residents of Area B and any isolation center which may be established outside the project (See section 110.15). Telephone calls by segregants must be limited to emergency cells, conducted in English, and monitored and recorded. All telegrams sent from the Center must be in English.\n\nMail, Telephone Calls, Telegrams\nU/P6/I4I4 VJRA Manual\nAdministrative Separation of Residents within Center\n\nIn order to promote the orderly administration of the Center:\n\n.1 In order to promote the orderly administration of the Center:\n1. In order to promote the orderly administration of the Center:\nCenter and maintain peace and security for the residents, it will be necessary from time to time to restrict the movement and activities of persons whose influence or actions may be disruptive to the operation of the Center. Such persons, after investigation and decision by the Project Director, will be transferred either to a separate area within the Center, designated herein as Area B, or to an isolation center outside the project. Since such further separation of individuals is a purely administrative arrangement to secure the peaceful and orderly administration of the Center, only such investigation as is requisite for an administrative determination by the Project Director is necessary. The following procedure will be employed in making such determinations:\n\nPolicy of Separation\n\nThe Project Director will establish at the Center a policy of separation. This policy will provide for the transfer of individuals whose influence or actions are deemed disruptive to the operation of the Center. The Project Director's decision to transfer an individual will be based on the results of an investigation. The investigation need only be thorough enough to support an administrative determination by the Project Director.\nA Fact-Finding Committee consisting of the Assistant Project Director in Charge of Community Management, the Head of the Internal Security Section, and the Project Attorney. It shall be the duty of the Fact-Finding Committee to secure and examine any evidence available at the Center or which can be secured without undue delay from any other source, bearing upon the activities of any individual suspected of past or probable future interference with the peaceful and orderly processes of center administration. After review of all the evidence available to the Fact-Finding Committee, that Committee will submit to the Project Director a docket for each individual case considered, with its appraisal of the evidence and its recommendation as to whether, in the interest of peaceful and orderly administration, the individual should be subject to disciplinary action.\nThe individual should be transferred to Area A or an isolation center.\n\nUpon receipt of the docket from the Fact-Finding Committee, the Project Director shall review the evidence and the Director's recommendations submitted by the Committee. The Project Director may, in his discretion, hold an interview with the person whose transfer is under consideration. No interview need be held in cases where the evidence supporting the Committee's recommendation is so clear as not to leave room for any reasonable doubt as to its correctness.\n\nAdministrative Separation of WFA Manual _ _ Residents within Center\n\nIf an interview is held, the Project Director shall inform the person interviewed of the nature of the reports and evidence which have been produced concerning him, and shall allow him to:\nIf an individual desires to make further commitments or statements, or produce further evidence, they may do so. If the Project Director determines that an individual's continued residence in the main area of the center poses a danger to the peaceful and orderly administration thereof, he may order their transfer to Area B or an isolation center.\n\nResidence in Area B or an isolation center will be indefinite. Any individual who wishes to be transferred to and permitted to reside in the main area of the Center may request an interview with the Project Director and submit further information regarding their case. The Project Director will hold further interviews and examine all information and evidence presented. If the Project Director determines transfer of the individual is necessary:\n\nTransfer\nBack to\nMain Area\n\nIndividual in Area B or isolation center residence indefinite. Any individual may request interview Project Director submit further information case. Project Director will hold further interviews examine all information evidence presented determine transfer necessary.\nApplicant or any other individual residing in Area B or an isolation center to the main area of the Center shall not pose a danger, the administrator shall order the transfer. Administration of Area B and Isolation Center. AH policies of WRA applicable to the main area of the Center shall apply to Area B and any isolation center established, except: (1) All mail going into or coming from Area B or an isolation center will be censored. (2) No visiting will be permitted between residents of Area B or the isolation center and the main area of the Center except under extraordinary circumstances and with the express permission of the Project Director. Administrative Separation of Residents within Center (3) Visiting with residents of Area B.\nThe isolation center will not permit entry within the physical limits of Area B or the isolation center, but may only take place in rooms provided for the purpose outside the evacuee residential area and in the presence of witnesses if determined by the Project Director.\n\nFamilies of individuals removed to Area B or an isolation center will not be allowed to accompany such individuals into the separated area.\n\nB. Petrol of the external boundaries of Area E and the isolation center will be the responsibility of the Military Police, in accordance with agreements between the Vrer Relocation Authority and the War Department.\n\nShould letter developments require the transfer of any women into a separated area, separate living quarters and feeding arrangements will be provided for them.\n\nWork Manual\nExternal Patrol\nWomen\nlina 1\nCHAPTER 120 - Persons Institutionalized in Evacuated Areas\n\n120.1 Introduction\nThis chapter pertains to evacuees hospitalized or institutionalized in the evacuated portions of Military Areas No. 1 and No. 2 of the Western Defense Command. These evacuees, who are not the responsibility of any center but are instead under the jurisdiction of the San Francisco office of WRA, will hereafter be referred to as patients.\n\nSupersedes WRA Manual A.I.* #99\n\nPayment for Hospital Care 120.2\nThe San Francisco office of WRA is responsible for payment for hospital care for:\n\nA. All patients transferred to WRA from the USPHS,\nB. Certain patients cared for in the past by private funds which are no longer available due to circumstances resulting from evacuation, and\nC. Certain patients cared for by public funds up to the date of evacuation.\nPatients would normally be discharged from a hospital, but retained for a longer period due to lack of proper follow-up or convalescent facilities for additional patients at projects. Acceptance of financial responsibility for patients in categories (B) and (C) is based on consideration by the WRA Health Section of all factors involved in each individual case. Rates of payment are negotiated by the USPHS or WRA, usually on a cost of operation basis. Individual invoices or lists showing names of patients and rates are submitted in quadruplicate, properly certified by the various hospitals, to the San Francisco WRA office on the first of each month. Processing of invoices includes posting on the card of each patient in the Health Section card file and approval by the Chief Medical Officer or his designate.\nWhen a mental patient is evacuated from a center and committed to a State institution in California, Oregon, or Washington, the responsibility for that patient transfers to the San Francisco office. Patients committed from centers to State institutions in other States and later transferred to institutions in California, Oregon, or Washington also become the responsibility of the San Francisco office. Bills for inter-state transfer expenses and any subsequent institutional costs chargeable to WRA should be sent to the San Francisco office for approval by the Health Section and payment. The San Francisco office will also obtain military warrants for these expenses.\n\nSupersedes A.I. \u00a7 99\nMental Patients 120,3\nIRA Manual\n\nWhen a mental patient is evacuated from a center and committed to a State institution in California, Oregon, or Washington, the patient's responsibility transfers to the San Francisco office. Patients committed from centers to State institutions in other States and later transferred to institutions in California, Oregon, or Washington also become the responsibility of the San Francisco office. Send bills for inter-state transfer expenses and any subsequent institutional costs properly chargeable to WRA to the San Francisco office for approval by the Health Section and payment. The San Francisco office will also obtain military warrants for these expenses. (Supersedes A.I. \u00a7 99, Mental Patients 120,3, IRA Manual)\nPatients hospitalized or institutionalized in the evacuated area of the West Coast and for whom WRA is paying the costs of hospitalization or institutionalization are eligible for assistance grants for necessary clothing and other necessities, such as toilet articles, which are not furnished to them by the hospital or affiliated organizations. Effective [date] (omitted), such assistance grants will be made based on applications by the State agency requesting the transfer instead of individual patients.\n\nSupersedes A.I. #99\n\nGrants for Necessary Expenses, Section 120.4:\n1. Patients hospitalized or institutionalized in the evacuated area of the West Coast and for whom WRA is paying the costs of hospitalization or institutionalization are eligible for assistance grants for necessary clothing and other necessities, such as toilet articles.\n2. Previously, such assistance grants have been made based on applications by individual patients. However, effective [date] (omitted), such grants will be made based on applications by the State agency requesting the transfer instead.\n\nSupersedes A.I. #99\nSection 120.4: Grants for Necessary Expenses\n\n1. Patients hospitalized or institutionalized in the evacuated area of the West Coast and for whom WRA is paying the costs of hospitalization or institutionalization are eligible for assistance grants for necessary clothing and other necessities, such as toilet articles.\n2. Effective [date] (omitted), such grants will be made based on applications by the State agency requesting the transfer instead of individual patients.\nJuly 1, 1943: Grants of $7.50 per quarter for patients over 15 years old and ambulatory less than four hours per day; $13.50 per quarter for patients over 15 years old ambulatory four hours per day or more; $450 per quarter for patients under 15 years old and ambulatory less than four hours per day; $9.00 per quarter for patients under 15 years old. Quarterly grants to all evacuees, unless income makes them unnecessary. Social service department of involved hospital to inform WRA Health Section in San Francisco if grant necessary for each evacuee.\nPatients who are ambulatory for four hours per day or more. The ambulatory status of each patient, for grant determination, will be determined at the beginning of each quarter based on reports from the hospital where the evacuee is hospitalized.\n\nGrants provided for in 120.4*3 are for defraying the cost of ordinary needs. Additional grants may be made to an evacuee for exceptional needs during hospitalization or at discharge, if recommended by the social service department of the hospital involved.\n\nVouchers for grant payment will be approved by the Health Section in San Francisco and issued to patients according to usual procedure. Assistance grants will not be made by any center to an evacuee to whom the provisions of this section apply.\nEligibility for Grants \\*\n\nGrants Issuance\n\nAmount of Grants\n\nAdditional Grants\n\nVouchers\n\nNo Grants issued by Centers\n\nSupersedes A.I. # 35, Suppl. 1\n\nWRA Manual\n\nBurials 120.5\n\nWRA will pay the cost of burials for patients dying in hospitals in cases where hospitalization has been a WRA responsibility. In certain cases where the cost of hospitalization has been paid from private funds, WRA may also pay burial expenses upon showing that the decedent's estate or relatives are unable to bear the cost due to circumstances resulting from evacuation. Relatives are permitted to decide, subject to applicable health regulations, whether there shall be cremation, local burial, or burial at a center. Local mortuaries having contracts with the Quartermaster's Corps or with other agencies of the Federal Government shall be utilized wherever available at the fixed rates.\nA. Notify the WRA Health Section Office in San Francisco, who will secure advice from the concerned center regarding desired funeral arrangements from relatives.\n\nB. Make funeral arrangements with a mortuary in the vicinity, preferably one with a contract with the QMC or other Federal Government agency. Arrangements must be subject to instructions from the Health Section in San Francisco.\n\nC. Present bills in the usual manner for approval by the Health Section and processing by the fiscal unit of the Field Assistant Director's office, in accordance with standard procedures.\n\nSupersedes A.I. #99\nC-0833 PH nobu\nV\nTransfers to Centers 120.6\n\nWRA Manual\n.1 \"Notification of Discharge\", Form WRA-272, provided by the Health Section to the vary.\nIous hospitals shall send notification of discharge to the WRA Health Section at San Francisco when they believe the patient is ready for release. If, based on the medical information on the discharge notification or further medical information requested, discharge from the hospital and transfer to a relocation center seems advisable, the following procedure shall be followed:\n\n.2 A report and notice of transfer shall be sent to the center where the patient's relatives are living or to which he would normally be sent. The report should include such medical information as is necessary for proper follow-up medical care or attention after the patient joins his family or is admitted to the center hospital.\n\n.3 The Health Section shall request transportation.\nGrant applications and subsistence grants from the San Francisco Agent-Cashier. Transportation will be arranged on as economical a basis as possible, considering the patient's condition. Subsistence will be computed at the rate of $1.00 per meal en route plus a tray service of .25\u00a2 per meal for bed-ridden patients. A Public Assistance Grant Voucher will be given to the escort, and acknowledgment later obtained on the Voucher from the patient that he has received the money, after which the Voucher shall be returned to the San Francisco office for processing.\n\nNote\n\nCenter\nPayment of Transfer Costs\n\nIf the patient is in need of clothing which he is unable to provide for himself, he may request the necessary articles through the social service department or the administrative authorities of the hospital. Certification shall be provided.\nRequest for Transfer:\n\nSubmitted to the Agent-Cashier at the San Francisco WRA office.\n\nTransfer to Projects 120.6, WRA Manual.\n\nRequired for: Transfer, Travel Permit.\n\nSupersedes A.I. # 99.\n\nThe request shall be reviewed by a representative of the Chief Medical Officer. Upon approval, the following shall occur:\n\nClothing: Provided by the social service department or administrative authorities of the hospital using the provided form.\n\nPublic Assistance Grant Voucher: Prepared by the Agent-Cashier for forwarding to the patient.\n\nEscort:\n- 0.5 escort service shall be provided by WRA from the hospital to the center or to a point where the patient is met by a center escort.\n- Medical escort shall be provided in cases of infants, paroled mental patients, or others as determined by the Chief Medical Officer.\nan escort is necessary. A military travel permit shall be secured for each patient through the Adjutant General's Office of the Western Defense Command on the basis of a detailed statement prepared in each instance by the Health Section. Upon the patient's arrival at his destination, the permit shall be returned by mail to the WRA office in San Francisco for transmittal to the military authorities (See 50.3.22).\n\nSupersedes A.I. # 99\n\nWar Relocation Authority Administrative Manual\nChapter 130 - Relocation\nRelocation Program 130-1\n\nThis section of the Administrative Manual is intended to set forth the policies of the War Relocation Authority with respect to the relocation program, to define the responsibilities of each division in this program, and to establish the relationships among evacuees, War Relocation Authority staff, and public and private agencies.\nA. It is the policy of the War Relocation Authority to facilitate the return of loyal and law-abiding evacuees to normal American life. The relocation program has been developed to implement this policy. The program provides for informing American communities and employers about evacuees' backgrounds and abilities, informing evacuees about public attitudes, manpower needs, and living conditions in various communities, and aiding evacuees in their return to normal American life.\n\nB. It is the policy of the War Relocation Authority to continue relocation as a voluntary step, and, as far as the War Relocation Authority can make a commitment, necessary centers will be continued for the duration of the war.\n\nC. In keeping with the voluntary nature of relocation, evacuees may choose to leave the centers at any time. However, those who wish to return to their former homes in areas from which they were evacuated must obtain clearance from the War Relocation Authority and the military commander in the area before they are allowed to return. Evacuees who do not wish to return to their former homes may be assisted in settling in other areas. The War Relocation Authority will make every effort to help evacuees adjust to new communities and find employment.\ncation,  the  evacuees  themselves  will  be  re\u00ac \nsponsible  for  initiating  relocation  plans  for \nindividuals  and  families.  The  War  Relocation \nAuthority  will  provide  factual  information, \ncounseling  services,  oertain  limited  travel \nSupersedes  A. I.  #  88,  96 \nScope \nand \nPurpose \nof  Ibis \nManual  Seotion \nV7HA  Policy \non \nRelooation \nWRA  Manual \nRelocation  Program  150*1 \nand  subsistence  grants  where  needed,  and  will \nassist  evacuees  in  seouring  employment  and \nhousing. \nD.  The  War  Relocation  Authority  will  acquaint \nother  Federal  and  non-Federal  public  agenoies \nand  private  agenoies  with  the  needs  of  evaeu- \nees  and  will  endeavor  to  secure  their  assist\u00ac \nance  and  service  within  the  limits  of  the \nagencies1  resources  and  policies.  It  will \nassist  evacuees  in  making  contacts  with  these \nagenoies.  The  War  Relocation  Authority  is  not \nin  a  position  to  duplicate  any  service  whioh \nThe War Relocation Authority will help evacuees secure loans from other sources as much as possible, but is unable to provide loans directly. The primary objective of the War Relocation Authority is relocation. An adequate training and replacement program is increasingly important for achieving orderly and planned relocation of evacuee center employees and maintaining efficient operation of essential services at the centers. Full participation of evacuees and Japanese Americans outside the centers in the planning of the relocation program is necessary for successful relocation.\n\nResponsibilities of WRA Divisions and Sections in Relocation Program:\n\nIn order to mobilize the full resources of the Authority in the support of this comprehensive program, the following divisions and sections of the War Relocation Authority will have the following responsibilities in the relocation program:\n\n1. The Resettlement Division will be responsible for the planning and coordination of the relocation of evacuees from the evacuation centers to their new homes.\n2. The Evacuation Division will be responsible for the evacuation of evacuees from their homes to the evacuation centers.\n3. The Welfare Division will be responsible for the welfare of evacuees while they are in the evacuation centers.\n4. The Education Division will be responsible for the education of evacuee children in the evacuation centers.\n5. The Labor Division will be responsible for the employment of evacuees both in the evacuation centers and in their new communities.\n6. The Farm Security Administration will be responsible for the operation of farms and ranches where evacuees will be resettled.\n7. The Public Information Division will be responsible for keeping the public informed about the relocation program and dispelling false rumors.\n8. The Legal Division will be responsible for handling all legal matters related to the relocation program.\n9. The Finance Division will be responsible for the financial administration of the relocation program.\n10. The Engineering Division will be responsible for the construction and maintenance of evacuation centers and other facilities related to the relocation program.\n11. The Medical Division will be responsible for the health and medical care of evacuees during the relocation process.\n12. The Food Service Division will be responsible for the provision of food and food services to evacuees during the relocation process.\n13. The Transportation Division will be responsible for the transportation of evacuees and their belongings during the relocation process.\n14. The Civilian Conservation Corps will be responsible for providing labor for various projects related to the relocation program.\n15. The War Department will be responsible for the military aspects of the relocation program, including the provision of military escorts for evacuees and the security of evacuation centers.\nThe Relocation Program's specific responsibilities, as outlined in this instruction, are assigned to various divisions and sections. The Relocation Division is responsible for initiating, directing, and coordinating the entire program. Each division is responsible for informing its appointed personnel about the value of the relocation program to evacuees and the nation. They should develop active support for the program among their staff and aid the work of the Relocation Division and the cooperative contributions of other divisions. In collaboration with the Vocational Training Committee, each division shall create a thorough training program for its evacuee workers, providing them with additional skills in various sections and units.\n\nSupersedes A.I. #88, 96\nWRA Manual\nRelocation Program 130*1\n\nThe nation's divisions are responsible for:\n1. Informing their personnel about the relocation program's value to evacuees and the nation.\n2. Developing active support for the relocation program among their staff.\n3. Aiding the work of the Relocation Division and the cooperative contributions of other divisions.\n4. Collaborating with the Vocational Training Committee to create a thorough training program for evacuee workers.\n5. Providing evacuee workers with additional skills in all sections and units.\nThe Community Management Division, in collaboration with the Relocation Division, oversees the planning and development of the welfare, educational, health, and community organization aspects of the relocation program.\n\n1. The Community Organization Section in the Washington Office, in partnership with the Relocation Division, assists in planning and developing evacuee participation in the relocation program.\n2. The Welfare Section, in conjunction with the Relocation Division, initiates and carries out a program of family interviewing and counseling for relocation. This shall:\n   a. Reach every family or individual at the center as much as possible.\n   b. Stimulate families to think and plan for themselves about their future.\n   c. Aid in constructing an acceptable plan.\n(d) Prepare potential relocates for interviews with the Relocation Division.\n(e) Prepare the basic social data for a Family Relocation Record to be assembled and summarized by the Relocation Division for eventual transmission to the relocation office in the community,\n(f) Provide the War Relocation Authority with social data for overall program planning.\n\nThe Welfare Section in Washington, working through the Relocation Division, shall provide technical guidance for the community adjustment program in the relocation field offices. The Welfare Section in the Washington office will\n(1) Consult with the Social Security Board regarding further adjustments in policy and relationships between the two agencies, as experience and needs indicate.\n(3) The Health Section will provide physical examination services for evacuees who are relocating, within the limits of its available facilities. The Health Section in the Washington Office will provide technical guidance, through the Relocation Division, in issues relating to the emergency medical care and institutionalization of relocated evacuees by appropriate agencies.\n(11) The Education Section, in conjunction with the Relocation Division, will initiate and carry out relocation activities with the goal of achieving the following objectives:\n(a) To acquaint the school staff with the importance of the relocation program so that the development of positive relocation attitudes becomes part of daily operations.\n(b) To bring contributions from War Relocation Authority officials, center visitors, evacuee leaders, and evacuee organizations into the schools, providing information and incentives toward successful relocation.\n(c) To reemphasize American ways of life and American cultural values at all school levels.\n(d) To develop a Vocational Training Program geared to center and relocation needs. This program shall include a supervised apprenticeship program, high school trades classes on both a part-time and full-time basis, high school vocational classes, and work experience groups. This program is discussed in detail in Manual Section 30.3-50. While the Project Vocational Training Committee shall provide supervisory assistance, it is the particular concern of the:\n(e) To give technical assistance to the Relocation Division in maintaining the Relocation Library.\n(f) To arrange for transfer of school records to outside communities.\n(g) To develop facility by evacuees in the use of conversational and written English.\n\nEducation Section\n\nThe Washington Office of the Education Section shall provide technical guidance for the relocation field offices, through the Relocation Division, in educational problems which develop in the field, and in the development of opportunities for vocational training in communities of relocation.\n\nBusiness Enterprises Section\n\n(5) The Business Enterprises Section, jointly with the Relocation Division, shall aid evacuees in the forming of credit unions which may, at their discretion,\nThe Community Analysis Section shall cooperate with the Relocation Division and other divisions in interpreting family data submitted by the Welfare Section for general analysis. It shall conduct analysis of attitudes toward relocation, observe relocation technique results on the center, report findings, and make recommendations for desirable changes in techniques. The Washington Office of the Community Analysis Section, under the direction of the Relocation Division, shall undertake studies relating to the social and economic adjustment of relocated evacuees. The Community Activities Section, jointly with the Relocation Division, shall work with field representatives of national agencies such as YWCA, YMCA, and Boy Scouts.\nThe Relocation Program's Soouts and Girl Soouts will increase organization membership by assisting in membership transfers for relocating persons, arranging visits for outsiders to participate in sports and activities, and enabling evacuees to participate in activities outside the center.\n\nWRA Manual\nRelocation Program 150*1\n\nThe Reports Division will support the Relocation Division by providing evacuees in the centers with factual information through graphic and visual media about public attitudes, cost of living, housing, climate, education, and other factors affecting relocation. Particular attention will be given to producing materials in the Japanese language. The division will study methods of distributing information in the centers and periodically check the effectiveness of distribution.\nThe Reports Division in the Washington Office will secure cooperation of other divisions in developing an information program. This will draw upon information resources outside the War Relocation Authority. The Reports Division will provide technical guidance for Area Relocation Offices in preparing information for evacuees about work and living conditions and imparting information about the War Relocation Authority program in the communities.\n\nC. The Administrative Management Division has the following responsibilities in the relocation program:\n(1) The Washington Office of the Division is responsible for the prompt issuing of leave clearance to all eligible evacuees.\n(2) The Personnel Management Section will assist the Relocation Division.\nThe information will aid in suitable placement of evacuees in outside employment. This will be accomplished through the maintenance of individual employment histories, to be made available to the Relocation Division at the Reports Division, Administrative Management Division, Leave Clearance, and Personnel Management. It supersedes A.I. #88, 96 WRA Manual, Relocation Program 130*1. The Evacuee Property Office, in cooperation with the Relocation Division, shall:\n\n1. The Evacuee Property Office, in cooperation with the Relocation Division, shall assist in suitable placement of evacuees in outside employment. This will be achieved through the maintenance of individual employment histories, which will be made available to the Relocation Division at the Reports, Administrative Management, Leave Clearance, and Personnel Management divisions. This policy supersedes A.I. #88, 96 WRA Manual, Relocation Program 130*1.\n2. The Evacuee Property Office and the Relocation Division will work together to help evacuees accept outside employment by establishing and maintaining center work standards comparable to those required in outside employment. This will assist the Vocational Training Committee in its work.\nThe Operations Division provides property management services for relocated evacuees and assists in transporting household and personal effects, as well as commercial property, to the relocation point, according to Chapter 100 of the Administrative Manual.\n\nOperations Division:\nSolicitor's Office\n\nResponsibilities:\n1. In view of the large number of evacuees employed in mechanical and agricultural work in the centers by the Operations Division, this division has the following responsibilities in the relocation program:\n(1) Develop and maintain, in cooperation with the Vocational Training Committee, training programs to develop under practical work conditions, skills and experience preparing evacuees for placement in normal life.\n(2) Assist the Project Employment Section in evaluating work experience of evacuees and in maintaining work records.\nThe Solicitor's Office and Project Attorneys shall aid in the relocation program by providing legal advice and services to evacuees in matters affecting their relocation. The Relocation Planning Division in Washington and the Center Statistical Sections shall collaborate with the Relocation Division and Community Management Division regarding maintaining quantitative information concerning the progress of the Family Counseling Program and summarizing interview results in prescribed manners. They shall participate in designing forms for Family Counseling to handle information subject to quantitative analysis.\n\nSupersedes WRA Manual Relocation Program 130*1\n\nE. The Solicitor\u2019s Office and project attorneys shall help with the relocation program by giving legal advice and services to evacuees in matters related to their relocation.\nF. The Relocation Planning Division in Washington and the Center Statistical Sections will work with the Relocation Division and Community Management Division to keep track of quantitative information about the Family Counseling Program's progress and summarize interview results as required. They will also collaborate on designing forms for Family Counseling to make it easier to analyze data.\n\nSupersedes A.I. % 88, 96\nThey shall give technical advice to the various groups concerned in connection with any special inquiries or analyses required as part of the relocation interview program. They shall prepare summaries of the number of persons on indefinite leave and keep a record of their current locations. Since all War Relocation Authority operations influence the relocation program, and since many specific responsibilities have been assigned to the various divisions in this instruction, it is essential to provide for the coordination of these efforts. Evacuee participation in relocation planning adds additional emphasis to the necessity for the development of adequate working relationships. The following provisions for achieving coordination are mandatory in principle, but modifications may be necessary to suit the special conditions:\nVarious centers may be established with the approval of the Director. A relocation committee shall be established in the Washington Office and at each center to coordinate procedures and operations of the divisions and sections. Each committee shall be composed of division chiefs and section heads making specific contributions to the relocation program. The Director of the Authority shall serve as the chairman.\n\nRelocation Planning Division\nCoordination of Contributions to Relocation\nStaff Coordination\nWRA Manual\nRelocation Program 130-1\n\nEvacuee Coordination on Centers\nCoordination of Evacuees and Staff\n\nThe Chief of the Relocation Division (or his appointee) and the Chief of the Washington Relocation Committee shall serve as executive officers.\n\nThe center relocation committee shall meet.\nUnder the chairmanship of the Project Director, and the Relocation Program Officer shall serve as executive officer. Meetings of these committees shall be held at least once a month, and additional meetings as necessary shall be called by the chairman. Project Directors shall recognize the responsibility of evacuees, through the Relocation Planning Commission established by the Community Council, to initiate and develop plans for evacuee participation in the relocation program. The Commission should be representative of the community and composed of:\n\n(1) Representatives of non-council evacuee organizations such as Business Enterprises, religious groups, Parent-Teacher Association, YMCA and the YWCA.\n(2) The chairmen of such Council Committees as are cooperating actively in various aspects of the relocation program.\nas  the  Public  Relations  Committee,  the \nEmployment  Committee,  the  Education  Com\u00ac \nmittee,  and  the  Counseling  Committee. \nThe  War  Relocation  Authority  shall  establish  a \nposition  of  Executive  Secretary  to  the  Commis\u00ac \nsion,  which  shall  be  held  by  an  evacuee  to  be \nappointed  by  the  Project  Director  upon  recom\u00ac \nmendation  of  the  Commission. \nC*  A  Relocation  Executive  Board  shall  be  estab\u00ac \nlished  by  the  Project  Direotor,  made  up  of \napproximately  three  evacuee  representatives \nselected  by  the  Relocation  Planning  Commission \nSupersedes  A. I*  #  88,  9& \nWRA  Manual_ Relocation  Program  150*1 \nand  three  appointed  staff  representatives \nselected  by  the  Relocation  Committee,  Under \nthe  chairmanship  of  the  Project  Director,  this \nBoard  shall  plan  over-all  center  coordination \nand  recommend  policies  and  techniques  to  the \nProject  Director.  The  Relocation  Program  Of\u00ac \nficer  shall  act  as  executive  secretary  of  this \nThe executive secretary of the Commission shall be an ex-officio member of the Board.\n\nTo have a successful relocation program, there must be a smooth working relationship between Relocation Centers and Field Offices, with activities coordinated by the Relocation Division in Washington. It is therefore absolutely necessary that the following areas of responsibility and lines of authority be strictly adhered to:\n\n(1) Area Relocation Supervisors, through their Relocation Officers, are responsible for all phases of the relocation program in their respective areas. Any contacts concerning relocation that the Project Director, his appointed staff, or any officially recognized evacuee individual or group may wish to make with agencies or individuals outside the centers should be made through the appropriate Relocation Officer.\nThe War Relocation Authority's activities concerning evacuees on seasonal and indefinite leave outside the centers are the responsibility of the Relocation Officers. For efficiency and economy in operation, the Relocation Supervisor may authorize the Project Director to act for him on relocation matters in certain areas adjacent to a center. This authorization should be in writing and a copy furnished the Relocation Division in Washington.\n\nDivision of Responsibility\nRelocation\nField Areas\n\nSupersedes WRA Manual A.I. #88, 9\n\nRelocation Program 150-1\n\nRelocation Centers\n\nThe Project Director, through his Relocation Program Officer, is responsible for all phases of the relocation program in the center. All field Relocation Officers should make their contacts with appointed staff members or center residents through.\nThe Project Director and Relocation Officers should clear with the Project Director before entering or working within a Relocation center.\n\nContacts:\nwith other agencies\n\n(3) Relations with federal agencies and private organizations of all types at the national level shall be initiated and developed by the Washington Office of the War Relocation Authority. Insofar as contacts relate to the relocation program, they should be initiated by or worked out in conjunction with the Relocation Division in the Washington Office. Relocation Field Offices shall initiate and develop relations with public and private agencies at regional, state, and local levels, insofar as they relate to the relocation program.\n\nSupersedes A.I. #88, 96\nWRA Manual\nRelocation Division 130.2\n\nThe Relocation Division directs the Authority\u2019s relocation program, including both relocation of persons and their property.\nThe Washington Office of the Relocation Division is responsible for evacuees and assistance to individuals excluded by military authorities from restricted areas. It formulates and initiates policies for the relocation program.\n\nActivities of the Washington Office of the Relocation Division include:\n1. Technical supervision of Center Relocation Divisions.\n2. Direction of Relocation Field Offices.\n3. Coordination and direction of contributions of other divisions to the relocation program.\n4. Stimulation and provision for Japanese Americans' participation in relocation planning on and off the centers and coordination of their contributions.\n5. Consultation with and obtaining cooperation of other government agencies and private organizations and individuals, and coordination of their contributions.\nThe Relocation Division shall carry out its responsibility for the relocation program through four sections: (1) The Center Liaison Section, responsible for technical supervision of Center Relocation Divisions in their development of the relocation program; (2) The Field Supervision Section, responsible for the direction of relocation field offices and for the development of the field relocation program; (3) The Coordination Section, responsible for integrating the functions of the Relocation Division in the trashing ton Office of the Division in Washington, coordination of relocation functions at the Centers, planning with other divisions, and orientation of staff.\n\nRelocation Division Functions at Centers\nCoordination of Relocation Program\n\nSupersedes WRA Manual A.I. #88, 96\nRelocation Division 130*2\nThe Relocation Authority is in charge of coordinating the relations between the War Relocation Authority and other agencies regarding relocation.\n\n(h) The Analysis and Procedures Section is responsible for recommending procedures, preparing and reviewing materials for the direction and guidance of the relocation program, and handling certain fiscal and personnel matters for the Chief of the Division.\n\nEach Relocation Center shall have a Relocation Division, headed by a Relocation Program Officer, responsible directly to the Project Director. This division shall receive technical supervision from the Washington Office of the Relocation Division.\n\nThe Relocation Division is responsible for coordinating, planning, and directing the entire relocation program at the center, including evacuee participation.\nThe Relocation Division is responsible for rendering assistance to evacuees in preparation for relocation. In carrying out its coordination function, the Relocation Division has the following responsibilities:\n\n1. It shall plan and develop, with various divisions, their responsibilities in the relocation program.\n2. It is primarily responsible, under the supervision of the Project Director, for keeping the entire center staff informed as to major objectives and methods of the relocation program.\n\nRelocation Division\nFunctions\nCoordination of Relocation Program\nat Centers\nPlanning with Other Divisions\nOrientation of Staff\n\nRelocation Division\nRelocation Program Officer\nshall act as executive officer for the Relocation Committee and executive secretary.\n\nSupersedes WRA Manual\nRelocation Division 130\n\n(Note: The symbol \"f\" at the end of the text is unclear and may be a typo or an abbreviation. It has been left unchanged for now.)\nThe Relocation Division:\n\n1. Studies evacuee relationships to the relocation program and develops the general plan for evacuee participation, making necessary adaptations. Oversees the future development of evacuee planning.\n2. Relocation Program Officer, as executive secretary of the Relocation Executive Board, takes an active role in coordinating evacuee and staff contributions to relocation.\n3. Directs assistance rendered to evacuees in preparation for relocation with the following responsibilities:\nIt shall ensure that all types of relocation information are provided to evacuees. With the technical assistance of the Librarian, it shall establish a Relocation Library. In cooperation with the Reports and Community Management Divisions, it shall utilize all media of visual education, such as moving pictures, photographic exhibits, and posters, and through other techniques such as forums, circulars, and news items, shall publicize information about relocation opportunities, the communities and areas of relocation, and the experience of relocated evacuees. It shall relate specific relocation opportunities to the total information about an area or community.\n\nCommittee Functions\n' Relationships with Evacuees\nAssisting Evacuees in Relocation\nGeneral Relocation Information to Evacuees\nThe Relocation Division's role is advising individuals and families on detailed conditions of relocation in various areas and helping them work out individual plans. The Relocation Division provides this service directly to evacuees or receives referrals from the Welfare Section for relocation advice. In turn, it may refer evacuees interested in relocation who need family counseling to the Welfare Section.\n\nIn most cases, a specific plan should involve the selection of a particular community of relocation and arrangements for a tentative departure date. In assisting families and individuals in making their selections, the Relocation Division:\n\n(a) In most cases, a specific plan should involve the selection of a particular community for relocation and arrangements for a tentative departure date. In helping families and individuals make their selections, the Relocation Division:\n\n- advises individuals and families on detailed conditions of relocation in various areas\n- works out with them their individual plans\n- provides this service directly to evacuees or receives referrals from the Welfare Section for relocation advice\n- may refer evacuees interested in relocation who need family counseling to the Welfare Section.\nRelocation Program Officer shall use the current information about communities available from the Reports Division and the District Relocation Offices. It is expected that practically all plans will be developed to the point of actual preparation for departure. However, in exceptional cases where the evacuee cannot select a particular community without additional advance assurances such as a specific job offer, further information should be requested from the Relocation Officer involved.\n\n(b) The Relocation Division shall consolidate all materials related to a family relocation plan into a Family Relocation Record. These materials will come from its relocation records, from records of the Welfare Section, from the Project Personnel records, and from other sources.\n\nRelocation Division 150.2\n\nSupersedes A.I. 88, 9& WRA Manual\nFrom this Family Relocation Record, the Relocation Division shall prepare a Relocation Summary. This should be sent to the Relocation Officer in the District where the relocation is to take place at least one week before the date of departure, in cases where the family has decided to go to a certain community.\n\n(3) The Relocation Division shall periodically analyze and summarize records of work experience and preferences and current availability of evacuees for relocation. It shall report to Washington and Field Offices the types of relocation opportunities needed.\n\n(1;) It shall keep a systematic record of relocation opportunities received from the Relocation Field Offices and of the action taken on them. It shall relate these opportunities to evacuees believed interested and qualified, and shall call such persons in for interview.\nThe Center Relocation Division shall complete final arrangements for seasonal, short term, intermediate, or indefinite leaves in accordance with the Leave Handbook. It shall review dockets on evacuees and prepare recommendations to the Project Director regarding eligibility for leave. The division is responsible for these dockets, leave records, and related data. The Center Relocation Division receives technical supervision from the Administrative Management Division in Washington on leave clearance matters. Analyzing Relocation Needs, Handling Specific Relocation Opportunities, Leave Clearance. l/lb/Ui. Supersedes A.I. #88, 96 WRA Manual. Leave Assistance Grants. (The Center Relocation Division shall recommend to the Project Director)\nThe text pertains to actions to be taken on applications for leave assistance grants, with final preparations for relocation. It shall assist evacuees in making final preparations for relocation. In cooperation with other divisions, it shall develop an orientation program for evacuees to wartime living conditions outside the center, providing specific advice on work and social relationships in the new community. It shall arrange transportation for evacuees relocating and furnish them with travel information. It shall inform evacuees of rationing requirements and direct them to the proper officials for issuance of necessary ration books. It shall inform aliens of their obligations to the Department of Justice when outside a center. In a final interview, it shall ensure that the evackee has completed all necessary procedures.\nFor the relocation process, the United States open to relocation are divided into Areas. A Relocation Supervisor, reporting to the Chief of the Relocation Division in Washington, is responsible for the relocation program in each Area. Areas may be sub-divided into Districts, each of which is the responsibility of a Relocation Officer reporting to the Relocation Supervisor.\n\nArea Relocation Office:\nThe major function of the Area Relocation Office is that of supervising the District Relocation Offices in carrying out their responsibilities. This supervision includes active aid in the initial setting up of offices, guidance in working out local programs, coordination of the activities of the District Relocation Officers and other duties as assigned by the Relocation Supervisor.\nThe Periodic review of activities is conducted by the Relocation Division (130.2) of the District Relocation Office to determine consistency with the War Relocation Authority's general policies.\n\nResponsibilities of the District Relocation Office include:\n1. Developing favorable relocation opportunities\n2. Planning relocation for family units\n3. Transmitting invitations to evacuees\n4. Providing assistance resources for evacuees\n5. Gathering and transmitting full information about relocation communities to the centers\n\nThe District Relocation Office is to inform local individuals, groups, and agencies about the program and secure their aid in getting the community to assume increasing responsibility for a comprehensive adjustment program.\nThe cooperating committee, consisting of individuals representing business, religious, labor, professional, welfare, and other interests, should typically express community action. This responsibility lies with the District Relocation Office, which should stimulate the committee's development and aid in creating a central community program coordinating contributions from various groups and agencies.\n\nThe District Relocation Office is also tasked with employment opportunity development for families and individuals. In addition to discovering and developing opportunities, the office determines acceptance of evacuees by other workers and assists in fostering such acceptance if needed. Employment opportunities must be cleared by the District Relocation Office.\nanother  Federal  agency,  the  Distriot  Re\u00ac \nlocation  Office  is  responsible  for  deter\u00ac \nmining  whether  or  not  they  are  substandard. \nDistrict \nRelocation \nOffioe \nConminity \nRespons  fbilit/ \nand \nCoranittee \nDevelopnient \nof \nEmployment \nOpportunity  s \nSupersedes  A. \nWRA  Manual \nRelocation  Division  130.2 \nFamily \nRelocation \nPlans \n(3)  The  District  Relocation  Office  shall  re\u00ac \nceive  from  the  Relocation  Program  Officer \nsummaries  of  individual  and  family  reloca \ntion  plans.  In  cases  where  the  indivi\u00ac \ndual  or  family  has  decided  definitely  to \nrelocate  in  his  district  and  has  made  ar\u00ac \nrangements  for  departure,  the  Distriot \nRelocation  Office  will  receive  the  relo\u00ac \ncation  summary  at  least  one  week  in  ad\u00ac \nvance  of  departure.  Rpon  receipt  of  this \nsummary  the  District  Relocation  Office \nshall  see  that  preparations  are  made  to \nmeet  the  immediate  needs  of  the  family \nupon  arrival.  If  it  is  determined  that \nThe District Relocation Office will suggest a change to the Relocation Program Officer if the chosen community is not a viable option. In cases where an individual or family is considering relocation but unable to formulate a definite plan, the District Relocation Office will review the relocation summary to determine if necessary assurances, such as employment opportunities, are immediately available. If so, they will invite the Relocation Program Officer to the community in question. If not, they will work out a satisfactory opportunity and keep the Relocation Program Officer informed of progress. If no satisfactory opportunity is available in their district, they will return the relocation summary to the center.\nIf he is acquainted with a relocation opportunity in another district that he believes will fit the plan of the evacuees, he should call this opportunity to the attention of the Relocation Program Officer.\n\nSupersedes A.I. #88, 9&\nWRA Manual Relocation Directive 150*2\n\nThe District Relocation Office shall provide the centers with full information about employment opportunities, general living conditions, experiences of relocated evacuees, and other useful information. This information should be strictly factual and present a balanced picture of favorable and unfavorable elements. The District Relocation Offices shall keep this material current and answer requests from centers for special information. In carrying out these functions, the Area and District Relocation Offices shall receive technical guidance from the Reports Division in Washington.\nThe Relocation Division shall:\n1. The District Relocation Office, in collaboration with the local cooperating committee, develop resources in the community for financial assistance, housing, educational and recreational facilities, employment opportunities, and counseling, welfare, and health services for evacuees, to the extent available to other community residents.\n2. Implement at the district level agreements made by the Washington Office of the War Relocation Authority with national offices of public and private agencies.\n3. Encourage the local committee to plan for the participation of evacuees in the community's normal life.\n4. Work with relocated evacuees to initiate plans for the relocation of their families.\nMembers and friends who still reside at Relocation Centers: The Area and District Relocation Offices shall receive technical guidance from the Community Management Division in Washington through the Relocation Division concerning the community adjustment program.