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554olp | how do people "hack" keys for software licenses? | Even for companies newest and most famous software like e.g. CAD or whatsoever, some hackers manage to "hack" the keys so nobody necessary has to pay.
How do they do that? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/554olp/eli5how_do_people_hack_keys_for_software_licenses/ | {
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"You can either hack the license generation scheme,. Or just hack the software. \n\nSomewhere in the software there's a line that says:\n\nDid the user input a correct license key? If so, proceed. If not, show license error and exit program.\n\nChange that piece so it always thinks you did enter a correct key.",
"In short, unless they develop it in-house, a company will have to pay a license fee to use DRM for their software. \n\n\nTop-of-the-line DRM is expensive. It would push the final cost of the product up and impact on the paying customer-- or cut back in the company profits. Same theory with videos-- a pirate will never see a '[downloading a car is wrong](_URL_0_)' PSA in a torrented movie, they only hurt the paying customers. With software, this penalty can surface as performance issues, or requiring a permanent internet connection while in use.\n\n\nIt's also a question of risk vs reward. Most of the time, paying for quality DRM may not be worth it as perhaps you have a market of devoted clients, your product is routinely updated or the possible losses to piracy might amount to only a few hundred, maybe a few thousand copies.\n\n\n So, most companies actually go with cheaper DRM options-- and in many cases, cheaper DRM = shit. Might as well think of it as a fake CCTV camera. Might deter some, but others will laugh at it. \n\n\nAs an example, there are many hacktivist groups have broken through DRM for games in a day. \n\n\nDenuovo, for example, was hailed as one of the best DRM systems developed in recent years. I think someone cracked it in about 6 weeks, but I'm not too sure on that.",
"To put it in very layman term(this is quite a heavy subject), btw this is not hacking, its call cracking.\n\nthere are 3 type of authentication, username:key match, key, key:server authentication\n\nkey to server can never be crack since the server hold the master key to it, faking a key will not authenticate after syncing with the server.\n\na single key type have 2 type.\n\n1st type) require the cracker to have an original key, to perform a debugging and to identify the \"correct key used\" flag. now with that, match it with a common type of hash database to identify which type of encryption method they are using. thus a keygen is out.\n\n2nd type) also require the cracker to have an original key, also find out what is the correct key used flag but since it is uncommon method of hashing, cracker make a injector to inject a \"correct key used\" flag with a wrong key on the software, thus needed you to replace some file.\n\nthe easilest to crack of all, the username:key type\n\nfor this, all you need to do is to get into the debug mode, enter a username/company and execute the software, it will return you an error. which you observed in the debugger. next give the key entry a random key(wrong key), it will generate a wrong key flag in the debugger, modify that flag will show the correct key in the debugger, now paste it to the software and it is unlocked.\n\nwhen i was really young 15 year old, 1997, the tool i used was _URL_0_\n\nwhat this does is that it freeze the computer to go into pointer view (stack pointer for the programmers and engineers around..), and basically go through the entire movement of computer code in asm.\n\nyou need to understand asm, binary and hexadecimal in order to be a cracker. \n"
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1qhx5e | why do european sports sing and american sports only chant? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1qhx5e/eli5_why_do_european_sports_sing_and_american/ | {
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"I think you're referring to school songs - which every college football team band plays, and fans sing to, about every 10 minutes at home games. Many professional teams also have songs, most are just not very well-known. \"Bear down, Chicago Bears\" is one of the more prominent ones."
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3xc0ph | how is the government legally allowed to hide a bill within a larger bill? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3xc0ph/eli5_how_is_the_government_legally_allowed_to/ | {
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"They don't \"hide\" it exactly. They write whatever they want. If a bill is mostly about something critical like the budget they can add paragraphs about anything else - I think this one has a few lines that prohibit the Sage Grouse from ever being on the endagered species list for any reason. Legislators have to vote up or down on the whole thing after all the wrangling has been done. So if enough legislators want to pass the major premise despite the extraneous stuff they vote for it.\n\nWhen a bill is multiple thousands of pages, obviously very few people (if any) have read it all before hand - hence the descriptions of stuff being \"hidden\". "
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1p6ydu | why are cameras so inferior in low light compared to our eyesight? | I'm not even talking about extreme low light. For example, at home in the evening, I have a few lamps on. I can see everything clearly. Yeah, it's dim, but by no means dark. I whip out my DSLR, and even with a 1/60 shutter speed, a ginormous aperture of 1.8, and a very noisy ISO of 1600, images are very dark.
What is it about sensor technology that is so inferior, and what are possible technologies that could replace what we're currently using? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1p6ydu/why_are_cameras_so_inferior_in_low_light_compared/ | {
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"At that lighting 1/60 is still too high - try 1/10 or lower :) Although at 1600ISO it should be better than 'dark,' I don't know exactly how your lighting looks. I do know that yellow lights don't pick up as well in dim environments. You can handhold at that speed, especially if your camera/lens has some form of image stabilizer - try leaning up against something, keeping your elbows tight and into your chest for stability, and hitting the shutter at the end of a long exhale.\n\nAnyways, when it comes to digital, the 'image' is only as good as what the camera can 'see' - and sensitivity is dictated by a combination of light-detecting hardware and software.\n\nkeep in mind, ISO in digital is trying to emulate ISO in film - but with film, its a chemical process, so a 1600ISO film (while typically still grainy) is not going to have the same limitations as a 1600ISO Camera (cheaper or entry-level cameras usually do not have a good enough sensor where 1600ISO produces good results).\n\nSo its not so much that its 'inferior' , as the hardware/software required to emulate the film is kind of expensive, so you usually only get it with the higher end DSLRs. [These are not cheap cameras](_URL_0_).\n\nOur eyes, on the other hand, are not limited in chemical processes as far as light sensitivity. [This article explains it best](_URL_1_) - in short, comparing cameras to our eyes is like comparing a small firework to the space shuttle - they might operate on similar principles, but one is way more complex than the other.",
"They aren't, your brain combines all the input to from your eye as well as a considerable amount of memory about the world and to create what you \"see\". A camera only takes a single image (which can't begin to compare with the combination of images your brain is combining to show you the scene). \n\nYour brain remembers what every texture in your home looks like, so the only input required from your eyes is which texture is in front of you (it then applies remembered textures for your walls, furiture, floor, decorative objects etc). \n\nOptical illusions are images or scenes that expose the brain's image processing/guessing. ",
"There's a -lot- to it but the overly simple answer is that you're not really seeing the 'light' but your minds reconstruction of the data provided by your eye. This is why we see in the dark so well, your mind is really, really good at filling in the blanks.",
"Okay I actually just learned this in class yesterday. We basically have rods and cones on the back of our eye (cornea). The rods help us see in the dark, the cones help us see in the day. We don't see very well in the dark (compared to other animals) because we depend a lot more on our cones, and because there are no rods on our fovea (the part on the cornea that the focal point of whatever we're looking at falls). Cameras don't have rods (which are the only reason we can see in the dark), and their system works a lot like our cones in that it reacts to light and colour. You can take a good picture in the dark by either providing light (which is the flash on a camera) or investing in a camera with a night vision setting (although with that one it'll be nothing like a picture you would take in daylight. ",
"The sensor in the camera turns the light into voltage, this voltage is the converted to digital data or in other words the picture. The censor in your camera isn´t capturing enough light to efficiently represent what you see with your eyes. This is the case for most most modern cameras.\n\nBut this is not the case anymore: _URL_0_",
"Your camera is inferior to your eyes in lots of ways. Mostly because your eyes are connected to your brain, and your brain does a tremendous amount of interpretation of the signals it receives from your eyes. But if we just consider the eyes themselves as a kind of device the obvious answer is because your eyes have two different sensors that are \"optimized\" for different lighting conditions: 1) rods - for night vision and 2) cones for day vision. \n\nThe optimization for night vision (rods) has a significant difference (other than sensitivity in low light): Rods are not very sensitive to color. This is probably due to the fact that observing color at night is not a particularly helpful adaptation. My guess is that for most of the history of humans hunting and gathering was a daytime process where color was very helpful: as in \"don't eat the bright magenta plant/animal; it's poisonous/venomous\" Whereas night-time was probably spent mostly just surviving, where noticing the hushed shadow creeping up on you was the priority. \n \n \nThe fact is we do have cameras with sensors that are optimized for night vision. They usually rely on parts of the spectrum that our eyes are not particularly sensitive to like infra-red. But these are usually purpose built sensors that are not typically used for artistic reasons. Actually just about any digital SLR is quite sensitive to the infra-red part of the spectrum but there are two particularly good reasons why this doesn't matter for shooting at night: 1) there's a filter on your sensor that blocks it out. And 2) The software in the camera is not optimized for utilizing that information in such a way as to make the device ideal for shooting at night (somebody correct me if this is wrong) - most of the [images](_URL_0_) you see made with cameras that have had the filter removed are taken during the day. ",
"Sensor Technology is Great, its the processor in the camera that needs to be upgraded. When you increase your \"ISO\" on a digital camera it's the same as overclocking a processor in a computer. The difference is camera processors are allowed to make mistakes and therefore will not overheat but computer processors are not make a mistake.\n\nconvince cannon/sony/nikon to throw the latest 1.9Ghz Quad core from the smart phone industry into a camera and you will have a CMOS sensor outperform current night vision technology.\n\nInteresting fact: The latest DSLRs are already knocking on the door of the night vision industry in the way of night vision low-light performance.\n\nDon't let the Term \"ISO\" fool you, its just number rating associated with the speed levels of that particular camera's processor. The irony is what it stands for, ISO (Industry Standard of Operation) which isn't standard at all. Take a camera from 3 years ago set to ISO100 and compare it's low-light performance to a camera of today set to ISO100.\n\nThey should rename the ISO setting on a camera to \"OC\" (Overclock).",
"Biology is better than technology"
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2m9cvv | how do babies of heroin (or any hard drug) addict mothers survive in the womb? | I've read that many (most?) babies of addict mothers are born. I can't understand how the drug does not kill them during pregnancy. Do the effects of the drug not have severe impacts on organs/brain and their development? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2m9cvv/eli5_how_do_babies_of_heroin_or_any_hard_drug/ | {
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"At the very least, the baby will be born addicted. Other problems often do arise as well."
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3g6aqw | fasting before blood test . shouldn't you eat to keep it more realistic? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3g6aqw/eli5_fasting_before_blood_test_shouldnt_you_eat/ | {
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"It depends on what they are testing for. In some cases you need to fast, in some cases it doesn't matter, and in some cases you are supposed to eat a lot before. If they are testing for levels of a vitamin for example, they don't want to have to account for you eating something heavy in that vitamin right before. Your body has a baseline level it maintains, and that's what they want to test."
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18hqsl | how to use tor for private browsing and also a brief overview of its strengths/weaknesses. | Thanks. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/18hqsl/eli5_how_to_use_tor_for_private_browsing_and_also/ | {
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"TOR works by hiding your ip address. It redirects every link you enter several times to different hosts so it becomes untraceable. TOR is generally used to navigate through the \"DeepNet\" or \"DarkNet\". It's basically the underworld of the Internet. While most of us, Internet users, browse the surface web (for example, YouTube, Facebook, google, reddit, etc) there is a whole bunch of undiscovered worlds down there. Most of the DeepNet is composed of child porn, drugs, snuff films, hitmen, guns, and anything illegal you can imagine. I've been there and it's completely disturbing. I would recommend to not visit this type of underworld, and keep yourself in the surface web.\n\nEDIT: also, of you were to buy anything, you have to be sure about the seller, if he's not an FBI or whatever because they do catch people like this. Although its not illegal to buy anything that's not prohibited by the law. \nThe currency used there is called \"Bitcoins\". The sites are \".onion\" sites. Not \".com\"."
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2def9p | why dont movies have different censored versions (pg-13, pg,...) like songs do? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2def9p/eli5_why_dont_movies_have_different_censored/ | {
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"They do. Like uncut, full releases, director's cuts. Also TV cuts. Or am I misinterpreting your question? "
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1wqda9 | why does texas have so much influence on which textbooks are used throughout the country? | As a teacher, I'm confused by the lack of variety that we have to choose from when it is time to update our texts. Why is there not more competition to the textbook companies that rely upon Texas school board decisions? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1wqda9/eli5why_does_texas_have_so_much_influence_on/ | {
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"From what I've been told, the companies don't want to make more than one edition of textbooks for different states, because that's expensive, so they go with the most restrictive state, which is apparently Texas.",
"Texas being the second most populous state as well has having the second largest GDP kind of gives us a little bit of say. That being said, some of the shit that comes out of my fellow Texans mouths... *sigh* embarrasses me.",
"My mom explained this to me acouple years ago. The reason is Texas legislation requires all public schools in the state to use the same text book. So the textbook company that is choosen by the texas school board is rewarded a HUGE contract which obviously results in a large amount of revenue for the company. Thus textbook companys will purposely try to cater to Texan needs because if their textbook is picked they are not just getting picked by one school but the ENTIRE state.",
"Big states will always get much, *much* more attention from textbook companies because they award them larger contracts than smaller states. It's unfortunate because big states also have very strict guidelines as to what needs to be covered in all their textbooks, so if Texas says: \"We want our kids to focus mostly on math and reading because those subjects are going to help them score better on placement exams and look awesome nationwide\", then all of a sudden the little states have to focus on the same stuff too. Not terrible, but it means that some subjects (i.e., social studies, certain sciences, arts, etc.) fall by the wayside.\n\n**Source**: I used to work in the McGraw-Hill Reading Department",
"Texas originally got its power over the nations text book supply because it offered to pay the full costs of textbooks for districts provided that they come a small list of books that had been approved by the Texas board of education. This meant that nearly all the districts in Texas choose books on the list cause they could get them for free. This basically made Texas one big text book market and if as a publisher you could get your book on that list them you would make a lot of money. As such publishers began to tailor their books to Texas. Why do you think we all learn so much about the Alamo in American history class considering Texas wasn't even part of the US at the time? In other states individual school districts buy the books not the state so the markets are much smaller. Another big deal about Texas is that the people who choose the textbooks are elected except the elections have very little turn out which leaves them ripe for big donors who want to influence what is printed in text books around the country because most text book publishers will make the revisions the board suggests in order to get their books onto the Texas list. \n\n*edit: After a little more research California also has a similar text book system but only for lower grades. In elementary school most of the curriculum is California centric like learning about the history of the missions in California so these books can't really be marketed in other states where as the books for Texas can because the higher level textbooks are things like biology books. ",
"Answers are close but missing one important thing. Bankruptcy, which is when you have bills you can't pay. Like people said, people who make books only make one book, and usually make the book the largest buyer wants. The largest buyer is usually California. A few years ago, California was very poor. They couldn't afford to even pay their employees. To save money, they said they would not be buying new school books. When that happened, it made Texas the largest buyer of books, and the people that make books went with the people in Texas wanted. ",
"Texas is the second largest state and i'm not sure if it is still this way but I believe their state buys only one set of text books. So every school in their state has to have the same edition.\n\nTexas actually doesn't have the most influence, this is a common misconception. They have the single largest purchasing power, but they don't influence every text in the nation. \n\nThere are a few states that actually have influence over the text book market.\n\nCalifornia would be another state.(I forget the other few) Schools in California though are free to decide their own text books. This actually allows for more competition in the Californian text book market. Though California has limitations. Text books go through a state approval process, any book that passes that is free to be sold to any school as accepted text.\n\nNow why does this matter? why does this mean they have influence over other states?\n\nWell they don't really. Text book publishers aren't interested in writing 50 different versions of each type of text book. So they go to the largest states, aka their biggest customers. They write books to their standards and every other state would just has to accept them.\n\nThough since Texas isn't the only large state and we have California as competition, states are actually free to choose which texts they want.\n\nConservative states often go with the Texan standard obviously as their school board typically pushes their agenda as much as they can. This is really what creates the controversy around Texas's text books. Their board is made up of a handful of people and these people essentially make any changes they want to text books regardless of facts. it became a problem because people(particularly revisionists) were attempting to use this power to inject both political and religious ideology into the textbooks to push their agenda. A good example would be the board attempting to undermine or remove climate science/change.\n\nThey had the power and influence to change a sentence from \n\n > \"such and such is a fact\" \n\nto \n\n > \"it's debatable if such and such is a fact\"\n\nObviously you can see how this would undermine just about anything, and undermine it purely based on whim.\n\n(Though it's important to note the board isn't unanimous and publishers are free to reject changes)\n\nWhich when you have many states that follow Texas and buy their text books you can see why their particular influence would be a problem. And since Texas doesn't have a competitive market it severely limits the options of schools that choose to only purchase Texas approved Texts"
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p5h43 | why do i have dark rings under my eyes? | What causes this? Why are they dark? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/p5h43/eli5_why_do_i_have_dark_rings_under_my_eyes/ | {
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"What kind of dark rings? I get dark rings under my eyes because I'm anaemic. It's a sign that your body is low on iron. I have pernicious anaemia, and my brother has your generic iron-deficient kind of anaemia. My brother has white circles under his eyes now that he takes Iron on a regular basis.",
"These are some of the worst comments in an ELI5 thread I've ever seen (excluding cassander's because his shit was hilarious.)\n\nNormally people actually answer the damn question.",
"This is pathetic, guys. One link, a suggestion to google, a bunch of jokes? It's a legitimate question.\n\nUnder your skin, there are a lot of things that carry blood through your body--blood vessels. Usually, your skin is thick enough that you don't see these, but it so happens that the skin is very thin right under the eyelids. You can see through it a little bit, and that's why it looks dark (remember that blood doesn't necessarily look red unless it's out in the open).\n\nYou might wonder why some people have this and others don't. Most people inherit dark circles through their genes--it's passed down. Sometimes dark circles are a sign of other things, like anemia or liver issues. They are associated with sleepiness because fatigue (being tired) causes you skin to get paler, which makes it easier to see the dark blood beneath it. Usually, it doesn't mean anything bad, and you shouldn't worry unless there are a lot of other bad things happening.\n\nThe skin around your eyes is called the \"periorbital\" region, if you want to look up more.\n\n**TL;DR: Skin around your eyes is thin, which means you can see blood vessels underneath it.**",
"you may want to see an ENT for allergies. I always have them and they are not that dark. but from time to time in a year they get really bad. Last time it happened, i wasn't sure why it happened. I went to my allergist on routine visit, She said that i have sinus problem and that's causing this. She treated me on spot with some spray and put me on medication for allergy, what you know after a week, it was a LOT better...\n"
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71l0o6 | with cpu chips having billions of transistors, what happen if a few go bad | So we know they jam pack billions of small transistors into a modern CPU chip. Does it only take 1 transistor to go bad to render the chip useless? Or can a few go down and the chip will still be functional. Is there some type of redundancy on them so that it can keep working. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/71l0o6/eli5_with_cpu_chips_having_billions_of/ | {
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"Chips are made with some spares, and before they are packaged the manufacturer checks them and might enable a spare circuit.\n\nOnce it's packaged and sent to a user, a single transistor failure might make the part not work. Not always, as some features aren't in use at any given time, but it's certainly possible for the failure to be covered up if it's a transient failure. A hard fault might eventually be detected, unless the application doesn't need that feature.",
"Of course when such chips are made the manufacturing process isn't perfect and some errors may render transistors nonfunctional. The chips are designed with some level of redundancy so certain kinds of errors can be \"worked around\" but enough errors can render large sections of the chip inoperative.\n\nInstead of just throwing out this under-performing CPU the manufacturers perform what is called \"binning\". Chips able to perform at certain thresholds are separated into different product lines so a higher performance product which is crippled by broken transistors might be sold as a lower performance unit for less.",
"Yes, it is possible for a single malfunctioning transistor to render a CPU useless, if it breaks in the right spot. This is obviously a problem with the number of transistors in a modern chip. It is typically dealt with by making a few extra elements of repeated components. Take the cache for example. It's the same memory block repeated millions of times. So just make a few thousand extras in case some of them don't work. Of course you'll need some transistors on the chip to tell it how to only address the working cache blocks. If a transistor in that part breaks... well bye bye chip."
