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https://github.com/Canicio/tweetstake/blob/master/tweetstake/apps/csv/tests/test_dao.py | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | tweetstake | Canicio | Python | Code | 150 | 786 | import unittest
from typing import Any, List
from unittest import mock
from unittest.mock import Mock
from io import TextIOWrapper, BufferedIOBase
from tweetstake.apps.csv.dao import CsvDAO
class CsvDAOTest(unittest.TestCase):
def setUp(self) -> None:
# Instantiate test class
self.csv_dao: CsvDAO = CsvDAO()
@mock.patch('tweetstake.apps.csv.dao.CsvDAO._CsvDAO__deserialize')
@mock.patch('tweetstake.apps.csv.dao.CsvDAO._CsvDAO__validate_domain')
@mock.patch('csv.reader')
def test_read_objects_list(self, mocked_csv_reader_method: Mock, mocked_validate_domain_method: Mock,
mocked_deserialize_method: Mock) -> None:
# Mock CSV API methods
mocked_csv_reader_method.return_value = TestHelper.get_list_of_lists()
# Mock PRIVATE methods
mocked_validate_domain_method.return_value = None
mocked_deserialize_method.return_value = DomainClassHelper()
# Asserts
result = self.csv_dao.read_objects_list(TextIOWrapper(buffer=BufferedIOBase()), DomainClassHelper)
mocked_csv_reader_method.assert_called_once()
mocked_validate_domain_method.assert_called_once_with(DomainClassHelper, ['field1', 'field2', 'field3'])
mocked_deserialize_method.assert_called_once_with(DomainClassHelper, ['field1', 'field2', 'field3'],
['value1', 'value2', 'value3'])
self.assertEqual(1, len(result))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(result[0], 'field1'))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(result[0], 'field2'))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(result[0], 'field3'))
self.assertFalse(hasattr(result[0], 'field4'))
self.assertTrue(result[0].field1 == 'value1')
self.assertTrue(result[0].field2 == 'value2')
self.assertTrue(result[0].field3 == 'value3')
class TestHelper(object):
@staticmethod
def get_list_of_lists() -> List[List]:
list1: List = list()
list2: List = list()
list3: List = list()
list1.append('field1')
list1.append('field2')
list1.append('field3')
list2.append('value1')
list2.append('value2')
list2.append('value3')
list3.append(list1)
list3.append(list2)
return list3
class DomainClassHelper(object):
def __init__(self) -> None:
self.field1 = 'value1'
self.field2 = 'value2'
self.field3 = 'value3'
| 40,296 |
http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/e7bb3fba-ee11-11e3-8cd4-01aa75ed71a1_4 | Eurovoc | Open Government | CC-By | 2,014 | Regioonide Komitee arvamus teemal „Põllumajandussaaduste ja -toodete teavitamis- ja müügiedendusmeetmed siseturul ja kolmandates riikides” | None | Romanian | Spoken | 11,507 | 23,833 | Erityisesti on syytä tarkistaa tiedotus- ja menekinedistämistoimien hallintoperiaatteita niiden yksinkertaistamiseksi ja jotta komissio voisi vahvistaa säännöt ja menettelyt ohjelmaehdotusten jättämiselle ja valinnalle. (14) Unioni haluaa yksinkertaistaa YMP:n sääntely-ympäristöä. Tätä lähestymistapaa on syytä soveltaa myös maataloustuotteiden tiedotus- ja menekinedistämistoimia koskevaan asetukseen. Erityisesti on syytä tarkistaa tiedotus- ja menekinedistämistoimien hallintoperiaatteita niiden yksinkertaistamiseksi ja jotta komissio voisi mahdollisuuksien mukaan antaa täytäntöönpanosäädöksiä, jotka mahdollistavat jäsenvaltioiden osallistumisen yhteistyössä Euroopan alueiden kanssa vahvistaa säännöt ja menettelyt sääntöjen ja menettelyjen vahvistamiseen ohjelmaehdotusten jättämiselle ja valinnalle. Perustelu Komitea katsoo, että komission on määritettävä jäsenvaltioiden ja Euroopan alueiden kanssa säännöt ja menettelyt ohjelmaehdotusten jättämiselle ja valinnalle, koska jäsenvaltiot ja Euroopan alueet ottavat alueillaan vallitsevien erilaisten tilanteiden ja olojen pohjalta huomioon erityisiä kriteerejä. Komitean mielestä valintamenettelyn yksinkertaistamiseksi ei ole syytä sulkea jäsenvaltioita pois. Muutosehdotus 7 Johdanto-osan 16 kappale Komission ehdotus AK:n muutosehdotus (16) Toimien rahoituksen perusteet olisi määriteltävä. Unionin ei pääsääntöisesti olisi vastattava kuin osasta ohjelmien kustannuksia, jotta ehdotuksentekijöiden vastuu olisi suurempi. Eräät hallinto- ja henkilöstökustannukset, jotka eivät liity YMP:n täytäntöönpanoon, kuuluvat olennaisesti tiedotus- ja menekinedistämistoimiin ja voivat saada unionin rahoitustukea. (16) Toimien rahoituksen perusteet olisi määriteltävä. Unionin ei pääsääntöisesti olisi vastattava kuin osasta ohjelmien kustannuksia, jotta ehdotuksentekijöiden vastuu olisi suurempi. Eräät hallinto- ja henkilöstökustannukset, jotka eivät liity YMP:n täytäntöönpanoon, kuuluvat olennaisesti tiedotus- ja menekinedistämistoimiin ja voivat saada unionin rahoitustukea. Jäsenvaltiot voisivat myös yhteisrahoittaa osan ohjelmakustannuksista vapaaehtoisesti. Perustelu Komitea katsoo, että jäsenvaltioiden ja Euroopan alueiden pitäisi voida yhteisrahoittaa yhden jäsenvaltion ohjelmat, sillä alan tietyillä avaintoimijoilla ei aina ole tarvittavia määrärahoja tällaisten menekinedistämiskampanjoiden toteuttamiseen. Lisäksi kappaleen nykyinen sanamuoto voi hyödyttää pääasiassa eurooppalaisia tuottajia, joilla on suuremmat taloudelliset resurssit menekinedistämisohjelmiin. Muutosehdotus 8 2 artikla Komission ehdotus AK:n muutosehdotus Toimet sisämarkkinoilla Toimet sisämarkkinoilla ja kolmansissa maissa Sisämarkkinoilla tukikelpoisia toimia ovat seuraavat: a) tiedotustoimet, joissa korostetaan unionin maatalouden tuotantomenetelmien erikoispiirteitä erityisesti elintarvikkeiden turvallisuuden, aitouden sekä ravintoarvoihin ja hygieniaan liittyvien näkökohtien, eläinten hyvinvoinnin ja ympäristön kunnioittamisen suhteen; b) tiedotustoimet, jotka koskevat 5 artiklan 4 kohdassa tarkoitettuja aiheita. Sisämarkkinoilla t Tukikelpoisia toimia ovat seuraavat: a) tiedotustoimet, joissa korostetaan unionin maatalouden tuotantomenetelmien erikoispiirteitä erityisesti elintarvikkeiden turvallisuuden, aitouden, merkintöjen sekä ravintoarvoihin ja hygieniaan liittyvien näkökohtien, eläinten hyvinvoinnin ja ympäristön kunnioittamisen suhteen; b) tiedotustoimet, jotka koskevat 5 artiklan 4 kohdassa tarkoitettuja aiheita. Perustelu Sisämarkkinoilla ja ulkomarkkinoilla toteutettavien toimien välillä ei pidä tehdä eroa. Komitea ehdottaa, että 2 ja 3 artikla yhdistetään yhdeksi artiklaksi. Muutosehdotus 9 3 artikla Komission ehdotus AK:n muutosehdotus Toimet kolmansissa maissa Toimet kolmansissa maissa Kolmansissa maissa tukikelpoisia toimia ovat seuraavat: a) tiedotustoimet, joissa korostetaan maataloustuotteiden ja elintarvikkeiden ominaisuuksia ja jotka koskevat 5 artiklan 4 kohdassa tarkoitettuja aiheita; b) menekinedistämistoimet, joilla pyritään lisäämään EU:sta peräisin olevien maataloustuotteiden ja elintarvikkeiden myyntiä. Kolmansissa maissa tukikelpoisia toimia ovat seuraavat: a) tiedotustoimet, joissa korostetaan maataloustuotteiden ja elintarvikkeiden ominaisuuksia ja jotka koskevat 5 artiklan 4 kohdassa tarkoitettuja aiheita; b) menekinedistämistoimet, joilla pyritään lisäämään EU:sta peräisin olevien maataloustuotteiden ja elintarvikkeiden myyntiä. Perustelu Sisämarkkinoilla ja ulkomarkkinoilla toteutettavien toimien välillä ei pidä tehdä eroa. Komitea ehdottaa, että 2 ja 3 artikla yhdistetään yhdeksi artiklaksi. Muutosehdotus 10 5 artikla Komission ehdotus AK:n muutosehdotus 1. Seuraavia tuotteita voidaan käyttää toteutettaessa 3 artiklassa tarkoitettuja tiedotus- ja menekinedistämistoimia sekä esiteltäessä 2 artiklassa ja 3 artiklan a alakohdassa tarkoitettuja tuotantomenetelmiä ja aiheita: 1. Seuraavia tuotteita voidaan käyttää toteutettaessa 3 artiklassa tarkoitettuja tiedotus- ja menekinedistämistoimia sekä esiteltäessä 2 artiklassa ja 3 artiklan a alakohdassa tarkoitettuja tuotantomenetelmiä ja aiheita: a) Euroopan unionin toiminnasta tehdyn sopimuksen, jäljempänä ”perussopimus”, liitteessä I olevassa luettelossa olevat maataloustuotteet, lukuun ottamatta Euroopan parlamentin ja neuvoston asetuksen (EU) N:o [COM(2011)416] liitteessä I lueteltuja kalastus- ja vesiviljelytuotteita sekä tupakkaa; a) Euroopan unionin toiminnasta tehdyn sopimuksen, jäljempänä ”perussopimus”, liitteessä I olevassa luettelossa olevat maataloustuotteet, lukuun ottamatta Euroopan parlamentin ja neuvoston asetuksen (EU) N:o [COM(2011)416] liitteessä I lueteltuja kalastus- ja vesiviljelytuotteita sekä tupakkaa; b) Euroopan parlamentin ja neuvoston asetuksen (EU) N:o 1151/2012 liitteessä I olevassa I kohdassa luetellut maataloustuotteista valmistettavat elintarvikkeet; b) Euroopan parlamentin ja neuvoston asetuksen (EU) N:o 1151/2012 liitteessä I olevassa I kohdassa luetellut maataloustuotteista valmistettavat elintarvikkeet; c) alkoholijuomat, joilla on Euroopan parlamentin ja neuvoston asetuksen (EY) N:o 110/2008 mukainen suojattu maantieteellinen merkintä. c) alkoholijuomat, joilla on Euroopan parlamentin ja neuvoston asetuksen (EY) N:o 110/2008 mukainen suojattu maantieteellinen merkintä;. d) viini, jolla on Euroopan parlamentin ja neuvoston asetuksen (EY) N:o 1308/2013 mukainen suojattu alkuperänimitys tai maantieteellinen merkintä, sekä luonnonmukaisesti tuotettu viini voivat hyötyä tiedotus- ja menekinedistämistoimista. 2. Viinin osalta voidaan toteuttaa tiedotus- ja menekinedistämistoimia, jos asianomaiseen ohjelmaan kuuluu myös muita 1 kohdan a tai b alakohdassa tarkoitettuja tuotteita. 2 Viinin osalta voidaan toteuttaa tiedotus- ja menekinedistämistoimia, jos asianomaiseen ohjelmaan kuuluu myös muita 1 kohdan a tai b alakohdassa tarkoitettuja tuotteita. Perustelu Komitea katsoo, että viinialaa ei ole syytä käsitellä muista maataloustuotteista poikkeavalla tavalla. Eurooppalainen viiniala on tunnustettu ala, jota on suojeltava, koska sillä on tärkeä merkitys unionin sisämarkkinoilla ja koska sitä arvostetaan myös unionin ulkopuolella. Muutosehdotus 11 8 artikla Komission ehdotus AK:n muutosehdotus 1. Tiedotus- ja menekinedistämistoimilla edistetään eurooppalaisen maatalouden kilpailukyvyn paranemista sisämarkkinoilla ja kolmansissa maissa. Tavoitteet vahvistetaan 2 kohdassa tarkoitetussa työohjelmassa. 1. Tiedotus- ja menekinedistämistoimilla edistetään eurooppalaisen maatalouden kilpailukyvyn paranemista sisämarkkinoilla ja kolmansissa maissa. Tavoitteet vahvistetaan 2 kohdassa tarkoitetussa työohjelmassa. 2. Komissio hyväksyy täytäntöönpano-säädöksin työohjelman, jossa esitetään tavoitteet, painopistealueet, odotetut tulokset, täytäntöönpanoa koskevat yksityiskohtaiset säännöt ja rahoitussuunnitelman kokonaismäärä. Siinä myös kuvataan tärkeimmät arviointiperusteet ja rahoitettavat toimet, mainitaan kullekin toimityypille myönnetyt määrät sekä esitetään alustava täytäntöönpanoaikataulu ja avustuksille myönnettävän yhteisrahoituksen enimmäisosuus. 2. Komissio hyväksyy täytäntöönpano-säädöksin työohjelman, jossa esitetään tavoitteet, painopistealueet, odotetut tulokset, täytäntöönpanoa koskevat yksityiskohtaiset säännöt ja rahoitussuunnitelman kokonaismäärä. Siinä myös kuvataan tärkeimmät arviointi-perusteet ja rahoitettavat toimet, mainitaan kullekin toimityypille myönnetyt määrät sekä esitetään alustava täytäntöönpanoaikataulu ja avustuksille myönnettävän yhteisrahoituksen enimmäisosuus. Ohjelman laatimisessa komissio ottaa huomioon vuoristo-, saari- ja syrjäisimpien alueiden erityiset luonnonhaitat. Ensimmäisessä alakohdassa tarkoitettu täytäntöönpanosäädös hyväksytään 24 artiklan 3 kohdassa tarkoitettua neuvoa-antavaa menettelyä noudattaen. Ensimmäisessä alakohdassa tarkoitettu täytäntöönpanosäädös hyväksytään 24 artiklan 3 2 kohdassa tarkoitettua neuvoa-antavaa tarkastelumenettelyä noudattaen. 3. Edellä 1 kohdassa tarkoitettu työohjelma pannaan täytäntöön a) yhden jäsenvaltion ohjelmien osalta komission julkaisemalla ehdotuspyynnöllä, jossa esitetään erityisesti osallistumisedellytykset ja tärkeimmät arviointiperusteet; b) usean jäsenvaltion ohjelmien osalta komission julkaisemalla asetuksen (EU, Euratom) N:o 966/2012 I osan VI osaston mukaisella ehdotuspyynnöllä. 3. Edellä 1 kohdassa tarkoitettu työohjelma pannaan täytäntöön a) yhden jäsenvaltion ohjelmien osalta komission julkaisema illa kahdella ehdotuspyynnöllä, joissa esitetään erityisesti osallistumisedellytykset ja tärkeimmät arviointiperusteet; b) usean jäsenvaltion ohjelmien osalta komission julkaisema illa kahdella asetuksen (EU, Euratom) N:o 966/2012 I osan VI osaston mukaisella ehdotuspyynnöllä. Edellä alakohdissa a) ja b) mainituissa ehdotuspyynnöissä otetaan huomioon vuoristo-, saari- ja syrjäisimpien alueiden erityiset luonnonhaitat. Perustelu Komissio ottaa itselleen liikaa valtaa työohjelmaan liittyvässä päätöksentekomenettelyssä. Nykyinen asetus mahdollistaa kaksi ehdotuspyyntöä, minkä ansiosta hakijoiden ei tarvitse odottaa niin kauan toistaakseen ehdotuspyynnön. Muutosehdotus 12 12 artikla Komission ehdotus AK:n muutosehdotus 1. Komissio arvioi ja valitsee yhden jäsenvaltion ohjelmia koskevat ehdotukset 8 artiklan 3 kohdan a alakohdassa tarkoitetun ehdotuspyynnön perusteella. 1. Komissio arvioi ja valitsee yhden jäsenvaltion ohjelmia koskevat ehdotukset 8 artiklan 3 kohdan a alakohdassa tarkoitetun ehdotuspyynnön perusteella. 2. Komissio päättää täytäntöönpanosäädöksillä valituista yhden jäsenvaltion ohjelmista, niihin vaadituista muutoksista ja vastaavista määrärahoista. Kyseiset säädökset hyväksytään 24 artiklan 2 kohdassa tarkoitettua tarkastelumenettelyä noudattaen. 2. Komissio antaa täytäntöönpanosäädökset, jotka mahdollistavat jäsenvaltioiden ja Euroopan alueiden osallistumisen yhden jäsenvaltion ohjelmia koskevien ehdotusten arviointiin ja valintaan. 3. Komissio päättää täytäntöönpanosäädöksillä valituista yhden jäsenvaltion ohjelmista, niihin vaadituista muutoksista ja vastaavista määrärahoista. Kyseiset säädökset hyväksytään 24 artiklan 2 kohdassa tarkoitettua tarkastelumenettelyä noudattaen. Perustelu Komitea ei hyväksy ajatusta, että jäsenvaltiot suljetaan pois yhden jäsenvaltion ohjelmien arvioinnista ja valinnasta. Jäsenvaltioiden viranomaisilla täytyy olla aktiivinen osa tässä valinnassa, koska ne vastaavat 14 artiklan mukaan ohjelmien täytäntöönpanosta, seurannasta ja valvonnasta. Muutosehdotus 13 13 artikla Komission ehdotus AK:n muutosehdotus Ehdotuksentekijä valitsee asianmukaisin keinoin toteutetun kilpailumenettelyn avulla elimet, jotka panevat toimeen valitut yhden jäsenvaltion ohjelmat, erityisesti toimien tehokkaan toteutuksen varmistamiseksi. Ehdotuksentekijä valitsee asianmukaisin keinoin toteutetun kilpailumenettelyn avulla erityiselimet, jotka panevat toimeen valitut yhden jäsenvaltion ohjelmat, erityisesti toimien tehokkaan toteutuksen varmistamiseksi. Alueelliset menekinedistämistahot tai alueiden menekinedistämispalvelut voivat määrittää alueisiin ja alkuperän ilmoittamiseen liittyvät kansalliset yhteiset toimet. Perustelu On tärkeää korostaa jäsenvaltioiden osallistumista yhteistyössä alueiden kanssa tiedotus- ja menekinedistämistoimiin. Komitea ehdottaakin, että tekstiin lisätään alueilla toimivien menekinedistämistahojen ja -palvelujen osallistuminen. Nämä tahot ovat tehokkaita ja nopeita välineitä rahoitettaessa ohjelmia ja autettaessa niiden toteuttamisessa. Tavoitteena ei ole niiden rahoittaminen näistä varoista. Muutosehdotus 14 15 artiklan 1 kohta Komission ehdotus AK:n muutosehdotus 1. Yhden jäsenvaltion ohjelmille myönnettävä unionin rahoitusosuus voi olla enintään 50 prosenttia tukikelpoisista menoista. Lopuista menoista vastaa yksinomaan ehdotuksentekijä. 1. Yhden jäsenvaltion ohjelmille myönnettävä unionin rahoitusosuus voi olla enintään 50 prosenttia tukikelpoisista menoista. Unionin osuus nousee 75 prosenttiin EU:n syrjäisimpien alueiden ohjelmien kohdalla. Jäsenvaltiot voivat yhdessä Euroopan alueiden kanssa myös kattaa vapaaehtoisesti enintään 20 prosenttia ohjelmakustannuksista. Lopuista menoista vastaa yksinomaan ehdotuksentekijä. Perustelu Komitea katsoo, ettei jäsenvaltioilta saa sulkea pois mahdollisuutta yhden jäsenvaltion ohjelmien yhteisrahoitukseen, sillä alan tietyillä avaintoimijoilla ei aina ole tarvittavia määrärahoja tällaisten menekinedistämiskampanjoiden toteuttamiseen. Yrityksille voi myös kertyä suuria kustannuksia. Tästä kärsivät eniten pk-yritykset, ja toimiin saattaa osallistua lopulta yksinomaan suuria yrityksiä. Lisäksi tämä saattaa vaikuttaa tavoitteen vastaisesti ja vähentää ohjelmiin osallistumista. Komitea pitää 20 prosentin osuutta asianmukaisena, koska se tarjoaa mahdollisuuden tasata eroja jäsenvaltioiden menekinedistämiskustannuksissa. Muutosehdotus 15 23 artiklan 2 kohta Komission ehdotus AK:n muutosehdotus 2. Siirretään komissiolle valta antaa tässä asetuksessa tarkoitettuja delegoituja säädöksiä määräämättömäksi ajaksi tämän asetuksen voimaantulopäivästä. 2. Siirretään komissiolle valta antaa tässä asetuksessa tarkoitettuja delegoituja säädöksiä määräämättömäksi ajaksi tämän asetuksen voimaantulopäivästä. Perustelu Komitean mielestä komissiolle ei tule myöntää määräämätöntä aikaa delegoitujen säädösten antamiseen. Kyseinen maininta on syytä poistaa 2 kohdasta. C_2014174RO. 01002501. xml 7. 6. 2014 RO Jurnalul Oficial al Uniunii Europene C 174/25 Avizul Comitetului Regiunilor – Acțiunile de informare și promovare pentru produsele agricole pe piața internă și în țările terțe 2014/C 174/06 Raportor dl Pedro SANZ ALONSO (ES-PPE), președintele Guvernului regiunii La Rioja Document de referință Propunere de Regulament al Parlamentului European și al Consiliului privind acțiunile de informare și promovare pentru produsele agricole pe piața internă și în țările terțe COM(2013) 812 final I. RECOMANDĂRI POLITICE COMITETUL REGIUNILOR Generalități 1. întâmpină cu satisfacție și apreciază foarte pozitiv propunerea de regulament elaborată de Comisia Europeană, pentru că aceasta demonstrează interesul Comisiei față de acțiunile de informare și promovare pentru produsele agricole pe piața internă și în țările terțe și, în special, pentru că propune un cadru nou care sprijină și favorizează acțiunile de informare și promovare pentru produsele agricole europene atât înăuntrul, cât și în afara teritoriului UE; 2. consideră că acțiunile de informare și promovare pentru produsele provenite din agricultură și creșterea animalelor pe piața internă și în țările terțe sunt de o importanță deosebită pentru ca sectorul agricol să facă față numeroaselor provocări în contextul creșterii concurenței și pentru a facilita deschiderea piețelor, consolidând prezența acestor produse, dat fiind că producătorii agricoli europeni se confruntă cu provocarea legată de deschiderea frontierelor și globalizarea piețelor; 3. consideră că această propunere privind acțiunile de informare și promovare pentru produsele agricole va oferi consumatorilor, la nivel european și mondial, posibilitatea de a cunoaște mai bine calitatea și înaltele standarde de producție comunitare, garantându-le siguranța și securitatea alimentară și protecția mediului și inspirându-le încredere în produsele pe care le vor cumpăra și consuma; Astfel, se poate obține o rentabilitate mai mare pentru producători, prin valorificarea producțiilor agricole europene; 4. consideră că sectorul agricol european este fundamental pentru dezvoltarea economiilor locale și regionale, contribuind în mod considerabil la crearea de locuri de muncă și la menținerea și creșterea populației în teritoriile respective, dat fiind că activitățile de producție și prelucrare sunt strâns legate de teritorii. Această dimensiune regională trebuie să rămână un element esențial pentru realizarea obiectivului de amenajare echilibrată a teritoriului european; 5. subliniază că regiunile au nevoie de o politică de promovare ambițioasă și eficace, care să se concentreze asupra calității și caracterului tipic al produselor agricole. Aceste produse constituie patrimoniul cultural și gastronomic al Uniunii Europene și reprezintă, de asemenea, o componentă esențială a vieții economice și sociale a numeroase regiuni europene, ele asigurând activități direct legate de teritorii, în special în zonele rurale; 6. recomandă să se acorde o atenție specială grupului de produse agricole pregătite în mod specific cu ingrediente tradiționale și conform metodelor caracteristice unei anumite regiuni; Creșterea treptată și semnificativă a alocării bugetare 7. se consideră că majorarea alocării bugetare pentru această măsură este esențială, deoarece se propune lărgirea plajei de beneficiari și a listei de produse eligibile, și, în plus, a crescut contribuția Comisiei la programele multiple; 8. subliniază că acordurile bilaterale în curs de negociere cu țări terțe, cum ar fi Canada, SUA, Mercosur, sau alte acorduri de asociere arată faptul că acțiunile de promovare și de informare vor fi tot mai necesare, atât pe piața internă, cât și în țările terțe, pentru ca produsele europene să fie competitive; 9. semnalează faptul că pot fi în continuare finanțate acțiuni de informare și promovare pe piața internă, pentru a rămâne competitivi, cel puțin pentru produsele din cadrul unor sisteme de producție recunoscute sau de agricultură ecologică; 10. semnalează că reforma PAC aprobată este legată de politica comercială europeană și, la nivel mondial, Uniunea Europeană trebuie să contribuie la securitatea alimentară mondială, împreună cu politica comercială internațională, asigurând în cadrul OMC că agricultura Uniunii produce în condiții echitabile; Concentrarea măsurilor de promovare în țările terțe 11. consideră că a consacra 75 % din bugetul prevăzut pentru acțiunile de informare și de promovare în țările terțe poate însemna neglijarea pieței interne, care este principala piață pentru produsele europene și în cadrul căreia producătorii trebuie să depună eforturi intense pentru a rămâne competitivi, abordând concurența cu care se confruntă din cauza pătrunderii produselor din țările terțe; 12. îndeamnă Comisia să nu stabilească a priori niciun obiectiv legat de procentajul fondurilor prevăzute pentru acțiunile de informare și promovare pentru produsele agricole ale Uniunii în țările terțe, dat fiind că trebuie să se acorde aceeași importanță pieței interne ca și piețelor din țările terțe; Consolidarea utilizării mărcilor și originii produselor 13. sprijină inițiativa de utilizare a mărcilor și referințelor la originea produselor agricole, considerând că vizibilitatea mărcilor