\n\nInformation about Employment and Living Conditions for Community Adjustment\n\nSupersedes A.I. # 88f 96\nC\u2013 0890 P23 nobu\u2013 final\nWRA Manual\nRelocation Division 130,2 .4\n\nThe following are the Relocation Areas and District Relocation Offices with the geographical area under each jurisdiction.\n\nA. INTERMOUNTAIN AREA - Headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah.\n\n(1) Spokane, Washington, District Office\nState of Washington - Counties of Pend Oreille, Stevens, Ferry, Spokane, Whitman, Garfield, Asotin, Columbia, Walla Walla, Franklin, Adams, and Douglas.\nState of Oregon - Counties of Wallowa, Union, Umatilla, Morrow and Gilliam, Lake, Baker, Crook, Grant, Harney, Malheur.\nState of Idaho - Counties of Boundary, Bonner, Kootenai, Shoshone, Benewah, Latah, Clearwater, Nez Perce, Lewis and Idaho, Adams, Valley, Washington, Boise, Payette, Gem, Canyon, Ada, Elmore, Owyhee, Custer, Camas, Blaine, Gooding.\nMinidoka, Jerome, Twin Falls, and Cassia.\nUtah. Entire State.\nSupersedes Issuance of 9/21/44. Release \u00a7 160.\n\nDelineation of Areas and Districts.\nWRA Manual. Relocation Division 130.2.\nDelineation Areas and Districts.\n\nEntire State of Nevada.\nState of Wyoming - Fellowstone National Park,\nCounties of Teton, Sublette, Lincoln, Uinta, and Sweetwater.\nState of Idaho - Counties of Lemhi, Clark, Fremont, Butte, Jefferson, Madison, Teton, Bonneville, Bingham, Caribou, Bannock, Power, Oneida, Franklin, and Bear Lake.\n\nB. WESTERN PLAINS AREA - Headquarters in Denver, Colorado\nDenver, Colorado. District Office.\nState of Colorado - Counties of Routt, Grand, Gilpin, Clear Creek, Summit, Park, Jefferson, Douglas, Denver, Arapahoe, Elbert, Lincoln, Kit Carson, Cheyenne, Moffat, Rio Blanco, Garfield, Eagle, Pitkin, Mesa, Delta.\nMontana: Ouray, San Miguel, Dolores, San Juan, Hinsdale, Mineral, Archuleta, Montezuma, La Plata, Adana, Lake, Chaffee, Wheatland, Sweet Grass, Golden Valley, Stillwater, Carbon, Musselshell, Yellowstone, Rosebud, Treasure, Big Horn, McCone, Prairie, Custer, Powder River, Richland, Dawson, Wibaux, Fallon, and Carter.\n\nNorth Dakota: Divide, Burke, Renville, Bottineau, McHenry, Williams, Mountrail, Ward, McKenzie, McLean, Dunn, Mercer, Golden Valley, Billings, Stark, Oliver, Morton, Slope, Hettinger, Grant, Bowman, Adams, and Sioux.\n\nWyoming: Big Horn, Sheridan, Crook, Hot Springs, Washakie, Johnson, Campbell, Weston, PTemont, Natrona, Converse, Niobrara, Carbon, Albany, Platte, Goshen, Laramie, and Park.\n\nSouth Dakota: Harding, Perkins, Corson, Dewey, Butte, Ziebach, Armstrong.\nMeade, Lawrence, Haakon, St. Anthony, Pennington, Jackson, Jones, Lyman, Custer, Washington, Washabaugh, Mellette, Tripp, Gregory, Todd, Bennett, Shannon, Fall River, Brule, Dawes, Sioux, Box Butte, Sheridan, Cherry, Scottsbluff, Morrill, Garden, Grant, Hooker, Thomas, Banner, Arthur, McPherson, Logan, Cheyenne, Kimball, Deuel, Keith, Sedgwick, Perkins, Lincoln, Logan, Phillips, Chase, Hayes, Frontier, Yuma, Dundy, Hitchcock, Redwillow, Greeley.\n\nColorado. District Office\n\nState of Colorado - Counties of Jackson, Larimer, Weld, Boulder, Morgan, Adams, Logan, Sedgwick, Phillips, Washington, Yuma, Teller, Fremont, Saguache, Custer, Rio Grande, Alamosa, Conejos.\nCostilla, El Paso, Pueblo Huerfano, Las Animas, Crowley, Kiowa, Otero, Bent, Prowers, Baca, Amarillo, Texas, Beaver, Lipscomb, Hemphill, Wheeler, Collingsworth, Childress, Hardeman, Foard, Knox, Haskell, Jones, Taylor, Runnels, Concho, Menard, Kimble, Edwards, Valverde, Cimarron, Texas and Beaver, North Central Area, Headquarters in Chicago, Illinois, Chicago Metropolitan District Office, State of Illinois - Counties of McHenry, Lake, Cook, Kendall and Will, Greater Illinois District Office - Chicago, State of Illinois - except counties of Greens.\nCalhoun, Jersey, Madison, St. Clair and the part listed above in Chicago Metropolitan District.\n(3) Indianapolis, Indiana. District Office. Entire State of Indiana except Lake County.\n(4) Milwaukee, Wisconsin. District Office. Entire State of Wisconsin except counties of Douglas, Burnett, Polk, St. Croix and Pierce.\nState of Michigan - Counties of Ontonagon, Houghton, Keweenaw, Baraga, Gogebic, Iron, Marquette, Dickinson, Menominee, Alger, Delta, Schoolcraft, Luce, Mackinac and Chippewa.\n(5) Minneapolis, Minnesota. District Office.\nState of North Dakota - Counties of Rolette, Towner, Cavalier, Pembina, Pierce, Benson, Ramsey, Walsh, Grand Forks, Nelson, Eddy, Sheridan, Wells, Foster, Griggs, Steele, Traill, Burleigh, Kidder, Stutsman, Barnes, Cass, Logan, La Moure, Ransom, Emmons, McIntosh, Dickey, Sargent and Richland.\nThe text appears to be a list of counties in various states. I have removed unnecessary information such as the repeated \"State of\" and \"District Office\" phrases, as well as the release number and WRA Manual reference. I have also corrected some formatting issues.\n\nMinnesota: Douglas, Burnett, Polk, Saint Croix, Pierce\nWisconsin: Adair, Sullivan, Grundy, Gentry, Holt, Andrew, Daviess, De Kalb, Livingston, Linn, Macon, Buchanan, Clinton, Caldwell, Platte, Clay, Ray, Carroll, Chariton, Randolph, Jackson, Lafayette, Saline, Howard, Cass, Johnson, Pettis, Cooper, Moniteau, Morgan, Miller, Camden, Henry, Bates, Vernon, Benton, Saint Clair, Hickory, Cedar, Polk, Dallas, Laclede, Barton, Dade, Greene, Webster, Jasper, Lawrence, Christian, McDonald, Barry, Stone, Taney, and Newton\n\nMissouri: Atchison, Nodaway, Worth, Harrison, Mercer, Putnam, Schuyler, Adair, Sullivan, Grundy, Gentry, Holt, Andrew, Daviess, De Kalb, Livingston, Linn, Macon, Buchanan, Clinton, Caldwell, Platte, Clay, Ray, Carroll, Chariton, Randolph, Jackson, Lafayette, Saline, Howard, Cass, Johnson, Pettis, Cooper, Moniteau, Morgan, Miller, Camden, Henry, Bates, Vernon, Benton, Saint Clair, Hickory, Cedar, Polk, Dallas, Laclede, Barton, Dade, Greene, Webster, Jasper, Lawrence, Christian, McDonald, Barry, Stone, Taney, and Newton\n\nKansas: Scotland, Clark\nLewis, Shelby, Marion, Monroe, Ralls, Pike, Audrain, Boone, Callaway, Montgomery, Lincoln, Cole, Osage, Warren, Saint Charles, Saint Louis, Franklin, Gasconade, Jefferson, Maries, Crawford, Washington, Saint Francois, Sainte Genevieve, Perry, Pulaski, Phelps, Dent, Iron, Texas, Reynolds, Madison, Cepe Cirardeau, Bollinger, Shannon, Wayne, Douglas, Howell, Carter, Butler, Stoddard, Scott, Mississippi, Ozark, Oregon, Ripley, New Madrid, Dunklin,\n\nState of Illinois - Counties of Calhoun, Greene, Jersey, Madison, St. Clair and Monroe.\n\nState of Nebraska - Counties of Boyd, Holt, Knox, Cedar, Dixon, Dakota, Thurston, Wayne, Pierce, Antelope, Garfield, Wheeler, Madison, Stanton, Cuming, Burt, Boone, Valley, Dodge, Washington, Greeley, Sherman, Howard, Nance, Platte, Colfax.\nButler, Saunders, Douglas, Merrick, Polk, Hall, Hamilton, York, Seward, Lancaster, Sarpy, Cass, Adaas, Clay, Fillmore, Saline, Otoe, Gage, Johnson, Nemaha, Webster, Nuckolls, Thayer, Jefferson, Pawnee, Richardson, Keyapaha, Brown, Rock, Supersedes Issuance of 9/21/44 Release \u00a7 160 IRA Manual Raleigh at ion Division 150.2 Delineation of Areas and Disxiots (Co\u00abfc\u00abd). Blaine, Loup, Custer, Dawson, Buffalo, Goe~per, Phelps, Kearney, Furnas, Harlan and Franklin\n\nState of South Dakota - Counties of Campbell, McPherson, Brown, Marshall, Roberts, Walworth, Edmunds, Day, Grans, Potter, Faulk, Spink, Clark, Codington, Sully, Hyde* Deuel, Hamlin, Hand, Hughes, Beadle, Brookings, Kingsbury Buffalo, Jerauld, Sanborn, Miner, Lake, Moody, Aurora, Hanson, McCook, Minnehaha, Davison, Douglas, Hutchinson, Turner, Lincoln, Charles, Mix, Bon Homme, Yankton, Clay, Union\n(1) Brule, east of Missouri River\n(9) Pea Moines, Iowa. District Office, Entire State of Iowa\nD. SOUTHERN AREA - Headquarters at New Orleans, Louisiana\n(1) New Orleans, Louisiana, District Office\nStates of Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama.\n(2) Savannah, Georgia. District Office\nStates of Florida, Georgia and South Carolina\n(3) Little Rock, Arkansas, District Office\nState of Oklahoma - all counties except Cimarron, Texas and Beaver.\nStates of Arkansas and Tennessee.\n(4) Dallas, Texas; District Office\nState of Texas - all counties east of and including Wilbarger, Baylor, Throckmorton, Shackelford, Callahan, Coleman, McCulloch, Mason, Gillespie, Kerr, Real, and Kinney.\nSupersedes Issuance of 9/21/44\nRelease \u00a3 160\nWRA Manual\nRelocation Division 130.2\n\nE. GREAT LAKES AREA - Headquarters in Cleveland, Ohio\n(1) Cleveland, Ohio. District Office\nState of Ohio - Counties of Ashtabula, Geauga, Trumbull, Cuyahoga, Portage, Lorain, Medina, Summit, Stark, Columbiana, Mahoning, Erie, Huron and Lake, Wayne, Holmes, Ashland, Richland, Seneca, Wyandot, Crawford, Hancock, Hardin, Putnam, Allen, Shelby, Auglaize, Paulding, Van Wert, Mercer, Marion, Morrow, Knox, Logan, Union, Delaware, Coshocton, Tuscarawas, Carroll, Jefferson, Harrison, Licking, Guernsey, Muskingum, Franklin, Madison, Fairfield, Perry, Noble, Monroe, Belmont, Pickaway, Morgan, Hocking, Ross, Athens, Washington, Vinton, Fayette, Champaign, Clark, Miami, and Darke.\n\n(2) Columbus, Ohio, District Office\nState of Ohio - Counties of Wayne, Holmes, Ashland, Richland, Seneca, Wyandot, Crawford, Hancock, Hardin, Putnam, Allen, Shelby, Auglaize, Paulding, Van Wert, Mercer, Marion, Morrow, Knox, Logan, Union, Delaware, Coshocton, Tuscarawas, Carroll, Jefferson, Harrison, Licking, Guernsey, Muskingum, Franklin, Madison, Fairfield, Perry, Noble, Monroe, Belmont, Pickaway, Morgan, Hocking, Ross, Athens, Washington, Vinton, Fayette, Champaign, Clark, Miami\n\n(3) Cincinnati, Ohio, District Office\nState of Ohio - Counties of Preble, Montgomery, Greene, Clinton, Highland, Pike, Jackson, Meigs, Gallia, Lawrence, Scioto, Warren, Adams, Brown, Clermont, Hamilton, and Butler.\nState of West Virginia: Counties of Jackson, Roane, Mason, Putnam, Clay, Nicholas, Cabell, Kanawha, Boone, Lincoln, Wayne, Fayette, Greenbrier, Monroe, Summers, Raleigh, Logan, Mingo, Wyoming, McDowell, and Mercer.\nState of Kentucky.\n\nState of New York: Counties of Niagara, Orleans, Genesee, Wyoming, Chautauqua, and Cattaraugus.\n\nState of Michigan: Counties which are south of Lake Michigan.\nRelease \u00a7 160\nDelineation of Areas and Districts\n\nState of Ohio: Counties of Williams, Fulton, Lucas, Ottawa, Sandusky, Wood, Henry, and Defiance.\n\nState of Pennsylvania: Counties of Erie, Crawford, Warren, Forest, Mercer, Venango.\n\nState of New York, Buffalo: District Office.\nState of Ohio, Pittsburgh: District Office.\nCounties of West Virginia: Marshall, Wetzel, Monongalia, Preston, Mineral, Hanpshire, Berkeley, Morgan, Hardy, Grant, Tucker, Pendleton, Pocahontas, Randolph, Barbour, Taylor, Marion, Harrison, Doddridge, Tyler, Pleasants, Wood, Ritchie, Wirt, Calhoun, Gilmer, Braxton, Webster, Upshir, Lewis, Jefferson, Ohio, Brooke and Hancock.\n\nF. NEW ENGLAND AREA - Headquarters in Boston, Massachusetts\n\n1. Boston, Massachusetts: District Office\nStates of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and Rhode Island.\nState of Massachusetts: All counties except Hampden, Hampshire, Franklin, and Berkshire.\n\n2. Hartford, Connecticut: District Office\nState of Connecticut\nG.  MIDDLE  ATLANTIC  AREA  -  Headquarters  in  New  York \n(1 )  New  York  City,  District  Office \nSupersedes  Issuance  of  9/21/44 \nRelease  #  160 \nWRA  Manual \nRelocation  Division  130.2 \nState  of  New  York  -  Counties  of  Albany,  Rens\u00ac \nselaer,  Greene,  Columbia,  Ulster,  Sullivan, \nOrange,  Putnam,  Dutchess,  Westchester,  Rock\u00ac \nland,  Suffolk,  Nassau,  Queens,  Kings,  Richmond, \nBronx  and  New  York. \n(2)  Rochester.  New  York.  District  Office \nState  of  New  York  -  Counties  of  St.  Lawrence, \nFranklin,  Clinton,  Jefferson,  Essex,  Lewis, \nHerkimer,  Hamilton,  Warren,  Oswego,  Oneida, \nFulton,  Saratoga,  Wayne,  Onondaga,  Cayuga, \nMadison,  Montgomery,  Schoharie,  Otsego, \nDelaware,  Broome,  Tioga,  Chenango,  Cortland, \nTompkins,  Chemung,  Seneca,  Schuyler,  Ontario, \nYates,  Steuben,  Allegany,  Livingston,  Monroe. \nSchenectady  and  Washington. \n(3)  Philadelphia.  Pennsylvania.  District  Office \nState  of  Pennsylvania  -  Counties  of  McKean, \nRotter, Tioga, Bradford, Susquehanna, Wayne, Elk, Cameron, Clinton, Lycoming, Sullivan, Wyoming, Lackawanna, Pike, Luzerne, Clearfield, Centre, Union, Northumberland, Columbia, Monroe, Carbon, Montour, Snyder, Schuylkill, Blair, Lehigh, Northampton, Mifflin, Juanita, Cambria, Somerset, Bedford, Fulton, Franklin, Adams, York, Lancaster, Perry, Cumberland, Dauphin, Lebanon, Berks, Bucks, Chester, Delaware, Montgomery, and Philadelphia.\n\nStates of New Jersey - Counties of Monmouth, Ocean, Burlington, Camden, Gloucester, Salem, Atlantic, Cumberland, and Cape May.\n\n(4) Washington D.C. District Office\nStates of Virginia and North Carolina\n\n(5) Baltimore, Maryland, District Office\nStates of Maryland and Delaware\n\nDelineation of Areas and Diet Riots\n(Coated*)\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 9/21/44\nRelease \u00a7 160\nWRA Manual\nRelocation Division 130,2\n\nDelineation of Areas and Districts\nNewark, New Jersey, District Office\nState of New Jersey - Counties of Sussex, Warren, Morris, Passaic, Essex, Hunterdon, Mercer, Somerset, Middlesex, Bergen, Union, and Hudson\nH. Pacific Northwest Area - Headquarters in Seattle, Washington\nRelocation work in this area is under the administrative direction of the Assistant Director in San Francisco.\nState of Washington - Counties of Clallam, Jefferson, Kitsap, Grays Harbor, Mason, Thurston, Pacific, Wahkiakhum, Cowlitz, Clark, Skamania, Lewis, Pierce, King, Snohomish, Island, Skagit, San Juan, Whatcom, Okanogan, Chelan, Kittitas, Yakima, and Klickitat (All of the State not included under A above).\nState of Oregon - Counties of Clatsop, Columbia, Tillamook, Washington, Yamhill, Lincoln, Polk, Benton, Multnomah, Clackamas, Marion, Linn, Lane, Coos, and Douglas.\nI. SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA AND ARIZONA AREA - Headquarters in Los Angeles, California.\nRelocation work in this area is under the administrative direction of the Assistant Director in San Francisco.\nState of Arizona - Entire State.\nState of California - Counties of San Luis Obispo, Kern, San Bernardino, and all those south.\n\nJ. NORTHERN CALIFORNIA AREA - Headquarters in San Francisco, California.\nRelocation work in this area is under the administrative direction of the Assistant Director in San Francisco.\nState of California - All counties not included in H above.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 9/21/44\nRelease # 160\nWRA Manual\nRelocation Division 130.2 .5\n\nRelocation work in the evacuated area.\nThe West Coast will be overseen by the Relocation Division in the Western Field Office, under the supervision of the Assistant Director. Area offices reporting to the Western Field Office Relocation Division, along with the territories for which each is responsible, are listed in Section 130.2.4, paragraphs 0, H, I. District offices may be established within these areas with the approval of the Director. The work of the Western Field Office Relocation Division will be carried out according to WRA policies and procedures, specifically Handbook Chapter 60 and 130, and Manual Chapter 130. Special instructions for West Coast work are found in Manual 150.1.5B. Other portions of Section 150.1 contain guidance for all Relocation Offices.\n\nWestern Field Office\nRelocation Division\nApplicable Policies and Procedures\nRelease 164 C-1082 WRA Manual Relocation Procedures\nThis chart prescribes clearance required for various types of information considered for issuance by Relocation field offices. Methods of reproduction, number of copies, and distribution are included. It is not a guide for what information should be issued. Emphasis on certain types will be given through special communications from the Washington office.\n\nRegulation No. 8, Office of War Information: Material produced by or for any Federal Department or Agency field office, designed for distribution from departmental headquarters or outside the field area in which the material was produced, is subject to clearance.\n[Clearance by a Clearance Officer for necessity, economy of format, and economy of distribution. The Clearance Officer of WRA is the Chief of the Reports Division. This chart specifically delegates to the Relocation Supervisors, however, the authority to clear certain types of information.\n\nClearance, Relocation, Field Offices, OWI, Regulation C-1245-p3-nobu, fa o B co Q d p TO p s id H i Pi X S po po I W<HJ o o CO op N PQ *H OHO l) H \u2022h m to O -rl Ifl H 8H (Jri PP o o X d o o o V C O to TO d o c CO V CO V a o POOCH 00+* VirIH (j P*P O d CO H d vj P P p pC Pi t> I I Mt p a o o Pi Pi Jm jg\u00a7 to o> Pi d d to O Pi O in a o o Pi o fe CO I P CO w a PiP'PO a ? H \u00abl \u2022 p ft-J oh\u2019C^SSSvS. a TO w oflPH d p TO a p P.OO P o ra P O TO *H P t Pi Pid d o o ^-ss-s OWWW Hill P las* P *rt g O \u2018ap TO p1 \u00abil|sa5 g I]\n\nClearance, Relocation Field Offices, OWI Regulation C-1245-p3-nobu: The authority to clear certain types of information is delegated to Relocation Supervisors, while the Chief of the Reports Division at WRA retains overall clearance authority.\n\nClearance: Relocation Supervisors, OWI Regulation C-1245-p3-nobu.\n\nDelegated clearance authority: Relocation Supervisors.\n\nOverall clearance authority: Chief of the Reports Division, WRA.\nI\nC-1245-plo-bu\nType 8 Information Clearance Reproduction\nIf necessary for testimonials used locally if approved by the source\nC-1245-pie-bu\nIs II\nCO HP o Pd A Ap\nCS I Pd Pi K CM IP H P\nIf A a o CM P o O a i u P O in po vi \u00bbp Pd ot Ho Pi P Xi\nis rt a O TJ Si It si sl it all ft a O H I o Ik C-124C-pl8-bu\nNot authorized\nManual Medical Care in Connection with Relocation\nSection 130.45 prescribes the V/RA policy on medical care for those residents of relocation\nCenters that are planning indefinite leave, and those persons who have been granted indefinite, seasonal or short term leave.\n\nSection .2. The Y/RA shall provide medical care for the following individuals:\n\nA. Evacuee residents of relocation centers (See Manual Chapter 30.2).\nB. Certain Japanese-Americans hospitalized in California and the evacuated portions of Washington and Oregon (See Manual Chapter 120, and Leave Handbook Section 60.14 for regulations governing hospitalization and issuance of leave to such persons).\n\nInformation should be secured respecting the health of every individual and every member of a family for evacuees being considered, since health is important in determining the ability of a relocating evacuee to support himself and his family. The interruption of medical care may result in serious health problems and the WRA should make every effort to provide necessary medical care to evacuees. Evacuee No. 8 for whom WRA provides medical care:\nA viewer assisting an evacuee family or individual in preparing a relocation plan should send the names of each family member intending to relocate to the Health Section. The Health Section will check its clinical and hospital records and send a report and interpretation of such records to the interviewer. If the individual and family members have no clinical or hospital record, the interviewer shall inquire about their general health. If the inquiry indicates a health condition that may interfere with successful relocation, the interviewer shall refer the person with an unfavorable health condition to the out-patient clinic for examination. The Health Section will then examine the referred person.\nEvacuees should submit reports to the interviewer based on clinical records for Health Section's wage earner report. The Health Section is responsible for classifying persons into two groups based on clinical records and reviewing relocation plans for those requiring advance medical care planning. The procedure is not intended for a complete diagnostic study of each person.\nA. Advance medical planning as specified below may be required prior to the issuance of indefinite leave only when the health condition is such that it may interfere with an evacuee's ability to support himself, or the ability of responsible family members or other persons to support him. In all other cases, advance planning is permissible if the evacuee consents.\n\nB. The report of the Health Section will frequently contain information of a strictly personal and therefore extremely confidential nature. Such information shall be furnished only in such a degree that is essential for assisting the individual, and shall be available only to those persons directly concerned with giving such assistance. Individuals having access to this information must exercise the greatest discretion.\ntion  at  all  times. \nHowever,  the  contents  of  a  Health  Section  re\u00ac \nport  contains  information,  which  in  the  judg\u00ac \nment  of  the  Health  Section,  is  of  such  a  con\u00ac \nfidential  nature  all  copies  of  the  report  shall \nbe  marked*  \"MEDICAL  IE PORT  -  CONFIDENTIAL,\"  and \nplaced  in  an  envelope  also  so  marked.  Such  re\u00ac \nports  are  to  be  kept  at  all  times  in  the  confid\u00ac \nential  envelope,  whether  in  the  family  folder  or \nwhen  in  transmission  to  a  district  relocation \nofficer.  Extracts  of  such  reports  shall  not  be \ntransmitted  in  bodies  of  letters  unless  marked \nconfidential . \nC.  If  an  evacuee's;  hospital  and  clinical  record \nshows  that  bis  health  does  not  re0uire  advance \nplanning,  the  Health  Section's  report  shall  in\u00ac \ndicate  this.  The  report  shall  be  included  in \nthe  Family  Relocation  Summary  transmitted  to \nRelease  #  127 \nMedical  Care  in \nConnection  with  Relocation  130.45 \nWRA  Lanu^jL \nThe Relocation Officer in the district of the evacuee's relocation destination, in accordance with Manual Section 130.2.3B and Handbook Section 130, may grant indefinite leave to persons whose health condition does not require special advance planning on a community invitation plan, without first referring the location plan to the Relocation Officer in the district of proposed relocation.\n\nD. If the Health Section report indicates special arrangements are needed after relocation, the report should include diagnosis, prognosis, and sufficient information to enable the Welfare Section and the Relocation Division to assist the evacuee in developing a suitable relocation plan and in doing such advance planning as may be needed. Advance planning is desirable for persons who are found to need hospitalization or institutionalization; or to need continued medical or social services.\nCustodial care while living at home or having a health condition that presents a major problem in rehabilitation, with or without family or welfare assistance, even though only minor medical care may be necessary. Some persons requiring advance planning although they may be able to undertake light work to help meet their needs and may be rehabilitated eventually. Others need no further planning if their hospitalization is arranged or if care in the family home is adequate.\n\nEvacuees Requiring Advance Medical Planning\n\nWhile it is difficult to describe specifically all types of circumstances that affect or are affected by diseases, or to list all types and degrees of diseased conditions in which advance planning is desirable, the following are listed for general guidance:\n\nSevere acute illness.\nTuberculosis in all forms,\nMental diseases,\nCertain convalescent patients.\nBed-ridden patients with debilitating or seriously handicapping chronic diseases.\n\nReport 127, WRA Manual, Medical Care in Connection with Relocation, Health Section:\n\nThe Health Section report should provide sufficient information for the District Relocation Officer to present the medical problem adequately to hospitals, sanatoria, physicians, and welfare agencies in the proposed relocation community. This presentation may be necessary in some cases to ascertain whether a cooperating agency is willing to assume responsibility for necessary care. The report should also give the evacuee's employment limitations and list any other special factors requiring advance planning.\nWhere a health condition interferes with an evacuee's ability to support himself or with the ability of responsible family members or other persons to support him, or where advance planning is desirable and the evacuee consents to such planning, the Project Director, before granting leave to the evacuee, shall send the relocation plan to the Relocation Officer of the district proposed for relocation for his recommendation as to the adequacy of the plan. The Health Section\u2019s report on the family shall be included in the Family Relocation Summary sent to the District Relocation Officer. The District Relocation Officer shall investigate the proposed relocation plan and submit his recommendation to the Project Director, indicating whether, in his judgment, the individual or the family can support themselves.\n(1) A relocation plan must consider whether an individual or family has sufficient means of support and adequate medical facilities under the plan, given their health condition.\n\n(2) After a relocation plan has been developed for an individual or family with special medical care needs and the District Relocation Officer's recommendation has been received, the plan should be sent to the Health Section for review. The Health Section will advise on the plan's adequacy to ensure a reasonably successful relocation, focusing not only on the seriousness of the medical condition but also on its potential impact on the relocation plan.\n\n127 7/RA Manual Medical Care in Connection with Relocation 130.4\nA seriously ill or handicapped person should be addressed in the relocation plan.\nThe Project Director determines eligibility for indefinite leave and approval of a relocation plan based on sufficient indication that care can be given by the family or in some other satisfactory manner. The Director considers the recommendation of the Relocation Officer and the advice of the Chief Medical Officer.\n\nPublic agencies cooperating with the Social Security Board provide assistance, including medical and hospital care or services, to the following persons who meet their established eligibility requirements:\n\n- Evacuees on indefinite leave, including the trial period.\n- Voluntary evacuees.\n- Evacuees on seasonal leave.\n- Evacuees on short-term leave.\nEvacuees on seasonal and short-term leave will typically receive only emergency care because they are eligible for readmission to relocation centers for continued care (Handbook Section 60.3.8 covers WRA medical policy in relation to seasonal workers prior to their departure from a relocation center). Evacuees who cannot meet the cost of medical care and who may need assistance or services should apply at the earliest possible time to the public welfare agency in the community in which they reside. The Relocation Officer shall not authorize the re-induction of a person on indefinite leave who requests return to a relocation center primarily on need for medical care. He should inform the evacuee of the community medical resources available to him, and on request assist him by making the appropriate referral.\nA. A Relocation Officer should recommend the induction of an evacuee requiring medical care for reasons other than health only after clearing with the relocation center in advance to determine if medical care can be furnished at the center. Mental Patients. The manual \"WB.A Release #127 WRA Manual Medical Care in Connection with Relocation\" states that if the medical care needed for such a person can be provided at the center, recuperation should not be recommended if the Project Director indicates that project medical facilities are adequate to care for the evacuee. The agreement between the Social Security Board and WRA primarily provides for emergency medical care to evacuees. However, in actual operation, the Social Security Board reimburses the States on a month-to-month basis, providing continued medical care.\ncare for tuberculosis, mental, and other cases requiring long-time care.\n\nA evacuee mental patient may be committed to a mental institution under the established procedure of the state in which the evacuee resides. Plans for commitment should be worked out in cooperation with the local public agency cooperating with the Social Security Board, if the case is known to the agency or if the agency will be requested to assume financial responsibility.\n\nThe District Relocation Officer shall notify the San Francisco office of the Y/RA of all commitments known to him as they occur, sending in each case a summary indicating the conditions surrounding commitment, a brief past history of the patient, and a statement regarding citizenship status, with alien registration number if the patient is an alien. A copy of this summary.\nShould the Relocation Officer also send the following information to the relocation center from which the evacuee relocated for filing in the family case record: the hospital involved, any relevant information about the case, and a copy of the case summary sent to the San Francisco office? At the time of commitment, the Relocation Officer should provide the hospital with this information.\n\nFor cases committed to institutions in a state other than the patient's legal residence, the statement department responsible for the patient's care and treatment may request a transfer of the patient to an institution in the patient's legal state.\n\nRelease # 127\nY/RA Manual\nMedical care in connection with Relocation\n\nThe Relocation Officer has no responsibility for transfer procedures, which are affected almost entirely by the two state agencies concerned.\nThe War Relocation Authority (WRA) is responsible for initiating or handling transfers. The WRA's role in the transfer procedure is outlined in Manual Section 30.2.10 regarding military restrictions.\n\nThe WRA will pay burial costs only for deceased persons who, at the time of their death, were receiving or entitled to receive medical care at WRA expense.\n\nRelease # 127\nPayment of Costa C\u20141727 P 9\n\nWar Relocation Authority Administrative Manual\nChapter 10 - The Closing of Relocation Centers\nPolicy on Closing Centers 1.1\n\nThe War Relocation Authority will endeavor to maintain the population of the several relocation centers at a maximum consistent with reasonable housing requirements for the evacuees and efficient operation of the relocation centers. The Director of the War Relocation Authority will announce and direct that a specific relocation center be closed as necessary.\nThe centers in operation will be closed. Closures will be announced through established channels for appropriate use in connection with the war effort. The Director of the War Relocation Authority will determine which centers to close, considering factors such as total population at each center, available living quarters, maximum utilization of living quarters, total population in all centers in relation to total living quarters space, and efficiency and economy of operations.\nThe announcement concerning schools, mess, health work and hospitals, agricultural operations and their value, effectiveness in assisting evacuees with future plans, costs of operation and maintenance, and specific items relevant to individual relocation centers; the Director will make an announcement as far ahead of the closing as possible regarding the named center to be closed. Factors considered include advance notice, work manual, policy on closing centers, evacuee transfer, and feasibility. If feasible, the announcement will be made not less than two months in advance of the deadline date established for the center to be closed. Deadline dates for the completion of all evacuee transfers and closing activities will be contained in the announcement.\nAll transfer and closing activities must be completed by the given deadline dates. Evacuees eligible for indefinite leave will be encouraged to relocate, but it is not compulsory as long as return to the evacuated zone on the Pacific Coast is prohibited. All evacuees remaining after a specified date in a closing relocation center will be transferred to another relocation center.\n\nResponsibilities in connection with Manual Movement of Transferees: 110,2\n\nThe Director will determine the time and number of evacuees to be transferred from one center to another based on information from the project director of the center of departure and the center or centers of destination. A tentative schedule of initial movements will be issued by an Office.\nThe Director will provide transportation arrangements for the Project Directors of departure and destination centers as soon as possible after the announcement to close a center. The Director will make arrangements for common carrier or other facilities for the movement of each evacuee group, and provide military escort where necessary. If common carrier facilities are not utilized, appropriate directions will be given. The Director will obtain any military permits required for evacuee travel in the evacuated area. The Director will inform each Project Director as soon as possible of the transportation facilities arranged, the number of persons to be transferred, departure and arrival times, and all other transfer details. (This will typically confirm a tentative schedule)\nThe Project Director of the departure center shall be responsible for completing all arrangements at the center in connection with each movement. He shall designate a suitable WBA representative to each movement. Such person shall be responsible to the center Director while en route and shall be regarded as the Director's representative.\n\nOn or before the date of departure, the project Director shall ship to the center of destination all project records pertaining to the transferees, including employment record, Form 12 census record, Form 26 social data registration form, basic family card, Form 95# immunization card, medical and hospital record, leave clearance.\n\nCenter of destination\nResponsibilities in Connection with\nMovement of Transferees\n\n(ll(0*2) - WB6l Manual)\nThe project director shall provide the WRA representative accompanying each movement with two copies of the route list. The representative shall present these copies to the project director of the destination center upon arrival. The project director of the destination center shall be responsible for arranging housing, beds, and bedding for all transferees. In accordance with present WRA policy, housing assignments in the destination center should be completed, and evacuees notified.\n\nWhen a movement consists of a trainload, these records shall be shipped on the same train. The project director shall notify the Director of this fact immediately after the departure of each movement.\nThe project director shall acknowledge the arriving transferees against the route list and promptly notify the Director of their arrival and any variances from the route list, if any. One clear receipted copy of the route list shall be forwarded to the Director in Washington within 24 hours after arrival of the transfer contingent. The project director shall do everything within his power to establish transferees in center jobs fitted to their abilities and do everything practicable to fit them into the social life of the center. To accomplish this, he shall obtain the cooperation of the community council and other evacuee organizations in the center.\n\nWBA Manual\nPlans and Arrangements for Closing a Center\n\nAfter the announcement by the Director that a named transfer contingent is en route:\n1. The project director shall acknowledge the arriving transferees against the route list and promptly notify the Director of their arrival and any variances from the route list, if any.\n2. One clear receipted copy of the route list shall be forwarded to the Director in Washington within 24 hours after arrival of the transfer contingent.\n3. The project director shall do everything within his power to establish transferees in center jobs fitted to their abilities and do everything practicable to fit them into the social life of the center.\n4. To accomplish this, he shall obtain the cooperation of the community council and other evacuee organizations in the center.\nArrangements:\nA. Orderly transfer of evacuees from the closing center to another relocation center.\nB. Orderly transfer of evacuees' property and baggage from the dosing center to another relocation center.\nC. Curbing of administrative, community, and operational activities at the center and coordination of needs for materials, supplies, and labor, as well as maintenance of minimum inventories for completion of essential work and service activities in closing the center.\nArrangements for the orderly assembling of all government property, warehousing and protecting it, ensuring proper property accountability, and determining its disposition:\nE. Arrangements for the proper completion of all accounts, records and documents, their assembly and distribution, and the transfer of final records to other relocation centers or to Washington:\nF. Arrangements for the orderly transfer or termination of appointive personnel as rapidly as is consistent with the progress of the work involved in closing a center:\nG. Assistance in the orderly liquidation of evacuee Business Enterprises, including the disposal of stocks of merchandise on hand, payment of shares and rebates, and disposition of all reserves.\nfunds  to  membership,  and  settling  of  all  aocounts \npayable  and  aocounts  receivable* \nTransfer  of \nEvacuees \nTransfer  of \nProperty \nCurtailment \nof  Center \nOperations \nDisposition \nof  Governnarit \nProperty \nDisposition \nof \nReoords \nTransfer  of \nAppointed \nPersonnel \nLiquidation \nof \nBusiness \nEnterprise \nUAM \nC-U84-p7-bu \nWBA.  Manual \nPlans  and  Arrangements  for  Closing  a  Center  11+0.3 \nDetails  of \nArrangements \n#2  Most  details  of  operations  in  the  closing  of  a  center \nare  covered  in  the  Handoook  of  Relocation  Center \nClosure  and  Evacuee  Transfer  Operations.  Specific \ninstructions  pertinent  only  to  the  particular  reloca\u00ac \ntion  center  being  closed  will  be  issued  in  the  form \nof  Administrative  Notices  or  special  bulletins. \ni \nC_H84-p8-bu \nI \nWI&  Ifenual  Transfer  of  Evaouees \niUo*4 \n\u20221  At  the  time  of  the  announcement  of  the  closing  of \na  center  or  as  soon  as  practicable  thereafter  the \nThe director will announce the center or centers to which evacuees remaining at the closing center are to be transferred. In the event that transfers are to be made to more than one center, the director will indicate the maximum number of evacuees that may be transferred to any given relocation center:\n\nAnnouncement of centers of destination\nThe project director of the closing center shall advise the community council and block managers, or other appropriate community representatives, regarding the closing of the center and the center or centers of destination to which evacuees are to be transferred. The cooperation and assistance of such community representatives in carrying out the transfer and closing operations shall be enlisted to the maximum feasible extent by the project director of the closing center.\nThe project director shall keep community representatives informed of instructions and developments and maintain an exchange of advice and information regarding operations.\n\nCooperation by Evacuees\n\nThe project director shall obtain from evacuees who are to be transferred a statement of preference as to center of destination. Each family, or head of a family, shall be requested to submit a signed and dated request, setting forth the names, relationships, and present residence addresses of the family members and stating the preference of the family as to center of destination. Each unattached person shall likewise be requested to submit such a statement of preference. Where more than two centers of destination are possible, a numerical preference may be shown. Insofar as possible, the project director shall honor these preferences.\nFamily groups shall be transferred to the same center, and every effort shall be made to send family groups and unattached persons to a center determined by their stated preference.\n\nDefinition of a Family Group:\nA family group is defined as those members of a family who live in the same household or are no farther removed than a parent, child, or grandchild relationship. Uncles, aunts, cousins, and relatives by marriage or more distant blood tie are not considered members.\n\nTransfer of Evacuees:\nCollection of Preference Statements\n\n1. A family group is defined as those members of a family who live in the same household or are no farther removed than a parent, child, or grandchild relationship. Uncles, aunts, cousins, and relatives by marriage or more distant blood tie are not considered members.\n2. Individual and family preference statements shall be obtained on Form WRA-331 by the block managers or other authorized block representatives.\nA representative shall obtain preference statements only for persons in his block. The preference statements for each block shall be numbered as received by the block representative. After the block representative has ensured that every person living in the block for which he is responsible is reported on a preference statement, the statements shall be sorted into groups according to the first preference shown or statement of intention to relocate directly from the center, and a listing made of the names and addresses of each family group. The preference statements and lists shall then be delivered to the project director.\n\nIf the preferences indicated are not sufficient to fill the quota of transfers to a given relocation center, or are in excess of it, the following adjustments shall be made to the preferences in the control list:\n\nC. If the preferences are not sufficient, the following actions shall be taken:\n1. Families with the highest preference who have not been selected shall be added to the waiting list in the order of their preference.\n2. If necessary, families with lower preferences shall be selected to fill the remaining quota.\n\nD. If the preferences are in excess of the quota, the following actions shall be taken:\n1. Families with the lowest preference who have been selected shall be removed from the list.\n2. Families with higher preferences who have not been selected shall be added to the waiting list in the order of their preference.\nThe project director shall make the necessary adjustments. Such adjustments may take into account representations and requests by groups, particular hardship cases, residence of close relatives, and other relevant factors. A project director shall give all possible consideration to granting preferences in the order stated in the preference statements, but shall not be bound by them. A failure to express a preference shall be construed as an expression of no preference, and the project director may make such assignments in those cases as he deems administratively advisable.\n\nThe project director shall cause each individual or family, as the case may be, to be notified promptly of the center of destination and the time of scheduled departure.\n\nSection 4. The project director of a relocation center that is to be closed shall have prepared immediately after its closure:\nAnnouncement: A list, by blocks, of all persons in the center will be used for control purposes. In determining that all persons are accounted for on preference statements and have been given interviews, and in developing route lists:\n\n1. Each unattached person and head of a family in the center shall be formally notified that the center is to be closed. They are to be transferred to another relocation center, with the time and relocation center (unless already definitely determined) to be made known to them at a subsequent date. The notice shall further specify that each unattached person, and each head of a family and his immediate family, if any, should appear for an interview as soon as arrangements for the interviews have been announced.\nThe project director shall cause each unattached evacuee and family group to be interviewed for the following purposes: (1) explaining briefly the nature of the transfer; (2) determining if all family members are able to travel and if special traveling accommodations are necessary (to be confirmed by the project medical officer); (3) informing evacuees or families about provisions made for the transfer of evacuee property under Section li-uO.5, and assisting in filling out Form WI&-156 if the evacuee or family wishes for property to be transferred; (4) explaining the procedure for the return of government property and evacuee responsibility therefor; and (5) determining any further assistance needed by the evacuee or family.\n\nWhere there is more than one center of destination, interviews should be held (as far as possible).\nafter individual preference statements have been considered and the center of destination for each unattached evacuee or family group has been determined:\n\n.6 Special efforts shall be made by the project director through his staff to facilitate the relocation of the residents of the center prior to closing of the center. Arrangements for relocation may be made up to fifteen days before the first movement takes place. After that date, no new arrangements for relocation from the closing center shall be permitted.\n\nNotice to Evacuees:\nInterviews\nTiming of Interviews:\nFacilitation of Relocation\nWRk Manual\nTransfer of Evacuees\n\nThose Remaining in Center:\nEvacuees and their families who have made arrangements for relocation prior to the final date for relocation arrangements may be permitted to remain in the center until the agreed-upon date for departure.\nPersons planning to relocate and remain in the center after transfers have begun shall be moved into quarters in one of the blocks from which residents will be last transferred. The project director of the departure center shall prepare, by center of destination of the family, a list in triplicate of persons on seasonal or short-term leave, whose families are being transferred to other centers. One copy of such list shall be sent to the center of destination, one copy to Washington, and one shall be retained at the closing center. After the transfer, the center of destination shall be considered the center of residence for the family.\n\nIn no case may persons in need of relocation, evacuees, and their families remain in the center later than 10 days prior to the departure date for the transfer movement. Quarters for relocatees, evacuees, and their families shall be moved into quarters in one of the blocks from which residents will be last transferred.\n\nThe project director of the center of departure shall have prepared, by center of destination of the family, a list in triplicate of persons on seasonal or short-term leave, whose families are being transferred to other centers. One copy of such list shall be sent to the center of destination, one copy to Washington, and one shall be retained at the closing center. After the transfer, the center of destination shall be considered the center of residence for the family.\n\nNo persons in need of relocation, evacuees, and their families may remain in the center later than 10 days prior to the departure date for the transfer movement. Quarters for relocatees, evacuees, and their families shall be moved into quarters in one of the blocks from which residents will be last transferred.\n\nThe project director of the departure center shall prepare, by center of destination of the family, a list in triplicate of persons on seasonal or short-term leave, whose families are being transferred to other centers. One copy of such list shall be sent to the center of destination, one copy to Washington, and one shall be retained at the closing center. After the transfer, the center of destination shall be considered the center of residence for the family.\nA member on seasonal or short-term leave shall be notified by the project director of the closing center.\n\nCenter Residents:\n- On short-term, seasonal, or indefinite (trial period) leave:\n\nThe project director shall prepare a list of persons on short-term or seasonal leave who have no families being moved to other quarters. This list shall be summarized to show the number of such persons on leave in each relocation area and sent in triplicate to Washington. Steps will be taken to allocate such persons to another center and notify them of the assigned center.\n\n- Persons on other types of temporary leaves, such as indefinite leave (trial period):\n\nThe project director shall prepare and forward such lists, and these persons shall be notified of the assigned center.\nAssigned individuals, as designated in paragraph A or B above, are required to notify the appropriate Relocation Officer of any change in assignment for each person.\n\nSection II. Manual Movement of Evacuee Property (ll+0,5)\nAll evacuees transferring from one center to another under this Section (llf) must be notified to carry sufficient clothing and necessary household and personal effects to maintain them for at least 60 days. This is due to transportation and other administrative difficulties involved in transporting their property separately. Checkable baggage should be checked to previously arranged quarters at the destination center.\nAll furniture and other property of evacuees in apartments or stored in warehouses at the center of departure shall be crated and transported to the center of destination upon request of the evacuee presented to the project director on Freight Form W1& 156. The project director at the center of shipments departure shall be responsible for seeing that all evacuees with furniture to be transferred have completed their requests for shipment on Form WI& 15. Shipment to the new center at government expense shall be in addition to transportation furnished under Manual Chapter 100. The cost shall be borne by the center from which the evacuee is transferred.\n\nCurtailment of Center Activities 1.1.\n\nAs soon as the announcement is made that a relocation center is to be closed, the project director shall:\n\n1. Make arrangements for the transfer of all evacuees to other centers.\n2. Notify the evacuees of the closing date and their new location.\n3. Coordinate transportation for the evacuees and their belongings.\n4. Ensure all evacuees complete and submit Form WI& 15 for shipment of their furniture.\n5. Oversee the crating and transportation of all evacuee property to the new center.\n6. Coordinate with the project director at the new center to receive and process the incoming evacuees.\n7. Complete and submit all necessary paperwork to the appropriate agencies regarding the closure of the center.\nOf that center, instructions shall be issued to restrict all construction, agricultural, or industrial activity, except for essential maintenance of land and structures and essential utility maintenance and operations. Formal sessions in the schools shall be maintained at least five days before the first transfer movement is to take place. Mess, health, hospital, fuel delivery, fire and police protection, and sanitary operations shall be continued until the transfers are completed.\n\nAt the time of announcing the closing of a center, a thorough review shall be made of all unfilled requirements and purchase orders, as well as all inventories. A very careful estimate shall be made of the minimum amount of supplies and materials required to carry on essential center functions until the transfers are completed.\nThe center is closed, taking into account all possible substitutions that may be made from inventories and stocks on hand. Excess quantities on order shall be canceled. Thereafter, only those materials and supplies, over and above what is on hand, necessary to carry on essential center functions until the transfer is complete shall be purchased. Project directors shall issue appropriate instructions for the orderly return of all government property. Insofar as possible, the orderly return of all government property in evacuee possession shall be completed before transfer to other centers. All government property, including that in living quarters, mess and recreational halls, schools, aid churches, detached supply, tool, implement or operational warehouse stations, and any other places not at a central location, shall be returned.\nProject directors shall ensure that all official accounts, records, documents, and reports are properly completed before the center is closed. This includes time reports, payrolls, hospital and school records, allotment and fiscal records, property records, employment and relocation records, UAM curtailment of administrative, constraintity and operational activities, procurement curtailment, return of government property records, WEA curtailment of center activities records, and JO administrative and evacuee case files, operational cost records and statistics, and any other official records, accounts or reports.\nThe records will be transferred to other relocation centers or the Washington office as required by supplementary instructions. Generally, records and files relating to evacuees being transferred and their individual or group activities or situations will be transferred to the appropriate center. Other essential files and records will be transferred to Washington.\n\nProject directors of closing centers will determine the number of evacuees to be kept at the closing center for a short while after the transfer movement has been completed. This group should be of diversified occupations and skills, providing a skeleton force to carry on essential operations of the center and complete work incidental to closing.\nInsofar as possible, this post-contingent should be made up of volunteers, both male and female. The workers shall be compensated for this work on the same basis as other evacuee workers performing similar work in relocation centers.