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15gdd7 | the difference between wifi, 3g/3.5g/4g/lte, nfc, bluetooth, gps, etc. | It seems like these are all different ways my phone can connect to the outside world, but what's the difference and why are there so many different ones?
why is GPS free and 4G cost me extra per month? what is NFC, it seems like GPS can accomplish the same thing, no? why does some use more battery than others? and why it seems like there's not much use for Bluetooth other than hand-frees?
thanks
edit: thanks again for the detailed answers. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/15gdd7/eli5_the_difference_between_wifi_3g35g4glte_nfc/ | {
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"* Wi Fi - Wireless Internet, used in many homes and businesses to allow portable electornics like laptops and phones access the internet. \n\n* GPS - Global Positioning Satellite, allows your phone to receive signals from GPS Satellites in space to figure out your latitude and longitude and use that data to tell you where you are in the world. Most commonly used for navigation. GPS is free the same way a car radio is free, the GPS satellites constantly send out signals, your phone just taps into them and picks them up. \n\n* NFC is Near Field Communication, it is a special chip that can communicate with another NFC chip securely over a short distance. Samsung shows it off with their Galexy phones that you can touch together to share things seamlessly. Google also makes use of it in Google Wallet which allows you to use your phone like a big credit card.\n\n* Bluetooth allows wireless devices to communicate, and is most frequently used for headsets though can be used by anything, many tablets will have bluetooth keyboards and mice, and the PlayStation 3 uses bluetooth for controllers for example. \n\n* Cellular Data - This is what allows your phone to connect to the internet anywhere, it allows your phone to connect via the nearest cell tower. \n\n* G - Generation. So a 3G phone is a 3rd Generation Phone. 4G is the fourth generation and possibly one of the most misused terms in terms of cell phone marketing. \n\n* LTE - Long Term Evolution (Commonly called 4G LTE confusingly enough). A new faster form of cellular data that has started appearing in 4G phones. It is very fast, faster then many peoples home internet. \n\nAs for battery, all of these thing will drain your battery. Some like NFC only turn on when you use them, others like Wi Fi or Cellular Data are constantly on trying to connect and stay connected. If you ever want to see just how much these things leech your battery put it in AirPlane mode, this turns almost all of these things off and your phone could last for days in that mode. ",
"Ill explain GPS and NFC. GPS is free because your not actually sending any data, all GPS is radio signals sending a signal from space. \n\nNFC is near field communications, it can be used for your phone to communicate with another device. This is a low range (an inch or two) feature that can allow simple data transfers without using a cell tower.\n\nConsider bluetooth a low range WiFi, mostly used to connect two devices togther (headset and phone) or for tethering a device to the internet through your phone. Wifi uses an access point to connect to the internet. So far all of these features can be used without a cellular connection so they are \"free\" to use.\n\n3G,4G, and LTE are the only things listed to where you need an actual data plan to use. Think of cell towers like giant WiFi antennas that you have to pay to use. \n\n",
"Wi-fi is a short-range wireless network. This is what most people use at homes or businesses. You get a regular internet connection that works on phone/cable lines, and then a wi-fi modem that plugs into that connection and emits a radio-wave signal covering the area of a house or small building. Any laptops, smartphones, etc within range of that modem can pick up the signal and use the internet connection it's plugged into. You don't get texts/phone calls from wi-fi, just an internet connection. A wi-fi signal emitted from your bedroom will start to drop out on your driveway unless you get a big antenna or some repeaters.\n\n3G, 4G, etc are cellular signals. They're emitted by huge cellphone towers, and carry phone calls and texts as well as internet connections. They're very large powerful towers, and cellphone carriers aim to cover entire regions -- cities, states -- with overlapping signals from many towers. Every few years, engineers come up with ways to get more data into the signal or make things more efficient, and these new upgrades are the generations -- 3G, 4G, etc are third-generation, fourth-generation, and so on. 4G is faster and better than 3G, 5G will be better still, etc.\n\nNFC is near-field communication. It's a signal emitted by a phone with the intent of communicating with other phones or tablets within a very short range (typically the two devices have to actually touch). This has many uses -- you can send photos to a friend's phone by touching your phones together, or touch your phone to a cash register to pay via Paypal.\n\nBluetooth is like a stronger NFC. It's a short-range (same room) technology to connect two devices together without wires. You can connect your phone to your laptop or speakers using a Bluetooth connection, connect a headset, etc. \n\nGPS is a totally different animal. Buzzing all around us in the atmosphere are dozens of GPS satellites. Every one of these GPS satellites sprays an \"My position is X!\" message all over the Earth indiscriminately. Your phone looks at four of these satellites, and says \"Okay, that one satellite says it's at X, and I can tell it's Y far away. This other one says it's at X2, and I can tell it's Y2 far away.\" By comparing the different signals from the different satellites, your phone can calculate exactly where in the world you are. That is all GPS does. Your phone doesn't transmit any kind of GPS information; no kind of internet, voice, or text data is involved in GPS. GPS satellites don't know who you are and they're not broadcasting at *you*, they're just spraying out their message at the entire planet. It's a really clever system, actually.\n\n > why it seems like there's not much use for Bluetooth other than hand-frees\n\nWell, that's really what it was designed for. A Bluetooth signal typically only fills one room. It's just a nice way to connect two devices without using wires. \n",
"Different wireless communication technologies have several fundamental attributes:\n\n- Range: this can be long, short, or anything in between, depending on the frequencies used and the amount of power drawn.\n\n- Power: This is how much energy the system needs to work. It's a factor in most of the other attributes.\n\n- Bandwidth: This is how much data can be transmitted in a given time\n\n- Directionality: This describes whether information can be sent, received, or both.\n\n- Specificity: This describes whether the wireless technology can be used for multiple purposes; is it adaptable?\n\nWireless technologies include the following:\n\n- WiFi- short range, low power, high-bandwidth, bidirectional, nonspecific. WiFi is great for most things- you can send tons of data over it, in all sorts of different formats. You can even stream video over it if you want to, or use it for home automation. WiFi generally connects to your home WiFi router that gets its data from your home Internet provider.\n\n- Cellular data, including 3G and 4G (of which LTE is a version)- long range, high power, low bandwidth, bidirectional, nonspecific. Again, cellular data can be used for a bunch of different things. However, because it needs to work over very long ranges, the bandwidth is relatively low compared to WiFi, and power usage is much higher. Essentially, it costs you extra because you're not only paying for the equipment that your cellular provider uses to get you hooked up to their cellular network, but you're also paying for the cost of the hardwired Internet connection that runs into the cell towers.\n\n- NFC, or Near-Field Communication- very short range, very low power, very low bandwidth. Can be either bidirectional or receive only, and is relatively limited in the types of data that can be sent over it. NFC is great for some things- sending a contact card between phones (bidirectional), or scanning a tag to go to a shop's webpage (receive only). Its low bandwidth and limited utility means that it's only useful in a very particular set of use cases.\n\n- Bluetooth- short range, very low power, low bandwidth, bidirectional, specific use cases called \"profiles\". Bluetooth is handy because it needs very little configuration for a predetermined set of use cases. These use cases are known as \"profiles\". For example, my Bluetooth headset might have a \"hands-free device\" profile. That means that my phone can expect it to behave in a certain way. It knows that it can send an audio stream in a particular way, and have it play back over my headset. It also knows that my headset, according to its profile, has two volume buttons and a talk button, and knows that certain signals will be sent back if I push those buttons. Bluetooth works because each device knows how each other device will behave- it's stable and predictable. Because that predictability is essential to what Bluetooth is, there aren't a huge number of profiles out there. One other example is a profile for reader devices that let you view text messages on a secondary device, like a smart watch.\n\n- GPS- very long range, medium power, extremely low bandwidth, receive-only, single use. GPS works based on a set of 24 to 36 satellites orbiting the Earth, each carrying a radio transmitter and a very accurate clock. It's a bit complicated, but each satellite sends out a continuous stream of information, composing both information about the exact orbit that the satellite is in, and, importantly, the exact time. The GPS receiver in your phone or other device needs to receive at least four of these streams to work. Because radio waves do not travel instantaneously, your GPS can note the delay between the different clocks, and determine how far it is from each satellite. It then can use those distances to triangulate its own location, without sending any information back up to the GPS constellation. Note that, although the positioning system works without any sort of data uplink, you wouldn't get anything other than a longitude and latitude unless your device either stores map information locally- like a dedicated GPS unit- or is able to download it from the Internet- like a smartphone does."
]
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ab7712 | how do bungee jumpers manage to not hit the cliff or whatever they jumped off of? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ab7712/eli5_how_do_bungee_jumpers_manage_to_not_hit_the/ | {
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"ecxz336"
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"score": [
5
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"text": [
"Bungee jumpers don't jump off cliffs as they are attached to a rope. They would jump from a bridge or suspended platform on wire. "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
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||
3bjs4h | what makes a a dog's favorite person their favorite person? friendly dogs tend to love everyone, why do they tend to have a favorite? | You can tell who a dog's "person" is when they leave the room or their line of sight and they become visibly distressed. What makes this person their favorite? Is it as simple as it just being the one that feeds them? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3bjs4h/eli5_what_makes_a_a_dogs_favorite_person_their/ | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"the more time spent and activities shared together, the more love provided through loving action and being in peaceful harmonious contact provides for an established bond between best friends. \n\na pattern of reliability, safety and the meeting of physical and emotional needs often forms a well ingrained and unbreakable bond.",
"Dogs are like wolves animals that prefer living in groups, and in these group there are hierarchy. This isn't true for all dogs. The difference in breed, training and dynamics of a normal day. A hunting breed will often get a closer bond to it's owner than other."
]
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[],
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4k1pee | are humans the only animals that can benefit from corrective eyewear? | Are there other animals that would benefit from corrective eyewear, or is this a human only issue?
(edited for autocorrect not helping me) | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4k1pee/eli5_are_humans_the_only_animals_that_can_benefit/ | {
"a_id": [
"d3beimu"
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"score": [
4
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"text": [
"There's nothing that would prevent other animals from benefiting from corrective lenses. The sticking point is trying to find out what lenses they need to correct their vision. When you go to the optometrist, they rely on feedback from you to determine what your prescription needs to be. It would be very difficult to get that feedback from an animal.\n\nThere might be other ways to determine an animal's prescription, but I'm assuming that they're more difficult/expensive and that's why optometrists don't use them for people."
]
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[]
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|
2kljus | why do laser pointers tend to have a bunch of tiny batteries instead of just a simple aaa or aa battery? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2kljus/eli5_why_do_laser_pointers_tend_to_have_a_bunch/ | {
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"text": [
"Voltage adds in series, you get more power by putting 3 tiny batteries than one AAA or AA.",
"A single battery puts out ~1.5 volts. A stack of 3 coin type batteries will give ~4.5 volts. The higher voltage is needed to run the pointer. Since the current draw is low we can use the smaller batteries and maintain acceptable lifetime. \nEven with AAA batteries using alkaline batteries the pointer would be several times larger and heavier. "
]
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[],
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||
5e513z | how does rendering work? | Is it like a painting being painted 60 times a second?
I'm asking about real-time or somewhat real time rendering, in games or in certain animation studios. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5e513z/eli5_how_does_rendering_work/ | {
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"text": [
"Yes. Rendering is taking the information about objects and using that information to create the image on the screen.\n\nGames use \"real time\" rendering for actual game play, but usually use pre-rendering for cut scenes (which is why they are of higher quality). \n\nAnimation studios also prerender all of their scenes.",
"\"Rendering\" is a general term for converting a *general* \"high level\" description of something in to a *specific* instance. In the graphics example, the high-level description is a 3D model held in computer memory, while the rendering is a specific view on to that model. If it's a first person view, the \"virtual camera\" is at the player's location and has a fairly human-realistic field of view. \n\nAnother example: printing is rendering. A PDF document is a rendered (printed) version of a word processor document. That's why PDFs have fixed page sizes and are hard to edit: the high-level document information has been converted to specific page-level data by the rendering process e.g the addition of margins and page breaks. ",
"I'll try to address real-time rendering in a video game, with a reminder that there's a lot of complexity I will hand-wave away to keep things simple.\n\nEach thing you can see is an _object_; these are stored as a sort of mathematical description of its shape called a [_polygon mesh_](_URL_0_), as well as information about what the surface of the object looks like (a _texture_ or _material_). That second thing includes information about what color something is, how shiny, etc.\n\nThe area you're in has one or more _light sources_, and there's a _camera_ that shows your point of view. These are, of course, just mathematical models, just like the objects.\n\nTo render the scene, there are various specific approaches; but in general, a bunch of calculations are performed to see how light from the various light sources bounces off objects and hits the camera. These calculations don't depend on each other in most cases, so they can be done in parallel: think of people splitting up a math assignment and each doing a problem.\n\nThe Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) on your graphics card can't do an individual calculation all that fast, but it can do _lots_ of them at the same time. This allows the software to make all the calculations for how a scene looks quite quickly.\n\nTo do whole scenes fast enough for games where things are rapidly changing in your view, there are a bunch of tricks like limiting how far you can see in the scene (fewer things to render), pre-calculating images for things that don't move (like walls), limiting the number of objects that are in an area, lowering the accuracy of some calculations to speed them up, simplifying models so there are fewer calculations to render each (this is usually done by lowering the number of polygons in the mesh, which is where \"low-poly\" gets its name), and so on."
]
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"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_mesh"
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75e8k0 | where did the names of the alphabet originated from? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/75e8k0/eli5_where_did_the_names_of_the_alphabet/ | {
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"text": [
"They're eroded versions of the names given them during the development of the [Proto-Canaanite / Phoenician alphabet](_URL_0_), which is the first alphabet that we know about (and probably the first alphabet ever).\n\nThis alphabet derived from Egyptian hieroglyphics. For each letter, they found a hieroglyph representing a word starting with the right sound, and that was their starting point. It also gave the letter its name.\n\nSo, for example, the Phoenician letter 𐤀 comes from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓃾, which means \"cow\". The name in Phoenician is ʾālep, and that name means \"cow\". That's where we got the letter A. And once that letter got into Greek, the name was morphed into \"alpha\". That doesn't have any other meaning in Greek as far as I know, and it's not very similar to the Greek word for cow, but the alphabet came from Phoenician, so they imported the Phoenician name."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet"
]
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||
20if8d | was there a watershed moment for the 2008 economic crisis? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/20if8d/eli5_was_there_a_watershed_moment_for_the_2008/ | {
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"text": [
"Lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy on September 14, 2008, which was the first big \"oh shit\" moment that attracted 24/7 media coverage. It was around that time that the stock market took a nosedive."
]
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[]
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||
8j7jib | what gives us the urge to "boop" the noses of animals? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8j7jib/eli5_what_gives_us_the_urge_to_boop_the_noses_of/ | {
"a_id": [
"dyxiqng",
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46,
2
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"text": [
"Because humans like interacting with stuff we like; interacting with a cute animal face is satisfyingly achieved through the booping process",
"I once watched the cat whisperer. Apparently, if you make a nose ish shape by pressing your fore/middle finger and thumb together, then stroke a cat's nose, they'll see it as a sign of affection. "
]
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[],
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dnjwjq | if oxytocin is the love/feel good hormone why is it not used as a drug? | Afaik oxytocin is the hormone that gets released during cuddling or sex or touching. Most of us knows how good cuddling is. This leads to the question.. why is it not a drug of choice?
Can't you just inject / ingest it and feel good? Why not? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dnjwjq/eli5_if_oxytocin_is_the_lovefeel_good_hormone_why/ | {
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"text": [
"Because most things we eat don't directly interact with our brains; it would be very evolutionary disadvantageous if it were the case. Things we eat must pass through the blood brain barrier first which blocks many chemicals from passing through.",
"It is also worth note that no one hormone is responsible for certain feelings. Brains are incredibly complex, and it is nearly impossible to replicate a feeling chemically. This is not to say that oxytocin wouldn't make a good drug - it is simply to say that it would not feel the same kind of good.",
"Several reasons. The first is that oxytocin doesn't cross the blood-brain barrier, so no matter how much you inject or swallow, none of it will reach your brain, which is where it needs to be. The second is that oxytocin isn't a single magic \"feel-good\" hormone. It's not like MDMA as a drug where it's as simple as more in your brain = you feel good. Third is that it plays other roles in the body, and having more than there's supposed to be is going to mess up all sorts of biological processes.",
"Oxytocin can be administered as a nasal spray. It is used during childbirth, and it has also been tested in [autism](_URL_1_). However, the most effective way to increase oxytocin levels is using MDMA (Ecstasy).\n\nMDMA stimulates release of oxytocin from a gland in the brain. This is believed to cause the drug's pro-social effects. In fact, [one study](_URL_0_) showed that MDMA increases oxytocin *more* than a pure oxytocin nasal spray."