comerciale în contextul unei promovări generice va spori posibilitățile de finanțare și interesul beneficiarilor, cu condiția să se păstreze un echilibru, în special pe piața internă a Uniunii Europene; 14. susține ideea înaintată de Comisie a unor sisteme de calitate cu sigle oficiale comunitare; cu toate acestea, se consideră că denumirea regiunii este în mod relevant asociată mesajului general care trebuie să vorbească despre calitățile intrinsece ale produselor și, prin urmare, trebuie să includă în mod clar menționarea originii geografice a produsului; 15. semnalează faptul că sistemele de calitate recunoscute la nivel european se extind și sunt tot mai recunoscute în interiorul UE, pentru a acoperi cererea tot mai mare de produse alimentare a consumatorilor europeni, care demonstrează un interes special pentru produsele locale, de calitate și care îndeplinesc standardele comunitare stricte de siguranță a alimentelor și de protecție a mediului. Subliniază faptul că produsele din cadrul sistemelor de calitate recunoscute sunt foarte importante pe piața internă și, prin urmare, ele trebuie menținute și consolidate; 16. solicită Comisiei ca modalitățile de punere în aplicare să poată fi definite printr-un act de punere în aplicare. De asemenea, consideră că agențiile de promovare pot să coordoneze și chiar să pună în aplicare acțiuni colective ale grupurilor de producători din regiunile lor; 17. consideră că sinergiile pozitive dintre diverse produse regionale pot permite creșterea bogăției fiecărui teritoriu regional european. Pentru aceasta, sunt importante sursele de venit regionale și serviciile de înaltă calitate legate de identitatea teritoriului și conectate cu patrimoniul. Aceasta ar contribui la îmbunătățirea calității zonelor legate de produsele agricole regionale, contribuind la crearea de locuri de muncă, în special în zonele vulnerabile, oferind noi oportunități, atât pe piețele de proximitate, cât și pe piețele internaționale; Lărgirea plajei de beneficiari și a listei de produse eligibile 18. este de acord să se acorde un rol important organizațiilor de producători din toate sectoarele, indicând în detaliu cerințele care se pot aplica acestor organizații în ceea ce privește reprezentativitatea lor, ele fiind reprezentative pentru toate sectoarele; 19. solicită ca, dintre organizațiile de producători să se acorde o atenție specială IMM-urilor, cu condiția ca aceasta să orienteze promovarea către sistemele de calitate recunoscute. Acest tip de întreprinderi sunt cele mai des întâlnite pe întreg teritoriul regional european și reprezintă, în mare măsură, industria agroalimentară europeană; 20. acceptă includerea oricărui produs originar din UE, pentru ca acesta să beneficieze de pe urma acțiunilor de informare și de promovare pe piața internă și în țările terțe, cu excepția tutunului, acordându-se prioritate acțiunilor propuse pentru produse care să contribuie la o alimentație echilibrată, precum și acțiunilor propuse pentru alte produse care să aibă o mențiune de calitate diferențiată legată de teritoriul european; Stabilirea de către Comisie a priorităților în programul de lucru 21. salută propunerea Comisiei de a stabili un program de lucru care să permită dotarea politicii de promovare cu strategii clare și bine definite; 22. solicită să se specifice modul în care Comisia va ține seama de prioritățile statelor membre și modul în care acestea vor fi incluse în programul de lucru; 23. propune adoptarea unui program de lucru cu o durată de trei ani, cum este cazul campaniilor de promovare actuale, astfel încât să se poată lua în considerare evoluția piețelor, fără a aduce atingere ajustărilor care pot fi efectuate anual; Evaluarea, selecția și gestionarea programelor simple și multiple 24. consideră că nu doar Comisia ar trebui să efectueze evaluarea și selectarea programelor, ci să se permită participarea statelor membre, făcând astfel posibilă colaborarea regiunilor europene, deoarece regiunile vor cofinanța măsurile de promovare care au fost, în cele din urmă, menținute în FEADR pentru perioada 2014-2020 (articolul 17) în modalități destul de asemănătoare cu cele ale măsurii 133 din perioada 2007-2013; 25. îndeamnă Comisia să analizeze posibilitatea de a introduce măsuri de participare a statelor membre și de colaborare a regiunilor, fără a încărca în exces procesul, în programul de promovare finanțat de Uniunea Europeană, astfel încât acțiunile finanțate prin acest program să fie compatibile cu strategiile regionale de promovare; 26. este, de asemenea, în favoarea menținerii celor două cereri de propuneri permise de regulamentul actual, întrucât solicitanții nu trebuie să aștepte o perioadă atât de îndelungată pentru a se prezenta din nou la o cerere de propunere, în cazul în care programele lor nu au trecut procesul de selecție în primă fază; Ratele de cofinanțare propuse 27. acceptă ratele de cofinanțare propuse de Comisie, considerându-le în conformitate cu obiectivul de a stimula prezentarea de programe în țările terțe și programele multiple, însă propune ca, în cazul programelor multiple în țările terțe, rata cofinanțării să fie mai ridicată, de 75 %. Acest procent ar putea fi aplicat inclusiv pentru IMM-uri, în cazul programelor de interes special; 28. este conștient de faptul că politica de promovare desfășurată până în prezent a contribuit la restabilirea încrederii consumatorilor în situații de criză, dar trebuie să existe în continuare instrumente de informare și de promovare mult mai flexibile și eficiente; 29. propune luarea în considerare a creșterii cofinanțării UE, în special pentru acțiunile de informare și de promovare în cazuri de crize agricole, pentru a nu crea situații discriminatorii între producători; 30. semnalează necesitatea de a se clarifica în propunerea de regulament modul în care se prevede îmbunătățirea capacității de reacție la situații de criză, pentru a se acționa rapid și eficient; Posibilitatea de a exclude statele membre din finanțarea programelor 31. solicită ca statele membre să poată cofinanța programe în mod voluntar împreună cu Comisia, dat fiind că acest lucru ar putea fi necesar în cazul sectoarelor de producție mai puțin dezvoltate sau cu capacitate economică redusă; Recomandări finale 32. îndeamnă Comisia să acorde o mai mare recunoaștere regiunilor europene și rolului lor esențial în producția de produse agricole și agroalimentare de calitate, prin facilitarea participării acestora la selectarea programelor; 33. recomandă Comisiei finanțarea măsurilor de promovare pe piața internă, pentru a crește vânzările de produse agricole și alimentare originare din Uniunea Europeană și incluse în sisteme de calitate recunoscute sau provenite din agricultura ecologică tradițională și regională. Răspândirea și promovarea produselor tradiționale vor contribui la schimbarea modelelor de consum generate de globalizare pe piața europeană. II. RECOMANDĂRI DE AMENDAMENTE Amendamentul 1 Considerentul 2 Textul propus de Comisie Amendamentul CoR (2) Obiectivul acestor acțiuni este de a spori competitivitatea agriculturii europene, atât pe piața internă, cât și în țările terțe, crescând nivelul de conștientizare al consumatorilor privind meritele produselor agricole și ale produselor alimentare pe bază de produse agricole ale Uniunii, precum și dezvoltând și creând noi piețe. Aceste acțiuni completează și consolidează în mod util acțiunile statelor membre. (2) Obiectivul acestor acțiuni este de a spori competitivitatea agriculturii europene, atât pe piața internă, cât și în țările terțe, crescând nivelul de conștientizare al consumatorilor privind meritele produselor agricole și ale produselor alimentare pe bază de produse agricole ale Uniunii, cu luarea în considerare a sistemelor de calitate recunoscute la nivel european, care conferă valoare adăugată produselor europene, precum și dezvoltând și deschizând noi piețe. Aceste acțiuni completează și consolidează în mod util acțiunile statelor membre. Expunere de motive Consumatorii europeni nu cunosc, de obicei, normele și standardele înalte de calitate pe care trebuie să le respecte producătorii europeni. Pentru a remedia această situație, este necesar să se demonstreze că produsele europene se îndeplinesc standardele stricte de siguranță alimentară, sănătate și bunăstare a animalelor, sănătate a plantelor și protecție a mediului. Prin urmare, politica de informare și de promovare pentru produsele agricole este importantă, pentru a spori gradul de conștientizare în rândul consumatorilor europeni și a le explica acestora că produsele europene îndeplinesc aceste cerințe. De asemenea, se consideră că ar trebui să se acorde atenție acelor produse care intră sub incidența sistemelor de calitate recunoscute de Uniunea Europeană. Amendamentul 2 Considerentul 7 Textul propus de Comisie Amendamentul CoR (7) Acțiunile de informare și de promovare a vinurilor din Uniune se numără printre măsurile principale ale programelor de ajutor din sectorul viticol prevăzute prin PAC. În consecință, eligibilitatea vinului pentru acțiunile de informare și de promovare din cadrul acestui sistem ar trebui să se limiteze numai la vinurile care sunt asociate cu un alt produs agricol sau alimentar. (7) Acțiunile de informare și de promovare a vinurilor din Uniune se numără printre măsurile principale ale programelor de ajutor din sectorul viticol prevăzute prin PAC. În consecință, eligibilitatea vinului pentru acțiunile de informare și de promovare din cadrul acestui sistem ar trebui să se limiteze numai la vinurile care sunt asociate cu un alt produs agricol sau alimentar. Expunere de motive Se consideră că sectorul vitivinicol nu ar trebui să fie tratat diferit față de celelalte produse agricole și ar trebui inclus pe deplin în lista de produse eligibile și nu doar în cazul campaniilor generale în asociere cu alte produse. Vinul este singurul produs european care nu ar putea beneficia de campanii destinate exclusiv acestui sector. Se consideră că un sector-cheie nu poate fi omis din producțiile europene. Amendamentul 3 Considerentul 8 Textul propus de Comisie Amendamentul CoR (8) În perioada 2001-2011, numai 30 % din bugetul consacrat acțiunilor de informare și de promovare în temeiul Regulamentului (CE) nr. 3/2008 a vizat piețele din țări terțe, deși aceste piețe oferă un important potențial de creștere. Ar trebui să se prevadă modalități specifice pentru a încuraja realizarea unui mai mare număr de acțiuni de informare și de promovare în favoarea produselor agricole ale Uniunii în țări terțe, cu obiectivul de a ajunge la 75 % din cheltuielile estimate, în special printr-o mai mare susținere financiară. (8) În perioada 2001-2011, numai 30 % din bugetul consacrat acțiunilor de informare și de promovare în temeiul Regulamentului (CE) nr. 3/2008 a vizat piețele din țări terțe, deși aceste piețe oferă un important potențial de creștere. Ar trebui să se prevadă modalități specifice pentru a încuraja realizarea unui mai mare număr de acțiuni de informare și de promovare în favoarea produselor agricole ale Uniunii în țări terțe, cu obiectivul de a ajunge la 75 % din cheltuielile estimate, în special printr-o mai mare susținere financiară. Expunere de motive În prezent, produsele europene trebuie să concureze cu produsele din țările terțe, atât pe piața internă, cât și pe piața externă, și, în plus, sunt obligate să respecte numeroasele standarde comunitare stricte. Se mai adaugă diversele forme și condiții de producție care există atât în interiorul, cât și în afara UE, care nu sunt de neglijat. Se consideră că nu ar trebui indicate procente din cheltuielile destinate realizării acțiunilor de informare și promovare pentru produsele agricole ale Uniunii în țările terțe. Amendamentul 4 Considerentul 9 Textul propus de Comisie Amendamentul CoR (9) Pentru a garanta impactul acțiunilor de informare și de promovare puse în aplicare, acestea ar trebui să fie elaborate în cadrul programelor de informare și de promovare. Aceste programe erau până în prezent înaintate de către organizații profesionale sau interprofesionale. Pentru a crește numărul și calitatea acțiunilor propuse, ar trebui să se lărgească plaja de beneficiari pentru a include organizațiile de producători. Mai mult, Comisia trebuie să poată completa aceste programe prin realizarea de acțiuni din proprie inițiativă, în special pentru a contribui la deschiderea de noi piețe. (9) Pentru a garanta impactul acțiunilor de informare și de promovare puse în aplicare, acestea ar trebui să fie elaborate în cadrul programelor de informare și de promovare. Aceste programe erau până în prezent înaintate de către organizații profesionale sau interprofesionale. Pentru a crește numărul și calitatea acțiunilor propuse, ar trebui să se lărgească plaja de beneficiari pentru a include organizațiile de producători și IMM-urile care fac parte din acestea, cu condiția să orienteze promovarea către sistemele de calitate recunoscute. Mai mult, Comisia trebuie să poată completa aceste programe prin realizarea de acțiuni din proprie inițiativă, în special pentru a contribui la deschiderea de noi piețe. Expunere de motive Se consideră că, în ce privește calitatea de beneficiar, nu ar trebui ignorate IMM-urile, deoarece acestea reprezintă aproximativ 90 % din industria agroalimentară a Uniunii Europene, având în vedere faptul că, în plus, aceste întreprinderi au o mai mare legătură cu mediul rural și regional, ele trebuind, prin urmare, să fie principalele beneficiare ale acestor măsuri. Amendamentul 5 Considerentul 11 Textul propus de Comisie Amendamentul CoR (11) Pentru a asigura punerea în aplicare eficace a acțiunilor de informare și de promovare, ar trebui ca executarea lor să fie încredințată unor organisme de executare bine selecționate. (11) Pentru a asigura punerea în aplicare eficace a acțiunilor de informare și de promovare, ar trebui ca executarea lor să fie încredințată unor organisme de executare bine selecționate, care să dispună de personal calificat și specializat pentru a asigura o astfel de punere în aplicare eficace. Expunere de motive Este important ca organismele de executare bine selecționate să dispună de personal specializat pentru a oferi asistență tehnică de sprijin pentru dezvoltarea programelor de promovare, sarcină efectuată în prezent de statele membre. Amendamentul 6 Considerentul 14 Textul propus de Comisie Amendamentul CoR (14) Uniunea dorește să simplifice cadrul de reglementare al PAC. Această abordare ar trebui să se aplice și regulamentului privind acțiunile de informare și de promovare pentru produsele agricole. În special, ar trebui să se revizuiască principiile de gestiune administrativă a programelor de informare și de promovare în scopul simplificării acestora și să se permită Comisiei să stabilească regulile și procedurile aplicabile depunerii și selecției de propuneri de programe. (14) Uniunea dorește să simplifice cadrul de reglementare al PAC. Această abordare ar trebui să se aplice și regulamentului privind acțiunile de informare și de promovare pentru produsele agricole. În special, ar trebui să se revizuiască principiile de gestiune administrativă a programelor de informare și de promovare în scopul simplificării acestora și să se permită Comisiei, cu posibilitatea adoptării unor acte de punere în aplicare care să permită participarea statelor membre cu colaborarea regiunilor europene, să stabilească regulile și procedurile aplicabile depunerii și selecției de propuneri de programe. Expunere de motive Se consideră că Comisia ar trebui să definească împreună cu statele membre și regiunile europene regulile și procedurile care să reglementeze prezentarea și selecția propunerilor de programe, deoarece statele membre și regiunile europene vor lua în considerare criterii mai specifice, în funcție de diversele situații și condiții din teritoriile lor. Nu se consideră că pentru a simplifica procesul de selecție trebuie excluse statele membre. Amendamentul 7 Considerentul 16 Textul propus de Comisie Amendamentul CoR (16) Trebuie definite criteriile de finanțare a acțiunilor. Ca regulă generală, Uniunea ar trebui să acopere doar o parte din finanțarea programelor, în vederea responsabilizării entităților interesate care formulează propuneri. Anumite costuri administrative și de personale, care nu sunt legate de executarea PAC, sunt parte integrală din acțiunile de informare și de promovare și ar putea fi eligibile pentru finanțarea din partea Uniunii. (16) Trebuie definite criteriile de finanțare a acțiunilor. Ca regulă generală, Uniunea ar trebui să acopere doar o parte din finanțarea programelor, în vederea responsabilizării entităților interesate care formulează propuneri. Anumite costuri administrative și de personale, care nu sunt legate de executarea PAC, sunt parte integrală din acțiunile de informare și de promovare și ar putea fi eligibile pentru finanțarea din partea Uniunii. Statele membre ar putea, la rândul lor, să cofinanțeze în mod voluntar o parte din costurile programelor. Expunere de motive Se consideră că statele membre și regiunile europene ar trebui să aibă posibilitatea de a cofinanța programele simple, dat fiind că anumiți actori-cheie din sector nu dispun întotdeauna de resursele bugetare necesare pentru a efectua acest tip de campanii de promovare. De asemenea, actuala redactare a considerentului îi poate favoriza, în principal, pe producătorii europeni care dispun de mai multe resurse financiare pentru programele de promovare. Amendamentul 8 Articolul 2 Textul propus de Comisie Amendamentul CoR Acțiuni pe piața internă Acțiuni pe piața internă și în țări terțe Acțiunile eligibile pe piața internă sunt următoarele: a) acțiunile de informare care vizează sublinierea caracterului specific al modalităților de producție agricolă în Uniune, în special din punct de vedere al siguranței alimentelor, al autenticității, al aspectelor nutriționale și sanitare, al bunăstării animalelor sau al respectării mediului; b) acțiunile de informare pe temele menționate la articolul 5 alineatul (4). Acțiunile eligibile pe piața internă sunt următoarele: a) acțiunile de informare care vizează sublinierea caracterului specific al modalităților de producție agricolă în Uniune, în special din punct de vedere al siguranței alimentelor, al autenticității, al etichetării, al aspectelor nutriționale și sanitare, al bunăstării animalelor sau al respectării mediului; b) acțiunile de informare pe temele menționate la articolul 5 alineatul (4). Expunere de motive Nu trebuie să se facă distincție între acțiunile pe piața internă și cele de pe piața externă. Se propune contopirea articolelor 2 și 3 într-un singur articol. Amendamentul 9 Articolul 3 Textul propus de Comisie Amendamentul CoR Acțiuni în țări terțe Acțiuni în țări terțe Acțiunile eligibile în țări terțe sunt următoarele: a) acțiunile de informare care vizează sublinierea caracteristicilor produselor agricole și alimentare și pe temele menționate la articolul 5 alineatul (4); b) acțiunile de promovare care au ca scop creșterea vânzărilor de produse agricole și alimentare originare din UE. Acțiunile eligibile în țări terțe sunt următoarele: a) acțiunile de informare care vizează sublinierea caracteristicilor produselor agricole și alimentare și pe temele menționate la articolul 5 alineatul (4); b) acțiunile de promovare care au ca scop creșterea vânzărilor de produse agricole și alimentare originare din UE. Expunere de motive Nu trebuie să se facă distincție între acțiunile pe piața internă și cele de pe piața externă. Se propune contopirea articolelor 2 și 3 într-un singur articol. Amendamentul 10 Articolul 5 Textul propus de Comisie Amendamentul CoR 1. Următoarele produse pot face obiectul unor acțiuni de informare și de promovare menționate la articolul 3 și pot ilustra modurile de producție și temele menționate la articolul 2 și la articolul 3, litera (a): 1. Următoarele produse pot face obiectul unor acțiuni de informare și de promovare menționate la articolul 3 și pot ilustra modurile de producție și temele menționate la articolul 2 și la articolul 3, litera (a): a) produsele agricole enumerate în lista cuprinsă în anexa I la Tratatul privind funcționarea Uniunii Europene (denumit în continuare „tratatul”) cu excepția produselor de pescuit și de acvacultură enumerate în anexa I la regulamentul (UE) nr. [COM(2011)416] al Parlamentului European și al Consiliului și a tutunului; a) produsele agricole enumerate în lista cuprinsă în anexa I la Tratatul privind funcționarea Uniunii Europene (denumit în continuare „tratatul”) cu excepția produselor de pescuit și de acvacultură enumerate în anexa I la regulamentul (UE) nr. [COM(2011)416] al Parlamentului European și al Consiliului și a tutunului; b) produsele alimentare pe bază de produse agricole enumerate la punctul I din anexa I la Regulamentul (UE) nr. 1151/2012 al Parlamentului European și al Consiliului; b) produsele alimentare pe bază de produse agricole enumerate la punctul I din anexa I la Regulamentul (UE) nr. 1151/2012 al Parlamentului European și al Consiliului; c) băuturile spirtoase cu indicație geografică protejată în temeiul Regulamentului (CE) nr. 110/2008 al Parlamentului European și al Consiliului; c) băuturile spirtoase cu indicație geografică protejată în temeiul Regulamentului (CE) nr. 110/2008 al Parlamentului European și al Consiliului; d) vinul cu denumire de origine protejată sau indicație geografică protejată în conformitate cu Regulamentul (CE) nr. 1308/2013 al Parlamentului European și al Consiliului, precum și vinul obținut din agricultura ecologică pot beneficia de acțiuni de informare și de promovare. 2. Vinul poate face obiectul acțiunilor de informare și de promovare, cu condiția ca alte produse menționate la alineatul (1) litera (a) sau (b) să facă, de asemenea, obiectul programului în cauză. 2 Vinul poate face obiectul acțiunilor de informare și de promovare, cu condiția ca alte produse menționate la alineatul (1) litera (a) sau (b) să facă, de asemenea, obiectul programului în cauză. Expunere de motive Se consideră că sectorul vitivinicol nu trebuie să fie tratat în mod diferit față de celelalte produse agricole. Sectorul vitivinicol european este un sector recunoscut care trebuie protejat, având în vedere importanța sa pe piața internă europeană și, de asemenea, recunoașterea sa în afara Uniunii. Amendamentul 11 Articolul 8 Textul propus de Comisie Amendamentul CoR 1. Acțiunile de informare și de promovare contribuie la consolidarea competitivității agriculturii europene, atât pe piața internă, cât și pe piețele din țări terțe. Obiectivele care trebuie realizate vor fi stabilite în cadrul programului de lucru, astfel cum este menționat la alineatul (2). 