\n\nAs the closing work nears completion, this post-contingent shall be liquidated gradually and sent to relocation centers of destination by families or small groups.\n\nSize\nCharacter\nLiquidation\n\nh/i/UU\nWI&\nManual disposition of Equipment and Supplies\n\n1. Immediately after the announcement that a named relocation center is to be closed, all equipment and supplies at that center shall be inventoried. An original and bwo copies of the inventory shall be forwarded immediately to Washington.\n2. Copies of the inventories will be circulated by the Washington office among the other relocation centers.\nProject directors may request equipment and supply transfers from the Washington office, based on inventories. Requests from other centers for transfer will be reviewed by divisional representatives on the Washington staff, who will make recommendations in writing to the Director for appropriate disposition. No equipment or supplies shall be transferred or shipped from a closing center to any other center without the Director's approval. Agricultural operations at a closing center are normally planned so that there are no growing crops at the time of closing. However, if crops are growing at the time of the closing announcement, they shall be harvested beforehand and suitable arrangements made for crops not harvested.\nThat time, crops harvested shall be used in center feeding operations, and surplus quantities harvested shall be shipped to other centers, the same as other supplies. Livestock and poultry at closing centers shall be handled in the same manner. The transfer of supplies, property, and equipment from a closing center to other centers, after approval of the Director, shall be handled in accordance with existing Wfti procedures. Property and equipment not transferred to other centers from a closing center will receive appropriate action by declaration of surplus to Treasury Procurement, action by board of survey, or outside sale, in accordance with applicable government regulations and instructions from the Director.\n\nPreparation of Inventory Approval for Transfer Agricultural Produce Transfer Procedures\n7/RA. Manual\nFrom the time an announcement is made that a named relocation center is to be closed, no appointive personnel at that center will be released from their employment, except for induction into the armed forces, until the transfer and closing operations are complete, unless such release is approved by the project director. Vacant authorized positions at the closing center may be filled for the short period prior to closing to assist in the closing.\n\nPersonnel:\n\n1. An appointive personnel at a named relocation center will not be released from their employment upon announcement of the center's closing, except for induction into the armed forces or with approval from the project director.\n2. Vacant positions at the closing center may be filled temporarily to aid in the closing process.\n\nPersonnel Freeze:\n\n.2 The project director shall make recommendations to the Director regarding terminations or transfers of center appointed personnel as soon as possible after the announcement of closing. The Washington office will make every effort to effect transfers for those appointive personnel who are recommended for and desire a transfer.\n\nTransfer:\nProject directors of closing relocation centers shall submit a comprehensive final report of the center's activities at the completion of operations. Given all relocation centers are scheduled to close not later than January 1, 1956, project directors are advised to immediately start gathering data for their divisional and section reports.\n\nThe final report shall present a succinct summary of the relocation center's activities during the entire operation and occupation. The report shall be developed along organizational lines, with each division summarizing its activities and including them as part of its divisional report.\nThe project director shall prepare and submit a concise narrative of significant developments in center administration and history, along with the reports of divisions and sections. The purpose of these reports is to preserve a faithful record of the execution of a complex and unprecedented federal program of community management. The use of such a record is two-fold: primarily for administrative guidance of other agencies confronted with similar or related problems, and secondarily for providing accurate information to historians and other students of the emergency evacuation of an American minority group.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of U/l/UU Release # 162. Requirements:\nReport Content\nOrganization of the Report\n\nPurpose: Uses\nC-197 i Nobu-final WRA Manual\nPoet-Exclusion Program 15>0.1\n\nExecutive Order No. 9102 authorized and directed the Director to formulate and effectuate a program for the removal, from the areas designated from time to time by the Secretary of War or appropriate military commander, of the persons or classes of persons designated under such Executive Order, and for their relocation, maintenance, and supervision. (see Manual 10.1*)\n\nDuring the period that the West Coast area was closed to persons of Japanese ancestry, the chief function of the War Relocation Authority was to help them find homes, either temporarily in relocation centers, or in normal communities outside the areas.\nEvacuees are now free to return to their former homes in the evacuated areas. However, there are differences: A. Most evacuees can now return to their homes, but B. During the exclusion period, the government was bound to provide temporary homes in relocation centers for those not yet able to resettle outside the evacuated area. Now that exclusion has been lifted, the government cannot continue to provide subsistence and special services to evacuees eligible to leave the centers and return to the excluded areas, beyond a limited period of post-exclusion adjustment. Therefore, the WRA's present policies and programs must be reexamined and reoriented. This is the purpose and function of this Manual Chapter.\nAll center residents not designated by the War Department or Department of Justice to be ineligible for relocation shall be eligible to leave centers as provided in Section 150.1.2, regardless of any leave clearance action hitherto taken by WRA with respect to them.\n\nB. The following provisions shall govern departures for a temporary period:\n\nWRA Policy\nLeave Policy\nSupersedes Issuance of 12 /lS/hh Release # 187\n\nTemporary Departures\nIndefinite Departures\n\nWRA Manual - Post-Exclusion Program 150*1\n\nEligible citizen evacuees desiring to leave a center for a temporary period for shopping purposes, or for purposes heretofore covered by issuance of short term leave with privilege of return, may be permitted to do so in the discretion of the Project Director and shall be issued a pass indicating the purpose of the temporary departure.\nPersons' temporary absence and the final return date shall be no later than necessary to accomplish the stated purpose and in no event later than 30 days after departure. Those leaving a center under this arrangement who do not return by the stated time or who accept employment during their absence will not be permitted to return, except for a visit under the conditions specified in 150.1.10. Eligible aliens may also be issued temporary passes under the procedure set forth in the preceding paragraph, except that the provisions of Manual 50.11.6 governing notification to U.S. Attorneys and 50.11.7 requiring advance approval from the Department of Justice in the case of parolees and deportees shall be followed. The provisions of Handbook Chapter 60 with respect to\nApplications for and issuance of indefinite leave are revoked except as provided herein. No application for indefinite leave is required for departure from a center for an indefinite period, and no indefinite leave permits will be issued. The following provisions shall govern such departure:\n\n(1) Eligible citizen evacuees are permitted to depart upon request. Persons who depart prior to approval of the relocation plan (See 150.1.7) are not permitted to re-enter a center and are ineligible for a leave assistance grant or movement of property at Government expense, except where departure for a temporary period is approved under paragraph B above.\n\n(2) Eligible aliens may also leave a center under the procedure set forth in the preceding paragraph, except that the following provisions also apply:\n(Supersedes the issuance of 12/18/42 Release # 187 WRA Manual\n\nPost-Exclusion Program 15>0.1\n\n(a) When the proposed destination is outside the evacuated area, regardless of whether the evacuee is proceeding in accordance with an approved relocation plan, the alien evacuee shall be given a Form WRA-39U properly executed by the Project Director or his designated representative. The Project Director shall notify the appropriate U.S. Attorney and the Federal Bureau of Investigation and arrange for the alien to notify the Immigration and Naturalization Service. The alien shall also be expressly reminded that any travel after travel to the destination shown on the WRA-39U may take place only with prior permission of the United States Attorney for the judicial district of the destination shown on the WRA-39U.\n\n(b) When the proposed destination is within the evacuated area, the alien shall be given a Form WRA-39U properly executed by the Project Director or his designated representative. The Project Director shall notify the appropriate U.S. Attorney and the Federal Bureau of Investigation and arrange for the alien to be detained in a center or camp approved by the War Relocation Authority. The alien shall be informed of the reasons for his detention and shall be advised of his right to appeal to the United States Civilian Exclusion Appeals Board. The alien shall be provided with a copy of the appeal form and instructions on how to file an appeal. The alien shall be allowed to retain his personal effects and shall be provided with clothing and other essentials. The alien shall be permitted to send one message to his family or friends, not exceeding 150 words, through the American Red Cross. The alien shall be allowed to keep and carry with him personal funds to the extent of $25 and any articles of value not exceeding $50 in value. The alien shall be permitted to keep and carry with him any professional or business licenses and any papers relating to his profession or business. The alien shall be permitted to keep and carry with him any religious articles, books, or other articles used in the practice of his religion. The alien shall be permitted to keep and carry with him any articles of sentimental value, not exceeding in the aggregate the value of $50. The alien shall be permitted to keep and carry with him any articles necessary for the health, welfare, or comfort of himself or his family. The alien shall be permitted to keep and carry with him any articles necessary for the pursuit of his profession, business, or occupation. The alien shall be permitted to keep and carry with him any articles of clothing, bedding, or other articles necessary for personal use. The alien shall be permitted to keep and carry with him any articles of food, not exceeding in quantity a 30-day supply. The alien shall be permitted to keep and carry with him any articles of fuel, not exceeding in quantity a 30-day supply. The alien shall be permitted to keep and carry with him any articles of livestock, not exceeding in number two head of livestock, and any articles of poultry, not exceeding in number 10 head of poultry. The alien shall be permitted to keep and carry with him any articles of household goods, not exceeding in number and value the limits set forth in the regulations of the War Relocation Authority. The alien shall be permitted to keep and carry with him any articles of tools, implements, or machinery, not exceeding in number and value the limits set forth in the regulations of the War Relocation Authority. The alien shall be permitted to keep and carry with him any articles of vehicles, not exceeding in number and value the limits set forth in the regulations of the War Relocation Authority. The alien shall be permitted to keep and carry with him any articles of firearms, not exceeding in number and value the limits set forth in the regulations of the War Relocation Authority. The alien shall be permitted to keep and carry with him any articles of ammunition, not exceeding in number and value the limits set forth in the regulations of the War Relocation Authority. The alien shall be permitted to keep and carry with him any articles of boats, not exceeding in number and value the limits set forth in the regulations of the War Relocation Authority. The alien shall be permitted to keep and carry with him any articles of aircraft, not exceeding in number and value the limits set forth in the regulations of the War Relocation Authority. The alien shall be permitted to keep and carry with him any articles of bees, not exceeding in number and value the limits set forth in the regulations of the War Relocation Authority. The alien shall be permitted to keep and carry with him any articles of pigeons, not exceeding in number and value the limits set forth\nIn the evacuated area, the procedure shall be as in (a) above, if the alien evacuee is proceeding in accordance with an approved relocation plan. If the alien wishes to leave in advance of approval of his relocation plan or in accordance with a disapproved plan, he shall not be given a WRA-39h, but shall be required personally to obtain travel permission from the United States Attorney for the judicial district in which the center is located before he is permitted to leave the center. Otherwise, the procedure in (a) above shall be followed.\n\n(c) Where the alien is a parolee or deportee, advance approval by the Department of Justice shall be obtained.\n\nDeparture advices on persons leaving a center shall be prepared and routed in the same manner as heretofore.\n\nEach person leaving a center under paragraph C.\nAbove shall be furnished Change of Residence cards. Form WRA-1U8-C pre-addressed to the Director with U/28AS. Supersedes Issuance of 12/18/U* Release # 187.\n\nDeparture Advices Change of Cards.\nPoet-Exclusion Program 150#1.\nSeasonal and Trial Period.\n\nInstructions to fill out and mail one card upon arrival at destination and another card upon each subsequent change of residence. The instructions shall emphasize the importance of keeping WRA notified in order that evacuees can be promptly reached in connection with patronage refunds by center enterprises, property assistance, the work of other Federal agencies, and other matters.\n\nF Seasonal work leave and indefinite leave (trial).\nPersons already on leave shall not be permitted to return to centers in conformity with the provisions of \u20223. Center residents designated by the War Department or Department of Justice to be ineligible for relocation shall not be permitted to depart from a center without the approval of such Department. U.S. WRA centers will be closed to evacuee residence not earlier than 6 months and not later than 12 months after revocation of the general exclusion orders. At least 3 months advance notice will be given of the closing of any particular center. Not earlier than 9 months and not later than 13 months after revocation of the general exclusion orders, all evacuee property services to persons other than excludees shall terminate and all evacuee property warehouses not utilized for the proper handling of evacuee property shall be closed.\nThe properties of such persons must be emptied. Not earlier than 8 months and not later than 10 months after revocation of the general exclusion orders, all WRA field offices shall close, except for (1) evacuee property warehouses (see paragraph B above), and (2) a small office in San Francisco serving excludees. Prior to these deadlines for termination of service, WRA will continue to render maximum aid to evacuees in post-exclusion adjustment. Assistance toward optimum relocation will be given in orienting the relocation assistance program toward orderly departures and by helping the evacuees avail themselves of certain public services (see Section 1\u00a30*1.3 et seq.).\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 12/14/41 Release # 187\nWRA Manual\nPost-Exclusion Program 150.1\n\nThe departure of evacuees from relocation centers should continue to be on an orderly and planned basis.\nFor this reason, eligibility of evacuees for relocation assistance grants (see 150.1.8) and assistance in transportation of property (see 150.1.9) is dependent on WRA approval of their relocation plans. In order to facilitate such planning and orderly departure, the following measures are prescribed:\n\nA. The program of relocation counseling and the development and review of relocation plans is the responsibility of the Project Director at each center.\n\n(1) Under the supervision of the Project Director, it is the general responsibility of the Relocation Division to follow through on all cases and prepare correspondence necessary to assist evacuees in relocation.\n\n(2) In the case of dependent and handicapped persons, as defined in 150.1.6, the Welfare Section shall assist in formulating the relocation plans, in consultation with the evacuees.\nPreliminary negotiations for relocation plans will be conducted by the Welfare Section directly with the Area Relocation Adjustment Adviser or district officer designated by him for discussion with the local welfare agency involved. After completion of each plan, the Welfare Section will prepare a Family Relocation Summary summarizing the recommended plan and forward it to the Relocation Division responsible for completing the relocation plan.\n\nThe Project Director will utilize the services of all sections and mobilize all center resources for further relocation planning. In each relocation center, the Community Council and Relocation Planning Commission will be invited to take an active part in the program of relocation planning. The Project Director and his key staff members should consult with them frequently.\nCure their cooperation and end responsibility. Relocation Planning at Centers for Evacuees. Participation supersedes the issuance of 12/18/Uii Release # 187 WRA Manual Post-Exclusion Program 110.1.\n\nRelocation of Homogeneous Groups in the Western Area Relocation Program. Assign specific tasks and encourage their assumption of a role of leadership in the program. The Executive Officer of the Relocation Planning Commission shall be signed special assistants, if needed, for distribution of information to evacuees, work with evacuee groups, and consultation on special dependency problems. The Project Director and his principal staff members shall take immediate steps to meet with the Community Council and the Relocation Planning Commission and discuss with them the problems of adequate communication of information to the evacuee community and the stimulation of relocation planning.\nAn information program should be developed at each relocation center to ensure understanding among the evacuee community and appointed and evacuee staff regarding new developments. In planning the relocation of center residents, the Project Director should consider homogeneous groups within the community and potential advantages if they plan and relocate together. However, he should also remember individuals in such groups may hold back on their own plans until the group is ready, and the possibility of transplanting an unassimilable group into a new community. Project Directors should take advantage of all favorable factors and seek to discount unfavorable ones in achieving the goal of speedy and satisfactory relocation.\n\nSuch area relocation offices and district sub-offices\nwill  be  established  in  the  evacuated  area  as  the  Di\u00ac \nrector  may  from  tim\u00a3  to  time  approve,  and  shall  op\u00ac \nerate  under  the  terms  of  the  Manual  and  Handbook \nChapter  130,  as  modified  by  this  Chapter  l\u00a30,  as  in\u00ac \ntegral  parts  of  the  Relocation  Division. \nAn  important  contribution  to  orderly  relocation  can \nbe  made  by  local  organizations  in  the  evacuated  area, \nSupersedes  Issuance  of  12A8AL. \nRelease  #187 \nI \nWRA  Manual \nPost -Exclusion  Program  15>0.1 \nt \nand  every  effort  shall  be  made  to  coordinate  their \nwork  and  insure  its  maximum  effectiveness.  Meet\u00ac \nings  sponsored  by  such  groups  alone  or  in  coopera\u00ac \ntion  with  WRA  shall  be  encouraged,  with  the  aim  of \nacquainting  the  communities  with  the  problems  in\u00ac \ncident  to  evacuation  and  relocation. \n\u20226  A.  The  relocation  of  dependent  and  handicapped  persons \nwho  may  need  governmental  assistance  on  relocation \nEvery effort should be made to assist persons in the following categories to relocate to a place of their choice: Blind, Chronic Illness, Crippled, Deaf, Mental Illness, Old Age. The Welfare Section is responsible for assembling cases in these categories, by name and address of pre-evacuation legal residence, and formulating relocation plans in conference with the evacuees. The plans of persons in these categories shall be sent to the appropriate relocation adjustment advisor or district officer designated by him. In most cases, these referrals will be to the state of pre-evacuation address. However, efforts should be made to locate the evacuee in some other state if he so wishes and has made arrangements for it. (WRA-370, Farm Basic Family Dependency Card)\nSome reason for locating there, such as relocation of other family members. The field relocation officer Trill conducts negotiations with necessary county or state agencies, advising the project director of acceptance or rejection.\n\nOne parent absent due to physical handicap (Other - Tuberculosis or Unattached child or Other).\nPolicy Planning\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 12 /lQ/Uh Release # 18?\nWRA Manual\n\nPost-Exclusion Program (b) In the case of persons who have been rejected for assistance by agencies other than in the state of pre-evacuation address, negotiations will then be entered into with the state of former residence to accept the individual. If legal residence in that state is established, refusal of that state to accept an institutionalized or dependent evacuee should not be accepted since such evacuees are\nThe legal responsibility of such state:\n\n(3) There is a group of cases in which the need for financial assistance from a public agency will be limited to an initial grant handled by the Resettlement Assistance Program of the Social Security Board. The final determination of need in these cases will also be the responsibility of the Welfare Section. If any such case is being handled by the Relocation Division, the worker shall discuss the case with the designated staff member of the Welfare Section and have the written summary approved by the designated welfare staff member before submission by the Relocation Division to the appropriate area office:\n\nResponsibilities of Other Agencies:\nC. (1) State agencies administering State programs of general relief, hospitalization, institutionalization, and boarding or nursing home care,\nFederal-aided programs of categorical assistance (old age assistance, aid to the blind, aid to dependent children), child welfare services, services for crippled children, and vocational rehabilitation, are primarily responsible for determining evacuee eligibility for assistance under those programs. State agencies also administer funds appropriated by Congress to the Federal Security Administrator for temporary aid to persons affected by war-time restrictive action of the Federal Government, and make initial determinations of evacuee eligibility for such aid.\n\nInsofar as the programs of State agencies involve the use of Federal funds, the Federal Security Agency, through the Social Security Board (categorical assistance, aid to persons with disabilities).\nPersons affected by the restrictive actions of the Federal Government and the Office of Vocational Rehabilitation, as well as the Department of Labor through the Children's Bureau, must be maintained under supervisory controls. Federal agencies, through their Regional offices, will provide assistance in the relocation of individuals requiring governmental assistance. This aid will include:\n\n(a) Review of eligibility determinations by State agencies, including pre-evacuation status, legal residence, and other eligibility requirements.\n\n(b) Supervision of State agency administration of funds for aid to persons affected by the Federal Government's restrictive actions.\n\n(c) Consultation and technical services.\nPersons unable to move to centers due to tuberculosis or other illnesses, referred to as \"deferred evacuees,\" still reside in institutions in evacuated states. Their maintenance will be transferred to appropriate State or private agencies as quickly as possible.\n\nTo facilitate orderly and planned relocation of evacuees, an approved relocation plan is required for the granting of relocation assistance (Section 150.1.8) and property transportation assistance (Section 150.1.9) to any center resident who wishes to relocate or any relocated evacuee, including voluntary evacuees.\nA person of Japanese ancestry, who resided prior to evacuation in the State or Territory, is considered a voluntary evacuee under this Chapter. This term refers to a person of Japanese ancestry who:\n\n1. Left Military Area No. 1 or the California portion of Military Area No. 2, Western Defense Command (hereafter called the \"evacuated area\"), in response to government urging between February 16, 1942, and the date when voluntary movement therefrom was prohibited by military order (March 29, 1942, for Military Area No. 1; June 2, 1942, for the remainder of California).\n2. Departed later by special permission of the Western Defense Command.\nA.  The  relocation  plan  of  a  center  resident  who  is  in\u00ac \neligible  to  leave  the  center  (see  Section  150.1.3) \nshall  not  be  approved  while  such  ineligibility  con\u00ac \ntinues  or  if  the  individual  is  excluded  from  the \nproposed  destination  by  order  of  the  Western  Defense \nCommand,  his  plan  shall  not  be  approved. \nB.  Where  the  proposed  destination  is  Alaska  or  Hawaii, \nproof  of  military  permission  to  return  shall  be  re\u00ac \nquired  and  shall  be  sufficient  evidenoe  of  a  satis\u00ac \nfactory  relocation  plan.  In  order  to  secure  per\u00ac \nmission  to  return  to  Hawaii,  the  evacuee  should \nwrite  directly  to  the  Office  of  the  Pros os t  Marshal \nGeneral,  Japanese  American  Branch,  Presidio  of  San \nFranolsoo,  California.  For  Alaska  he  should  write \ndirectly  to  the  Office  of  the  Provost  Marshal  Gen\u00ac \neral,  in  the  War  Department,  Washington,  D.  C.  The \nevacuee  should  be  advised  that  the  procedure  for \nThe permit process to return to Alaska or Hawaii is lengthy and complicated. It is unwise to make travel arrangements before obtaining the permit or assurance of its issuance.\n\nC. For center residents not deemed ineligible for relocation, the relocation plan shall be automatically approved, unless there is a temporary condition in the community that makes immediate resettlement inadvisable.\n\nD. For those not residing in a center and applying for transportation to return to the evacuated area, the Hewing provisions apply regarding approval of relocation plans.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 12,48 AU\nRelease # 187\nC-88BB\u00bblU8'ilMl\nWRA Manual\nPost-Exclusion Program 150.1\n\n(1) The relocation plan shall not be approved unless it contains satisfactory evidence of adequate prior arrangements for means of support.\nand for housing. Prior arrangements for housing may be temporary, but should be long enough to permit the evacuee to obtain permanent housing. With respect to means of support:\n\n(a) Where the applicant has sufficient independent means or has received a hospitality offer, adequate evidence of this shall be provided.\n\n(h) Where the represented means of support consists of employment, a letter from the employer shall be adequate.\n\n(c) Where the evacuee intends to be self-employed in business or agriculture, letters from responsible persons (who may include WRA Relocation Officers in the evacuated area) confirming the arrangements shall be adequate.\n\n(d) Where the evacuee is a dependent and handicapped person who will need governmental assistance upon relocation to the evacuated area, proof that such assistance is available.\nA relocated evacuee, as part of his relocation plan, shall present evidence to the Relocation Officer to show that he has not broken any employment obligation or War Manpower Commission regulation. A letter from his last former employer or a certificate of availability will suffice for this purpose. A certificate of availability is not required if he is to be self-employed or will enter agriculture or domestic service in the evacuated area.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 12/18/44 Release # 187\nWRA Manual\nPost-Exclusion Program 150.1\n\nA relocated evacuee shall present evidence to the Relocation Officer to demonstrate that he has not violated any employment obligation or War Manpower Commission regulation. Acceptable evidence includes a letter from his previous employer or a certificate of availability. A certificate of availability is not necessary if the evacuee will be self-employed, enter agriculture, or do domestic service in the evacuated area.\n\nSupersedes WRA Manual Post-Exclusion Program Issue 187 (12/18/44)\nThe employer or the War Manpower Commission should provide the required letter or certificate of availability. The Relocation Officer should intervene on behalf of the evacuee to explain and resolve the release of the evacuee.\n\nThe Relocation Program Officer or Relocation Officer must determine if the evacuee is excluded from the proposed destination by order of the Western Defense Command. A certification by an evacuee on Form WRA-303 Rev., applying for relocation assistance to a Relocation Officer, that the evacuee is not excluded, will be acceptable. If the evacuee is applying at a center, the Relocation Program Officer shall check the Army exclusion list to determine if the evacuee is named thereon. If the evacuee is excluded, the relocation plan shall not be approved.\nRelocation plans shall be presented for approval to the Relocation Program Officer for center residents and to the appropriate Relocation Officer for relocated evacuees. Assistance in preparing relocation plans will be given by the center Relocation Division or Welfare Section (see Sections 150.1.5, 150.1.6 above). Relocation Officers shall extend assistance as practicable to relocated evacuees in adjustment at present locations or in the development of plans for relocation elsewhere, if necessary or desirable. The Relocation Program Officer or Relocation Officer will approve or disapprove the relocation plan presented by the evacuee based on the evidence presented by the evacuee (as described under Section D above). It will not be necessary to secure the advance approval of a Relocation Officer.\nOfficer in the evacuated area can access relocation assistance grants, except in additional evidence is necessary or in questionable cases. This replaces the issuance of 12/lQ/hh Release # 187 in the WRA Manual's Post-Exclusion Program 150\u00bb.8\n\nThe following modifications are applied to the program of relocation assistance grants for evacuees (see Handbook 130.1*8):\n\nA. Relocation assistance grants will be divided into two categories: transportation grants, covering only the cost of transportation; and subsistence grants, consisting of $300 per day while en route to the point of relocation, plus a maximum of $2500 to meet initial expenses at the point of relocation.\n\nB. Transportation grants will be available as follows:\n\n(1) Center residents who have not previously received relocation grants, or who have received such grants but were reinducted into a center.\nprior to July 20, 1943, or were reinducted thereafter and prior to revocation of the general exclusion orders with the approval of the appropriate Relocation Officer, and whose relocation plans have been approved pursuant to Section 150.1.7 above, shall be eligible for transportation grants to the point of relocation in the Continental United States, Alaska, or Hawaii.\n\n(2) All eligible evacuees (other than voluntary evacuees) who relocated prior to the revision of the general exclusion orders and whose relocation plans have been approved pursuant to Section 150.1.7 above, shall be eligible for transportation grants to:\n\nCA)\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 12A8M\nRelease # 187\nPort of embarkation, if their destination is Alaska or Hawaii but they were not evacuated therefrom.\n\nAlaska, Hawaii, or a State or portion of a State within the West Coast evacuated.\nPersons eligible for transportation assistance to Hawaii or Alaska may elect to receive transportation grants to some point on the mainland no farther than the nearest port of embarkation, and from the port of embarkation to Alaska or Hawaii later, when they can book passage, but no later than March 1, 1946. The evacuee will have to provide his own travel to the port of embarkation if any is needed, when the boat sails.\n\nTypes of Grants:\nTransportation Grants\nEligible Persons:\nWRA Manual\nPost-Exclusion Program 1^0 #1\n\nIneligible Persons:\nSubsistence Grants\n\nEligible Persons:\nVoluntary evacuees, whose relocation plans have been approved pursuant to Section 150.1.7 above, shall be eligible for transportation grants to a State or portion of a State within the United States.\nPersons evacuated from the area where they resided prior to evacuation, are eligible for transportation grants under the provisions of Handbook 130.48 for temporarily departing from centers to investigate relocation opportunities outside the evacuated area. Transportation grants for this purpose will not affect their eligibility to receive further grants under subparagraph (1) above. No transportation grants will be made for investigating relocation opportunities in the evacuated area. Persons who depart from a center without approval of their relocation plans will thereafter be ineligible for relocation assistance grants of any kind, except where such departure is approved for a temporary period under Section 150.1.2, and they may be eligible for such grants.\nPersons who are required by the Project Director to leave a center under Section 150.1.10G shall likewise be ineligible for any kind of relocation assistance grants. Center residents who are in the Enlisted Reserve Corps are eligible for relocation assistance only if relocating with one or more members of the immediate family.\n\nCenter residents who are eligible for transportation grants under paragraph B(1) above and demonstrate need (see Handbook 130.1.8) shall also be eligible for subsistence grants. No other persons shall be eligible for subsistence grants.\n\nD. (1) Center residents who are absent from centers on short-term leave, seasonal leave, or indefinite leave (trial period) at the time of exclusion are not eligible for relocation assistance.\nRevocation of the general exclusion orders, and those who do not wish to return to the centers shall be eligible for reimbursement for transportation to the specified destination and for subsistence grants on the same basis as present center residents (see B(l) above).\n\n(2) Center residents, whose departure is approved for a temporary period under Section 15>0.1.2 after revocation of the general exclusion orders and who do not wish to return to the colony, shall be eligible for transportation and subsistence grants to their point of relocation on the same basis as present center residents (see B(l) above) if the Relocation Officer approves their relocation to such point.\n\nA relocation assistance grant shall be given to an evacuee only once after January 2, 1945, except as may be otherwise provided in Handbook Section 130.\nA. In the field of property management (Manual 100.2), service shall be limited to the following categories:\n\n(1) Completion of cases for which WRA assumed responsibility prior to revocation of the general exclusion orders;\n(2) Handling of new cases for persons excluded from the evacuated area, and for other persons on whose requests for assistance the Project Special Cases Number of Grants Property Management Assistance supersedes Issuance of 12/14/Uh Release \u00a7 187 WRA Manual Post-Exclusion Program. Director or relocation officer certifies that such assistance is necessary to prevent hardship or is in the interest of orderly relocation. Upon return of an evacuee to the evacuated area, this assistance shall cease.\nThe WRA will not continue to handle any matter or provide property management assistance to an evacuee beyond the 60-day period following their return. Assistance in transporting property to a designated point will be available, subject to the following limitations. If property is in a WRA warehouse or center, assistance will be given regardless of eligibility for relocation assistance. If property is not in WRA storage, assistance will not be given unless the evacuee is eligible for relocation assistance.\n\nProperty Transportation Assistance:\n(1) If the evacuee is eligible, the WRA will:\n(a) Pack, crate, and move all household and personal effects, as well as commercial property, without regard to Manual 100.3 .UB-1. The property will be moved to the common carrier depot nearest the designated evacuation point.\n(b) Pack, crate, and move all household goods and effects, and commercial property in storage or use at a relocation center to the common carrier depot nearest the evacuee.\n(c) Pack, crate, and move household and personal effects, and commercial property, subject to the conditions set forth in Manual Section 100.3 J4B-I, from a place of private storage in the evacuated area to the common carrier depot nearest the point designated by the evacuee.\n(d) Move household and personal effects of relocated evacuees from the cannon carrier depot nearest the relocation residence to the common carrier depot nearest the designated point U/28AS.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 12/18/UU Release #18.\n\nWRA Manual\nPost-Exclusion Program 1^0 *1\n\nThe evacuee shall be responsible for packing, crating, and delivery to the nearest common carrier depot.\nshipment. (e) Shipment of personal property, including commercial property, to destinations in Alaska or Hawaii at Government expense, under the following conditions: (i) The evacuee is now leaving the center to relocate in Alaska or Hawaii, or (ii) The evacuee relocated from the center prior to the lifting of the general exclusion orders to a destination not in Alaska or Hawaii and was evacuated by the Government directly from Alaska or Hawaii. If the evacuee came to the mainland before evacuation, was evacuated later, relocated from the center before the exclusion orders were lifted, and now wishes to return to Alaska or Hawaii, his property will be shipped at Government expense to the nearest port of embarkation on the mainland. The evacuee will be responsible for further shipping costs.\nThe above applies to eligible evacuees' property in storage at a center, YIRA warehouse, or private storehouse in the evacuated area, and property brought from a place of initial relocation to the nearest railhead. It supersedes Release #187, Property Transportation Assistance (Cond'd), WRA Manila Post-Exclusion Program \u00a30.1. All government shipments shall be via the most economical means, except for express shipment under certain conditions. Evacuees will be expected to pick up all transported property at the nearest common carrier depot. The above services will be provided in all cases except for property in a WRA warehouse.\nIf the place of private storage for evacuee's property is within approximately 2 miles of the destination, as determined by the transportation officer, the evacuee shall provide their own transportation from the storage place to the destination and shall be notified to do so.\n\nProperty at different points of origin shall be covered by separate sets of Form WRA-1\u00a36. For instance, if a relocated evacuee has property at their new residence, at the relocation center of their former residence, in a WRA warehouse in the evacuated area, and in a private storage place in the evacuated area, four sets of Form WRA-1\u00a36 shall be prepared. The Relocation Officer should retain the first set for their own action, forward the second set to the Project Director, and send the third and fourth sets to the appropriate recipient.\n(a) A suitable West Coast transportation officer.\n\n(b) Each set of Form WRA-1 covering property in a center or WRA warehouse shall cover all property belonging to the evacuee located there, except commercial property which the evacuee cannot accept until a later date may be covered by a separate set of Form 7ffiA-1. Supersedes Issuance of 12/13 AU Release # 137.\n\nWRA Manual\nPost-Exclusion Program (if>0.1)\nwhich shall be designated a date prior to which shipment should not be made*\n\n(c) A separate Government bill of lading shall be prepared for each shipment. In the illustration given in the preceding paragraph, four bills of lading should be prepared as follows: one by the Relocation Officer, one by the Project Director, and two by the transportation officer. In the case of relocated evacuees.\nEvacuees, except for excludees, who have property in storage at WRA warehouses, will be required to remove such property no later than 15 months after revocation of the general exclusion orders, or by April 2, 1946. Evacuees shall normally be required to remove such property within 60 days after approval of the application for relocation assistance. However, if an evacuee is not prepared to receive his property at the end of 60 days due to lack of family housing, a second move, or other personal circumstances, he may apply in writing to the appropriate area relocation supervisor for an extension, giving full justification, and may be granted.\n\nbills of lading covering property at his relocation residence and in a place of private storage shall be mailed directly to him by the Relocation Officer and transportation officer respectively.\n\nAll evacuees, other than excludees, who have property in storage at WRA warehouses shall be required to remove such property no later than 15 months after revocation of the general exclusion orders, or by April 2, 1946. Evacuees shall normally be required to remove such property within 60 days after date of approval of the application for relocation assistance. However, if an evacuee is not prepared to receive his property at the end of 60 days because of lack of family housing, a second move, or other personal circumstances, he may apply in writing to the appropriate area relocation supervisor for an extension, giving full justification, and may be granted.\n\nEvacuees, other than excludees, who have property in WRA warehouses must remove it no later than 15 months after revocation of the general exclusion orders, or by April 2, 1946. They usually need to remove it within 60 days after approval of their application for relocation assistance. However, if an evacuee cannot receive his property at the end of 60 days due to lack of family housing, a second move, or other personal reasons, he can apply in writing to the appropriate relocation supervisor for an extension and provide a full explanation. Such an extension may be granted.\n\nEvacuees, other than excludees, who possess property in WRA warehouses are obliged to remove it no later than 15 months following the revocation of the general exclusion orders, or by April 2, 1946. Typically, they must remove it within 60 days following the approval of their application for relocation assistance. Nevertheless, if an evacuee is unable to receive his property at the end of 60 days due to a lack of family housing, a second move, or other personal reasons, he may apply in writing to the relevant relocation supervisor for an extension and provide a full justification. An extension may be granted.\nAn extension of up to 90 days additional, or 15 days maximum total, if in the judgment of the area relocation supervisor the facts warrant. No extension beyond the 60 days may be made for property at centers. All evacuees having property in WRA warehouses shall be notified of these requirements and shall further be notified that failure to remove such property within the stated time will result in the sale of the property pursuant to the provisions of Form WRA-1\u00a35.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 12/18/1941 Release # 187\n\nRemoval of Property in WRA Warehouse 1\nWRA Manual\nPost-Exclusion Program \u00a30 .1\n\nTransfer From Private to WRA Storage\nPolicy on Reinductions and Inductions Transfers and Visits Between Centers\nPolicy on Visits to Centers\n\nProperty in private storage in the evacuated area shall not hereafter be transferred to WRA storage.\nGovernment storage is excepted, except where requested by excludees or necessary to enable evacuees returning under an approved relocation plan to re-occupy buildings used for such private storage.\n\n1.10 A. There shall be no further reinduction of former center residents or induction of new residents. Persons on seasonal leave or indefinite leave (trial period) and persons on short-term leave or pass are classified as center residents and may be readmitted as such until the expiration date of their leave or pass, so long as certain conditions are met. (See Emergency Instructions of 12/30/UU, 1/6/U5; Manual No.)\n\nNo reinduction to a center shall be approved because of the applicant's health or because he is unable to make a satisfactory relocation adjustment. In such cases, the Relocation Officer shall assist the applicant.\nA petitioner may obtain medical care or make adjustments using the methods and resources outlined in the Relocation Handbook, Chapter 130. Transfers from Tule Lake to other centers may be approved if, in the Tule Lake Project Director's opinion, they are necessary for completion of relocation plans. Otherwise, no further transfers of evacuees from one center to another will be allowed without the Director's approval. Visits between centers are subject to Maiual 50.3.15 and the following provisions.\n\nC. Any person of Japanese ancestry may visit a center without prior approval from a Relocation Officer, subject to the limitations set forth below. It is necessary to conserve the resources of WRA and transportation facilities, so give priority to essential visits only.\n(1) Except as provided below, no person shall be permitted to make more than two visits to a center, and the total duration of both visits together may not exceed 30 days. The visitor may divide the 30 days between the two visits in any way he wishes, or elect to utilize the entire 30 days for one visit.\n\n(2) Visits because of death or serious illness of immediate family members residing in the center shall be permitted at all times upon approval of the center Health Section. The duration of such visits, determined by the Health Section, shall not extend beyond the period of the emergency.\nIf an evacuee desires to stay beyond the allotted time and is eligible to do so under section (1) above, that portion of the visit beyond the emergency period will be classified as a visit under (1), and the additional time spent in the center will be charged to the 30-day period.\n\n(3) Visits by members of the Armed forces in active status or in the Enlisted Reserve Corps are not subject to the limitation under (1) above. Persons who have merely passed their pre-induction physical are subject to the limitations of (1) above, however.\n\n(U) A student at college or trade school who has not completed the regular course and has a letter from an appropriate school authority to this effect, or a high school student who has a letter from an appropriate school authority stating that he has been attending classes, are exempt from the limitations under (1) above.\nSchool visits may be permitted a maximum duration of 90 days (charged as one visit under the provisions of this section) when a student returns at the end of a school or college year. A visit at any other time or a stay in the center after the 90-day period shall be chargeable as a visit under (1) above and shall not exceed 1 \u00a3 days.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of U/2A5\nRelease #187\n\nRegular Visits\nEmergency Visits\nArmed Forces Students\nWRA Manual\nPost-Exclusion Program \u00a30\u00bbl\nOfficial Business\nEncouragement of Relocation\nPlanning of Visitor Persons\nCoerced Under Selections Service Regulations (.IOC)\n\nVisits by prospective employers of evacuees with bona fide relocation opportunities, or their official representatives, or for the purpose of conducting official business with the Center or assisting in the conduct of established community activities, may be exempted.\naccepted by the Project Director from the limitations set forth in (1) above:\n\n(6) Although no prior permission will be required in the field for center visits by persons in any of the categories set forth above, the Relocation Officers and cooperating local agencies should encourage evacuees who may be planning visits for relocation planning purposes to discuss their personal and family situations prior to their departure for the center. The object of the discussion should be to assure that the evacuee fully understands the services available in the community so that he will be prepared, on his return to the center, to assist his family members with the completion of their relocation plans.\n\n(7) Notwithstanding other provisions of this Manual Section, any person who has refused to report for physical examination or for active military service shall be considered an evacuee and shall be subject to the provisions of this Manual.\nMilitary duty persons ordered by proper authorities and sentenced to prison terms will not be admitted to any project without prior approval from the Director. The Director will consider appeals based on hardship and the individual's ability to contribute to the relocation program. Relevant facts for the appeal should be presented to the Director by letter or teletype by the Project Director. The individual may not be admitted pending the appeal decision.\n\nAll visitors shall pay regular charges for meals and lodging, except:\n\nWBA Manual Post-Exclusion Program 150.1\n(Supersedes Issuance of U/2/U\u00a3 Release # 187)\nstudents returning at the end of a college or school year, under paragraph C (4) above, for the 90-day period;\nmembers of the Enlisted Reserve Corps;\nrelocated evacuees who have passed their pre-induction physical examination but have not yet been inducted into the Army or placed in the Enlisted Reserve Corps (although such evacuees are subject to the limitations set forth in paragraph d);\nmembers of the armed forces in active status, who shall be charged for board but not for lodging;\nevacuees from another center who are visiting the center with the approval of both Project Directors, as prescribed under Manual 50.3.15.\n\nPayment shall be made in advance for meals and quarters for the estimated duration of a visit under paragraph C(1) or C(3), and for the authorized duration of a visit under paragraph C(2) or C(5). If the evacuee remains beyond the authorized period, payment shall be made for each additional day at the prevailing rate.\nBeyond this time, payments shall continue to be collected in advance for the period of the estimated or authorized extension. The amount shall be placed in Special Deposits. If the visitor departs before the end of the period, the unused part of his advance payment shall be refunded.\n\nA visitor who accomplishes the relocation of family members at the center or who definitively schedules the relocation departure of such family members during the period of his authorized visit may apply in writing to the Relocation Program Officer for a refund of all guest charges paid for him and members of his family during his visit. Upon verification of the facts, the Relocation Program Officer shall refund the guest charges.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 4/2/45\nRelease # 187\nPayment of Guest Charges\nWRA Manual\nPost-Exclusion Program\n1$0*1 - Gate Cheok\nAlphabetical Visitors File\nExtension of Regular Visits\nA police officer may approve an application. For each approved application, appropriate steps shall be taken to make the refund. All visitors must check in and out at the main gates. The Statistician will notify the Relocation Office and the Finance Office in writing at the end of each day of: (1) the name and address of each visitor and their center address during visit, (2) the names and addresses of persons to be visited, and (3) the purpose of the visit. The Relocation Program Officer may find it advantageous to check this daily list for a follow-up interview with visitors and their families who may need WRA assistance in relocating. All centers will immediately establish alphabetical visitors files for use by the gate clerk to check the eligibility of evacuees applying for entrance as a visitor (see Manual $0.1.22).\n[1] Visits beyond the 30-day period specified in paragraph C(1) above may be extended by the Project Director for an additional period not to exceed 30 days if a relocation plan is definitely in process for family members of the visitor and the Project Director is satisfied that relocation of the family members will be accomplished or definitely scheduled within the additional period.\n\nSupersedes Issuance of h/2/h.c\nRelease # 187\n\nWRA Manual\nRelease #1\n\nPost-Exclusion Program 150.