]
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[],
[],
[],
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"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4088952/",
"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5544319/"
]
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|
43gqro | why are young tigers/lions called cubs when young cats are called kittens? similarly, what makes a bear cub a 'cub' and a dog pup a 'pup' and not a cub? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/43gqro/eli5_why_are_young_tigerslions_called_cubs_when/ | {
"a_id": [
"czi74hs"
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"text": [
"It's normal for the young of large, feral mammals to get the same name. Before \"cub\" was popular, \"whelp\" also applied to all of the species we currently think of as having cubs (wolves, bears, lions, seals, etc.) "
]
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[]
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||
5wcr9n | could a previous species have been advanced as us without us even knowing? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5wcr9n/eli5_could_a_previous_species_have_been_advanced/ | {
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"text": [
"Doubtful as any species as advanced as us would've had to of left plenty of shit behind for us to find and we are advanced enough that we would've come across some evidence of their existence by now.",
"On Earth? Extremely unlikely. Unless said species left the planet en masse after developing the technology to scrub evidence of their existence from the planet, they would surely have left behind a biological and technological footprint.",
"The earth is very good at returning to a certain \"pre-intervention\" state, and so over many millions of years, it is very possible that any material evidence of an advanced race (buildings, technology) could have been lost through burial or degradation and corrosion. Even plastics and polymers degrade in time. Entire civilisations could have existed in the millions of years before us and it is entirely plausible that we would never find material evidence. \n\nHowever, from a biological point of view, this is unlikely from a simple practicality point of view. In order for a species to be advanced enough to develop say, power generation, they would need the anatomical components to have fine motor skills. Basically, opposable thumbs and fingers. We have only found remains of a few species that have that ability other than humans, including Neanderthals etc, and they did not exist long enough ago that there would be zero evidence of an advanced civilisation. Any creatures that are judged to be within that sort of time frame (and we're talking in the high thousands-millions of years here) have not been found to have been easily capable of the combination of advanced fine and gross motor skills to be able to advance knowledge to our level. It is possible that creatures at some point were as intelligent or more intelligent than us (potentially dolphins are close) but they would lack the anatomy to achieve what we have achieved. "
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3dy1q0 | why do males have an anal g-spot yet females don't? | This question has plagued my mind since I took a penis in the butthole... | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3dy1q0/eli5_why_do_males_have_an_anal_gspot_yet_females/ | {
"a_id": [
"ct9o8b5",
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33,
3
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"text": [
"The stimulation of the prostate gland is what gives male the g-spot feeling. Females do not have prostates.",
"Prostate Gland. It's what makes the liquid part of semen, and it can be stimulated for a really intense orgasm."
]
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[],
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|
15q5ky | does counterfeit money really cause any economic harm? | Following on from some comments in /r/unitedkingdom, I'd like someone to explain the problem with there being counterfeit money in circulation.
I'm not talking about deliberate state-sponsored attempts to subvert another country's economy (e.g. during WW2), but rather reports such as this one _URL_0_ which claim that ~ 3% of British pound coins are fake.
The standard argument is that "fakes cause inflation" but for comparatively small amounts such as that (it's about 0.07% of the cash in circulation in Britain right now) I fail to see how it has any noticeable inflationary effect.
So apart from the general distaste we feel at seeing someone profiting from crime, what's the actual problem with someone creating fake money? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/15q5ky/does_counterfeit_money_really_cause_any_economic/ | {
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"There are multiple reasons why counterfeit money is an issue.\n\n1. If you accept counterfeit money in exchange for goods or services you provide, you can not legally bank or use that money in exchange for other goods and services. Therefore, the person who gave you the coin has stolen from you because they got your products or services and didn't pay for them in a way that is useful to you.\n\n2. Counterfeiting is used by criminal gangs as a cheap way to get money that is then used to fund their other criminal activities. It's not just the money itself that is a problem, but the criminal activity that results from the counterfeit currency being accepted. If you ignore fake currency, you're basically empowering highly organised crime.\n\n3. If people who are not experts on handling a currency can not be certain that the currency is genuine, the currency itself becomes less useful as a means to conducting trade. Think of how many places in the UK refuse to handle £50 notes - this is because a large proportion of them are fake, and there are so few of them used in day-to-day transactions most shop keepers can't easily tell a real one from a fake one, and if they get it wrong the cost to them is considerable.\n\n Now consider you trying to use five pound notes in a transaction from somebody not from the UK who is not familiar with them, but who knows a lot of them are fake. If they think 10% of the notes you are likely to use are fake, the easiest way to protect themselves against losing out in that transaction is to raise their prices by 10%. This is less a problem in a modern electronic money transfer economy, but let's take this thought experiment on a bit.\n\n Let's suppose you are Tesco PLC. You handle a huge amount of cash every single day, and almost every pound coin in circulation comes through your tills at some point. You know that 3% of them are fake and when you take them to the bank the bank will say \"sorry, out of the £10 million you banked yesterday in pound coins, we can't accept £300,000 of them\". And that happens *every single day*. You're now out of pocket, so to protect yourself, you simply raise all your prices by 3%.\n\n Note, even though it was 0.07% of the money you banked was fake, you have to take the 3% rate - or something closer to it - because you are likely going to handle more pound coins than you are £20 notes. In addition, where you're most likely to accept just pound coins in a transaction are most likely on loss-leading/thin-margin products where you can't take a 3% hit: milk, bread, etc.\n\n In response, your competitors either raise their prices (perhaps because they are seeing similar attrition rates on currency themselves), or take market share from you because they're now 3% cheaper.\n\n You are now both losing market share and raising the cost of living for most of the UK population. You are creating subtle signals of uncertainty in the markets which has an effect on every single private pension fund in existence (they don't like volatility), and are a root cause for rising inflation.\n\n Accepting fake currency as a cost of business has basically meant that somebody's investment in your business is worth less than it could be, and if they're retiring next month their annuity is worth less.\n\n Or to put it another way: there is a trickle down effect that even though it seems very small can accumulate in rather large impacts. Think of chaos theory if you prefer.\n\n**TL;DR:** Companies that accept the fake coins don't get to \"realise\" their value and lose out; their acceptance assists criminal gangs in being criminals; not only does it cause inflation but has an impact on share price, pension fund values, the cost of living and the quality of life of retired people."
]
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"http://www.guardian.co.uk/money/2012/apr/06/counterfeit-pound-coin-guide"
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3ojg36 | why is it that the qualifications for being a president do not require any educational background? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ojg36/eli5_why_is_it_that_the_qualifications_for_being/ | {
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"text": [
"Education is taken for granted. If the candidate is able to debate and compete as a potential president, they're probably educated. If they manage to be a viable candidate without an education, then they're either an incredibly impressive person, or the people voting for them are so dumb that the election process is already screwed.\n\nWhen you think about Presidents and their qualifications, it's actually pretty scary. Think of a President who has no business or economic experience promoting a bill on economic reform, a President who has no military experience trying to make sweeping changes to the military, or a President with no law experience trying to pass new laws. This is why the President has advisers, and a Legislative/Judicial branch to back him/her up.",
"When the Constitution was written, formal schooling was not nearly as common as it is today, so it would be impossible to set a fair level of education, as very intelligent and learned men might not have a degree from any college. George Washington didn't even attend what we would now call high school.\n\nEven now, there is much disagreement for what kind of education a president should have. Should he have a degree in business, economics, history, political science, law, sociology, public health? Should he have been in the military? What about job experience? Ultimately, it is probably best to let the voter decide.",
"I don't disagree with the other answers, but fundamentally, the reason is that the voters are expected/permitted to decide what qualifications they want their president to hold."
]
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[],
[],
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||
4nzlgq | why is there always construction that never seems finished? it seems like in many modern countries, construction is just not executed well | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4nzlgq/eli5_why_is_there_always_construction_that_never/ | {
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"There are many many reasons for this. I'm covering just a few.\n\nA big one is the need for minimal impact. You can't just close a highway for a month while they pave it, people won't be able to get to work for a month, and it will be a total nightmare. So they do it only off peak hours, and move construction off the road during rush hour (possibly wasting 2 hours a day to just move barriers and cones before and after work for the day). Totally closing the highway at all is very often problematic so they do one or two lanes at a time, this gives them less space and work is slower. They also build detours for the spots that they actually need to close the highway (these detours need to be ripped up when it's done). Often you'll see them build part of a new road, temporarily pave it, detour the traffic to the new shoulder, replace the old road, then rip up the shoulder they just paved to pave it smoothly into the new road. It's generally just a lot of work in the interest in keeping more lanes open during construction.\n\nAnother big reason is cost and people, your town only has so much money, and the construction company only has so many people. The town is going to spend one years of money on road construction every year, and they are going to do it so the construction companies get one year of work, then nobody has to pay anyone overtime, and the contractors don't end up charging extra for the time they spent looking for extra work. Spreading it out over a year gets the town the best rates and gets the work done with the least amount of people.",
"/u/edman007 summed it up very well, but I'd take the time to ask: by what metrics? What are you expecting? How fast should something be built and how did you arrive at this conclusion?\n\nThere's a historic bridge in my city that's being redone after years of neglect. Construction had to shut off one of the exits entirely (technically not an exit, but still a ramp into the town center after taking another exit). They then had to construct an entirely new, simple bridge for light traffic to the side. Now, they've opened up some of the old bridge, but are still redoing it, and will eventually have to shut down the other side.\n\nThere's just no easy way to go about it, and to shut everything down would annoy you even further and it would be unsafe. To cut off one part of the city to another part of the city (granted, it's a small New England one) would be catastrophic for emergency services; it would create more traffic elsewhere too, putting more wear on that road which probably needs construction, and would block even more services."
]
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[],
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||
4jazye | how are electrons converted to photons? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4jazye/eli5_how_are_electrons_converted_to_photons/ | {
"a_id": [
"d355o1r"
],
"score": [
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"text": [
"Did this in school a few years ago.\n\nElectrons are not converted into photons. Rather, when electrons receive energy (by other photons) they enter a high energy state and move into a higher energy orbit around the nucleus. Then almost immediately after, the electron will drop down back to the lower energy orbital, and emit a photon.\n"
]
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[]
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||
40lk5e | probiotics and gassy foods | I do understand that items such as [beano](_URL_0_) exist but what I'm talking about is the general over-the-counter probiotics that you can pick up at your pharmacist.
- Can they assist in reducing gas ?
- Do you need specific strains of probiotics ?
- When should you take the probiotic; way before meal, with meal.. some time after ?
Thanks. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/40lk5e/eli5_probiotics_and_gassy_foods/ | {
"a_id": [
"cyv5dvp"
],
"score": [
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"text": [
"Actually, they would most likely make gas worse. \n\nGas is not caused by the food we eat. It is caused by the bacteria in your gut releasing byproducts of gas. When bacteria in your gut breakdown food, they release gas as a result of that process. Our farts are basically the farts of the TRILLIONS of bacteria living in your digestive tract.\n\nAdding more bacteria to the mix would actually increase the amount of bacteria and increase the amount of gas you produce. \n\nYour best bet is to identify your trigger foods and remove them from your diet. These tend to be universal. Baked beans for example are a gas producer nightmare."
]
} | [] | [
"http://www.beanogas.com/prevent-gas/beano-tablets/"
] | [
[]
] |
|
6n9q2e | why is censorship, especially at a young age, such a prominent thing? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6n9q2e/eli5_why_is_censorship_especially_at_a_young_age/ | {
"a_id": [
"dk7sd4f",
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"text": [
"There's an extremely fine balance between the need to shield our children from trauma caused by being exposed to experiences or idiology they're not emotionally mature enough to process appropriately.\n\n\nWe try and introduce the coping tools to deal with thoese harsh and traumatic things they're likely to encounter before they do, in a manner that's simplistic enough to allow them to identify their emotions in a non traumatic environment. \n\n\nTL;DR so that we can teach them the coping skills they'll need to deal with the shit, but in a non traumatic setting \n",
"Some part of it is social - kids don't understand all the social standards and until they learn, we don't want them to be saying curse words around say, your boss. Maybe it won't damage them mentally or anything, but it's easier to just isolate them from the curse words in the first place than it is to explain all the nuances of social interaction and behavior.\n\nFor other things, there is a lot of evidence that before the brain fully develops, it is much more susceptible to manipulation or impairment. So while it is fine to play violent videogames after a certain age, there is a chance for certain psychological damage if exposed too young. "
]
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[],
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|
2rcnho | what is the purpose of the wrinkly part of dog lips (like near the corner of their mouths)? catch more smells? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2rcnho/eli5_what_is_the_purpose_of_the_wrinkly_part_of/ | {
"a_id": [
"cneq12v"
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"score": [
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"text": [
"Allows the mouth to stretch so dogs can hold objects (like ducks for duck hunting dogs) "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
||
40zabn | using ear buds, why is it easier for me to concentrate with music playing in just my left ear, verses just my right ear? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/40zabn/eli5_using_ear_buds_why_is_it_easier_for_me_to/ | {
"a_id": [
"cyyamks"
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"score": [
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"text": [
"Like having a dominant hand, humans also have dominant ear (and a dominant eye). Your dominant ear is better at discerning pitch as well as better able to comprehend and respond to verbal stimuli. \n\nI can't really find anything specific on focusing on other tasks while listening to music but it seems logical that whether you're listening in your dominant ear would affect how automatic the task of listening is and you'd be able to focus on other tasks."
]
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[]
] |
||
39k9s4 | a question in eli5 says it has comments, but the comments are not there. what's happening? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/39k9s4/eli5_a_question_in_eli5_says_it_has_comments_but/ | {
"a_id": [
"cs41yib",
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3
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"text": [
"A couple of reasons.\n\nReddit delays comments from some people as part of their spam detection, so they'll show up eventually\n\nOr more likely, the comment has been deleted by the AutoModerator bot, or a human mod for violating the rules.",
"Because your post isn't asking a simplified conceptual explanation, but rather for an answer, it has been removed. \n\nYou should try /r/answers, /r/askreddit or even one of the more specialized answers subreddits like /r/askhistorians, /r/askscience or others too numerous and varied to mention. \n\nRest assured this doesn't make your question *bad*, it just makes it more appropriate for another subreddit. Good luck! "
]
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[],
[]
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||
2b5jrv | why is there no b:\ on a windows computer? | I get that A:\ was used for the floppy drive, C:\ is the Primary partition and D:\ onwards is anything extra. Why was B:\ skipped? Also, considering the obsolescence of floppy drives, why don't we repurpose A:\ now? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2b5jrv/eli5_why_is_there_no_b_on_a_windows_computer/ | {
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"cj1zio3",
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"text": [
"B was floppy to. I had a computer back in the day with dual floppy drives that were A and B. Now its just a relic of the past. I dont wanna see it changed becasue well i am used to how it is now LOL maybe make flash memory drives A and B",
"DOS computers, and later, Windows computers used to have two floppy drives, A: and B:. C: thus was the default drive letter for the first hard drive, assuming you had one at all.",
"_URL_0_\n\n_URL_1_\n\n_URL_2_\n\nI know I'm not a mod but this has been asked multiple times before and it would be great if you used the search function before posting."
]
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[],
[],
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"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1um3sv/so_what_was_b_drive_why_isnt_a_drive_the_primary/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/26eaxn/eli5_in_a_pc_why_are_the_main_drives_labeled_as_c/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1vhxrr/eli5_why_is_the_first_drive_on_the_computer_c_and/"
]
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|
ycqyj | zero-determinant strategies vs. tit-for-tat in the iterated prisoner’s dilemma | Tit-for-Tat is *not* necessarily the best strategy in the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma. Can someone summarize the math and ELI5?
_URL_0_ | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ycqyj/zerodeterminant_strategies_vs_titfortat_in_the/ | {
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"There are multiple levels you can strategize on.\n\nYou can strategize just based on the current round. The optimal strategy is then to always defect. This might make my opponent defect more in future rounds, but I don't care.\n\nYou can strategize based on the outcome of the previous round. Then the optimal strategy is tit-for-tat; if I demonstrate that I intend to go tit-for-tat, I force my opponent to cooperate more often.\n\nWhat these guys did is go one step further. They're not strategizing to make their opponent give a certain result; they're strategizing to make their opponent *use a certain strategy*. The original paper claims that this strategy is better.\n\nThe article author disagrees with that claim, because if you play the new strategy against tit-for-tat it can only win by dragging down the total number of points. The new strategy does win against some suboptimal strategies, while tit-for-tat still only goes even, but the article author doesn't think that's too important, because the *amount* of points tit-for-tat gets is still often larger."
]
} | [] | [
"http://golem.ph.utexas.edu/category/2012/07/zerodeterminant_strategies_in.html"
] | [
[]
] |
|
2va3np | what and why is qnx/blackberry so secured? | Why is QNX used in a lot of things such as cars and by NASA. What do they have they others don't. I read somewhere that BlackBerry is as secured as powerplants and army jets. why is this? why cant apple and google just add security to their platforms? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2va3np/eli5_what_and_why_is_qnxblackberry_so_secured/ | {
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"text": [
"Everything that is sent via a blackberry is set through the blackberry servers and not over the general internet. This is also the reason blackberries where ban in several counties with Internet restrictions. \n\nIt's more like a peer to peer service than a text message or email service. ",
"These things don't use QNX because of security. They use it because of its real time guarantees. \"Normal\" operating systems switch between tasks constantly. The OS is in charge of deciding what runs when, so it can make sure everything is running smoothly. Real-Time Operating Systems like QNX give you guarantees about when tasks will be done. It's not important for home computers, but for embedded systems like space ships and cars, it's really important that you know to the fraction of a second when things will happen.\n\nBlackberry uses a lot of the same security techniques as power plants and army jets, true. That's not uncommon. And Google and Apple both use similar amounts of security on some of their products. iMessage, for example, is end-to-end encrypted just like BlackBerry Messenger. The problem is web interfaces. We haven't found a way to let you read your email on any device you wish (like through Gmail) securely without requiring you to do some work like carrying around a flash drive or memory card with a secret key on it. So those services aren't as secure. They're still encrypted with the same encryption that the army does, but Google has the keys to that so they could read it or hand it over to the government if they get a warrant."