1. Acțiunile de informare și de promovare contribuie la consolidarea competitivității agriculturii europene, atât pe piața internă, cât și pe piețele din țări terțe. Obiectivele care trebuie realizate vor fi stabilite în cadrul programului de lucru, astfel cum este menționat la alineatul (2). 2. Comisia adoptă, prin intermediul unui act de punere în aplicare, un program de lucru care stabilește obiectivele urmărite, prioritățile, rezultatele preconizate, modalitățile de punere în aplicare și suma totală a planului de finanțare. Acesta conține, de asemenea, principalele criterii de evaluare, o descriere a acțiunilor care urmează să fie finanțate, o indicare a sumelor alocate fiecărui tip de acțiune, un calendar orientativ al punerii în aplicare și, pentru subvenții, nivelul maxim de cofinanțare. 2. Comisia adoptă, prin intermediul unui act de punere în aplicare, un program de lucru care stabilește obiectivele urmărite, prioritățile, rezultatele preconizate, modalitățile de punere în aplicare și suma totală a planului de finanțare. Acesta conține, de asemenea, principalele criterii de evaluare, o descriere a acțiunilor care urmează să fie finanțate, o indicare a sumelor alocate fiecărui tip de acțiune, un calendar orientativ al punerii în aplicare și, pentru subvenții, nivelul maxim de cofinanțare. La elaborarea programului respectiv, Comisia ia în considerare dezavantajele naturale specifice ale zonelor montane, insulare și ultraperiferice. Actul de punere în aplicare prevăzut la primul paragraf se adoptă în conformitate cu procedura de consultare menționată la articolul 24 alineatul (3). Actul de punere în aplicare prevăzut la primul paragraf se adoptă în conformitate cu procedura de consultare examinare menționată la articolul 24 alineatul (3 2). 3. Programul de lucru menționat la alineatul (1) este pus în aplicare prin publicarea de către Comisie: a) pentru programele simple, a unei cereri de propuneri care redă în principal condițiile de participare și principalele criterii de evaluare. b) pentru programele multinaționale, a unei cereri de propuneri în conformitate cu titlul VI din partea I a Regulamentului (UE, Euratom) nr. 966/2012. 3. Programul de lucru menționat la alineatul (1) este pus în aplicare prin publicarea de către Comisie: a) pentru programele simple, a unei două cereri de propuneri care redă redau în principal condițiile de participare și principalele criterii de evaluare. b) pentru programele multinaționale, a unei două cereri de propuneri în conformitate cu titlul VI din partea I a Regulamentului (UE, Euratom) nr. 966/2012. Cererile de propuneri menționate supra , la literele a) și b), iau în considerare dezavantajele naturale specifice ale zonelor montane, insulare și ultraperiferice. Expunere de motive Comisia își atribuie prea multe prerogative în cadrul procesului de decizie privind programul de lucru. Regulamentul actual permite publicarea a două cereri de propuneri, ceea ce evită ca solicitanții să trebuiască să aștepte prea mult timp până a se prezenta din nou. Amendamentul 12 Articolul 12 Textul propus de Comisie Amendamentul CoR 1. Comisia procedează la evaluarea și la selectarea propunerilor de programe simple pe baza cererii de propuneri menționate la articolul 8, alineatul 3, litera (a). 1. Comisia procedează la evaluarea și la selectarea propunerilor de programe simple pe baza cererii de propuneri menționate la articolul 8, alineatul 3, litera (a). 2. Comisia adoptă acte de punere în aplicare care să permită participarea statelor membre și a regiunilor europene la evaluarea și selectarea propunerilor de programe simple. 2. Comisia decide, prin intermediul unor acte de punere în aplicare, asupra programelor simple selectate, asupra modificările ulterioare ale acestora și asupra bugetelor corespunzătoare. Respectivele acte de punere în aplicare se adoptă în conformitate cu procedura de examinare menționată la articolul 24 alineatul (2). 2. 3. Comisia decide, prin intermediul unor acte de punere în aplicare, asupra programelor simple selectate, asupra modificările ulterioare ale acestora și asupra bugetelor corespunzătoare. Respectivele acte de punere în aplicare se adoptă în conformitate cu procedura de examinare menționată la articolul 24 alineatul (2). Expunere de motive Este inacceptabil ca statele membre să fie excluse din evaluarea și selectarea programelor simple. Administrațiile naționale trebuie să fie parte activă în această selectare, având în vedere că acestea vor fi însărcinate cu punerea în aplicare, monitorizarea și controlul acesteia, în conformitate cu articolul 14. Amendamentul 13 Articolul 13 Textul propus de Comisie Amendamentul CoR După solicitarea de oferte concurențiale prin mijloacele corespunzătoare, entitatea care a formulat propunerea selectează organismele care să pună în aplicare programele simple selectate, în special în vederea garantării unei puneri în aplicare eficace a acțiunilor. După solicitarea de oferte concurențiale prin mijloacele corespunzătoare, entitatea care a formulat propunerea selectează organismele specializate care să pună în aplicare programele simple selectate, în special în vederea garantării unei puneri în aplicare eficace a acțiunilor. Agențiile regionale de promovare sau serviciile de promovare ale regiunilor vor putea recunoaște acțiunile colective naționale referitoare la teritoriile regionale și acțiunile de comunicare a originii. Expunere de motive Este important să se sublinieze participarea statelor membre și să se implice regiunile în acțiunile de informare și promovare; din acest motiv, se propune să se menționeze asistența agențiilor și serviciilor de promovare în regiuni. Aceste agenții sunt propuse ca instrumente eficiente și flexibile pentru finanțarea și sprijinirea punerii în aplicare a programelor, și nu cu obiectivul de a fi ele însele finanțate prin intermediul acestor fonduri. Amendamentul 14 Articolul 15 alineatul (1) Textul propus de Comisie Amendamentul CoR 1. Contribuția Uniunii la finanțarea programelor simple nu depășește 50 % din cheltuielile eligibile pentru finanțare în cadrul sistemului. Restul cheltuielilor sunt exclusiv în sarcina entităților care formulează propuneri. 1. Contribuția Uniunii la finanțarea programelor simple nu depășește 50 % din cheltuielile eligibile pentru finanțare în cadrul sistemului. Contribuția Uniunii la programele derulate în regiunile sale ultraperiferice va crește la 75%. Statele membre, împreună cu regiunile europene, pot acoperi, în mod voluntar, până la 20 % din costurile programelor. Restul cheltuielilor sunt exclusiv în sarcina entităților care formulează propuneri. Expunere de motive Se consideră că nu trebuie exclusă posibilitatea de cofinanțare de către statele membre a programelor simple, dat fiind că anumiți actori-cheie nu dispun întotdeauna de resursele bugetare necesare pentru a efectua acest tip de campanii de promovare și că acestea pot presupune sarcini majore pentru întreprinderi; dat fiind că IMM-urile ar fi cele mai prejudiciate, s-ar putea ca, în final, să participe numai întreprinderile mari. În plus, aceasta poate conduce la o scădere a participării la programe, provocând un efect contrar obiectivului. S-a considerat adecvat procentul de 20 %, deoarece permite estomparea diferenței dintre cheltuielile de promovare pe care le-ar putea avea unele state membre față de altele. Amendamentul 15 Articolul 23 alineatul (2) Textul propus de Comisie Amendamentul CoR 2. Competența de a adopta acte delegate, menționată în prezentul regulament se deleagă Comisiei pentru o perioadă nedeterminată, începând cu data intrării în vigoare a prezentului regulament. 2. Competența de a adopta acte delegate, menționată în prezentul regulament se deleagă Comisiei pentru o perioadă nedeterminată, începând cu data intrării în vigoare a prezentului regulament. Expunere de motive Se consideră că nu trebuie să se acorde o perioadă de timp nedeterminată pentru ca Comisia să poată adopta actele delegate; prin urmare, este mai bine să se elimine acest aspect din alineatul (2). Amendamentul 16 Articolul 27 Textul propus de Comisie Amendamentul CoR Cel târziu până la 31 decembrie [2020], Comisia prezintă Parlamentului European și Consiliului un raport privind aplicarea prezentului regulament, însoțit, după caz, de propuneri adecvate. Cel târziu până la 31 decembrie [2020], Comisia prezintă Parlamentului European și Consiliului un raport privind aplicarea prezentului regulament, însoțit, după caz, de propuneri adecvate. În plus, este prezentat un raport intermediar până la 31 decembrie 2017. C_2014174PL. 01002501. xml 7. 6. 2014 PL Dziennik Urzędowy Unii Europejskiej C 174/25 Opinia Komitetu Regionów „Działania informacyjne i promocyjne dotyczące produktów rolnych na rynku wewnętrznym i w państwach trzecich” 2014/C 174/06 Sprawozdawca Pedro SANZ ALONSO, przewodniczący rządu wspólnoty autonomicznej La Rioja (ES/EPL) Dokument źródłowy Wniosek w sprawie rozporządzenia Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady w sprawie działań informacyjnych i promocyjnych dotyczących produktów rolnych na rynku wewnętrznym i w państwach trzecich COM(2013) 812 final I. ZALECENIA POLITYCZNE KOMITET REGIONÓW Uwagi ogólne 1. Komitet z zadowoleniem przyjmuje i wysoce ceni sobie wniosek w sprawie rozporządzenia Komisji Europejskiej, z którego wyłania się troska o działania informacyjne i promocyjne dotyczące produktów rolnych na rynku wewnętrznym i w państwach trzecich, a zwłaszcza propozycję odnośnie nowych ram prawnych promujących i wspierających działania informacyjne i promocyjne dotyczące europejskich produktów rolnych w UE i poza jej granicami. 2. Uważa, że działania informacyjne i promocyjne dotyczące produktów rolnych na rynku wewnętrznym i w państwach trzecich mają szczególne znaczenie dla umożliwienia sektorowi rolnemu stawienia czoła licznym wyzwaniom, w kontekście rosnącej konkurencji i w celu ułatwienia otwarcia rynków, a także dla większej obecności tych produktów na rynku, jako że przed europejskimi producentami rolnymi stoi wyzwanie otwarcia granic i globalizacji rynków. 3. Sądzi, że omawiany wniosek w sprawie działań informacyjnych i promocyjnych dotyczących produktów rolnych pozwoli konsumentom na poziomie europejskim i globalnym lepiej poznać wspólnotową jakość i wysokie normy produkcji, a także zapewni bezpieczeństwo żywnościowe i ochronę środowiska naturalnego oraz zaufanie konsumentów do nabywanych i spożywanych produktów. Pozytywna ocena europejskiej produkcji rolnej może zwiększyć opłacalność dla europejskich producentów rolnych. 4. Uważa, że europejski sektor rolny ma podstawowe znaczenie dla rozwoju gospodarki lokalnej i regionalnej, gdyż przyczynia się on w znacznym stopniu do tworzenia miejsc pracy i do utrzymania oraz zwiększenia zaludnienia danego obszaru, jako że produkcja i przetwórstwo są ściśle przypisane do danego terytorium. Wymiar regionalny musi pozostać kluczowym elementem, by możliwe było zrealizowanie celu zrównoważonego zagospodarowania przestrzennego w Europie. 5. Podkreśla, że regiony potrzebują ambitnej i skutecznej polityki promocyjnej podkreślającej jakość i szczególne cechy produktów rolnych. Produkty te stanowią dziedzictwo kulturowe i kulinarne Unii Europejskiej oraz niezbędny element życia gospodarczego i społecznego wielu regionów europejskich, gwarantujący prowadzenie działalności bezpośrednio związanej z danym obszarem, zwłaszcza na obszarach wiejskich. 6. Zaleca, by szczególną uwagę zwrócić na grupę produktów rolnych specjalnie wytwarzanych z użyciem tradycyjnych składników i przetwarzanych w sposób specyficzny dla danego regionu. Stopniowy, lecz znaczny wzrost przydzielonego budżetu 7. Uważa, że wzrost budżetu przeznaczonego na te działania jest niezbędny ze względu na proponowane poszerzenie kręgu beneficjentów i listy produktów kwalifikujących się. Zwiększono również wkład Komisji w programy, w których uczestniczy wiele państw. 8. Porozumienia dwustronne zawarte w wyniku negocjacji z krajami trzecimi, takimi jak Kanada, Stany Zjednoczone, kraje Mercosuru, lub inne porozumienia stowarzyszeniowe, jasno pokazują, że działania informacyjne i promocyjne dotyczące produktów rolnych na rynku wewnętrznym i w państwach trzecich będą coraz bardziej potrzebne, by produkty europejskie były konkurencyjne. 9. Podkreśla możliwość stałego finansowania działań informacyjnych i promocyjnych na rynku wewnętrznym w celu utrzymania konkurencyjności, przynajmniej dla produktów objętych uznanymi systemami produkcji lub rolnictwa ekologicznego. 10. Stwierdza, że przyjęta reforma WPR wiąże się z europejską polityką handlową, a na szczeblu globalnym Unia Europejska musi przyczyniać się do światowego bezpieczeństwa żywnościowego zgodnie z międzynarodową polityką handlową, gwarantując w ramach WTO, że produkcja unijnego rolnictwa odbywa się na zasadzie równych szans. Skoncentrowanie działań promocyjnych na państwach trzecich 11. Uważa, że przeznaczenie 75 % przewidzianego budżetu na działania informacyjne i promocyjne w krajach trzecich może pozostawić bez potrzebnych środków rynek wewnętrzny, który jest podstawowym rynkiem dla produktów europejskich i na którym producenci muszą ciężko pracować, by pozostać konkurencyjnymi i mierzyć się z konkurencją wynikającą z wejścia na rynek produktów państw trzecich. 12. Zwraca się do Komisji o to, by nie ustanawiała a priori żadnych celów związanych z odsetkiem funduszy przewidzianych na działania informacyjne i promocyjne dotyczące unijnych produktów rolnych w państwach trzecich, zważywszy, że należy traktować na równi rynek wewnętrzny i rynki państw trzecich. Szersze wykorzystanie marek i pochodzenia produktów 13. Popiera inicjatywę wykorzystania marek i informacji o pochodzeniu produktów rolnych ponieważ uważa, że widoczność marek handlowych w kontekście ogólnej promocji zwiększy możliwości finansowania oraz zainteresowanie beneficjentów, o ile utrzymana zostanie równowaga, zwłaszcza na rynku wewnętrznym Unii Europejskiej. 14. Popiera przedstawioną przez Komisję koncepcję dotyczącą systemów jakości wykorzystujących oficjalne logotypy wspólnotowe. Uważa jednak, że nazwa regionu jest w odpowiedni sposób związana z ogólnym przesłaniem, w którym musi być mowa o istotnych cechach produktów, dlatego nawiązanie do pochodzenia geograficznego produktu musi być jasno określone. 15. Stwierdza, że uznane na poziomie europejskim systemy jakości są coraz popularniejsze i coraz szerzej uznawane na naszym terytorium, wychodząc naprzeciw zwiększającemu się zapotrzebowaniu konsumentów europejskich na żywność, a zwłaszcza ich zainteresowaniu produktami lokalnymi wysokiej jakości, które spełniałyby ścisłe wspólnotowe normy dotyczące bezpieczeństwa żywnościowego i ochrony środowiska. Podkreśla, że produkty objęte uznanymi systemami jakości mają duże znaczenie na rynku wewnętrznym, dlatego należy je utrzymać i wspierać. 16. Zwraca się do Komisji o umożliwienie określenia sposobów realizacji za pomocą aktów wykonawczych. Uważa również, że agencje zajmujące się promocją mogą koordynować, a nawet realizować działania zbiorowe stowarzyszeń producentów w swoich regionach. 17. Jego zdaniem pozytywna synergia między różnymi produktami regionalnymi może umożliwić optymalizację bogactwa wszystkich regionów europejskich. Dlatego są one ważnym źródłem dochodów regionów oraz wysokiej jakości usługami związanymi z tożsamością i dziedzictwem danego terytorium. Pomogłoby to w ulepszeniu jakości obszarów powiązanych z regionalnymi produktami rolnymi i przyczyniłoby się do tworzenia miejsc pracy, zwłaszcza w obszarach znajdujących się w szczególnie trudnej sytuacji, w których mogłyby pojawić się nowe szanse, zarówno na rynkach lokalnych, jak i międzynarodowych. Poszerzenie kręgu beneficjentów i listy produktów kwalifikujących się 18. Zgadza się z przyznaniem organizacjom producentów wszystkich sektorów ważnej roli, z wyszczególnieniem wymagań stawianych tym organizacjom, jeśli chodzi o ich reprezentatywność, jako że muszą one reprezentować wszystkie sektory. 19. Wnosi o to, by w ramach organizacji producentów zwrócono szczególną uwagę na MŚP prowadzące swoje działania promocyjne w ramach uznanych systemów jakości. Ten rodzaj przedsiębiorstw jest najpopularniejszy w europejskich regionach i stanowi znaczną część europejskiego przemysłu rolno-spożywczego. 20. Zgadza się, by wszystkie produkty pochodzące z UE, z wyjątkiem tytoniu, mogły korzystać z działań informacyjnych i promocyjnych na rynku wewnętrznym i w państwach trzecich, z nadaniem pierwszeństwa działaniom proponowanym w odniesieniu do produktów przyczyniających się do zrównoważonej diety i działaniom proponowanym w przypadku innych produktów posiadających odmienne oznaczenie jakości związane z terytorium europejskim. Ustanowienie przez Komisję priorytetów w programie prac 21. Gratuluje Komisji propozycji ustanowienia programu prac umożliwiającego zaopatrzenie polityki promocji w jasne i prawidłowo wyznaczone strategie. 22. Wnosi o określenie sposobu, w jaki Komisja uwzględni priorytety państw członkowskich oraz włączy je do programu prac. 23. Proponuje przyjęcie programu prac na okres 3 lat, na wzór obecnych kampanii, co pozwoli uwzględnić zmiany na rynkach, nie wykluczając przy tym dokonywanych co roku zmian dostosowujących. Ocena i selekcja programów prostych i programów, w których uczestniczy wiele państw oraz zarządzanie nimi 24. Uważa, że oceną i selekcją programów nie powinna zajmować się wyłącznie Komisja. Należy umożliwić udział państw członkowskich i umożliwić w ten sposób współpracę regionów europejskich, ponieważ to one współfinansowałyby środki promocji utrzymane ostatecznie w ramach EFRROW na lata 2014–2020 (art. 17), z wykorzystaniem procedur podobnych do środka 133 w okresie 2007–2013. 25. Zwraca się do Komisji o rozważenie środków na rzecz udziału państw członkowskich i współpracy regionów, nie przeciążając przy tym procesu, w ramach programu promocyjnego finansowanego przez Unię Europejską, by finansowane w ramach tego programu działania były zgodne z regionalnymi strategiami w zakresie promocji. 26. Opowiada się również za utrzymaniem dwóch zaproszeń do składania wniosków, co umożliwiają obecne przepisy, ponieważ w ten sposób wnioskodawcy, których programy nie zostały wybrane na pierwszym etapie, nie musieliby długo czekać na ponowne zaproszenie. Proponowana wysokość współfinansowania 27. Akceptuje odsetek współfinansowania zaproponowany przez Komisję i uznaje go za zgodny z celem zachęcania do ubiegania się o udział w programie w krajach trzecich i w programach, w których uczestniczy wiele państw. Proponuje jednak, by w przypadku programów, w których uczestniczy wiele państw w krajach trzecich wysokość współfinansowania została zwiększona do 75 %. W przypadkach szczególnych tę samą wysokość współfinansowania można by zastosować do MŚP. 28. Zdaje sobie sprawę z faktu, że prowadzona do tej pory polityka promocyjna przyczyniła się do odzyskania zaufania konsumentów w sytuacji kryzysu. Wciąż niezbędne są jednak o wiele sprawniejsze i bardziej skuteczne instrumenty informacyjne i środki promocji. 29. Proponuje rozważyć zwiększenie współfinansowania europejskiego, zwłaszcza jeśli chodzi o środki promocyjne i informacyjne w przypadku kryzysów rolnych, by uniknąć sytuacji, w których dyskryminowani są niektórzy producenci. 30. Uwypukla potrzebę wyjaśnienia we wniosku dotyczącym rozporządzenia, jak zostanie ulepszona zdolność reagowania w sytuacjach kryzysowych, by działać szybko i skutecznie. Ewentualne wyeliminowanie możliwości finansowania programów przez państwa członkowskie 31. Wnosi o umożliwienie państwom członkowskim dobrowolnego współfinansowania programów z Komisją, jako że może to okazać się niezbędne w przypadku sektorów produkcyjnych mało rozwiniętych lub dysponujących niewielkimi zdolnościami finansowymi. Zalecenia końcowe 32. Zaleca Komisji, by szerzej uwzględniła regiony europejskie i ich kluczową rolę w produkcji wysokiej jakości produktów rolnych i rolno-spożywczych, umożliwiając ich udział w selekcji programów. 