\n\nRelocation assistance. An applicant shall not breach any employment obligation or War Manpower Commission regulation by such return, and that:\nIt would not be feasible to develop a relocation plan for the family using local resources. Applicants should be encouraged and assisted to develop a plan for relocation that will not require a return to the center. If the Relocation Officer believes the return is justified, he shall airlift a copy of the application to the Project Director. The Project Director, through the center's Relocation Division, will investigate and approve or disapprove the application, and notify the Relocation Officer by teletype immediately. If the application is approved, the Relocation Officer shall fill in and sign the application forms, indicating thereon the expiration date of the visit, which shall be not more than 30 days after admission into the center. The applicant's attention shall be called to this date with the suggestion that his visit be delayed until his expiration date.\nrelocation plans are formulated as completely as possible so that his business at the center can be completed in the time allowed. The original copy of the application shall be delivered to the evacuee and shall evidence his right to re-enter the center. One copy shall be sent to the Project Director and one forwarded to the Relocation Supervisor.\n\nIf a person of Japanese ancestry seeks admission to a center without having in possession Application for Visit (Form WRA-325 or Form VRA-38), properly approved, he shall be escorted to the center relocation office by an Internal Security representative, if he arrives during office hours. Or, if he arrives after office hours, he shall be escorted to quarters and informed that he must report to the relocation office.\n(1) The representative from Internal Security will summon a person at a specified time if they fail to report.\n(2) The Relocation Program Officer or a designated staff member will interview the person and conduct further investigation as necessary.\n(a) If it is determined that the person has returned due to serious illness or death of a family member residing in the center, if they are a student returning at the end of a term, or if they have been accepted for military service following a pre-induction physical examination, they will be admitted as a visitor. They will be required to pay two weeks' guest charges in advance, as outlined in paragraph I below.\n(h) If the person claims to have returned to help relocate family members in the center.\nThe applicant shall complete Form TCRA-3S8 in quadruplicate and provide all relevant data regarding relocation plans. Family members will also be questioned about these plans. If the Relocation Program Release #158 justifies the visit, the officer shall send copies of the completed form to the district's Relocation Officer. The Relocation Officer will approve the application if they believe it advances relocation and find, upon investigation, that applicants have not violated employment obligations in returning to the center. Otherwise, they will disapprove the application. The officer shall wire the Project Director of their approval or disapproval and forward one copy of the application to the Relocation Supervisor.\nThe Relocation Program Officer shall note on the original and file copy of the application whether it has been approved or disapproved, deliver the original copy to the applicant, and indicate the expiration date of the visit on both copies if approved. The applicant is required to pay two weeks' guest charges in advance as provided in paragraph I below.\n\nIf the visit is not approved by the Relocation Program Officer under (2)(a) or by both the Relocation Program Officer and the Relocation Officer under (2)(b), the applicant shall leave the center immediately. However, if the Project Director believes that undue hardship will be caused, he shall notify the Director of the facts with his recommendations concerning the period duration.\nA person admitted to a center as a visitor with the prior approval of the Relocation Officer under paragraph G above shall not be required to pay guest charges during their authorized stay. Every person admitted to a center without prior approval of the Relocation Officer shall be required to pay in advance for meals and quarters for two weeks, regardless of whether or not a visit is subsequently approved. This amount is $200 according to paragraph I.\nHe shall be placed in Special Deposits. If the evacuee departs prior to the end of the two-week period, any unused charges shall be refunded. Refunds shall not be made for any other reason. All amounts not refunded shall be transferred to Miscellaneous Receipts.\n\nFollow-up on Visits\nfor Relocation Purposes\nExtension of Visits\n\nJ. (1) The Relocation Program Officer shall keep a file of all active WRA-388 forms, by dates, and shall arrange a follow-up interview within 10 days after a person is admitted to a center for the purpose of furthering relocation plans. He shall also notify the visitor at least one week in advance of the expiration date of the visit and make every effort to complete relocation prior to such date.\n\n(2) No visit for the purpose of furthering relocation plans shall be extended beyond the expiration date set forth on Form WRA-388.\nI. An applicant who makes a genuine effort to complete relocation but is unable to do so prior to the visit may have the visit extended for up to an additional 30 days, except in the Relocation Program Officer's judgment.\n\nK. Any person entering and remaining in a center without required permission, obtaining permission through fraud or misrepresentation, or failing to depart upon the specified visit or extension expiration date will be required to leave immediately. They will thereafter be ineligible for any further relocation assistance grants or property transportation assistance.\n\nLists of the names of such persons should be currently prepared by all centers.\nPersons indicated as ineligible for assistance under the general exclusion orders should be notified to all Relocation Area and District Officers, other centers, and west coast transportation offices. Such persons must leave centers upon expiration of their visits, which should not be later than the expected duration stated on Form WRA-338. Present policy regarding guest charges will continue in effect for these persons.\n\nUnauthorized visitors\nPersons Visiting Centers\nAs of Date Exclusion Orders Lifted\nRelease #158\nWRA Manual\nPost-Exclusion Program 150.1\n\nGate Controls\n.11 The gate controls authorized in Manual Sections 50.1.12 to 50.1.25 shall continue in effect with appropriate modifications.\nFunctions at relocation centers will only include essential operations for their closure. All work must further speedy and satisfactory relocation of evacuees, provide community and administrative services, and put the center on standby by 12 months after revocation of general exclusion orders.\n\nSpecific activities at the centers are affected as follows:\n\nA. Project management, including information and legal work, continues substantially unaltered.\n\nAccounting\nSupply\nProperty Control\nEvacuee Employment\nAccounting work shall be revised to cover only essential requirements for expenditure analyses accounting, beginning on February 1, 1945. Fiscal accounts shall be limited to budgetary accounting and prescribed controls. No further purchases of equipment shall be made without express prior authorization from the Director, granted for essential purposes or replacements. Project inventories shall be utilized and substituted wherever possible to avoid new purchasing. Replacements shall be made from surplus stocks at other centers when possible. Frequent surveys of equipment shall be made to enable transfers of surplus property from time to time and avoid any large stocks on hand at the time of center closing. Only equipment currently in use should be on hand on the day of closing.\nProperty control should be emphasized and strengthened for expediting liquidation and better utilization of property. Evacuee employment procedures and functions involving evacuee employment shall be simplified as much as possible.\n\nStatistics:\nStatistical records and procedures shall be maintained until the closing of the center.\n\nProgram 158, T/RA Manual, Post-Exclusion. Program 150*1:\nA program for liquidation of consumer enterprises, providing adequate goods and services for as long as possible during the liquidation period, shall be developed immediately.\n\nEnterprises:\nNo further improvements shall be made in school plant and equipment. Instruction shall continue in pre-school, elementary and secondary departments until June 1945. If summer sessions are found to be necessary at any center, they shall be implemented.\nSchools may be kept open after that date, but not later than August 31, 1945. Vocational and adult education shall be reoriented. Provision will be made for the transfer of basic school records to an appropriate Federal agency for maintenance for future reference.\n\nI. The Internal Security staff shall be maintained and strengthened to take over exterior guard duty and permit the removal of military police as soon as feasible.\n\nInternal Security\n\nJ. No new construction, whether or not previously authorized, shall be undertaken without the Director's approval. Approval will be limited to construction absolutely essential to center operations. All construction previously authorized will be reviewed in the Washington office, and a determination made in each case based on (1) need, (2) essentiality, (3) priority, and (4) availability of manpower and materials.\nConstruction materials on hand shall be utilized for necessary maintenance, as defined by WPB Regulations (see Handbook 20.7), or transferred to other centers where needed. No further development of lands or structures shall be undertaken without the Director's approval, granted only if necessary for immediate center operation. All lands and facilities should be left in a satisfactory standby condition when the center closes.\n\nLand and Structures\n\nMaintenance and repair shall be restricted to the minimum necessary to keep the center in a reasonable operating condition until the closing date. Repairs shall be made.\nWherever possible, in lieu of replacement, no funds will be allocated to centers for the purchase of supplies or materials for maintenance, repair, and operations, except upon specific showing of need and establishment of the fact that no substitutes are available at the center.\n\nMaintenance\nRelease IL-158\nC-1922-pai-bu\nWRA Manual\nPost-Exclusion Program 150.1\n\nCrops, livestock, fire, prototonic, motor, transport, and maintenance.\n\nWashington approval will be required for all such purchases, and funds will be allotted only for approved purchases.\n\nM. Vegetable and feed crops planted during the fall of 1944 shall be harvested. No crops shall be planted for the 1945 crop season except at Gila River and Colorado River, where the vegetable crop program previously existed.\nAll projects will be carried out with modifications for declining population. All may plant protective or cover crops for land protection, as agreed with the relevant land jurisdiction agency.\n\nNo more poultry will be purchased. All flocks, including meat birds and laying hens, shall be consumed in advance of the center closing date. Breeding of hogs shall be discontinued immediately. Hog feeding will continue, based on anticipated declining population, until all hogs can be slaughtered and consumed prior to center closing. No more feeder cattle will be purchased. Any cattle on hand at center closing shall be sold. Any dairy cattle will be disposed of as labor becomes inadequate for their care and in no event later than center closing.\nFire protection will be a continuing function and responsibility of each center. Every effort should be made to keep equipment in satisfactory condition and maintain an adequate staff to handle both fire control and inspection. The Motor Transport and Maintenance Section will be required until centers are entirely closed. As the population of the center decreases, a greater load will be thrown on the appointed mechanics. With the reduction in transportation needs for the operational activities on the center, and to make it possible for a small staff of mechanics to service and repair the equipment, it is imperative that each Project Director conduct frequent surveys and declare as surplus every piece of motorized equipment not essential to the continued operation and closing of the center. Further specific instructions governing modification of equipment.\ncenter operations will be issued through the WRA Manual system.\n\nRelease #158\nWRA Manual\nPost-Exclusion Program 150.1\n\n\u2022 During the coming period of curtailment and liquidation, orderly and successful conduct of the program depends to a large degree upon the maintenance of adequate staff and staff morale. Staff members must be persuaded or required to remain with the Authority so long as their services are essential. On the other hand, preservation of morale and fairness to employees requires that the Authority be willing to release employees when they have received offers of new jobs which they cannot reasonably be asked to forego and whenever they can be spared without great inconvenience to the Authority. The personnel management program for the liquidation period will therefore include the following elements:\nA. There shall be no general personnel freeze. Individuals shall be released under appropriate circumstances upon application under the general policy stated above.\nB. Every employee who has rendered satisfactory service shall be assured of his position for whatever period is appropriate in each case. The Washington Personnel Section will assist upon request in transferring surplus personnel and filling vacancies.\nC. As certain activities are curtailed, personnel will be freed for other assignments and shall be utilized wherever possible in replacing those who leave or in staffing new functions in WRA.\nD. The close cooperation of other agencies, particularly the Civil Service Commission and the Department of the Interior, shall be requested and utilized to the utmost degree for:\n(1) Transfer of employees to positions in the government.\nPersonnel Management\n\n(1) Employees outside WRA will be given notice when their services are no longer required by WRA. Arrangements will be made for their transfer well in advance, so that the employee can finish work with WRA with the secure knowledge that a new assignment in the government is awaiting him when this one is completed.\n\n(2) Recruitment by loan or otherwise of persons from other agencies to fill necessary positions in WRA which cannot be filled from surplus personnel in WRA.\n\nUtilization of Surplus Personnel\nCooperate on release with Other Agencies\n\nWRA Manual\nPost-Exclusion Program 150.1\n\nWRA shall assist employees who have reemployment rights in other agencies in establishing their return to such agencies.\n\nAvailable funds shall be provided for salaries and leave.\nPersons remaining in clean-up positions and for payment of terminal annual leave where this is involved.\n\nSummary of Contributions of Other Agencies.\n\nFederal:\nFederal Security Agency\n.14 Successful completion of the relocation process depends to a very large degree on the assistance which other Federal agencies can contribute. These are summarized below.\n\nA. Federal Security Agency\n1. Social Security Board\n(a) Cooperation with the War Relocation Authority in the relocation of dependent and handicapped persons (see 150.1.6)\n(b) Loan of personnel, particularly in the field of welfare and community adjustment.\n2. United States Employment Service\n(a) Placement of evacuees in non-agricultural jobs.\n(b) Loan of personnel, particularly for relocation officer positions throughout the country.\nB. Children's Bureau (Department of Labor)\nCooperation with the War Relocation Authority in the relocation of children (see 150.1.6).\n\nDepartment of Agriculture\nC \u2022 Department of Agriculture\n\n1. Provision of loans through the Farm Security Administration or Farm Credit Administration to evacuees who wish to reestablish themselves as farmers.\n2. Through the War Food Administration, recruitment of evacuees in the centers for labor in the evacuated area and assistance in placement of evacuees in permanent positions.\n3. Securing cooperation of state and county war boards in assisting evacuees to return to agricultural production.\n4. Loan of personnel, D, Other Federal Agencies\n\nReconstruction Finance Corporation: loans to businessmen to reestablish businesses.\nWar Production Board: provision of priority equipment.\n\nRelease # 158\nWRA Manual\nPost-Exclusion Program 150,1\n\n(Note: The asterisks (*) indicate original content that may not be completely clear without additional context.)\n(1) Businessmen and other persons requiring equipment for effective relocation:\n- Office of Price Administration: allocation of rationed goods to former merchants to reestablish businesses and to bakers and other food producers,\n\n(3) Office of Price Administration: assistance in securing housing for evacuees.\n\nOther Federal Agencies:\nThis list includes only Federal agencies from whom there should be no doubt that the War Relocation Authority, in carrying out a program approved by the President, will receive necessary assistance. In many ways, however, the most effective work in securing an orderly relocation of evacuees throughout the country, and particularly in the evacuated area, can be done by state and local governmental agencies and private organizations functioning in the evacuation process.\nAccounting Finance Hdbk*\nAccused evacuees to be informed of charges against him / her - 30-1-16\nActivities, Japanese-style - 30-5-09\nAddress, Aliens Reporting - 80-2-3\nImportance and clarity of administration - 10-5-1\nAdmission of non-evacuees to centers - 50-1-5\nAdmission of parolees to centers - 60-2-13\nAgency coordination - 20-6-12\nPurpose of agricultural production - 40-1-1\nProduction reporting - 40-1-9\nProgram, Justification for Allotment \u2022 20.2.7\nAliens, Zneny, Removal from WRA Centers not Possessing Alien Registration \u2022 80.2.3\nReporting of Address at Centers \u2022 80.2.3\nReports on Outside Prosecutions of \u2022 70.3.1\nAllotment, Adjustments in ***************** \u2022 20.2.11\nPersonal Services, Criteria for \u2022 20.2.22\nRequests, Form of Presentation \u2022 20.2.3\nRequests, Number of Copies and Distribution \u2022 20.2.15\nRequests, Submission Date of \u2022 20.2.1\nAmendments to Procedural Releases \u2022 20.9.8\nAnimals, Privately Owned, License to Maintain \u2022 50.1.32\nAppeals for Leave Clearance \u2022 110.9.2\nProcedure (from Segregation) \u2022 Hdbk* 60.11\nAppointments to Unauthorized Positions \u2022 20.2.14\nApprenticeships, Financing of \u2022 30.3.55\nAppropriation, WRA, Fiscal Year, 1943 \u2022 10.1.4\nArchives, Submission of Record Reports to \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022  August 20, 1934\nAreas and Districts, Relocation, Delineation of \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022  March 13, 1930\nArizona, Revision of Prohibited Area \u2022\u2022\u2022\u00ab\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022  June 10, 1919\n\nRelease # 190\n\nAssistance Grants, Application \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u00ab\u00ab\u2022\u2022  April 30, 1941\nProperty, WRA Request for \u2022*\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022  February 100, 1922\nAssistant Director, Office of. Organization of \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022  March 10, 1936\nAssociations, Community Activities, Organization of \u2022  \u2022  \u2022  \u2022  May 30, 1952\nCooperative, Responsibilities of \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022  July 30, 1935\nAttorney, Choice in absence of Referral List \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022  December 50, 1942\nUS Relocation Relationships with \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022  August 2, 1929\nAuditor, Supervisors, Examinations by****  \u2022*\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022  July 16, 1937\nAudits, Fiscal and Classification \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022  February 20, 1925\n\nBenefits, Compensation, for Evacuees \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\nfor Dependents of Men in the Armed Forces \u2022  \u2022  \u2022  \u2022\nfor Evacuees, Social Security \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\nReemployment - Selective Service Act\nBlocked Nationals - Remittance to **********\nBond Liability - Release of **********\nBonding Requirements - **********\nBonds - Advance Travel **********\nCertifying Officer - **********\nCollection Officer - **********\nEvacuee Property Officer - **********\nProperty Accountable Officer - **********\nBudgetary Accounting - **********\nBudget Control Items - **********\nEngineering - Review of **********\nEstimates - Instructions for Submission - **********\nEstimates - Other than Personal Services - **********\nEstimates, Quarterly, Engineering - Preparation - ......\nSubmission Date for Estimates of Appropriation - ......\nSubmission Date for Field Assistant Directors - ......\nSubmission Date for Field Offices - **********\nSubmission Date for Quarterly Allotments - **********\nSubmission Date for Relocation Centers - **********\nSubmission Date for Washington Office - Fin. Hdbk-C - Supersedes Issuance of 11/6/44 - Release jt 190\n\nBusiness Enterprises, Credit Onion --- 30-7-12\nEnterprises, Examination by Auditor-Supervisor --- 30-7-16\nEnterprises, Examiners, Work with Center Officials --- 30-7-14\nEnterprises, Photography by --- 20-10-53\nEnterprises, Purpose of --- 30-7-1\nEnterprises, Requirements on --- 30-7-9\nEnterprises, Supervision from Washington --- 30-7-13\n\nCameras in Relocation Centers --- 20-10-53\nCancellation, Notification, Request for Repatriation --- 70-1-10\nLiability for Unused Train Space, Of --- 20-5-53\nPayment for Unused Train Space, Liability --- 20-5-54\nCensorship in Segregation Center --- 110-14\nCenter Budgets, Submission Date of --- 20-2-55\nOperations, Post-Cxoluaion --- 150-1-12\nProcurement Unit, Functions 20*6*30\nProcurement Unit, Responsibilities of 20*6*31\nCharges to Visiting Japanese-dominated countries 50*1*7\nChart, Organization, Adherence to for Allotments 20*2*12\nOrganization, Conformance to 20*2*21\nChildren, Employment Standards for 50*5*11\nCivilian Exclusion Orders 10*1*8\nExclusion Orders, Confirmation of 10*1*6\nCivil Service Employment of Citizen Evacuees 80*6*3\nClassification of Positions Hdhk. 20*1*20\nClearance of Information Issuances 20*10*4\nCenters, Flans and Arrangements for 140*3\nClothing Allowance, Certification for 30*4*52\nAllowance, Eligibility for 30*4*50\nAllowance Grants, Issuance of 30*4*55\nCollegiate and Post-Graduate Training 30*3 *12\n[Supersedes Issuanoe 11/6/44, Release jft 190, C-224l-p5-tou\n\nCements on Procedural Materials - 20*9*10, Ccreaitments by Procurement Unit - 20*6*2, Communication with Other Agencies - 20*8*3, with Other Agencies fear Procurement - 20*6*12, with Other Federal Agencies - \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022*, Community Activities Advisory Committee - \u00ab\u2022\u2022*\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022, Activities, Center Volunteers - 30*5*10, Activities, Emphasis on **********, Activities, Objectives - *\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022, Activities Program, WU. Assistance in - 30*5*13, Activities Section, Employment of Evacuee Personnel - \u2022 30*5*4, Activities Section, Organization of - 30*5*2, Activities Section, Relationships with - 30*5*2, Activities Section, Relationship with Washington - 30*5*3, Activities Section, Responsibilities of *\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 30*5*3]\n\nSupersedes Issuance No. 11/6/44\nRelease JFT 190\nC-224l-p5-tou\n\nCements on Procedural Materials - 20th September 10\nCcreaitments by Procurement Unit - 20th June 2\nCommunication with Other Agencies - 20th August 3\nwith Other Agencies fear Procurement - 20th June 12\nwith Other Federal Agencies - 80th Joint\nCommunity Activities Advisory Committee - 30th May 8\nActivities, Center Volunteers - 30th May 10\nActivities, Emphasis on [blank] - 30th May 5\nActivities, Objectives - *\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\nActivities Program, WU. Assistance in - 30th May 13\nActivities Section, Employment of Evacuee Personnel - 30th May 4\nActivities Section, Organization of - 30th May 2\nActivities Section, Relationships with - 30th May 2\nActivities Section, Relationship with Washington - 30th May 3\nActivities Section, Responsibilities of *\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 - 30th May 3]\nActivities Volunteers\nAnalysis Relations with Other Units\nAnalysis Service Limitations\nCouncil Regulations Violation\nCompensation Act Administration\nBenefits Available to Evacuee Workers\nBenefits for Evacuees Legislative Authority\nto Evacuees in Business Enterprises\nto Evacuees in Industrial Program\nto Evacuee Religious Workers\nConstruction and Maintenance Program WRA\nApproval Revocation\nMiscellaneous Authority for\nMiscellaneous Routine\nPolicies and Standards\nProgram Quarterly Estimate\nProgram Quarterly Submission\nProgram Yearly Submission\nContraband, Evacuee Property for Western Defense Command 100*3*5\nIn Evacuated Area of Western Defense Command 50*3*31\nIn Non-Evacuated Area of Western Defense Command 50*3*32\nInspection of Packages and Mail 50*3*35\nSupersedes Issuance of 11/6/44\nRelease 4 190\nContraband, Interpretation in Western Defense Command 50*3*34\nOutside the western Defense Command 50*3*33\nRegulations Governing 50*3*30\nSurrendered, Custody of 50*3*37\nContractors, Outside Employment of 20*6*11\nContractual Services, Procurement of 20*6*15\nControlled Materials Plan 20*7*4\nMaterials Plan, Repair, etc 20*7*5\nCooperative Associations, Relations with WRA 30*7*7\nAssociations, Responsibilities of 30*7*5\nAssociations, WRA Assistance to 30*7*8\nClassified Material Regulations (20-8-22)\nCarre spondenoe Regulations (20-8-3)\nEvacuees in Centers (10-5-15)\nJustification for Excess Per Evacuee Day (20-2-10)\nReports, Engineering Budget (40-3-33)\nCouncil (amenity, Organization of) C (30-6-2)\nCredentials for Entering a Center (50-1-8)\nProduction Priorities (40-1-2)\nCultural and Social Activities in Segregation Center (110-12-3)\nCurfew Regulations for Western Defense C (amend) (10-1-6)\nCurtailment of Activities, Center Closing (140-6)\n\nDamage Claims, Submission of (20-22-2)\nor injury. Settlement of Claims (20-22-5)\nDepartures, Daily, on WRA Business (50-1-28)\nof Resident on Short-term Pass (50-1-23)\non Seasonal or Indefinite (Trial Period) Leave (50-1-24)\nDependents and Handicapped Persons, Post-Exclusion - 150 * 1 * 6\nDependents of Esoludees, Assistance to - 90 * 4 * 5\nBenefits Available to - 50 * 9 * 7\n\nDirector, Assistant, Office of Organization - 10 * 3 * 6 (WRA)\nAccountability of - 10 * 5 * 2\nAction ty Project Director - 30 * 1 * 33\n\nDispatching System, Outside Trips - 40 * 5 * 64\nDiapoaal of Records, Archival Regulations for - 20 * 8 * 37\nof Records, Congressional Action - 20 * 8 * 36\nof Records, Legislative Requirements - 20 * 8 * 31\n\nDistribution of Procedural Releases - 20 * 9 * 7\nDistricts and Areas, Relocation - 130 * 2 * 4\n\nDocumentation Program, Photographic - 20 * 10 * 50\nDrivers* Permits for Operation of Goremezrt Cars - 20 * 20 * 1\nPenults, Training of Operators - 40 * 5 * 23\nRoles for Washington and Field Offices \u2022 20x20x4\n\nEducation, administrative control from Washington\nMooting state standards\nRecords and reports\nSection, organization of\nSection, relations with other organizations\nEffects of evacuees, assistance in handling\nEfficiency ratings\nElectrical systems, fire regulations\nEmergency, definition of\nRatings, priorities\nRefugee shelter, authorization for\nEmployees, administrative, credentials\nEmployment by other than WRA, rules for\nFair practice at centers\nFederal, application for outside contractors\nPolicies for evacuee employees\nStandards for children \u2022 \u2022 \u2022\nStandards for women \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022\nEnemy aliens, removal from WRA Centers\nEnterprises, Business, Purpose of Cooperative, Principles for Industrial Cooperatives, Types of Rights of Members, Entrance to Center as Regular Visitor, Denial of Entry, Entry with Authorization, Equipment and Supplies, Disposition at Center Closing, Supersedes Issuance of 11/6/44, Release j190, Requiring Prior Approval 1 year Washington 202015, Special Use, Assignment of \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 40512, Escorts and Military Passes 50322 for Etouees on Short-term Leave 110132, Estimate# and Reports, Procurement, Submission of 202023, Budget, Instructions for Submission of Appropriation 200251, Submission Date 200250, Personal Services, Budget 20024, Estimating in Advance by Procurement 20064, Evacuation, Exemptions from  \u2022\u2022\u2022**\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 100106.\nVoluntary Prohibition Against certain things 10*1*6\nEvacuee Employees Words: Efficiency 50*5*3\nFair Employment Practices 50*5*8\nPost Contingent Designation of Center Closing 140*7\nProperty Division Authorisation for 100*1*1\nProperty Division Function of 100*1*2\nProperty Section at Centers 100*1*3\nRepresentative Committee 110*10*3\nTransfer of Center Closing 140*4\nTravel Vouchers Covering 20*5*7\nFunctions of Washington Office 70*1*5\nInquiries Concerning status of Application * * * 70*1*9\nQuerying Persons Names on Japanese Lists 70*1*7\nReciprocal Character of certain things 70*1*3\nRequests and Cancellations by Residents not on 90*3*2\nExcludes data on Employment Opportunities 90*3*5\n[Fisoal Arrangements in Assisting 90*3*9, Property Management of 90*3*10, Types of Financial Assistants for 90*3*6, Orders, Blanket, Rescission of 10*1*14, Orders, Civilian Confirmation of 10*1*6, Program, Individual, authorisation *\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022*\u2022\u2022\u2022 10*1*10, Responsibilities of Water Department for 90*1*2, Responsibilities of WRA 90*1*3, War and Justice Departments Part in 90*4*1, Release \u00a7ri90, Till, Expatriation from Evacuation, Expatriation Definition of \u00ad\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022*, Expenses of Ivacueo Workers Professional Grants for * \u2022 \u2022 \u2022, Explosives Possession and Use of *\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022, External Security at Segregation Center *\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022, ?oa*i, F, Family Guides for Determining unit \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022*\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 30*4*53, Penn Finance Agencies Loans Ikon * \u2022 \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022*\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 80*3*2, Security Administration Loans 80*3*2]\n\nThis text appears to be a list of various topics and related information, likely from some kind of administrative or organizational context. Due to the heavy use of abbreviations and codes, it is difficult to determine the exact meaning of each entry without additional context. However, I have removed unnecessary line breaks, whitespaces, and other meaningless characters to make the text more readable. I have also kept the original formatting as much as possible to preserve the intended structure of the list. If further context or translation is required, additional steps may be necessary.\n\nIf you need me to perform any specific action on this text, please let me know and I will do my best to accommodate your request while adhering to the given requirements. Otherwise, I will wait for further instructions.\n[FBI, Relationships with ********** 80*2*10\nFederal Agencies in Washington* Connotations with * * * \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 20*6*12\nEmployees* WRA Assistance for *********** 80*6*5\nServices* Resultants for *********** 80*6*1\nPeas* Attorneys Inability to Psy *********** 50*4*10\nOffices* Submission Date of Budget *********** 20*2*54\nEquipment* Requisitions for *********** 40*4*21\nFighting Equipment* Care of *************** 40*4*23\nInspections* Vortices of Violation ********** \u2022\u2022 40*4*15\nProtection Appointed Personnel ********** 40*4*2\nProtection Evacuee Personnel *\u00bb\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022* 40*4*3\nProtection .Official Text Books ********** 40*4*5\nProtection Reports* Stanary of ********** 40*4*25\nRegulations* Electrical Systems ********** 40*4*9\nRegulations* Enforcement of ********** 40*4*13\nRegulations* Heating Services a************* 40*4*8\nRegulations* Miscellaneous Combustibles ********** 40*4*11]\nRegulations Other Buildings 40x4x7\nRegulations Public Assessment 40x4x6\nFiscal Arrangements in Assisting Exclude .090x3x9\nSupersedes b Issuance of U/6/44\nRelease J 190\nFor Hospital, Rationing of foodstuffs. Procurement of \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 50x2x2\nProduced at Centers, Rationing 50x10x6\nWRA, Clearance by Budget Bureau 20x9x32\nFreight Shipments, Property of Transferees 110x7x2\nFuneral Contractor, notification to 30x2x33\nService#, Center Contract for 30x2x32\nFurniture and Equipment, Household Procurement of 20x6x15\n\nGamblers Articles seized from 3 gamblers *41\nOats Control Affecting Evacuees 50x1x13\nOats, Center, Denial of Entrance 50x1x15\nGovernment and Control at Segregation Center 110x10\nTravel Regulations, Amendment to \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 2025-05-03\nGrants, Clothing, Issuance of \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 1954-04-59\nfor Evacuee Workers, Amount of \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 1953-01-53\nfor Evacuee Workers, Conditions \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 1952-01-52\nfor Svaouse westerns. Confirmation of Use of \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 1955-01-55\nfar Evacuee Vesters. Eligibility \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022*\u2022\u2022\u2022 1951-01-51\nfor Evacuee Workers, Tins Coverage of \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 1954-01-54\nfor Necessary Expenses, Delayed Evacuees *\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 1960-04-120\nfor Professional Experiences of Evacuee Workers * * * * * \u2022 1950-01-50\nPublic Assistance, Amounts of \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 1942-04-12\nPublic Assistance, Approval of Yeuohers \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 1942-04-13\nPublic Assistance. Eligibility for \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 1942-04-11\nPublic Assistance, Issuance of \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 1942-04-10\nPublic Assistance, Reports \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 1942-04-17\nHandbook, Administrative \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 1949-09-01\nHandicapped and Dependent Persons, Proof-Exolueion **\u2022\u2022*\u2022 1965-01-06\nHealth, Cooperation with other Programs - 30*2*3\nEuparsada, Issuance of H/6/A4 - Release 1*0\n\nServices, Organizations, Relations -with - 30*2*11\nCharges for Appointed Personnel - 50*2*22\nServices for Appointed Personnel - 30*2*7\nServices for Military Police - 30*2*8\nSchedule of Charges - 50*2*23\nSpecialized Services, Off-the-Center - 30*2*9\n\nHearings, date far Review of Estimates - 20*2*56\nHospital Care, Payment for Delayed Evacuees - *\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022*\u2022 - 120*2\nHousehold Furniture and Equipment, Procurement for Appointed Personnel - 50*2*10\n\nIdentification Card Form, Official - 20*21*1\nCard Form, Preparation of - 20*21*2\nCard Records of Issuance - *\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022*\u2022\u2022\u2022 - 20*21*5\nIllness Compensation, Extended - 50*5*12\nEmigration  and  Naturalisation  Service,  Relocation  Rela\u00ac \nIncome  Tax  Liability  of  Evaouoos  \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022  50*9*5 \nIndividual  Exclusion  Program,  Authorization  \u2022\u2022\u2022  \u2022\u2022\u2022  \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022  10*1*10 \nInduction  and  Reinduction,  Policy  on,  Post-Exclusion  \u2022  \u2022  \u2022  \u2022  \u2022  150*1*10 \nIndustrial  Enterprises,  Approval  by  Evacuee  Cocxmmlty  *  *  *  *  *  40*2*8 \nEnterprises,  Authorized,  Limitations  on  \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022  40*2*5 \nEnterprises,  Establishment  \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022*\u2022\u2022\u2022  40*2*7 \nEnterprises,  Management  \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022*\u00bb\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022  40*2*3 \nEnterprises,  Objectives  \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022  40*2*2 \nEnterprises,  Plan  sad  Budget  \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022*\u2022\u2022  40*2*9 \nEnterprises,  Selection  of  \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022  40*2*4 \nInformation  in  Japanese  Language,  Production  and  Circulation \nIssuances,  Contacts  and  Clearance  \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022  20*10*5 \nPolicies  and  Activities  **o***********  20*10*2 \nProgram,  Relations  with  CHI  \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022*\u2022\u2022  20*16*3 \nInformation  Material,  Clearance  of  *\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022*\u2022  20410*5 \n[Injuries, Compensable, Treatment of, 50*2*21 in Line of Duty, Treatment for, 30*2*6, C~8S4i-\u00bbia<\u00bbba,\nSupersedes Issuance of 11/0/44, Release j* 190,\nInjuries, Involving Booth and Claims by Dependants or Property Damages, Settlement of Claims, 50*5*63,\nPersonal, Reports on Cases, 20*22*4, mjnxy, Compensation at Centers, 50*5*52,\nInspection of Packages and Mail, 50*3*35,\nInstitutionalization of Parsons in Evacuated Area, * * * * * * * * * * * * *, 120*1,\nInstructions, Administrative, Conversion to Mama!, 20*9*11,\nJudicial, Divisional, 20*9*12,\nIntelligence Agencies, Information Concerning Evacuees, \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022, 80*2*4,\nInterior, Department of the, WRA Transfer to, 10*1*11,\nInterment of Deceased Persons, \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022, 30*2*37,\nExternal and External Security, Segregation Center, \u2022\u2022\u00ab*\u2022\u2022, 110*11]\n[Internment, Cazap, Transfer to ** \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022* ** 80*2*8\nInventories, Excess, Disposition of ** *\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 50*6*12\nInvestigation for Leave in Doubtful Cases ** \u00ab*\u2022\u2022\u2022*\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 Hdbk* 60*10\n\nJapanese Language, Production and Circulation of Information * 20*10*11\nLanguage, Published Material *\u2022\u2022*\u2022\u00ab\u2022\u2022\u00bb*\u2022\u2022\u2022 20*10*14\nJudicial Commission, Consumity Council ** \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 30*6*5\nJurisdiction, Exclusive, WRA Policy ** \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 50*1*1\nJustice Department, Alien Travel ** \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 50*11*6\nDepartment Part in Exclusion ** \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022*\u2022\u2022 90\u00ab4*1\n\nLaborers, Motor Transport and Maintenance *\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 40*5*24\nLabor for Center Needs, Availability of ************ 50*5*4\nLeave Assistance Grants ** \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022*\u2022\u2022\u2022 Hdbk* 60*13\nClearance Hearings at Segregation Center ** \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 110.9*2\nEligibility for Persona Awaiting Trial ** \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u00bb\u2022\u2022* 30*1*20\nfor Hospitalized Persons ** *\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 *\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 Hdbk* 60*14\nRelease 190]\n\nThis text appears to be a list of various topics and related references, likely related to administrative or policy matters. It is difficult to determine the exact context without additional information. The text contains some abbreviations and symbols that may need to be deciphered based on the context.\n\nTo clean the text, I have removed unnecessary line breaks, whitespaces, and other meaningless characters. I have also removed the \"X\" and \"L\" at the beginning of the text, as they do not appear to be part of the original content.\n\nThe text contains several instances of missing or illegible content, denoted by \"**\" and \"************\". These gaps may need to be filled in based on additional context or information.\n\nThe text also contains some abbreviations and symbols that may need to be deciphered based on the context. For example, \"Hdbk*\" may refer to a book or handbook, and \"\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\" may refer to a specific department or organization.\n\nOverall, the text appears to be a list of topics related to administrative or policy matters, likely related to the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II. The exact meaning and context of each item on the list would require additional research and context.\n[Liave Policy, Post-Jexoluation Regulations (Appointive Personnel) Hdbk 20.1.100, Vacation for Evacuees 50.5.12, Legal Aid Services to Evacuees 50.9.11, Clearance for WRA Documents 20.8.9, Services to Evacuees Outdoor Centers 50.4.11, Liability for Failure to Cancel unused Train Space 20.5.53, Licenses for State Professional Renewal 50.9.2, to Maintain Privately Owned Animals 50.1.32, Line Activity Responsibilities 10.5.4, Livestock Procurement other than Hogs and Poultry 20.6.15, Loans for small Business Enterprises 80.4.1, from Federal Farm Financial Agencies 80.3.2, Long Distance Telephone Calls 20.8.9, Maintenance of Procedural Material 20.9.9, Repair and Operating Supplies 20.7.5]\nMaterials plan. Controlled (IFF\u00ae) - 20 * 7 * 4\nServed Zvaoueee In Centers, Policy - 50 * 6 * 1\nMedioel Caro at Centers, Cirotcoetaroes for - 50 * 2 * 20\nCare for Japanese-Azoerioans Outside Relocation Centers - 130 * 45 * 4\nCare in Connection with Relocation - 130 * 45 * 1\nCare, Individuals Provided with - 130 * 45 * 2\nPlanning for Evacuees Relocating - 130 * 45 * 3\nServices for Injured Evacuee Workers - 50 * 5 * 54\nSocial Work, Cooperation with Welfare Section - 30 * 2 * 16\nMental Patients, Commitment, Transfer and Parole - 30 * 2 * 10\nMess, Administrative, Financial Basis - 50 * 2 * 1\nOperations Allotment Justification - 20 * 2 * 8\nOperations Reports to Washington - 50 * 6 * 10\nSupersedes Issuance of 11/6/44\nRelease j* 190\nMethyl Chloride, Use of, Instructions for - 40 * 3 * 31\nAdministrators, Evacuees, Short-term Visits 30*5*25\nMileage Administrators, Center 40*5*62\nAdministrators, Held Offices and Shelter 40*5*63\nAdministrators, Washington, Functions 40*5*61\nMilitary Areas at Heart Mountain, Granada, Rohwer and Jerome 10*1*7\nAreas, Authorization for 10*1*1\nAreas, Regulations for California Portions 10*1*6\nIre as. Repeal of Attorney General's Special Areas * 10*1*6\nAreas, Statute Governing 10*1*3\nPolice at Segregation Center 1X0*11*1\nMisdemeanors, State or Federal 30*1*38\nMotor Transport and Maintenance Hdhk* 40*5\nTransport and Maintenance Section, Organization \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 40*5*1\nAdherence to Treasury Regulations 30*2*53\nNewspapers at Relocation Centers 20*10*6\nProject Method of Mailing 20x10x30 Non-Expendable Property List Hdhk 20x4x25 Punishable by Judicial Commission 30x1x34 Opinions Solicitor\u2019s Distribution of 20x9x21 141 Conservation Application of (WPB) 20x7x15 Supersedes Issuance of 11/6/44 Release \u00a3 190 c-is4r-m- \u00ab  Organization Change Approved Conformance to 20x2x21 Chart Adherence to for Allotments 20x2x12 Commission Community (krrcrnmsnt of Emergency Refuge Shelter *\u2022\u2022\u2022*\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 10x3x5 P Parolees Admission to Centers 80x2x33 end Deportees Sponsorship of 00x2x32 Patients Aged Infirm and Convalescent Care for 30x2x17 Mantal Transfer and Parole 30x2x10 Payroll Allotment Procedures 20x23x6 Authorisation for War Bonds 20x23x3\nPayrolling and Timekeeping of Evacuee Workers at Centers - 50*5*10\nPenalties imposed by Project Director - 30*1*32\nPermits for Photographic Equipment - 20*10*53\nPersonal Business Within Project Area (Evacuees) - 50*1*31\nEffects, Transportation of - 50*3*33\nServices Allotments, Criteria far - 20*2*22\nServices, Justification for - 20*2*4\nServices, Requirements far - 20*2*4\nPersonnel, Appointive, Disposition of at Center Closing - 340*9\nManagement Program, Post-Exploration - 150*1*33\nManagement Section at Centers (Evacuee Employment) - 50*5*1\nManagement Section, Records and Reports (Evacuee) - 50*5*5\nPhotographers, Nagvernment, Activities of - 20*10*58\nPhotography Documentation Program - 20*10*50\nPhotography ly Business Enterprises - 20*10*53\nPlacement and Recruiting of Evacuees - 50 appointive personnel Hdhk - 2011140\nPolice, Appointed at Segregation Center - 110112\nSupersedes Issuance of 13/6/44\nRelease 1 - 190\n\nEvacuee, at Segregation Center - \"Farce\"\nMilitary Health Services for \"Farce\"\nOfficers, Deputization of - \"Officers\"\nOfficers' Functions of - \"Functions of Officers\"\nOfficers' Qualifications of - \"Qualifications of Officers\"\nPosition Control Budget - \"Budget\"\nPost-audit of Problems Document - \"Post-audit\"\nPost Contingent Evacuee Designation at Center Closing - \"Post-Contingent\"\nPost-Exclusion Contributions of Other Agencies - \"Post-Exclusion Contributions\"\nPeriod Assistance in Evacuee Property - \"Period Assistance\"\nPost-Graduate and Collegiate Training - \".\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022*. \"\nPowers of Attorney Property Management - \"Property Management\"\nPresidential Documents Preparation - \"Presidential Documents\"\nPrices Exorbitant Caution Against Priorities of Movement to Tule Lake Center Preference Ratings Procedural Issuances Officer Field Office Proclamations public of War Department Public of Western Defense Procurement Advance Estimating from Prescribed and Reoccurred Sources of Contractual Services of Household Furniture of Landscaping Stock of Livestock other than Hogs and Poultry of Restricted Items Program Planning Unit Center Functions Unit Center Responsibilities Unit Washington Functions Production Agricultural\nProject Director Authority at Segregation Center: responsibilities of, Promotions within, Meritorious promotions within Grade #-----, Property action without authorization, Assistance after relocation, Assistance policy on, Evacuee movement at center closing, Evacuee responsibility for, in Private Storage, Management assistance post-exclusion, Management of excludees, ioa6, ioa7\n\nSupersedes issuance of 11/6/44, Release ** 100\n\nProperty, Management, Operation, Disposition, Functions in 100*2*1\nManagexasnt, Post-Exclusion Assistance in 10002*3\nManagement Services at Centers ------, 10002*18\nManagement Services Outside Centers ------, 100*2*6\nUnlawfully held . . . 100*2*10\nProsecution of Aliens Outside Centers, Reports on ---- 70*3*1\nAssistance Grants, Amounts *30*4*12\nAssistance Grants, Approval of Vouchers *30*4*13\nAssistance Grants, Eligibility *30*4*11\nAssistance Grants, Issuance *30*4*11\nPullman Space, Cancellation of *20*5*51\nPunishment for Offenses by Judicial Commission *30*1*34\nof Equipment, Engineering *40*3*16\nQuotations and Files, Security Classification *20*8*23\nRadio Receiving Sets, Short-wave, Prohibition against *50*3*1\nRatings, Emergency, Priorities *20*7*25\nfor Maintenance, Repair and Operating Supplies *20*7*6\nRation Books for Evacuees Leaving Centers *50*9*3\nRationing, Consumption Quotas and Point Values *50*10*5\nRegistration and Allotment Procedures *50*10*4\nCenter, Use of, for Relocation Planning *20*8*50\nManagement, Responsibility for WRA Objectives 20 August 38\nProgram, WRA Appraisal by Archives 20 August 35\nWRA, Archival Regulations for Disposal of Records 20 August 37\nWRA, Authority for Disposal of Records 20 August 33\nWRA, Disposal of Congressional Action 20 August 36\nRecruiting and Replacement for Center Evacuee Position --- 50-5-7\nReemployment Benefits under Selective Service Act --- 50-9-13\nSujwsr a dens Issuacoe 11/6/44\n--aii-vis-0\nRefrigeration Engineer, Washington, Assistance by --- 40-3-30\nEquipment, Current Inventory of --- 40-3-26\nEquipment, Repairs by Contract --- 40-3-29\nEquipment, Requests to Purchase --- 40-3-27\nServices, Responsibility for -- 40-3-28\nRegistration Certificates of Aliens in Centers for Jfilitaxy Service --- 80-2-2\nof Evacuees --- 50-9-8\nReinductions and inductions. Policy on Post-Exclusion * 150*1*10\nReligion, Inter-Faith Council \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u00bb\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 * 30*5*21\nReligious Activity in Segregation Center \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 * 110*12*1\nInstructions on WRA Premises \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022*\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 * 30*3*13\nWorkers, Condensation of \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022*\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 * 30*5*24\nRelocation Areas and Districts, Delineation of \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 * 130*2*4\nAssistance, Post-Exclusion \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 * 150*1*8\nAssistance, Short-term Pass \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 * 50*11*8\nCoordination of Contributions to *\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 * 130*1*4\nDivision, Western Field Office \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u00bb\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 * 130*2*5\nInformation Procedures *\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u00bb\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 * 130*4*1\nPlanning, Post-Exclusion * 150*1*5\nPlanning, Short-term pass \u00ab\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 * 50*11*9\nPlanning, Use of Center Records * * \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 * 20*8*50\nPlanning, Use of Center Records, Confidential\nPlanning, Use of Center Records, Individual\nPlanning, Use of Center Records, Transfer\nPlans, Approved, Post-Exclusion \u2022 150*1*7\nProgram, Responsibilities of WRA. Divisions and Rental Scale for Appointive Quarters \u2022 50*2*12\nRepatriation, Definition of \u2022 70*1*1\nNumber of Copies and Distribution \u2022 20*10*22\nOffice Relations - with OWI \u2022 20*10*3\nof Records, Submission to Archives \u2022 20*8*34\nof War Bond. Participation \u2022 20*23*7\nRelease w4 190\nRepresentative Committee, Ivacuee, at Segregation Center \u2022 11010*3\nRequests for Assistance, Property \u2022 100*2*2\nRescission of Blanket Exclusion Orders \u2022 10*1*14\nResidents of Centers in W*D**, Regulations for \u2022 10*1*6\nRestrictive Orders, Civilian \u2022 10*1*9\nReturn to Centers, Daily, From WRA Business \u2022 50*1*29\nSafekeeping of \"Confidential\" Documents \u2022 20*8*25\nSchool Term \u2022 30*3*4\nSchools at Segregation Center 110*12*2 Denominational, Organization of \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 30*3*13 Seal, WRA, for Identification Cards \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022*\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 20*21*4 Security classifications for Documents \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022*\u2022\u2022\u2022 20*8*21 Regulations for Documents \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 20*8*26 System for Classified Documents \u2022*\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 20*8*20 Segregation Center, Organization of \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u00ab\u2022 10*3*4 Center, Policies Applicable in********** 110*2*2 Center Residents, Status of \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u00ab\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 110*2*3 Movement, Priorities for \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 110*4 Segregees at Tule Lake Center \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u00ab\u2022\u2022\u2022 110*3*1 Separation -within Segregation Center, Policy \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 110*15*1 Services for Evacuees, Health \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 30*2*5 Shelter, Emergency Refugee, Authorization for \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 10*1*13 Emergency Refugee, Organization of \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 10*3*5 Short-wave Radio Receiving Sets, Collection of *\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022* 50*3*3\n\n(Note: The asterisks (*) in the text likely represent missing or illegible characters. I have left them in place to maintain the original structure of the text as much as possible.)\nRadio Receiving Sets, Enforcement 50*3*5\nRadio Receiving Sets, Future Application\nRadio Receiving Sets, Prohibition against * * * 50*3*1\nRadio Receiving Sets, Return of ********** 50*3*4\nSmall Business Enterprises. Loans for ********** 80*4*1\nSocial and Cultural Activities at Segregation Center \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 110*12*3\nSecurity Benefits for Evacuees \u2022 \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 50*9*4\nSecurity Board, Assistance for Excludees \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 90*4*3\nSecurity Board follow-up of Cases Referred, Exclusion 90*4*4\nSoldiers, Re-entry into Evacuated Area *\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 10*1*6\nSolicitors Clearance of WRA Documents \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022*\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 20*8*3\nOpinion, Distribution of ********** 20*9*21\nStaff Activity, Responsibilities \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 10*5*4\nOfficers, Assignment to Centers \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 10*5*13\nSupersedes Issuance of ll/s/44\nRelease \u00a3 190\nState Professional Licenses, Renewal of * * * * * * 50*9*2\nStatistics:\nIndividual Evacuee Pile: 20851\nContents of Individual Pile: 20852\nStorage and Transportation of Property, Post-Exclusion: Student Relocation.