]
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25ztit | how come people can take insanely detailed photos of stars and distant galaxies and stuff with regular cameras, but i can't see any of that when i look up to the sky on a clear night? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/25ztit/eli5_how_come_people_can_take_insanely_detailed/ | {
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"text": [
"Maybe where you live you have a lot of light pollution I live in LA and on a clear night can't see much but I've visited the grand canyon and saw everything I've ever imagined!",
"The lenses they're using are freakishly large and expensive compared to yours.",
"not enough light. needs long exposure time and wide open aperture. Human eyes are too small for that. Some animal eyes may be able to see Jupiters ring.",
"Exposure time is the name of the game here.\n\nWhen you look up at the night sky, you are actually seeing the same thing as the expensive cameras, but since everything else is so bright and you only look for a brief second you don't see what they see.\n\nTake this Hubble telescope image: _URL_0_\n\nIn order to take that image, NASA pointed the Hubble telescope at a really dark spot in the sky and left it there for months. Literally months of exposure time.\n\nOver the course of these months, Hubble gathered enough light to make that image. \n\nThe reason that spot was black in the sky was because the light from those galaxies in the image is so faint that when you casually look, it appears that there is no light at all. However, given enough time, you can collect the amount of light required to make a usable image.\n\n**So in essence, you can see all these crazy galaxies and nebulae every time you look up in the sky, but the amount of light you get from them is so faint compared to other stars, that it seems like you are not seeing them at all.**"
]
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"http://www.spacetelescope.org/static/archives/images/screen/potw1017a.jpg"
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5041oy | why do we tend to experience smells in distinct waves, even if the source of the smell is constant and there is little to no air movement? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5041oy/eli5_why_do_we_tend_to_experience_smells_in/ | {
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"d710uct"
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"There are three (major) things happening to cause this. Chemicals that we can smell are in the air. As others have pointed out, we breathe that air in \"waves\" rather than continuously.\n\nThe second consideration is how cells in the olfactory organ detect these scent molecules. Basically, your \"~~taste~~ smell buds\" have all sorts of chemical receptors sticking out of them. These receptors \"activate\" when they come into contact with smelly chemicals, which cause that cell to send scent signals to the brain. More receptors activated and more cells reporting that particular chemical makes for a stronger perception of that smell.\n\nBut wait! There's more. Once activated, it takes some time (seconds, usually) and energy for a cell to reset those receptors. As a result, your \"scent signals\" are strongest at the beginning of each breath.\n\nBonus: Your brain figures all this out and won't take more than a few minutes to equalize the short, intense bursts of scent perception for you. Eventually it may even begin to ignore a scent altogether so you can stop wasting so much brainpower on it.\n\nI hope this adequately explains why smells appear to come in (gradually weakening) waves!"
]
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[]
] |
||
aaa9ng | bread and cookies | How/why does putting a piece of bread in the bag with your cookies keep the cookies from getting dry? How does just the bread get hard but not the cookies? I’m befuddled. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/aaa9ng/eli5_bread_and_cookies/ | {
"a_id": [
"ecq89zi"
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"text": [
"It's the sugar in the cookies. It's hygroscopic (has a great affinity for water and will suck it out of the surrounding air) due to the amount of sugar in the cookie - bread has much less sugar and more moisture. Cookies suck up moisture and poor bread gets gross and hard. Cut the bread into 4ths and replace every other day to keep them nice. And keep the bag sealed! You need a closed environment for this to work"
]
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[]
] |
|
19yyr8 | what is exactly is glycogen and what does it do? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/19yyr8/eli5_what_is_exactly_is_glycogen_and_what_does_it/ | {
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"text": [
"Glycogen is a **polysaccharide** all that means is it is a very long chain of glucose molecules strung together if it were to be put under a microscope powerful enough, it might look something [like this](_URL_0_). What happens when we eat food is that it mainly gets broken down into glucose, but when we don't need the glucose (we've pigged out on all the cookies) our body stores all the glucose in a long chain called glycogen. Or more commonly known as fat. Then one day, if/when we're hungry and there is no food, our body can begin to break down the glycogen back into glucose and we can survive a little longer."
]
} | [] | [] | [
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"http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/glycogen.gif"
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||
6cjlhq | why do we subtract fiber and alcohol sugars from total carbs when on a keto/low carb diet? | What's going on in the digestive process between the fibers/alcohol sugars and carbohydrates?
This is the type of diet that type 2 diabetes patients will adhere to. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6cjlhq/eli5_why_do_we_subtract_fiber_and_alcohol_sugars/ | {
"a_id": [
"dhv5471"
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"score": [
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"text": [
"Fibers are carbohydrates, but are not readily broken down by the digestive system, and are largely excreted in feces. (This property is beneficial in itself). \n\nAlcohol (as in ethanol itself) isn't technically a carbohydrate (although beer, wine, and mixed drinks may still contain a significant amount of carbs )"
]
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|
5qcbqy | if every action has an equal and opposite reaction, why can a bullet do tremendous damage to someone, while the recoil from the gun cannot? | Think about this, a large bullet that hits someone in the upper arm can dislocate the person's shoulder, but the recoil cannot. Sure, the bullet focuses the energy onto a smaller area, but is that alone the reason? That doesn't make sense to me, because incredibly large guns (for instance, a anti-material rifle firing a .50 BMG round) can take an arm or off even when they hit a good distance away from the point where the limb is torn off, but the rifle's recoil is enough to be managed without injury. Similarly, some bullets can knock a soldier unconscious if they hit them in the helmet (dispersing the energy over a large area), but the rifle doesn't damage the shoulder, despite the fact that A) the but of the rifle has less surface area than the inside of a helmet and B) the shoulder doesn't take that much to be dislocated.
Does it have something to do with the difference between force, energy, and momentum? Or the difference in velocities? Really confused here. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5qcbqy/eli5_if_every_action_has_an_equal_and_opposite/ | {
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"text": [
"Because the weapon itself as well as he way the weapon is held, absorb and spread out the force so that it doesn't do nearly as much damage. \n\nIt's like a knife. Why can I stab a hole clean through my steak, but my hand doesn't get punctured? Because the blade is sharp and puts all the pressure on a single point, while the handle is blunt and the grip (both the handle and how i hold it) means that the pressure is spread through my whole hand.",
" > Sure, the bullet focuses the energy onto a smaller area, but is that alone the reason?\n\nBasically. The gun outweighs the bullet by a huge margin. Equal and opposite reaction- the bullet and the gun fly apart with the same momentum, but since the gun is much more massive, its velocity is slower and its inertia keeps it in check.",
"A bullet exerts a ton of pressure, much more than the gun does when it recoils.\n\nPressure = momentum / surface area / impact time.\n\nMomentum is the same for the bullet and the gun, but the surface area and impact time vary drastically. The surface area of a gun is the area of the grip, while in the bullet's case it is less than a square centimeter.\n\nBut much more importantly, is the impact time. As the bullet accelerates along the length of the barrel, a continuous force is applied to the gun. Additionally, because the gun is much more massive, this force goes into accelerating the gun, which acts as a buffer when translating momentum from the gun to the hand.\n\nWhen a bullet hits someone, travelling at hundreds of meters per second, the time of impact is tiny, resulting in a huge pressure. Even if the bullet was the size of your head, the time of impact is still so small that the pressure felt would be massive. This is why getting shot in a helmet can cause concussion or death.",
"In addition to these physics-based answers, it's also important to point out that modern guns - rifles especially - are engineered specifically with mitigating recoil in mind.\n\nThere are several ways to accomplish this. Take your example of a Barrett .50-cal. The round is massive, and as such, expends a **tremendous** amount of energy when fired. Modern rifles are made to be as light as possible while still being tough enough not to explode into pieces when they fire a round like the .50, but that means that while they won't explode in your hands, they're still going to transfer all that opposing energy back toward you. So how do we lessen that energy to something manageable by a person's shoulder?\n\nOne way is a muzzle brake. If you look at the end of the barrel of a Barrett rifle, you'll see that big crazy finned piece of steel that makes it look cool. This actually serves a purpose, though. Part of what creates that recoil is all the gas that is built up behind the bullet being fired. The gas expands, and exits the rifle the same way the round does. When all that gas pushes itself out of the front of the barrel, it pushes the rifle backward - recoil. The muzzle brake provides an area where, as the bullet leaves the barrel, the gases can be expelled sideways. Since the gas is expelled to both the left *and* the right, the opposing forces cancel each-other out, and the rifle isn't pushed one way or the other. \n\nBut gas is only part of the problem. The force of the bullet being propelled forward in and of itself creates a substantial amount of opposing recoil. So rifles use a couple different means to correct that recoil, such as large springs seated inside the butt stock (this is not present in the Barrett .50, but is integral to the design of the M16) or simply constructing the bolt assembly and the receiver assemblies out of materials that are sufficiently heavy enough to absorb a great deal of that energy and recycle it for functions like ejecting the empty casing and cycling a new round into the chamber from the magazine.\n\nThe other thing that helps manage the recoil in a weapon firing a round like the .50 BMG is size and weight. The sheer weight of a Barrett .50 does a great deal to absorb and spread the force of the recoil out. The M82A1 weighs in the neighborhood of **30 pounds**. Simple physics tells us that something as large and heavy as a Barrett rifle will easily absorb the energy created by something as comparatively small as a bullet exiting the barrel."
]
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1i8req | the difference between ram and hard drive memory. | With the specs of the new consoles coming out, I'm hearing a lot of stuff about 8GB of RAM and 500 GB hard drive. Can someone explain the difference to me, as I'm someone who doesn't have really any background or knowledge about computer specs. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1i8req/eli5_the_difference_between_ram_and_hard_drive/ | {
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"text": [
"RAM is the memory the computer uses to actually perform calculations. A hard drive is used to store data (like downloaded/installed games & save files).",
"The hard drive isn't memory, it's *storage*. So, if we use the analogy of a computer as an office: the hard drive is the filing cabinet. The operating system is the secretary. The desktop is the memory and the person reading and modifying the files that come across his desk is the processor (CPU). \n\nSo the secretary will pull copies of files from the filing cabinet and place the files on the processor's desk (loading files into memory). The processor will ask the secretary for a file, and if it is on the desk the secretary hands it to him, he reads it, he makes changes to it. He hands it back to the secretary to place on the desk. Or he may have the secretary put a copy of it back in the filing cabinet, too (saving the file to the hard disk). Anything on the desk, the secretary can hand to him quickly. Anything in the filing cabinet, the secretary needs more time to retrieve it.\n\nEverything in the filing cabinet is pretty safe. Everything on the desktop is could disappear if it gets blown off the desk by a strong wind (this is my analogy for the computer losing power). Got it?",
"I always call RAM \"memory\" and hard drives \"space\" when talking to non-IT. It clears up a lot of confusion.",
"A hard drive is a filing cabinet. RAM is a desk where you can upen up the file folders and work with the papers inside.\n\nMore RAM = More files at once.\n\nMore GB = more stuff stored",
"Hard Drive Storage actually isn't memory at all. Memory involves structures made of a group of transistors called \"[NAND gates](_URL_0_)\" that, when arranged in a certain way, loop its output into itself until new data is received, loop the new data until further data is received, and so on. As there is no physical change in memory when it is in usage (the only change is in electrical charge of the transistors and capacitors contained in the RAM), it is very reusable and has the potential to be very, very fast. There is one caveat to memory: As data in RAM is nothing but an electrical charge, if you lose power while the data is in RAM, your data gets wiped out. (not a problem with modern computers, of course, as there are secondary batteries onboard to prevent this from happening).\n\nHard drives, on the other hand, involve a magnetic needle etching physical structures onto a rapidly spinning disk, and these physical structures end up as your data. As hard drives involve physical changes, it is not as durable as RAM, nor as fast. \n\nIn computing, RAM is used to temporarily store what a computer needs to run programs in a place where it can access the data rapidly. Of course, a hard drive can also do the same, but it does so incredibly slowly and inefficiently. However, hard drives DO provide for a cheap method of storing data, so its primary usage is data storage.\n\nYou really don't need to worry about understanding console specs-- that's the appeal of them in the first place. They're a simple and easy way to play games that look acceptable without having to learn how computers come together."
]
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[],
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5b44w7 | how can a function be continuous everywhere but differentiable nowhere? | My Calculus professor said that there are certain functions that are continuous everywhere but differentiable nowhere. I've heard continuous functions explained that they are functions that "can be drawn without picking up the pencil." If that is the case, then if you move the pencil at all, it seems that you can differentiate at that point since there is a tangent line at that point (the direction you moved the pencil). How is that not the case? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5b44w7/eli5_how_can_a_function_be_continuous_everywhere/ | {
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"_URL_0_\n\nThere's an example.\n\nActually explaining it is beyond ELI5 for me",
" > If that is the case, then if you move the pencil at all, it seems that you can differentiate at that point since there is a tangent line at that point (the direction you moved the pencil)\n\nThat's not actually how continuity is defined, it's just useful for getting an intuitive sense of what continuous functions look like. A function is continuous at some point in it's domain if the limit exists at that point and is equal to the value of the function there. You can construct some really pathological examples, like the [popcorn function](_URL_2_) which is continuous at all irrational points and discontinuous at all rational points.\n\nThe [Weierstrass function](_URL_1_) was the first known example of a function that is continuous everywhere but differentiable nowhere. Another example is the [Koch snowflake](_URL_0_). Notice that this is defined as the limit of a sequence of functions, each term of which has progressively more points where it isn't differentiable, but it remains continuous at every step. When you pass to the limit, you end up with a function that is still continous but is now nowhere differentiable."
]
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"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weierstrass_function"
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"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weierstrass_function",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomae%27s_function"
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|
a9x8s6 | why are deer stunned or startled by vehicle headlights? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a9x8s6/eli5_why_are_deer_stunned_or_startled_by_vehicle/ | {
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"I saw a random red light hovering in the fast lane one night....the light kept getting closer and I couldn’t figure out what it was until I realized it was a truck on its side with one taillight out but the other one still on....at the same time I noticed a guy who I’m assuming was drunk standing in between the fast lane and the two lane....I barely had time to swerve from the 1 to the 3....\n\nI would assume the deer have no clue wtf it is and are scared as well.....\n\nI’ve had headlights peep out of the fog headed towards us driving the wrong way on the freeway, luckily my friend who was driving did not have the “deer in the headlights” reaction"
]
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[]
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||
5hk89d | zero-point energy | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5hk89d/eli5_zeropoint_energy/ | {
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"Zero-point energy is about energy in zero-point states. Essentially, it's the concept that a particle in a zero-point state technically still has energy. It's a very complex thing that I don't pretend to understand fully, but I'll try to explain it at a satisfactory 5-year-old level.\n\nEverything has states of energy. Sometimes it's high energy, sometimes low. Everything also has a hypothetical lowest energy state called a zero-point state. Think of this like a ball. When held high above the ground, the ball has lots of potential energy, meaning when you drop it it will fall with lots of energy. Drop it from a lower point and it will still fall, but with less energy. Now imagine the ball is sitting on the ground. This is its zero-point state. In this analogy, it would make sense that the ball has zero energy. And for a long time, classical physics concluded that it really did have zero energy. But this isn't so. In reality, things in their zero-point states have just a little bit of energy that they will always hold on to, and this is called zero point energy. Nothing really runs out of energy completely, regardless of what state it is in.\n\nThe sci-fi genre likes to latch on to this as a source of infinite energy (see Stargate Atlantis) under the logic that if you could take some zero point energy out, and math dictates that nothing every truly runs out of energy, then you have an infinite energy source. But it doesn't really work that way unfortunately.\n\nSource: my college chem professor went on an odd tangent about zero-point energy once and I'm trying to remember it the best I can, please don't crucify me if my answer sucks."
]
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||
6en1ku | how do naval submarines stay in contact with the mainland? | I know that regular frequency waves have an extremely hard time penetrating water, and I know that the lower the frequency is, the less feasible it is to submerge the entire transmitter. So how do submarines stay in contact with the surface? Say if a nuclear strike was ordered? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6en1ku/eli5how_do_naval_submarines_stay_in_contact_with/ | {
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"Your intuition that low-frequency radio waves are the only means of transmitting through water of any significant depth is correct, as is your intuition that the antennae required to transmit such radio waves are too large to mount on submarines. But you're missing something pretty significant: the antennae required to *receive* these radio waves is no bigger than any other receiver.\n\nThis means that submarines can still *receive* VLF radio transmissions (circumstances permitting) even if they can't transmit them. Of course, the fact that we're talking about VLF means that the bandwidth is so low that only text communication is practical. There's not enough bandwidth to broadcast real-time audio signals, let alone video. We're talking 300bps. A high-end consumer-grade broadband connection can be upwards of 300**M**bps, literally a *million* times faster. \n\nThat said, VLF radio waves only penetrate to depths of perhaps sixty-odd feet, so a submarine at its normal patrol depth would not be able to receive transmissions without ascending. Sometimes this is what happens, but for subs that stay at depth for months at a time, this is clearly not an option. One solution is radio buoys, tethered to the sub and floated to transmission depth while the sub itself remains far below. But the long and short of it is that a sub at patrol depth will probably be out of contact with the mainland most of the time. \n\nFor what it's worth, most *two*-way communications with subs is via the same satellite communications network used by other naval vessels. This does require subs to surface, or at least ascend to a depth shallow enough to permit the exposure of an aerial/mast, but it's pretty much the only effective means for submarines to *send* messages, not just receive them. \n\nThere are also rumors of acoustic communications systems maintained by the US and Russia. These would involve acoustic sensors/transmitters being set up at specific points on the ocean floor that nearby submarines could use to send and receive messages that way. The existence of acoustic communications networks has not been definitively confirmed, but even if they did exist, they would be of very limited utility. These would presumably be encrypted so as to avoid interception, but that's not the only problem. The mere *fact* of a transmission would tend to indicate a nearby sub, and even that much of a hint is something most sub captains try to avoid at all cost. ",
"Certain submarines that are required to patrol deep use a buoy or a long positively buoyant antenna that comes out of the ship and ascends to the surface. This allows for 'passive' or recieve only communications. If the ship wishes to transmit communications, they are required to go to periscope depth (just below the surface) and raise a mast with an antenna that transmits to a satellite/shore based communication site. "
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2psyei | i've always heard that sweating while sick is a good way to expedite the recovery process. is there any truth to this and if so how does it work? | When I'm sick with a common cold I usually get in full sweats and cover my self in several thick blankets and "sweat it out". | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2psyei/eli5_ive_always_heard_that_sweating_while_sick_is/ | {
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"Med student here.\n\nSweating is what happens towards the end of a fever. I'm going to try to explain the science behind what a fever is. Warning - it's not exactly ELI5, but there's no other way, really.\n\nYour body temperature is controlled by a part of your brain called the hypothalamus. Normally, the hypothalamus keeps your body temperature set at a specific temperature like a thermostat.\n\nThere are molecules that get produced during inflammation and illness called prostaglandins and cytokines. They go to the hypothalamus and they tell the hypothalamus to raise the set temperature, so they raise the thermostat temperature.\n\nWhen the thermostat temperature gets raised in your body to 101 degrees, but the actual temperature of your body hasn't caught up yet (98.6 degrees), you feel cold, and start to shiver, right? This is because your body's \"set point\" has increased but your actual temperature is lower than the set point, so your body thinks its too cold.\n\nAfter a while, the prostaglandins stop working, and the hypothalamus can bring the set point temperature back down to the regular 98.6 degrees. At this point, you feel too hot and start to sweat because the actual temperature of your body was brought up to 101 degrees earlier to meet the previous increase in set temperature, but now the set temperature is lower, and your body is higher. \n\nYou \"sweat it out\" to help cool your body off to bring it back down to the regular set temperature point.\n\nI never learned if it actually \"helps\" speed up the recovery process of an illness. It's just a normal phase that happens during a fever.\n\nFever is actually supposed to be good IF IT'S NOT TOO HIGH OF A FEVER. Fevers that are 105 degrees fahrenheit and higher can cause brain/organ damage, but if it's 100-102, fevers supposedly raise the body temperature so that viruses/bacteria can't survive at the higher body temperature. Unfortunately, people feel pretty miserable with fevers so they take fever reducer medication in order to keep working throughout the day, etc.\n\nYou may want to ask r/askscience for a better answer.",
"i think it's an excuse for sick people to jerk it under a blanket when they have to stay inside."