33. Zaleca Komisji finansowanie działań promocyjnych na rynku wewnętrznym w celu zwiększenia sprzedaży produktów rolnych i spożywczych pochodzących z Unii Europejskiej i objętych uznanymi systemami jakości lub tradycyjnego i regionalnego rolnictwa ekologicznego. Rozpowszechnianie i promocja produktów tradycyjnych przyczyni się do zmiany wzorców konsumpcji wynikających z globalizacji europejskiego rynku. II. ZALECANE POPRAWKI Poprawka 1 Motyw 2 Tekst zaproponowany przez Komisję Poprawka KR-u (2) Celem tych działań jest zwiększenie konkurencyjności rolnictwa europejskiego zarówno na rynku wewnętrznym, jak i w państwach trzecich, poprzez podniesienie poziomu wiedzy konsumentów dotyczącej zalet unijnych produktów rolnych i artykułów spożywczych wytworzonych w oparciu o produkty rolne oraz poprzez rozwijanie i otwieranie nowych rynków. Przedmiotowe działania korzystnie uzupełniają i wzmacniają działania prowadzone przez państwa członkowskie. (2) Celem tych działań jest zwiększenie konkurencyjności rolnictwa europejskiego zarówno na rynku wewnętrznym, jak i w państwach trzecich, poprzez podniesienie poziomu wiedzy konsumentów dotyczącej zalet unijnych produktów rolnych i artykułów spożywczych wytworzonych w oparciu o produkty rolne, mając na uwadze uznane na szczeblu europejskim systemy jakości, które wnoszą wartość dodaną do produkcji europejskiej, oraz poprzez rozwijanie i otwieranie nowych rynków. Przedmiotowe działania korzystnie uzupełniają i wzmacniają działania prowadzone przez państwa członkowskie. Uzasadnienie Europejscy konsumenci z reguły nie znają norm i wysokich standardów jakości, do których muszą stosować się producenci europejscy. Żeby zaradzić tej sytuacji należy pokazać, że europejskie produkty spełniają ścisłe normy w zakresie bezpieczeństwa żywnościowego, zdrowia i dobrostanu zwierząt, zdrowia roślin i ochrony środowiska. Dlatego ważna jest polityka informacyjna i promocyjna dotycząca produktów rolnych, by wyjaśnić konsumentom europejskim, że europejskie produkty spełniają wszystkie wymienione wymagania i uświadomić ich w tym zakresie. Ponadto należy zwrócić uwagę na produkty objęte systemami jakości uznanymi przez Unię Europejską. Poprawka 2 Motyw 7 Tekst zaproponowany przez Komisję Poprawka KR-u (7) Przekazywanie informacji na temat win produkowanych w Unii i promocja tych win stanowią jeden z najważniejszych środków zawartych w programach wsparcia dla sektora wina przewidzianych w ramach WPR. W związku z tym należy ograniczyć możliwość obejmowania win działaniami informacyjnymi i promocyjnymi w ramach niniejszego systemu jedynie do przypadków, w których wino jest powiązane z innym produktem rolnym lub artykułem spożywczym. (7) Przekazywanie informacji na temat win produkowanych w Unii i promocja tych win stanowią jeden z najważniejszych środków zawartych w programach wsparcia dla sektora wina przewidzianych w ramach WPR. W związku z tym należy ograniczyć możliwość obejmowania win działaniami informacyjnymi i promocyjnymi w ramach niniejszego systemu jedynie do przypadków, w których wino jest powiązane z innym produktem rolnym lub artykułem spożywczym. Uzasadnienie Naszym zdaniem sektor wina nie powinien być traktowany odmiennie od innych produktów rolnych, dlatego należy w pełni włączyć go na listę produktów kwalifikujących się, nie tylko w przypadku ogólnych kampanii powiązanych z innymi produktami. Wino byłoby jedynym europejskim produktem, który nie mógłby korzystać z kampanii przeznaczonych wyłącznie dla tego sektora. Uważamy, że nie można pominąć kluczowego sektora europejskiej produkcji. Poprawka 3 Motyw 8 Tekst zaproponowany przez Komisję Poprawka KR-u (8) W latach 2001–2011 zaledwie 30 % budżetu przeznaczonego na działania informacyjne i promocyjne prowadzone na podstawie rozporządzenia (WE) nr 3/2008 dotyczyło rynków państw trzecich, podczas gdy rynki te oferują znaczny potencjał wzrostu. Należy ustanowić przepisy szczegółowe w celu wykonania 75 % szacowanych wydatków, aby wspierać realizację większej liczby działań informacyjnych i promocyjnych dotyczących unijnych produktów rolnych w państwach trzecich, w szczególności poprzez zwiększenie wsparcia finansowego. (8) W latach 2001–2011 zaledwie 30 % budżetu przeznaczonego na działania informacyjne i promocyjne prowadzone na podstawie rozporządzenia (WE) nr 3/2008 dotyczyło rynków państw trzecich, podczas gdy rynki te oferują znaczny potencjał wzrostu. Należy ustanowić przepisy szczegółowe w celu wykonania 75 % szacowanych wydatków, aby wspierać realizację większej liczby działań informacyjnych i promocyjnych dotyczących unijnych produktów rolnych w państwach trzecich, w szczególności poprzez zwiększenie wsparcia finansowego. Uzasadnienie Europejskie produkty muszą obecnie konkurować z produktami państw trzecich, zarówno na rynku wewnętrznym, jak i na rynkach zagranicznych. Muszą przy tym obowiązkowo stosować się do licznych, restrykcyjnych norm wspólnotowych. Ponadto nie należy zapominać o różnych sposobach produkcji i warunkach, w jakich się ona odbywa, zarówno w UE, jak i poza nią. Naszym zdaniem nie należy ustalać odsetków wydatków przeznaczonych na przeprowadzenie w krajach trzecich działań informacyjnych i promujących dotyczących unijnych produktów rolnych. Poprawka 4 Motyw 9 Tekst zaproponowany przez Komisję Poprawka KR-u (9) W celu zapewnienia należytego oddziaływania realizowanych działań informacyjnych i promocyjnych należy planować tego rodzaju działania w ramach programów informacyjnych i promocyjnych. Takie programy były dotychczas składane przez organizacje branżowe i międzybranżowe. Aby zwiększyć liczbę i podnieść jakość proponowanych działań, należy poszerzyć krąg beneficjentów o organizacje producentów. Co więcej, Komisja powinna mieć możliwość uzupełnienia tych programów poprzez realizację działań z własnej inicjatywy, przede wszystkim w celu przyczynienia się do otwarcia nowych rynków. (9) W celu zapewnienia należytego oddziaływania realizowanych działań informacyjnych i promocyjnych należy planować tego rodzaju działania w ramach programów informacyjnych i promocyjnych. Takie programy były dotychczas składane przez organizacje branżowe i międzybranżowe. Aby zwiększyć liczbę i podnieść jakość proponowanych działań, należy poszerzyć krąg beneficjentów o organizacje producentów i należące do nich MŚP, jeżeli przeprowadzane przez nie działania promocyjne są ukierunkowane na uznane systemy jakości. Co więcej, Komisja powinna mieć możliwość uzupełnienia tych programów poprzez realizację działań z własnej inicjatywy, przede wszystkim w celu przyczynienia się do otwarcia nowych rynków. Uzasadnienie Odnosząc się do beneficjentów nie należy zapominać o MŚP, ponieważ stanowią one ok. 90 % przemysłu rolno-spożywczego Unii Europejskiej. Ponadto przedsiębiorstwa te mają silniejsze więzi z obszarami wiejskimi i regionami, dlatego to one powinny odnieść większe korzyści z tych środków. Poprawka 5 Motyw 11 Tekst zaproponowany przez Komisję Poprawka KR-u (11) W celu zapewnienia skutecznego wdrożenia działań informacyjnych i promocyjnych należy powierzyć ich realizację należycie wybranym organom wdrażającym. (11) W celu zapewnienia skutecznego wdrożenia działań informacyjnych i promocyjnych należy powierzyć ich realizację należycie wybranym organom wdrażającym, dysponującym wykwalifikowanym i wyspecjalizowanym personelem, co gwarantowałoby, że wspomniana realizacja będzie skuteczna. Uzasadnienie Ważne jest, by należycie wybrane organy wdrażające dysponowały wyspecjalizowanym personelem, który mógłby udzielić wsparcia technicznego niezbędnego dla programów promujących, podobnie jak miało to dotąd miejsce w przypadku państw członkowskich. Poprawka 6 Motyw 14 Tekst zaproponowany przez Komisję Poprawka KR-u (14) Unia stawia sobie za cel uproszczenie ram prawnych WPR. Podejście to powinno zostać zastosowane także w odniesieniu do rozporządzenia w sprawie działań informacyjnych i promocyjnych dotyczących produktów rolnych. Należy zwłaszcza dokonać przeglądu zasad zarządzania administracyjnego programami informacyjnymi i promocyjnymi w celu uproszczenia tych zasad oraz umożliwienia Komisji ustanowienia przepisów i procedur regulujących składanie i wybór propozycji programów. (14) Unia stawia sobie za cel uproszczenie ram prawnych WPR. Podejście to powinno zostać zastosowane także w odniesieniu do rozporządzenia w sprawie działań informacyjnych i promocyjnych dotyczących produktów rolnych. Należy zwłaszcza dokonać przeglądu zasad zarządzania administracyjnego programami informacyjnymi i promocyjnymi w celu uproszczenia tych zasad oraz umożliwienia Komisji ustanowienia przepisów i procedur regulujących składanie i wybór propozycji programów, ewentualnie z możliwością ustanowienia aktów wykonawczych pozwalających na udział państw członkowskich we współpracy z regionami. Uzasadnienie Komisja musi określić normy i procedury dotyczące prezentacji wniosków w sprawie programu i ich selekcji wraz z państwami członkowskimi i regionami europejskimi, ponieważ to one wezmą pod uwagę bardziej specjalistyczne kryteria, w zależności od różnorakich sytuacji i warunków na ich terenie. Uproszczenie procesu nie wymaga, naszym zdaniem, wyłączenia z niego państw członkowskich. Poprawka 7 Motyw 16 Tekst zaproponowany przez Komisję Poprawka KR-u (16) Należy ustalić kryteria finansowania działań. Zgodnie z ogólną zasadą Unia powinna pokrywać tylko część kosztów programów, tak aby uczynić odpowiedzialnymi zainteresowane organizacje inicjujące. Niektóre koszty administracyjne i personelu, niezwiązane z wdrażaniem WPR, stanowią integralną część działań informacyjnych i promocyjnych i będą mogły kwalifikować się do finansowania unijnego. (16) Należy ustalić kryteria finansowania działań. Zgodnie z ogólną zasadą Unia powinna pokrywać tylko część kosztów programów, tak aby uczynić odpowiedzialnymi zainteresowane organizacje inicjujące. Niektóre koszty administracyjne i personelu, niezwiązane z wdrażaniem WPR, stanowią integralną część działań informacyjnych i promocyjnych i będą mogły kwalifikować się do finansowania unijnego. Również państwa członkowskie mogłyby dobrowolnie współfinansować część kosztów programów. Uzasadnienie Państwa członkowskie i regiony europejskie powinny mieć możliwość współfinansowania programów prostych, jako że niektóre kluczowe podmioty sektora nie zawsze dysponują wystarczającymi zasobami budżetowymi, by przeprowadzić tego rodzaju kampanie promocyjne. Ponadto obecne sformułowanie motywu może być korzystne przede wszystkim dla tych producentów europejskich, którzy przeznaczają na programy promocyjne największe zasoby finansowe. Poprawka 8 Artykuł 2 Tekst zaproponowany przez Komisję Poprawka KR-u Działania na rynku wewnętrznym Działania na rynku wewnętrznym i w państwach trzecich Działaniami kwalifikującymi się na rynku wewnętrznym są: a) działania informacyjne mające na celu podkreślenie specyfiki metod unijnej produkcji rolnej, w szczególności w odniesieniu do bezpieczeństwa żywności, autentyczności, wartości odżywczych i zdrowotnych, dobrostanu zwierząt i poszanowania środowiska; b) działania informacyjne dotyczące tematów, o których mowa w art. 5 ust. 4. Działaniami kwalifikującymi się na rynku wewnętrznym są: a) działania informacyjne mające na celu podkreślenie specyfiki metod unijnej produkcji rolnej, w szczególności w odniesieniu do bezpieczeństwa żywności, autentyczności, etykietowania, wartości odżywczych i zdrowotnych, dobrostanu zwierząt i poszanowania środowiska; b) działania informacyjne dotyczące tematów, o których mowa w art. 5 ust. 4. Uzasadnienie Nie należy rozróżniać między działaniami prowadzonymi na rynku wewnętrznym i zewnętrznym. Proponujemy połączenie artykułu 2 i 3. Poprawka 9 Artykuł 3 Tekst zaproponowany przez Komisję Poprawka KR-u Działania w państwach trzecich Działania w państwach trzecich Działaniami kwalifikującymi się w państwach trzecich są: a) działania informacyjne mające na celu podkreślenie cech produktów rolnych i środków spożywczych oraz dotyczące tematów, o których mowa w art. 5 ust. 4; b) działania promocyjne mające na celu wzrost sprzedaży produktów rolnych i środków spożywczych pochodzących z UE. Działaniami kwalifikującymi się w państwach trzecich są: a) działania informacyjne mające na celu podkreślenie cech produktów rolnych i środków spożywczych oraz dotyczące tematów, o których mowa w art. 5 ust. 4; b) działania promocyjne mające na celu wzrost sprzedaży produktów rolnych i środków spożywczych pochodzących z UE. Uzasadnienie Nie należy rozróżniać między działaniami prowadzonymi na rynku wewnętrznym i zewnętrznym. Proponujemy połączenie artykułu 2 i 3. Poprawka 10 Artykuł 5 Tekst zaproponowany przez Komisję Poprawka KR-u 1. Następujące produkty mogą być przedmiotem działań informacyjnych i promocyjnych, o których mowa w art. 3 oraz ilustrować metody produkcji i tematy, o których mowa w art. 2 i art. 3 lit. a): 1. Następujące produkty mogą być przedmiotem działań informacyjnych i promocyjnych, o których mowa w art. 3 oraz ilustrować metody produkcji i tematy, o których mowa w art. 2 i art. 3 lit. a): a) produkty rolne wymienione w wykazie znajdującym się w załączniku I do Traktatu o funkcjonowaniu Unii Europejskiej (zwanego dalej „Traktatem”) z wyjątkiem produktów rybołówstwa i akwakultury wymienionych w załączniku I do rozporządzenia Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (UE) nr [COM(2011)416] oraz tytoniu; a) produkty rolne wymienione w wykazie znajdującym się w załączniku I do Traktatu o funkcjonowaniu Unii Europejskiej (zwanego dalej „Traktatem”) z wyjątkiem produktów rybołówstwa i akwakultury wymienionych w załączniku I do rozporządzenia Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (UE) nr [COM(2011) 416] oraz tytoniu; b) artykuły spożywcze wytworzone w oparciu o produkty rolne wymienione w pkt I załącznika I do rozporządzenia Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (UE) nr 1151/2012; b) artykuły spożywcze wytworzone w oparciu o produkty rolne wymienione w pkt I załącznika I do rozporządzenia Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (UE) nr 1151/2012; c) napoje spirytusowe o oznaczeniu geograficznym chronionym na mocy rozporządzenia Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (WE) nr 110/2008. c) napoje spirytusowe o oznaczeniu geograficznym chronionym na mocy rozporządzenia Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (WE) nr 110/2008. d) wino o chronionej nazwie pochodzenia lub chronionym oznaczeniu geograficznym na mocy rozporządzenia Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (WE) nr 1308/2013 oraz wino pochodzące z rolnictwa ekologicznego może kwalifikować się do działań informacyjnych i promocyjnych. 2. Wino może być przedmiotem działań informacyjnych i promocyjnych pod warunkiem, że inne produkty, o których mowa w ust. 1 lit. a) lub b), są także objęte danym programem. 2 Wino może być przedmiotem działań informacyjnych i promocyjnych pod warunkiem, że inne produkty, o których mowa w ust. 1 lit. a) lub b), są także objęte danym programem. Uzasadnienie Uważamy, że nie należy traktować sektora wina inaczej niż sektorów pozostałych produktów rolnych. Europejski sektor wina zdobył sobie uznanie i należy go chronić, ze względu na jego znaczenie na europejskim rynku wewnętrznym oraz renomę poza Unią Europejską. Poprawka 11 Artykuł 8 Tekst zaproponowany przez Komisję Poprawka KR-u 1. Działania informacyjne i promocyjne przyczyniają się do wzmocnienia konkurencyjności rolnictwa europejskiego zarówno na rynku wewnętrznym, jak i w państwach trzecich. Cele, jakie należy osiągnąć, zostaną określone w programie prac, o którym mowa w ust. 2. 1. Działania informacyjne i promocyjne przyczyniają się do wzmocnienia konkurencyjności rolnictwa europejskiego zarówno na rynku wewnętrznym, jak i w państwach trzecich. Cele, jakie należy osiągnąć, zostaną określone w programie prac, o którym mowa w ust. 2. 2. Komisja przyjmuje, w drodze aktu wykonawczego, program prac, w którym określone są zamierzone cele, priorytety, spodziewane wyniki, warunki wdrażania i całkowita kwota planu finansowania. Program prac zawiera też główne kryteria oceny, opis działań, które mają zostać sfinansowane, kwoty przeznaczone na każdy rodzaj działania, orientacyjny harmonogram realizacji oraz w przypadku dotacji maksymalną wysokość współfinansowania. 2. Komisja przyjmuje, w drodze aktu wykonawczego, program prac, w którym określone są zamierzone cele, priorytety, spodziewane wyniki, warunki wdrażania i całkowita kwota planu finansowania. Program prac zawiera też główne kryteria oceny, opis działań, które mają zostać sfinansowane, kwoty przeznaczone na każdy rodzaj działania, orientacyjny harmonogram realizacji oraz w przypadku dotacji maksymalną wysokość współfinansowania. Opracowując program, Komisja uwzględnia niekorzystne warunki naturalne specyficzne dla regionów górskich, wyspiarskich i najbardziej oddalonych. Akt wykonawczy, o którym mowa w akapicie pierwszym, przyjmuje się zgodnie z procedurą doradczą, o której mowa w art. 24 ust. 3. Akt wykonawczy, o którym mowa w akapicie pierwszym, przyjmuje się zgodnie z procedurą sprawdzającą doradczą, o której mowa w art. 24 ust. 2 3. 3. W celu wdrożenia programu prac, o którym mowa w ust. 1, Komisja publikuje: a) w przypadku programów prostych, zaproszenie do składania wniosków zawierające w szczególności warunki uczestnictwa i główne kryteria oceny. b) w przypadku programów, w których uczestniczy wiele państw zaproszenie do składania wniosków zgodnie z tytułem VI części I rozporządzenia (UE, Euratom) nro966/2012. 3. W celu wdrożenia programu prac, o którym mowa w ust. 1, Komisja publikuje: a) w przypadku programów prostych, dwa zaproszenia zaproszenie do składania wniosków zawierające w szczególności warunki uczestnictwa i główne kryteria oceny. b) w przypadku programów, w których uczestniczy wiele państw, dwa zaproszenia zaproszenie do składania wniosków zgodnie z tytułem VI części I rozporządzenia (UE, Euratom) nro966/2012. Zaproszenia do składania wniosków, o których mowa w lit. a) i b), uwzględniają niekorzystne warunki naturalne specyficzne dla regionów górskich, wyspiarskich i najbardziej oddalonych. Uzasadnienie Komisja przyznaje sobie zbyt dużo uprawnień w procedurze decyzyjnej w związku z programem prac. W obecnym rozporządzeniu dopuszcza się dwa zaproszenia do składania wniosków, dzięki czemu wnioskodawca nie musi czekać zbyt długo z ponownym zgłoszeniem. Poprawka 12 Artykuł 12 Tekst zaproponowany przez Komisję Poprawka KR-u 1. Komisja dokonuje oceny i wyboru propozycji programów prostych przedstawionych w związku z zaproszeniem do składania wniosków, o którym mowa w art. 8 ust. 3 lit. a). 1. Komisja dokonuje oceny i wyboru propozycji programów prostych przedstawionych w związku z zaproszeniem do składania wniosków, o którym mowa w art. 8 ust. 3 lit. a). 2. Komisja, w drodze aktów wykonawczych, podejmuje decyzje dotyczące wybranych programów prostych, ewentualnych zmian, jakie należy w nich wprowadzić, oraz odpowiadających im budżetów. Te akty wykonawcze są przyjmowane zgodnie z procedurą sprawdzającą, o której mowa w art. 24 ust. 2. 2. Komisja przyjmuje akty wykonawcze umożliwiające państwom członkowskim i regionom europejskim udział w ocenie propozycji programów prostych i ich selekcji. 3. Komisja, w drodze aktów wykonawczych, podejmuje decyzje dotyczące wybranych programów prostych, ewentualnych zmian, jakie należy w nich wprowadzić, oraz odpowiadających im budżetów. Te akty wykonawcze są przyjmowane zgodnie z procedurą sprawdzającą, o której mowa w art. 24 ust. 2. Uzasadnienie Nie można zaakceptować wyłączenia państw członkowskich z oceny i selekcji programów prostych. Władze krajowe powinny brać aktywny udział w selekcji, ponieważ zgodnie z art. 14 to one zajmą się jej realizacją, monitorowaniem i kontrolą. Poprawka 13 Artykuł 13 Tekst zaproponowany przez Komisję Poprawka KR-u Aby zapewnić skuteczną realizację działań, po przeprowadzeniu odpowiedniej procedury konkursowej organizacja inicjująca dokonuje wyboru organów, które realizują wybrane programy proste. Aby zapewnić skuteczną realizację działań, po przeprowadzeniu odpowiedniej procedury konkursowej organizacja inicjująca dokonuje wyboru wyspecjalizowanych organów, które realizują wybrane programy proste. Regionalne agencje promocji lub usług promocyjnych w regionach będą mogły uwzględnić zbiorowe działania krajowe, związane z regionami i informowaniem nt. pochodzenia. Uzasadnienie Należy położyć szczególny nacisk na udział państw członkowskich i na współpracę regionów w ramach działań informacyjnych i promocyjnych. Dlatego proponuje się dodać wzmiankę o agencjach i usługach związanych z promocją w regionach. Celem tych agencji jest skuteczne i dobrze zorganizowane finansowanie programów i ich realizacja, a nie finansowanie agencji poprzez wspomniane fundusze. Poprawka 14 Art. 15 ust. 1 Tekst zaproponowany przez Komisję Poprawka KR-u 1. Udział Unii w finansowaniu programów prostych nie przekracza 50 % kwoty wydatków kwalifikowalnych. Pozostałą część wydatków ponoszą wyłącznie organizacje inicjujące. 1. Udział Unii w finansowaniu programów prostych nie przekracza 50 % kwoty wydatków kwalifikowalnych. C_2014174EN. 01002501. xml 7. 6. 2014 EN Official Journal of the European Union C 174/25 Opinion of the Committee of the Regions — information provision and promotion measures for agricultural products on the internal market and in third countries 2014/C 174/06 Rapporteur Pedro Sanz Alonso, President of the Regional Government of La Rioja (ES/EPP) Reference document Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on information provision and promotion measures for agricultural products on the internal market and in third countries COM(2013) 812 final I. POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS General aspects 1. welcomes and endorses the European Commission's proposal for a regulation, because it demonstrates the Commission's interest in information and promotion measures for agricultural products on the internal market and in third countries and in particular because it proposes a new framework for supporting and boosting information and promotion measures for European agricultural products both within and beyond our borders; 2. considers that information and promotion measures for agricultural products on the internal market and in third countries are particularly important for enabling the agricultural sector to cope with the many challenges it faces at a time of growing competition. These are also important for making it easier to open up markets, giving these products a greater presence, as European agricultural producers are now having to deal with the challenges of open borders and market globalisation; 3. considers that this proposal for information and promotion measures for agricultural products will enable consumers, in Europe and across the world, to learn more about the EU's quality and high production standards by ensuring food safety/security and environmental protection, thus building confidence in the products they purchase and consume. This could lead to a better return for producers, by raising the profile of European agricultural products; 4. believes that the European agricultural sector is essential to the development of local and regional economies, playing a very substantial role in job creation and in encouraging population settlement and growth in the area, since production and processing have close local and regional links. This regional dimension should remain a key component in achieving the goal of ensuring that Europe's regions develop in a balanced manner; 5. reiterates that the regions need an ambitious and effective promotion policy that showcases the quality and distinctive characteristics of their agricultural products. | 41,387 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18228221 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,013 | Stack Exchange | Joum, chameau13, d9705996, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1169183, https://stackoverflow.com/users/24098, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2681717 | English | Spoken | 2,182 | 4,963 | D3 Force Directed Graph ajax update
I am using d3.js and jquery with a PHP back-end (based on yii framework) to create a dynamic force directed graph to represent the current state of hosts and services on the network that we are monitoring using Nagios.