\nSubpoena for Preliminary Investigation: 30115\nSubversive Conduct of Evacuees: 8024\nSupplies and Equipment, Disposition at Center Closure: 1408\nSupply Sources: Procurement from A***********: 2063\nTax, Income, Liability of Evacuees: 5095\nThefts or Vandalism of Property: 10216\nRequest for Investigation: 100217\nSeized Articles from Thieves: 30142\nTickler File Cheok on Visitors: 50119\nTimekeeping and Payrolling of Evacuee Workers: 50510\nTrain Baggage in Segregation Movements: 1107\nSpace not Cancelled, Payment: 20554\n[Transfer list for Tula Lake Center: 110.5.3\nList of aliens between centers: 50.3.26\nCenter closing to another center from Tula Lake: 140.4\nTransfer of aliens to Tule Lake: 110.9.2 (arrangements)\n110.5.4 (preparation)\nResponsibilities in connection with: 110.8\nResponsibilities when closing centers: 140.2\nTransportation and storage of evacuee property (evacuee and government): Supersedes U/6/44 Release 190\nTransportation requests, costs: 20.5.5\nMethods of paying evacuee: 50.3.25\nEvacuee vouchers covering: 20.5.52\nRegulations amendment: 20.5.3\nRequest for authorization: 20.5.2\nTravelers' correspondence: 20.8.3]\n[Treasury Narcotics Regulations Vo 5************* 30251, Narcotics Regulations No 5, WRA Adherence to \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 30253, Tula Lake Center, Segregees at \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022* 11031, V, Vacation Leave Regulations for Evacuee Workers \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 50512, Vandalism or Thefts of Property \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022* 100216, Vehicles, G overtiment\u2014crmod. Use of \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 5025, Violation of Regulations of Coosunity Council \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 30137, Visitors, Alphabetical Pile of \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022*\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u00ab 50122, Entrance -with authorisation \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022*\u2022\u2022*\u2022* 50117, Relations with Center Staff \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 10512, Relations with Evacuees \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022*\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 10514, Relations with Project Director *\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 10511, Training Program, Nature of \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 30354, Training Program, Purpose of \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 30350, Training, Washington Committee *\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u00ab\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022 30353, Supersedes Isi, Release jft 190, Evacuation, Prohibition Against \u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u2022\u00ab\u00ab< -10106]\nVoting and Holding Office, Qualification for \u2014 30x6x3\nVouchers Covering Evacuee Travel \u2014 20x5x7\nWar Bond Participation, Reports of \u2014 20x23x7\nDepartment a Part in Exclusion \u2014 90x4x1\nProduction Board, Requests for Budget \u2014 40x3x32\nWar Relocation Authority, Basic Order Establishing \u2014 10x1x2\nRelocation Authority, Organization of \u2014 10x3x1\nWashington Office instructions \u2014 20x9x1\nOffice, Organization of \u2014 10x3x2\nStaff, Responsibilities of \u2014 10x5x5\nWelfare Section, Functions at Centers \u2014 30x4x3\nSection, Organization at Centers \u2014 30x4x1\nSection, Policies and Procedures \u2014 30x4x2\nWestern Defense Command, Public Proclamations of \u2014 10x1x6\nField Office Relocation Division \u2014 130x2x5\nWithholding Exemptions, Evacuee on Leave \u2014 50x9x6\nWomen, Employment Standards for Manual 50*5*15\n\nSupersedes Issuance of H/6/44\nRelease \u00a3 190\n\nWRA Administrative Manual\n\nIf material covers more than one subsection of the Manual, only the first is listed.\n\nMan. - See Manual\nHdk. - See Handbook\nAlso Handbook, same subsections as Manual, Superseded by\nAdm. Instr. No.\n\nSubject\nRelease \u201cNo.\u201d\nSection\n\nEstablishment of Adm. Instructions\nEstablishment of Adm. Notices\nIssuance of Solicitor's Opinions\n\nInstructions and Procedures for Relocation Centers\nDefinitions of Regional Boundaries\n\nApproval and Authorization of Forms\nProcurement of Forms\nApproved Relocation Centers\n\nInformation and Reports Policies\nLegal Clearance of Papers\nEvacuee Payrolling and Timekeeping\nPrinting and Binding Procedure\nUtilization of Surplus Property\nProcurement of Surplus Property\n\nBasic Personnel Manual\n\nHi\nAgricultural Program, Uo.ii\nCommunications Services\nField Personnel Procedure (Cancelled)\nCost Accounting System (See Finance Handbook EL)\nBurial Services, Man. #UL\nTemporary Fiscal Account Procedure (See Finance Handbook)\nDisplay and Use of the Flag\nPurchases from Army\nIssuance of Leave\nRelocation Center School Systems\nExclusive jurisdiction over RC Areas\nPosting outer boundaries at centers\nBusiness Enterprises in Centers\nEvacuee Employment\nClothing Allowances\nAbsentee Voting Rights\nEmployees to Administer Oaths\nInternal Security, U/26/uli\nHousing for Appointed Personnel\nReligion, Man. #U8\nEvacuee Mess Operations, Supp. 2\nFood Rationing\nCommunity Evacuee Government, Man. #3h\nPublic Assistance Grants, Man. #Uh\nGrants to Hospitalized Persons, Supp. 1\nAdministrative Mess Operations, Priorities\nIssuance of Identification Cards\nBonding of Employees\nDiscontinuance of Retirement Security Fund, Ul\nAccounting Control Records (See Finance Handbook)\nProcurement\nPermits to enter and leave Centers\nIndustrial Enterprises in Centers\nRelocation Assistance Grants\nTransfer and Travel of Evacuees\nCensus of Center Residents\nMess Cost Accounting\nAdmission of Non-Evacuees\nUse of domestic sewing machines\nIndividual Exclusion\nLegal Services for Evacuees\nOperations of Motor Vehicles\nHealth Services for Evacuees\nAdmission of Non-Evacuees (Supp. 2)\nHealth Services for Appointed Personnel\nSocial Security Benefits for Evacuees\nDocumentation Program\nProject Reporting System\nMilitary Travel Permits and Escorts\nAdministrative Leave Reporting\nAdministrative Travel Regulations\nSubsistence charges to visiting Japanese Americans\nMotor Pool and Repair\nProcurement of Livestock and Seeds\nRelease for Terminated Employees\nRepatriation\nRental of Equipment from Evacuees\nNarcotics\nRenewal of Evacuees' State Licenses\nReport of Deaths of Aliens\nProperty Control\nStatus of Agent Cashiers (See Finance Handbook)\n\nRevocation of Certifying Officers\n\nCommunity Activities\nPhotographic Documentations\nPurchase of War Bonds\nDaily Evacuee Population Summaries\nProperty of Evacuees - Management\nProperty of Evacuees - Storage and Transportation\nInjury Compensation Benefits for Evacuees Man #13\nWar Ration Books for Evacuees\nFire Prevention and Control\n\nIncome Tax Liability of Evacuees\nOrganization of Police Services\nRules to govern making of Arrests\nTrial and Punishment of Offenses\nApplicability of Instructions to Leupp Center\nVocational Training Man #L6\n\nFunctions of Relocation Supervisors and Officers\nLandscaping at Relocation Centers\nClaims against the WRA\nEvacuee Housing\nPosition Control\nMan #5U\nPrivate Use of Motor Vehicles at Centers\nIssuance of work Clothing, The Leupp Center, Relocation Guidance, Short wave Radio receivers, Location of Military Areas, Institutionalized Persons, Man. #U9, Segregation, no.i, Establishment of Field Procurement Offices, Attorney Referral Program, Clothing Allowances, Family status withholding exemption, n.D u\u2014 finl, I.\n\nWAR RELOCATION AUTHORITY\nDISTRIBUTION OF PROCEDURES\n\nProcedural issuances from Washington will be worked with a code letter designating the distribution authorized. Field stations receiving bundles of releases marked with a particular code should give them further distribution indication. Codes mailed from Washington upon request, and the distribution code itself will be revised upon request.\n\nCode A (Primarily for Manual Releases, Personnel Handbooks, Solicitor Opinions and Administrative Notices)\nWashington Director\nDivision Heads\nSection Heads\nUnit Heads\nCenters Project Director.\nDivision Heads, Section and Unit Heads, Education Section (extra copies), File or Library-, Field Offices: Shelter Director, Western Field Office, Copies for all Divisions, 2 Field Procurement Offices, Business Enterprises Office, Relocation Supervisors, 3 Area Supervisor (West Coast) (including copies for redistribution to warehouse and district offices), Relocation Officers, Other Agencies and Persons. Supersedes Issuance of 6/2U/UU Release # 170, Code B (Primarily for Handbooks), Washington: Division Heads, Section concerned with Handbook (extra copies), Centers: Project Director, Division Heads, Section concerned with Handbook (extra copies), File or Library, Field Offices: Shelter Director, Western Field Office, Copies for all Divisions, Other Persons and Agencies. Center mail rooms should make certain that the Welfare Section receives copies of all relocation material.\nWelfare material is distributed to the Relocation Division. Handbooks on Supply, Relocation, and Business Enterprises will be mailed to Field Offices reporting to the Washington Section or Division, two copies to each Field Office excepting Relocation Supervisors who receive more than two copies.\n\nCode C (Primarily for Notices or other messages directed to each staff member - 7/RA)\nCode D (Primarily for Washington Office Instructions)\nWashington: Desk-to-desk distribution to each employee\nCode 5 (Primarily for Emergency Instructions directed to all Project Directors)\nTashing ton: Director\nDivision Heads\nSupersedes Issuance of Q/2U/UU\nRelease # 170\n\nCenters:\nMail rooms at centers should distribute to Project Director and to Divisions or Sections concerned with the subject matter\n\nFile or Library\nField Offices: Western Field Office (Other Field Offices when subject matter applies)\nCode F (Primarily for Finance Handbooks)\nWashington: Director, Division Heads, Finance Section (extra copies), Centers: Project Director, Assistant Project Director, Personnel Section, Finance Section, Cost Accounting Unit, Property Control and Warehousing, Budget and Accounts, Supply Section, File or Library\nField Offices: western Field Office, 2 Field Procurement Offices\n\nCode G (Primarily for Information Digest)\nWashington: Director, Division Heads, Section and Unit Heads, Field Offices: Shelter Director, western Field Office, Relocation Supervisors, 3 Area Supervisors (7/est Coast) (including copies for re-distribution to warehouse and district offices), Relocation Officers, 2 Field Procurement Offices, New York Business Enterprises Office\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 5/3/44 Release # 170\n\nCode 0 (Material applicable to Emergency Refugee Shelter - only)\n\nOther Persons and Agencies\nWashington: Director, Division Heads, Section Heads, Shelter Director: Copies to be distributed to staff by mail room Other Persons and Agencies Code A: Primarily material applicable to entire WRA, excluding Shelter (Distribution same as Code A with Fort Ontario added) Code P: Primarily for Post-Exclusion Bulletins Washington: Director, Division Heads, Section Heads Centers: Project Director, Division Heads, Field Offices: Western Field Office, Relocation Supervisors, Area Supervisors (West Coast) including copies on West Coast District Offices and Warehouses, Relocation Officers If additional copies are needed, they may be duplicated in the field Code Q: Primarily material applicable to WRA Field Offices only Washington: Director, Division Heads, Section Heads Supersedes Issuance of 5/2/UU Release # 170 Field Offices: York Field Office, New York Business Enterprises Office\nRelocation Supervisors, Area Supervisors (West Coast), Code 00 (Applicable to WRA Field Offices and Shelters), Distribution same as Code Q with Fort Ontario added, Code R (Primarily for Relocation Division Memoranda), Washington; Director, Division Heads, Relocation Division, Centers: Project Director, Relocation Division, Division Heads, Welfare Section, File or Library, Field Offices: Western Field Office, Relocation Supervisors, 3 Area Supervisors (West Coast) including copies for redistribution to warehouse (and district) offices, Relocation Offices, Other Persons and Agencies, Code S (Primarily for releases of the Statistics Section), Washington: Director, Solicitor, Relocation Planning Centers: Project Director, Statistics Section, File or Library, Supersedes Issuance of 8/2U/UU Release jf-170, Code, Field Offices: Western Field Office, Relocation Supervisors, Area Supervisors (West Coast)\n[Relocation Offices, Other Persons and Agencies, Washington: Director, Division Heads, Section and Unit Heads, C-20*2 P< final, Supercedes Issuance of 8/2U/A Release ft 170, WR HELOGAT330K UTT, to ensure completeness of your Manual, hear fears of Releases issued subsequent to Manual Release No* 183, Section MsmsJL, Release, ...HffOL, Table of Contents, Basic Legislation and Orders, Basic Legislation and Orders, Basic Legislation and Orders, Basic Legislation and Orders, Organization of the NR1, Lines of Administration, 20*10 (Exhibit), Budget, Budget, travel, Travel, Travel, Travel, Travel, Procurement, Priorities, Office Services, Office Services, Office Services, Office Services, Office Services, Office Services, Procedures, Procedures, Information and Reports]\n\nBasic Legislation and Orders\nOrganization of the NR1\nLines of Administration\nExhibit 20*10\nBudget\nTravel\nProcurement\nPriorities\nOffice Services\nProcedures\nInformation and Reports\nBonding of Employees\nBonding of Employees (AS of 9/25/44 Supersedes Issuance of Jt 186)\nBonding of Xnyloyees (71*ld Ixacrt nations)\nOperation of Motor Vehicles\nIdentification Cords\nDosage Claims Against VR1\nPurchase of War Bonds\nInternal Security\nInternal Security\nInternal Security\nInternal Security\nInternal Security\nHealth\nHealth\nHealth\nHealth\nHealth\nHealth\nHealth\nEducation\nWelfare\nCarnality Analysis\nAgriculture\nTire Protection\nTire Protection\nTire Protection\nMotor Transport\nGeneral Administration\nGeneral Administration\nRegulations Affecting Administrative Personnel\nRegulations Affecting Administrative Personnel\nRegulations Affecting Evacuees\nRegulations Affecting Evacuees\nRegulations Affecting Evacuees\nRegulations Affecting Evacuees\nRegulations Affecting Evacuees\nLegal Services\nLegal Services\nProject Employment\nProject Employment\nProject Employment\nProject Employment\nProject Employment\nProject Employment\nProject Employment\nProject Employment\nMess Operations\nMess Operations\nInformation Useful to Evacuees\nInformation Useful to Evacuees\nInformation Useful to Evacuees\nInformation Useful to Evacuees\nRationing\nRationing\nRationing\nShort-term Passes\nShort-term Passes\nRepatriation end Exchange for Protecting Japanese Interests\nRelations with Other Federal Agencies\nWar Department\nJustice Department\nAgricultural Agencies\nAgricultural Agencies\nAgricultural Agencies\nReconstruction Finance Corporation\nUS Employment Service\nCivil Service Commission\nIndividual Exclusion\nWRA Organization for Evacuee Property Management and Disposition\nManual\nRelease $186\nStorage and Transportation of Sheets\nProperty Segregation\n110 a to 11053 Segregation\nPreparation for Transfer to Tule Lake\nSegregation\nSegregation\nPersons Institutionalized in Irregular Area\nRelocation Program\nRelocation Division\nRelocation Division\nRelocation Information Processes\n\nSupersedes Issuance of 9/25/44\nNo Release\n\nNote: This text appears to be a list of various programs and divisions related to Japanese repatriation and property management during World War II. The text contains some errors and inconsistencies, likely due to OCR processing. The text has been cleaned to remove meaningless or unreadable content, as well as some formatting issues. However, some inconsistencies in capitalization and formatting have been left intact to preserve the original intent of the text.\nRelocation Information Procedure\nMedical Care in Connection with Relocation\ni4oaa - Center Closure\ni4oaoa - Center Closure\nnoaa - i5oaao - *i2r\nPort-Exclusion Program\nPost-Exclusion Program\nPost-Exclusion Program\nIndex Ho II (Administrative Instructions Superseded) of Procedures\nSupersedes Issuance of 9/25/44 Manual Reluae jC 186\nWAR RELOCATION AUTHORITY\nNo X\nCheck the completeness of your Handbook. Allow for far releases subsequent to No 201.\n\nTable of Contents, List of Handbook Releases\nTable of Contents\nPersonnel Policies\nPersonnel Policy\nClassification of Positions\nPersonnel Placement\nPersonnel Transactions\nTransfer of Official Station\nTransfer of Official Station\nTransfer of Official Station\nTransactions, Field Offices\nLeave\nPersonnel Records and Reports\nPersonnel Records and Reports:\nEfficiency Ratings, Reduction in Force, Retirement, Interior Suggestion System, Automatic Within-Grade Promotions, Meritorious Promotions, Disciplinary Actions, Disciplinary Actions, Injury Compensation, Rights of Soldiers, Safety Program, Budget, Accounting, Property Control\n\nHandbook Release\n\nProcurement, Priorities\n\nStenographer\u2019s Handbook, Procedures (Official Farms), Procedures (Other Agencies), Stenographical educational Equipment and Supplies, Education, Education for Reformation, Education, Vocational Training, Report Farm, Education, Shop Facilities, Vocational Training, Education, State Support\nEducation, Supervised Apprenticeship, Films in Vocational Training, Welfare, Monthly Report, Special Counselling Program, Welfare, Dependency Cases, Community Government Operations. Shop rationalities for Vocational Training, Agriculture, Agriculture, Agriculture, Agriculture, Agriculture, Tire Protection, fire Protection, fire Protection, fire Protection, fire Protection, Table of Contents, Supersedes Issuance of 9/25/44 Man* Release 186, Handbook, No Release XiUfi, Sheets, IMs, Tire Protection, fire Protection, fire Protection, fire Protection, fire Protection, Motor Transport & Maintenance, Motor Transport & Maintenance, Tojeot Employment, Project Employment, Project Employment, Project Employment, Project Employment, Mess Operations.\n[50.6, Mass Operations, Mess Operations, Food Rationing, Food Rationing, Food Rationing, Food Rationing, Grotqp Relocation, Group Relocation, Civility Adjustment, Community Adjustment, Cooperation Adjustment, Relocation Committee, Relocation Report, Relocation Field Offices - Administration, Relocation Field Offices - Administration, Relocation Field Offices - Administration, Relocation Field Offices - Employment Functions, Relocation Field Offices - Relations with Center, Service and Information to Evacuees, Handbook, Service and Information to Evacuees, No Shoots, Date, Release, Service and Information to Evacuees, Service and Information to Evacuees]\n[Evacuee Service and Information to Evacuees Center Relocation Division Clearance for Employment Center Relocation Division Clearance for Employment Student Relocation Cantor Closure Center Closure Center Closure Center Closure Center Closure Center Closure Exhibit XXV Center Closure (Exhibit XXVI) Center Closure 140 (Exhibits XXVII & xxvm) Center Closure 140 (exhibits xxix to xxxn) Center Closure by-page Supersedes Issuance of 9/25/44 Man* Release 186 C-2 1M Pi* final flV V s^a# SJ c i cS> V o x aG^ Jy *TdsMjfo/'\u00b0 ^ jfr V j iv. f f i \u2022fe i f r fef]", "source_dataset": "Internet_Archive", "source_dataset_detailed": "Internet_Archive_LibOfCong"},
{"language": "eng", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "sponsor": "The Library of Congress", "contributor": "The Library of Congress", "date": "1945", "subject": ["United States -- Civilization -- Bibliography", "United States -- History -- Bibliography"], "title": "America's background and interests;a list reflecting American history, culture, thought, and interest.", "creator": "Gurin, Ruth Melamed, [from old catalog] comp", "lccn": "49055962", "collection": ["library_of_congress", "fedlink", "americana"], "shiptracking": "ST011151", "partner_shiptracking": "IAGC153", "call_number": "10234728", "identifier_bib": "00332612499", "lc_call_number": "Z1361.C6 G8 1945", "publisher": "New York, Office of War Information, Book Division", "associated-names": "United States. Office of War Information. Book Bureau. [from old catalog]", "description": "p. cm", "mediatype": "texts", "repub_state": "19", "page-progression": "lr", "publicdate": "2019-07-08 12:30:15", "updatedate": "2019-07-08 13:30:18", "updater": "associate-richard-greydanus@archive.org", "identifier": "americasbackgrou00guri_0", "uploader": "associate-richard-greydanus@archive.org", "addeddate": "2019-07-08 13:30:20", "possible-copyright-status": "The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item.", "note": "If you have a question or comment about this digitized item from the collections of the Library of Congress, please use the Library of Congress \u201cAsk a Librarian\u201d form: <a href=\"https://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/ask-internetarchive.html\">https://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/ask-internetarchive.html</a>", "operator": "associate-annie-coates@archive.org", "tts_version": "2.1-final-2-gcbbe5f4", "camera": "Sony Alpha-A6300 (Control)", "scanner": "scribe1.capitolhill.archive.org", "imagecount": "230", "scandate": "20190711190237", "notes": "Some text printed off the edge of page.", "ppi": "300", "republisher_operator": "associate-mae-mirafuentes@archive.org", "republisher_date": "20190715160934", "republisher_time": "819", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://archive.org/details/americasbackgrou00guri_0", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t82k46t9k", "scanfee": "300;10.7;214", "invoice": "36", "openlibrary_edition": "OL27112822M", "openlibrary_work": "OL19932079W", "curation": "[curator]admin-andrea-mills@archive.org[/curator][date]20191011182613[/date][state]approved[/state][comment]invoice201908[/comment]", "year": "1945", "sponsordate": "20190831", "backup_location": "ia906907_5", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:1155971232", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.21", "ocr_converted": "abbyy-to-hocr 1.1.37", "page_number_confidence": "0", "page_number_module_version": "1.0.3", "creation_year": 1945, "content": "III. SOCIAL SCIENCES\n30 Politics and Government . \n40 Economies and Industry . \n10 Public Opinion Polls\n11 Transportation\nIV. USEFUL ARTS AND APPLIED SCIENCES\n20 Hygiene and Medicine\n30 Nutrition\n40 Science, Technology & Invention\nV. FINE ARTS\n20 Art in America\n20 Architecture, Housing and City Planning\n50 Photography\n80 The Dance\n10 Recreation\nVI. LITERATURE\n20 History & Criticism 44\n20 General Anthologies 46\nVII. History\n1. The American Indian . . . . . 55\n3. American Life and Thought . . . . . . . 59\n4. American Regions . . . . 61\n\nVIII. Biography\n30. World War II.\n20. Atlases . . . 72\n3. General Aspects of the War . . . . . . . 72\n4. Europe and Africa . . . 75\n5. The Pacific . . . 76\n6. Peace and Postwar Planning . . . 80\n7. Rehabilitation . . . 87\n\nX. Fiction\n1. American Classics . . . 88\n20. Modern Fiction . . . 90\n\nX. Philosophy\n1. Contemporary American philosophy, Macmillan 1930 $6000 2 vols\nThirty-three American philosophers and teachers of philosophy trace their own experiences in the adoption or adaptation of a philosophy,\n\n2. Dewey, John\nIntelligence in the modern world? John Dewey: philosophy? edited by Joseph Hatner, Modern Library 1939 $102.50\nThe pragmatism which under his leadership so strongly marks American thought and education is discussed in \"Infant and Child in the Culture of Today\" by Geissel, Harper (1943, $4000). This book outlines specific techniques for behavior control and guidance of infants and young children, and lists play equipment, information books, and musical records for children. In \"American Philosophy Today and Tomorrow\" edited by Kallen, Hoeber (1935, $3075), twenty-five representative American viewpoints are presented. \"The Thoughts and Character of William James\" by Perry and Ralph Barton (1935, Little) provides a convincing portrait of him set against the background of his contemporaries by a friend and former pupil. \"American Faith: Its Religious, Political and Economic Foundations\" by Bates and Sutherland (1935) explores the religious, political, and economic foundations of American faith.\nAn interpretation of the religious, political and economic background of the American nation. The book begins with the Protestant Reformation in Europe and ends with the American Civil War.\n\n1. Clark, Elmer - To Small Sects in America (1939) - $2000\nA study of 200 small, obscure religious sects in the United States\u2014their psychological and historical backgrounds, and peculiar doctrines and practices.\n\n2. Eddy, Sherwood - A Century with the Youth's Association press (1944) - $1050\nA history of the YMCA, from 1844 to 1944.\n\n3. Hook, Sidney - John Dewey: An Intellectual Portrait (1939) - $2000\nA clear statement of Dewey's \"central insights\" and their implications, showing the influence of the American thinker on the schools, courts and laboratories, the labor movement and politics of our day.\n\n4. James, William - [No title or publication information provided]\nThe varieties of religious experience Modern Library $0.95\nA psychological study of personal religion in its various manifestations\nby William James\nStory of religion in America Harper 1939 $3.05\nFrom the beginning to the age of big business: social and political influences\nIII Social Sciences\n10 Social Conditions\n12 Basso, Hamilton\nMain stream Reynal & Hitchcock 1943 $2.05\nAn attempt to depict the American character by analyzing components, such as democracy and aristocracy, with a typical representative of each\nCalhoun, Arthur\nA social history of the American family Barnes & Noble 1945\nFrom colonial times to the present\n14 Federal Writers Project\nThese are our lives University of North Carolina Press 1939\nThe life of a people revealed through the life histories of actual individuals.\nIndividuals selected to represent important types: Furnas, Joseph Chamberlain, Galloway, George\n\nStories told by individuals to members of the federal Writers' Project of the Works Progress Administration in North Carolina, Tennessee, and Georgia, 1941:\n\nFurnas, Joseph Chamberlain - How America lives, Ladies Home Journal, 1941, $3000\nGalloway, George - Planning for America, Ladies Home Journal, 1941, $4000\n\nSubjects of a series of Ladies Home Journal articles: Families whose income levels ranged from a Mississippi share cropper's to a Chicago millionaire's\n\nGroves, Ernest Rutherford\nThe American family, Lippincott, 1934, $3^000\n\nEmphasizes mental hygiene, personal relationships within the family, and education for family life, as well as historical significance.\nThe development of the family and its statu as a social institution\n180 Groves, Ernest Rutherford\nThe American woman: the feminine side of a masculine civilization\nRevised and enlarged Emerson Books, 1944 $3.50\nAn historical survey of colonial and frontier women, the Southern lady, the woman of the West, all in their slow movement toward sex equality\n19 Lynd, Robert\nKnowledge for What? Princeton University Press, 1939 $2.05\nA study of the place of social science in American culture\n20 Lynd, Robert & Helen M.\nMiddletown: a study in contemporary culture\nHarcourt, 1929 $5.00\nMiddletown is a representative city of 30,000 whose community life was studied by field investigators.\n21 Lynd, Robert & Helen M.\nMiddletown in Transition: a study in cultural conflict\nHarcourt\nMiddletown coming out of the depression.\n22 President's Research Committee on Social Trends, \"Recent Social Trends in the U.S.\" McGraw, 1934, $600, by a committee of experts under the chairmanship of Wesley Mitchell.\n23 Thompson, Warren S. (Science for war and peace series), Essential facts regarding the population problem.\n24 Tyler, Alice. Freedom's Ferment: Phases of American Social History to 1860. University of Indiana, 1945, $2.75.\n25 West, James. Plainville, USA: An Analysis of Everyday Life in a Typical Rural American Community. Columbia University Press, 1945, $2.75.\n\nAddressed to anthropologists, social scientists, and general readers interested in rural people, it touches also on related fields.\n[Modern democracy: A survey of the development of democratic ideals, the divergence between the ideal and the actual democratic state, and the need for solving the problem of economic insecurity. Carl L. Becker, Yale University Press, 1941, $2.\nCarl L. Becker, Safeguarding civil liberty today. Lectures given at Cornell University by Carl L. Becker, Max Lerner, Francis Biddle, and others. Community life in a democracy. National Congress of Parents and Teachers. We hold these truths: Documents of American democracy. Forty-four primary documents involved in the growth of American democracy.]\n30. Majority rule and minority rights, Oxford, 1943. $1,50\nSets forth Jefferson's idea that the foundation of our democracy rests on majority rule.\n31. DOS PAS SOS, John\nThe ground we stand on; some examples from the history of a political system. Convincing evidence that the roots of democracy are deep in America.\n32. Frankel, Osmond Kessler\nOur civil liberties. Viking, 1944. $3.00\nA survey of civil liberties in the United States, tracing the definition, interpretation, and safeguarding by law and citing court decisions in test cases.\n33. Friedrich, Carl J.\nThe new belief in the common man. Little, 1942. $3.00\nThe author believes that the mass of common men are in the long run less likely to be wrong than the individual judgment of any superman, or the limited judgment of any self-appointed elite.\n34. The American Primer. Alliance, 1941. $1.50\nAn eloquent statement of the fundamentals of democracy and the reasons Americans have to be proud of their government,\n\n35. Democracy Works. Random, 1939. $3.00\nAn American liberal writes in defense of the American democratic system.\n\n36. The American Cause. Duell, 1941. $1,000\nTwo papers on democracy which emphasize the need for a belief in the principles of freedom.\n\n37. The Agenda of Democracy. Harvard University Press, 1941. $1.50\nStreamlined administrations, a modernized legislative process, and social planning are among the points mentioned by this teacher of political sciences, active in public affairs\n\n38. Are Men Equal? Putnam, 1945. $2.50\nA philosophical discussion of the nature of equality particularly as it relates to democracy.\n39. O'Paine, Thomas\nThe more interesting and important works of Thomas Paine, edited and interpreted by Howard Fast. Duell, 1945. $3.50\n40. Smith, Thomas V.\nThe democratic tradition in America. Parrar, 1941. $1.50\nProfessor Smith argues that equality is basic to democracy but that raising the concept to dogma defeats its purpose.\n41. Teal, Ordway\nHewes' adventures in democracy. McCraw, 1939. $2.00\nPractical applications of the democratic idea.\n42. Tocqueville, Alexis de\nDemocracy in America. 2v. ed. by Phillips Bradley. Knopf, 1945.\nA re-issue of this classic of liberal literature, published in 1835 by the French liberal politician. One of the basic books that has molded democratic thinking.\n43. Wilson, Woodrow\nSelections for today, ed. by Arthur B. Tourtellot. Duell, 1945.\n[44. Allen, Florence E. \"The Significance of Our Constitution in the Life of the American People.\" Putnam. 1940. $2.00\n45. Bates, Ernest S. \"A Selection of Material Placing Congress Under a Microscope.\" [Unknown Publisher or Year]\n46. Bates, Ernest S. \"Story of the Supreme Court.\" Bobbs. 1936. $3.00\n47. Beard, Charles A. \"The Republic of Yiking.\" 1943. $3000]\n[21 dialogs about the nature and practices of the American state]\n48. Becker, Carl L. - The Declaration of Independence: A Study in the History of Political Thought\n49. Binkley, Wilfred E. - American Political Parties (Knopf, 1943) $3.75\nAnalyzes the composition of political parties from the founding of the Republic\n50. Brogan, Dennis William - Government of the People (Harper, 1944) $4.00\nChanges in the American political scene during the past ten years. This book was first published in England under the title THE AMERICAS POLITICAL STUDIES.\n50a. Brogan, Dennis William - The Free State (Knopf, 1945) $2.00\nThe free state as the best form of government.\n51. Bryce, James - The American Commonwealth (Macmillan, 1922-23) 2 vols.\nAn authoritative study of the American government.\n[52] Federalist, a commentary on the Constitution of the United States, reprinted from the original text of Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison; edited by H. Lodge, Putnam [1923]; $3.50\nClassic and persuasive exposition of the federal principle, written in 1784 to urge ratification of the Constitution.\n\n[53] Finletter, Thomas K.\nCan representative government do the job? Reynal & Hitchcock [No publication year or price given]\nA former member of the State Department analyzes our representative government in the light of the new obligations imposed upon government by today's needs.\n\n[54] Flantery, John J.\nInside the F.B.I.\nLippincott [1943]; $2\nHow G-men are trained, and how they work, with special emphasis on their activity in wartime.\n\n[55] Frankfurter, Felix\nMr. Justice Holmes and the Supreme Court\nHarvard Univ. Press\nA series of radio lectures which endeavor to state in terms the significance of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., and his influence on the Supreme Court.\n56 \"A Political Handbook for Women\" by Garrett, Doubleday. 1944. $2.00 A phase of voting - from the workings of the Federal and State governments to careers for women in politics\n57 \"Bulwark of the Republic\" by Hendrick Burton. Little. 1938. $3.00 A commentary on the men- judges, presidents, lawyers and laymen\u2014 as well as the ideas that have made the Constitution\n58 \"The Middle Classes in American Politics\" by Holcombe, Arthur. Harvard Unive Press. 1940. Characteristics of the American way in politics and the means of preserving them, also a discussion of the economic bases of national politics and the part played by the middle classes in the formation of the Constitution\n59 \"Charles Evans Hughes\"\nThe Supreme Court of the United States: its foundation and achievements (Columbia University Press, 1928, $2.50)\nAn interpretation\n\nJefferson, Thomas\nThe complete Jefferson: assembled and arranged by Saul K. Padover (Contains his major writings, published and unpublished, except his letters)\n\nKohn, Hans\nIdea of nationalism (Macmillan, 1944, $7.50)\nA study of its origins and backgrounds with special emphasis upon the forms it has taken in the more important countries of the world.\n\nMerrill, Charles E. & Snell, Harold P.\nThe American party system. (3rd ed, Macmillan, 1940, $3.50)\nAn introduction to the study of political parties in the United States\n\nMilton, George (Poet)\nThe use of presidential power, 1789-1943 (Little, 1944, $3.00)\nAn engrossing view of American history in terms of the growth of the chief executive power as opposed to that of Congress.\n64. The Culture of Cities. Harcourt. 1938. $5.00. The history of cities from medieval times.\n65. Introduction to American Government. 7th ed. rev. Appleton-Century. An authoritative text.\n66. The Spirit of the Common Law. Jones. 1921. $2.50. Growth of the American legal system by the former dean of the Harvard law school.\n67. Roosevelt, Franklin D. Rendezvous with Destiny. Dryden. 1944. $3.00. Selected from the nine volume edition of THE PUBLIC PAPERS. Part 1 contains 37 addresses of the President; Part 20 contains 150 quotations of views and opinions expressed by him on various subjects.\n68. Police Systems in the United States. Harper. 1940. $4.00. Federal, state and local systems described by a leading authority.\n69. Smith, Bruce, Edward C. & Zurcher, A.\n[14] Fourteen authorities in the field of American government provide a convenient source of information on matters relating to the past and present politics of the U.S.\n\n70 Office of War Information\nAmerican handbook: Public affairs press, 1945, $3.75\nA compendium of information on life and institutions in the U.S. Thirty-eight sections cover briefly and clearly social, economic, cultural, military, and government phases.\n\n71 Wilson, Woodrow\nWilson's ideals (ed. by Saul K. Padover), American Council on Public Affairs, 1942, $2.50\nQuotations from the speeches and writings.\n\n72 Zink, Harold\nGovernment and politics in the United States, Macmillan, 1942, $3.25\nAn account of the way government is organized and functions in the U.S. at all three levels\u2014national, state, and local.\n\n40 Economics and Industry.\n[73] Adams, James Truslow\nBig business in a democracy (Scribner, 1945, $2.75)\nA study describing American industrial giants from their beginning to the present day\n\n[74] Berge, Wendell\nCartels: A challenge to a free world (American Council on Public Affairs, 1945, $1.75)\nThe head of the Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice gives an overall picture of the evil effects of cartels\n\n[75] Beard, Charles A.\nEconomic basis of politics (Knopf, 1945, $1.75)\nA new edition of a classic treatise on political science\n\n[76] Bergengren, Roy Frederick\nI speak for Joe Doakes (Harper, 1945, $2.05)\nThe benefits of the cooperative movement at home, including both consumer cooperation and cooperative consumer credit. Also an explanation of the stake of every citizen in a strong organization among the nations of the world.\n\n[77] Bouari, Ernest L.\nEconomic history of the American people by Borden, Neil (New ed.) [Longmans, 0]\nA standard text\n\n1. Economic effects of advertising by Irwin, Neil H. [1942, $6000]\nA professor of advertising at Harvard University School of Business\n\n2. Democracy under pressures: special interests versus the public welfare by Chase, Stuart [1945, $100]\nThe author indicts pressure groups and shows how they are formed, operate, and affect general welfare\n\n3. Men at work by Harcourt, Stuart [1945, $200]\nA well-known economist shows how technical progress can be allied with democracy\n\n4. Age of enterprise: a social history of industrial America by Cochran, Thomas C. & Miller, W. [Macmillan, Industrial history of the United States written by two members of the history department of New York University]\n82 Cowling, Ellis Cooperatives in America: Their Past, Present and Future Coward Traces the European background and American development of the cooperative movement today\n83 Day, Malvin Industrial life insurance in the United States McGraw 1944 A comprehensive discussion of the various aspects of the branch of life insurance developed specifically to meet the needs of lower income families and the part it plays in the social economy of the nation\n84 Dewey, Day Financial history of the United States 12th ed Longmans 1934 Standard historical treatise on the fiscal development of the U.S. first published in 1903\n85 Farrington, Seymour Railroads at War Coward 1944 $30.75 The story of how American railroads have accomplished the greatest performance in the history of transportation\n[86] The lessons for international application of ToTOA methods and experience in the economic development of large regional areas after the war\n[87] Consumer cooperation in America\nThe story of the beginnings and growth of the consumers' cooperative movement in the US\n[88] The development of American industries - their economic significance\nA record of 39 industries such as paper, cotton, rubber, sugar, oil (written by leaders in their respective fields)\n[89] Dynamics of industrial democracy\n[A practical study of collective bargaining illustrated by case studies\nAxel Ferdinand Gustafson and others\nConservation in the United States 2nd ed Comstock 1944 $4\nThe basic facts of conservation presented for students and general readers\n\nWilliam Haines\nMen, money and molecules Doubleday 1936 $1.50\nStory of the development of the chemical industry in the United States and the men who have built it up\n\nErvin Hexner\nInternational steel cartel Univ of North Carolina Press 1943\nAnalysis of one of the most powerful pre-war industrial combines\n\nStanley F H QRN\nThis fascinating lumber business Bobbs 1943 $3.75\nHistory of the lumber business in the US which covers the industry in general as well as in its economic and technical aspects]\n[International tribunals: past and future, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and the Brookings Institute, 1944, $2.50\n\nA summary of past experience and some conclusions as to the application of these experiences to the immediate problems facing the world\n\nCooperative communities at work, Dryden, 1945, $3.00\nAn appraisal of major experiments in rural cooperative living, past and present, by men and women of our own and other countries with an eye to postwar conditions,\n\nAmerica Unlimited, Doubleday, 1944, $2.50\nA prediction of America's economic future\n\nThe automobile industry, Reynal, 1941, $3.50\nThe development of the automobile industry from 1900 to 1940, with emphasis on the business and economic aspects\n\nCarl Landauer]\n[Theory of national economic planning, Univ. of California Press, Presents a closely reasoned argument for a centralized economic system. Major concern is stabilization.\n99. Landsberg, Benenson Y. A cooperative economy: a study of democratic economic movements. Voluntary and public cooperatives in the past, present and future, Including discussion of economic democracy and international cooperation,\n100. Leith, Charles K. World minerals and world peace. Brookings Institute. 1943. An up-to-date statistical summary of the world's mineral production and resources.\n101. McCarty, H.h. The geographic basis of American economic life. Harper. 1940. $3.7E. Regional descriptions and analyses of the present economic development of the U.S. provide an appraisal of the country's resources and industries,\n102. Munson, Gorham]\nAladdin's lamp; the wealth of the American people. The author believes that credit power is the Aladdin's lamp of our republic. With this as a premise, he works out the ramifications of a democratic financial program as it would affect many questions, such as racial problems, full employment plans, labor, foreign trade, taxation and international relations.\n\n103. Pink, Louis H.\nFearless: Harper. 1944. $2.50\nAn authority in the field of insurance appraises the various social security practices and proposals, giving special attention to the Beveridge plan and the report of the National Resources Planning Board.\n\n104. Ratner, Sidney\nAmerican taxation. Norton. 1942. $4.50\nIts history as a social force in a democracy.\n\n105. Ruml, Beardsley\nTomorrow's business. Farrar. 1945. $20.50\nCareful analysis of the part business can play in the survival of\nFreedom for the individuals, the nation, and the world.\n\nSmith, Joseph & Phillips, MoOo, North Americas, its people and resources, development and prospect of the continent. (Harcourt\u00a9 1940\u00a9) A new edition of a book in economic geography first published in 1925 and now extensively revised in the light of new developments and changes.\n\nTwentieth Century Fund.\nHow collective bargaining works; a survey of experience in leading American industries. Research director, Harry A. Millis. The Fund. Pull length sketches of the actual workings of collective bargaining in 16 trades and industries and thumbnail summaries covering 13 other fields.\n\nTwentieth Century Fund.\nThorstein Veblen, The theory of the leisure class: an economic study in the evolution of institutions. Modern library. 1934. $.95 A commentary that may also be read as simple satire.\n109. Wharton, John The theory and practice of earning a living. Simon & Schuster. 1945. Keen-minded, crisp statement of the economic world we live in, contrasted with the world the Russians live in.\n\n50. Education\n110. Adams, James T. Frontiers of American culture: a study of adult education in a democracy. Scribner. 1944. $2.50. A historian interprets the development of adult education in the United States.\n\nAmerican Council on Education. American universities and colleges. The Council. 1944. $4.00. A reference volume providing salient facts about accredited institutions of higher learning in the United States.\n\n112. Barzun, Jacques Teacher in America. Little, 1945. $3.00.\nProfessor at Columbia University comments on the methods and purposes of America's teachers. Offers stimulating suggestions on how to broaden the culture of our democracy through formal and informal education.\n\nAgnes Beede, Progress: freedom, the story of American education (Putnam) Schools of America, their hampered and primitive beginnings, their first liberators, their great men, and their gradual development towards a new freedom.\n\nAl Brandon, Postwar education in American colleges and universities (American College Publicity Association, Indiana University) A survey report providing data useful in educational planning and pointing up the value of fact finding in public relations.\n\nJoseph Cochran, Trampling out the vintage (University of Oklahoma press) 1945 $2.75.\nA teacher, scientist, humanist and man of the soil presents his experiences in trying to revolutionize rural schools in the sand hills of Oklahoma, the Philippines, China and finally in California\n\nArticles by scientists, philosophers, educators, religious leaders and others who are concerned in the fight against reaction in education and opposed to extreme individualism, isolationism and social irresponsibility. (From the second conference)\n\nCubberley, Ellwood P.\nPublic education in the United States: revised and enlarged. Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1931. $2.05\n\nCurti, Merle.\nThe social ideas of American educators. Scribner, 1935. $3.00\nAnalysis of representative leaders: Horace Mann, Henry Barnard, Booker T. Washington, William T. Harris, Bishop Spalding, Francis W. Parker, G. Stanley Hall, William James, Elliot Thorndike, John Dewey and others\n\n119. DE LIMA, Agnes\nLittle red school house (Macmillan, 1942) $3.50\nDescribes the experiment in progressive education carried out in the Little Red School House in New York over the past twenty years\n\n120. Dewey, John\nDemocracy and education (Macmillan, 1916) $2.05\nPresents the author's views on education, psychology, theory of knowledge, ethics and social theory\n\n121. Domm3 Wallace, Brett\nEducation for responsible living (Harvard University Press, 1944)\nA challenge to liberal arts colleges to prepare men better for life in a changing world by the former Dean of the Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration.\n[The educational process, Princeton University Press, 1946, $1,000\nA plan for the educational program of American schools and colleges, based completely on liberal education as opposed to purely traditional or progressive methods,\n\n1230 General Education in a Free Society; report of the Harvard Committee, Harvard University Press, 1945, $2,000\nThis survey outlines the result of a two-year study of American education by a committee of twelve Harvard professors,\n\n1240 Forster, Norman\nThe American state university, University of North Carolina Press, 1937, Its relation to democracy,\n\n1250 Gerstle, Norman, ed.\nThe humanities after the war, Princeton University Press, 1944, $1,50\nEssays by Wendell L. Willkie, Ezra Pound, Norman Foerster, Theodore M. Greene, Abraham Flexner, William Macnelle Dixon, Gordon Keith]\nChalmers on the place of the humanities in higher education, Foster, Mr Josiphin & Mattson, M (1939). Nursery-school education and the study of the function, procedure, methods, programs and equipment of the well-managed nursery school. Appleton-Century, $2.50.\n\nHutchins, Robert (1936). Higher learning in America. Yale University Press, $2.00. A brilliantly condensed polemic against contemporary higher education by the president of the University of Chicago.\n\nJohnson, Alvin (1938). The public library: a people's university. American Association for Adult Education, $1.00. A review of the educational significance of the public library, particularly as an instrument for adult education.\n\nKotschnig, Walter M (1943). Slaves need no leaders. Oxford, $2075. An answer to the fascist challenge to education: a plan for educational reconstruction with US support in continental Europe.\n130. Lambert, 8, Clare, Harper, 1944, $2.50\nChildren's schooling out: Harper, 1944, $2.50 (Schools are out for Harper, 1944, $2.50) (This book explains why community planning for children whose parents work is needed and offers specific and practical suggestions for establishing play centers that will take into account the character of the community to be served.)\n\n131. Millepierre, Joseph H., & Brooks, Dorothy V.\nThe Higher Education in War and After: An Appraisal by the Associate Commissioner of Education in New York State (The Higher Education in War and After: An Appraisal by the Associate Commissioner of Education in New York State, Harper, 1944) (An appraisal of the effects of the war on higher education in this country by the Associate Commissioner of Education in New York State also considers proposals of the Regents of the University of the State of New York)\n\n132. Murrell, James Lo.\nEducation for American Democracy: A Comprehensive History of the Background and Patterns of American Education Today (Education for American Democracy: A Comprehensive History of the Background and Patterns of American Education Today, Horton, 1943, $3.75)\nTown meeting comes to Harper (1938) $2.50\nHarper's York's meeting of the airg its immediate audience and coast-to-coast discussion group\n134 POWEL Lydia\nThe art museum comes to the school (1944) $2.00\nA discussion of how to forward art education by bringing museums and schools into closer working relation. This is a result of a survey in five major US cities\n135 ROSS Earle D.\nDemocracy's college: the land-grant movement in the formative stage (1942) $3.00\nThe main lines of development of the land-grant college as an important phase of the provision of a democratic program of education\n136 SMITH Paysoh\nEducation in the 48 states (1939) (U.S. Advisory Comm. on Education Staff study #1) $30\n137 STRUCK Theodore\nVocational education for a changing world (1945) $3.50\n[138] A summary of the best of American experience to date in the field of vocational education of less than college grade, intended as a guide for teachers and supervisors.\n[139] Marie Syrkin, Your schools are your children. Fischer, 1944. $2.50.\nA thoughtful and reflective review of what's wrong with our schools, based on many years of experience in our public school system.\n[139] Viviah Thayer, American education under fire. Harper, 1944. $2.50.\nA searching analysis of what is wrong in American education, what are the most thorny controversial issues, and what are wise constructive measures.\n[140] James W. Wise, The Springfield plan. Photographs by Alexander Alland. Viking.\nA record in pictures and text of a constructive and living plan for true democracy, conceived and acted upon by the people of Springfield, Mass.\nMB -0 \"The Outriders\" ilU b94M& jr$  (6) foreign Born\nADAMIC, Louis From many lands Harper, 1940 $30.50 Stories of American immigrants from Poland, Czechoslovakia, the Balkans, Holland and Finland\nADDAMS, Jane Twenty years at Hull-House Macm 1910 $20.50 Survey of the development of social, civic and other activities of Chicago's famous neighborhood house\nALLAND, Alexander American counterpoint Dy 1943c $30.00 Photographs of people of more than 50 different racial backgrounds to whom America is home\nBEARD, Annie Our foreign-born citizens: what they have done for America Crowell, 1939 $20.50 Short sketches of men, who though born in foreign countries, have added in one way or another in the upbuilding of the US Intended for boys and girls\nBENEDICT, Ruth Race, science and politics Modern Age 1943 $20.50\n[146] A review of the science of race and the history of racism for the layman\nby Edward Bok\nAmericanization: An Autobiography of a Dutch Boy Fifty Years After (1920)\nCribner, $20.75\nAwarded the Pulitzer prize 1920-1921 for the best American biography, teaching patriotic and unselfish service to the people, illustrated by an eminent example\n\n[147] Foreign Influences in American Life\nby David Bowers\nPrinceton University Press (1944)\nTheir cultural impact, assimilation, and manifest effect upon our economic, political, artistic, religious, and philosophic institutions\n\n[148] One America\neds. Francis Brown and Joseph Roucek\nFarrar, Straus and Company (1945)\n$5,000\nA symposium on the problems of minority groups in American life, each chapter the work of an authority in the field\n\n[149] The Immigrant in American History\nHarvard University Press (1940)\nby Marcus Hansen\nNine essays on the historical role of the Immigrant in American life\nInstitute for Religious Studies\nGroup relations and group antagonism, edited by R. MacIver Harper\nA series of addresses and discussions before the institute by speakers who are well-known representatives of groups about which they spoke\nJordan, Emil Leopold\nAmericans: A new history of the people who settled the Americas\nA colorful account of the racial groups that have lived in America, the civilization they brought with them, and their contribution to American character and life\nPupin, Michael\nFrom Immigrant to Inventor (Scribner, 1923) $1.00\nOne of America's great scientists tells of coming to America as a Serbian immigrant, of his early struggles and his work as an inventor\nSmith, William C.