]
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[],
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2l8gjo | in execution by firing squad, why shoot for the heart and not the brain? | It would seem to me that immediately after taking several bullets to the chest, your brain would still be alive, and you'd be in -- and AWARE OF -- considerable pain before you lost consciousness; the nervous system and spinal cord would still be functional as well.
Isn't that more "cruel and unusual" than blasting your brain to smithereens directly?
| explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2l8gjo/eli5_in_execution_by_firing_squad_why_shoot_for/ | {
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"I imagine there's a little more dignity for the shooters if they shoot your chest rather than blow your face off.",
"You would be unconscious within a few seconds, at most, after multiple heart shots with a rifle. Also, it would be fucking disturbing to force ~five guys to shoot a dude in the head with 30-30s. Actually, there wouldn't be enough of his head left to positively identify the body. And think about the guy who has to clean up the mess. \n\nIt is considered cruel and unusual to intentionally mutilate the body of the condemned.",
"Firing rifle rounds into the head would demolish the head AMD make for a very gruesome result. There is a reason the US does not use the firing squad for capital punishment anymore and that is because shooters kept missing and sometimes the person being executed wouldn't die right on the spot. \nAlthough I don't think there has a been a court case over firing squads, it has been seen as ineffective than lethal injection today. Even hanging and the electric chair has resulted in particular painful and messy deaths."
]
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asb4mq | when you take your vehicle in to have the alignment adjusted what are they adjusting? | I am changing the steering rack on my 1998 Toyota Corolla. I know you are supposed to get an alignment job after this process, but I am particularly concerned about the jam nut placement holding my tie rods. The rack I bought fits, but isn't a refurbished part. Do they adjust that jam nut?
Thanks! | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/asb4mq/eli5_when_you_take_your_vehicle_in_to_have_the/ | {
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"Pretty much they adjust the nut on both sides to fix your tow to the right position adjust to much and you get that “pull to right or left” depending which side was turned to much.",
"There are three primary adjustments: camber, caster, and toe-in.\n\nThe caster angle is the angle at which the front wheels turn from side to side. You might think this was 0˚, that the wheels turn from side to side around an axis that's perpendicular to the pavement, but that's not the common practice. A little positive caster causes the wheel to tend to return to \"go straight\" when driven on a level surface.\n\nCamber is the angle that the front wheels are held at when pointed straight ahead. Negative camber means the tops of the front wheels are closer together than the bottoms. A little negative camber improves traction in high speed curves, at some cont in tire wear while driving straight.\n\nToe-in is the adjustment that tie rods are for. If the front of the front tires are closer together than the back of the front tires, the car has positive toe-in. Positive toe-in improves straight line stability at the cost of cornering reaction (you have to turn the wheel farther for the car to start to turn). Negative toe-in (called toe-out) is sometimes used on Formula1 cars to make them corner faster, at the expense of twitchy behavior in straightaways."
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2bu4k8 | are piranhas really as vicious and dangerous as movies and people make them out to be? | If I drop a dead cow in with a bunch of piranhas, would the water suddenly turn red and bones float up to the surface? o_O | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2bu4k8/eli5_are_piranhas_really_as_vicious_and_dangerous/ | {
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"Not at all. They feed on dead tissue unless starved. I believe they gained their reputation from some old story in which a local ruler did exactly that(the cow thing), but failed to tell his audience the fish hadn't eaten in days. ",
"Nope. They sometimes attack larger mammals, but the notion that something like a cow or human being eaten in a manner of seconds is pure myth. The reputation mostly comes from [Teddy Roosevelt](_URL_0_).",
"yes and no. from what I remember most attacks at beaches are not deadly. the piranha attack because people are walking/swimming where piranha lay their eggs. In the river its a different story some accounts of small children falling into the river and dying before their families can pull them up have been confirmed"
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4p4a3l | why does "bumping" or "hitting" a gadget (i.e. a calculator) that is running low on battery or isn't working, magically make it work? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4p4a3l/eli5why_does_bumping_or_hitting_a_gadget_ie_a/ | {
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"Usually, any improvement is brought about by the impact forces making the battery go out of contact, and then, immediately back into contact. Sometimes this improves current flow (if the connection is slightly corroded) and makes the device run better TEMPORARILY...",
"Batteries produce charged ions at the electrodes (inside the battery) as these ions build up at the electrodes and use up the reactants the rate of the reaction lowers and less current is produced. Either leaving the device off for a few minutes or jarring the battery will help the product ions migrate away from the electrodes and the reactant ions migrate towards them, giving you a brief burst of useful power.",
"oxidation of the contact area. \nScratchign the contact area with something sharp might work, hitting the object usually moves the battery which can be enough to force better contact.\nUsing contactspray like DeOxit will help as well.",
"Oxidation due to the metal on the battery and device being different. \n\nOr cold solder joints that have lost contact with their pads/connections; hitting the object jostles them and can reseat the connection. In older electronics the wiring would be all point to point (no PCB) so cold solder joints and shorting wires could really be fixed by just shaking/hitting the device to reseat or unshort wires.",
"Maybe I should start slamming my gas chromatography machine at work against the wall if the calibrations don't come in.",
"When hitting the gadget (e.g. a TV remote) containing the batteries, it mixes the interior stuff of the batteries allowing them to release a little more electricity.",
"Back in the days before remote controlled TVs it was the job for the dad in the house to get up, cross the living room and slap the side of the TV if it went all wonky. If slapping the side didn't work the top was slapped. \n\nAnyone else attempting to do this was scolded because they didn't know how to do it properly. "
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247xcu | why are so many of the top grossing movies of all time made in the last 15 years? | According to this list (_URL_0_), only 8 of the top 50 highest grossing movies of all time were made before the year 2000.
Can someone explain to me why most of the record breaking movies have been made in the last 15 years or so?
Can this all be attributed to marketing? Have we finally found the right "formula to get people to see the blockbusters? Is it just about the spectacle and cultural hype of the movies in this era, or could this all be attributed to inflation and the rising cost of movie tickets? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/247xcu/eli5_why_are_so_many_of_the_top_grossing_movies/ | {
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"The footnotes explain a large factor in the math: Figures are not adjusted for inflation. Quick, blunt, bad math -- if 100,000 were sold for movie back when it was $1 for admission, it would only take like ~10,001 tickets at $10 to beat the figures."
]
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"http://www.imdb.com/boxoffice/alltimegross"
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13egbr | what are active pickups (in a guitar/bass)? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/13egbr/what_are_active_pickups_in_a_guitarbass/ | {
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"Active pick ups that are powered by a battery. A normal pick up with no batteries is called a passive pickup. Power from the Amplifier goes through the cable into the make the pick ups in the guitar work for passive pick ups. Active Pick ups are \"hotter\" or have a higher output than passive pick ups.",
"Passive pickups are basically a wire around a magnet which \"picks up\" the signal from the vibrating string. Active pickups usually include some other circuitry like a pre amp or an EQ and usually have a higher \"clearer\" output. They power this extra functionality usually with a battery that you plug into the guitar. It has to be changed every so often. \n\nFor guitar active pickups are used a lot for distorted sounds so are popular in rock and metal. For bass their popularity is the same across the board. \n\nThere is obviously a subjective debate about what sounds best. "
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2kr9xt | how did youtube afford its servers before it had so many ads and was bought by google? | Can't have been cheap. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2kr9xt/eli5_how_did_youtube_afford_its_servers_before_it/ | {
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"The same way every other startup affords stuff - they get stacks of cash from investors. The investors hope to get rich by either cashing in on an IPO or selling out to an industry giant like Google.\n\nThe founders of the company were 3 early employees of Paypal, so they brought a fair chunk of their own cash to the table as well.\n\nGoogle purchased the company fairly early on, when they were only about a year old.\n\nGenerally when you're starting a company, you just rent servers rather than purchase them yourself. It might cost more in the long run but the up-front costs are cheaper, which makes sense for startups."
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34y73f | why do americans plant their national flag all over the place? | Whether you watch a movie, a YouTube video or look at photos, you'll always see buildings, often including homes, featuring the American flag. It seems to be often present in classrooms and other rooms as well.
Coming from a country where a remembrance day for millions of war victims is one of the utmost rare occasions where showing a national flag is considered appropriate, it seems ridiculously nationalistic to me. Fascism levels of nationalistic.
There doesn't seem to be any purpose in it. On said remembrance day, the flag is taken out of people's garages out of respect for the dead, and in an effort to keep the memory of the war alive, in hopes that it may never happen again. It serves a function. But just having your flag out 24/7, 365 days a year seems to me like nothing short of flag-worshipping. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/34y73f/eli5_why_do_americans_plant_their_national_flag/ | {
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"America is one of the few nations whose population is almost entirely people (or offspring of such people) who felt strongly enough that America was such a good idea they traveled half way around the world giving up any relationships and status their ancestors had accumulated to travel to the new nation. \n\nSo, almost all American's have a strongly held belief that the nation is special, and one of the primary ways to express that belief is by flying the nation's flag. ",
"It seems like for your country having a flag out is viewed as a way to honor veterans.\n\nIn America the flag isn't viewed that way. It has basically zero to do with honoring war victims (although it will be used during those events). You say it seems like flag worshiping but the thing is most of us dont ever even notice the flags. We dont care about them that much (yes some americans do a ton, most dont though). Its common to have a state flag and then the US flag outside of buildings. \n\nI get what you are saying but I think you are over thinking how much importance an average American places on our flag. Also if you actually drive around in most US cities you wont really see that many flags. Sure youll spot them but its not like you can always see a flag no matter where you look.",
"It's just nationalism.\n\nIn small quantities, it's nothing to be alarmed at, but when it starts getting pervasive, you should be worried. Consider the now-virtually-required flag pin that many US politicians wear. That's something you should be worried about. \n\nCountries that are genuinely free and democratic aren't hung up about always displaying the flag or the party symbols. Oppressive governments, OTOH, almost always are. You're required to show the national/party symbol at all times to \"prove\" you're a loyal patriot. \n\nThe wearing of a flag pin by US presidents began with Nixon, and as I recall, it was remarked at the time that he did it mainly to counter the little Soviet flag pin that Leonid Brezhnev always wore in public. After that, all Republican presidents took to wearing a flag pin, but (AFAIK) Obama is the first Democratic president to wear it on a routine basis. If you look at photos of press conferences and other political events over the last 40 years or so, you'll also see a marked increase in the number of flags in the background.\n\nConservatives *love* to wrap themselves in the flag. Liberals are being cowed into it.\n\nAs a contrast, watch German chancellor Angela Merkel react to a flag-waving colleague:\n\n_URL_0_\n\nFrau Merkel has no doubt read her history and knows what happened *last* time Germany went overboard on the nationalism.\n\n\n\n"
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3fwgkd | why don't more people take adderall or other add medication to help focus. everyone i know that uses it shows great improvement in school and work with minimal negative side effects. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3fwgkd/eli5_why_dont_more_people_take_adderall_or_other/ | {
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"Some side effects can be serious, and the NIH says that anyone who experiences any of these symptoms should call their doctor immediately:\n\n•Fast or pounding heartbeat\n•Shortness of breath\n•Chest pain\n•Excessive tiredness\n•Slow or difficult speech\n•Dizziness or faintness\n•Weakness or numbness of an arm or leg\n•Seizures\n•Motor tics or verbal tics\n•Believing things that are not true\n•Feeling unusually suspicious of others\n•Hallucinating (seeing things or hearing voices that do not exist)\n•Mania (frenzied or abnormally excited mood)\n•Aggressive or hostile behavior\n•Changes in vision or blurred vision\n•Fever\n•Blistering or peeling skin\n•Rash\n•Hives\n•Itching\n•Swelling of the eyes, face, tongue, or throat\n•Difficulty breathing or swallowing\n•Hoarseness\n\n\nAdderall is not for everybody. It should not be used by patients with a history of glaucoma, severe anxiety or agitation, a personal or family history of tics, or Tourette syndrome. Stimulants can also cause sudden death in patients with congenital heart defects or serious heart problems. As a result, patients should alert their doctors if they have a history of heart disease, heart rhythm disorder, coronary artery disease, or heart attacks. Doctors should also be alerted if the patient has a history of high blood pressure, mental illness, peripheral vascular disease or seizure disorders.\n\nSome drug interactions could be harmful. The NIH says that people should not take Adderall if they have taken an MAO inhibitor in the last two weeks\n\n\nTL:DR: it's a drug, and it has a purpose. And using it to \"study better tonight because I blew the weekend partying\" is not proper usage. ",
"Its an amphetamine, It isn't necessarily healthy for you and it can become habit forming.\n\nNeed a better explanation? "
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||
2f518g | do extras in movies or tv shows just pretend to talk to other actors in the background of shots? | Many TV shows or movies feature scenes where people would normally talk and interact with others, although typically it is just lead actors who are actually heard.
In these cases, are the non-speaking-part actors or extras just silently moving their lips to pretend talking, or are they actually talking and only the lead actors are boom-miked up? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2f518g/eli5_do_extras_in_movies_or_tv_shows_just_pretend/ | {
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"Yep. Their mouths are moving but they aren't making any sound. SOURCE: I've done background and extra work. And, trust me, it's really freaky when an AD pairs you up with a total stranger and you're supposed to play a couple having an intimate conversation without saying anything out loud.",
"A friend of mine who was an extra was told to just say \"watermelon\" quietly but repeatedly.",
"it depends. it's surprisingly difficult to create scene appropriate background chatter using a bunch of extras on a set. that was something that used to be done. \n\nin modern productions, they either say nothing or the extras are instructed to say something like \"rutabaga\" over and over.",
"My girlfriend works in stage theater (not sure if the experience is sufficiently similar) and she says they usually try to talk about something or anything, or just make each other laugh (if it's a scene where that would be OK), but if you're with people and you don't know what to talk about you'll just say \"blah blah blah\" until the scene is over."
]
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[],
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|
av6efc | why are catholic priests & bishops investigated and tried for sex crimes differently than a regular citizen would be under similar circumstances? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/av6efc/eli5_why_are_catholic_priests_bishops/ | {
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"Priests are still subject to ordinary laws, and are tried the same as any other citizen, assuming a criminal case is brought.\n\nHowever, the Catholic church has its very own investigative and legal system, handling everything from clerical mistreatment, alleged abuse or misconduct by a priest or deacon, and divorces/decrees of marital nullity. This court rules on matters of spiritual grounds according to Catholic Canon Law, and extends to all edges of that which may fall under the umbrella of the church. This body holds the power of excommunication for ordinary members, and the defrocking and formal condemnation of ordained ministers of the church.\n\nIn certain parts of the world, this Catholic Diocesan court holds considerable sway and can recommend the pursuit of certain criminal charges. In most parts of the world, the findings of these spiritual tribunals are admissable in a court of law as de facto evidence and rulings of fault, as these magisterial proceedings are sworn before God, and can help a judge at law issue a ruling.",
"They're not *if* their crimes are made known. \n\nThe problem has been twofold: \n\n1. Children and women who have suffered sexual abuse by Catholic clergy are often either reluctant, afraid, or even discouraged by their family to come forward because of both shame and reverence for the Church (if they are even believed). And, of course, the stigma that is too often associated with being a victim of sexual abuse leads to under-reporting of sexual abuse for *all* sorts of victims, not just the victims of clergy. But it's probably exacerbated when the abuser is trusted clergy.\n\n2. The Catholic Church has had a decades-old habit of *covering up* sexual abuse by its clergy, frequently by moving the offending priests to different parishes ... where they have a whole new batch of victims to abuse, thus perpetuating the problem. The Church prioritized its own image over the safety of its members. \n\nFinally, most sexual abuse crimes -- like most crimes in general -- have a statue of limitations. So if a victim is abused as a child but doesn't come forward until they are an adult, it may be too late to prosecute the abuser for the crime. \n\nI'm curious: what makes you think Catholic priests are \"investigated and tried for sex crimes differently than a regular citizen\"?",
"Because they are part of the ruling class and are usually protected by their church peers, political friends and business associates."