The graph shows root -> hostgroups -> hosts -> services. I have created a server side function to return a JSON object in the following format
{
"nodes": [
{
"name": "MaaS",
"object_id": 0
},
{
"name": "Convergence",
"object_id": "531",
"colour": "#999900"
},
{
"name": "maas-servers",
"object_id": "719",
"colour": "#999900"
},
{
"name": "hrg-cube",
"object_id": "400",
"colour": "#660033"
}
],
"links": [
{
"source": 0,
"target": "531"
},
{
"source": 0,
"target": "719"
},
{
"source": "719",
"target": "400"
}
]
}
The nodes contain an object id which is used in the links and colour for displaying the state of the node (OK = green, WARNING = yellow, etc) The links has the source object ids and target object ids for the nodes. The nodes and links may change as new hosts are added or removed from the monitoring system
I have the following code which setups the initial SVG and then every 10 seconds
Retrieves the current JSON object
Creates map of the links
Selects the current nodes and links and binds them to the JSON data
Entering links are added and exiting links are removed
updated and added nodes will change their fill colour and have
a tooltip with their name added
Force is started
$.ajaxSetup({ cache: false });
width = 960,
height = 500;
node = [];
link = [];
force = d3.layout.force()
.charge(-1000)
.linkDistance(1)
.size([width, height]);
svg = d3.select("body").append("svg")
.attr("width", width)
.attr("height", height)
.append("g");
setInterval(function(){
$.ajax({
url: "<?php echo $url;?>",
type: "post",
async: false,
datatype: "json",
success: function(json, textStatus, XMLHttpRequest)
{
json = $.parseJSON(json);
var nodeMap = {};
json.nodes.forEach(function(x) { nodeMap[x.object_id] = x; });
json.links = json.links.map(function(x) {
return {
source: nodeMap[x.source],
target: nodeMap[x.target],
};
});
link = svg.selectAll("line")
.data(json.links);
node = svg.selectAll("circle")
.data(json.nodes,function(d){return d.object_id})
link.enter().append("line").attr("stroke-width",1).attr('stroke','#999');
link.exit().remove();
node.enter().append("circle").attr("r",5);
node.exit().remove();
node.attr("fill",function(d){return d.colour});
node.append("title")
.text(function(d) { return d.name; });
node.call(force.drag);
force
.nodes(node.data())
.links(link.data())
.start()
force.on("tick", function() {
link.attr("x1", function(d) { return d.source.x; })
.attr("y1", function(d) { return d.source.y; })
.attr("x2", function(d) { return d.target.x; })
.attr("y2", function(d) { return d.target.y; });
node.attr("cx", function(d) { return d.x = Math.max(5, Math.min(width - 5, d.x)); })
.attr("cy", function(d) { return d.y = Math.max(5, Math.min(height - 5, d.y)); });
});
}
});
},10000);
An example of the output can be seen at Network Visualization
All of the above works correctly with the exception that every time the code loops it causes the visualization to restart and the nodes all bounce about until they settle. What I need is for any current items to stay as they are but any new nodes and links are added to the visualisation and are clickable and draggable, etc.
If anyone can help I would be eternally grateful.
That happens because you are actually reloading the data and recalculating the layout everytime. Instead of reloading a new JSON everytime, I think you should find a way to check the changes server-side and find a way to connect them with what you have on update. For instance, create a JSON with just the new nodes and links and push those objects into the .nodes and .links when you call the force.on("tick", function())
I was really hoping for a way to avoid having to deal with passing the current visualization objects back to the server as it makes the whole solution much more complex. The reason I began looking at d3.js was that you pass d3 the data and it works out what has entered and exited the data saving you from having to do this manually. Is there no alternative methods?
Actually, I was re-reading your comment and d3.js does not work out what entered and exited in the data. It computes whatever you tell it to with the data you provide. If you want to change the data being used, you have to change it yourself. :)
Aaaand I messed up in the last comment... Sorry! You should have a read about this: https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/d3-js/q8yz2OUMW8g follow the links as they have precious informatioin on them...
I have managed to find a solution to the problem using a mixture of all the advice above, below is the code I have used
var width = $(document).width();
var height = $(document).height();
var outer = d3.select("#chart")
.append("svg:svg")
.attr("width", width)
.attr("height", height)
.attr("pointer-events", "all");
var vis = outer
.append('svg:g')
.call(d3.behavior.zoom().on("zoom", rescale))
.on("dblclick.zoom", null)
.append('svg:g')
vis.append('svg:rect')
.attr('width', width)
.attr('height', height)
.attr('fill', 'white');
var force = d3.layout.force()
.size([width, height])
.nodes([]) // initialize with a single node
.linkDistance(1)
.charge(-500)
.on("tick", tick);
nodes = force.nodes(),
links = force.links();
var node = vis.selectAll(".node"),
link = vis.selectAll(".link");
redraw();
setInterval(function(){
$.ajax({
url: "<?php echo $url;?>",
type: "post",
async: false,
datatype: "json",
success: function(json, textStatus, XMLHttpRequest)
{
var current_nodes = [];
var delete_nodes = [];
var json = $.parseJSON(json);
$.each(json.nodes, function (i,data){
result = $.grep(nodes, function(e){ return e.object_id == data.object_id; });
if (!result.length)
{
nodes.push(data);
}
else
{
pos = nodes.map(function(e) { return e.object_id; }).indexOf(data.object_id);
nodes[pos].colour = data.colour;
}
current_nodes.push(data.object_id);
});
$.each(nodes,function(i,data){
if(current_nodes.indexOf(data.object_id) == -1)
{
delete_nodes.push(data.index);
}
});
$.each(delete_nodes,function(i,data){
nodes.splice(data,1);
});
var nodeMap = {};
nodes.forEach(function(x) { nodeMap[x.object_id] = x; });
links = json.links.map(function(x) {
return {
source: nodeMap[x.source],
target: nodeMap[x.target],
colour: x.colour,
};
});
redraw();
}
});
},2000);
function redraw()
{
node = node.data(nodes,function(d){ return d.object_id;});
node.enter().insert("circle")
.attr("r", 5)
node.attr("fill", function(d){return d.colour})
node.exit().remove();
link = link.data(links);
link.enter().append("line")
.attr("stroke-width",1)
link.attr('stroke',function(d){return d.colour});
link.exit().remove();
force.start();
}
function tick() {
link.attr("x1", function(d) { return Math.round(d.source.x); })
.attr("y1", function(d) { return Math.round(d.source.y); })
.attr("x2", function(d) { return Math.round(d.target.x); })
.attr("y2", function(d) { return Math.round(d.target.y); });
node.attr("cx", function(d) { return Math.round(d.x); })
.attr("cy", function(d) { return Math.round(d.y); });
}
function rescale() {
trans=d3.event.translate;
scale=d3.event.scale;
vis.attr("transform",
"translate(" + trans + ")"
+ " scale(" + scale + ")");
}
I also added a boolean variable that only runs force.start() when an new node is added or deleted to prevent the unneccessary settling on every tick of the graph
hi! some years later: may you please explain me how i can feed in a json file from my disk in you code above? thanks :-)
Check out this answer. You need a unique identifier for your nodes, which it appears you have.
Updating links on a force directed graph from dynamic json data
The example is better than what I have currently but when I use this code and attach my ajax call the animation doesn't restart from scratch but it does still move around on update even if the nodes or links haven't changed. This isn't acceptable for what I require as I need the diagram not to move when settled unless there is some change in the data as the diagram will be used as a overall status view and will be on wall boards and movement will draw attention to the screen so should only occur when there is a change.
I recently tried to do the same thing, here is the solution I came up with. What I do is load a first batch of data with links.php and then update them with newlinks.php, both return a JSON with a list of objects with attributes sender and receiver. In this example newlinks returns a new sender each time and I set the receiver to be a randomly selected old node.
$.post("links.php", function(data) {
// Functions as an "initializer", loads the first data
// Then newlinks.php will add more data to this first batch (see below)
var w = 1400,
h = 1400;
var svg = d3.select("#networkviz")
.append("svg")
.attr("width", w)
.attr("height", h);
var links = [];
var nodes = [];
var force = d3.layout.force()
.nodes(nodes)
.links(links)
.size([w, h])
.linkDistance(50)
.charge(-50)
.on("tick", tick);
svg.append("g").attr("class", "links");
svg.append("g").attr("class", "nodes");
var linkSVG = svg.select(".links").selectAll(".link"),
nodeSVG = svg.select(".nodes").selectAll(".node");
handleData(data);
update();
// This is the server call
var interval = 5; // set the frequency of server calls (in seconds)
setInterval(function() {
var currentDate = new Date();
var beforeDate = new Date(currentDate.setSeconds(currentDate.getSeconds()-interval));
$.post("newlinks.php", {begin: beforeDate, end: new Date()}, function(newlinks) {
// newlinks.php returns a JSON file with my new transactions (the one that happened between now and 5 seconds ago)
if (newlinks.length != 0) { // If nothing happened, then I don't need to do anything, the graph will stay as it was
// here I decide to add any new node and never remove any of the old ones
// so eventually my graph will grow extra large, but that's up to you to decide what you want to do with your nodes
newlinks = JSON.parse(newlinks);
// Adds a node to a randomly selected node (completely useless, but a good example)
var r = getRandomInt(0, nodes.length-1);
newlinks[0].receiver = nodes[r].id;
handleData(newlinks);
update();
}
});
}, interval*1000);
function update() {
// enter, update and exit
force.start();
linkSVG = linkSVG.data(force.links(), function(d) { return d.source.id+"-"+d.target.id; });
linkSVG.enter().append("line").attr("class", "link").attr("stroke", "#ccc").attr("stroke-width", 2);
linkSVG.exit().remove();
var r = d3.scale.sqrt().domain(d3.extent(force.nodes(), function(d) {return d.weight; })).range([5, 20]);
var c = d3.scale.sqrt().domain(d3.extent(force.nodes(), function(d) {return d.weight; })).range([0, 270]);
nodeSVG = nodeSVG.data(force.nodes(), function(d) { return d.id; });
nodeSVG.enter()
.append("circle")
.attr("class", "node")
// Color of the nodes depends on their weight
nodeSVG.attr("r", function(d) { return r(d.weight); })
.attr("fill", function(d) {
return "hsl("+c(d.weight)+", 83%, 60%)";
});
nodeSVG.exit().remove();
}
function handleData(data) {
// This is where you create nodes and links from the data you receive
// In my implementation I have a list of transactions with a sender and a receiver that I use as id
// You'll have to customize that part depending on your data
for (var i = 0, c = data.length; i<c; i++) {
var sender = {id: data[i].sender};
var receiver = {id: data[i].receiver};
sender = addNode(sender);
receiver = addNode(receiver);
addLink({source: sender, target: receiver});
}
}
// Checks whether node already exists in nodes or not
function addNode(node) {
var i = nodes.map(function(d) { return d.id; }).indexOf(node.id);
if (i == -1) {
nodes.push(node);
return node;
} else {
return nodes[i];
}
}
// Checks whether link already exists in links or not
function addLink(link) {
if (links.map(function(d) { return d.source.id+"-"+d.target.id; }).indexOf(link.source.id+"-"+link.target.id) == -1
&& links.map(function(d) { return d.target.id+"-"+d.source.id; }).indexOf(link.source.id+"-"+link.target.id) == -1)
links.push(link);
}
function tick() {
linkSVG.attr("x1", function(d) {return d.source.x;})
.attr("y1", function(d) {return d.source.y;})
.attr("x2", function(d) {return d.target.x;})
.attr("y2", function(d) {return d.target.y;});
nodeSVG.attr("cx", function(d) {return d.x})
.attr("cy", function(d) {return d.y});
}
function getRandomInt(min, max) {
return Math.floor(Math.random() * (max - min + 1)) + min;
}
}, "json");
This is a very specific implementation so you should fill the holes where necessary depending on your server output. But I believe the D3 backbone is correct and what you are looking for :)
Here is a JSFiddle to toy with it : http://jsfiddle.net/bTyh5/2/
This code was really useful and inspired some of the parts introduced here.
You don't actually need to pass anything back to the server, as long as, server-side, you are able to tell what new nodes and links are being generated. Then, instead of reloading your whole d3 script, you load it once, and in the force.on("tick", function()), you make your 10 sec timeout AJAX call to go get from the server the new data you want to append, be it nodes or links.
For instance, imagine that you initially have this JSON in your server:
[
{
"nodes": [
{
"name": "MaaS",
"object_id": 0
},
{
"name": "Convergence",
"object_id": "531",
"colour": "#999900"
}
]
},
{
"links": [
{
"source": 0,
"target": "531"
}
]
}
]
You go get it from your server with AJAX and parse it with json = $.parseJSON(json);.
Then, write your timeout so that instead of running the whole function you have in success, only runs after calculating the layout. Then, again, on success, parse the new JSON you got from the server and add the_new_ nodes and links to the already existing force.nodes and force.links respectively.
Please note that I didn't test this and I'm not sure how it will work and/or perform, but I think the general approach is feasible.
That sort of makes sense. Do you have any examples of how I can compare the current nodes and the nodes in the JSON to find out the differences between the two sets of nodes/links?
Not really, sorry. But instead of comparing the new/old, can't you just output the new data to a file? Do you just need to add data or do you need to remove data as well? That make the problem a little more complex...
Data needs to be added and removed and to make matters even more complex the current nodes may have different attributes so may need rerendered
Well, that makes the problem much more complex... I don't think that I alone can help you with this, although I am very interested in the answers. Lets wait a few more days to see if anyone can help out. Also, keep an eye out for other comments that might show up. I'll promote the question as much as I can. If there are any details you consider important to rephrase the question, be sure to edit the question and add them. Good luck!
| 36,747 |
4606842_1 | Court Listener | Open Government | Public Domain | null | None | None | English | Spoken | 2,673 | 3,361 | ELIZABETH H. FISHER, PETITIONER, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RESPONDENT.Fisher v. CommissionerDocket No. 98637.United States Board of Tax Appeals45 B.T.A. 958; 1941 BTA LEXIS 1052; December 9, 1941, Promulgated *1052 1. The value for gift tax purposes of single premium life insurance policies on the donor's life which the donor transferred as a gift in trust, held, the cost of the policies to the donor. Guggenheim v. Rasquin,312 U.S. 254">312 U.S. 254. 2. In 1937 petitioner conveyed to a trustee, irrevocably, certain bonds for the benefit of her grandchildren. The net income of the trust was to be distributed annually on December 20 to the beneficiaries (or to their parents or guardians until they were 21 years of age) until they attained the age of 25 years, when their proportional interests in the trust corpus were to be distributed to them free of trust. If any grandchild should die without issue his share of income and corpus was to go to the surviving grandchildren or their issue. Held, as to the corpus of the trust, the gifts were limited to commence in use, possession, or enjoyment at some future date and were therefore gifts of future interests with respect to which no exclusion is allowable under section 504(b) of the Revenue Act of 1932. United States v. Pelzer,312 U.S. 399">312 U.S. 399. Held, further, that as to the income of the trust, there were*1053 gifts of present interests in the trust fund to each of the living grandchildren and that the donor is entitled to an exclusion, not to exceed $5,000 with respect to each of such gifts. F. T. Ritter, C.P.A., for the petitioner. Samuel Taylor, Esq., for the respondent. SMITH *958 This is a proceeding for the redetermination of gift taxes for the years 1933, 1935, and 1937 as follows: 1933$138.72193564.5619372,465.20The issues presented for decision are: (1) Whether, for gift tax purposes, two paid-up single premium life insurance policies on the life of the donor, purchased by the donor in the year 1933, should be valued at the cash surrender value of the policies at the time of the gift or at the cost of the policies to the donor. (2) Is the donor entitled to an exclusion of not to exceed $5,000 for each individually named beneficiary of a trust when making a gift in trust during the year 1937 (total exclusions $29,662.49), or to but one exclusion of not to exceed $5,000? By an amended answer the respondent seeks to increase the deficiency determined for 1937 upon the ground that the gift of the trust established*1054 in 1937 was of "future interests" and that he erred in allowing an exclusion of $5,000 in respect of the gift to the trust. *959 FINDINGS OF FACT. Petitioner is a resident of Los Angeles, California. She filed gift tax returns for the years 1933, 1935, and 1937 with the collector at Los Angeles. On January 10, 1933, petitioner purchased Policy No. 784844 of the Connecticut Mutual Life Insurance Co. of Hartford, Connecticut, paying therefor on said date a single premium of $38,565.50. The terms of the policy are that the insurance company, upon proof of the death of the insured, will pay $50,000 in accordance with the terms of an interest income agreement as of the date of the policy, or, if such agreement should terminate, to the insured's executors, administrators, or assigns (subject to the rights of the insured to change any beneficiary or mode of settlement). The cash or loan value of the policy on the date of the issuance, January 10, 1933, and on the date of the gift, January 20, 1933, was $36,763.50. On January 11, 1933, the petitioner purchased Policy No. 1736388 of the Penn Mutual Life Insurance Co., paying therefor on said date a single premium of $19,442. *1055 By the terms of this policy the insurance company upon proof of the death of the insured agrees to pay $25,000 to the beneficiary, the right being reserved by the insured to change the beneficiary. The cash or loan value of the policy on January 11, 1933, the date of issuance, and on January 20, 1933, the date of the gift, was $17,371.75. On January 20, 1933, the petitioner conveyed all of her rights in the policies to a trustee in trust for the benefit of her three adult children. In her gift tax return for 1933 the petitioner included these policies at their cash or loan values as of the date of the gift. The respondent determined that they should be included at their costs, namely, the amounts of premiums paid, and issued his notice of deficiency accordingly. The deficiency for 1935 arises solely from the respondent's determination of the net gifts for preceding years. In such determination he included the policies in question at the amounts paid for them by the petitioner rather than at their cash surrender values at the date of the gift. The values of the policies for gift tax purposes are the amounts paid for them by the petitioner. On September 9, 1937, the*1056 petitioner created a trust for the benefit of her six grandchildren and delivered to the trustee bonds of an agreed fair market value of $29,662.49. The trusts were declared irrevocable and the petitioner assigned to the trustee all of her right, title, and interest in and to the bonds. *960 The trust indenture provided in part as follows: SECOND: The Trustee shall from the gross income received from said Trust Estate pay all taxes that may accrue against the Trust property or the income arising therefrom and all proper and necessary expenses of said Trust and the management thereof. THIRD: The net income arising from said Trust Estate shall be disposed of by the Trustee as follows: On or about the 20th day of December of each year the net income accumulated during said year up to the said time shall be distributed to the beneficiaries who have attained the age of twenty-one (21) years, and if under twenty-one years then to the herein designated parent of such beneficiary for his or her use and benefit, in proportion to the share of each therein as herein provided until he or she reaches the age of twenty-five (25) years, at which time his or her share in the corpus*1057 of said Trust fund, together with any accumulated and undistributed income therefrom shall be delivered to the beneficiary arriving at such age free and clear of any control by the Trustee as his or her own property. FOURTH: The beneficiaries of this Trust are: DANA B. FISHER and WAYNE H. FISHER, JR. sons of Wayne H. Fisher; ROBERT F. OXNAM, PHILIP H. OXNAM and BETTY RUTH OXNAM, children of Ruth Fisher Oxnam; and RICHARD A. YERGE, son of Rachel Fisher Fayram. FIFTH: As to each beneficiary this Trust, subject to the provisions in paragraph "Sixth" thereof shall continue until he or she shall have attained the age of twenty-five (25) years, whereupon this Trust, as to such beneficiary so attaining said age, shall cease and determine and his share of the corpus of the Trust Estate, to-wit, one-sixth (1/6th) thereof together with one-sixth (1/6th) of any accumulated or undistributed income which may be in the hands of the Trustee at such time, shall go to and be delivered to such beneficiary so attaining the age of twenty-five (25) years. SIXTH: Should either or any of said beneficiaries named in this Trust die prior to the termination of said Trust as to him or her, leaving*1058 issue, then the corpus and income that such deceased beneficiary would have received had such beneficiary lived, shall go to and vest in the issue of said deceased beneficiary by right of representation and as to whom said Trust shall be deemed terminated by his or her death; and should either or any of said beneficiaries die prior to the termination of this Trust, as to him or her, without issue, then the share or interest that such beneficiary would have received, if living, shall go to and vest in equal shares in the surviving beneficiaries and to the children of any deceased beneficiary, if any, by right of representation. It was expressly provided in the trust agreement that none of the beneficiaries was to have any right to alienate any part of the income or corpus of the trust. In her gift tax return for 1937 the petitioner, proceeding on the theory that six gifts were made through the trust agreement and that she was entitled to six exclusions not exceeding in the aggregate $29,662.49, did not include said sum of $29,662.49 in the total of the gifts made. The respondent determined that there was but one gift, the gift to the trust, and that the petitioner was entitled*1059 to but one exclusion of $5,000. By his amended answer the respondent claims *961 that he erred in his allowance of the exclusion of $5,000 upon the ground that the gifts in trust were gifts of future interests, and accordingly asks for an increase in the deficiency arising from such alleged error. OPINION. SMITH: The first question presented by this proceeding is whether the two paid-up single premium life insurance policies on the life of the donor should be valued for gift tax purposes at the cost of the policies to the donor, as determined by the respondent, or at their cash surrender values at the date of the gift, as contended by the petitioner. This issue is decided in favor of the respondent upon authority of. The second question is what exclusions, if any, the petitioner is entitled to in respect of the trust which she created for the benefit of her six grandchildren in 1937. In the determination of the deficiency for that year the respondent allowed an exclusion of $5,000, upon the theory that a single gift had been made to the trustee. *1060 The respondent now contends that he erred in allowing an exclusion of $5,000 (upon authority of ); that the gifts to the grandchildren were gifts of "future interests" within the meaning of section 504(b) of the Revenue Act of 1932 as construed by the United States Supreme Court in , and ; and that petitioner is not entitled to any exclusions in respect of such gifts. Section 504(b) reads in part as follows: * * * In the case of gifts (other than of future interests in property) made to any person by the donor during the calendar year, the first $5,000 of such gifts * * * shall not * * * be included in the total amount of gifts made during such year. In article 11 of Regulations 79 (1936 Edition) "future interests" are said to include: * * * reversions, remainders, and other interests or estates, whether vested or contingent, and whether or not supported by a particular interest or estate, which are limited to commence in use, possession, or enjoyment at some future date or time. * * * *1061 The above provisions of the regulations were given approval by the Supreme Court in In that case there were gifts in trust to the donor's 8 living grandchildren and for any other grandchildren later to be born. The trustee was to accumulate the income for 10 years and thereafter pay it to the living grandchildren as they attained the age of 21 years in equal shares for life. There were provisions for gifts over of any deceased grandchild's share of distributable income. The trust was to continue for 21 years *962 after the death of the last survivor of the named grandchildren, when the corpus and accumulated income were to be distributed to the surviving grandchildren (both named and unnamed), or the heirs of any deceased grandchild per stirpes. The Court held that the gifts made under the trust agreement were gifts of future interests within the meaning of section 504(b) above. Quoting from the committee reports recommending the enactment of section 504(b) and from the Commissioner's regulations referred to above, the Court in its opinion said: We think that the regulations, so far as they are applicable to the present*1062 gifts, are within the competence of the Commissioner in interpreting § 504(b) and effect its purpose as declared by the reports of the Congressional committees, and that the gifts to the eight beneficiaries of the 1932 trust were gifts of future interests which are excluded from the benefits of that section. Here the beneficiaries had no right to the present enjoyment of the corpus or of the income and unless they survive the ten-year period they will never receive any part of either. The "use, possession or enjoyment" of each donee is thus postponed to the happening of a future uncertain event. The gift thus involved the difficulties of determining the "number of eventual donees and the value of their respective gifts" which it was the purpose of the statute to avoid. The principal distinction between the instant case and the Pelzer case is that here the distribution of the trust income to the donees was to commence immediately within the year of the creation of the trust, rather than 10 years later, as in the Pelzer case. In other words, upon the creation of the trust each grandchild received an immediate right to a proportional share of the income from the $29,662.49*1063 trust fund for a definite number of years, depending on his or her age at the date of the gift. We think that this right to receive such income was a gift of a present rather than a future interest. In the Pelzer case the Court pointed out that the beneficiaries there had no right to the present enjoyment of the corpus or the income and would never receive any of the income or the corpus unless they survived the 10-year period. The beneficiaries here had the right to the present enjoyment of the income. This right was to continue until each beneficiary should attain the age of 25 years. In , there was a gift in trust, the income to be paid to the beneficiary for 25 years or for life, whichever was the shorter period, when the corpus also was to be paid to the beneficiary if still living. We held, sustaining the Commissioner's determination, that the exclusions to which the donor was entitled on account of the gift were limited to the present value of the right of the beneficiary to receive the income of the trust for a period of 25 years. As to the corpus, we held that the gift was of a future interest. *1064 Likewise, in , the gift of the income of a trust fund for life was held to be a gift of a present interest, *963 in respect of which the donor was entitled to a $5,000 exclusion. See also. Here, we think that there were gifts to the six grandchildren of a present interest in the income of the trust. The amount of each of such gifts was the present worth of the right to receive one-sixth of the income of the trust fund of $29,662.49 for the period during which it was to be paid to the donee. We think that under the decision of the Supreme Court in the Pelzer case the gifts of the remainder interests, that is, the corpus of the trust, were gifts of future interests. The receipt of these gifts by the beneficiaries of the trust was contingent upon their attaining the age of 25 years. If any grandchild should die before that time, without issue, his or her share was to go to the survivors or their issue. There was no certainty whether, or to what extent, any of the beneficiaries would take upon final distribution of the corpus of the trust. The respondent makes*1065 the argument that the gifts to the beneficiaries were gifts of "future interests" because the beneficiaries would receive no distribution until December 20 of each year. | 6,036 |
https://github.com/nickdichev/lox-go/blob/master/go.mod | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,020 | lox-go | nickdichev | Go Module | Code | 4 | 22 | module github.com/ziyoung/lox-go
go 1.12
| 7,060 |
https://github.com/arondasamuel123/ISProject/blob/master/resources/js/components/Users.vue | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | ISProject | arondasamuel123 | Vue | Code | 150 | 673 | <template>
<div class="container">
<div class="row mt-5">
<div class="col-md-12">
<div class="card">
<div class="card-header">
<h3 class="card-title">Users</h3>
<!-- /.card-header -->
<div class="card-body table-responsive p-0">
<table class="table table-hover">
<tbody><tr>
<th>ID</th>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Email</th>
<th>Registered At</th>
<th>Modify</th>
</tr>
<tr v-for="user in users" :key="user.id" >
<td>{{user.id}}</td>
<td>{{user.name}}</td>
<td>{{user.email}}</td>
<td>{{user.created_at}}</td>
<td>
<td>
<a href="#" @click="deleteUser(user.id)">
<i class="fas fa-trash-alt red"></i>
</a>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<!-- /.card-body -->
</div>
</div>
<!-- /.card -->
</div>
</div>
</div>
</template>
<script>
export default {
data() {
return {
users: {},
form: new Form({
id: '',
})
}
},
methods: {
loadUsers(){
axios.get("/user").then(({data}) => {
return (this.users=data.data);
});
},
deleteUser(id) {
swal.fire({
title: 'Are you sure?',
text: "You won't be able to revert this!",
type: 'warning',
showCancelButton: true,
confirmButtonColor: '#3085d6',
cancelButtonColor: '#d33',
confirmButtonText: 'Yes, delete it!'