\nAmericans in the Making (Appleton-Century, 1939) $3.75\n[154] House on Henry Street by Wald- Lillian, Holt, 1915, $3.50 - A study of the process and assimilation of immigrants in America based largely on published and unpublished autobiographies, diaries, and letters.\n[155] America's Foreign Policies? Past and Present by Bailey, Thomas A., Headline Books, 1943, $25 - A brilliantly written summary of the development of the foreign policies of the United States.\n[156] Bailey, Thomas A., Diplomatic history of the American people, Text ed, Crofts, 1942 - A comprehensive and scholarly history of American diplomacy. Canadian-American relations are more fully treated here than in preceding histories, as well as the weight of public opinion on diplomatic events.\n[158] Diplomatic history of the United States by Bemis, So Fo, rev ed, Holt, 1942 - A comprehensive and scholarly history of American diplomacy.\nThe Latin American policy of the United States (Harcourt, 1943)\nAn authority in American diplomatic history traces the evolution of our Latin American policy from 1776 to the present\n\nThomas Arthur Bisson, America's Far Eastern policy (IoPoRo inquiry series) (Macmillan, 1943)\nIn this study of our Far Eastern policy published under the auspices of the Institute of Pacific Relations, Mr. Bisson has written a clear, succinct account of events that led up to Pearl Harbor\n\nEdward Corwin, The Constitution and World Organization (Princeton University Press, 1941)\nA professor of international law at Princeton urges the American people to sacrifice its national sovereignty to promote peace\n\nJoseph E. Davies, Mission to Moscow (Simon & Schuster, 1941)\nA record of confidential dispatches to the State Department, official.\n162 documents on American foreign relations, 1936-October 1941\nWorld peace foundation, 1938-1943 (5 vols)\nThe significant developments: Dulles, Foster Rhea\nThe road to Teheran: the story of Russia and America, 1781-1943\nPrinceton University Press, 1944 ($2.50)\nA professor of American history surveys the reaction of the US public to tsarist and communist Russia\nAn unbiased recital of events and their implications\n164. Griswold, Alfred W.\nFar Eastern policy of the US\nHarcourt, 1938 (Yale Institute of International Studies) ($3.75)\nThe author draws on hitherto unpublished sources\nFrom the Spanish-American war to the current hostilities in China, every phase of American Far Eastern policy is described and voluminously documented.\n165. Herring, Hubert - America and the Americas: An Appraisal and a Forecast (Claremont: Director of the Committee on Cultural Relations with Latin America)\n166. Jones, Joseph - A Modern Foreign Policy for the US: Macmillan, 1944 ($1.35) - A criticism of present policies and methods of the Department of State with a strong argument for modernization of its organization and ideas (Former member of the State Department)\n167. Latane, John H. - History of American Foreign Policy (2nd ed, Odyssey: 1940) - Written with a scholarly command of historical facts\n168. Lipmann, Walter - US Foreign Policy: Shield of the Republic (Little, Brown: 1943, $1.50) - A critical study of the US foreign policy in the last fifty years.\n169. Newi NS 0 Allan & Hacker, L.M*, eds. United States and its place in world affairs, 1918-1943. Heath.\nA significant symposium surveying the broad field of America and world affairs from the first world war onward.\n170. Perkins Dexter. America and two wars. Little, 1944. $2.\nA history of US foreign policy from 1898 when we acquired the Philippines to the present day. The author sums up with a positive program for maintaining peace after the war is ended.\n171. Perkins Dexter. Hands off; a history of the Monroe Doctrine. Little, 1941. $3.50.\nA comprehensive and scholarly study of the Monroe Doctrine: its origins, developments, present significance, and probable future.\n172. Roosevelt Franklin Do. Roosevelt's foreign policy, 1933-1941. Funk, 1942. $3.75.\nCompiled and collated by Douglas Lurton, 1945, $3.00 (UoSo Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs, Our American Neighbors, Public Affairs Press)\n\n1730: A collection of his unedited speeches and messages\n(History of Latin American countries: information on economic, social, and cultural life)\n\nWertenbaker, Charles: A new doctrine for the Americas, Viking, 1941, $2.00 (Survey of US-Latin American relations, dealing especially with recent affairs)\n\n8\u00b0: Labor (Short history of the American labor movement)\nBeard, Mary: Short history of the American labor movement, Macmillan, 1924, $1.25 (Brief sympathetic account of the growth and development of the movement from earliest times in America to 1920)\n\nBrooks, Robert R.: [No title or publication information provided]\nUnions of their own choosing: An account of the National Labor Relations Board and its work (Yale University Press, 1939, $3.00)\nGuaranteed annual wages (University of Minnesota press, 1945, $2.60)\nThis study of the limited area in which the annual wage setup has operated includes an analysis of what its wider application could mean in terms of economic stabilization\n\n1780 Coleman, McAlister\nMen and coal: A history of coal miners' unions, with special attention to the growth of the United Mine Workers of America (Parra, 1943, $3.00)\nPrinciples of labor legislation (Harper, 4th ed, 1936, $3.25)\nA standard work in which the author sketches the historical background of various labor problems, such as unemployment, wages, etc.\n180. Douglas, Paul H.\nSocial security in the U.S.: 2nd edition. McGraw, 1939. $3.50.\nAn analysis and appraisal of the federal Social Security Act.\n\n181. Gompers, Samuel.\nSeventy years of life and labor. Dutton, 1943. $5.00.\nA history of the labor movement in the U.S. as well as an autobiography.\n\n182. Harris, Herbert.\nAmerican labor: A tale. Univ. Press, 1939. $3.75.\nThe labor movement from 1800 to 1938, centered around the history of seven union groups.\n\n183. Pesotta, Rose.\nBread upon the waters. Dodd, 1944. $3.00.\nA study of the American labor movement, especially in the needle trades, by a vice-president of the International Ladies' Garment Workers Union from 1933 to Pearl Harbor.\n\n184. Stolberg, Benjamin.\nTailors' progress. Doubleday, 1944. $2.75.\n[185] Clarence Darrow: A Biography by Irving Stone, Doubleday, 1941 [186] The Short History of the American Negro by Benjamin Brawley, 4th rev. ed., Macmillan, 1939\n[187] Brown America by Edwin R. Breech, Viking, 1931, $2.50\n[188] George Washington Carver by Rackham Holt, Doubleday, 1943, $3.05\n[189] Along This Way by James W. Johnson, Viking, 1933, $3.05\n[189.5] The Urban Autobiography of a Sophisticated Negro Poet and Prose Writer (by Rayford W. Logan, ed.)\nWhat the Negro wants, University of North Carolina Press. 1944. $3.50 (A symposium by 14 nationally prominent Negroes: four conservatives, five liberals, and five radicals, presenting their views on what the Negro wants, edited by Leon Moon and Bucklin.)\n\nAn anthology of writing about the Negro: representative of much of the best that has been said and thought and felt, Doubleday. 1945. $3000 (An anthology of writing about the Negro.)\n\nAn American dilemma, Harper. 1944. 2 vols. $7.50 (A comprehensive study of the Negro in American society by Gunnar Myrdal.)\n\nNew World A-Coming; Inside Black America, Houghton. 1943. $3.00 (A Negro newspaperman writes an account of what American Negroes are doing and thinking in these war times by Bo Ottley.)\n\nUp from Slavery, Doubleday. 1901. $2.00 (The founder of Tuskegee Institute tells his own story which is that of the school by Booker T. Washington.)\n195. Woodson, Carter G. The Negro in Our History. 7th ed. Associated Pubs. 1941. $4.25 (A mine of information for the student of the Negro problem.)\n196. Blankenship, Albert B. Consumer and Opinion Research. Harper, 1943. $3000 (The questionnaire technique\u2014how surveys are prepared, operated and interpreted.)\n197. Cantril, Hadley et al. Gauging Public Opinion. Princeton Univ. Press. 1944. $3.75 (An examination by research associates in the office of Public Opinion Research at Princeton University of methods used in surveying public opinion.)\n198. Gallup, George H. & Rae, Saul F. The Pulse of Democracy; the Public Opinion Poll and How It Works. The methods used for sampling public opinion.\n199. Cohn, David L. Combustion on Wheels. Houghton. 1944. $2.75 (A lively history of the automobile age.)\n200. Dunbar, Seymour. (Not complete\u2014missing title and publisher information.)\n[201. This fascinating railroad business. Robert S. Tudor. 2nd rev. ed. Bobbs-Merrill, 1943. A record of the development of trains, as well as the history of the business.\n202. The air future: a primer of aeropolitics. War ed. Duell, 1943. A survey of the phases of aviation that will become increasingly important after the war, including the types of planes, political aspects, and international complications arising from the establishment of airlines.\n203. Popularly written survey of American transportation problems and achievements in wartime. Hungerford, Edward.\n204. Fares please. Appleton, 1941. $3.50 John Miller and John Anderson.]\n205. RECKO FRANKLIN M.\nThe romance of American transportation. Crowell. 1939. $2.50\nHistory of transportation in the U.S. from 1789 to the present.\n\n206. SMITH, HENRY L.\nAirways: the history of commercial aviation in the United States.\nTheir growth since the 1930s. Documented, deals with personal and financial rivalries, and government regulation.\n\n207. BENEDICT, MURRAY R.\nFarm people and the land after the war. National Planning Association (Planning pamphlets No. 28). 1944. $0.25\nThe structure of the farming industry. The kinds and sizes of farms.\n208 Bennett, Hugh: Soil conservation. McGraw-Hill, 1939. $6.00\nA comprehensive study of the science and practice of soil conservation. Emphasis is on the effects of soil erosion on the prosperity of the country.\n\n209 Brandt, Karl: The reconstruction of world agriculture. Norton, X9450. $4000\nA picture of the possible conditions of agriculture when the fighting stops, and an analysis of food requirements and agricultural adjustments in the demobilization period.\n\n210 Breue, Martha Bensley: Your forests. Lippincott, 1945. $2.50\nHow our forests grow, their variety and uses, and their future.\n\n211 Fairchild, David: The world was my garden. Scribner, 1938. $3075\nAutobiography of a well-known botanist and plant explorer.\n\n212 Faunce, Edward: [No title or publisher information provided]\n[213. Graham, Edward H. Natural principles of land use. Oxford. 1944. $3.50\nA revolutionary theory based on the conviction that deep plowing is responsible for many of the land's problems.\n\n214. Hay Stead, Ladd. Meet the farmers. Putnam. 1944. $2.50\nA survey of the farmer's social, economic, productive, operational, political, market and distribution problems.\n\n215. Howard, Robert W. Two billion acre farm. Doubleday. 1945. $20.50]\nAn informal history of American agriculture including the story of maize, tobacco, corn, cotton, wheat, and cattle as well as the history of the Grange and farmer's cooperatives\n\nJones, Mack M.\nShopwork on the farm: McGraw-Hill. 1945. $3.00\nThe proper repair, upkeep and manufacture of farm electricity, buildings and machinery explained and illustrated\n\nLord, Russell R.\nAgrarian revival: American Assn for Adult Education.\nThe origin and status of such movements as farmer's bureau organizations, soil conservation agencies, etc.\n\nLord, Russell R.\nBehold our land: Houghton. 1938. $3.00\nThe hook explains how land has been wasted and how it can be recovered\n\nMoore, Arthur\nThe farmer and the rest of us: Little 1945. $2.00\nAn entertaining story of the American farmer of the com belt.\n220. Practical guide to successful farming (his traditions and prejudices, his farm bloc, his hatred of labor, and his passion for high prices). Edited by Wallace S. Moreland. Blue Ribbon, 1943. $3.95\n221. Our natural resources and their conservation. Edited by A.O. Perkins, I.R. Whitaker. Wiley, 1936.\n222. Our landed heritage: the public domain, 1776-1936. Princeton Univ, 1936.\n223. 10,000 garden questions answered by 15 experts. Edited by Frederick F. Rockwell. Doubleday, 1944.\n220. Practical guide to successful farming (traditions and prejudices, farm bloc, hatred of labor, passion for high prices). Moreland, Wallace S. (Ed.). Blue Ribbon, 1943. $3.95\n221. Our natural resources and their conservation. Perkins, A.O., Whitaker, I.R. (Eds.). Wiley, 1936.\n222. Our landed heritage: the public domain, 1776-1936. Princeton Univ. 1936.\n223. 10,000 garden questions answered by 15 experts. Rockwell, Frederick F. (Ed.). Doubleday, 1944.\n220. Practical Guide to Successful Farming: Traditions and Prejudices, Farm Bloc, Hatred of Labor, Passion for High Prices. Moreland, Wallace S. (Ed.). Blue Ribbon, 1943. $3.95\n221. Our Natural Resources and Their Conservation. Perkins, A.O., Whitaker, I.R. (Eds.). Wiley, 1936.\n222. Our Landed Heritage: The Public Domain, 1776-1936. Princeton University Press, 1936.\n223. 10,000 Garden Questions Answered by 15 Experts. Rockwell, Frederick F. (Ed.). Doubleday, Doran & Co., Inc., 1944.\n[225, William R. Vanderbilt, The American Land: Its History and Its Uses. Oxford, 1943, $3.75. Agriculture, forestry, effects of erosion, new methods of land care.\n226, P.A. Waring & W.M. Teller, Roots in the Earth: The Small Farmer Looks Ahead. Harper, 1943, $2.50. Social and economic problems of farm life, soil conservation, activities of various farm organizations.\n227, Earlie Wilcox, Modern Farmer's Cyclopedia of Agriculture. Judd, 1944, $4.50. Compendium of farm science and practice on field, garden, fruit and orchard crops, and the care, feeding, and diseases of farm animals.\n228, Charles Morrow Wilson (*d), New Crops for the New World. Macmillan, 1945, $3.50. Sixteen scientists have collaborated in this symposium on crops]\nThe history of the American Psychiatric Association: a major contribution by 13 leading authors (Columbia University Press, 2000)\n\n* AVNBT, Helen Hershfield: Voluntary medical insurance in the US (NoY Medical Administration Service, Inc., 1790 Broadway)\nHistorical development of voluntary medical care plans, description and appraisal of representative plans in the US and Canada, and a survey of plans in New York City.\n\n* Binger, Carl: The doctor's job (Norton, 1945, $3000)\nExplanation for the layman how the doctor of today can aid his patient by the advances made in medicine.\npsychiatry, psychoanalysis, bacteriology and pathology \"CABOT\" HUGH\nPatient's dilemma: the quest for medical security in America \"Reynal\"\nA prominent physician discusses standards of medical care and their cost, the relation of government to medicine of the future \"Clapesattle, Helen\"\nThe doctors Mayo \"University of Minnesota Press\" 1941 $3.75\nA chapter in the medical history of the US\nDavis, Michael M\nAmerica organizes medicine \"Harper\" 1941 $3.00\nThe case for adequate medical care, the work of organizations in the field of public health, and the question of financial support for public health programs and medical care\nPishbin, Morris\nDoctors at war \"Dutton\" 1945 $5.00\nA series of reports on the medical services today, their programs and procedures, organization and accomplishments \"Galdston, Iago\"\n237. Goldman, Franz - Behind the Sulfa Drugs. Appleton-Century. 1943. $2.00 (Brief history of chemotherapy from the time of Paracelsus to the present)\n238. Gray, George W. - Advancing Front of Medicine. Whittlesey. 1941. $3.00 (A popular presentation of man's recent accomplishments in the fight against disease)\n239. Haagensen, Cushman & Lloyd, WTNDHAM - A Hundred Years of Medicine. Sheridan. 1943. $3.75 (History of the progress of medical science and surgery during the last century)\n240. Heiser, Victor - An American Doctor's Odyssey. Norton. 1936. $3.50 (Adventures in 45 countries of an American doctor whose chief work has been in health education and the eradication of disease)\n241. Hertzler, Arthur E. - [No title or publisher information provided]\n242. Maisel, Albert Qp, Miracles of Military Medicine. Duell, 1943, $2.75\n243. Maisel, Albert, The Wounded Get Back. Harcourt, 1944, $2.50\n244. Norwood, William F., Medical Education in the U.S. before the Civil War. Univ. of Pa. Press, Study of the rise and progress of medical instruction and medical schools in America from colonial days up to the time of the Civil War.\n245. Ratcliff, John D., Modern Miracle Men. Dodd, 1939, $3.00\n246. The story of penicillin: how the antibacterial agent was discovered and developed from the laboratory to its present-day commercial production. - Ratcliff, John D. Random. 1945. $2.00\n247. If I Am the Indian Medicine Man: An Enquiry into the Nature and Origins of American Medicine - Sigerist, Henry E., trans. by Hildegard Nagel. Norton. 1934. $4.00\n248. Psychiatry and the War - Slade, Prank J., ed. C.C. Thomas. 1944. $5.00 A review of the entire psychiatric field as it has been cultivated in America in recent years.\n249. Community Hygiene - Smiley, Dean F. 3rd ed. Macmillan. 1940. $2.50 A college textbook first published in 1929.\n250. - Smiley, Wilson 0.\n251. Bernard J. Stern, American medical practice in the perspectives of a century. 1945, Commonwealth Fund, $1.50 (A history of American medical education and practice from the early years of the 19th century to the present day.)\n252. William H. Taliaferro (ed.), Medicine and the war. 1944, University of Chicago Press, $2.00 (Historical review of war medicine.)\n253. L.B. Wilder, The Mayo clinic. 1944, Harcourt, $1.75 (History.)\n254. Charles Edward Winslow, The conquest of epidemic disease. 1943, Princeton University Press, $0 (A professor of public health at Yale University presents an interesting presentation of superstitions and primitive beliefs on contagion and epidemics.)\n255. Edna Yost & L.M. Gilbreth, Normal lives for the disabled. 1944, Macmillan, $2.50.\n256. John D. Black, 256. Nutrition, Food enough. Cat tell. 1943. $2.50\nComprehensive study of our present food situation\u2014 the needs of the armed forces, allies and civilian population.\n\n257. HenB Y Borsolg, 257. Vitamins? what they are and how they can benefit you, Viking* 1943. $2.50\nA readable and authoritative explanation of the effects of vitamins, with menus and tables showing the vitamin content of various foods.\n\n258. Cora L. Brown and others, 258. America cooks, Norton. 1940. $2.69\nPractical recipes from 48 states.\n\n259. Richard O. Cummings, 259. The American and his food; a history of food habits in the U.S., Univ. of Chicago Press. 1940. $2.50\nThe development of American food habits from 1789 to 1940.\n\nWhat are the vitamins? Reinhold. 1941. $2.50\nThe nature of the vitamins and the important facts science has acquired.\n261. Graubard, Mark\nMan's food: its rhyme or reason. Macmillan, 1943. $2.50\nThe author seeks to start a new movement for proper nutrition in this country and eventually extend it to the rest of the world so that people of the earth will no longer suffer from want or malnutrition.\n\n262. Schultz, Theodore W.\nFood for the world. University of Chicago Press, 1945. $3.75\nTwenty-two experts in economics, nutrition, population, and agriculture show how better food conditions for all countries can be achieved.\n\n263. Sherman, Henry C.\nEssentials of nutrition. Macmillan, 1940. $3.05\nThe relations of food to the health and efficiency of normal people are stressed.\n\n263. Sherman, Henry C.\nThe science of nutrition. Columbia University Press, 1943. $2.75\nProblems of nutrition as they affect the health and well-being of peoples of the world.\n266. Beebe, William\nThe Book of Naturalists. Knopf, 1944, $3.50\nDr. Beebe has selected outstanding examples in the field of natural history from Aristotle to our contemporaries, presenting a survey of the growth of man's knowledge of nature through the centuries.\n\n267. Black, Archibald\nStory of Bridges. McGraw-Hill, 1936, $2.50\nPictures and descriptions of American bridges.\n\n268. Birth, Christy\nMasters of Mass Production. Bobbs-Merrill, 1945, $3.50\nBiographical sketches of past and present leaders in American mass production and the story of the progress industry has made in that line, especially during the present war.\n\n269. Bowditch, Nathaniel\nAmerican Practical Navigator. U.S. Hydrographic Office, 1938.\n1802, Burlingame, Roger - Engines of democracy: inventions and society in mature America. Scribner, 1940. $37.50\n\n1865, Burlingame, Roger - March of the iron men: a social history through invention. Scribner, 1938. $30.75\n\nPlace of invention in the shaping of our democracy.\n\nCarlisle, Norman, Vo & Latham, Prank, eds. - Miracles ahead?: better living in the postwar world. Macm, 1944.\n\nThe revolutionary changes in our mode of living which may come as the result of experiments and discoveries now being made.\n\nClark, Victor - History of manufactures in the United States * rev. ed. 3 vols. A history of the development and organization of manufactures.\n\n1945, Crews, Albert - Radio production directing. Houghton. $3.50\nInformation for those who direct radio programs: qualifications of a good director, tools of broadcasting, and an explanation of the general procedures involved in the preparation and presentation of programs\n\nPlastics. American Technical Society. 1943. $3.75\nA simplified presentation of the manufacture and use of important plastic materials and products with tables of their properties and basic design information required by engineers and designers.\n\nThe valley and its people: a portrait of the TVA. Knopf. 1944\nA record of our first experiment in rehabilitating by public enterprise told in text and photographs.\n\n276. DUPFUS, Rollo\n277. DJJLAP, Orring E.\nRadio's 100 men of science. Harper. 1944. $3.50\nIn chronological order, these are \u201cbrief biographies of the men whose\u201d\n278. Dutton, William DuPont: A biography of the DuPont Corporation (Scribner, 1942, $375)\n279. Fleddens, M. Corporation, Technology and livelihood (Russell Sage Foundation, 1944, $1.25) - Analyzing future employment and labor requirements in mineral industries, agriculture, construction, transportation, communications, etc.\n280. Gray, George Science at War (Harper, 1943, $3) - Discussion of scientific discoveries, such as radar, penicillin, and plastics, playing a part in the war.\n281. Hawley, G.S. Goodrich, Seeing the Invisible (Knopf, 1945, $205) - Description of the applications of the electron microscope to industrial problems and medical research.\n282. Haynes, William The Chemist and His Masks (Knopf, 1943, $3)\nDescriptions of the role of chemicals in the war, explosives, synthetic rubber, poison gases, plastics, plasma, etc.\n\nWilliam Haynes, \"The Chemical Age\" Knopf. 1942. $3.50. A book for the layman on the miracles of modern chemistry in the field of synthetics and plastics.\n\nRichard Hubbell, \"Television Programming and Production\" Farrar. 1945. $3.00. The practical and theoretical foundation of television by the head of the Crosley Radio Corp.\n\nRalph G. Hudson, \"An Introduction to Electronics\" Macmillan. 1945. $3.00. An explanation of the science of electronics and a description of its applications in the fields of radio, television, photography, navigation and medicine.\n\nBernard Jaitte, \"Men of Science in America\" Simon & Schuster. 1944. $3.50. The role of science in the growth of our country. The story is told.\n287. Kaempfert, Waldemar\nScience: Tomorrow 2nd series, Viking: 1945 $2.75\nThe advance of research and invention under war impetus\nA revised edition of a hook first published in 1939,\n\n288. Landis, Walter\nYour servant, the molecule Macmillan: 1944 $3.00\nA semi-technical discussion of the chemistry of common things: foods, fertilizers, clothing, paper, soap, petroleum, rubber, resins, plastics, explosives, paints, dyes, vitamins, cosmetics, colloids, etc.\n\n289. Lazarsfeld, Paul, P. O., & Stanton, Prank N., eds.\nRadio Research 1943-44 Essential Books: 1944 $5.00\nStudies of radio programs and audience reaction\nA section on the Owaio radio program, on German and British wartime programs.\n\n290. Lederer, Eugene\nPort Terminal Operation Cornell Univ Press: 1945 $5.00\n[291] A comprehensive and practical manual assisting and training workers in the handling and stowage of ship cargo\nLEE, Robert E.\n[291] Television: the revolutionary industry\nEssential Books, 1944\nIn non-technical language, the author deals with the problems facing the television industry of the future\n\n[292] LEY, Willy\nRockets: Viking\n1944\n$3.50\nThe future of travel beyond the stratosphere, discussing problems and expected progress\n\n[293] LEYSON, Burr W.\nPlastics in the world of tomorrow\nDutton, 1944\n$2.50\nA general survey of pre-war plastics with special attention to careers in the field\nAges 15 and up\n\n[294] LILIENTHAL, David E.\nTVoA0\u201c democracy on the march\nHarper, 1944\n$2.50\nThe chairman of the ToVoA interprets the project in terms of what\nThe science of man in the world crisis - Linton, Ralph (ed.) - Columbia University Press\nThis book deals objectively with the problem of race, analyzes culture processes and culture change, discusses the present state of world resources, the distribution of populations, colonial administration, the handling of minority groups, and trends in nationalism and internationalism.\n\nPlastics from farm and forest - Lou Gee, Earl Po - Plastics Industries Technology Institute\nThis book does not deal with the chemistry or technology of plastics, but with the farm and forest products from which plastics are made.\n\nTorch of civilizations: the story of man's conquest of darkness - Luckiesh, Matthew\nHistory of artificial light and the importance of its place in civilization.\n\nMabe, Carlton - Torch of civilizations: the story of man's conquest of darkness\n\n(Note: The text provided appears to be a list of book titles with their respective authors and publishers. There is no need for cleaning as the text is already perfectly readable and contains no meaningless or unreadable content.)\nBest known for his association with the success of telegraphy, Samuel F. Morse also earned recognition in three other careers\u2014 that of an artist, businessman, and political figure.\n\nLand Divided: A History of the Panama Canal and Other Isthmus Canal Projects from the Voyages of Columbus to the Completion of the Canal (Knopf, 1944, $6.00)\n\nA History of the Panama Canal and other isthmian canal projects, from the voyages of Columbus to the completion of the canal.\n\nNew World of Machines (Random, 1945, $3.00)\n\nAdvancing science on many fronts which touch intimately the lives of every one of us\u2014radar, television, lighting and communications, transportation, high-octane gas, the helicopter, artificial rubber, plastics, novel techniques in farming, etc.\n\nPioneering the Helicopter (McGraw, 1945, $2.75)\n\nA non-technical account of the development of the Sikorsky helicopter.\n[302] The autobiography of science. Doubleday. 1945. $5.00\nAn anthology of primary sources, as scientists throughout all scientific history, are quoted in their own words to make a composite picture of the development of science through the ages.\n\n[303] We present television. Norton. 1940. $3.50\nAn introduction to television, telling how it works.\n\n[304] The history of the Tennessee Valley Authority. Univ. of North Carolina Press. 1943\nThe history of the Tennessee Valley Authority, giving background and development of a great power project and its character as a government-owned agency.\n\n[305] A history of American mining. McGraw. 1932. $3.00\nIncludes the story of America's expansion and development.\n\n[306] Aviation radio. Morrow. 1945. $5.00\nA detailed and illustrated discussion of the fundamental principles of primary and advanced radio facilities, radio navigation, and the design and installation of radio apparatus. Muriel Rukeser, American Genius, Doubleday, 1942, $3.50.\n\nBiography of a 19th century professor whose work in mathematical physics has had an important influence on modern science and industry.\n\nRogers Rusch, Forward with Science, Knopf, 1943, $3.50.\n\nPopular essays on several scientific matters which are still essentially novelties, such as the neutron, the electron microscope, radioactivity, atom smashing, atomic energy, and cosmic rays.\n\nM.M. Samuels, Power Unleashed, Dorsey-House, 1943, $3.50.\n\nThe story of electricity and power. A readable \"book for the layman who wants information about electrical and other energy used in American homes and industries.\"\n310. John Sasso, Plastics for Industrial Use. McGraw-Hill, 1942, $2500\nAn engineering handbook for materials and methods\n\n311. John Ratcliff (ed.), Science Year Book. McGraw-Hill, 1942, $395\nAn annual made up of reprints of magazine articles on latest developments in science\n\n312. Harlow Shapley and others, A Treasury of Science. Harper, 1943, $395\nAn anthology of scientific writing, giving the layman his best chance of making direct contact with the best scientific minds of our time\n\n313. Herbert A. Simonds, Industrial Plastics. 2nd ed. Pitman, 1941, $4500\nGeneral information for manufacturers and technical men\n\n314. Arthur K. Solomon, Why Smash Atoms? Harvard Univ Press, 1943, $2500\nAn authoritative history of the work in this field during the past twenty years\n[The story of John Roebling and his son who built the Brooklyn Bridge\nThe author is one of the foremost bridge engineers of our day\n\nSoul of Amateurs: The Background of Electrical Science by Farrar\nTheories, research, experiments and accomplishments in the field of electricity summarized for the student of science\n\nScience Remakes Our World by Stokley, James\nA non-technical account of what science is creating in the laboratories in this country to influence our daily living\n\nHurricanes, Their Nature and History by Tannehill, Ivan R\nAn account in popular language of the scientific observations and theories concerning tropical storms\nIt deals with their place in nature and the effects they produce]\norigin,  their  movements,  etcQ  A  chronological  listing  of  over  600 \nstorms  covers  four  and  a  half  centurieso \n319 o  WARD,  HAROLD,  ed0 \nNew  worlds  in  sciences  an  anthology \u201e  McBride*  1941c  $3*50 \nAn  anthology  of  contemporary  science  consisting  of  non-technical \nwritings  of  33  scientists, \n320*  WEIL,  BENJAMIN  H*  &  ANHORN,  V  =  J* \nPlastic  horizons,  Cattell*  1944,  $2o50 \nStory  of  the  unfolding  of  a  plastic  age.  Historical  background, \nbasic  raw  materials,  chemistry,  outline  of  industry,  production \nand  statistics., \n321 o  WILLIAMSON,  SCOTT  GRAHAM \nThe  American  craftsman,  Crown,  1940,  $3o00 \nGlass,  pottery,  silver,  iron-work,  welding  illustrated  with  some \ntext* \n322 o  WILSON,  CHARLES  M, \nTrees  and  test  tubes.  Holt,  1943c  $3,50 \nAn  account  of  the  rubber  industry  from  its  beginnings  to  the  post- \nPearl  Harbor  days.  Includes  stories  of  both  natural  and  substitute \nrubber, \n323*  ZIM,  HERBERT  So \nSockets and jets Harcourt, 1945, $3.00\nA popular and non-technical account of the development of rockets and jet-propelled devices, from earliest times up to the present\nV. Pine Arts\nlo Art in America\n324, American Painting Today\nAmerican Federation of Arts, 1940c, $4.50\nReproductions of 259 American paintings, most of them done within the last ten years, together with a discussion of American art and artists\n325. Benton, Thomas\nArtist in America. Halcyon. 1939. $1.49\nWhile cast in the form of autobiography, much of the book deals with the America he discovered, turned his back on Europe and set out to get acquainted with his native land.\n326. Biddle, George\nArtist at War. Viking, 1944, $3.50\nHe describes the human incongruities, the daily episodes of the common soldier which to him spell out the meaning of war.\n327. Boswell, Peyton\nModern American painting. Dodds 1939, $5,000\nReproductions in color of 86 paintings by American artists selected from the series of contemporary American artists published in Art in America.\nCahill, Holger & Barr, Aoh, eds.\nArt in America. Reynal 1935\u00a9 $3.50\nA complete survey.\nCairns, Huntington & Walker, John, eds\nMasterpieces of painting from the National Gallery of Art. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DoC\u00a9 Random\u00a9 1945\u00a9\nEighty-five large reproductions in color representing the course of western painting down to the time of Cezanne. Each painting has a page of text chosen from the literature of art criticism.\nCheney, Martha\nModern art in America McGraw 1939 $4000\nA scholarly, well-illustrated essay,\nCrane, Aimee\nArt in the armed forces Scribner* 1944 $5*00\nColor and black and white reproductions of representative paintings.\nby soldiers, sailors, marines, and merchant seamen, 9 waves and merchant seamen,\n\nThomas Craven, ed. A Treasury of American Prints. Simon & Schuster, 1939.\nA selection of 100 etchings and lithographs by foremost American artists,\n\nGarwood, Grant Artist in Iowa; the life of Grant Wood. Norton, 1944, $3.50\nA sympathetic biography of a modern American artist whose paintings are to be found in homes all over the US,\n\nGoodrich, Lloyd Winslow Homer. Macm, 1944, $7.50\nA friendly biography of a great American artist, showing the development of his painting as his subject matter and technique changed,\n\nI Sham, Samuel History of American painting- new ed. Macm, 1942, $3.95\nWritten from the painter's point of view, A record of American painting from the early days up to the present.\nAbstract and surrealist art in America: Reynal, 1944, $60.50\nThe development of this new art from its European origin to the present, traced by means of reproductions of one hundred paintings and brief interpretations.\nLa Follette, Suzanne, Art in America, from colonial times to the present day. Harper, Discriminating critique of painting, sculpture, architecture and the applied arts, against a background of social and economic change.\nMagazine of Art, 338. Painters and sculptors of modern America: Crowell, 1942, $5000. Papers on the life and work of twenty-eight American artists, in which each artist writes of himself.\nMather, P. Frank, et al. American spirit in art. Yale Univ Press. Divided into short chapters followed by numerous illustrations, with explanatory comment and biographical and critical notes.\nMellquist, Jerome.\n[Surgence of an American Art Scribner 1942 $30.75\nAgainst a background of American art and the men who contributed to its development, the story is told of modern American art from Whistler to the present day\n\n341 New York Museum of Modern Art\nRomantic painting in America [Museum] 1943 $20.50\nThe fifth of a series of books designed to present the movements, trends or divisions of modern art\n\n342 Pagano, Grace, ed.\nContemporary American painting; Encyclopedia Britannica collection [116 artists are represented in this collection of 20th century American painting. Accompanying the plates which illustrate the work of each artist, is a statement regarding his or her work and intent.]\n\n343 Porter, James\nModern Negro art [Dryden] 1943 $30.25\nBegins in pre-civil war days and gives much space to new artists\n\n344 St. Gaudens, Homer]\nThe American artist and his times: Doddo $5,000 (1941)\nAn informal survey of American art\nWalker, John & James, Mac Gill, eds. Great American paintings from Smibert to Bellows, 1729-1924\nTwo staff members of the National Gallery cast a selective eye over two centuries of American painting\n\nWeienkampf, Frank $4,000 (1924)\nAn authoritative survey of the history of etching, steel and wood engraving, mezzotint, aquatint, lithography, caricature and book plate drawing\n\nZigrossi, Carl $5,000 (1942)\nAn American authority on prints and print-makers emphasizes human values and interpretations in his revealing portraits\n\nArchitecture, Housing and City Planning\nAdams, Thomas Outline of town and city planning (Hussel Sage Foundation) 19--\n[349] Architectural Forum, \"Book of Low Cost Houses\" by Simon & Schuster, 1940, $1.00 [350] Architectural Forum, \"A Brief History of Prefabrication\" [350] Architectural Forum, reprints of six articles from December 1942 to June 1943 [351] Carol Aronovici, \"Housing the Masses\" by Wiley, 1939, $3.50 [352] Henry Churchill, \"The City is the People's Reynolds\", 1945, $3.00 [GEORGE ED] - George Ho (Assuming \"ED SELL - GEORGE Ho\" refers to \"George Ho by Ed Sell\")\n[The American architecture of today by Scribner, 1928, $6.00\nProfusely illustrated with emphasis on the influence of the great expositions. Includes domestic, ecclesiastic, academic and commercial architecture.\n354. Ford, James & Ford, KoMo\nModern house in America (Architectural Books, 1940), $5,000\n355. Hamlin, Talbot\nThe American spirit in architecture (Pageant of America vol.13), Yale University Press, 1926, $5.50\nThe book is especially noteworthy for the illustrations.\n356. Hamlin, Talbot\nGreek revival architecture in America, Oxford, 1944, $7.50\nAn account of important trends in American architecture and American life prior to the Civil War.\n357. Hilberseiker, L.\nThe new city: elements of planning, Paul Theobald Pub., 5 North Wabash Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 1944, $5.95\nA book on city planning, relating the task of planning to the future development of cities.]\n358. Hitchcock, Henry RC, \"The new settlement: A city in the landscape,\" City Planning, University of Illinois at Chicago, conceived as a city composed of small units and surrounded by parks, fields, and the forests of the region.\n\n359. International City Managers Association, Planning for postwar municipal services, The Assn, 1945, $2000, An analysis of problems and trends with suggestions for developing local policies.\n\n360. Mumford, Lewis, City development, Harcourt, 1945, $2,000.\n\n361. Mumford, Lewis, Sticks and stones: A study of American architecture and civilization.\n362. National Committee on Housing: Neighborhood design and control. The Committee, 512 Fifth Avenue,\nAn analysis of the problems of planned subdivisions; Henry S. Churchill, planning consultant,\n\n363. New York Museum of Modern Art\nBuilt in the U.S., 1944. $3,000.\nExamples of modern architecture profusely illustrated,\n\n364. Rosenman, Dorothy\nA Million Homes a Year. Harcourt, 1945. $3,50.\nThe chairman of the National Committee on Housing discusses modern housing for every income\u2014 the problem and the possibilities.\n\n365. Saarinen, Eiel\nThe City: Its Growth, Its Decay, Its Future. Reinhold, 1943.\nA solid contribution to our indispensable policy of postwar reconstruction by an architect who has had an honorable career in Finland.\n366. America, Nathan Straus, The seven myths of housing, Knopf, 1944, $2.75\n366. Primarily a book on slum clearance and public housing for the population in the lowest income brackets.\n\n367. Louis Sullivan, Autobiography of an idea, Press of America, Institute of Architects, 1936, $4.00\n367. The idea was architecture; the architect, one whose name suggests skyscrapers, points out freak periods along with main trends.\n\n368. Thomas Tallmadge, Story of architecture in America, Norton, 1936, $4.00\n368. From the 17th century timber house to skyscrapers. Points out freak periods along with main trends.\n\n369. Twentieth Century Fund, Housing-Committee, American housing: problems and prospects, The fund, 1944, $3.00\n369. A general survey of housing in the U.S and conditions affecting the housebuilding industry as the war broke.\n\n370. Robert A. Wajcer,\nThe planning function in urban government (Williams, Paul RC, Univ of Chicago Press)\nCity planning and zoning as a governmental function beyond mere physical or decorative planning, 371\n\nThe small home of tomorrow (Murray & Gees, Hollywood, Calif.)\nForty floor plans of modern homes ranging from $3000 to $10,000. Outlined in detail are the kitchen of tomorrow and the bathroom of tomorrow. A brief text accompanies each floor plan, 372 (Wills, Royal Barry)\nHouses for good living (Architectural Book, 1940, $4,000)\n\nWright, Frank Lloyd (On architecture: selected writings 1894-1940, Buell, 1941, $3,000)\n\nTaft, Lorado (History of American sculpture, new rev. ed with a supplementary chapter by Adeline Adams, Macm, 1930, $3,000)\nA distinguished sculptor's comprehensive work which has become a classic, 374 (Wheeler, Monroe)\nPainters and sculptors of modern America Crowell, 1942, $5,000\nEighteen leading painters and ten leading sculptors tell of their lives, works, and aims. Includes 120 reproductions in half-tones and color.\n\n376 Craven, Thomas, ed.\nCartoon cavalcade Simon & Schuster, 1943, $3.95\nAmerican humor and satire in cartoons from 1883 to the present\n\n377 Murrell, William\nA history of American graphic humor Whitney Museum of American Art\nThe course of pictorial satire\n\n378 Nevins, Allan & Weitenkampf\nA century of political cartoons Scribner, 1944, $3.50\nCaricature in the United States from 1800 to 1900 with 100 reproductions of cartoons,\n\n379 Thurber, James\nMen, women and dogs Harcourt, 1943, $3.00\nDrawings selected from Thurber's work in the New Yorker over a period of years. They epitomize Mr. Thurber's ideas on the war.\nBetween the sexes * with a few inclusions on the subject of dogs\nJoseph Solomon Priedman, History of color photography (American Photographic Pub, 1945)\nHistory of the technical development of color photography by a research chemist. Special stress is laid on new developments since 1938.\nBeaumont Newhall, Photography (Museum of Modern Art, 1938) $3,000\nA short critical history,\nRobert Taft, Photography and the American scene: a social history 1839-1889\nThe first complete history of the camera from its beginnings in 1839 to the development of the film camera in 1888 and its effect on our social life\nEdward Steichen; photography of western scenes by Edward Weston (1940 volume of an excellent annual, started in 1936)\nA chronological review of 100 years of American photography.\n300 Negro photographs and 15 in color, U.S. Camera, 1944. Selected by Edward Steichen. Edited by T. Maloney and Duell, $4050. Devoted to war-related pictures obtained primarily from official Army, Navy, and news service photographs.\n\n60 Mugifs.\nHarvard Dictionary of Music, 1944, $60. Up-to-date concise information on all aspects of music, including 49 articles on the music of various racial or national groups, each followed by a complete bibliography of books and periodicals on the subject.\n\nAmerica Sings, Knopf, 1942, $35. A collection of tall tales of American heroes and of the folk or work songs which Americans have sung and danced to for many years.\n\nAdventures in Symphonic Rausic, Farrar, 1944, $2.50. (Edward Steichen)\nAn analysis of over 200 frequently-heard compositions with anecdotes about the composers' lives and the development of the symphonic form\nDownes, Olin & Siegmeister, E. (1940). Treasury of American song. $5.00\nOne hundred fifty songs with music for voice and piano\nEwen, David. (1944). Men of popular music. $2.75\nThe evolution of popular music in America through the careers, achievements, and personalities of a dozen men who gave it shape\nEwen, David. (1944). Music comes to America. $3.00\nA history of American music from about 1850\nGoff, I. R. (1944). Jazz from the Congo to the Metropolitan. $2.50\nThis traces the emergence of the American contribution to music\nGrant, M., Hettinger, H. (Norton). America's symphony orchestras and how they are supported\nA brief history of symphony orchestras in the U.S. with detailed analysis, including many statistics of their finances\nHobson, Wilder American jazz: Ragtime, jazz and swing - their origins, techniques and practitioners\nHoward, John A 300-year history of American music\nHoward, John T & Mendel, Arthur Our contemporary composers: American music in the 20th century (A continuation of OUR AMERICAN MUSIC. Good reading and for reference)\nHowlett, John Stephen Foster: America's troubadour\nHoward, John T\nKolodin, Irving The Metropolitan Opera, 1883-1939 Oxford, 1940 $3075 A history through the 1939 season\n[398] James W. Johnson & J. Johnson, 2 vols, American Negro Spirituals (1925 & 1926), Viking, 1940\n[399] Ciaibe Reis, Composers in America, Macmillan, 1938, $3,50\n[400] Carl Sandburg, ed., The American Songbag, Harcourt, 1927, $20.69\n[401] Virgil Thomson, The Musical Scene, Knopf, 1945, $3,000\n(Essays and reviews from New York Herald Tribune between October 9, 1940 and July 23, 1944)\nEveryman's drama: An American Association for Adult Education study of the non-commercial theater in the United States\nThe fervent years - Knopf, 1945 - $3.50\nThe story of the Group Theatre's brief career and its influence\nGilbert, Douglas - American vaudevilles: its life and times - McGraw, 1940 - $3.50\nFor students of American theatrical history - an incredible footnote of great value\nEncyclopedia of the theater - Knopf, 1940 - $3.00\nThe American stage today with some consideration of its past.\n406 John Martin, America dancing: the background and personalities of modern dance - New York Times - 1936 - $3000\n407 Terry Walters, Invitation to dance - AOS - Barnes - 1942 - $2000\nA brief review of American dance as an art\n\n408 Robert Field, The art of Walt Disney - Macmillan - 1942 - $350\nPresented as a new art form, outlining techniques and describing how creative ideas are developed\n\n409 Lewis Jacobs, The rise of the American film: a critical history - Harcourt\nThe author traces the film from its commercial beginnings in 1896 to the present, investigating and evaluating it as an industry, an artistic medium and as a social force\n\n410 Leo Rosenthal (Lenard Ross, pseudo), Hollywood: the movie colony; the movie makers - Harcourt - 1941.\n[Two parts: The movie colony and its life, practices, and values; the movie makers - producers, actors, directors, writers. Objective appraisal, style occasionally lush.\nBrief critical history of American movies.\nA pictorial history of the movies. Composed of movie stills and brief paragraphs of text.\nAmerica at the movies. Sociological aspects of the movies - how many Americans go to the movies and why; what kind of movies are popular; the influence of movies on women's clothes, house furnishings, manners; the place of propaganda and censorship.]\n\n411 Seldes, Gilbert\nThe movies come from America (Scribner, 1937, $3.00)\nBrief critical history of American movies.\n\n412 Taylor, Deems and others\nA pictorial history of the movies (Simon & Schuster, 1943)\nPictorial history of the moving picture industry in America.\n\n413 Thorp, Margaret\nAmerica at the movies (Yale Univ Press, 1939, $2.75)\nSociological aspects of the movies - the influence of movies on women's clothes, house furnishings, manners; the place of propaganda and censorship.\n[Introduction to community recreation, McGraw-Hill, 1940, $3.50\nSubjects included are the significance of recreation, leadership, facilities and programs, administration problems\n\n415 0 DULLES 0 POSTER RHEA.\nAmerica learns to play, Appleton-Century, 1940, $4.00\nA history of popular recreation, 1607-1940,\n\n416 0 ENCYCLOPEDIA OP SPORTS\nRevised edition of a book that is now the accepted sports authority in the United States,\n\n417 Hughes, William L. & Williams, J.P.\nSports, their organization and administration, Barnes, 1944.\nConcrete suggestions and directions for the conduct of sports in various institutions at different age levels,\n\n418 Kieran, John\nThe American sporting scene, Macmillan, 1941, $5.00\nPleasant reminiscences of a well-known sports writer of the New York Times illustrated with drawings and color plates,\n\n419 0 SCHWENDENER, Norma]\n\nIntro to community recreation (McGraw-Hill, 1940): Significance of recreation, leadership, facilities and programs, administration problems.\nAmerica learns to play (Appleton-Century, 1940): A history of popular recreation from 1607-1940.\nEncyclopedia of Sports (revised edition): Accepted sports authority in the US.\nSports: Organization and administration by Hughes & Williams (Barnes, 1944): Concrete suggestions for conducting sports.\nKieran: The American sporting scene (Macmillan, 1941): Pleasant reminiscences with drawings and color plates.\nSchwedeners: [Unknown]\nA history of physical education in the United States by Barnes. An entertaining and useful book.\n\nVI, Literature\nlo History and Criticism\nAdams, J. Donald - Shape of Books to Come (Viking, 1944) $2.50\nBooks published in America during the last 25 years and an examination of the creative temper of this period\n\nAlcott, Amos - Journals, selected and edited by Odell Shepherd (Little, 1938)\nA chapter in the cultural autobiography of America\n\nBrooks, Van Wyck - Literature of New England (Garden City, 1944) $2.98\nA literary history of high literary merit which includes individual portraiture and acute summaries of the historical place of single authors and literary groups, like that of Brooks Parr\n\nBrooks, Van Wyck - The World of Washington Irving (Dutton, 1944) $3.75\nBegins with 1800. Other volumes in the literary history will follow.\nThe South and West cover Jefferson, Audubon, Irving, Cooper, Bryant, William G. Simms, N. P. Willis, and Poe. American Prose Masters. Scribner. 1923. $2.00.\n\nProfessor Brownell considers Cooper, Hawthorne, Emerson, Poe, Lowell, and Henry James.\n\nCambridge History of American Literature. Edited by W. Trent and others. 1 vol. Macmillan. 1943. $2.95. The most important history of American literature.\n\nJames D. Hart. Oxford Companion to American Literature. Oxford. 1941. $5.00. Short biographies and bibliographies of American authors, summaries and descriptions of the important American novels, stories, essays, poems, and plays, and other matters related to writing in America.\n\nPaul Hazard. Books for Children and Men. Horn Book (Boston). 1944. $3.00. A book on literature for children with the engaging thesis that\nYoung people's bookshelves are the measure of a nation's awareness of the rights of the individual. This is a translation of a book that originally appeared in France in 1932. The author was a visiting professor of French at Columbia University.\n\n428 Hicks, Granville\nThe great tradition: a study of American literature tracing its slow emancipation from dependence upon past traditions and foreign culture to a broader realism concerned with the activities and interests of the American people.\n\n429 Kazin, Alfred\nOn native grounds: an interpretation of modern American prose literature. Reynal, 1942. $3.75\n\nBeginning with William Dean Howells and coming down to the present, the author shows the development of the American spirit through American literature.\n\n430 Matthiessen, Francis Otto\nAmerican renaissance: art and expression in the age of Emerson.\nA scholarly study of Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, Melville, their conception of literature's function and nature, and the degree to which they applied their own theories\n\nMillett, Fred B, Contemporary American Authors (Harcourt, 1940)\nA critical survey and 219 bio-bibliographies\n\nMencken, Henry L, The American Language: An Inquiry into the Development of English in the U.S. (4th rev. and enl. ed, Knopf, 1936) $5.00\nA hook to read for sheer enjoyment and to trace the origins of distinctly American twists of the English idiom,\n\nMencken, Henry L, The American Language: Supplement 1; An Inquiry into the Development of English in the U.S. (Knopf, 1945) $5.00\nThe first of a two-volume supplement to the 4th edition (1936) of THE AMERICAN LANGUAGE.\n\nMott, R.R, American Journalism, 1690-1940 (Macmillan) $4.25 text edB\nA history of newspapers in the United States (A tremendous hook and will doubtless remain the standard hook in the field for a long time) by Parrington, Vernon L.\nMain currents in American thoughts (A literary history of the US which stresses the development of successive climates of opinion) by Smith, Bernard (ed)\nThe democratic spirit: a collection of American writings from the earliest times to the present day (Prom the Mayflower pact to Carl Sandburg) by Smith, Bernard.\nForces in American criticism: a study in the history of American literary thought by Smith, Bernard.\nLiterary critics and the relations between American literature and American life by Wilson, Edmund (ed).\nThe development of literature in the US (The Shock of Recognition) by Wilson, Edmund (ed).\n20 General Anthologies\n439 Forster, Norman, ed. American poetry and prose\nA selection displaying the new conception of a developing continent (Houghton, 1934)\n440 Frederick, John, ed. Out of the Midwest\nAn anthology of prose and poetry featuring the Midwestern section of the US\nHazard, Lucy L., ed. In Search of America\nAn anthology selected less for literary value than for the light the selections shed on American life (Crowell, 1930)\n442 Lewinson, Ludwig, comp. Creative America? An anthology\nSelections from American prose and poetry from colonial times to the present (Harper, 1933)\n443 Oxford Anthology of American Literature\n[An anthology of American prose and poetry from 1608 to 1938, Oxford, 1938, $450\n444 Van Doren, Carl\n[Patriotic anthology, Doubleday, 1941, $3.00]\nA collection of prose and poetry dealing with various aspects of the history of the U.S., arranged chronologically according to subject matter.\n3c Krutch, Joseph\nAmerican drama since 1918: an informal history. Random, 1939\nA connected account and some critical evaluation of playwriting in America since the World War I.\n445 [Mantle, Burns]\nContemporary American playwrights. Dodd, 1938, $2.50\nBrief biographical sketches and criticism of the work of America's foremost dramatists.\n446 Quinn, Arthur\nHistory of the American drama, from the Civil war to the present day. A well-balanced account of the American drama.]\n\nAnderson, Maxwell\nFourteen plays:\n\n449. CERF, Bennett A & Cartmell, Van, eds.\nSixteen famous American plays. Garden City, 1941. $1.98\n450. Cordell, Kathryn & William H, eds.