]
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[],
[],
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||
xg23c | transistors how they work, their functions, their importance and their "mathematical theoretical limit"? (in reference to moores law) | I know the transistor single handily changed the world. I like to think its influence is comparable to the invention of the plow or the wheel, in terms of the "digital revolution". But i dont know how they work, or what the hell they are for that matter. I dont know what their function is in a computer or a circuit, and i dont know their importance in circuits. I have also heard about Moores law, which interests me about the mathematical theory behind transistors. I would also love to know what theoretical devices could possibly be used as an improvement over transistors. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/xg23c/eli5_transistors_how_they_work_their_functions/ | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"**How they work:** Difficult to ELY5. It involves chemistry and the way different materials allow electrons to pass through them. Complicated stuff. [Try this video for a start.](_URL_0_) \n\n**What their function is:** A transistor is a switch. It has three pins. Electricity goes in pin 1, and it may or may not go out the pin 2 if there is electricity applied to the pin 3 or not. You might say: \"Why not just use a wire between pin 3 and pin 2, and that would be the same thing?\"\n\nThe difference between a wire and a transistor is that with a transistor you can switch on and off a HUGE amount of electricity with only a tiny bit of electricity applied at pin 3. It is like switching on and off the Colorado river by pouring a jug of water into it (or not). Imagine if you could control the entire Colorado river with a jug of water? That is what it is like to use a transistor.\n\n**What devices could be used as an improvement over transistors:** This is beyond my area of expertise. Basically our best bet right now is to try to make our current transistors smaller. Replacing some of the materials in them might help. At a fundamental level a transistor can't be smaller than a single atom, and we don't know of any atoms that can act as transistors so it would probably be much larger than that. Those are the theoretical limits.\n\n[Here is an approachable page that talks about the future of transistors.](_URL_1_)",
"A transistor is basically an electronic switch. It has three leads, A, B, and C...large current flowing from A to B can be turned off with small current to C.\n\nThese switches are the building blocks for more complex components, much like how you would build a house from bricks. All the computing your computer does at some level is transistors switching on and off.\n\nSo how powerful a computer can be is limited by how many transistors you can cram in one place. That's where Moore's Law comes in. It isn't really very mathematical, it was more of a guess that worked out to be pretty accurate in the long run. Moore basically said that the amount of transistors per unit area roughly doubles every 18 months. He proposed this in 1965, and the trend has more or less held to this day. What's more, it applies well to other things, like hard drive capacity and pixel density.\n\nThere is a lot of talk about how [memristors](_URL_0_) may eventually replace transistors for some applications. "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RdYHljZi7ys",
"http://www.pbs.org/transistor/background1/events/transfuture.html"
],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memristor"
]
] |
|
9zqkb5 | is it possible to have voice box replacement surgery? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9zqkb5/eli5_is_it_possible_to_have_voice_box_replacement/ | {
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"text": [
"The sound of a voice is created by muscles and internal structures which stretch all the way from your diaphragm to the top of your sinus cavity, possibly beyond. So replacing just one component of that system would not give you a signature sound any more than having a specific guitar would recreate a signature tone. It takes the guitar PLUS the right amp and the correct outboard gear. Vocal tones are similarly complex. "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
||
1vjc1g | how can eletronics turn on and off without a "real" physical powerbutton? | Shouldn't they just keep on going and going - until they are taken out of the power outlet or when the batteries run out? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1vjc1g/eli5_how_can_eletronics_turn_on_and_off_without_a/ | {
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"Very small parts of them are always on -- namely the parts that wait for the on button to be pressed, and then tell the power supply to wake up and start delivering juice to the rest of the device.",
"Modern electronics are, as you suspect, always on. Sort of. There is no \"off\" anymore - there is only \"on,\" and \"standby.\"\n\nBut \"standby\" power doesn't really mean the entire device is awake. There is usually a small circuit, using just a little bit of power to keep an eye on the power button and remote control sensor, if any. This circuit is always prepared to throw an internal switch to turn on the rest of the unit. Think of it as somebody sleeping with one eye open.\n\nSome devices do it a little differently; there were at least some televisions in the past designed with a single power supply that could switch between low- and high-power modes, and they didn't have what you would call a separate standby circuit."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
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] |
|
571xph | what is the difference between nuclear winter and nuclear summer ? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/571xph/eli5what_is_the_difference_between_nuclear_winter/ | {
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"Nuclear winter would come soon after a nuclear war (possibly), when all the dust^* from the explosions may block out the sun and not let enough sunlight in to warm the earth - everything that didn't die from the war would die from lack of sunlight and being really cold.\n\nNuclear summer would be next (possibly) - when the dust causing nuclear winter finally settled and sunlight started warming things up again, depending on what was left in the atmosphere, there could be a runaway greenhouse effect - where the warmth from the sun may not be able to escape the atmosphere and things just keep getting hotter (like on Venus).\n\n\n^* Edit: Dust - Thanks to u/rhomboidus for clarifying it would mostly be smoke from everything being on [fire.](_URL_0_)"
]
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[
"https://thecreatorsproject-images.vice.com/content-images/contentimage/no-slug/e4b4980051ad925f38d2bb2a4741df36.jpg"
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||
146tu5 | i can shake my eyes? any ideas as to why this is possible? | A few months ago, my eyeballs would randomly start shaking (literally vibrating) when i was writing or reading something, and it took me about a half-second to refocus them. Now I can control it, but it doesn't work all the time. Does anyone know why I can do this? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/146tu5/i_can_shake_my_eyes_any_ideas_as_to_why_this_is/ | {
"a_id": [
"c7ad6dt"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"You mean [this](_URL_0_)?"
]
} | [] | [] | [
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nystagmus"
]
] |
|
35g49u | why do mosquitoes crop up seasonally each spring? is it a more "fit" group each year that is more adapted for colder weather, or does natural selection not apply? | Wouldn't one expect that each year the group that does not survive past the cold dies off, leaving the more fit-for-cold ones to reproduce? If that is true, why do they come in waves every spring? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/35g49u/eli5_why_do_mosquitoes_crop_up_seasonally_each/ | {
"a_id": [
"cr438uk"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"they essentially lay \"eggs\" in stagnant water before dying off each year. once it gets warm enough the \"eggs\" come out of hibernation and develop into mosquitoes"
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
|
1ka2f1 | why are we required to take general education classes the first year of college (math, english)? why can't you just jump right into your degree classes? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ka2f1/eli5why_are_we_required_to_take_general_education/ | {
"a_id": [
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"Because the college decided that in order to give you that degree you have to meet certain standards. You can almost always view those standards before you go to the college. You can probably find a college which doesn't require that if you looked into it.\n\nThey do it because they consider a well rounded person better educated the someone who only receives specialized education in college.",
"Teenagers are not very good at making decisions with long-term consequences yet. According to Penn State's \"Major Decisions\" intro, four out of five college freshmen aren't sure what their major will be yet and nearly half wind up changing their major at some point. Since every degree requires the 'general education' courses, it gives new students a chance to ease into the stresses of college while still getting credits that they'll need instead of winding up using three semesters of physics as electives for a fine art degree.\n\nSource: _URL_0_",
"You are going to a university not a trade school that means you will graduate with a base knowledge in many things. in the old days being a graduate meant that you probably spoke a few languages, were well versed in literature and history and had decent understanding of upper level math and science. You are not required to learn all of those things but they still want you to learn a little about everything for example if you get a poly-sci degree and never took history you will be doomed to repeat it. Also you will be dependent on others to help you out with other branches of knowledge and you will have no idea if they are telling the truth. \n\nAlso if you are smart enough you will test out of those classes because to the university having someone in a class who can already do everything is a wasted seat. \n\nOther people have said that the university is trying to milk you for money. Make no mistake THEY ARE (processing fees, student activities fees, etc) but the truth is they don't want you there for any longer than you need to be. They will not make you take unnecessary classes because they want you to get a degree and get out so they can make room for more people. More people go to college every year the college's image is far more important than a few thousand buck you spend on an extra semester because it is their reputation that will bring in the next freshman class and therefor the money. "
]
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[],
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"http://dus.psu.edu/md/mdintro.htm"
],
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||
3jqvgl | why scratching chicken pox makes the bump stay (raised scar) | Scar as in they stay as a spot shaped bump. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3jqvgl/eli5_why_scratching_chicken_pox_makes_the_bump/ | {
"a_id": [
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"score": [
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"text": [
"Any injury deep enough in the skin will cause a scar. Wounds that heal by secondary intention (the wound edges are not together and it closes itself over time-no stitches) are often hypertrophic (raised) in the short term. Sometimes they stay that way but often they'll flatten out or become a dent. "
]
} | [] | [] | [
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] |
|
2pz98j | why does coke or pepsi taste slightly different from country to country? | Im from Honduras and diet Coke here is delish; diet Pepsi not so much.
The total opposite happens when I visit U. S.
I love diet Pepsi because theres no bitter aftertaste and is much more
effervescent. The kick of the American diet Pepsi is so good! | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2pz98j/eli5why_does_coke_or_pepsi_taste_slightly/ | {
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"text": [
"Years ago I talked about this with a Coke exec, and she denied this being the case. I am not big on soda, and I thought I had a shot, so I let it go. \nYou are however not wrong, it tastes different here in Europe than it does in the USA. I do not know a lot about how the stuff is made, but perhaps local water is relevant.",
"The recipe (syrup) that is made by either company is a closesly guarded secret. So, they manufacture the syrup in one location and ship it somewhere else. They do it this way because it's **LOADS** cheaper to ship enough product to make, say, 500,000 bottles in one truck load than it is to ship maybe 50,000 bottles that are all bottled and ready for sale. Not to mention, the bottles that are all ready-to-go would have to travel *further* if you made and bottled that soda all in one location. Longer distance = would be more shaken up more by their method of transportation; train, plane, truck, etc. So they'd be less bubbly and it would be more wasteful to do it this way. \n\n So instead, the syrup is made in one location, arrives at the bottling plant, is mixed with filtered local water and bottled up.\n\n **^^The ^^slight ^^differences ^^in ^^local ^^water ^^sources ^^and ^^filtration ^^systems ^^used ^^is ^^*why* ^^it ^^tastes ^^so ^^different.**\n\n* * Example of the syrup shipping: Say coke makes their syrup in state X, and ships it to state Y.\n* A bottling plant in state Y would then mix the syrup with carbonated water that has been filtered, bottle it, then ship it to *local stores/a distribution center*. Every bottle of coke, pepsi, or any canned/bottled drink will list the bottling plant (usually near the barcode and ingredients). Usually worded as \" Bottled by the ____ company in (city), (state), (zip code).\" \n\n",
"In the US, Coca-Cola is primarily sweetened with High Fructose Corn Syrup (due to its abundance of supply). In other parts of the world, they use sucrose derived from cane sugar, which would account for the difference in taste. ",
"The coca-cola company do not make coke. They sell their secret-recipe syrup to bottling companies that they license to sell their product around the world.\n\nThese companies use local water to mix with the syrup, which will affect the taste of the final product (it's also why packaging options vary from place to place - cans, plastic bottles, glass bottles - it's whatever the local bottling plant is tooled to do, which in turn is determined by the demands of the local market).\n\nThey also vary the recipe slightly for local markets - within the terms of agreements they make with Coca Cola (to ensure brand consistency, make sure that someone buying a coke gets what they expect within a reasonable tolerance, etc). The Far East Asian market has a sweet tooth for instance and you'll find the likes of Coke and Red Bull are slightly sweeter in those markets than in Europe or America."
]
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8ja04w | why is the cost of living (specifically rent) in california so high? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8ja04w/eli5_why_is_the_cost_of_living_specifically_rent/ | {
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"text": [
"A lot of people in a not so big space makes demand for space go up. Demand go up, price go up.",
"Demand and supply.\n\nThere is a huge demand for land in California because the population is large. Many people want to live in or near cities so the rent at these places will rise.\n\nThere are also strict building restrictions in some parts of California. Very few high rise buildings or apartments can be built and cities have set limit to their borders and how much they can expand."
]
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[],
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||
1ohrfn | what is so appealing about doctor who? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ohrfn/eli5_what_is_so_appealing_about_doctor_who/ | {
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"A few things:\n\n* This is a show with a long history. The first episode was shown nearly 50 years ago, and so it has picked up a lot of fans along the way\n* The show was cancelled for a while but then \"rebooted\" in 2005 with better visual effects (CGI where before there had been only practical and video effects). In other words, the effects used to be much more basic\n* It's also a show with tradition - the Doctor has a companion (or two) to accompany him; he keeps defeating his enemies the Daleks and the Cybermen, but they keep coming back; there's the TARDIS, his vehicle; and the stories are usually about overcoming evil with good, doing the right thing, and the importance of things like family, love and teamwork; and there is a huge backstory too. This can have the effect of making the show look formulaic.\n\nBecause of this, you really need to watch more than one episode to get a feel for it. I recommend you watch a whole series (you seem to have jumped in towards the end of one) and see what you think of it then.",
"I hated the first couple random episodes I watched. Totally didn't get it or the people who like it. \n\nYet now I'm a great fan. I got sucked into that universe immediately after watching the 2005 first episode with Rose and the ninth doctor. It may have been a more accessible entry point because the doctor, the companion and I were new together or simply because that doctor was not so campy and over the top.\n\nDr Who can be very weird and hard to get into, but it is also a 'Hotel California' state of mind that you can never really leave. Dr Who fans are Dr Who fans forever. \n\nThe main thing I love is that the superhero is a doctor who helps people and other creatures feel better and we all win when nobody dies. Yeah. It soothes my inner three year old. "
]
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[],
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||
1kl0o0 | why is the fruit and yogurt in greek yogurt always separated? | unlike regular yogurt, which comes pre-mixed | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1kl0o0/eli5_why_is_the_fruit_and_yogurt_in_greek_yogurt/ | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"I know this isnt an ELI5 comment, but its not. Oikos with the red circle around the rim is pre-mixed",
"Because it makes people feel like it's more \"natural\". For example, Yoplait strawberry yogurt comes premixed, and it's pink. And that's not quite natural looking.\n\nGreek yogurt has a reputation as nice and healthy and natural. So the manufacturers put the fruit in the bottom, and the customer mixes it up themself. And when it changes color and looks just as pink as that Yoplait strawberry, the reaction isn't \"this is weird\", it's \"fuck yeah, I mixed that fruit in myself, and it's totally all natural.\""
]
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|
2p1bjh | how is opium legally produced and cultivated for legitimate medical use such as in morphine? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2p1bjh/eli5_how_is_opium_legally_produced_and_cultivated/ | {
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"text": [
"Scientists learned how to synthesize opiates in the 1950s so it and its derivatives can be produced without opium poppies.\n\nIt is still cheaper in some ways to just grow opium poppies and produce morphine from the plants and there are licensed farms in various countries which do this work.\n\nInterestingly, we can do the same with cocaine too.",
"Australia is apparently the world's largest producer of opium for said purposes. _URL_0_"
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[
"http://www.launc.tased.edu.au/online/sciences/agsci/alkalo/popindus.htm"
]
] |
||
1xgl71 | what are venture capitals and equities? | I have no knowledge over economics/business whatsoever but I constantly read articles using these certain terms. Please explain to the knitty-gritty!! | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1xgl71/eli5what_are_venture_capitals_and_equities/ | {
"a_id": [
"cfb53g0"
],
"score": [
2
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"text": [
"Let's say you have a great idea for a new company - the next great social networking giant! I'll call it cheekyLuBook. You have a fantastic idea, but you need money! You need to hire developers, graphic designers, a marketing team, etc. You have no money and nothing to borrow against :(\n\nThat's where venture capitalists come in. They see your idea and say \"Hm. This has potential! Let's give this guy some money!\" They often take some risks hoping for a large reward. What is that reward? You give them a percentage of ownership in your \"company\" - that is, you give them equity. \n\nIf the idea fails, they lose their money and their equity is worth very little. If the idea takes off, your company will grow by leaps and bounds. The money that the venture capitalists gave you to start off with is FAR outweighed by the worth of their stake in your company. Eventually you will take your company public, and those VCs will get a ton of shares of your stock. They can then sell them to make a tremendous profit on the money they originally gave you."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
|
elg5va | why do vehicles roll back slightly after coming to a complete stop? | I’m not referring to when you put your vehicle in Park and it rolls into the transmission.
When stopping at lights or stops signs, on most surfaces, I’ve noticed that vehicles tend to move backwards slightly when they stop completely. If my foot is on the brake and it’s fully depressed, how is the vehicle moving? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/elg5va/eli5_why_do_vehicles_roll_back_slightly_after/ | {
"a_id": [
"fdhkzop"
],
"score": [
14
],
"text": [
"The cars weight transferred forward under deceleration, slightly loading the suspension. When it comes to a stop, the suspension unloads. So the nose of the car returns to it's position at rest, causing that backwards rocking motion.\n\nThe harder you hit and hold the brakes, the more pronounced this weight transfer and suspension cycling will be."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
|
3yqgrx | why can rich people claim affluenza but poor people can't claim poverty? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3yqgrx/eli5_why_can_rich_people_claim_affluenza_but_poor/ | {
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2,
5,
6
],
"text": [
"One person using a BS defense to get a lesser sentance does not mean everyone can. No doubt at least one person has received a more lenient sentence because of their desperate circumstance.",
"You can claim just about anything you want as a defense. Rich people can just afford a horde of lawyers and expert witnesses who can do the work to make their claim stand up to scrutiny.",
"Because most poor people who can't afford lawyers are urged to take a plea deal and not go through a trial. ",
"It happened one time, to a minor. They claimed affluenza but the real reason he got the sentence he did was because he was a minor, not because he was affluent.\n\nHis parole sentence basically guaranteed it was inevitable for him to get in trouble again, and that's what happened. Now he'll probably get charged as an adult.\n\nHe most likely would have gotten the same sentence regardless of whether he claimed \"affluenza\" or not, based on the precedents of other cases in Texas.",
"Lawyers attempt to use poverty and harsh upbringings as key points in a defense all the time. It doesn't mean it always works."
]
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[],
[],
[],
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||
4ijv4q | what is the point of inflation? each year all prices go up, and salaries are adjusted. why can't things just remain the same price? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4ijv4q/eli5_what_is_the_point_of_inflation_each_year_all/ | {
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"d2ympou",
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"* it discourages holding cash. When the return on cash is negative (your money is worth less than the year before), it incentivizes you invest it productively.\n\n* Attempting 0% inflation produces the risk of deflation, which sets off a self-sustaining cycle of falling prices and output that shuts down the financial system and the economy (this happened during the great depression) and, in a word, sucks.",
"Theres not really a point. Its not something thats controllable really. Inflation is just something that naturally happens in an economy thats doing well.",
"In any healthy economy, inflation just happens. There isn't really a point to it because it's just natural. Asking what's the point is like asking what's the point of a mountain, or of mars, or of some natural law.\n\nYour question can be split into two separate questions.\n\nThe first being, why does inflation occur? Here is a thread about just that: _URL_0_\n\nThe second, why is inflation sometimes a good thing? You find here: _URL_1_",
"Inflation/Deflation are not controlled actions someone takes. They are just natural reactions of the economy. If the growth of money outpaces the growth of goods produced / services performed (the economy) then we have inflation, meaning that each unit of money is now worth less. This holds true because (very basically) the total value of money in economy a always equals the total value of the economy.\n\nNow salaries are adjusted (hopefully) because not doing so would effectively mean that everybody has less money available since their salary now represents less spending power. So unions, individual employees, etc. often fight for increasing salaries at least to match inflation because otherwise they would face a de-facto salary cut.\n",
"I'm a capitalist and I run a corner store. I say \"hey...I'd like to make a bit more money this year\". My natural response to that desire is to raise my prices just a hair - not enough to lower my sales, but just enough that on aggregate I'm going to have more $ in my till at the end of the year. \n\nI'm not a bit wealthier, so I go out to buy a house and I can pay just a little bit more than I could in the past, so that house I really want that has a market value today of $100 I'm going to be willing to pay 101, because...hey...my till is flush with cash. \n\nThis cascades throughout the economy. If you wanted things to stand still you'd need to insist that labor not make more money, that capitalists not want to increase revenue, that goods be sold at the same price as last year and so on. You'd have to shut off...people.",
"When you're selling a product, you want to sell it for as much money as you can get for it. You make your product, and you look at your market, and you find \"I can charge $10 for this, but at $11, it won't sell as well\" Then, as your economy is doing better, you realize you can now charge $12 for your product. So now you have more money. Other people look at you (their market) and see that you have more money! Now they can charge slightly more for their products as well! Then those people have more money, so everyone can slowly raise their prices. They're the same products, but because you have more money, you can afford to spend more money, so really, the number of pieces of paper you have has gone up, but you really can't buy more stuff, as the value of your money has gone down.\n\nEveryone COULD get together and decide not to raise prices, but then where does all the extra money go? Just into savings accounts or something, which would be okay, but that's not really how the world works. If you can get more money for something, you do.\n\nVery very reductive, but fairly simple way to understand."