}).then((result) => {
this.form.delete("/delete/"+id).then(()=> {
swal.fire(
'Deleted!',
'User has been deleted.',
'success'
)
}).catch(()=>{
swal.fire("Failed","Something went wrong","warning");
});
})
},
},
mounted() {
this.loadUsers();
}
}
</script>
| 47,060 |
https://openalex.org/W2322680620 | OpenAlex | Open Science | CC-By | 2,015 | Relationship Between Urinary Cross-Linked N-Telopeptide of Type-I Collagen and Heel Stiffness Index Measured by Quantitative Ultrasound in Middle-Aged and Elderly Men | Takayuki Nishimura | English | Spoken | 2,947 | 5,412 | Relationship Between Urinary Cross-Linked N-Telopeptide
of Type-I Collagen and Heel Stiffness Index Measured by
Quantitative Ultrasound in Middle-Aged and Elderly Men Takayuki Nishimura, PhD, Kazuhiko Arima, MD, PhD, Yasuyo Abe, MD, PhD,
Mitsuo Kanagae, PhD, Satoshi Mizukami, PhD, Takuhiro Okabe, MA,
Yoshihito Tomita, MA, Hisashi Goto, MD, PhD, Itsuko Horiguchi, DDS, PhD,
and Kiyoshi Aoyagi, MD, PhD Takayuki Nishimura, PhD, Kazuhiko Arima, MD, PhD, Yasuyo Abe, MD, PhD,
Mitsuo Kanagae, PhD, Satoshi Mizukami, PhD, Takuhiro Okabe, MA,
Yoshihito Tomita, MA, Hisashi Goto, MD, PhD, Itsuko Horiguchi, DDS, PhD,
and Kiyoshi Aoyagi, MD, PhD decreases in bone mineral density (BMD).3–5 Thus, osteoporo-
sis in men is also a significant public health problem because of
the rapid aging of society. Abstract: The aim of the present study was to investigate the age-
related patterns and the relationship between levels of urinary cross-
linked N-telopeptide of type-I collagen (NTx) and heel stiffness index
measured by quantitative ultrasound (QUS) in men with a special
reference to age groups of aged 40 to 59 years and 60 years. Cross-linked N-telopeptide of type-I collagen (NTx) is one
of the biochemical markers of bone resorption, and is widely
used in clinical situations to evaluate the indication and efficacy
of treatments for osteoporosis.6–8 Previous studies showed that
the serum or urinary concentration of NTx increased after
menopause in women.5,9–11 From 40 years on, age-related
patterns of NTx in men have been controversial. Some studies
reported that NTx increased with age,10,12 but the others
reported that NTx was stable.5,13–15 A total of 379 men participated in this study. Heel stiffness index
(bone mass) was measured by QUS. Spot urine samples were collected,
and urinary NTx was measured. The values were corrected for crea-
tinine (Cre) concentration. Stiffness index was significantly lower in men aged 60 years
compared with men aged 40 to 59 years (P < 0.0001). There was no
significant difference of Log (NTx/Cre) by 10-year age groups. Multiple
regression analysis showed that higher level of urinary NTx/Cre was
significantly correlated with lower stiffness index after adjusting for age
and body mass index in men aged 60 years, but not in men aged 40 to
59 years. p
Several studies reported that NTx correlated inversely and
significantly with BMD at some skeletal sites in men,10,13 but
these correlations were weaker than those in women.10 On the
contrary, data on relationship between bone turnover marker
and bone quantitative ultrasound (QUS) measurement are lim-
ited, especially in men. Relationship Between Urinary Cross-Linked N-Telopeptide
of Type-I Collagen and Heel Stiffness Index Measured by
Quantitative Ultrasound in Middle-Aged and Elderly Men QUS is a developed promising tech-
nique for evaluation of fracture risk and bone mineral status. In
addition to the features of portability, relatively low cost, and
ease to use, QUS is also free from ionizing radiation and
provides information on bone structure.16 Therefore, QUS
has been widely used in Japan for screening patients at high
risk of osteoporotic fractures.17,18 Recently, Boonen et al19
showed that higher levels of bone markers serum N-terminal
propeptide of type 1 procollagen and b-isomerized C-terminal
telopeptides were significantly associated with lower QUS
parameters among men aged 40 to 79 years; however, the study
was conducted among combining middle-aged and elderly men. Thus, the relationship between NTx and bone mass (QUS) in
men is still unclear, and there were few studies with references
to age groups.20 Higher rates of bone resorption were associated with lower stiffness
index only in elderly men. Our results may indicate a different mech-
anism of low bone mass among different age groups. (Medicine 94(44):e1797) Abbreviations: BMD = bone mineral density, BMI = body mass
index, Cre = creatinine, NTx = cross-linked N-telopeptide of type-I
collagen, QUS = quantitative ultrasound. Abbreviations: BMD = bone mineral density, BMI = body mass
index, Cre = creatinine, NTx = cross-linked N-telopeptide of type-I
collagen, QUS = quantitative ultrasound. Editor: Wuxiang Xie.
Received: July 6, 2015; revised: August 31, 2015; accepted: September 20,
2015.
From the Department of Public Health (TN, KA, YA, TO, YT, KA),
Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki;
Department of Rehabilitation (MK, SM, TO, YT), Nishi-Isahaya Hospital,
Isahaya; Goto Health Care Office (HG), Nagasaki; and Center for Public
Relations Strategy (IH), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
Correspondence: Kazuhiko Arima, Department of Public Health, Nagasaki
University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto,
Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan (e-mail: [email protected]).
The authors have no funding and conflicts of interest to disclose.
Copyright # 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons
Attribution License 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
ISSN: 0025-7974
O
10 109 /
0000000000001 9 INTRODUCTION O O
steoporosis and resulting fractures impair the activities of
daily living and quality of life, leading to increased
morbidity and mortality in the elderly.1,2 Although osteoporosis
is more common in women, men have substantial age-related The aim of the present study was to investigate the age-
related patterns and the relationship between levels of urinary
NTx and heel stiffness index measured by QUS in men with a
special reference to age groups (40–59 years, and 60 years). Medicine
®
OBSERVATIONAL STUDY Medicine
®
OBSERVATIONAL STUDY www.md-journal.com | 1 Editor: Wuxiang Xie.
Received: July 6, 2015; revised: August 31, 2015; accepted: September 20,
2015.
From the Department of Public Health (TN, KA, YA, TO, YT, KA),
Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki;
Department of Rehabilitation (MK, SM, TO, YT), Nishi-Isahaya Hospital,
Isahaya; Goto Health Care Office (HG), Nagasaki; and Center for Public
Relations Strategy (IH), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan. METHODS The subjects were community-dwelling men aged 40
years at Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan, who were invited to
participate in periodic health examinations in 2006 to 2009. A total of 379 men participated in this study. All subjects gave
written informed consent before examination. This study was
approved by the Institutional Review Board of Nagasaki
University. Heel stiffness index (bone mass) by QUS was measured
using a Lunar Achilles device (GE Lunar Corp., Madison, WI). Spot urine samples (8:00–10:00 AM) were collected. Urinary DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000001797 Medicine
Volume 94, Number 44, November 2015 Medicine
Volume 94, Number 44, November 2015 Nishimura et al TABLE 1. Characteristics of the Study Subjects (n ¼ 379)
Total (n ¼ 379)
40–59 (n ¼ 94)
60 (n ¼ 285)
Age Group, y
Mean (SD)
P
Weight, kg
62.6 (9.1)
66.2 (10.1)
61.5 (8.4)
<0.0001
Height, cm
162.9 (6.1)
166.8 (5.7)
161.6 (5.6)
<0.0001
BMI, kg/m2
23.6 (2.9)
23.8 (3.1)
23.5 (2.8)
0.50
Stiffness index
86.5 (17.4)
93.3 (15.9)
84.3 (17.4)
<0.0001
Log (NTx/Cre)
(nmol BCE/mmol Cre)
3.5 (0.4)
3.5 (0.4)
3.5 (0.4)
0.35
Cre ¼ creatinine, NTx ¼ cross-linked N-telopeptide of type-I collagen, SD ¼ standard deviation. NTx, a marker of bone resorption, was measured with enzyme
immunoassay. The values were corrected for creatinine (Cre)
concentration. Height (m) and weight (kg) were measured with
light clothing and without shoes, and body mass index (BMI)
was calculated as weight (kg)/height2 (m2). of urinary NTx/Cre was significantly correlated with lower
stiffness index (QUS) after adjusting for age and BMI in
men aged 60 years, but not in men aged 40 to 59 years
(Table 3). In addition, NTx/Cre was also significantly correlated
with lower stiffness index (QUS) after adjusting for age and
height/weight in men aged 60 years (data not shown). DISUCUSSION The data were analyzed using the Statistical Analysis
System software package version 9.2 (SAS Institute, Cary,
NC). Because NTx/Cre was not normally distributed, NTx/
Cre was treated as Log (NTx/Cre). Student t test was used to
examine the difference in variables between the age groups. One-way ANOVA was used to Log (NTx/Cre) between 10-year
age groups. Simple correlation analysis was used to examine the
correlation between the levels of NTx/Cre and stiffness index. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to explore the
effect of age, BMI and Log (NTx/Cre) on stiffness index. A
P value of <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. We showed that higher level of urinary NTx was signifi-
cantly correlated with lower stiffness index (QUS) after adjust-
ing for age and BMI in men aged 60 years, but not in men aged
40 to 59 years. Boonen et al19 reported that higher levels of bone
markers
were
significantly
associated
with
lower
QUS
parameters among middle-aged and elderly men combined,
but did not analyze with a special reference to middle-aged
or elderly men. To the best of our knowledge, we first reported
the significant correlation between NTx and stiffness index
(QUS) only in elderly men, not in middle-aged men. We showed no significant differences of urinary NTx
among 10-year age groups, which is consistent with previous
reports in men aged 40 years.5,14,15 In women, NTx values
increase with the decline in estrogen production at the time of
menopause and remain elevated thereafter.21 Because men do
not have the equivalent of menopause, NTx may not increase
rapidly in men. However, some studies reported increasing of
NTx with age in middle-aged and elderly men.10,12 Further
study is needed to explore the age-related patterns of NTx in
middle-aged and elderly men. RESULTS Table 1 shows the characteristics of our 379 subjects. Weight and height were significantly smaller in men aged
60
years
compared with men
aged
40 to 59
years
(P < 0.0001). Stiffness index was significantly lower in men
aged 60 years compared with men aged 40 to 59 years
(P < 0.0001). There was no significant difference of BMI
and Log (NTx/Cre) between age groups. In the one-way ANOVA, there was no significant difference
of Log (NTx/Cre) by 10-year age groups (P ¼ 0.12) (Table 2). In men aged over 60 years, there was a significant negative
correlation between the levels of urinary NTx/Cre and stiffness
index, but not in men aged 40 to 59 years (Figure 1). Our results showed significant and negative correlation
between NTx and stiffness index (QUS) only in men aged 60
years. Khosla et al10 showed significant and negative associ-
ation between proximal femur BMD and serum NTx in men
aged 50 years, but not in men <50 years. Chandani et al13
showed that higher serum NTx correlated with lower femoral In order to assess further the independent relationship, we
used a multiple regression analysis. It showed that higher level TABLE 2. Mean (SD) of Log (NTx/Cre) by Age Group
40–49 (n ¼ 24)
50–59 (n ¼ 70)
60–69 (n ¼ 139)
70–79 (n ¼ 119)
80 (n ¼ 27)
Age Group, y
Mean (SD)
P
Log (NTx/Cre)
(nmol BCE/mmol Cre)
3.5 (0.4)
3.5 (0.4)
3.4 (0.4)
3.5 (0.4)
3.7 (0.4)
0.12
Cre ¼ creatinine, NTx ¼ cross-linked N-telopeptide of type-I collagen, SD ¼ standard deviation. 2 Copyright # 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved. NTx and Heel Stiffness Index in Men Medicine
Volume 94, Number 44, November 2015 FIGURE 1. (A) Correlation between Log (NTx/Cre) and stiffness index in 40 to 59 age group (r ¼ 0.038, P ¼ 0.72). (B) Correlation
between Log (NTx/Cre) and stiffness index in 60 age group (r ¼ 0.310, P < 0.0001). FIGURE 1. (A) Correlation between Log (NTx/Cre) and stiffness index in 40 to 59 age group (r ¼ 0.038, P ¼ 0.72). (B) Correlation
between Log (NTx/Cre) and stiffness index in 60 age group (r ¼ 0.310, P < 0.0001). TABLE 3. REFERENCES In elderly men, slightly increased bone resorption is not
matched by a parallel increase in bone formation, and this
imbalance results in the age-related bone loss.20 Unfortunately,
bone formation marker was not measured in our study. It is
needed to evaluate both resorption and formation markers to
understand more detailed mechanisms of osteoporosis in
elderly men. 1. Johnell O, Kanis J, Oden A, et al. Mortality after osteoporotic
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in aging men19 was not available to our study. Finally, the
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mineral density of the appendicular and axial skeleton with aging:
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biochemical markers of bone turnover during 10 years among
Japanese men and women: associated factors and birth-cohort effect. The Taiji Study. J Bone Miner Metab. 2011;29:699–708. 5. Yoshimura N, Muraki S, Oka H, et al. Changes in serum levels of
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was significantly correlated with lower stiffness index (QUS) in
men aged 60 years, but not in men aged 40 to 59 years. Higher
rates of bone resorption were associated with lower stiffness 6. RESULTS Multiple Linear Regression Analysis of Stiffness Index
40–59 (n ¼ 94)
60 (n ¼ 285)
Age Group, y
b-Coefficient
t
P
b-Coefficient
t
P
Age, y
0.31
0.03
0.37
0.55
3.75
0.0002
BMI, kg/m2
0.52
0.91
0.97
1.40
4.18
<0.0001
Log (NTx/Cre) (nmol BCE/mmol Cre)
0.35
0.08
0.94
9.61
4.46
<0.0001
BMI, body mass index, Cre ¼ creatinine, NTx ¼ cross-linked N-telopeptide of type-I collagen. TABLE 3. Multiple Linear Regression Analysis of Stiffness Index TABLE 3. Multiple Linear Regression Analysis of Stiffness Index index only in elderly men. Our results may indicate different
mechanisms of low stiffness index among different age groups. neck BMD in men aged 68 to 89 years. These findings suggest
that higher rates of bone resorption are associated with lower
bone mass, especially in elderly men. Copyright # 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved. REFERENCES Morii H, Ohashi Y, Taketani Y, et al. Effect of raloxifene on bone
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alendronate 70 mg for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 2002;17:1988–1996. 15. Sone T, Miyake M, Takeda N, et al. Urinary excretion of type I
collagen crosslinked N-telopeptides in healthy Japanese adults: age-
and sex-related changes and reference limits. Bone. 1995;17:
335–339. 8. Rosen CJ, Hochberg MC, Bonnick SL, et al. Treatment with once-
weekly alendronate 70 mg compared with once-weekly risedronate
35 mg in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: a randomized
double-blind study. J Bone Miner Res. 2005;20:141–151. 16. Genant HK, Engelke K, Fuerst T, et al. Noninvasive assessment of
bone mineral and structure: state of the art. J Bone Miner Res. 1996;11:707–730. 9. Garnero P, Sornay-Rendu E, Chapuy MC, et al. Increased bone
turnover in late postmenopausal women is a major determinant of
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predicts non-spine fracture in Japanese men and women. Osteoporos
Int. 2005;16:2107–2112. 10. Khosla S, Melton LJ III, Atkinson EJ, et al. Relationship of serum
sex steroid levels and bone turnover markers with bone mineral
density in men and women: a key role for bioavailable estrogen 1. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:2266–2274. 18. Yoshimi I, Aoyagi K, Okano K, et al. Stiffness index of the
calcaneus measured by quantitative ultrasound and menopause
among Japanese women: the Hizen-Oshima Study. Tohoku J Exp
Med. 2001;195:93–99. 19. Boonen S, Pye SR, O’Neill TW, et al. Influence of bone remodelling
rate on quantitative ultrasound parameters at the calcaneus and DXA
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turnover to bone density and fractures. J Bone Miner Res. 1997;12:1083–1091. 12. Gallagher JC, Kinyamu HK, Fowler SE, et al. Copyright # 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 | www.md-journal.com REFERENCES Calciotropic hormones
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bone metabolism in men. J Bone Miner Res. 2001;16:1642–1650. 13. Chandani AK, Scariano JK, Glew RH, et al. Bone mineral density
and serum levels of aminoterminal propeptides and cross-linked N-
telopeptides of type I collagen in elderly men. Bone. 2000;26:
513–518. 21. Orwoll ES, Bell NH, Nanes MS, et al. Collagen N-telopeptide