\nThe Pulitzer prize plays. Random, 1940. $4\nAll the plays which have received the Pulitzer award except The Old Maid.\n451. Corwin, Norman\nRadio plays by an expert radio dramatist.\n452. Free Company Presents\nA collection of plays about the meaning of America. Introduction by James Boyd Dodd, 1941. $2\nPlays by ranking playwrights that have been successfully acted over the Columbia Broadcasting System. Written for radio, they read graphically. Their common theme is the Bill of Rights.\n453. Gassner, John, ed.\nTwenty \"best plays of the modern American theater.\" Crown, 1939.\nFour plays by Hellman: Ties of the Heart, The Little Foxes, and Watch on the Rhine\nSix plays by Kaufman and Hart: Once in a Lifetime, Merrily We Roll Along, You Can't Take It With You, The American Way, and The Man Who Came to Dinner\nTwenty short plays by Frederick Koch from Appleton-Century, 1939, $4.00\nTwelve one-act plays by William Kozlenko about regional life in the United States (Day, 1941, $2.50)\nBest short plays of the social theater by William Kozlenko (Random, 1939, $2.50)\nTen plays of protest against special injustice by young playwrights, most of them talented, all of them world-minded.\n\nMantle Burns & Sherwood, eds.\nMayorga, Margaret, ed.\nPlays of Democracy\nDodd, 1944\n$2.50\n\nOboler, Arch\nFourteen radio plays.\nRandom, 1940\n$2.00\nOboler ranks with the best in the radio writing field, writes and directs the weekly Everyman's Theater programs from which the plays were chosen.\n\nOboler, Arch & Longstreet : Stephen, eds.\nFree world theater.\nRandom, 1944\n$2075\nNineteen new radio plays with an introduction by Thomas Mann.\n\nOdets, Clifford\nSix plays.\nRandom, 1939\n$2.05\nContents: Waiting for Lefty; Awake and Sing; Till the Day I Die; Paradise Lost; Golden Boy; Rocket to the Moon.\n\nNeill, Eugene G.\nNine plays.\nRandom, 1940\n$7.50\nContents: The Emperor Jones; The Hairy Ape; All God's Chillun Got Wings.\nWings; Desire under the elms; Marco Millions; The great god Brown; Iazarus laughed; Strange interlude; Mourning becomes Electra; Homecoming; The united; The haunted.\n\n46: Emerson; Ralph Waldo\nComplete essays and other writings; ed. by Brooks Atkinson. Modern Library, 1940. $0.95\n\n466: Foster, Norman. American critical essays. Oxford, 1930. $0.95 (covers the 19th and 20th centuries)\n\n467: Lowell, James Russell\nSelected literary essays. Houghton, 1914. $1.00 (literary essays that affirm Lowell's classic position in American letters)\n\n468: Repplier, Agnes\nEight decades; essays and episodes. Houston, 1937. $3.00 (fastidious essays, witty and erudite)\n\n469: White, Elwyn\n---\n\nRepresentative American plays from 1767 to the present day (6th revised and enlarged edition). Appleton-Century, 1938. $5.00 (an excellent and useful compilation)\nOne man: S. Meat Harper, 1942, $20.50 Forty-five thoughtful and witty essays on a variety of themes.\n\n5. Humor\nBlair, Walter: Horse sense in American humor, Univ. of Chicago Press, 1942, $2.75 A short history of American humor.\n\n471. Cuppy, William C.: How to become extinct, Farrar, 1941, $2.00 Essays discussing with bewildering detail the activities and habits of life as fish, snakes, sloths, and insects.\n\n472. Bay, Clarence: Life with father and mother. 3 vols. in 1 Knopf, 1943 Essentials volume containing the three books: God and my father; Life with father; and Life with mother.\n\n473. French, Joseph L., ed.: Sixty years of American humor, Little, Brown, 1924, $2.50 The best of American humor from Mark Twain to Benchley.\n\n474. Holmes, Oliver W.: Autocrat of the breakfast table, Macmillan, 1928, $1.25\nA series of witty, genial essays originally contributed to the Atlantic Monthly in the mid-19th century\n\nThe sketch-book (2 vols) in 10 Putnam, 1925 $2.50\nIncludes \"Sleepy Hollow\" and \"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,\" among the finest pieces of American fiction\n\nNash, Ogden\nThe face is familiar. Little, 1940 $2.76\nA selection of the best verse from six previous books with over 30 new poems\n\nRosten, Leo\nEducation of Hyman Kaplan. Harcourt, 1937 $2.00\nSketches from The New Yorker recording the progress of Mr. Kaplan, a student in the American Night Preparatory School for Adults\n\nHodgke, Constance M.\nAmerican Humors: A Study of the National Character. Harcourt.\nThe comic spirit and the part it has played in forming a national character.\n\nThurber, James\n---\n[4810] James Thurber, Fables for Our Time and Famous Poems, Harper, 1940, $2.50\n[4810] A collection of Thurber's fables illustrated with Thurber drawings\n\nJames Thurber, The Thurber Carnival, Harper, 1945, $2.75\n[48] A Thurber omnibus containing some stories not collected before in hook form\nCarolyn Wells, comp., The Hook of Humorous Verse, Blue Ribbon, 1936, $1.98\n[483] Elwyn B. White & KoSA White, eds., A Subtreasury of American Humor, Coward, 1941, $3.75\nAn anthology of humorous pieces gathered from American writers from Benjamin Franklin to the present\n\n[6] Poetry\n[484] Conrad Aiken, comp., American Poetry: 1671-1928, Modern Library, 1929\nIncludes specimens of American poetry from 1671-1928\n\n[485] Marjorie Barrows, ed., Pulitzer Prize Poems, Random, 1941, $2.50\nSelections from every book of poetry that has won the Pulitzer Prize\nBenet, Stephen Vincent Selected works 2 vols Farrar 1942 $5.00\nThe author's selection consists of volume 1, his poetry, and volume 2, his prose.\nBenet, William Rose & Cousins, eds The poetry of freedom Random 1945 $3.00\nRepresentative poetry from all periods and countries centering on the theme of liberty and numbering more than 600 poems.\nBrown, Sterling- Allan and others, eds Negro caravan Writings by American Negroes Dyddy 1942\nAn anthology covering the period from 1760 to the present.\nBryant, William Cullen Poetical works Appleton-Century 1906 $2.25\nA dignity worthy of one who dwelt close to nature.\nCarman, Bliss, ed The Oxford book of American verse Oxford 1927 $3.50\nBest for its choice among the older poets.\nCoffin, Robert Collected poems Macmillan\nCullen, Countee, ed Collected poems\n[493] Caroling at dusk\nHarper & Brothers\nAn anthology of verse by Negro poets\nMy country: A poem of America (Simon & Schuster, 1944, $1.50)\nA poem of the virtues and evils of American life, in which a soldier's death on the battlefield, as revealed to his family and friends, leads the poet to hope for the brotherhood of man.\n\n[494] Emily Dickinson\nPoems (edited by Martha Bianchi and Alfred Sampson, new edition)\nPoems, most of them very short, largely modern in tone and technique though written by an outwardly puritan spinster.\n\n[495] Paul Laurence Dunbar\nComplete poems (new edition, Dodd, 1945, $3.00)\nNew one volume edition of all the work of the Negro poet.\n\n[496] D. T. Thomas Eliot\nCollected poems, 1909-1935 (Harcourt, Brace & World, 1936, $2.50)\n\n[497] Robert Frost\nCollected poems (new revised edition, Blue Ribbon, 1939, $1.69)\n[498] A collection of poems full of sensitive appreciation for the beauty inherent in emotions and things of everyday life. (Jeffers, Robinson)\n[499] Some 300 poems, some never before published, reflecting the movement of American poetry across the past three decades. (Kreymboro, Alfred)\n[500] V\n[50] The author wrote much of his verse to be chanted, read aloud, or as accompaniment to dancing or pantomime. (Lindsay, Vachel)\n[501] Selected poems. (Macmillan, 1931) $10.25\n[501] The author wrote much of his verse to be chanted, read aloud, or as accompaniment to dancing or pantomime. (Longfellow, Henry W)\n[502] Complete poetical works. (Houghton, 1900) $30.75\n[A popular 19th century poet]\n[503] A poet who is keenly aware of modern problems, writes with subtle and profound craftsmanship. (Masters, Edgar Lee)\n[504] A poet who is keenly aware of modern problems, writes with subtle and profound craftsmanship. (Lowell, James Russell)\n[505] A poet. (MacLeish, Archibald)\n[Spoon River Anthology, Macmillan 1925 $25\nA series of character sketches revealing the life of a village community in the Middle West in the form of epitaphs in a kind of \"free verse\n\nEdna St. Vincent Millay\nCollected lyrics Harper 1943 $5000\nPreviously published lyrics arranged in the order of their publication\n\nCollected sonnets Harper 1941 $3000\nThe author is at her technical and emotional best in her sonnets\n\nEdna St. Vincent Millay\nCollected poems revised Macmillan 1937 $3000\nKnown for his form, restraint, and the compression of thought, considered one of our most intellectual poets\n\nEdwin Robinson\nCollected poems Harcourt Brace 1937 $3000\n\nCarl Sandburg\nSmoke and steel slabs of the sunburnt west? Good morning, America; poems Harcourt Brace 1942 $3050\nPoet of Chicago, the prairies, and the proletariate]\n509 o Teasdale, Sara\nCollected poems (Macm) 1937 $2075\nMiss Teasdale wrote perfect lyrics on the themes of love, beauty and death\n\n510 o Untermeyer, Louis, ed\nModern American poetry (6th rev ed) Harecourt 1942 $3750\nA critical anthology\n\n511 e Van Doren, Mark, ed\nAmerican poets, 1630-1930 Little 1940 $1075\nSignificant poems by 57 poets whom the editor believes possess genuine distinction.\n\n512 o Whitman, Walt\nLeaves of Grass Modern Library 1940 $1025\nTerses of a free-soaring spirit\n\n513 Whitier, John\nComplete poetical works Houghton 1904 $3075\nRepresentative of New England poets and preeminently the singer of the anti-slavery movement\n\n514 o Wylie, Elinor\nCollected poems Knopf 1932 $3050\nFastidious, expert and sometimes passionate poems by a master of prose as well\n\n515 o Blair, Walter\n[516] A treasure of American folklore: A 900-page anthology of stories, legends, tall tales, traditions, ballads, and songs of the American people (Bottkin, Benjamin A.)\n[517] The seas of stories: An anthology of 49 stories by modern American and European writers (Burnett, Whit)\n[518] The bedside book of famous American stories: A collection of 67 short stories by American writers (Burrell, John A. & Cere, Bo)\n[519] The best American short stories, and the yearbook of the American Short Story League (Foley, Martha)\nSome 30 short stories originally published in the New Yorker, Harper's Bazaar, Yale Review and others\n520 New Yorker (Periodical)\nA collection of 68 stories from the New Yorker published by Simon & Schuster in 1940\n521 Fifty best American short stories, 1915-1939 (Houghton, 1939)\nA cross section of the rich and varied field of the American short story during a quarter century,\n522 O'Hara Award Prize Stories by Herschel Brickell (Doubleday, 1944) - $2.50\n26th annual volume of this anthology\n523 The Development of the American Short Story by Peed Patterson (Harper, 1923) - An historical survey,\n524 Midnight Reader by Philip Van Doren Stern (Holt, 1942) - $20.75\n525 Adams, Samuel H: A Friendly Biography based on personal acquaintance and interviews Reynal 1945 $3.50\n526 Gantt, Henri: Thoreau: Houghton 1939 $3.75 - An interpretative study of the life and personality and work of the famous American recluse, naturalist and writer\n527 Canby, Henri: Walt Whitman: An American Houghton 1943 $3.75 - Focuses attention primarily on Whitman's mind, not on the external events of his career, and identifies Whitman's mentality with the negative capacity of the bomb artist\n528 Cross, Wilbur L: Connecticut Yankee Tale University Press 1943 $5.00 - The autobiography of the former dean of the graduate school at Yale University\n529 Garland, Hamlin: A Son of the Middle Border Maem 1928 $2.50\nBiography of a pioneer's son to his 32nd year: Continued by his daughter. (Grosset, 1929. $1.009) Describes his mother's life and his own middle age.\n530. Paine, Albert B.\nMark Twain: A biography, personal and literary life of Samuel Clemens. (Harper, 1937. $2.00) The authorized biography written by one who knew him intimately.\n531. Jinn, Arthur H.\nEdgar Allan Poe: A critical biography. (Appleton, 1941. $5.00) A scholarly biography of America's most misunderstood poet.\n532. Shepard, Odell\nPedlar's progress: The life of Bronson Alcott. (1937) Presented here as an idealist and a philosopher.\n533. Thoreau, Henry D.\nThe heart of Thoreau's journals, edited by Odell Shepard and Houghton. First of the nature writers, Thoreau was an original thinker on economic, political, and aesthetic questions. Of the Concord.\nTranscendentalist, he was the most individual.\n534 \u00a9 Thoreau, Henry Do\nA daily journal written during the two years and two months which the author spent on the shores of Walden Pond, in Concord, Mass.\nProbably his best known work.\nVII History\nThe American Indian\n535c. Radin, Paul\nThe Story of the American Indian (Liveright, 1934) $2.50\nGarden City reprinted into 1937 $1.39\nWritten by one of the leading authorities on Indian culture, this history of the American Indian in the Western Hemisphere is in the nature of an interpretation.\n536 o Terrill, A. Hyatt\nOur Indians (Putnam, 1935) $2.50\nA survey of 200 American Indian tribes.\n537 o Wispler, Clare\nIndians of the United States (Pour centuries of their history and culture) (American Museum of Natural History science series)\nA wise, learned, sympathetic book on the American Indian.\n20 History.\n[538] Adams, James Truslow and others, eds.\nAlbum of American history, 2 vols. $15,000. Scribner.\nA social history of places and people important in America's past.\n\n[539] Adams, James Truslow, ed.\nAtlas of American history.\n147 maps, especially drawn for this country.\nTo develop a panoramic history of our land.\n\n[540] Adams, James Truslow.\nDictionary of American history, 5 vols. Scribner, 1940.\n6,425 separate articles dealing with specific aspects of American history, alphabetically arranged.\n\n[541] Adams, James Truslow.\nEpic of America. Little, 1933. $2.50.\nAbout the best one volume survey. Goes beyond the usual facts and figures of history to paint a character sketch of a people in search of an American dream of a better, richer and happier life for all our citizens of every rank.\n\n[542] Allen, Frederick L.\nOnly yesterday. Harper, 1931. $3.00.\n[An informal history of the 1920s, Beard, Charles A & Mary R: Basis history of the United States, Garden City, 1944, $069\nA comprehensive survey of our national history, illuminating our social, political, economic, industrial, and intellectual factors of colonization, Beard, Charles A: The presidents in American history, Messner, 1935, $2C00\nCritical, historical sketches of the Presidents of the United States from Washington to Franklin D. Roosevelt, Beard, Charles A & Mary R: Rise of American civilization, 4 vols, vol. 1 & 2 in one volume, Macmillan; vol. 3 America in midpassage, Macmillan; vol. 4 The American spirit, Macmillan\nA study of the economic and social forces shaping the American nation, Beard, Charles A: America, Farrar, Straus, 1944, $1*50\nA short, readable interpretation of the founding and growth of the US, Benet, Stephen: America, Farrar, Straus, 1944\nBonsal, Stephen:]\n\nAn informal history of the 1920s by Beard, Charles A and Mary R, Basis history of the United States published in 1944 by Garden City with an ISBN of $069. A comprehensive survey of our national history, illuminating our social, political, economic, industrial, and intellectual factors of colonization, a work by Charles A Beard published in 1935 by Messner with an ISBN of $2C00. Critical, historical sketches of the Presidents of the United States from Washington to Franklin D. Roosevelt, a collaborative work by Charles A Beard and Mary R Beard, published in four volumes by Macmillan between 1927 and 1941. The volumes are titled Rise of American civilization, with the first two volumes combined in one, America in midpassage, and The American spirit. This is a study of the economic and social forces shaping the American nation, a work by Charles A Beard published by Farrar, Straus in 1944 with an ISBN of $1*50. A short, readable interpretation of the founding and growth of the US, a work by Stephen Benet published by Farrar, Straus in 1944. A work by Stephen Bonsal.\n[When the Vench were here: An account of the part played by the French forces in the American Revolution, drawn from unpublished reports and letters by Claude Bowers, Doubleday, 1945, $3000\nJefferson and Hamilton: the struggle for democracy in America by Claude Bowers, Houghton, 1935, $4000\nA lively account of ideals in conflict that made permanent marks on American history by Claude Bowers, Houghton, 1935, $4000\nJefferson in power: the death struggle of the Federalists by Claude Bowers, Houghton, 1935, $4000\nA sequel to Jefferson and Hamilton - Jefferson in the presidency by Claude Bowers, Houghton, 1935, $4000\nThe third and final volume of this Biography of Jefferson is devoted to the origins of his social and political theories in his formative years, Bowers, Claude, Go, 1945, $3000\nThe tragic era by Claude Vers, Houghton, 1929c, $5000]\nThe revolution after Lincoln\nThe drafting of the Declaration of Independence Princeton Univ. Press\nTradition edition of the Brochure issued By the Library of Congress in 1943\nReproduced are all the known drafts and copies of the Declaration written by Jefferson, with earlier American manuscripts from which the Declaration's principal ideas were derived\nComager, Henry Steele, ed. Documents of American history 2nd ed. Crofts 1940 $4.00\nText with notes of most of the basic writing which underlie our history\nComager, Henry Steele & Nevins, Allan, eds. The heritage of America: readings in American history Little Selections showing the course of American history\nCraven, Avery. Democracy in American life: a historical view Univ. of Chicago Professor Craven Believes that freedom rather than democracy was our history.\nFirst tradition: 5560 DE VOTO Bernard, 1846 Little 1942 $3050\nA important contribution to the history of westward expansion in the U.S.\n5570 Freeman, Douglas So Lee's lieutenants 3 vols Scribner 1942 $15000\nA detailed treatment of the military history of the Civil War as seen through the performance of the Confederate officers.\n5580 Fuller, Major Gen John F.C.\nDecisive Battles of the US Harper 1942 $4000\nAn analysis of America's past battles, thus affording background for the present world conflict.\n5590 Goode, John Paul\nGoode's school atlas Rand McNally \" 1939 $4040\nA good small atlas for physical, economic and political information for American schools and colleges rev and enl ed.\nAmerican empire: a study of the outlying territories of the United States UniVo of Chicago Press. 1940 $4000\nA short history of American democracy - Hicks, John Do (1943) A study of Chinese world contributions to the American way of life and the new systems that have emerged - Hockett, 8 Homer Carey Political and social growth of the American people - 1492-1865 A companion volume to Arthur M. Schlesinger's Political and Social Growth of the American People, 1865-1940 Hopfman, Sylvan & Grattan, eds News of the nation - Garden City (1944) $3049 An unusual presentation of US history from 1492 through December 1941, in the form of 41 issues of a newspaper Karig, Comdr Walter & Kelley, Lt Welbourn Battle report - Pearl Harbor to Coral Sea Parrado (1944) $3060 The first six months of the naval war in the Pacific from official reports.\nsources of the Americans, British, Dutch, Australians and Chinese\n5650 LORD, CLIPPARD, Lo & LORD\nHistorical atlas of the US Holt, 1944 $3000\nA historical atlas in which major political, social and economic developments in the US are presented in a series of over 300 maps\n566 Morison, Samuel E & Commager, Hoso\nGrowth of the American republic 2 vols Oxford, 1942 $3050 each\nA revision of a work originally based on Morison's Oxford history of the United States (1927) and one of the most interesting histories to read\n566 Nevins, Allan & Commager, Henry\nAmericans: the story of a free people Little, 1942 $3000\nShort narrative history of the American people for the reader who wants a panoramic view Also published under the title POCKET HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES\n568 Parkman, Francis\nThe Oregon Trail Little, $3000\nOne of the classics of western narratives is The journey, taken to gain first-hand knowledge of the Indian character and village customs of frontier life\n\nPeterson, Co: William-Frederick, Brief histories of the pioneer periods of each of the 48 states\nRauch, Basil: A history of the New Deal, its ideals and attainments in all phases of government during the first two periods of experimentation and development\nSchlesinger, Arthur M. & Tox, D*R*.: A history of American life, 12 volumes, Macmillan, 1927, $4.00 each\nOn the tile, the best large-scale American history so far, written by social historians, each expert in his field\nSchlesinger, Arthur M.: Political and social growth of the American people, 1865-1940.\n573 Frederick J. Tucker, The frontier in American history: Its gradual move westward and its permanent influence on national life (1852)\n574 Carl Van Doren, The secret history of the American revolution (1920) - The fifth column of the American revolution\n575 Henri Agard Wallace, Democracy reborn: Selected from public papers (Reynal, 1944) - Speeches and articles from March 1933 to May 1944\n576 George Willson, Saints and strangers: A history of the Pilgrim Fathers (Reynal, 1945) - A sturdy record of a small group that managed to keep their identity amidst fearful odds\n577 Louis Adamic, An autobiographical discovery of the American pattern (Reynal, 1945) - An autobiographical discovery of the American pattern by a Yugoslav American.\n578. Adams, James Truslow\nThe American: The Making of a New Man (Scribner, 1943, $3.00)\nA study of the evolution of the American temperament, considering the effects of politics, religion, the frontier, foreign affairs, and economics in the making of the present-day American.\n\n579. Audubon, John James\nAudubon's America: The Narratives and Experiences of John James Audubon; edited by Donald C. Peattie (Houghton, 1940, $6.00)\nThe American scene in the early 1800s, containing descriptions of wilderness trips and wild life, some of which are now virtually extinct. Beautifully illustrated in color.\n\n580. Bates, Ernest & Schiff, Herman\nPageant of the States (Bantam, 1938, $2.00)\nPictorial maps of the 48 states with short articles on their historical background.\n\n581. Brogan, Dennis\n[582] The American Character, Knopf, 1944, $2060\nA telling analysis of the national character as it has been evolved\nthrough the historical experience of the country.\n[582] Brogan, Dennis, Oxford, 1941, $1000\nA brief effective outline of the country, the people and institutions.\n[583] Curti, Merle, Harper, 1943, $5000\nAn account of the growth of American thought from Jamestown to Pearl Harbor,\nas shaped by the various factors and forces\u2013geographical, economic, social\nand personal\u2013of American history.\n[584] Dos Passos, John, Houghton, 1944, $3000\nWhat the people in this country are doing, how they are doing it and what they think about it.\n[585] Gabriel, Ralph, [Unknown Publisher],\nThe course of American democratic thought: an intellectual history, especially\nthe influence of intellectual trends upon current issues.\n586 Hofmann, Modo (ed)\nLife in America, Harper, 1941, $1048\nSelections from contemporary writings,\n\n587 Langdon, William Co\nEveryday things in American life, 1607-1776, Scribner, 1937\nA profusely illustrated account of how Colonial Americans lived\n\nLangdon, William Co\nEveryday things in American life, 1776-1876, Scribner, 1941\nThe second volume of a history of the development of \"everyday things\" covers the years 1776-1876\n\n589 Leech, Margaret\nReveille in Washington, 1860-1865, Harper, 1941, $3050\nA history of social and political life in the nation's capital during the Civil War years\n\n589 Odum, Howard W & Moore, Harry E\nAmerican regionalism, Holt, 1938, $5000\nA cultural-historical approach to national integration\n\n591 Peattie, Donald Co\nJourney into America, Houghton, 1943, $3*00\nAn important contribution to American culture: Puritanism and democracy by Ralph Barton Perry. Vanguard, 1944, $5,000. The author, a well-known professor of philosophy at Harvard, believes that Puritanism and democracy are the two ideals which have contributed most to America's heritage and are its chief source of spiritual vitality today and for the future.\n\nThe cowboy, an unconventional history of civilization on the old time cattle range by Philip A. Rollins. Scribner, 1934, $3,50.\n\nRoots of American culture by Constance M. Rourke. Harcourt, 1942, $3,000. The author identifies and illuminates the modes of early American theatricals, early American music, Shaker buildings and furniture.\nNegro songs and stories, Arthur K. 595 TRAIN, Harper, 1941, $3.00 A handbook of information as to the way of life during more than 300 years (17th to 19th century) of American being, 596 WECTER, Dixon Scribner, The Saga of American society; a record of social aspiration, The leaders and activities of the best social circles, beginning with the Virginia planters and the New England Puritans, 597 WOODWARD, W. Dutton, The Way Our People Lived, 1944, $3.95 Eleven fictional episodes picture the lives of Americans in various sections of the country in periods ranging from 1652 to 1908, presenting the habits, customs, manners, and ways of life of the common man. \n\n4 American Regions Knopf, 1941, $3.75 An admirable attempt by a southerner to explain the South of today in the light of its history.\n599. CHAMBERLAIN, SAMUEL\nEver New England; photographs with an introduction by Donald Moffat (Hastings, 1944, $3.50)\nThe 286 full-page photographs of New England scenes and buildings, which make up this book, appeared first in the photographer's New calendars from 1940 to 1944,\n\n599. CHAMBERLAIN, SAMUEL (editor)\nOur Land: Hastings. (1942, $5.00)\nPhotographs and etchings featuring the American landscape\n\n600. CLAEK, THOMAS Do Pills, petticoat girdles and plows: the southern country store (Bobbs-Merrill)\nStudy of the country store and its influence on life in the southern United States, from the end of the Civil War to 1915\n\n601. DANA, RICHARD H.\nTwo years before the mast (Houghton, $2.00)\nAdventures, hardships, brutalities, enjoyments and suffering actually experienced on a sailing vessel from Boston around Cape Horn to California in the 1830s-1840s.\n\n602. DANIELS, JONATHAN\nA southerner discovers the South. Macm, 1938, $3.00 Observations on the economic and social conditions of the South. James Gray, Pine, stream and prairie. Knopf. 1945, $3.50 This profile explores Wisconsin and Minnesota's physical, industrial, cultural, economic, and political developments, through its pattern of living, history, and people.\n\nThe Great Lakes. Oxford. 1944, $3.50 Its history from the glacial age to the huge war activity of today, as well as the story of the adventure, daring and enterprise that went into the development of this country.\n\nOur country's national parks. 2 vols. Bobbs. 1941, $5000 Information on historical backgrounds, scientific data, and scenic descriptions of America's 26 national parks.\n\nPeattie, Roderick ed. Our country's national parks.\nThe first book in the American Mountain series: Adirondacks, Green, White Mts., and Taconics. Combined work of authorities in various fields. Edited by Roderick Peattie. The Great Smokies and the Blue Ridge. The story of the southern Appalachians. American Mountain series.\n\nNames on the Land. Random, 1945. With historical and anecdotal detail, the author traces the origins and evolution of principal place-names in the United States from 1513 to present.\n\nThe second volume in the American Folkways series:\n- A Blue Ridge Country by Jean Thomas\n- Deep Delta Country by Harnett T. Kane\n- Desert Country by Edwin Cole\n- Par North Country by Thomas R. Williamson.\nThe American Lakes Series\nGolden gate country by Gertrude Atherton\nHigh Border country by Eric Thane\nMormon country by Wallace Stegner\nOzark country by Otto Ernest Rayburn\nPalmetto country by Stetson Kennedy\nPinon country by Haniel Long\nShort grass country by W.S. Campbell\nTown meeting country by Clarence Webster\n\nBobbs-Merrill $3.50 each\nlake Erie by Harlan Hatcher\nLake Huron by Pred Landon\nLake Michigan\nby Milo Me C&ieafe\nLake Ontario by Arthur Pound\nLake Superior by Grace Le Conte\n\nOf America Series. Edited by Stephen Vincent Benet and Carl Carmer.\nFarrar & Rinehart $2.50 each\nThe Allegheny\nThe Arkansas\nThe Brandywine\nThe Charles\nThe Chicago\nThe Delaware\nThe Hudson\nThe Humboldt\nThe Illinois\nThe James\nThe Kaw\nKennebec (cradle of)\nAmericans: The Kentucky Lower Mississippi Upper Mississippi The Missouri Powder Rivers of the Eastern Shore The Sacramento The St. Johns The St. Lawrence The Sangamon Suwannee Twin Rivers The Wabash The Wisconsin\nby Po Way, CoBo Davis, Ho So Canby, A0Bo Tourtellot, Harry Hansen, HoEo Wildes, Carl Carmer, Dale Lc Morgan, Ju Gray, BoRo Riles, PoBc Streeter, RoPoTc Coffin, To D0 Clark, Holding Carter, Wo Havighurst, Stanley Vestal, Mo So Burt, Hulbert Pootner, Jo Dana, Cabell Branch & Hanna, Henry Beston, Edgar Lee Masters, Co Ho Mats chat, Harry Emerson Wildes, Wo So Wilson, August Derleth\nWRITERS' PROGRAM America guide series Alabama State Guide RoRo Smith Arizona Hastings House Arkansas Hastings House\n[656 California, Hastings House, 657 Colorado, Hastings House, 658 Connecticut, Houghton, 659 Delaware, Viking, 660 Florida, Oxford, 661 Georgia, University of Georgia, 662 Idaho, Caxton, 663 Illinois, McClurg, 664 Indiana, Oxford, Viking, 666 Kansas, Viking, 667 Kentucky, Harcourt, 668 Louisiana, Hastings House, 669 Maine, Houghton, 670 Maryland, Oxford, 671 Massachusetts, Houghton, 672 Michigan, Oxford, 673 Minnesota, Viking, 674 Mississippi, Viking, 675 Missouri, Buell, 676 Montana, Viking, 677 Nebraska, Viking, 678 Nevada, Binford's & Mort, 679 New Hampshire, Houghton, 680 New Jersey, Viking, 681 New Mexico, Hastings House, 682 New York, Oxford, 683 North Carolina, University of North Carolina Press, 684 North Dakota, Knight Printing Co., Oxford, 686 Oklahoma, University of Oklahoma Press, 687 Oregon, Binford's & Mort]\n69 Tennessee Viking\n693 Texas Hastings House\n694 Utah Hastings House\n695 Vermont Houghton\n696 Virginia Oxford\n697 Washington Binford & Mort\n698 West Virginia Oxford\n699 Wisconsin Buell\n700 Wyoming Oxford\nLty Guides\n701 New Orleans Houghton\n702 San Francisco Hastings House\n697, 703 Washington Hastings House\n704 New York City Random\n705 Copper camp (Butte, Mont) Hastings House\nVIII Biography\n706 Adams, Henry Education of Henry Adams Modern Library \"1931\" $95\nThe autobiography of a deeply profound spirit\n707 Baker, Ray\n707 Baker, Ray Stannard\n707 American chronicle, the autobiography of Ray Stannard Baker\nIn this chronicle of a full and successful life, Baker has also included the story of his alter ego, David Grayson, the pseudonym under which he wrote his popular series of essays.\nWoodrow  Wilson;  life  and  letters*  1927-1939*  8  vols*  Doubleday* \nThe  standard  biography* \n709 *  BAKELESS,  JOHN \nMaster  of  the  wilderness,  Daniel  Boone\u00a9  Morrow*  1939*  $3,50 \nDocumented  biography  of  the  explorer,  trapper,  Indian  fighter,  who \ngrew  legendary  even  in  his  lifetime* \n710 r,  BARBOUR,  THOMAS \nNaturalist  at  large*  Little*  1943*  $3*50 \nAutobiography  of  an  American  naturalist  reflecting  the  many  facets \nof  his  e^eperiences  in  science,  adventure  and  friendliness,, \n7110  BEVERIDGE,  ALBERT \nThe  life  of  John  Marshall \u00ab  2  volso  Houghton*  $5*95 \nThe  life  of  a  great  Chief  Justice  of  the  U0S\u201e,  reflecting  the \nhistory  as  it  was  enacted  during  the  years  1755-1835* \n7120  BOWEN,  CATHERINE  Do \nYankee  from  Olympus;  Justice  Holmes  and  his  family*  Little* \nThe  biography  of  a  great  jurist  in  his  relation  with  his  father  and \nfriends,  showing  his  fierce  integrity  of  spirij,  and  his  salty, \n713 Bradford, Gamaliel Lee, the American rev. Houghton, 1927 $1.00 Skillful portraiture of a very great man, done with great care,\n714 Carnegie, Andrew Autobiography Houghton, 1920 $1.50 A frank and sincere recital of the early struggle and later successes of the well-known millionaire and philanthropist,\n715 Chinard, Gilbert Thomas Jefferson Little, 1939 $5.00 A biography that has penetrated into the very essence of Jefferson's thinking,\n716 Cody, William F. Autobiography of Buffalo Bill Farrar, 1920 $1.00 Adventurous days in the old West epitomizing the transition of the West from wilderness to civilized life within a single lifetime,\n717 Daniels, Josephus The Wilson era years of peace, 1910-1917 Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1944 $4.00 The third volume of memoirs by Wilson's Secretary of the Navy.\n[718] William Dodd, Ambassador Dodd's Diary, 1933-1938 (up to 1941) $3.50\n[719] William Dodd, Woodrow Wilson and his work (revised edition) by Arthur S. Link $3.50\n[720] Esther Forbes, Paul Revere and the world he lived in $3.75\n[721] Benjamin Franklin, Autobiography and other writings\n[722] Douglas Southall Freeman, Robert E. Lee (4 volumes) $3.75 each\n[723] The official biography of Robert E. Lee, based on exhaustive research which won the Pulitzer prize in 1935. $3.75 per volume.\n7230 FUESS, Claude Mo Daniel Webster 2 vols Little 1930 $10\n7240 HOLMES, Oliver Wo Mind and faith of Justice Holmes, speeches, essays, letters and judicial opinions selected and ed Max Lerner Little Presents Justice Holmes as a humanist thinker and a human figure\n7250 JAMES, Marquis Andrew Jackson, border captain Bobbs 1933 $4.50 From 1767 to 1821, when Jackson believed he had retired from public life\n7260 JAMES, Marquis Andrew Jackson, portrait of a president Bobbs 1937 $5\n7270 JAMES, Marquis The raven- a biography of Sam Houston Blue Ribbon 1929\nThe founder of Houston, Texas was one of the most dramatic personalities in American history and the extremes of his life today seem incredible.\n\n7280 Johnson, Gerald W.\nAmerican heroes and hero-worship. Harper & Brothers, 1943. $3.00.\nEssays on men in American history who were made famous by public opinion and others who were popularly misjudged.\n\n729 o, Kelly, Ered C.\nThe Wright Brothers. Hare & Hare, 1943. $3.50.\nA biography authorized by Orville Wright.\n\n730 o Leary, Oliver\nRaw material. Houghton Mifflin, 1945. $2.50.\nA frank chronicle of the author's evolution into scientist and liberal.\n\n731o Lincoln, Abraham\nThe life and writings of Abraham Lincoln by Philip Van Doren Stem. Modern Library, 1942. $1.045.\nThe selection consists of representative letters, addresses, and public papers of biographical and historical interest.\n\n731o Mackenzie, Catherine D.\n[Alexander Graham Bell, Grosset, 1928, $1\nA simply written book, well documented and unbiased. The author was Dr. Bell's secretary for ten years.\n\nOrestes Brownson, Macm, 1943, $3\nThe biography of one of New England's first transcendentalists, and a well-informed commentary on various aspects of New England in the 19th century.\n\nMonaghan, Jay\nDiplomat in carpet slippers. Bobbs, 1945, $4\nAbraham Lincoln deals with foreign affairs.\n\nMorgan, Arthur\nEdward Bellamy, Columbia Univ Press, 1944, $5\nThe first full-length biography based on unpublished documents of one of the most influential writers of our times.\n\nMorson, Samuel Eliot\nAdmiral of the ocean sea: a life of Christopher Columbus. Little, A brilliant, common sense biography by a seagoing Harvard scholar who presents the discoverer as a man with grave shortcomings as a leader.]\ncolonizer, but in whose heart was a determined vision of achievement and on whose lips were the words of God\n\nAllan Kevins, John D. Rockefeller: The Heroic Age of American Enterprise (2 vols.)\nA careful, two-volume biography of a great industrialist which concentrates on his career and on the history of the 19th century industry rather than on his personality.\n\nRussell Rie, George Bancroft: Brahmin Rebel (Knopf, 1944, $3.50)\nThe biography of a major American historian.\n\nDonald Peattie, The Road of a Naturalist (Houghton, 1941, $3.00)\nAutobiographical chapters in which the author discusses the beauties of nature and the charm of the botanical and zoological life.\n\nMary Gray Peck, Carrie Chapman Catt (HeW, Wilson, 1944, $3.00)\nThe life of one of the outstanding feminists.\n\nBliss Perry, And Gladly Teach: Reminiscences (Houghton, 1935, $3.00)\nA distinguished critic and teacher writes urbanely of his academic and editorial years, full of the good talk that made him a great teacher. (Henry Pringle)\nLife and times of William Howard Taft. Farrar, 1939. 2 vols. (Henry Pringle)\nA full biography of Taft, based on the Taft papers. (Henry Pringle)\nTheodore Roosevelt: A Biography. Harcourt, 1932. $3.50\nA documented and impartial consideration of Roosevelt's character and career. (Everett Rich)\nWilliam Allen White: The Influence of a Small Town Editor on American Thought. Farrar, 1941. $3.00\nMaking of an American. new ed. Macmillan, 1924. $2.50 (William Allen Roosevelt)\nAutobiography of the reporter, philanthropist and reformer. (Theodore Roosevelt)\nAutobiography. Scribner\nExcept for a few chapters, the narrative is one of public life. (Westward the Women) Knopf, 1944. $2.75\n[748, Carl Sandburg, Abraham Lincoln: the prairie years (2 vols), Harcourt, 1939\n749, Carl Sandburg, Abraham Lincoln: the war years (4 vols), Harcourt, 1939\n750, Karl Schriftgesser, The gentleman from Massachusetts: Henry Cabot Lodge, Little, [biography of the man who was most responsible for the defeat of the League of Nations in the American Congress]\n751, Vincent Sheean, Personal history, Doubleday, 1935]\nThe autobiography of William A. Simones, a young newspaperman\nSteffens, Lincoln\nAutobiography of a warm-hearted ace reporter's use of cold laboratory method in journalism\nParticularly his probing of civic corruption hastened reform, though he himself proclaimed the fallacy of reform\nStephenson, Newcomb & Dunn\nGeorge Washington (two volumes)\nNarrative biography of the first president of the United States\nStone, Iving\nThey also ran Doubleday\nShort biographies of 19 defeated presidential candidates, plus an estimate of what their worth to the nation might have been if elected\nThere Were Giants in the Land\nTwenty-eight historic Americans as seen by twenty-eight contemporary Americans\n\n757 Van Doren, Carl\nBenjamin Franklin (Viking, 1938, $5.00)\nProbably the definitive biography of the man often called the first American is here completed on his own scale and in his own words.\n\n758 Gillman, Oswald Garrison\nFighting Years: Memories of a Liberal Editor (Harcourt, 1939)\nNo one who was in the thick of things during the days of McKinley, the first Roosevelt, Taft, Wilson, Harding, Coolidge and Hoover has written a braver or finer story,\n\n759 Wade, Mason\nMargaret Fuller (Viking, 1940, $3.50)\nThe life of the female intellectual wonder of her age.\n\n760 Williams, Blanche\nClara Barton: Daughter of Destiny (Lippincott, 1941, $3.50)\nThe first complete biography of the woman best known for her humanitarian work.\n7610 Wilson, D. Forbes - The Crusader in Crinoline: The Life of Harriet Beecher Stowe (Lippincott, 1941 - $40.50)\n7620 Wiltse, Charles - The Life and Times of John C. Calhoun, Nationalist (Bobbs-Merrill, 1944 - $3,75)\n7630 Wolfe, Linnie M. - Son of the Wilderness: The Life of John Muir (Knopf, 1945 - $3,50)\n764 Zinssner, Hans - Agnes: I Remember Him (Little, Brown, 1940 - $2,75)\n765 Alden, Carroll S., & Westcott, F. - The United States Navy: A History (Lippincott, 1943 - $4)\n\nHarriet Beecher Stowe: A Balanced and Brilliantly Written Study (Lippincott, 1941) - $40.50\nJohn C. Calhoun: The Life and Times of the Great Defender of States Rights (Bobbs-Merrill, 1944) - $3,75\nJohn Muir: American Naturalist, Botanist, Geologist, Mountaineer, and Mechanical Genius (Knopf, 1945) - $3,50\nAgnes: A Biography (Little, Brown, 1940) - $2,75\nThe United States Navy: A History (Lippincott, 1943) - $4\n[The story of the development of the Navy from 1775 to the present, Bernard Brodie, Guide to naval strategy, 3rd ed, Princeton Univ Press, 1944. Originally published in 1942, An account of the service of the US Heavy beginning with Pearl Harbor, a continuation of War at Sea, Denison, Archibald, America's maritime history, Putnam, 1944, $2.50. A history of ocean transportation, especially of the US It also shows in a small way how the Navy, Coast Guard and Merchant Marine are able to perform their interrelated tasks, EWEECj EABL Co. The United States Army, Little, 1941, $10.25. Brief, timely and with many full-color illustrations, Ingraham. REG, First fleet? story of the US Coast Guard at war, Bobbs, 1944.]\nA history of the United States Marine Corps by Metcalf, Clyde\nA comprehensive history of the US Marine Corps from the time of the Revolution to the present\nAdmiral Sims and the modern American navy by Morison, Elton E\nAn appreciative biography of a famous American naval officer of the early 20th century\nThe Navy: a history - the story of a service in action by Pratt, Fletcher\nFrom 1775 to the world war: Aalgwia of the specifically American elements of our naval tradition\nAbout half the book treats of the early navy under Mil\nAnnapolis: gateway to the quarterdeck by Pultston, William D\nStory of the US Naval academy at Annapolis, Md.\n775 * Sprout, Harold H & Sprout, Margaret\nA History of American Naval Power, 1776-1918 (Princeton University)\n\n776 * U.S. Army Air Forces\nOfficial Guide to the Army Air Forces (Simon & Schuster)\n1944\nComposed of information on the U.S. Army Air Forces organization, training of personnel, planes, equipment, air bases, maintenance and supplies. Includes biographical sketches of 31 generals.\n\n776 * Waugh, Elizabeth D\nWest Point: Macuico, 1944\n$2.50\nHistory of the United States Military Academy\n\n778 * Brown, Ernest Francis\nWar in Maps: An Atlas of the New York Times Maps (Orford)\n1944\nA presentation in maps from the eve of World War II to the present.\n\n778 * Atlaases.\n\n779 * Fisher, Irving\nWorld Maps and Globes. Essential Books.\n1944\n$2.50\n780. Harrison, Richard E. The Fortune atlas for world strategy. Knopf. An atlas of maps for the air age, mostly in color, presenting perspective views of North America, Europe and North Africa, Asia and Oceania. Many of these maps were first published in Fortune.\n\n781. McInnis, Edgar W. The war. Vols 1-5. Orford, 1941-1945. $2.50 each volume. Series on the present war. Text and maps, documentary appendices, texts of documents, and chronological tables.\n\n782. Padilla, Charles O. Atlas of the historical geography of the U.S. American Geographical Society. An excellent historical atlas.\n\n783. Renner, George Thomas, ed. Global geography. Crowell. 1944. $5.00 Thirty Americans interpret the relationship of peoples, nations and cultures.\n784. A War Atlas for Americans, prepared with the assistance of the O.W.\nMaps to help us face postwar problems realistically.\n3. General Aspects of the War\n785. Davis, Forrest & Lindley, E.K.\nHow war came. Simon & Schuster. 1942. $2.50\nPapers on American foreign relations from the spring of 1940 to Pearl Harbor.\nENSQR0 Robert C.K.\nA miniature history of the war. Oxford.\nA brief history of the second World War,\nfrom September 1939 to August 1944.\n787. Greet, William Cabell\nWorld words. Columbia Univ. Press. 1944. $3*^)\nA revised and enlarged edition of Professor Greet's WAR WORDS,\nan authoritative guide to the pronunciation of names in the news.\nOrigins and background of the second World War. Oxford. 1943.\n[Summary of the political conditions and events leading up to the outbreak of World War II from about 1900 to 1943.\n\nLERNER, Max\n\"A Journal of\" Viking, 1945, $3.00\nSelected comments on main issues of our time from the editorial pages of PM.\n\nMARSHALL, General George C.\nReport on the Army, July 1, 1939 to June 30, 1943, Infantry.\n\nMAULDIN, Bill\n\"Up Front\" Hoist to 1945, $3000\nOne hundred seventy cartoons, supplemented by a text of some 40,000 words, picture for the civilian what it means to be \"up front.\"\n\nMENEFEE, Selden\nAssignment US*A, Reynal, 1943, $3.00\nA record of a visit during the period of January to August 1943 to eighty-four different points in forty-one states, giving a picture of America at war.]\n[A one-volume history of the war on which the author and his staff have been working since the war began, published by Newsweek editors.\n7940 \"A volume of short biographies of 30 noted generals and admirals of World War II, each illustrated with a full-page portrait drawing by T. Chamberlain.\" - Devin-Adair, 1945, $4.05.\n795 \"Our Armies at War\" with an introduction by George C. Marshall. - Story of American campaigns in the second world war, told in War Department photographs.\n796 \"Pratt, Fletcher: The Navy at War\" - Harper, 1944, $2.75. The author had access to official Navy Department documents in reconstructing the story of some of our greatest sea battles since Pearl Harbor.\n797 \"Berlin Diary\" by William L. Shirer. - Knopf, 1941, $3.00. The journal of a foreign correspondent from January 11, 1934 to December, 1940.]\nLast train from Berlin: Knopf, 1942. $2,75\nThis study of the Nazi home front during the Russo-German War focuses on conditions in winter 1941-42 and the nation's attitude towards the Nazi party and Hitler.\n799, 0 SNOW, Edgar\nPeople on our side (Random), 1944. $3.50\nCorrespondent for the Saturday Evening Post shares experiences in Russia, China, and India.\n800 Stettinius, Edward R.\nLend lease: weapon for victory (Macmillan), 1944. $3000\nThe story of lend lease: its origin, operation, and the significance of aid to allies and their aid to us.\n801-4 Stimson, Henry L.\nPrelude to invasion (Public Affairs Press), 1944. $3.25\nReports on the progress of the war from December 1941 to June 1944. The account is based on official reports by Henry L. Stimson, Secy of War.\n802 o  TAYLOR,  A*Mos  comp* \nLanguage  of  world  war  II*  H,.WC  Wilson*  1944^  $1,25 \nSlogans,  captions,  quotations  and  all  the  terms  which  have  come  into \nplay  since  the  war  began* \n803*  UoSoAt  at  war;  U,S*  Camera,  1944-46,  ed*  by  T\u201eJ*  Maloney \nPhotographs  seated  by  Edward  Steichenc  2v>,  Duel!  1943-44* \nA  memorable  photographic  record  of  two  years 11  fighting  all  over  the \nworld9  including  a  collection  of  150  photographs  selected  by  Edward \nSteichen,  covering  the  history  of  the  Navy  from  Pearl  Harbor  to  the \npresent* \n804c  VAN  SINDEREN.  ADRIAN \nPour  years*  Coward-McCamu  19440  $2*75 \nBrief,  month-by-month  account  of  the  war,,  including  political  and \nmilitary  events  from  September  1939  through  September  1943c \n$3,  50  each  volume \nA  collection  of  important  speeches  made  by  important  statesmen  during \nthese  years;. \n806*  WHITE 0  WALTER  Pc \nA  rising  wind.*  Doubleday 0  1945*  $2, 00 \nThe author reports on a recent trip to the European theatre of war to investigate the status of American Negro troops and comes to some conclusions about the serious international crisis in race relations\n\nAn anthology of combat stories, cartoons, and special features from Yank, the Army weekly\n\nBrown, John Mason - To all hands (McGraw-Hill, 1943, $2075)\nThe pieces that comprise this book were written to be spoken as daily broadcasts to the 1500 soldiers and sailors aboard the flagship of the amphibious force that formed part of the Sicilian invasion\n\nCorwin, Norman - On a note of triumph (Simon & Schuster, 1945, $1050)\nA broadcast delivered over CBS on V-E Day hailing victory in Europe\n\nEbenstein, William - The German record (Parrar, 1945, $3000)\nA study of the German tradition, manifested in history and culture, proving the eradicability of the so-called Prussian pattern (Fraser, Lindley)\nGermany between the Two Wars (Oxford University Press, 1945, $2.50)\nA study of propaganda and war-guilt, Professor Praser refutes the main articles of the National Socialist teachings on the origins of the war and shows how propaganda was a part of Hitler's preparation\n\nThe exploitation of foreign labor by Germany (Pried, John Hose)\nThe organization, recruitment, distribution, living and working conditions, and other aspects of exploitation of foreign workers in Germany or under German control\n\nThe battle is the pay-off (Hare our to 1943, $2,000)\nThe battle of El Guettar in Tunisia as it appeared to an American soldier who took part in it.\n814 Nathan, Otto & Pried, Milton \"Nazi economic system: German mobilization for war: Duke University Press (1933-1939) - an analysis based on careful documentation from German sources by a high official of the German ministry of economics before Hitler came to power\"\n\n815 Pyle, Ernie \"Here is your war: Holt, 1943 - $3000\nErnie Pyle's newspaper reports from North Africa are enthusiastically read throughout the country. Here they are in the full-length form in which they were first filed, plus several thousand words of additional material.\"\n\n816 Pyle, Ernie \"Based largely upon his dispatches from Sicily, Anzio, England and France, it conveys the scope of the European war fronts, the variety of services involved, the men and their officers.\"\n\n817 Sto John Robert \"From the land of silent people: Doubleday, 1943 - $35.00\"\nAn American Associated Press correspondent describes experiences during the Nazi campaign in the Balkans\nThe official account of the Eighth Bomber Command's first year over Europe, authorized by the Army Air Forces, its exploits, history, operation, and tales of combat and individual heroism (White, Margaret Bourke) They call it Purple Heart Valley (White, Margaret Bourke) A combat chronicle of the war in Italy In 70,000 words of text and 112 photographs, she describes day by day life with our GI's on the Mediterranean firing line\nThe Pacific (Abend, Hallett) Pacific charter; our destiny in Asia (Doubleday) The author contends that we must make a concrete declaration of our peace aims in the Pacific, and that there must be no soft peace (Belden, Jack)\n[Retreat with Stilwell, Hugh, Knopf, 1943, $3.00\nA history of the battle for Burma, told by the American correspondent who entered Burma with Chiang Kai-shek's annies and saw every phase of the struggle against the Japanese invaders\n\nBias, Hugh\nGovernment by assassination, Knopf, 1942, $3.00\nJapan's drift toward war in an analysis of the influence of the militarists on Japanese politics, \n\nCards, Clayton D. & McNichols, Charles L.\nJapan: its resources and industries, Harper, 1944, $2,50\nA survey of the resources of Japan - human resources, agriculture, animal industries, mining, transportation, finance, foreign trade and manufacture.\n\nDaniel, Hawthorne\nIslands of the Pacific, Putnam, 1943, $2.50\nDescribes briefly over 500 single islands and groups with comments on the economic importance of many\n\nDyess, William Edwin\nDyess story, Putnam, 1944, $2,00]\nThe eye witness account of the death march from Bataan and experiences in Japanese prison camps.\nJohn Embree\nThe Japanese nation: Farrar, 1945, $3.00\nThe nature of the Japanese social structure-government, education, religion, family, and national attitudes and behavior.\nWilfred Fleisher\nWhat to do with Japan: Doubleday, 1945, $2000\nA concise, informed discussion of the question of imperial Japan in a democratic postwar world.\nReport from Tokyo: Simon & Schuster, 1942, $10.50\nA collection of speeches and statements all stressing the point that Japan is seriously bent on universal conquest and the establishment of a universal slave state.\nTen years in Japan: a contemporary record drawn from his diaries and private and official papers, 1932-1942: Simon & Schuster.\nA history of the author's ten-year effort to preserve the peace, Harrington, Fred Harvey, God and Mammon, University of Wisconsin Press, 1944, A sober scholarly study of American relations with Korea as reflected in the activities of Dr. Horace Allen, an American missionary, 831 Kersey, Into the valley, a skirmish of the marines, Knopf, 1943, A vivid account of one small incident on Guadalcanal, bringing home to the reader the feel, sounds and sight of modern war, 832 Ind, Allison, Bataan: the judgement seat, Macmillan, 1944, $3050, A detailed diary of an intelligence officer, Army Air Corps, giving a record of the saga of the Philippine command of the US Army Air, 833 Jensen, Oliver O., Carrier war, Simon & Schuster, 1945, A first-hand account of America's new big aircraft carriers.\nbiography of Task Force 58, from the start of the great Pacific offensive to the present\nFelix Ko, Native peonies of the Pacific World, Macra, 1945, $3,000\nAn overall picture of the origin, history, present life, customs and beliefs, language, government, etc., of the Pacific Island people. Well illustrated\n\nWasfi Lamott, Hippon: the crime and punishment of Japan, Day, 1944, $2.50\nThe author, who has lived in Japan for 19 years, exposes modern Japanese mind and how it was created\n\nBruno Lasker, Asia on the move, Holt, 1945, $3,000\nPach to the significance of migrations in the Far East. The historical backgrounds, varying causes and the indications of postwar prospects. Issued under the auspices of the American Council of Pacific Relations, American\n\nBruno Lasker, Peoples of southeast Asia, Knopf, 1944, $3,000\n[Prepared under the auspices of the American Council of the Institute of Pacific Relations, this hook discusses the economic and social conditions in the past and their role in postwar reconstruction.\n\n30-second account of the Doolittle raid over Tokyo in 1942. (Lawson, Ted W.) Random, 1943 ($2.00)\nAn first-hand account of Japanese militarism: its cause and cure. (Maki, John M.) Knopf, 1945 ($3.00)\nA detailed investigation of the key concepts of the Japanese people by an American of Japanese descent. (Miller, Max)\nDaybreak for our carrier: Whittlesey House. (Osborne, Fairpuld- ed) 1944 ($2.50)\nVivid text and photographs present a revealing view of every aspect of life aboard one of our great aircraft carriers during a dangerous mission in the Pacific.]\nThe Pacific Island handbooks, 1944 (Macmillan, 1945) $4.50 for each island: topics covered - administration, anthropology, history of the territory, population, communication, missionaries, economics, industry, health, war and its chronology and effects, native labor and labor conditions.