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3tyddr | why is racial preference given in university admissions while students who were given it demand equality? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3tyddr/eli5why_is_racial_preference_given_in_university/ | {
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"Because john smiths great great great great grandfather attended harvard and made a donation. He pulled some strings to get john smith jr in and then he pulled strings to get his son in etc etc. John freemans great great great great grandfather was property at the time and had noticably less influence in this process. Were trying to give john freeman and john smith an equal opportunity to get in.",
"There is a difference between equity and equality.\n\nSome will argue that some races are at an initial disadvantage due to their history and socioeconomic status and thus need some preference in order to be on an equal footing. Others will say you should not consider race at all in order to be truly fair to every student, no preference at all.\n\nThese two opposing philosophies are sources of debate even today. ",
"Without commenting on the underlying controversy, admissions and quality of university life are not the same thing. You can be upset about discrimination in your education and student life even if you were treated fairly or favorably during admissions. \n\nAnd just in case it comes up, it's illegal to have a quota system that gives admissions to people based on just their race. Schools can generally take race into account, but they can't say \"we need at least 10 black students\" or things like that.",
"Depends on your definition of equality.\n\nLet's say I have two students with identical grades and identical SAT scores. Now let's say one of them is the son of millionaires, had private tutoring their entire life, and had access to the best possible education money could buy. Now let's say the other student comes from a broken family, worked throughout high school, and came from a poor school district. Which one of those is more impressive, the person who had their hand held throughout their success, or the person who broke their ass for it and fought against the odds? \n\nSo how do we deal with that \"equally?\" Do we look purely at grades and scores ignoring background information? That doesn't seem very equal. To we give more credence to the student who had less advantages? That doesn't seem very equal either. \n\nPeople who complain about equality in things that can't be easily measured are all just arguing that their personal meter stick should be used. Something like college admissions isn't determined in the same way a 100 meter dash is, one could easily see that someone running barefoot with a backpack is at a disadvantage compared to someone in brand new running shoes and a tank top. There is simply no way for the worldwide playing field to be made so perfectly even that the only determining factor is personal ability. As such, any admission process is going to be biased in some fashion, it's just a matter of figuring out what the bias is.\n\nPure grades is biased against any social considerations at all. Leaning more heavily into social considerations discounts rich, privileged kids who happen to be brilliant. Leaning into pure demographics as opposed to individual circumstances means that privileged minorities are better of than non-privileged minorities. The list goes on and on.\n\nAs for why they argue for equality, it's because more than likely they viewed the admission process as being equal. I've yet to meet the person who thinks they loop holed their way in unless they were being sarcastic. Even the ones who do acknowledge they get in because of their minority status still feel it was equal in the sense that they were at a disadvantage in the first place.",
"Racial preference helps the majority quite a bit in the states. If admissions was solely based on grades on an international aspect; white americans would find a lot of competition from china and many others asian countries. These preferences are actually quite useful to the racial majority in this country. One of the hardest deserving students to get into a good school is a well rounded, academically sound, asian person. "
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1psja6 | how do kilowatt hours work? | I understand that kilowatts are power. Is it kilowatts per hour? Or is it Kilowatts TIMES hours? If so, what does that even mean? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1psja6/eli5how_do_kilowatt_hours_work/ | {
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"One kilowatt hour is the energy it takes to exert one kilowatt of power for one hour, or any combination of power and time that works out the same. Its kilowatts times hours.",
"It's kilowatts times hours. A watt is a measure of power, power is the rate at which energy is used. When you multiply the rate of using energy by a length of time, you get a quantity of energy. A kilowatt-hour is the amount of energy used by a 1 kilowatt device operating for 1 hour, or equivalently, a 2 kilowatt device operating for 30 minutes.\n\nUsually energy is measured in joules, but since for domestic purposes a joule is a very small quantity of energy, kilowatt-hours are used because they are a larger unit. 1 watt is 1 joule per second, 1 kilowatt is 1000 watts and 1 hour is 3600 seconds, so 1 kilowatt-hour is 1000 watts per second times 3600 seconds which equals 3,600,000 joules"
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9uhxmo | what’s the legal difference between prostitution and porn? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9uhxmo/eli5_whats_the_legal_difference_between/ | {
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"First, in many places, even in western countries, professionally producing porn is illegal. In the places where it is legal, its a highly regulated, requiring licensing, restricting the actors, etc...\n\nThe big distinction comes down to who is paying though. One actor can't pay another for sex, it has to be an outside party paying all the involved actors."
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5t3yuc | why can't there be elements with more than 173 protons? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5t3yuc/eli5_why_cant_there_be_elements_with_more_than/ | {
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"Richard Feynman noted the equation for the velocity of an electron requires them to exceed the speed of light for atomic numbers greater than 137.\n\nMore detailed analysis has increased this number to 173.\n\nOther approaches have computed limitations at 128 and 155."
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1nap2i | what's the difference between obamacare and the universal healthcare systems in europe or canada? | For instance, I've heard France's healthcare is amazing. Is Obamacare not anything like the system in France or Canada? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1nap2i/whats_the_difference_between_obamacare_and_the/ | {
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"Instead of everyone paying extra taxes, everyone has to buy health insurance. Unless you can't afford it.\n\nIt's a privatized version of our (Canada's) healthcare.",
"This guy does a pretty decent job of describing exactly what is wrong with the American health care system. The TLDR of it is that it's not as simple as a lot of people make it out to be, and has a lot to do with the fact that health care supplies in the US are insanely, INSANELY expensive.\n\nReally makes the claim that the Canadian system is more \"socialist\" fairly ironic given the amount that each country spends on their health care. \n\n\n_URL_0_",
"The \"universal\" healthcare systems in European countries are available to anybody, citizens and non-citizens. Each countries healthcare is payed by taxpayers in their respective countries. \n. \nThe ACA (ObamaCare) is a government-mandated insurance for all US citizens. While insurance is technically optional, choosing to forgo insurance will incur a tax penalty when that individual files their taxes. \n. \nThe ACA (Obamacare) made three major changes in health care in the United States.\n\n1. It expanded Medicaid for those states that opted in. This is colloquially know as the Medicaid Expansion because the eligibility requirements for Medicaid was raised. What is unique about Medicaid is that it is funded by both the state and federal government. The additional expenses for the Medicaid Expansion are being 98% funded by the federal government so it costs the states almost nothing to opt in.\n\n2. It adopted a [10 Essential Benefits](_URL_0_) policy that all insurance providers must offer and removed all pre-existing condition clauses and pre-existing condition penalties with the exception of smoking. \n\n3. It required all US citizens to have health insurance, otherwise an individual will have to pay a tax penalty for themselves and any uninsured dependants.\n\nAside from these two changes, the medical industry still operates on a capitalist ideology. All US citizens can sign up for insurance through each states health exchange website where prices are negotiated at the state level or, if a state opted out of the ACA, they can sign up for insurance through the Marketplace which is operated at a federal level. \n. \nThe biggest difference between the US and European model is that you still have to individual insurance in the US. ",
"Essentially you can still choose your insurance. However, the rates have almost doubled to where I can't afford it. 4 people in my family and to keep my current plan it will now be around 1000 dollars/m. Which I can't afford. So now the new healthcare system will force me to take the tax penalty. Which is now something like 2.5k. I would rather have the choice of my providers than be stuck forced to pay the cheaper penalty. ",
"I think it's brilliant. I live in the UK and find it hard to see any reason why you wouldn't want it. I can understand that a privatised health care system *should* offer better care but on the flip side, the NHS answers to the people and has no shareholders to impress.\n\nIn other discussions I have heard people say stuff like 'I never get sick so why should I pay to support others?' but all it takes is one accident to put you massively in debt and potentially ruin your life.\n\nI only know the basics of Obamacare but it seems like a bizarre system to me. What happens if you have no insurance, are single, have no family and then fall into a coma? Do they pull the plug fairly quickly or do they wait til you wake up and slap you with a massive bill? What happens if a homeless man gets cancer? Does he just have to wait until he dies without any care at all? I'm not trying to have a dig, I'm just looking to broaden my knowledge.\n\nEdit: I seem to have misread the question. I thought it was a discussion on the pros and cons rather than the differences. Apologies!",
"Basically Obamacare expands the existing US system of commercial insurance and commercial providers so that everyone is covered- if you can afford it you are required to buy insurance coverage, and get subsidies if you don't, and you can't be denied for pre-existing conditions or limited by lifetime maximums. Other countries replace the commercial insurance and sometimes even the commercial providers with government run agencies. "
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6opuls | why do employers delay paychecks to their workers? | Why do big employers that clearly don't miss the money, sometimes don't pay the paychecks at the same day and sometimes weeks in delay to the payments?
It seems too common in the lower ranks these days
Edit: I didn't explain it right, I heard about a woman who works with my sister as a cleaner, she obviously is supposed to get paid monthly, but the employer didn't pay for 2 months now and is going to pay her all those months together soon, but until than she struggles to survive without the money.
The employer is a very big company that does not have financial issues, why would they do it, and why is it legal?
Edit2: I don't live in the USA so the laws might be different. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6opuls/eli5_why_do_employers_delay_paychecks_to_their/ | {
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"It is called being paid in arrears, and it is a common practice for just about all forms of employment, \"lower ranks\" or not.\n\nIt takes time and effort to figure out all the sick time, vacation, and overtime, cut checks, and order money transferred. You also want to build in an approval process and error checking. It is a lot easier and more cost effective to do this a couple a time a month, and give payroll a week to do it.\n\nAlso, if only getting paid every two weeks vs. every day makes a big difference to you, that speaks more to your personal finance skills than to how your employer is treating you.\n\n",
"So typically a pay cycle ends one week, they send it to payroll, to actually write the checks and you get it in another week.\n\nIf you get paid every 2 weeksand the pay period runs (Week 1 and Week 2), week 2 is the end of the pay week, but you don't get paid till Week 1 of the next pay week.\n\nSay you start Monday Week 1, everyone else is going to get paid this Friday, but your hours, don't even get turned into payroll till the end of Week 2, and then you get paid the end of the next week 1 again, when everyone else gets paid again.\n\nthis may seem like and is explained sometimes as holding your check for a week, but it is just the way the pay cycle works.\n\n\n\n**Hours worked**\n\nSunday Jan 1st - Saturday Jan 14th \n\n**Gets Paid on**\n\nFriday Jan 20th\n\n**Hours worked**\n\nSunday Jan 15th - Sat Jan 28th\n\n**Gets Paid**\n\nFriday Feb 4th\n\n\nSo you start working on **Monday Jan 16th**, everyone except you gets a paycheck on **Friday Jan 20th**, You don't get a check till **Friday Feb 4th**, not because they are screwing you or trying to hold onto your money, but because your hours don't get turned into payroll till **Sat Jan 28th**."
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3usr84 | the difference between 1080i and 1080p. which is better for gaming? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3usr84/eli5the_difference_between_1080i_and_1080p_which/ | {
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"The \"i\" means interlaced and the \"p\" means progressive scan. In 1080i only half the image gets drawn at a time, every other line. With \"p\" all the lines are replaced at once. Only the old CRT monitors could do 1080i, and its quite inferior to 1080p anyways. Unless you're using a massive old tube box, use 1080p.",
"1080P is better. 1080i is doing some nonsense with half rendering each frame to get lesser hardware to output \"1080\" content. ",
"Interlaced video (1080i) only shows you every even line of the picture then every odd line of the picture. This was to compensate for limitations in what video hardware could handle ten years ago. The upside is that the hardware only needs to be half as powerful in order to handle only half of the image each frame. But, it shouldn't be necessary today.\n\nThe downside is that [it looks like this.](_URL_1_)\n\n[Here's a slowed-down gif of an interlaced image in motion.](_URL_2_)\n\nMore info: _URL_0_",
"the better question is whether 720p or 1080i is better. i get calls from customers complaining their digital box is showing 720p only and they think they're getting scammed because they're \"paying for 1080\" service. when i try to explain progressive vs interlace to them they go completely mute. and repeat how they're supposed to get 1080. so i teach them how to get to 1080i on their digital box and in my mind, i'm thinking you're actually getting a shittier picture on 1080i compared to 720p.",
"p is always better than i.\n\n\"i\" stands for interlaced: on each frame, it either draws the odd lines or the even lines. So you only really get half as many \"pixels per second\". In fact you get more pixels per second with 720p than 1080i.\n\nInterlacing also adds \"teeth\" to images since it is made up of two images. [Here's an example](_URL_0_). A lot of people won't notice this, since you're seeing 30 such frames per second, but it's there if you're looking for it.\n\n\"p\" stands for progressive scan, which means each frame has every line.\n\n",
"Progressive, always. Interlacing was used by television broadcasters back in the days of analog to save bandwidth.\n\nThe power cycles at either 50hz or 60hz depending on where you are in the world and in order to match that the frames have to be the same.\n\nBut a large amount of movie content was 24fps. They sped this up to 25 fps then split each frame into 2 fields for effectively 50 fields per second(50hz).\n\nThey did some more tricky shit (3:2) to get the frame rate to around 30 fps and did the same interlacing again to 60 fields per second(60hz).\n\nThe bandwidth savings in doing this are moot with digital compression codecs and while the phi phenomenon did work(mostly) it's still noticeable on high motion scenes like sports and video games.\n\nInterlacing should be well and truly dead at this point. Things like g-sync and freesync make a lot more sense in making the monitor adapt to the GPU's output rather than the other way around with vsync.",
"There are some good answers here. As other posts have said the 'i' stands for interlaced and the 'p' stands for progressive.\nThe 1080 means that there are 1080 horizontal lines on the screen. \nWith an interlaced picture for every frame there is a new line drawn on every second line 1,3,5,7 etc then on the next frame lines 2,4,6,8 etc are drawn. \nWith a progressive picture for every frame every line is drawn. (line 1,2,3,4 etc)\nAs for the second part of your question. 1080p will give you a clearer picture than 1080i but it can require more powerful hardware. ",
"For the record, interlaced would never be used for gaming anyway. Interlaced is only used for broadcast footage, and it's deinterlaced upon receiving the signal. So it would never affect gaming. It's not like they make 1080i televisions. Interlaced is just a video file formatting type, not a resolution. So it's not really something you should have to worry about in reality. It's behind the scenes stuff that you'll never have to deal with unless you work exporting final video files for broadcast television.",
"1080p and 1080i are *television* resolutions. I wish people could get this right. It is very depressing to see so many using the wrong notation. A computer display resolution is properly notated with two numbers: 1920x1080 for example. Not all computer displays are 16:9 ratio and there haven't been interlaced computer displays for many years, so it is improper to use the television style notation which assumes 16:9 ratio. This confusion has become rampant in the last 4-5 years since display manufacturers have started to push the 16:9 ratio onto everybody. It is cheaper for them to make *exclusively* 16:9 panels (using them for both TVs and monitors) and shove everybody into using them than it would be to do things the old way - having different choices of ratios for computer displays, not needing to worry about televisions because they weren't manufactured the same way. This is why a good 16:10 monitor costs more than twice as much as a 16:9 monitor, and also why 4:3 and 5:4 don't really exist as display ratios anymore.\n\nThe P means progressive scan, which refreshes the *entire* screen each cycle. I is for interlaced scan, which refreshes only every alternate horizontal line every cycle. Therefore, interlaced scan is effectively half-resolution, and it can create some very unpleasant display artifacts. Furthermore, all computer displays will be progressive scan unless you're using a television as a TV monitor, or playing a game console which will be used on a TV anyway."
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s1833 | how can we prosecute hate speech if the first amendment says we can't abridge the freedom of speech. | I'm not a lawyer, so I'm wondering why the phrase "hate speech" has any legal distinction from just plain speech as mentioned in the First Amendment. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/s1833/eli5_how_can_we_prosecute_hate_speech_if_the/ | {
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"there are actually many forms of unprotected speech, sedition (presenting a clear threat to overthrow the government),\nobscenity (mostly just hard-core or child porn)\n\"fighting words,\" (those which incite a hostile reaction)\ndefamation (slander or libel against a public figure),\nsome commercial speech (what businesses advertise, etc)\n\nThe intent of the 1st amendment was not to protect these types of speech, and the phrase 'freedom of speech' is just a shorthand way of presenting this idea. \n\nhate speech is actually quite legal and protected by the constitution in the US",
"We can't. Hate speech is legal in the USA, unless you're being obscene or making threats of immediate violence.",
"Well, let's start with something that ViniTheHat said: freedom of speech doesn't mean that any and all kinds of speech are allowed. The most stereotypical example is shouting \"Fire!\" in a crowded theater, but there are others—for example, commercial speech is restricted by things like false advertising laws, so a company that lies in its advertising to sell its product may be punished for it.\n\nWhat freedom of speech means, very roughly, is that we may not penalize speech unless it infringes on some other comparably important right. Shouting \"Fire!\" in the crowded theater infringes on the right of other people to be free from unnecessary physical danger, because doing so may cause a panic where people stampede and some are hurt or killed.\n\nWith hate speech and hate crimes in general, the idea is that some acts have as their intent or effect to terrorize a group of people. If I attack a man because he is gay and I verbally express myself in a way that demonstrates this, the effect of my acts isn't just the physical injury to that man; it also has an effect on other gay men, who are likely to be intimidated into not saying or doing things that they have the right to do out of fear of being attacked.\n\nTo bring it full circle, if another gay man in the same neighborhood was planning to start a newsletter on gay issues, or to go testify in a city council hearing about gay affairs, and because of fear instilled by the attack no longer does it, well, the hate crime's consequence has been to intimidate somebody else into not exercising their freedom of speech."
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5lcze2 | how is it that a os upgrade on my phone has the ability to drastically alter the battery life? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5lcze2/eli5_how_is_it_that_a_os_upgrade_on_my_phone_has/ | {
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"Here's a hypothetical example:\n\nLet's say your phone OS version 1 has a function that any app can call, to get the current GPS coordinates. When any app calls that function, the OS uses the GPS to get the current coordinates, and returns that information to the app.\n\nEach use of the GPS uses a little bit of power. People start installing lots of apps that constantly ask for the location in the background. Eventually, there are many requests for this every second, and it accounts for a good bit of your battery use each day.\n\nIn version 2, they change this function. Now, each time it reads the GPS information, it saves the coordinates in a temporary scratch location, along with what time it is. Next time any app calls this function, it checks: has it been longer than 5 seconds since it saved those coordinates last time? If it hasn't been more than 5 seconds, then the OS doesn't bother actually using the GPS; it just returns the coordinates it saved last time.\n\nApp after app after app asks for the GPS coordinates, and the OS just gives them the same numbers from what it saved in scratch, using hardly any battery power for this super-simple operation. Until 5 seconds pass, and the next time an app asks, the OS actually uses the GPS... and saves it again, with a new time. Now apps ask again and again and again, and they get these newly saved coordinates, for the next 5 seconds.\n\nThe total number of times your OS asks the GPS to actually figure out the location, is now a very small fraction of what it was before. Much battery power is conserved.\n\nNow, that example is oversimplified, but it gives you the basic idea of what's going on. The OS provides a lot of services to apps and the phones UI in general. Software engineers measure which things the phone is doing are using up the most battery power, and then think up ways to do those same things using less power."