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http://data.theeuropeanlibrary.org/BibliographicResource/3000116293148 http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/issue/3000116293148 http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/annoshow?iiif=fdb|18510.0|0913|1|10.0|0|10.0|0|10.0|0|10.0|0 http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/issue/fullscreen/3000116293148_2 | Europeana | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,857 | Fremden-Blatt | None | German | Spoken | 6,941 | 13,930 | Zum Stadt - EechshauS, n. d. kleinen Linie. Heute Sonntag -2788 Großer Ball nah Mttitar-Goaeert. Dt« Ballmusik ist unter der Leitung der Hrn. Kapellm I. ^ o 0 4t* Loncertmusik im Garten wird von der Musikka .A«ll* der löbl. k. k. 8. Jäger-Bataillons unter d« Leitung ihres Kapellmeisters Herrn .1. MÜLLER ausgeführt. Eintritt 10 kr Anfang 1 Uhr. Zum Weißen Lamm, - 728 « Neulerchenfeld, Gärtnergasie. Heute Sonntag: Soiree des C. Priedl. Morgen Montag: Zum Benefize des Herrn Fürst die Gesellschaft Lamminger und Fürst. Anfang 7 Uhr. Eintritt io kr. Zum römischen Kaiser in Erdberg, Hauptstraße Nr. 9, wird sich heute Sonntag die Tiroler- Familie Mühlböck aus dem Zillerthale mit neuen ausgewählten Alpen liedern und Jodlern produziren. Anfang 8 Uhr. Josef Digles, Gastgeb. Zu den fünf Lerchen, a. d. Wien nächst der Kettenbrücke. t eute Sonntag : Im Garten und Salon töckel, Alrenbnryer und Caroline Weidtnger. Eintritt lv kr. CM. 2788 Goldener Engel in Fünstzans. I Alle Sonntag: P C. D e ck m r i e r. Alle Montag : Anton Stocket. f$| Unterzeichneter empfiehlt seine Back-, B r a t- L u. Rebhühner das Stück zu 2 « kr EM 9) 2789 L. Weghuber. Anton Borst’s Tanzschule, Landstraße, Rabengasse Nr 453. Heute Sonntag: Gesammt -Uebung und 2778 General - Probe meiner neu erfundenen Quadrille Elite (le Vienne. Zum blauen Anker, Wieden, Ankergaffe. Heute Sonntag: 2790 Kordülla n. Lasst sammt Frau. Zum Hirschen, &Ä' 2781 Heute Sonntag: Karl Kampf. Im Kleinen Elisium Mariahilf. Jeden Sonntag: Herzog und Feldmann. 2793 Jeden Montag: Kwapil s. Frauen» Unger. Wieden, Nr. 440. Weißer Hahn, Sonntag: A. Geitner und Gesellschaft. Montag: Zwierschütz und Mao« Willner. Samstag. Oberhäuser und Gesellschaft. Anzeige. In dem großen Kavallerie-Lager zu Parendorf hat der Gefertigte eine großartige Cantin, sowie auch die Restauration im großen Äasthofe zu.Parendorf übernom men, und wird Sorge tragen, vie P. T. Besuchen den mit guten Speisen und Getränken auf das Bil ligste zu servilen. I. Kraft, 2767 „im Sperl." Tauben-Verkauf. Holländer Kropftauben, kleinste Gattung, so wie ! Parquit-Tauben von allen Farben. Fünfhaus Nr. i, ! bei der kleinen Linie, bei Jakob Hofbauer, Vogel händler. 14315—1 2791 Zur Stadt Paris. Stadt, Kärntnerstraße. Montag: Die Volkssänger Geschwister Linhrunner. Zum rothen Stern, Leopoldstadt, Sterngaffe. — Jeden Montag: Hr. Läufer sammt Gehlhchufl. Zwei Pferde zu verkanfen. Braun, 7 Jahre alt, 15 Faust hoch, schön, edel, ohne Fehler, sehr gute Lauser, am Hundsthurm Nr. 89 beim Hausherrn. 14320—1 Ein Lagerplatz in Gumpcndorf in der oberen Anuagaffe bei dem Hause Nr. ii6, welcher von allen Seiten mit Mauern umgeben ist, ist von Michaeli 1857 an zu vermiethen. Näheres bei dem Hausmeister in besagtem Hause, und in der Stadt, Neuburgerhof Nr. im, im 3. Stock, in 14798 der Advokaten-Kanzlei. i Die ersten Herren Tanzlehrer Wiens und der Provinzen, wozu sich auch aus Odessa eitt Kunstgenosse, Herr Kirkerul, einfand, und Herr Tanz lehrer Fried. Feigert aus Prag Theil nahm, haben bei ihrer Zusammenkunft am 7. September d. I. die vom steiermärkischen ständischen TanrlehrerHerrn Ed« Eichler aus Graz erfundene elegante NetchS- Quadrille nicht nur als eine sehr graziöse und be- wunderungsreiche Ekscheinung anerkennungsvoll be grüßt, sondern selbe auch werthvoü befunden, um der gesammten Annahme zum Unterrichte dem P. T. tanzliebenden Publikum anzuempfehlen, besonders da diese muntere Tanzweise auf künftigen Bällen sn vogue erscheint. Als hauptsächlichen Impuls hiefür ist die freundliche Zusage des Herr« I. Strauß, daß in seiner allherühmten Kapelle die 14330 Reichsquadrille gepflegt werde. 4 Mne schöne eine kleine halbe Stunde von Graz entfernt, mit der schönsten Uebersicht über die Stadt und die ganze Umgebung ist zu verkaufen. Dieselbe besteht in einem hübschen Hause mit Balkon , 28 Joch guten Gnmd- stücken, io Joch Wald, dann Obst- und Gemüsegarten mit Lusthans. Diese Realität rentirt sich durch den leichten und guten Verkauf aller länhwirthschaftlichen Erzeugnisse nach Graz, sowie durch den. dabei befind lichen Steinbruch, welcher allein jährlich 5- bis 600 st. CM. Erträgniß liefert, sehr gut. Nähere Auskunft, sowie den Preis erfährt man auf frankirte Anftagen unter der Adresse: Madame Marie de Miller, Reitschulgasse 3kr. m, 2. Stock, in Graz. 18968—3 Mil k. k. ausschl, Privilegium. Neueste Entdeckung im Gebiete der kosmet. Chemie. Heliantin, SüionheUsmilch in Verbindung mit Glycerin, als gelöstes Problem eines wahrhaften, garantirten, unschädlichen Schönheitsmittels, um der Haut eine Sammt'weiche, Frische, Weiße und Glätte zu verleihen, die sonst nur die Attribute der Jugend sind. Preis i fl. 20 kr. Für Wien sammt Gebrauchsanweisung zu haben: In der Apotheke „zum gold. Hirschen" am Kohlmarkt. In der Handlung der Herren Gebrüder Maurer „zn den Husaren" am Graben. Bei August Schrimpf (vormals Sauerwein), „zur Stadt Wien", Ecke des Kohlmarktes und der Bog nergasse Nr. 309. ck. Pohlmann, 14248—2 Kohlmarkt 1152. 50 fl. Belohnung dem Zustandebringer einer Jahreswohnung, bestehend aus 3— 4 Zimmern auf die-Gasse in 1 . oder 2 . Stock, in der Mitte der Stadt; beziehbar zu Michaeli d. I Näheres in der Expedition dieses Blattes. 14098—3 Vortheilhafte Offerte. Ein wissenschaftlich gebildeter Kaufmann (Sachse), reiferen Atters, gegenwärtig in Geschäften in Wien, als Geschäftsreisender erprobt, tüchtiger Korrespondent und sehr rascher Arbeiter, der englischen und französi schen Sprache kundig, mit den besten Zeugnissen und Empfehlungen versehen, und in Deutschland,, welches er mehrere Jahre speziell bereiste, sehr, bekannt, bietet einem hiesigen oder überhaupt österreichischen Fabrik- geschäft oder Handlungshause seine Dienste als Rei sender im Ausland an; auch würde derselbe sich zu überseeischen Geschäftsreisen eignen, da er dergleichen schon gemacht hat. Seine Ansprüche sind verhältniß- mähig bescheiden. Gefällige Adressen unter 6. B. lOö mit Angabe der Firma und Geschäftsbräuche bittet man an die Expedition dieses Blattes ftanko einzu senden. 14332—t Zwei Haushälften am Neubau und am Schottenfeld, wovon besonders eines für Fleischer oder Selcher sehr passend wäre, da Keller und Eisarube dabei ist, sind zu verkaufen. Näheres: Wieden, Paniglgaffe Nr. 46 , ebenerdig, Thür Nr. 9. 14335 —l Theater u n d Fremdenführer. K. K. HofbLrKtheaLer. Hamlet, Prinz v. Dänemark. Trauerspiel in 5 Auszügen ». 2 bakespear e- Ansang halb 7 Uhr. K. K. Hosoperntheattr. Der Nordstern. Op» in 3 Akten von Scribe. — Musik von Meyerbeer. Anfang halb 7 Uhr. ck. K. pnv. Theater an der Wien. Unter Mitwirkung der gymnastifchenGesellschast des liew-Horker Circus mit ihren dressirten Pferden und dem Elefanten. Die Näuberm den Abruzzen. Großes pantomimisches Spektakel in 2 Akten mit Tanz, Evolutionen und Gefechten zu Fuß und zu Pferde. Neu in Scene gesetzt: Drei Väter auf Einmal. Posse in i Akte von August v. Kotzbue. Produktionen der Grseltschast des Nnv-Parker Circus: 1. Glockenspiel. 2. Produktionen des Ele phanten. Anfang 8 Uhr. Ende UM 10 Uhr. LMORELLY. Anfang halb 4 Uhr. — Eintritt >Z kr. SrARrr-T heater in FZnfhaLs. Zum zweiten Male r Der Dickschädl. Ländliches Bild mit Gesang in 3 Akten, nach einer Skizze von L W., bearbeitet von Blank. Anfang 5 Uhr. K. K. priv. Car lthmter. Neu in Scene gesetzt: DienzDothen-Wirthschaft, oder: Chalouille und Uhr. Posse mit Gesang in 2 Auszügen v. Fr. Kaiser. Das Vorhängeschloß. Posse mit Gesang in l Akte, nach dem Englischen der Isaak B i e k e r st a a f. K. K. pr iv. Thali a-Theater. Tan «Häuser und Ter Säusterkrieg auf Wartburg. Trope romantische Oper in 3 Akten. Text u. Musik von Richard Wagner. Anfang 6 Uhr. Dinstag den 15. September; Großes MlislWMFkNttUittk znm Benefize des J. ST RA II 8 8 , welcher hiebei nebst seinen neuesten Kompositionen auch seine neuen Walzer, betitelt: Fünfkleeblad'ln und die gteeiile-cbas*-Polka zur Ausführung brin gen wird. Außerdem besonders zu bemerken: Sonate palhetlque, von L. v. Beethoven, für das Orchester eingerichtet von Joses Strauß. Mit Obigem abwechselnd die Militärkapelle von König der Belgier Infanterie unter der Leitung des 1 Kovacs. Zum Beschluß des Festes: Lichtenstein - Marsch von Josef Strauß, von dessen Kppelle im Vereine mit der Militärmnsik vorgetragen. Hierauf das Feuerwerk von A. Stuwer Anfang 6 Uhr. Eintritt 24 kr. Im Falle ungünstiger Witterung findet das Fest Dinstag den 22 . September statt. 2 7 53 I. Strauß. Schwol t Tanzschule, Alscrvorstadt, Hauptstraße Nr. 109 . — Heute 2792 Gesammt-Uebung. Donnerstag den 17 . September zweiter Oerel« dansant in Unger's Casino. Abonnementskar ten finden Unger's Casino und beim Gefertigten Zu haben. I. Schwott. Eisenhut's Gasthaus z. Weilburg, Wieden, obere Schleifmühlgasie. Heute Sonntag; 2782 Die Musikgesellschaft des Herrn Zw 1 erschütz. Jeden Montag: Geschwister Linbrunner. Heute Sonntag: Oeffenflicher Ba I. Strauß leitet b i e Ba ! lmusik. F Nabensteiser nnd Freisinger arrangiren die Tänze. Ansang 8 Uhr. Eintritt für Herren. 30 kr. Damen 10 kr. 276G I. Ättafi. Zögermh' Castno in Ober-Döbling. Heute Sonntag; Große Coneert-Soiröe. Herr Kapellmeister W. Asboth persönlich. Anfang 4 Uhr. — Eintritt 12 kr. ^Findet auch bei ungünstiger Witterung statt. ■ I. Doppelbauer. V I 8 0. Heute Sonntag •. findet in der des Unterzeichneten die erste Genervl Probe der von den Wiener Tanzlehrern anerkannten und gut befundenen Reichs-Quadrille in Gegenwart des Erfinders Herrn Eduard fSichler aus Graz statt. Cduard Porst, Tanzschul-Jnhaber, J783 Neubau, Hauptstraße Nr. 266. Letzte 2 Wochen New - Yorker Circus im kr. k. Prater. Anfang 5 Uhr. rer» Cours-Bericht. vom 12. September f857. I Staats-Aiilehen. |5*/ ( National-Anleben 35*/, Lit. B. Anlehen . |5*/ f Lomb, venet. Anleben jSV, Metalliques . v v ?/ m ; j**/! : 1 • / • *• f t w ^3%*/« Banco > 5*/ # werlosb. 5 */ \K j*/. (neu) W. \ Gloggn » Oedenburger , Mailänder „ Pester . . . Gründend. Obi. n. ö » a.d.Kronlnd » ung gal.-kr Lotterie-Effekten. Staats-Anlehen v. J. J834 . . . . 1839 3 Geld 83 92 7, 94 7, 80 7, 71 64 50% 40 7, 15 '/j 61 7. 94 ’A 94 % 94 7- ?5 88 7. 85 79 7. ;334. ! '141 %l Waare 83 % 93 95 81 71 7, 64 7, 51 40 7. 157, 617, 95 95 9ö__ 95 7, 88 7 , 86 797, 335 142 •i-f « 1 1 «, een ii. September. OrraMwortlicher Redatt-a- : p Demi. Geld Waare Geld JPoare 4% Staat8-Anl. v. J. 1854 108 108 Vj Tyrnauer Eisenbahn-Aot. 28 30 4 7, "'j Triest. Lotto - Anl, 104 7, 105 Kais. Elisab.-Westbabn .. loo y. loo 3 /,« Como-Kentenscheine . .. 16 7r 17 Lomb.-Venet ioi Vj 102 Fürstl. Esterhazy 40 fl. L. 83'/, 84 Pardnbitz-Reichenberger. loi 7i ioi V, Fiirstl. Salm’sche 40 , 43 43 7, Theissbahn loo 7, o 100 Vs Fürstl.Palffy’scbe 40 , Gräfl.Saint-Genois 40 , Fürst Clary 40 „ 41 38 V, 39 Vj ■ 41 7, 39 39 K. Franz Josef-Orientbahn Prome ssen. 41 41 7, F. Windisehgrütz 20 „ 27 7- 28 Ostgalizische Bahn .... — • Gr.Waldstein’sehe 20. 28 28 7, Kärtner Bahn Gr.Keglevich’sche 10 „ Industrie - Effekten. 14 7. 14 7, Priori UUs- Obli gationen. 5"/ 0 Nordbahn ...... 857, SS Creditanstalt-Actien . .. 204 7i 205 5°/o Gloggnitzer (alte) .. 80 7, 81 Siaatsbahn-Aetien (voll). 258 260 57, Donau-Dampfschiffif.. 85 7, 86. , , Certificate 229% 229% 5% Lloyd 897, 90 Nationalbank-Actien . .. 960 962 57, d. Nat. - B. (12 Mon.) 99% 99 7, Nordbahn-Actien .. 167% 167 4°/, Galiz : sche 81 81 N. ö. Escomptebank-Aetien 121 /. 122 3% St. - E. - G. k 275 Fr. 106 7, 107 Don.-Dpfsch .-Gesel]s.(volI) 538 540 37, Lomb. Frior.-Obligat, 95 SS r . .13 Em. LIoyd-Actie» 73 74 Devisen. Linz-Budw.-Eisenb.-Aet.. 232 233 Amsterdam 2 Mon. . .. 867, 87 jPe^t^r Kef’tenbriiekpn-Act. 3 7 69 Augsburg qso .... 105 7. 105% 6 90, 4 7//» 90 90 Ott.. ÜtsI 8 i V, '-'ft. SrunkSbabn 646 Credit Mod. 860 . Lon Geld Waare Berlin ....... Bukarest zl T. 8. 265 265 Frankfurt a. M. 3 M. 104 7. 104 V, Genna 2 M Hamburg 2 M. .. 77 7. 77 7. Konstantinopel 3lT. 472 470 Livorno 2 M. . .. 103% London SM. ... 10.11 10.11 » k. Sicht .. — Mailand 2 M. ... 103 % 1037, Paria 2 M mV, mV, Venedig - Valuten. K. Münz-Dukaten. 7 % S J K. Rand-Dukaten. 7 7» 7 5 ; i ! Gold al marco ,. 7 7.7 7 7, Napoleond’or .... 8.9 8.10 Souverainsd’or . .. 14.7 14 7 Friedrichsd’or . . .. 8.40 8.40 Engl.Sovereigns .. 10.17 10-17 Russische Imperiale 8.24 8.74 Silber 5 % 57. Thlr. Preußs.-Cour. 1.32 \ 133 d 0 n, ! 1 September. Cons. ix. pie$u mi gün^ev Mogei Druck and lag v-. n A, CorfinriB« Rr TOS. Beilage des FreWbevblattes.sts Sepiemk.) L85K.' AJDIBU Heute Sonntag r Großartiges Ball in zwei DalonsMiesen-Fest mit Ball, .. TXjn.^4 ! Illumination und bengalischer Beleuchtung NÄLMr-L<S 8 l, s 3 große Mnsikchöre Garteg-MUMivatioN nedsu dkm Sommek» wirken mit. unb zwar im Parke die ganze Musikka Beater i-ii-sWs«* Ms* pelle vom Kurfürst von Hessen-Kassel Husaren-Regt tyealer, Brerveraornchullg, Ms Glas ftyly ^nte unter persönlicher Lieitung^des Herrn Kapellm vom Fasse, Bestschriberr um Champagseri u. s E. Die Musik leitet Herr Kapellmeister Ludwig Morellh. Herr Karl Gregor arrangirt die Tänze. Die früher gelösten Eintrittskarten im Prachtsalon Lv kr. Än der Kassa 30 kr. Eintritt im Sommer- Salon LS kr. Im Salon zur Weinhalle. Die Gesellschaft Linbrunner. Im Sprisegarlen neben dem Sommertheater und Parke, täglich Mufikal. Abend - Unterhaltnug. Eintritt in den Garten frei. Karl Schwende r. M. Döls. 2780 wird ^Abwechselnd produzirt sich die Musikkapelle vom Erzh. Stefan Ins.-Reg. unter der Leitung des Herrn I. Stvoboda, welcher ein großes Concert auf dem Flügel horn vortragen wird. NB. Diese Musikkapellen werden zusammenwirkend mehrere Stücke ausführen. Herr Kapellmeister Josef Fuchs die Ballmusik persönlich dirigiren. Im Riesen-Fasse gemüthlicher Tanz. Im Salon d’Artiste komische Scenen der Herren Fruholz, Herzog und Nieder; ebendaselbst Holz- und Sttohinstrument. Gesänge, Bauchredner, dann Leb end e Bilder-Tableaux. Viel Ungenanntes zum Vergnügen. Klein-Schwechater Lagerbier aus dem neuen Eiskeller j im Parke jedes Glas frisch vom Fasse. 'Eintritt 15 kr. — Kinder bis zu io Jahren 6 kr. / | p ( j Eröffnung 3 Uhr. Ansang 4 Uhr. Heute Sonntag zu Ehren aller Marien:! W-I»,-s-.«-« E TM. Soirt*© lind Hüll« ! wobei Selchfleisch mit Knödel und heuriger Wem Im Garten wird die Musikkapelle des löbl. k. k. Jns.- Reg. König der Belgier unter der Leitung des Herrn Kapellmeisters Josef Kovaes die neuesten Tonstücke zur Aufführung bringen. Die Ballmufik dirigirt persönlich T. Sigmund. Um 10 Uhr großer Li rtentanz; darauf folgt die Wäünnaerloitz. Erwnenmg an weil and Strauß. Ingers Casino i ii Hernals. Heute Sonntag findet zur Erinnerung an den Jahrestag, an welchem weil. Johann Strauß, k. k. Hofball-Musikdirektor, zum letzten Male in diesen Räumen wirkte, Großes Musik- Fest statt. J. STRAÜSS wird hierbei ausschließlich nur Kompositionen von weil. Johann Strauß, und zwar in der ersten Hälfte des Concertes, zur Aufführung bringen. PROGRAMM der vorkommenden Musikstücke: i) „Militär-Quadrille." 2) „Gabriellen-Walzer." 3) „Kathinka - Polka." 4) „Heiter auch in ernster Zeit" (Walzer). 5) „Triumphmarsch der k. spanischen No belgarde". 6) „Loreley-Rhein - Klänge" (Walzer). 7) „Der Karneval von Venedig." 8) „Radetzky-Marsch." s) „Wien mein Sinn", Walzer von Johann Strauß. 10) „Steeple-chase-Polka" von Josef Strauß. II) „La chevaleresque," Polka mazurka von Josef Strauß. 12) „Mairosen", Walzer von Josef Strauß. 13) „Parade- Quadrille" von Josef Strauß, u) „La simplicUd“, Polka franyais von Josef Strauß. 15) „Wallonen- Marsch" von Josef Strauß. Mit Obigem abwechselnd die Militärkapelle von König der Belgier Jns.-Reg. unter der Leitung des I. Kovaes. Anfang 4 Uhr. — Eintritt 15 kr. Bei ungünstiger Witterung im Saale. Knödel und verabreicht wird. einlese. Anfang 4 Uhr. Eintritt 1L kr. EHGUltJOER, 2773 Währingergaffe. Heute Sonntag r m helfend. Ball. Entree i 2 kr. Tanzen frei. — Jeden Montag r Karl Kampf. Viktoria - Bad in FLnfhauS. Heute Sonntag: Fest mit Ball. Herr Kapellmeister HL Zinn er dirigirt die Musik. — Hütteldorfer Lager-Bier aus dem Eiskeller. Speisen gut und billig. Ansang 4 Uhr. Eintritt « kr. 2776 Car) Wörffel. 3 Engeln, Wieden Nr. 546. — Heute Sonntag findet großer OeffentUcher Ball statt. Herr Kapellm. J. HAAG dirigirt sein großes Orchester persönlich, und wird seine neuesten Kompositionen zur Aufführung bringen. Herr Tanzlehrer Anton Bor st leitet die Tänze. 2774 Anfang ? Uhr. Eintritt 13 kr. Laxenburg. Heute Sonntag findet zur K i r ch t a g s - F e i e r in den Sälen Zum goldenen Stern großer Fest - Ball bei glänzender Beleuchtung statt Herr Kapellm. L. Morelly wird die Ballmusik persönlich dirigiren, und seine neuesten Kompositionen zur Aufführung bringen, worunter besonders zu bemerken find: „Die Bres lauer" (Walzer), „Les Graces" (Polka mazur), „Sperl-Polka-Fran?ais (Schottisch). Herr Tanz meister I. Schwott leitet die Tänze. Vorder Ruhestunde großer Cotillon in heiterer Weise. Anfang bei günstiger Witterung um 4 Uhr Nach mittag. Eintritt für jede Person 30 kr. Hofmann. 2756 Zum rothen Hahn, Laimgrube. Kothgasse Nr. 97. — Jeden Sonntag: 2769 BALL Anfang 5 Uhr. Eintritt mit Tanz 15 kr. A. Wedl’s»»«Nenling’s Garten- u. Saal-Lokalitäten. 2758 Heute Sonntag r Doppel - Concert, wobei die Musikkapelle des löbl. k. k. Jns.-Reg. Dom Miguel unter der Leitung des Herrn Kapellmeisters Anton Rosenkranz die neuesten Kompositionen zur Aufführung bringen wird. Anfang 4 Uhr. Eintritt io kr. Achtungsvoll M. Jrion. SCHANTZ’S Garteri-Etavlifs erneut 2777 nächst der Hernalser Linie. Heute Sonntag: Die Musik-Kapelle des löbl. k. k. Uhlanen-Reaiments König Ferdinand beider Sicilien, unter der Leitung ihres Herrn Kapellmeisters C. B u n z m a n ii. Derselbe wird vie neuesten Tonstücke zur Auffüh rung bringen. — Anfang 4 Uhr.— Entree io kr. CM. Zar goldenen Kröne, 2764 Roßau. Heute Sonntag: Großes Weinlese-Fest mit Ball. H err Kapellmeister Drahanek dirigirt die Musik. Kuglerrs Park in Heiligenstadt. Heute Sonntag den 13. Septembe?: !,6 ° Soiree dauHante. Fürst und Laminger. Einkitt 10 kr. Anfang 5 Uhr. Haus sammt Garten 14001 mit 5 Kaltbad in Mödling zu verkaufen. Dasselbeist nett erbaut und- sehr angenehm gelegen, besteht aus 5 Zimmern, s Kü chen, schönem, gutgewölbtem großem Keller, Stallung auf 3—4 Pferde, Wagenremise, großem Futter- und Haus boden, Gemüseeinsatz, 2 Brunnen mit vorzüglichem Trinkwaffer rc. Das im Garten sich befindliche Voll- und Douche- bad, welches durch steten Zulauf von reinem frischen Gebirgs-Quellenwaffer bei gehörigem Ablauf immer voll erhalten wird, ist gewiß für jede Familie, welche twa nur über dem Sommer, oder Hydropathen, die auch das im Winter gut bewohnbare Haus benützen wollen, sehr zu beachten. Da diese Realität nur wegen Uebersiedlung des Eigenthümers weggeben wird, so können die billigen Zahlungsbedingniffe besonders günstig gestellt werden. Nähere Adresse beim Portier am Mödlinger Bahnhof. Cin"Wirths - Geschäft unter sehr annehmbaren Bedingungen sogleich abzu lösen. Näheres: Wieden. Krvngaffe Nr. 644 , im er- 14281 sten, Stock neben der Stiege i Zwei Realschüler werden nächst dem Stubenthore in gänzliche pflegung angenommen. Näheres, Singerstraße 2. Stock. Vcr- 893 , 14297—1 Fremde a f ü h r e r. Die teil, löntgl. i PMtt-TGckil-MikZ-Mkllv bei A. C. Lechleitnes's Erben, ««»"»^11-1. empfiehlt ihr vollständigst versehenes Lager aller Sorten Papier-Tapeten •tTÄS Ä..' u Pariser Tapeten, Bordliren, Lambris, Plafonds und sonstigen Wand Verzierungen; auch unterhält dieselbe eine große Anzahl geschmackvoll gemalter Wenaier m MUnueaMBOf* Lizitation 13923—2 von 3500 Eimern Original weißen Besterreicher, meist Eigenbaugutweinen, von den Jabren: 1856, 1855, 1854. 