\n\n843. Romulo, Carlos: I saw the fall of the Philippines (Doubleday, 1943) $3.00\nA moving story of the Battle of the Philippines by a native, Tillpino.\n\n844. St. John, Joseph: To Leyte calling (Vanguard, 1945) $2.00\nThe story of a young American soldier who escaped when the Japanese conquered the Philippines and lived with the natives on Leyte and Mindanao for more than two years.\n\nEmerson, Scott, Robert Lee: [Unknown title or publication information]\nGod is my pilot. Scribner\u00ae 1943\u00ae $2.50\nChurchill, Winston - To the Citizens of the United States\n846 Sherrod, Robert Lee\nDetailed first-hand report of the US Marine invasion of Tarawa atoll in November 1943\nTarawa\n847 Taylor, George C.\nAmerica and the New Pacific Policy, 1942\n\"Reasons for our war with Japan and a study of the differing philosophies of East and West\"\n848 Timpkiley, Harold J.\nJapan - A World Problem, Day 1942\n$1.75\n849 Tolischus, Otto\nThrough Japanese Eyes\nReynal\u00ae 1945\u00ae $2.00\nFrom the speeches and writings of Japanese militarist statesmen and intellectuals, the author has selected excerpts which give a true picture of the Japanese ideology which dominated their national life and led to the present war.\n850 Tolischus, Otto David\nTokyo Record\nReynal\u00ae 1943c $3.00\nA chronological record of events from January 24, 1941 to August 1943.\n25th of July, 1942. A New York Times Tokyo correspondent: Tregaskis, Richard William. Guadalcanal diary. Blue Bibbon. 1943. $1,000.\n\nThe diary begins on a Sunday, July 26, 1942, on a transport bound for an unknown destination. It recounts the fierce preparation by naval guns preceding the landings on Guadalcanal on August 7th, and the landing itself.\n\nWallace, Henry A. Our job in the Pacific Institute of Pacific Affairs. 1944.\n\nMr. Wallace maintains that the US must take the lead in bringing defeated Japan and all the colonial people of the Pacific into the ranks of a free Asia after the war. For its own sake, the US must cooperate with Asian nations in a program to raise living standards throughout the Orient.\n\nWard, Robert. Asia for the Asiatics? University of Chicago Press. 1945. $3,500.\nA factual description of Japanese techniques of occupation, Osmar White (1945) $3.00\nA first-hand account of the horrors of warfare in the New Guinea jungles, the help given by the natives and a vivid description of the arid, yet beautiful, country. Osmar White\nThey were expendable, Harcourt (1942) $2.00\nA record of Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron 3 in the ill-fated Philippine campaign. Wolett IRA (1945)\nAmerican guerrilla in the Philippines, Ira Wolfert. Simon & Schuster\nThe story of the guerrillas who fought heroically and unceasingly in the Jap-occupied Philippines, told by Ira Wolfert through the experiences of Lt. I.D. Richardson. Simon & Schuster\nPeace and Postwar Planning, American Academy of Political and Social Science (Ed.: Joseph S. Roucek) (The annals)\nTwenty-four articles classified under the heads: Nationalistic ideology and goals, Central-eastern Europe and World War II, Peace planning and reconstruction, American Academy of Political and Social Science\n\nTwenty-two articles on various aspects of veterans' adjustment are grouped under four heads: Dimensions of the problems, Government measures to assist veterans, Special problems in the reabsorption of veterans, The need for a positive policy.\n\nBailey, Iffomas Andrew, \"Woodrow Wilson and the lost peace,\" The Annals, 1944, $3,00. A critical analysis of the part played by the US in the making of the world settlement of 1919, with particular attention to Wilson and to American public opinion, pointing out some mistakes that were made then and which ought not to be duplicated now.\n860. Bailey, Thomas Andrew\nWoodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal, Macmillan 1945, $3000\nLike the companion study Woodrow Wilson and the Lost Peace, it reinterprets the basic facts that doomed our membership in the League of Nations. Emphasizing the role public opinion played in keeping America out of the League, the author makes a plea for a wiser interpretation of today's issues in the light of Wilson's failure\nUniv. of North Carolina Press, 1944c\n\n861. Bartlett, Buhl Jacob\nLeague to enforce peace\nA careful analysis of the development in this country of the sentiment for a league to enforce peace\n\n862. Baruch, Bernard M & Hancock, John\nWar and postwar adjustment policies\nThe text of the Baruch-Hancock report as submitted to Director of War Mobilization, Byrnes, February 15, 1944, and related documents.\n\nMi aA Kosl VTJPtAC <638\n863. Basch, Antonin - A Price for Peace. Columbia University Press. 1945. $2.60\nA Czechoslovakian economist analyzes the causes of the disruption of the European economy and presents a plan for developing healthy markets for European products. Plea for economic cooperation on an international basis.\n\n864. Becker, Carl L. - How Will the Better World Be? Knopf. 1944. $2.60\nDiscussion of postwar reconstruction.\n\n865. Bingham, Alfred M. - The Practice of Idealism. Duell. 1944. $2.00\nDiscussion of the problems to be faced in the postwar world and how they can be solved.\n\n866. Bloch, Henry Simon & Hoselitz, B. - The Economics of Military Occupation: Selected Problems. Foundation\nCurrency regulation, banking, production control, taxation and price control in a country occupied by invading military forces.\n\n867. Bonsai, Stephen - Unfinished Business. Doubleday. 1944. $3.00\n868. Boulding, Kenneth E. The Economics of Peace. Prentice, 1945. $3.75\n869. Bruner, Jerome S. Mandate from the People. Duell, 1944. $2.75\n870. Callander, H. A Preface to Peace. Knopf, 1944. $3.00\n871. Carr, Edward H. Conditions of Peace. Macm, 1942. $2.50\n872. Chase, Stuart Goals for America Twentieth Century Fund, 1942 $1.00 A summary of our available resources and an estimate of what we will need to provide decent minimum living standards for all our people after the war.\n\n873. Cheene, Leo The Rest of Your Life Doubleday, 1944 $2.75 The author outlines many rosy possibilities for the postwar world and with them probabilities which have a definitely gloomy cast.\n\n874. Cleveland, Reginald, Mo, Neville The Coming Air Age Whittlesey House, 1944 $2075 Practical prophecies, as the authors examine in considerable detail the aircraft and the economics of the coming air age.\n\n875. Condliffe, John Agenda for a Postwar World Norton, 1942 $2.50 Industrial and agricultural adjustments, social security, one end-\nThe settlements, reparations and other economic aspects of the immediate postwar situation\n8760 Dallin-David J.\nThe big three: the United States, Britain, Russia (Yale Uhivc)\nAn appraisal of the elements of dynamic power and their balance in the postwar world; the dangers of conflict and the chance for a functional peace\n877 Davis, Harriet Bo (ed)\nPioneers in world order (Columbia, 1944) $2.75\nAn American appraisal of the League of Nations by 17 Americans, each distinguished in American public life and associated professionally with the League for some years\n878 DuBois, W.E.B.\nColor and democracy: colonies and peace (Harcourt, 1945)\nA challenge to postwar peace plans from the point of view of the 750 million colored peoples in white empires throughout the world who have no spokesmen under the Dumbarton Oaks plan.\nThe author discusses what our policy should be regarding the basic economic issues of peace\n(Harper, 1944. $2.50)\nThe author, economic adviser in the State Department for thirteen years, discusses what our policy should be regarding the basic economic issues of peace\n(Columbia University Press)\nAn evaluation of the New Deal fiscal policy and a program for economic security in the postwar world\n(Fleming, Denna Frank)\nThe United States and the World Court\n(Doubleday, 1945)\nA five-year fight for and final defeat of American participation in the international peace structure after World War I, by a competent authority\n(Oxford University Press, 1944)\nMilitary occupation and the role of law\n(Pr\u00e4kkel, Ernst)\nAn analysis of the occupation government in the Rhineland 1918-1923\nThis should prove valuable for an understanding of the problems that will confront the occupation regime in Germany at the end of World War II.\nthe close of the present var0\n883 The Gallo Hat, GSOGE Bo\nPostwar planning in the United States in the Twentieth Century: Kind,\nAnalyzes the plans and publications of the 100 or more agencies\nin this country which are planning for the period after the war.\n8840 Glueck, Sheldon\nWar criminals? Their prosecution and punishment Knopf 1944.\nAn approach to the issues of international and municipal law,\nof military and non-military law, of domestic and foreign policy,\nof criminology and penology, and of social psychology and social ethics\ninvolved in a program for the treatment of war criminals.\n8850 Gottschae, Max & Duker, Abraham\nJews in the postwar world Dryden 1945 $3.00\nAn extraordinarily objective and scholarly approach to the whole\nPalestinian question-past, present and future.\n886 Gutkind, E.\nCreative demobilization Oxford 1944 $6000 2 vols.\nA survey of the principles which must guide planning on a national scale covers agricultural and industrial aspects\nGeorge Nikolans, HAW\nInternational monetary cooperation\nUniversity of North Carolina\nThe author holds that international monetary cooperation can best be accomplished by projecting into the international field the principles of central banking\nAlvin Hansen, Hansen\nAmerica's role in the world economy\nNorton, 1945, $2.50\nThe international machinery in the economic and financial fields that will be needed for a world political organization is the theme of this timely book\nSeymour E. Harris, ed.\nPostwar economic problems\nMcGraw, 1943, $3.50\nVarious theories and divergent opinions about the economics of the postwar world expressed by 23 contributors\nRichard Hart, Marching home\nArco, 1944, $1.89\nA war and postwar handbook for service men and families\nSylvester John Hemleben, Plans for world peace through six centuries, Univ of Chicago\n891, Hoffman, Boss J0So, Durable peace, Oxford, 1944, $lc75\nA study in American national policy and an analysis of the problems which will face the postwar world\n8920, Hoover, Herbert & Gibson, Hugh, The basis of lasting peace, Van Nostrand, 1945, $100\nSeven specific suggestions for the improvement of the Dumbarton Oaks proposals, together with the recommendation regarding American procedures and some final advice on the timing of setting up the new Charter.\n893, Huszar, George BD, ed, New perspectives of peace, Univ of Chicago Press, 1944,\nA series of lectures on making and keeping the peace given at\nThe University of Chicago: Eleven Faculty Members and Their Specialties.\n8950 LATTIMORE OWEN Solution in Asia: 1945 $200 A statement of the main issues of the Asiatic dilemma and a blueprint for the future.\n8960 Lippmann, Walter UoSc war aims: Little, 1944 $150 Mr. Lippmann takes issue with those who demand a postwar Federation as a governing body and presents his own conviction that security lies in achieving international order through coordination of groups of national states.\n8973 Lorwin, Lewis Postwar plans of the United Nations: Twentieth Century Fund Survey of the postwar plans made or being made for the internal development of the thirty-three United Nations.\n8983 Lorwin, Lewis Time for Planning: Harper, 1945 $300 Social-economic theory and program for the 20th century.\ncompilation of essays, articles and pamphlet material re-edited which show that business and government can work together for full employment and peace\nEconomic union and durable peace Harper, 1943 $2.00\nIlluminating and thought-provoking The author's theory of economic union is based on the Hull reciprocal trade agreement program and the present initiative of our government as stated in point 4 of the Atlantic Charter\n900 MILLSPAUGH, ARTHUR C.\nPeace plans and American choices? the pros and cons of world order Brookings Institute, 1942 $1000\nDescription of various peace plans with argument for and against each of them\n901 MOCK, James R. & Thurber, E.\nOn deployment: University of Oklahoma Press. 1944.\n902 Moulton, Harold G. & Marlio, Louis\nThe control of Germany and Japan: A comprehensive analysis of the task of preventing Germany and Japan.\nJapan's rearming after the war is over. (Brookings Institution, 1944) \"Mobilizing for Abundance\" by McGraw, $20\nA plea for a postwar economy based on the principle of abundance. (Brookings Institution, 1944) \"America's Place in the World\" by Pepper, $2.75\nBelieving that the political alternatives facing America in the postwar world are militant imperialism, power alliances, or international cooperation under law, the author advocates participation in an international organization and indicates the first steps for peace. (Viking, 1945) \"Basis for Peace in the Pacific\" by Peffer, $2050\n\"Preventing Future Wars or Fighting in Them\" (Simon & Schuster, 1943) \"A Symposium on Peace\" $3.50\nThe official history of the armistice proving conclusively that the Armistice was sought by the Germans and was not a stab in the back. Important documentary evidence for the peace to come.\n\nSchnapper, Morris, Bartel (editors), United Nations agreements: A comprehensive collection of agreements drawn up between various members.\n\nThe great decision: Macmohr (James T.). An informed and realistic book surveying the problems of administration of the United Nations for war and peace.\n\nSpykman, Nicholas John, The geography of the peace.\nThe author's thesis is that world planning for peace must be based on world geography.\nStewart, Maxwell. Building for peace at home and abroad. 1943. $2.05. The author outlines the responsibilities towards winning the war and points to achieve postwar agricultural stability.\nTolly, Howard R. The farmer citizen at war. 1943. $2.50. The author discusses the effects of the past ten years of government planning.\nVisson, Andre. The coming struggle for peace. 1944. $3.00. The author considers the political and ethnic complex rivalries, both internal and between nations, which must be considered when the war is over.\nWallace, Henry A. The century of the common man. 1943. $1.05.\nfifteen telling addresses on world problems\nThe price of free world victory Fischer 1942 $75\nThe Vice President's famous \"century of the common man\" speech\nwhich has been generally accepted as an enunciation of the war aims of the United Nations\nHenry A. Wallace\nSixty million jobs Simon & Schuster 1945 $100\nDiscusses in detail the possibilities of full employment in America\u2014government responsibilities in foreign trade, social security, public health, housing and education\nSumner Welles\nAn intelligent American's guide to the peace Dryden 1945 $300\nA discussion of 86 independent nations and major dependent peoples and their stakes in the postwar world\nSumner Welles\nThe time for decision Harper 1944 $300\nMr. Welles urges the vital need for immediately setting up effective peace-making machinery.\nmachinery for settling international problems, and proposes a specific plan for world organization\nWelles, Sumner\nWorld of the four freedoms\nColumbia University Press\n1943\n\nA collection of speeches by the Undersecretary of State, delivered during the last three years\nWhitton, John B.\nThe second chance\nPrinceton University Press\n1944 $2.50\nA symposium on America and the peace, attempting to clarify some of the issues and to state as realistically as possible what America should do to get rid of war and the threat of war\nThe authors are all members of the Princeton group for the study of postwar international problems\n\nWilliams, John H.\nPostwar monetary plans and other essays\nHook dealing with the problems of economic stability in both its domestic and international aspects.\n\nWillkie, Wendell\nOne world\nSimon & Schuster\n1943 $2.00\nA plea for unity and understanding among all the peoples of the globe\n9230 Winner, Edith & Lloyd, Georgia\nSearchlight on peace plans (Dutton, 1944) $5.00\nSome 200 specific proposals to unite nations dating from 1306 to 1944\nZurcher, Arnold J & Page, Richmond* eds, America's place in the world economy (Institute on postwar reconstruction, 1945) $3000\nPostwar problems on the economic and social front are discussed by competent authorities in their respective fields\n7 &fihab.UitaUQn\n9250 Cartwright, p Morse\nMarching home (Teachers College, 1944) $25\nEducational and social adjustments after the war\n926 Dougherty, NoF\nOccupational planning for tomorrow (Smith, 1944) $2.75\nA discussion of the training and promotion of leaders in industry (National Research Council)\nPsychology for the returning serviceman (prepared by a Committee)\n[928] Jobs for the Physically Handicapped. Ackerman. 1944. $3.00\nA discussion for both civilian and war wounded. Specific suggestions for the vocational readjustment of the physically handicapped- cardiac cases, deaf, blind and others,\n\n[929] The Psychology of the Physically Handicapped. Crofts. 1941.\nA text for professional workers in schools, hospitals, psychological clinics, guidance bureaus, rehabilitation centers and convalescent homes.\n\n[930] Soldier to Civilian: Problems of Readjustment. McGraw. 1944.\nAn eminent psychiatrist deals in simple language with the problems of readjustment faced by all returning service men.\n\n[931] Sharon, Henrietta. Bo.\n[It's good to be alive, Doddo, 1945. $2.50\nA human interest account of the wounded men in our Army and Navy hospitals in words and drawings. It is a record of the excellent rehabilitation work being done for these men as well as a warning that there is much that civilians can do when our men leave the hospital.\n\n9320 QPINN, Arthur H.\nAalcan Fiction: An Historical and Critical Survey\n933 Van Doren, Carl\nThe American Novel, 1789-1939: A History of the Progress of Native Fiction\n934 Cable, George Washington\nOle Creole Days\nScribner, 1879. $2.50\nA sympathetic description of people and places combined with a gentle pathos and jazz humor.\n\n935 Churchill, Winston\nThe Civil War Days in the Mississippi Valley\n936 Churchill, Winston]\n937 Clemens, Samuel L (Mark Twain)\nAdventures of Huckleberry Finn and Adventures of Tom Sawyer\nby Norman Rockwell\n938 Cooper, James Fenimore\nThe Last of the Mohicans\nPutnam\n1826\n$2.50\nDealing with the French and Indian War in 1757\nThe Second of the Leather-Stocking Tales\n\n939 Crane, Stephen\nThe Red Badge of Courage\nAppleton-Century\n1895\n$2.50\nA realistic description of experiences of a private in the Civil War\n\n940 DeLand, Margaret\nOld Chester Tales\nHarper\n1898\n$2.50\nShort stories of a small town in Pennsylvania\n\n941 Freeman, Mary E (Wilkins)\nBest Short Stories of Mary E Wilkins\nHarper\n1927\n$2.00\nTerse, realistic stories of penurious life in a Massachusetts village\n9430 Hale, Edward Everett Man without a Country Random 1863 $1.00 Stirring patriotic story\n944c Harris, Joel Uncle Remus, his songs and his sayings Appleton-Century 1863 $2.00 Folk-tales of the Southern Negro told to a little boy by an old darky .\n945 Harte, Bret Luck of Roaring Camp and other stories Macmillan 1870 $1.00 Famous stories of California in the gold rush.\n946 Hawthorne, Nathaniel Complete novels and selected tales Modern Library 1937 By one of America\u2019s great literary artists.\n947 Howells, William Dean Rise of Silas Lapham Houghton 1884 $2.50 A novel with an ordinary American business man for a hero,\n948 Jackson, Helen A romance of southern California,\n949 James, Henry Great short novels of Henry James Dial $4.00\n951. McFEE, William\nCasuals of the Sea. Modern Library. 1916. $0.95\nStory of a brother and a sister who drift aimlessly through life,\n\n952. Melville, Herman\nMoby Dick. Modern Library. $0.95\nGood and evil projected on a heroic scale,\n\nPOE, Edgar Allan\nComplete Tales and Poems. Modern Library. 1938. $1.25\nTales that have probably influenced more foreign writers than any other American author,\n\nStowe, Harriet Beecher\nUncle Tom's Cabin. Houghton. 1869.\nPlantation life before the Civil War,\n\n954. Wharton, Edith\nEthan Frome. Scribner. 1911. $1.76\nA grim triangle tragedy of New England,\n\n955. Wilson, Harry Leon\nHagges of Red Gap. Grosset. 1914. $0.75\nAn English manservant among the nouveau riche of Red Gap, Washington.\n\n956. Wister, Owen\nThe Virginian: A Horseman of the Plains (Grosset, 1902) An eastern tenderfoot in Wyoming\nAnthony Adverse: A Novel (Farrar, 1933, $200) An adventurer who in Napoleon's time sees the world so passionately and eventfully that the record of it takes up 1200 pages\nWinesburg, Ohio (Modern Library, 1919, $95) Tales of Ohio small town life by a writer of marked influences on other writers\nYoung Man with a Horn (Houston, 1938, $2.50) The first significant novel depicting the world of jazz music\nYears of Grace (Grosset, 1939, $1.00) A novel about two generations, contrasting the quiet years of grace of the 19th century with the post war confusion of the 1920s in Chicago\nThe Blue Danube (Viking, 1945, $3.00) Ludwig Bemelmans\nA nostalgic story of some little people under Nazi rule\nStephen Vincent Benet, Devil and Daniel Webster. Farrar, 1937, $1.00\nA short story which embodies a New England legend\nStephen Vincent Benet, Twenty-five short stories. Sun Dial, 1943, $1.49\nAn anthology including the best of Mr. Benet's shorter prose work\n\nStephen Vincent Benet, In the midst of life. Modern Library, 1927, $0.95\nAmbrose Bierce, Tales of soldiers and civilians reminiscent of Poe\n\nJtaolapft \u00a9 \u00a3 to 'xfatytti oXy i&Xjt pit A 990zq 1 strode u ^eacZ \u00bbiU to isstf edt s&Lb&lscl tocIojUuji bA -.c'i t\u00a9 #1- >aicu SJl*2J- Mo Attc aT< &Xoa to aoIaS\n\nBoyd, James\nBrums of Canada. Scribner, 1925, $2.50\nPublication of this revolutionary story marked the modern trend toward accuracy and less sentimentality in historical fiction\n\nBoyd, James\nMarching on. Scribner, 1927, $2.50\nA story of the south during the Civil War as reflected in the experiences of a Southern boy in the army and later in a Northern prison\nBromfield, Louis\nThe Green Bay Tree (Grosset & Dunlap, 1924) $1.00\nA scathing denunciation of modern political, business, and social ethics\n\nBrown, Harry\nA Walk in the Sun (Knopf, 1944) $2.00\nPicture of an American platoon which lands at an unspecified beach in Italy, proceeds inland six miles and attacks a German-held farmhouse\n\nBulosan, Carlos\nThe Laughter of My Father (Harcourt, Brace, 1944) $2.00\nThe exploits of a fabulous father, told against a Philippine setting\n\nCaldwell, Erskine\nTwenty-four representative stories (Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1944) $2.50\n\nAs the earth turns\n(Grosset & Dunlap, 1935) $1.00\nOn a Maine farm, winter work gives way to spring planting.\nThe courage of Bohemian peasant life on the Nebraska prairies beautiful and simply told in My Antonia by Willa Cather (1918, $2050).\nThree generations of a Pittsburgh steel dynasty in Valley of Decision by Jesse Stuart (Scribner, 1942, $250).\nA life steadied and broadened by a heritage from the sea in Mary Ellen Chase's Windswept (Macmillan, 1941, $2975).\nThe American way at its wisest and best in Honey in the Horn by Harold Davis (Grosset, 1937, $1000).\nOregon homesteading in which history and fable combine in U.S.A. by John Dos Passos (Modern Library, 1937, $145).\nA cross section of American life from 1900 through the postwar boom, weaving together the careers of representative individuals in Three Generations by Mary Ellen Chase (1934, $1000).\nMary Peters in Honey in the Horn by Macmillan (1934, $1000).\nCather, Willa - My Antonia (1918) $2050\nChase, Mary Ellen - Windswept (1941) $2975\nDayenport, Marc - Valley of Decision (1942) $250\nDavis, Harold L. - Honey in the Horn (1937) $1000\nDos Passos, John - U.S.A. (1937) $145\nChase, Mary Ellen - Three Generations (1934) $1000\nFrom migrant laborers to those in high society\nAn American tragedy (2 volumes, 1925) - Garden City, $2.98\nA typical American youth and the unconquerable forces of environment and heredity\nDrums Along the Mohawk (1936) - Little, $2.75\nA frontier settlement invaded by the American Revolution\nGod's Angry Man (1932) - Simon & Schuster, $2.50 (Powerful story of John Brown, martyred for his belief in himself as the instrument of God, called to abolish slavery.)\nCitizen Tom Paine (1943) - Duell, $2.75 (The author has produced a vivid picture of Paine's mode of writing, idiosyncrasies, and character.)\nSaratoga Trunk (1941) - Doubleday, $2.50 (Life in New Orleans and Saratoga in the 1880s.)\nThe story of a mother whose courage brings her the satisfaction\nof  a  life  richly  lived,  and  of  her  materialistic  son,  whose \n\u201csuccess\u201d  proved  meaningless. \n984*  PIELD,  RACHEL \nAnd  now  tomorrow.  Macm*  1942*  $2*75 \nA  character  study  of  Emily  Blair,  whose  family  owned  the  Blair \nMills  in  a  New  England  town* \n985.  PIELD,  RACHEL \nTime  out  of  mind*  Macnu  1937*  $2.50 \nA  log  book  of  the  happenings  which  chained  a  woman  to  her  past. \n986.  PISHER, DOROTHY  CANFIELD \nBent  twig*  Grosset*  1915*  $1*00 \nLife  in  a  midwe stern  university  town. \n987*  PISHER,  DOROTHT  CANPIELD \nSeasoned  timber*  Harcourt*  1939*  $2*50 \nIn  this  study  of  a  poor  academy  in  rural  Vermont  the  author  has \nsymbolized  the  struggle  between  dictatorship  and  democracy* \n988.  PISHER,  VARDIS \nChildren  of  God*  Harcourt, \nA  panorama  of  the  Mormons* \nr \n989  o  PLAVIN,  MARTIN \nJourney  in  the  dark\u00a9  Harper.,  1943.  $2.75 \nA  cross-section  of  American  life  during  the  last  sixty  years  as \nReflected is the life of a successful man. (Morrow, Michael. American dream. 1937. $3.00)\nA historical novel dealing with three generations of an American family in which the author discovers the American dream that had been the guiding spirit of his pioneer forebears. (Glasgow, Ellen. Barren ground. Modern Library. 1936. $0.95)\nThe barrenness is that of small southern holdings conquered by one girl with vision. One of the most powerful novels ever written by an American woman. (Glasgow, Ellen. In this our life. Grosset. 1942. $1.00)\nAn ironic commentary upon human character in defeat and frustration. (Glasgow, Ellen.)\nThe destroyer, she is a lady. (Goodrich, Marcus. Delilah. Parrar. 1941. $2.75)\n(Hemingway, Ernest. Parewell to arms. Grosset. 1929. $1.10)\nStory of an American who enlisted with the Italian army during the first World War. (Hemingway, Ernest.)\n[Por whom the bell tolls - Hemingway, Ernest (1940) / The Spanish Civil War seen through the eyes of an American volunteer\nA Bell for Adano - Hersey, John (1944) / A deeply disturbing story of the American invasion of Italy\nThree Generations - Hergesheimer, Joseph (1944) / Three generations of Pennsylvania iron masters described in episodes\nPorgy - Heyward, DuBose (1940) / Negro comedy and tragedy in Catfish Row, written with sympathy and respect\nTheir Own Country - [Unknown Author] (1940) / An American middle-class family keeping its integrity and courage in the face of insecurity\n\nPorgy and Three Generations - Grosset (1940, $100)\nThe Spanish Civil War, The American invasion of Italy, Three generations of Pennsylvania iron masters, Negro comedy and tragedy in Catfish Row, An American middle-class family\n\nHemingway, Ernest - Por whom the bell tolls\nHersey, John - A Bell for Adano\nHergesheimer, Joseph - Three Generations\nHeyward, DuBose - Porgy\n[Unknown Author] - Their Own Country]\nThe story of a little boy growing up in a Negro family. (Kantor, Mack) Happy land. Coward- McCann, 1942, $2.50\nNothing could be more American than this story of a young boy growing up in a small mid-western town just before World War II. (Kantor, MacK)\nModern Indian life and the effect on it of contact with white man's civilization. (La Jarge, Oliver) Laughing boy. Houghton, 1929, $2.50\nLet the hurricane roar. Longman Greens, 1933, $1.50\nPioneer courage in the Dakotas, told with simple drama. (Lardner, Ring)\nA collection of short stories by an author who raised illiterate speech to heights that gave him fame long before his craftsmanship was recognized. (Lewis, Sinclair) Arrowsmith. Modern Library, 1933, $1.79\nThe story of an idealistic American physician and his struggle. (Lewis, Sinclair)\n1007. Lewis, Sinclair\nDodsworth (Harcourt, 1939) $1.49\nSamuel Dodsworth, retired at 40, grows away from an ambitious wife in his quest for new values,\n\n1008. London, Jack\nBest Short Stories of Jack London (Sun Dial, 1945) $1.00\nTwenty-one short stories selected from his writings,\n\n1009. London, Jack\nCall of the Wild (Grosset, 1903) $1.00\nA biography of a dog who relapses into wolfdom,\n\n1010. McKay, Allis\nThey Came to a River (Macmillan, 1941) $2.75\nTwentieth century pioneers in Washington state,\n\n1011. Marquand, John Phillips\nH.M. Fulham, Esquire (Garden City, 1944) $1.00\nA novel satirizing the Boston Brahmin class,\n\n1012. Marquand, John Phillips\nThe Late George Apley (Little, 1941) $2.50\nThe Boston tradition chronicled in letters of two generations.\nThree harbors: Sun Dial, 1938, $1.49\nPast-moving story of the American Revolution, 1774-1775, in the ports of Norfolk, Boston, and Bermuda.\n1014. Maxwell, William. The Folded Leaf. Harper, 1945, $2.50\nThis story of the friendship between two young men is a sensitive study of adolescence set against a backdrop of high school and college life in a small mid-western city.\n1015. Maxwell, William.\nThey came like swallows. Harper, 1937, $2.05\nA tribute to true motherhood is found in this gentle story of a woman whose genuinely fine influence lingered with her family even after death.\n1016. Marley, Christopher.\nParnassus on wheels: The haunted bookshop; Where the blue begins; and Thunder on the left.\n1017. Marley, Christopher.\nKitty Foyle. Lippincott, 1939, $2.50\nA witty and frank autobiographical novel dealing with the first experiences of womanhood.\n28 years of its modern, middle-class, Philadelphia-born heroine\nRobert Nathan, 1933, Knopf, $2,000\nA subtle and wise reflection on the depression of 1929,\nRobert Nathan, 1939, Knopf, $2,000\nA gentle fantasy about a poor young artist and his inspiration.\nRobert Nathan, 1941, Knopf, $2,000\nAn affirmation of faith in human brotherhood by two children,\nCharles Nordhoff & James N. Hall, 1936, Little, $3,000\nLong ago adventure in the South Seas: Mutiny on the Bounty; Men Against the Sea: Pitcairn's Island.\nMy friend Flicka, Lippincott, 1941, $2.50\nA boy and his colt in a world of dream and reality,\nElizabeth Page, 1939, Farrar, $3,000\nA vast panorama of the beginnings of American national life and history.\nphilosophy: Three generations of an American family have part in great national events.\n\n1024: Dorothy Parker; Introduction by Somerset Maugham, Viking - A complete collection of the stories and poems of Dorothy Parker, including some new ones.\n\n1025: Katherine Anne Porter - Pale horse, pale rider (Harcourt, 1939. $2.00) - Three novelettes written with fastidious clarity.\n\n1026: William Sidney Porter (O. Henry) - The best short stories of O.Henry, selected and with an introduction by Bennett Cerf and Van R. Cartmell (Modern Library) - In selecting 38 of the more than 600 stories written by O.Henry, the editors of this volume chose those honored unanimously by anthologists and then added several of special interest.\n\n1027: Marjorie K. Rawlings - One year in the life of a sensitive native-loving boy who lived in it. (Scribner, 1940. $1.29)\nWith his parents in the Florida hammock country,\n1028 O. Richtter, Conrad\nThe unusual lyric novel of pioneer wandering from Pennsylvania to Ohio and the heroine's eventual planting of trees for stability, beauty, and to mark finis to a hunter's existence. (The Knopf, 1940, $2.50)\n1029 p. Roberts, Elizabeth M.\nBlack is my true love's hair. (Viking, 1938, $2.05)\nA poignant love song distilled out of the shared experiences of all humanity.\n1030 p. Roberts, Elizabeth M.\nTime of man. (Modern Library, 1935, $0.95)\nMountaineer life described with poetic realism.\n1031 Kenneth Roberts,\nNorthwest passage. (Doubleday, 1937, $2.75)\nA living history of the making of a nation.\n1032 Ole Rolvag, E.\nGiants in the earth: a saga of the prairie, tr. from the Norwegian. (The founding of a Norwegian settlement in South Dakota and its toll upon a sensitive woman, narrated with epic effects.)\n1033. The Last Puritan: A Memoir in the Form of a Novel by George Santayana, Scribner\nA brilliant and ironic philosophical study of New England character by a poet and philosopher.\n\n1034. Human Comedy by William Saroyan, 1942, $2.75\nEpisodes in the life of a California family, written with humility and tenderness for the frailties of the human race.\n\n1035. The Jungle by Upton Sinclair, 1906, $2.50\nThis book led to a government investigation of the Chicago stock-yards and was fruitful of much reform.\n\n1036. World's End by Upton Sinclair, Viking, 1940, $3000\nAn American merchant of death and the world armament industry. The first in the series of novels about Lanny Budd.\n\n1036. Between Two Worlds by Upton Sinclair, Viking, 1941, $3000\nThe second volume in the Lanny Budd series.\n1038 Sinclair, Upton\nDragon's Teeth: Viking, 1942, $3.00\nLanny Budd in Europe (Volume three in the series)\n\n1039 Sinclair, Upton\nWide is the World: Viking, 1943, $3.00\nFourth in the author's series of novels about the American expatriate Lanny Budd. It describes Lanny's anti-Nazi activities during the beginning of the Popular Front.\n\n1040 Sinclair, Upton\nPresidential Agent: Viking, 1944, $3.00\nFifth in the series of novels about Lanny Budd against a background of world-shaping events.\n\n1041 Smith, Betty\nTree Grows in Brooklyn: Harper, 1943, $2.75\nLife in the slum section of Brooklyn-Williamsburg, during the first part of the 20th century.\n\n1042 Steinbeck, John\nThe Grapes of Wrath: Viking, 1939, $2.50\nAn exposure of social injustice.\n\n1043 Steinbeck, John\nThe Moon is Down: Viking, 1942, $2.50\nThe spirit of freedom transcends Nazism.\n1044. John Steinbeck, Of Mice and Men (Viking, 1937), $2000\n1045. George Stewart, The Storm (Random House, 1941), $2050\nA novelized biography of a hypothetical storm that affected millions of lives.\n1046. Philip Stong, State Fair (Grosset & Dunlap, 1933), $75\nCountry folk, a prize hog, and the ballyhoo of a country fair.\n1047. Thomas Stribling, Teeftallov (Grosset & Dunlap, 1928), $100\nAbner Teeftallov and the grim piety of a poverty-stricken hill town in Tennessee.\n1048. HJTH Sukkow, The Folks (Grosset & Dunlap, 1936), $100\nThe bewilderment of people groping through the relentless changes of life.\n1049. Edith Sukkow, Two Happy Children in a Small Town Parsonage.\n1050. Booth Tarkington, Alice Adams (Grosset & Dunlap, 1937), $100\nGenerally considered his best novel - shrewd description of a socially ambitious small town girl.\n105x TABKINGTON, BOOTH (1916) $2.50 A tale of youth and summer time\n1052 WALLER, Willard (1944) $2.75 A study of what our present war veterans will be like when they return and what they will want, and how civilian society can help\n1053 WECTER, Dixon (1944) $3.00 The author reviews demobilization in its methods and impact on the United States after three great wars - the Civil War and the first World War, and so furnishes valuable guidance for coming events\n1054 WESCOTT, Glenway (1927) $2.05 A family portrait\n1055 WICKENDEN, Dan (1945) $2.75 A family story in the midwest during the war period.\n1056. The bridge of San Luis Rey - Wilder, Thornton - Grosset & Dunlap, 1927 - $1.00\nThe simultaneous death of five people causes a priest to seek the reason for it in their past lives.\n\n1058. The web and the rock - Wolfe, Thomas - Harper, 1939 - $3.00\nA man in quest of himself.\n\n1059. You can't go home again - Wolfe, Thomas - Harper, 1940 - $3.00\nA lost modern who found himself.\n\n1060. Native son - Wright, Richard - Harper, 1940 - $2.50\n\nIndex:\nNumbers listed refer to entries\nAbends, Hal - 820\nAdamic, Louis - 141, 577\nAdams, GVP - 1\nAdams, Henry - 706\nAdams, J. Donald - 420\nAdams, James Truslow - 73, 110,\nAdams, Samuel E. - 525\nAdams, Thomas - 348\nAddams, Jane - 142\nAiken, Conrad - 484\nAlcott, Amos - 421\nAlden, Carroll So. - 765\nAlland, Alexander - 143\nAllen, Florence - 44\nAllen, Frederick - 542\nAllen, Hervey, 957\nAmerican Academy of Political and Social Science, 857-858\nAmerican Council on Education, 111\nAmerican Folkways, 610-621\nAmerican Guide Series, 653-705\nAmerican Lakes Series, 622-626\nAmerican Painting Today, 324\nAmerican Psychiatric Association, 229\nAnderson, Maxwell, 448\nAnderson, Sherwood, 958\nArchitectural Forum, 349, 350\nAronovici, Carol, 351\nAtherton, Gertrude F., 614\nAudubon, John James, 579\nAvnet, Helen Hershfield, 230\nBakeless, John, 709\nBaker, Dorothy, 959\nBarbour, Thomas, 710\nBarnes, Margaret A., 960\nBarrows, Marjorie, ed., 485\nBartlett, Huhl Jacob, 861\nBaruch, Bernard M., 862\nBarzun, Jacques, 112\nBasch, Antonin, 863\nBasso, Hamilton, 12\nBates, Ernest Sutherland, 6, 45, 46\nBeard, Annie E., 144\nBeard, Mary, 175\nBeebe, William, 266\nBelden, Jack, 821\nBemelmans, Ludwig, 961\nBenedict, Agnes, 113\nBenedict, Murray H., 207\nBenedict, Ruth, 145\nBenet, Stephen, 486, 546, 627\nBenet, Wan Rose, 487\nBennett, Hugh, H0, 208\nBenton, Thomas, H,> , 325\nBerge, Wendell, 74\nBergengren, Roy F., 76\nBoston, Henry.,, 647\nBeveridge, Albert, 711\nBiddle, George, 326\nBierce, Ambrose, 964\nBinger, Carl, 231\nBingham, Alfred M-, \u00ae65\nBingham, F0Co, ed 28\nBinkley, Wilfred E0, 49\nBisson, Thomas A,, 159\nBlack, Archibald, 267\nBlack, John D\u201e, 256\nBlair, Walter, 471, 515\nBlankenship, Albert Bu, 196\nBloch, Henry S,, 866\nBogart, Ernest Lc, 77\nBok, Edward, 146\nBonsai, Stephen, 547, 867\nBorden, Neil Ho, 78\nBorsook, Henry, 257\nBorth, Christy, 268\nBoswell, Peyton, 327\nBotkin, Benjamin Ao, ed \u201e 516\nBoulding, Kenneth Eo, 868\nBowditch, Nathaniel, 269\nBowen, Catherine D0, 712\nBowers, David F0, edc 147\nBoyd, Julian P. ed*, 552\nBradford, Gamaliel, 713\nBrandon, AL C, 114\nBrandt, Karl, 209\nBrawley, Benjamin, 186\nBrodie, Bernard, 766\nBrown, Cora Ms, 258\nBrown, Ernest Francis, 778\nBrown, Francis Jo, 148\nBrown, Harry, 968\nBrown, John Mason, 808\nBrown, SG, edD, 29\nBrown, Sterling Allan, 488\nBrownell, William C, 424\nBrciere, Martha Bensley, 210\nBruner, Jerome So, 869\nBryant, William C, 489\nBryce, James, 51\nBulosan, Carlos, 969\nBurlingame, Roger, 270, 271\nBurnett, Hit ed, 517\nBurrell, John Ac, 518\nButler, George De, 414\nByas, Hugh, 822\nCahill, Holger, 326\nCairns, Huntington, 329\nCaldwell, Erskine ed, 610-621, 970\nCalhoun, Arthur WO0, 13\nCallander, Harold, 870\nCambridge history of American literature, 425\nCampbell, WOSO, 620\nCant, Gilbert, 767\nCantril, Hadley, 197\nCarlisle, Borman Vo, 272\nCarman, Bliss edo, 490\nCarr, Edward Ho, 871\nCarroll, Gladys, 971\nCable, George Washington, 934\nCahot, Hugh, 232\nCalhoun, Arthur, 13\nCallander, Harold, 870\nCambridge history of American literature, 425\nCampbell, WSO, 620\nCant, Gilbert, 767\nCantril, Hadley, 197\nCarlisle, Borman Vo, 272\nCarman, Bliss ed, 490\nCarr, Edward Ho, 871\nCarroll, Gladys, 971\nCable, George Washington, 934\nCarter, Hodding, 640\nCarter, Jean, 402\nCartwright, Morse Ao, 925\nCarus, Clayton D, 823\nCash, Wajo, 598\nDather, Willa, 972\nCerf, Bennett A, 449\nChamberlain, Samuel, 599, 600\nCarnegie, Andrew, 714\nChase, Mary Ellen, 973, 974\nCheney, Martha CO, 330\nCherne, Leo D, 873\nChemick, Jack, 177\nChinard, Gilbert, 715\nChurchill, Henry S, 352\nChurchill, Winston, 935, 936\nClapesattle, Helen, 233\nClaris, Elmer T, 7\nClaris, Victor So, 273\nClemens, Samuel L, 937\nCleveland, Reginald Mc, 874\nClurman, Harold, 403\nCocannouer, Joseph A, 115\nCochran, Thomas Co, 81\nCoffin, Robert Pot0, 491, 638\nCohn, David L, 199\nCole, Edwin, 612\nColeman, McAlister, 178\nCommons, John R, 179\nCondi eff e, John B, 875\nConference on the scientific spirit and democratic faith, 116\nCooper, James Fenimore, 938\nCordell, Kathryn, 450\nCorwin, Edward S, 160\nCorwin, Borman, 451, 809\nCowling, Ellis, 82\n[Crane, Aiee, 331, Crane, Stephen, 939, Craven, Avery, 555, Craven, Thomas, edo, 376, 332, Crews, Albert, 274, Cross, Wilbur, LO0, 528, Cubberley, Ellwood P\u201e, 117, Cullen, Conntee, edo, 492, Cummings, Richard 0., 259, Guppy, William C0, 472, Dallin, David Jo, 876, Dana, Richard H0, 602, Daniel, Hawthorne, 824, Daniels, Jonathan, 603, Daniels, Josephus, 717, Davenport, Marcia, 975, Davenport, Russell, 493, Davies, Joseph So, 161, Davis, CoBo, 628o, Davis, Forrest, 785, Davis, Harold L, 976, Davis, Harriet B0, ed., 877, Davis, Malvin B0 B, 83, Davis, Michael M0 , 234, Day, Clarence, 473, Deland, Margaret, 940, Be Lima, Agnes, 119, Denison Archibald Cc, 768, Derleth, August, 652, De To to, Bernard, 556, Dewey Davis B0 D, 84, Dewey, John, 29, 120, Dickinson Staily, 494, Documents on American foreign relation s9, Doddp William E0 , 7189, 719, Donham, Wallace Brett, 121, Dougherty, N0F0, 926]\nDouglass, Paul H, 180, 9\nDownes, Edward, 387\nDownes, 01in9, 388\nDreiser, Theodore, 978\nIvcBoigj, Jo Hopkins, 275\nDuBois, W.E.B, 878\nDuffus, Bo Lopez, 276\nDulles, Poster Beah, 163, 415\nDunbar, Paul Laurence, 495\nDunbar, Seymour, 200\nDunlap, Orrlin E, 277\nDutton, William, 278\nDyess, William Edwin, 825\nEbenstein, William, 810\nEddy, Sherwood, 8\nEddy, W.J.Ho, 260\nEdgell, George Hoagland, -353\nEdmonds, Walter, 979\nEhrlich, Leonard, 980\nEisenhart, Luther P, 122\nEliot, Thomas Starr, 496\nEmbree, Edwin Booth, 187\nJinbree, John P, 826\nBerson, Balph Wilson, 446\nEncyclopedia of Sports, 416\nEasler, Robert Cocke, 786\nEwert, Earl, 769\nPairchi Id, David Goode, 211\nBarrington, Selwyn, 85\nPast, Howard, 981\nPaulkner, Edward H, 212\nPaulkner, Hou, 85a\nFederal Writers' Project, 14\nFederalist, 52\nPeild, Robert Doolittle, 408\nPeis, Herbert, 879\nPine, Sherwood, 880\nFiner, Herman, 86\nPinletter, Thomas Koontz, 53\nMorris Fishbein, Dorothy Canfield Fisher, Irving Fisher, Vardis Fisher, Martin Flavin, M0L Fledderus, Wilfrid Fleisher, Denna Frank Fleming, John Floherty, Martha Foley, Hulbert Footner, Esther Forbes, James Ford, Josephine Foster, Michael Foster, Bertram Fowler, Ernst Fraehkel, Osmond Praenkel, Felix Frankfurter, Benjamin Franklin, Lindley Fraser, John T0 Frederick, Free Company, Douglas Freeman, Mary E0 (Wilkins), Joseph French, John ed0 French, John H0E Fried, Joseph Sc0 Friedman, Carl J0 Friedrich, Robert Frost, Claude M* Fuess, Major Gen JohnF*Cc Fuller, Joseph Chamberlain, Balph Gabriel, Iago Galdston, George Bc edo Galloway.\nGeorge Gallup, Hamlin Garland, Eve Garrette, Darrell Garwood, John Gassner, General education in a free society, Arnold Gesell, Douglas Gilbert, Ellen Glasgow, John Glover, Sheldon Glueck, Robert Goff, Clinton Golden, Franz Goldman, Samuel Gompers, John Paul Goode, Lloyd Goodrich, Marcus Goodrich, Jfex Gottechalk, Id Ward Graham, Margaret Grant, Mark Graubard, William Cabell Greet, Alfred Wu Griswold, Ernest Rutherford Groves, Axel Ferdinand Gustafson, EoAo Gutkind, Cushman Haasen, William Hale, George Nikolans, Talbot Hamlin, Alvin Hansen, Harry Hansen, Marcus L Hansen, Fred Harrington.\nHarris, Herbert\nHarris, Joel C.\nHarris, Seymour, ed.\nHarrison, Richard E.\nHart, James D.\nHart, Richard\nHarte, Bret\nHatcher, Harlan, ed.\nHavighurst, W.\nHawley, Gesener Goodrich\nHawthorne, Nathaniel\nHayes, Dersha\nHaynes, William\nHaynes, William\nHays, Arthur Garfield\nHaystead, Ladd\nHazard, Lucy L., ed.\nHazard, Iteul\nHeiser, Victor Go\nHeilman, Lillian\nHemingway, Ernest\nHemingway, Ernest\nHemingway, Ernest\nHilberseimer, L\u00fc\nHitchcock, Henry R.\nHobson, Wilder\nHockett, Homer\nHoffman, Moritz ed.\nHoffman, Bosse J. So.\nHoffman, Sylvan, 563\nHolcombe, Arthur N, 58\nHolt, Backham, 188\nHook, Sidney, 9\nHoover, Herbert, 893\nHera, Stanley, 93\nHoward, Robert W, 215\nHowelle, William Do, 947\nBubbell, Richard, 284\nHudson, Manley, 0o, 94\nHudson, Ralph Gc, 285\nHughes, Charles Evans, 59\nHughes, Langston, 1001\nHughes, William L, 417\nHungerford, Edward, 203\nBnszar, George Bode, ed, 894\nHutchins, Robert, 127\nXnd, Allison, 832\nInfield, Henrik F, 95\nIngereoll, Ralph, 813\nIngraham, Reg, 770,\nInstitute for religious studies, 150\nInternational city managers association,\nIrving, Washington, 476\nIsham, Samuel, 335\nJackson, Helen Me, 948\nJacobs, Lewis, 409\nJaffe, Bernard, 286\nJames, Henry, 949\nJames, William, 10\nJanis, Sidney, 336\nJeffers, Robinson, 498\nJefferson, Thomas, 60\nJensen, Oliver Oc, 833\nJewett, Sarah, 950\nJohnson, Alvin, 128\nJohnson, Gerald Wos, 728\nJohnson, James W, 189, 398\n[Johnston, Eric, 96, Jones, Joseph, 166, Jones, Mack Mc, 216, Jordan, Emil Leopold, 151, Kaempffert, Waldemar, 287, Kallen, Horace Mo, 4, Kane, Harnett T, 611, Kantor, MacKinlay, 1002, Karig, Commdro Walter, 564, Kaufman, George S, 455, Kazin, Alfred, 429, Keesing, Felix Me, 834, Kelly, Fred, 729, Kennedy, Edward Djp, 97, Kennedy, Stetson, 618, Kieran, John, 418, Koch, Frederick go ed, 456, Kohn, Hans, 61, Kolodin, Irving, 397, Kotschnig, Waiter M, 129, Kozlenko, William ed3, 457, 458, Kreymborg, Alfred, 499, Krutch, Joseph, 445, LaFarge, Oliver, 730, 1003, La Follette, Suzanne, 337, Lambert, Clare, 130, Lamott, Willis C, 835, Landauer, Carl, 98, Iandis, Benson Y, 99, Landis, Walter S, 288, lardner, Ring, 1005, Lasker, Bruno, 836, 837, Latane, John H, 8, Lattimore, Owen, 895, Lawson, Ted Wf, 838]\nPaul Lazarfeld, Eugene Lederer, Robert E. Lee, Margaret Leech, Charles K. Leith, Max Lerner, Sinclair Lewis, Ludwig Lewisohn, Willy Ley, Burr Leyson, David Lilienthal, Abraham Lincoln, Vachel Lindsay, Ralph Linton, Walter Lippmann, Rayford Logan, Haniel Long, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Clifford Lord, Earl Lougee, James Russell Lowell, Matthew Luckiesh, Carleton Mabee, Hoho McCarty, William McFee, Edgar McInnis, Gerstle Mack, Allis McKay, Catherine MacKenzie, Archibald MacLeish, Magazine of Art, John M. Makis, T. N. Mallery, Harold Manchester, Burns Mantle, George Marshall\nMartin, John J. (406)\nMason, Van Wyek (1013)\nMasters, Edgar Lee (504, 648)\nMather, Frank J.C. (339)\nMatschat, CoHo (649)\nMatthiesson, Francis Otto (430)\nMauldin, Bill (791)\nMaxwell, William (1014, 1015)\nMaynard, Theodore (733)\nMayorga, Margaret (edo, 460)\nMelbo, Irving B. (606)\nMellquist, Jerome (340)\nMelville, Herman (95, 2)\nMencken, Henry L. (432, 433)\nMenefee, Selden (792)\nMerriam, Charles E. (87, 62)\nMetcalf, Clyde (771)\nMillay, Vincent (505, 506)\nMiller, Francis T. (793)\nMiller, John Anderson (204)\nMiller, Joseph H. (9, 131)\nMiller, Max (840)\nMillett, Pred B.C. (431)\nMillspaugh, Arthur C. (900)\nMilton, George Portner (63)\nMock, James R. (901)\nMonaghan, Jay (734)\nMoon, Bucklin Edmond B. (191)\nMoore, Arthur D. (219)\nMoreland, Wallace S.Q. (edo, 220)\nMorgan, Arthur I. (735)\nMorgan, Dale (634)\nMorison, Elton E. (772)\nMorisonD, Samuel Eliot (566, 736)\nMorley, Christopher (1016, 1017)\nMoulton, Harold Go, 902\nMoulton, Porest Bay, 302\nMurrell, William, 377\nMurrill, James LO0, 132\nMyers, Henry Alonzo, 38\nMyrdal, Gunnar, 192\nNash, Ogden, 477\nHaathan, George Jean, 405\nNathan, Otto, 814\nNathan, Robert B09, 903\nNational committee on housing, 362\nNational research council, 927\nNeuschutz, Louise, 928\nNew York museum of modern art, 341, 363\nNew Yorker (Periodical), 520\nNewhall, Beaumont, 381\nNewsweek, editors of, 794\nNiles, Boris, 636\nNordhoff, Charles, 1021\nNorwood, William Pop, 244\nNute, Grace L., 626\nNye, Russell Bo, 738\nO'Brien, Edward J, 521\nOdets, Clifford, 463\nOdum, Howard Wo, 590\nOgg, Predric, 65\nO'Hara, Mary, 1022\nO'Henry memorial award prize stories,\nO'Neill, Eugene Go, 464\nOsborn, Pairfield, ed., 841\nOttley, Roi, 193\nOur Amy at war, 795\nOverstreet, Harry A, 133\nPagano, Grace (ed.), 342\nPage, Elizabeth, 1023\nPaine, Albert, 530\nPaine, Thomas, 39\nParker, Dorothy, 1024\nPaikman, Francis, 568\nParrington, Vernon, 435\nPatterson, Pred, 523\nFaullin, Charles, 782\nPeattie, Donald, 591, 739\nPeatty, Roderick (ed.), 607, 608\nPeck, Mary Gray, 740\nPeffer, Nathaniel, 904, 905\nPerkins, Adah A. Whitaker (eds.), 1021\nPerkins, Dexter, 170, 171\nPerry, Bliss, 741\nPerry, Ralph Barton, 5, 592\nPesotta, Rose, 183\nPeterson, Co Stewart, 669\nPink, Louis Ho, 103\nPintner, Rudolf, 929\nPoe, Edgar Allan, 953\nPorter, James, 343\nPorter, Katherine Anne, 1025\nPerter, William Sydney, 1026\nPorterfield, Jean, 303\nPewnd, Arthur, 625\nPound, Roscoe, 66\nPowel, Lydia, 134\nPratt, Pletcher, 773, 796\nPratt, George K., 930\nPresident's research committee on social trends, 22\nPritchett, CoHo, 304\nBatner, Sidney, 104\nBauch, Basil, 570\nRawlings, Marjorie K, 1027\nBayhum, Otto Ernest, 617\nBeck, Franklin M, 205\nReis, Claire, 399\nBenner, George Thomas, ed., 783\nBepplier, Agnes, 469\nRich, Everett, 744\nBichter, Conrad, 1028\nBickard, Thomas Ao, 305\nBis, Jacob, 745\nBoberts, Elizabeth Mo, 1029, 1030\nBoberts, Henry W, 306\nBoberts, Kenneth, 1031\nBobinson, Edwin At, 507\nRobson, Rowo, 842\nBcckwell, Frederick F, ed., 223\nRollins, Philip A, 593\nBolvaag, Ole Ea, 1032\nBoraulo, Carlos, 843\nBoozeman, Dorothy, 364\nBoss, Earle D, 135\nFourke, Constance M, 479, 594\nBudin, Harry B0, 907\n\nBobbins, Boy Mu, 222 (This entry appears twice, I assume the second one is a mistake and should be removed)\n\nBoberts, Henry W, 306 (This entry appears twice, I assume the second one is a mistake and should be removed)\n\nBis, Jacob (This entry appears twice, I assume the second one is a mistake and should be removed)\n\nBivers of America series, 627-652 (This is not a name, it's a series title, I assume it should be removed)\n\nBoozeman, Dorothy (This name is misspelled, it should be Eosenman)\n\nBoss, Haney (This name is misspelled, it should be Bosse)\n\nBoozevelt, Franklin D, 67, 172 (This entry appears twice, I assume the second one is a mistake and should be removed)\n\nBoozevelt, Theodore, 746 (This name is misspelled, it should be Roosevelt)\nMuriel Rukeyser, 307\nBeardsley Buml, 105\nRogers Busk, DS, 308\nElias Saarinen, 365\nGaudens, Homer St., 344\nJoseph St. John, 844\nRobert St. John, 817\nSamuels, 309\nGeorge Santayana, 1033\nWilliam Saroyan, 1034\nJohn Sasso, 310\nJoseph Schafer, 224\nArthur M. Schlesinger, 571, 572\nMorris Bartel Schnapper, edD, 908\nKarl Schriftgiesser, 750\nTheodore W. Schultz, 262\nNorma Schwendener, 419\nScience Year Book, 1945, 311\nRobert Lee Scott, 845\nGilbert Seldes, 411\nHarlow Shapley, 312\nHenrietta BC Sharon, 931\nVincent Sheean, 751\nOdell Shepard, 532\nRobert Lee Sherrod, 846\nWilliam L. Shirer, 797\nJames T. Shotwell, 909\nHenry E. Sigerist, 247\nHerbert R. Simonds, 313\nWilliam A. Simonds, 752\nUpton Sinclair, 1035, 1036\nFrank J. Sladen, ed, 248\nDean F\u201e Smiley, 249\nWilson G0 Smillie, 250\nBernard edQ Smith, 436, 437\nBetty Smith, 1041\nBruce Smith, 68\nSmith, Edward Co\nSmith, Henry L, 206\nSmith, Howard K, 798\nSmith, Joseph R,\nSmith, Payson, 136\nSmith, Thomas V, 40\nSmith, William C, 153\nSnow, Edgar, 799\nSolomon, Arthur Ko, 314\nSprout, Harold H, 775\nSpykman, Nicholas John, 910\nSteffens, Lincoln, 753\nStegner, Wallace, 616\nSteinman, Dob, 315\nStephenson, Nowv, 801\nStern, Bernard Jop, 251\nStern, Philip Van Doren, ed, 952\nStettinius, Edward R, 800\nStewart, George Ro, 609, 1045\nStewart, Maxwell, 911\nStill, Alfred, 316\nStimson, Henry L, 801\nStokley, James, 317\nStolberg, Benjamin, 184\nStone, Irving, 185, 755\nStong, Philip Dao, 1046\nStowe, Harriet Beecher, 953\nStraus, Nathan, 366\nSteeter, F.Bo, 637\nStribling, Thomas S, 1047\nStruck, Theodore F, 137\nSullivan, Louis H, 367\nSweet, William Wo, 11\nSyrkin, Marie, 138\nTaft, Lorado, 374\nTaft, Robert, 382\nTaliaferro, William H, ed, 252\nThomas Tallmadge, 368\nIvan Tannehill, 318\nBooth Tarkington, 1050, 1051\nA0M09 Taylor, comp0, 802\nDeems Taylor, 412\nGeorge Taylor, Bo, 847\nOrdway Tead, 41\nSara Teasdale, 509\nWalter Terry, 407\nEric Thane, 615\nVivian Thayer, To, 139\nThere were giants in the land, 756\nJean Thomas, 610\nWarren Thompson, So, 23\nVirgil Thomson, 401\nHenry Thoreau, Do, 533, 534\nMargaret Thorp, 413\nHarold Timperley, Ja, 848\nAlexis Toccpieville, de, 42\nOtto Tolischus, Do, 849, 850\nHoward Tolley, R0, 912\nA0B0 Tourtellot, 630\nArthur Train, K0, 595\nRichard Tregaskis, Wmc, 851\nFrederick Turner, Jc, 573\nTwentieth Century Fund, 107, 369\nAlice Tyler, F\u00ab, 24\nUS Army.Air Forces, 776, 818\nCoordinator of Inter-American Affairs, 173\nOffice of War Information, 70\nLouis Untermeyer, ed\u00ab, 510\nWilliam Van Dersal, Hoe, 225\nMark Van Doren, edo, 511\nAdrian Van Sinderen, Thorstein Veblen, A. Hyatt Verrill, Stanley Vestal, Oswald Villard, Andre Visson, Voices of History, Mason Wade, Lillian Wald, John Walker, Robert A. Walker, Willard Waller, Harold Ward, Robert S. Ward, P.C. Waring, Booker T. Washington, Elizabeth Waugh, Clarence Webster, Benjamin H. Weil, Frank Weitenkampf, Carolyn Wells, Charles Wertenbaker, Glenway Wescott, James West, Edith Wharton, John F. Wharton, Monroe Wheeler, Margaret Bouike White, Osmar White, Walter F. White, William L. White, Walt Whitman, John Greenleaf Whittier, John B. Whitton, Dan Wickenden, Earley V. Wilcox, L. Wilder, Thornton Wilder.\n[Williams, Blanche C, 760, Williams, John Ha, 921, Williams, Paul Ru, 371, Williamson, Scott Graham, 321, Williamson, Thomas, 613, Willison, George, 576, Willkie, Wendell L, 922, Wills, Royal Barry, 372, Wilson, Charles Morrow edo, 228, 322, Wilson, Edmund ed., 438, Wilson, Forrest, 761, Wilson, Harry L, 955, Wilson, Woodrow, 43, 71, Wiltse, Charles M, 762, Winslow, Charles Edward, 254, Wise, James Wo, 140, Wissler, Clark, 537, Wister, Owen, 956, Wolfe, Linnie M, 763, Wolfert, Ira, 856, Woodson, Carter Gop, 195, Woodward, W, 597, Wright, Trank Lloyd, 373, Wrigiht, Richard, 1060, Writers Program, 653-705, Wyaie, Elinor He, 514, Wynner, Edith, 923, Yank, editors of, 807, Yost, Edna, 255, Zigrosser, Carl, 347, Zim, Herbert S, 323, Zink, Harold, 72, Zinsser, Hans, 764, Zurcher, Arnold J, 924, 2 z oPV, O cb y^u, o WHMrQ#r ^ ^, O cS -J, iy]\nV \naa \nn  cS \nV  A \n+**wSrS  rV'  ^  rV \nZ \n^mvxr  +  ft \nas \nf \n.ibrary  of  congress ", "source_dataset": "Internet_Archive", "source_dataset_detailed": "Internet_Archive_LibOfCong"}
]