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bp9as6 | why do video streaming websites like youtube choose to support 60 fps only for 720p and above? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bp9as6/eli5_why_do_video_streaming_websites_like_youtube/ | {
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"The lower quality tiers are usually for people who have slow internet connection. 60fps would however need more data to be transferred so it'd be counter-intuitive to make the 480p and lower available with 60fps."
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||
cnhw0o | why do humans unconciously lift heavy weights with their backs, although a) leg muscles are stronger and b) it would be healthier? | English is not my first language, sorry if my question is not easy to understand.
EDIT: Thanks for all the answers first! While thinking about this, I personally also figuered that there‘s some kind of societal pressure too. Imagine for example dropping your keys and then doing a full squad to pick them up. It would look hilarious and most people would just bend over to pick them up.
Although in this case, it is no ‚heavy‘ lifting in that sense.. should‘ve maybe left it away in the title.. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/cnhw0o/eli5_why_do_humans_unconciously_lift_heavy/ | {
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"Muscle memory is unconcious and built through repetitions. Somebody trained like in a gym, would learn and \"unconciously\" use the legs too, for example, if he's been doing deadlifts in proper form.\n\nSomeone who is disabled from the waist down for example, would have appropriate bio mechanics to use their hands like for \"walking\" -- that is because they move around with their hands and not their legs. Same principle applies to those who use their backs instead of their legs for heavy lifting.\n\nSo incorrect repetitions or just infrequent lifting of stuff can lead you to use the less appropriate muscle group e.g. lower back instead of legs.\n\n\nPS your English is fine",
"If you watch small children squat down and stand up or attempt to lift a box of toys (or even a large toy), their mechanical form is often excellent. I would suggest that \"lifting with the back\" or, more formally, using incorrect form for any given lift, is either learned or a direct result of laziness.\n\nStraight-legged deadlifts are an exercise that I train in the gym because it trains the hamstrings. Like any other exercise (especially weight bearing) it requires practise and correct technique. I've had lots of other gym goers come and try to \"correct\" my technique until I explain what I am doing.\n\nTLDR: \"Lifting with your back\" is not necessarily bad but is often used by the average person at the wrong time for the lift they are trying to achieve.\n\nEdit: Not the best video but the fastest one I could find [Child lifting naturally](_URL_0_)",
"Chances are you're living in a modern society. People from rural places lift with a deadlift movement; bending at the hips. First reason is stiffness. Most people have to go into half squat position to pick something off the floor. Flexible people can literally just bend down with their backs straight. Second reason is muscle weakness and laziness. To many sedentary people, just squatting down feels like walking up a flight of stairs. Arching your back takes much less effort and you don't get that burn in the legs.",
"We tend to use the muscles that require the least energy. Since leg muscles are stronger, they require more energy. Therefore, we use our backs when we can.\n\nThis is an excellent strategy, right up until it isn't."
]
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[],
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"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=602qOIg_f3c"
],
[],
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|
6pjqw2 | why do nuts and seeds contain so much oil? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6pjqw2/eli5_why_do_nuts_and_seeds_contain_so_much_oil/ | {
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"text": [
"Imagine you wanted to pack as much energy into your little seed as possible so the plant baby gets the best head start possible. Fat = 9 calories per gram. Protein or Carbs = 4 calories per gram.\n\nPretty much that."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
||
8i464u | is “a hour” still correct because a vowel doesn’t follow it? even though “an hour” sounds better because the sound when you say “hour” is an “o” sound? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8i464u/eli5_is_a_hour_still_correct_because_a_vowel/ | {
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"text": [
"The a/an rule depends on whether the next word begins with a vowel *sound,* not a vowel letter.",
"The choice of \"a\" or \"an\" is based on the sound that the word starts with, not how it's spelled. So \"an hour\" because it sounds like \"our\", and \"a uniform\" because it sounds like \"yuniform\".",
"\"Hour\" begins with a vowel sound (ˈau̇(-ə)r) rather than an \"h\" sound, so we would normally say \"an hour\". The rules are more about sounds rather than spellings."
]
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[],
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||
651pg7 | is there a standard for whether tl;dr be included at the beginning or the end of a post? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/651pg7/eli5is_there_a_standard_for_whether_tldr_be/ | {
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"text": [
"No, there is no standard of when to put it in. If you write a big wall of text, you can consider putting it in if you want but there isn't any rules for or against it. Typically they are at the bottom as to not give away the key points of the story for those who read the entire post."
]
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[]
] |
||
1stnih | why can i see memories of places or people when my eyes are closed? | I was just laying down and realized that when my eyes were closed I was actually visualizing images that I wasn't looking at. How does my brain project those images as pictures that I feel like I'm seeing with my eyes? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1stnih/eli5_why_can_i_see_memories_of_places_or_people/ | {
"a_id": [
"ce15x3v"
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"score": [
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"text": [
"Your mind's eye activates pretty much the same area of the brain that your actual eyes do. So, when you imagine things like that, it can really be like literally seeing them.\n\nNeat!"
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
|
20j3r7 | what is the difference between all the colored teas? eg: green tea, black tea, purple?? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/20j3r7/eli5_what_is_the_difference_between_all_the/ | {
"a_id": [
"cg3rpnw"
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"text": [
"a tea leaf is picked and dried. that's green.\n\nif left to slightly oxidize (like brown bananas or apples), its then oolong tea. \n\nwhen tea leaf is more oxidized, it's called black tea in western circles, or red tea in asians circles.\n\npurple tea is basically a tea plant that has red leaves. "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
||
dsf8vw | who's exactly profiting off this anti vax movement | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dsf8vw/eli5_whos_exactly_profiting_off_this_anti_vax/ | {
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"text": [
"Andrew Wakefield, the fraud who first came up with the vaccine < - > autism link sought to profit from the scare he was creating by making million from selling 'test kits' for the syndrome he had invented.\n\nNowadays all sorts of snake oil salesmen are riding the coat-tails of the anti-vax movement selling all sorts of alternatives to vaccines that don't work.\n\nfor the most part for most people it is not about profit but about a feeling of self-importance and knowing better than the rest that drives them.\n\nIgnorance coupled with impotence makes people want to feel more empowered by going against the stream and latching onto any cooky story that makes them feel better about themselves."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
||
26xaqs | is the center of a rotating circle at rest? | If a surface such as a CD is spinning, the outer edges are traveling at a higher rate than the inner diameter. At what point is speed reduced to 0?
If you were to walk across a rotating circle, what happens in the middle? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/26xaqs/eli5_is_the_center_of_a_rotating_circle_at_rest/ | {
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"The very center of a CD it is rotating, but not moving in space (relative to the rest of the CD). ",
"Speed is usually measured in unit of distance per unit of time. (like miles per hour)\n\nThe center has no speed in this sense, but it is moving because it is rotating. (usually measured in rotations per unit of time) like RPMs Rotations Per Minute\n\n",
"There is, in general, a line through any rotating body called the axis of rotation. Any points in the body that fall on this line experience no motion due to rotation. All other points experience motion due to rotation. In principle, if you were standing somewhere along the line and had no knowledge of what was going on around you, you would have no way to know the rest of the body was rotating.\n\n**tl;dr: The exact center of a uniform disk has a rotational speed of exactly zero. It does not rotate.**"
]
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[],
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|
1nd43f | why do i sometimes sneeze when i see bright lights? and why don't people believe me when i tell them about it? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1nd43f/eli5_why_do_i_sometimes_sneeze_when_i_see_bright/ | {
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"_URL_0_\n\nbasically you are allergic to sunlight. My housemate has it and we have a giggle whenever he walks outside on a nice day",
"It's called Photic sneeze reflex and my dad has it.\n\nFrom Wikipedia: The photic sneeze reflex (also known as photoptarmosis, colloquially known as \"sun sneezing\") is a condition of uncontrollable sneezing in response to numerous stimuli, such as looking at bright lights or periocular (surrounding the eyeball) injection. The condition affects 18–35% of the population, but its exact mechanism of action is not well understood.\n\nPhotic sneeze reflex, also sometimes referred to using the contrived acronym Autosomal dominant Compelling Helio-Ophthalmic Outburst (ACHOO) syndrome,[2] and the \"Peroutka Sneeze Gene\",[citation needed] is a hereditary trait which causes sneezing, possibly many times consecutively (due to naso-ocular reflex[3]) when suddenly exposed to bright light. The condition affects 18–35% of the human population.[4]\n\nThe first mention of the phenomenon is probably in the later work attributed to Aristotle (Problems, book XXXIII).[5] (between the third century BCE to the 6th century CE).\n\nThere does not appear to be evidence that this sneeze reflex is actually inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. Some SNPs have been associated with photic sneeze reflex, yet much of the heredity remains to be understood.\n\n_URL_0_"
]
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||
1ugu4h | if evolution happens so slowly, why aren't there transitional species that live in parallel with the most evolved versions? why is it the transitional species die out? | For example, we know that Homo Sapiens evolved from apes. Why is it that none of the transitionary species halfway between apes and homo sapiens are living parallel to us? If evolution occurs so slowly shouldn't we expect to see them today? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ugu4h/eli5_if_evolution_happens_so_slowly_why_arent/ | {
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"They did, until very recently. Neaderthals lived in Europe in very recent history, and there's some evidence for interbreeding between the ancestors of modern humans and Neaderthal populations. That being said, recent Homo Sapiens are a *spectacularly* successful species and would have been competing for niches with our hominid relatives, it would not have been hard for our ancestors to wipe them out.\n\nIn the case of other species, they frequently do. Look up ring species, for example.",
"Homo sapiens *are* apes, and share a common ancestor with other species of apes.",
"As PaulLattan said, we are apes. Also, there's no reason for a transitionary species to be \"halfway\" between other primates and humans. It could be much more like the other primates than like us, or vice-versa. I also don't understand why the slow speed of evolution ought to lead to more transitionary species. If anything, it should make speciation more difficult, and hence fewer transitionary forms. I dislike the term \"transitionary\" because it implies that there is actually some final form towards which evolution moves (untrue). \n\nLastly, how smooth must the transition between species be for you to be satisfied? Suppose the question was, \"why aren't there transitionary forms between chimpanzees and humans?\" I would say, \"because they are dead, or they just didn't evolve\". Chimpanzees and humans are quite similar genetically and also physiologically. ",
"Every single species on the planet *is* a transitional species. Come back in 40 million years time and it's unlikely you'll find many of the current species still in existence, the vast majority of them will have evolved into something else. Remember, evolution doesn't have a goal and it never stops happening, each generation is always very very slightly different from the previous one.",
"You're coming at it with a very common mistaken view of evolution as linear. There's Apes, half-apes and humans. Half evolved and fully evolved. This is wrong. Life is in fact like tree, with the currently alive species as the tips of the branches. And every single species is just as evolved as everything else, from bacteria to dogs. They're just adapted to their ecological niche. \n\nEvery single species alive is a \"transitional species\" in a sense. If you were to go to the future, and unearth homo sapien fossils, and later primates you could call that a \"transitional fossil\" because it shows transitional features linking these groups. \n\n\"Transitional fossil\" is kind of just an artifact of the relatively spotty fossil record. Relative to the amount of species that are believed to have existed, and only a very small amount have left fossils behind. All fossils are technically transitional as I said, it's just that the fossils/species called \"transitional\" tend to be the ones that show the most dramatic changes and are used as teaching aides. \n\nWhy specifically did all the other Homo genus species die off is just the happenstance of history. It could have happened another way. There's lots of ideas as to why they specifically died off and only we remain, such as competition from homo sapiens. \n\nDid that make sense? ",
"This all depends on the species. I'll use wooly mammoths - elephants for an example. As the earth began to come out of the ice age, temperatures slowly got warmer. Smaller, slightly less wooly mammoths survived better than the larger ones. Through natural selection, it was these warm-suited mammoths that passed on their genes that caused the transition from mammoth to elephant. We don't have mammoths because their traits would cause them to overheat easily. Elephants on the other hand has hugs ears, are smaller, and have little hair. These traits keep them cool on hot climates. Mammoths didn't go \"extinct\" as in they all just died, they slowly evolved into a species better suited for warm weather. We see some of these \"transitional\" in different species of elephants, but these just continued to pass down genes for little hair and big ears. Their offspring continued to pass these traits down and so on. With these animals constantly evolving, dead generations aren't really consider an individual \"species\" that are extinct. Hard to explain, really....",
"Really, everything is a potential transitional species. The birds in your yard, the fish in the water. You. Evolution doesn't just stop or start due to climate stress or predator competition. And some of those animals will go extinct and in 1000 years people will find their skeleton and compare to their species, and if they match up well, they can assume they are related.",
"For speciation to occur (one species diverging into two species), a community of the original species must be some how separated from the rest of the population. This could be from a great catastrophe, a migration, or some other accident. When this occurs, each population will start to collect separate mutations and changes, and eventually the mutations will become so numerous that the two populations will be unable to produce fertile offspring should they ever encounter one another again. This is why islands have such distinctive species, but also of the same genera as the species on the nearest mainland.\n\nUnless this separation occurs, then the mutations are generally shared about the whole gene pool, and the whole population can inherit a favourable mutation.\n\nThis is why you don't really see ‘transitional species’ in parallel with ‘more evolved’ (which isn't really a very useful term) forms. Either one species has diverged into two species, or the whole species' gene pool has undergone change. It is precisely because it happens so slowly that you do not see them co-existing, because a single variation does not make a new species — it takes a large amount of genetic separation over a long period for that to happen. The most you will usually see co-existing in the way you describe are subspecies and varieties, like the way the domestic dog and the wolf co-exist. \n\nAs has been mentioned, all species are transitional, because evolution hasn't just suddenly stopped. The descendants of today's organisms will be different to today, and they will be considered the ancient transitional species. That's why transitional species isn't really a very useful word.\n\nNow what is interesting, and fairly similar to what you were asking, is ring species. In ring species, you might have say 4 sub-species of an organism, and each sub-species lives ‘next door’ (on a rather large scale) to the other. Species A can successfully breed with species B next door, and B can with C, and C can with D... but A and C, B and D, and A and D cannot reproduce together. In other words, the gene pool of A and B have not diverged so much as to make their offspring infertile, but A and C have. [This map](_URL_0_) shows species of seagull around the arctic circle, and how they can inter-breed only with the species next door. This is similar, then, to ‘transitional species’ co-existing — separated in space, rather than in time.",
"Every species is a transitional species, including you. They're around, you just don't think of them as transitional because your life is not long enough to notice any meaningful evolutionary changes."
]
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[],
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[],
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"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ring_species_seagull.svg"
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|
1olas7 | why does it take musicians so much longer to come out with new matrial compared with decades ago? | I realize there are some exceptions, but generally the bands of the 60s and 70s would release an album every 8 months to a year, while now it takes sometimes 3, 4, even 5 years on average between albums for modern bands. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1olas7/why_does_it_take_musicians_so_much_longer_to_come/ | {
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"What are you talking about?\n\nMusicians are more prolific than ever. Recording technology has gotten significantly cheaper, more accessible, and simpler. \n\n",
"I feel like a part of it might have to do with a decrease in profitability from record sales and an increase in focus on performing. These days bands are too busy touring to record and put out new albums.",
"I think delays are often for personal/creative reasons. They may be touring or just wish for a break. I've heard TOOL only leaves several years between each album to ensure that their new material will be something fresh and unique. Listen to a lot of material from artists who come out with music every year. It's pretty similar."
]
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[],
[],
[]
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|
4dmhic | the organization of house #s in america | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4dmhic/eli5_the_organization_of_house_s_in_america/ | {
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"text": [
"I just bought a house in America (yay). I told my family in the motherland (UK), and they asked why the long house numbers? Is there a 1 Main Street? Why is my house # 10126, when it's not the 10,126th house on the street? As its the 8th house on the street, why isn't my house # 8?\n\n",
"What, specifically, are you looking to understand?\n\nEven numbered houses are on one side of the street, odd numbered are on the other. Each city block typically has a hundreds number and the houses are numbered more or less sequentially along that block. \n\nSo the last house on, say, the \"1400 block\" might be 1412 or whatever and the next house over as you cross the street to the next block might be 1502 (can't be 1501 if it's on the even-numbered side of the street per the 1412 number we started with).",
"I can't speak for how houses are numbered in rural areas, but in cities you typically get numbers that correlate with which side of the street and which block a house is on. So let's say 1st Street runs North to South in a small town, spanning 5 blocks. The blocks from North to South are the 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 blocks. Blocks on the West side of the street are odd numbers, blocks on the East are even numbers. In this hypothetical situation, people can easily figure out where a house is located on a street once they turn onto the street and notice the patterns. Different cities will have variations on how houses are numbered, but they all tend to establish patterns which allow people to figure their way about. \n\nGoing back to my hypothetical 1st Street, let's say I live at a house marked 222. You're driving to my house and only know you need to find my street and then my house number. You're driving East and hit 1st Street and take a left. You see 487 on the left and 490 on the right. You know to keep going North past two intersections and look for my house on the right. Easy, no?"
]
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||
2v37ni | why can't i sort by folder size or see the size of a folder on windows explorer. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2v37ni/eli5_why_cant_i_sort_by_folder_size_or_see_the/ | {
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"I can't give a certain answer but my best guess would be that for that Windows Explorer would also need to recognise the sizes of subfolders and sub-subfolders etc, which adds calculations to the loading of everything you look at in Explorer, also making things run slower. Especially when you consider how many files can potentially be in a single tree. \nThey might figure out an efficient way of doing this but as of yet that's probably the reason they haven't done it.",
"I think it's just because microsoft didn't bother implementing it...\n\n[here](_URL_0_) is a programm that does it :)"
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[
"http://www.jam-software.com/treesize_free/"
]
] |
||
2jdt6w | how do those little lead weights they put on tire rims balance wheels on a multi-ton car? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2jdt6w/eli5_how_do_those_little_lead_weights_they_put_on/ | {
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"text": [
"The weight of the car is irrelevant. Those weights are only balancing the wheel itself. Due to its construction, the wheels aren't off by too much. So those weights are enough to balance. ",
"The weight of the car has no impact whatsoever on how the wheels are balanced. You just need the mass of the wheel+tire to be symmetrical around its axis of rotation, and adding weights in strategic locations can balance the wheel's mass so that it rotates without wobbling."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[]
] |
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