1853, 1852, 1851, 1850, 1849, 1848, 1846 und 1841. Mit Bewilligung des k. k. Bezirksamtes ver kauft Herr Niepl Ignaz, Wirthschaftsbesitzer Nr. 68 in Alberndorf (nächst Haugsdorf), Dinstag, den 15. September 1857, Mittags um lt Uhr, obige in seinen Kellern in der großen Kellertrift lie genden, größtentheils Eigcnbaugutweine, von den bes seren Rieden in Alberndorf, Hadres, Scefeld, Haugs dorf, Untermarkersdorf, Netz und Mailberg in Gebun den von 20 , 25, 36, 40, 50 bis 60 Eimer, klar in echt k, k, zimentirte Fäffer, gegen zehnperzentige An gabe, dreimonatliche Zahlung und Abfuhr lizitando in Conv. Münze. Diese rein und gesund erhaltenen Originalweine werden die zu dieser Lizitatien hiemit höflichst gelade nen Herren Käufer sowohl durch ihre gute Qualität als zeitgemäß billigen Preise sicherlich befriedigen. Der Train nach Stockerau fährt um halb 6 Uhr Früh von Wien ab. Josef Lindner & Georg Ruyprecht, k. k. beeideter Weinschätzmeister, wohnhaft:• Neue Wieden, Stadt, Kettenbrückengaste Nr. 824. Rosengasie Nr. 54. Moderne Möbel von vielen Zimmern, schönem Mhagony- und Nußholz werben billig verkauft. Bestehend in einzelnen Garnituren von Sammt nnd schweiea Seidenstoffen und Leder, sowie auch für ganze Salons Chiffouiers, einfache und doppelte Divans, Balzacks, Beltstätten, Kre denzkasten, Ausznglische, gothische Srssel, Schreibtische, Trumeaux- und Walchkästen, viel: Spie geln in Goldrahmet», Bilder, Teppiche und mehrere ordinäre Möbel. Zu sehen: Neue Wieden. Hauptstraße Mr. ?65, von 10 Uhr Früh bis 5 Uhr Abends. Die Auskunft wird im Trödler-G ewölbe ertheilt. 14000—2 Verkauf von sehr eleganten, noch wenig gebrauchten Möbeln, worunter besonders eine schöne Salon-Ginrichtnng, bestehend aus 3 Sophas, 12 Fauteuils, 12 Sesseln, 6 Fenster-Vorhänden vom schwersten Seidenstoff, sowie mehrere andere Garnituren von Sammt, Seide, Leder und andern Stoffen, dann sehr schöne Sopha-, Speise- und Trumeaux- Tische, Kredenz-, Wasch- und Trumeauxkästen, Chiffonniere, Betten, Nachtkasteln, Leder-Balzaks mit Fauteuil, Spiegel, Bilder, Uhren und noch viele andere Gegenstände, dann ein sehr schönes Speise-Service für 12 und 24 Personen werden billigst verkauft. Nähere Auskunft hierüber ertheilt man in der Möbel-Niederlage des Mathias Löscher, 14187-2 beeideter Schatzmeister, Stadt, Bürgerspita! Nr. 1100, der Augustinerbastei gegenüber. 1667 Etwas ^irhrVMeWstkö.^ Alle plattirlen Gegenstände, so wie auch von «hin rsilber, Messing, Kupfer werden zum gut Versilbern oder Vergolden angenommen, so auch reparirt; plattiere TtheedouüoirS, Kaffee-Ma- fch.aen, welche neu verzinnt werden müsien, werden aut das schnellste besorgt bei Schmollinger & Ramsch S elber Richter & Ramsch). Stadt, Bauernmarkt r. w7, zwischen der Goldschw.icdgaffe und dem Peter, der Heubner'schen Buchhandlung vis-ii-via. — Auch ist das Putzpulver zu oben angeführten Artikeln in Pa let« zu haben. Zacherl’s unübertreffliches, direkt aus ' seinem Geschäfte in Persien s bezogenes , Insektenpulver zur Vertilgung der Flöhe, Wanzen, Schwaben, Flie gen, Motten K. k , in Fläschchen zu 15, 20 und 40 kr., tu f. Pfund-Paketen ü 1 fl,, feinste Samentheile 1 fl, 30 kr., ist fortwährend in bester Qualität im Haupt- depot des Erzeugers zu haben: 13732—5 Stadt, Goldschmidgasse Nr. 6Z4. ö Ein großes Lager sehr billiger tapezirter Möbel in Zwirn-, Schaswoll-, Seidenstoffen, von Sammt, bunt gedruckten französischen Stoffen und Leder, bestehend in: Ganzen Garnituren, Schlaf-Divans, Balzaks, sehr eleganten Kanapee-Tischen, Teppichen, spanischer» Wänden, Ofenschirmen ic. rc, hält Karl Kerner, bürgl. Tapezierer, Wieden, Schmidtgaffe 1043 , 1 . Stock. Um gefällige Besichtigung des Laaers wird höflich ersucht, wodurch nur die Ueberzeugung von einer geschmackvoll eleganten Arbeit am sichersten erzielt werden kann. Bei auswärtigen Bestellungen wird auch die Verpackung zu möglichst billigen Preisen bestens besorgt. 14151—2 Annonce. Echt peruanisches Guano. Wie schon durch mehrere Jahre, so empfehle ich auch für die jetzige Herbstsaison den P. T. Oekono- men meinen berühmten, echt peruanischen Guano unter Zusicherung des stickstoffreichste« Ge haltes und billigsten Preises. Mein bedeutendes Lager hierin und die bereits als vorzüglich und reell bekannte Qualität meine» Guanos setzen mich in den Stand, jeder Konkurrenz begegnen zu können. Auch unterhalte ich Lager von feinem reinsten Knochenmehl und kann Sie hierin ganz vorzüglich bedienen. Ottokar Richard Weher, 14056—2 Kaufmann, Prag Sir. ?03,n. __ UveMdenführer. ^ Bericht und Anzeige von *. J. BOHDP WIE», Alsergrunds Feldgasse Nr. 135 und 13 S. Durch Ankauf der beiden Häuser sammt Garten uud Gymnastikpsätzes, Einführung der Gasbeleuchtung u. a. m. ist die Gele- genheit zu mehren der mir anvertrauten Jugend nützlichen und bequemen Einrichtungen möglich geworden Im verflossenen Schuljahre haben 1. zwanzig Eleven aus den 4 Normalklassen; 2. Zwölf aus der i., 2. und 3. Unterrealschule ihre öffentlichen Prüfun gen an der k. k. Haupt- und Realschule bei St. Anna; A. Zehn aus den i. L. 5. und 8. Gymnasial-Klasse am k. k. Gymna- flum der P. P. Piaristen größtentheils mit Auszeichnung abgelegt; 4. In der Abtheilung für die militärische Laufbahn sind Zöglinge sowohl für k. k. Kadeten-Jnftitute als Militär-Akademien zur Aufnahme genügend vorbereitet worden; 5. Aus der Abtheilung für Zöglinge aus dem Gewerbs- und Handelsstande wurden zwei Eleven gleich für das,Geschäft vorbereitet und daselbst ange nommen; die andern übergingen in höhere Handels-Akademien des Jn- und Auslandes; 6. In Folge erlangter hoher Bewilligung der löblichen Direktion des k. k. po lytechnischenInstitutes haben im frühern Schuljahre 5 junge Männer die Ma turitätsprüfung aus allen Gegenständen des Vvrbereitungsjahres zum Behufe des Eintrittes in die Technik zur Zufriedenheit abgelegt.; 'S. Im allgemeinen Vorbereitungsjahre haben 4 Jünglinge nicht deutscher Zunge aus der heiligen Religion, deutscher Sprache, Methesis, Physik, Geographie und Geschichte Beweise theils guter, theils vorzüglicher Kenntnisse gegeben. K, In der französischen, italienischen, englischen, ungarischen, serbischen und neugriechischen Sprache, im Zeichnen, Musik, Gesang, Tanz und Gymnastik haben die meisten Eleven den an sie gestellten Forderungen entsprochen. In sittlicher Beziehung ist, Gott sei Dank, kein Fall vorgekommen, der prnstere Maßregeln oder Besorgnisse hätte in Aussicht stellen laffen. In Betreff der Disziplin und der gehörigen Verwendung des Rekrea- tionsgeldes mußte nur zweimal (im ganzen Jahre und bei 60 Eleven) energisch auf Befolgung der Hausgesetze gedrungen werden, und der Erfolg war beide Wale für die Eleven segenbringend und dann auch den P. T. Eltern genehm. Denn sowie ohne wahrhafte Hingebung an die religiösen Vorschriften kein ISSll-r sittlicher, so ohne nachhaltigen Gehorsam im Hause kein pädagogischer Erfolg: Beides aber mutz Hand in Hand gehen. Der Semester beginnt am 1. Oktober. Die Aufnahme aber kann täglich stattfinden, so lange ein Platz leer ist. (In Folge frühzeitiger Anmeldungen sind für den i. Semester nur noch 4 Plätze zu besetzen. Programme in deutscher, italienischer, französischer, ungarischer und serbi scher Sprache sind gratis durch die Anstalt und auch durch die Fried. Beck'sche Buchhandlung, Stadt, Bischofgaffe 638, zu beziehen. Diese Programme enthalten im Allgemeinen das den P. GMUN-WliMf. i Die größte Auswahl ^ I ' * 9jl Dekaine-Kleider, ganz neue Mufter, 2 fl. 30 kr., 3 fl., 3 fl. 30 kr. bis 6 fl. Das radizirte Gasthaus „zum goldenen Lamm" Nr. fl in Stein ist wegen Ueberfledlung mit vortheilhaf- ten Zahlungsbedingniffen täglich aus freier Hand zu »erkaufen. Das Haus ist an der Donau und Straße gelegen, mit schönen Paffagierzimmern und einem freundlichen Gast- und Extrazimmer versehen, hat ei nen geräumigen Balkon mit der Aussicht auf die Do-; zum, lichte Küche, Keller auf 500 Eimer, 3 gewölbte § Pferdestallungen und mehrere gewölbte Magazine, wo- von sich Alles im besten Bauzustande befindet; das ! Geschäft ist im besten Betriebe und kann mit oder, ohne Einrichtung übernommen werden. Wahre Käufer erhalten Auskunft bei dem Eigen- * ( thümer Nr. 21 in Stein. Unterhändler werden nicht »»genommen. 13530—6 Delaine-l . . „ „ . perkaltn- nnd Barchent-Kleider, beste Qualität, 2 fl. 48 kr. bis 3 fl. 30 kr. Schafwoll-Kleider, glatt und Pf, 12 Ellen 3 fl. 30 kr., 4 fl. bis 5 fl. 30 kr. Halb-Caschemir-Kleider Pf, und gedrnckte, zu 5 fl. bis 6 fl. 30 kr. Ausgezeichnete Wasch-Hauskleider zu 1 fl. 40 kr., 2 fl., 2 fl. so kr. bis 4 fl. Wattwoll- und Floridas-Kleider, Prachtmuster, 5 fl. bis 6 fl. 30 kr. Halbseiden- und Schafwoll-Atlas-Kleider zu 8 fl. bis ir fl. Hauptlager von Thibet und Caschemir, die Elle 54 kr., 1 fl. 12 kr. bis 2 fl. % breite Möbel-Zitz- und gedruckte Hemdstoffe, die Elle 22 kr. und 24 kr. Winter-Beinkleider, große Auswahl, zu 1 fl. 30 kr., 2 fl., 2 fl. 30 kr. bis 6 fl. Großes Lager ganz neuer Winter-Long-Shawl, Umhüngtücher, englische Sammte, Flanell, Peruvienne, alle Gattungen Gilets, Cravaten, Halstücher, Seiden- und Schafwoll-Schürzen zu sehr billigen Preisen bei HL LZelsehhr, Stadt, Lichtekftezr Nr. 486, Zum goldenen Stern- 13786—4 Bestellungen werden schnell und bestens besorgt. Beachtenswerlh! Verkauf einesHaufes Als Sekretär wird ein junger, wissenschaftlich ge bildeter Mann unter annehmbaren Bedingniffen ge sucht. Musikalische Bildung wäre erwünscht. Genaue briefliche Offerte mit Angabe der Bedingniffe und Referenzen unter der Chiffre H. Nr. 2 an die Expe dition dieses Blattes Auch wird eine schöne Oeko- nomiebesitzung in der Nähe Wiens zu kaufen gesucht, «nd um genaue Offerte ebenfalls unter obiger Chiffre ersucht. 14178—2 Garquetten-Berkauf. a-ücrbalb der Hernalser Linie, Straße zum Ganserl- perg Nr. 167, 1. Stock, Thür Nr. 6. 14090—2 I4I35 mit radizirter Gasthaus-Gerechtigkeit. Selbes ist zwei .Stock hoch, in besten Bauzustande, hat 11 Parteien, ' 970 fl. Zinserträgniß, 4500 fl. können gegen 20 jäh- 9ige Ratenzahlung liegen bleiben; selbes wird wegen - Uebersicdlung um den äußerst billigen Preis von 10,500 fl. sogleich aus freier Hand verkauft. Näheres 'daselbst, Spittelbcrg, Johannesgasse 61, 2. Stock, Thür 8, oder bei dem Hausinhaber: Leopoldstadt, I Schiffamtsgasie Nr. 78. 14158—2 Eine Näh-Maschine wegen Todesfall sehr billig zu verkaufen. Leopoldstadt, Frau zeilsgaffe Nr. 553, 1. Stock. 2 ! Heirats-Antrag. !. Ein solider Mann, der sein Geschäft durch 9 Jahr! in Wien mit gutem Erfolge ausübte, wünscht sich mi einem braven, nicht zu jungen Mädchen oder Witw zu verehelichen. Ein Vermögen von 2 - bis 3000 fl CM. wird beansprucht, um zugleich das Geschäft ver größern zu können. — Ernstliche Zuschriften werden unter der Adreffe: A.. z. Nr. 100 in der Expedition dieses Blattes entgegengenommen. Verschwiegenheil wird verbürgt. 14168—2 Ein 3 Stock hohes Haus zu verkaufen in der Leopoldstadt mit 5 pCt. ohne Unterhändler. 14184 Wo? sagt die Expedit, d. Blatt. 2 Ein Mädchen oder Knabe, von 6—12 Jahren wird bei einer Familie, deren Muttersprache französisch und die sich früher mit Er ziehung befaßte, in Verpflegung und Erziehung genommen. Allfällige Rekommandationen und Näheres unter Adresse M. V. 985. Ein KnabcüZ als Lehrling in eine Vermischt«,aaren-Hand- lung unterzukommen. Gefällige Adressen erbit tet man sich unter der Chiffre 6. 8. Sir. 295. Ein geschickter Musiker für alle Blas-Jnstrumente sucht in Wien enga- girt zu werden. Offerte erb. man unter V. M. 294. Me Freu v.M-lcin weiblichen Handarbeiten sehr bewandert, und mit der deutschenSprache ziemlich vertraut sind, wünschen in einem herrschaftlichen Hause als Gesellschafterin nen oder auch zu Kindern placirt zu werden. Selbe würden auch mit auf Reisen gehen. Offerte erbitten sie unter F. Z. 269. 1.1298-1 Beacbtenswerili für die P. T. Eltern und Vormünder Die Anstalt für katholische Zöglinge, welche öffentliche Schulen besuchen, des Georg Reiner, besindet sich . Stadt, Weihburggasse Nr. 924. Dieselbe übernimmt alle jene Zöglinge, welche öffentliche Schulen besuchen, in gänzliche Verpflegung und sorgfältige Aufsicht, daher auch die Verpflichtung, bei den ihr anvertrauten Zöglingen Elternstelle zu vertreten, von dem öffentlichen Unterrichte selbst, den Anforderungen der Schule sachverständige Kenntniß, überwachet die Fortschritte der Zöglinge väterlich und veranlaßt die häuslichen Aufgaben derselben. Programme sind in der Anstalt zu bekommen, und die Aufnahme geschieht von 9—12 Uhr VormittaqS Unzerreissbare Portemonnaies, aus einem einzigen Stück Leder ohne Naht. Für Münzgeld und Banknoten eigens konftruirt. Brieftaschen In allen Grössen, ganz leicht und biegsam Grösste Auswahl von Zigarren-Etois, zu de» billigsten Preisen bei August Klein, k. k. Portefeuille-, Holz- und Bronce-Waärensahrikant. Niederlage: Stadt, Kohlmarkt Nr. 253, gegenüber der Kirche. Vistt-Karten und Kries-Papiere! «aa ...c rta r« . <r _ « ^ ^ ~ fl. 12 kr. 30 kr. 50 kr. 100 Stück Bisitkarten auf franz. Dopvel-Glanzlack mit Hochdruck 100 „ Oktav-Briefpapiere, mit zeden beliebigen Namen od. Buchstaben 100 „ Quart-Briefpapiere, mit jeden beliebigen Namen od. Buchstaben 100 „ ff. Oktav-Briefpapiere sammt ioo Couverts mit jeden beliebigen Namen oder Buchstaben i fl. - ft. Bestellungen werden nur gegen portofreie Geldeinsendung und deutlicher Angabe der Namen effektuirt. Zu haben bei Jakob Boschan, Papierhandlung, Stadt, Seitenstättengaffe Nr. 464 - 465 . Empfiehlt zugleich sein sortirtes Papierlager zu den billigsten Preisen. 14280-1 iirte Havanna-Cigarren. „ m . .. ~ haben wir jetzt eine Sendung empfangen. Wir em pfehlen allen Rauchern die,e Cigarren auf das Angelegentlichste. Preis 1« Thlr. preuß. Cour. pr. Tausend. Probe-Viertelkistchen ä 1 fl. Der Betrag wird an uns unbekannte Häuser per Postvorschuß entnommen. Da nach den k. k. österreichischen Staaten kein Postvorschuß bewilligt wird, so ersuchen wir, ge fällige Auf träge von dort mit Rimessen zu versehen. (Für Kiste 6 fl. 5835.) 1709-1 Rey & Co., Hamburg. Ein Magazin | ist in Fünfhaus zu verlassen und sogleich zu beziehen. 14088 Fischergasse Nr. 95. ' 1 I Eine geübte Kleidernätherin empfiehlt sich in dieser Eigenschaft auch als Haus- nätherin: Alte Wieden Nr. 347, 6. Stiege, Thür 77. 14256 1 | Stunden ‘ werden von einem öffentlich geprüften Gärtner und Oekonomen, welcher sich durch längere Jahre hinläng liche theoretische als auch praktische Kenntnisse hei Herrschaften verschafft hot, gegeben, und zwar in der .Homologie, Botanik, Oenologie und Oekonomie, so j auch in der Terminologie und Anatomie der Gewächse und auf eine leicht faßliche und praltische Art in kür zester Zeit beigebracht. ! Für die reifere Jugend als auch für Erwachsene, welche in den einzelnen Gegenständen wenig oder gar keine Kenntnisse besitzen, besonders aber in der , Obstbaumzucht, so wie auch in den verschiedenen • Veredlungsarten der Bäume und Pflanzen, oder auch nur in der Kultur derselben. ! Auch werden Auskünfte betreffend des Ueberwin- terns der Zierpflanzen in Kellern, Zimmern und Ge wächshäusern, so auch über die verschiedenen Vortheile, . welche in dieses Fach greifen, ertheilt. | Auch erbittet sich der Gefertigte eine seinen Kennt nissen angemessene dauerhafte Anstellung bei einer Herrschaft oder in einem anständigen Privatgarten, oder auch bei der Oekonomie, um so mehr da, wo be sonders die Obstbaumzuchr zu vervollkommnen, oder gar Baumschulen anzulegen wären, i Zeugnisse über obige Gegenstände, so auch Dienst- ! Zeugnisse des besten Erfolges, können jeden Augenblick abverlangt werden. l Aufträge beliebe man unter der Chiffre K. P. in der Tabaktrafik Nr. 61 in der Jägerzeile, gegenüber ,der Kirche, abzugeben. 14244—1 M^lsiklehreN hat noch einige.Stunden zu vergeben. Gefällige Offerte unter B. M. 92 übernimmt die Expedition dieses i Blattes. Heiratsantrag. Ein Mann in den besten Jahren, Witwer, der ein bürgerliches einträgliches Geschäft hat, wünscht sich mit einem Mädchen oder Witwe zwischen 30 bis 40 Jahren zu verehlichen. Vermögen von 2000 bis 3000 Gulden ist wesentliche Bedingung. Geehrte Anträge erbittet man sich unter Adresse 8. z. in der Expedi tion dieses Blattes abzugeben. 14293 —r Aeußerltche Krankheiten Ein werden gründlich und schnell geheilt nach der bewährten u. rationellen Methode v. Professor Oicord In Paris. Täglich von « bis 2 für Herren, von 8 bis 3 für Frauen beim „Kleinen Nothenthurrnthor" Nr. ritz, 1 . Stock. 1689—7 Stall sammt Schupfen für 6 Pferde und 3—4 Wagen (auch als Magazin verwendbar) ist in der Josefstadt, Langegasse Nr. 115 (im ehemals Kudelka'schen Hause) halbjährig zu ver- miethen. — Besichtigung den ganzen Tag gestattet. 14194—3 Neue Heilart iisßcrlichrr Kraukheiteu von einem Doktor der Heilkunde und Fakultätsmit- gliede, nach welcher bereits die schwierigsten und hart näckigsten Fälle ohne alle üblen Folgen in kürzester s eit geheilt wurden. — Diese Heilart ist so sicher, aff vor vollkommener Heilung kein Honorar gezahlt werden darf» — Ordination: Täglich von 12 bis 2 Uhr, Stadt, am Hof 419, 1 . Stock. Es 14033 wird auch mittelst Korrespondenz behandelt. 4 Eine Frau mit Kaution wünscht einen Verschleiß zu übernehmen. Adresse: koste restante A., Z, 777. 14221—2 Fremdenführer. Mit Gratis-Prämiefür Iahrrs-Abonnenten! Durch Karl Gerold’s Sohn in Wien, Stefansplatz Nr. 625 zu beziehen : H. GERSON’S MODE ZEITUNG. Zeitschrift für Mode, Industrie, Kunst und Literatur. Alle 14 Tage 1 Nummer in 2 Bogen gr. 4. mit vielen fein gestochenen Originalbeilagen. Preis pr. Quartal nur 1 fl. 36 kr., mit Post- 1706 Versendung 2 fl. 1 Ei» Migks Gilt an der Eisenbahn bei Dbbs, 4 Stunden von Wien, mit einem schönen Herrschaflshaus, 12 gemalten und elegant möblirten Zimmern, 2 Gärten, 140 Joch guten Aeckern, Wiesen und Wald mit bedeutendem Fundus iustructus wird billig verkauft. Näheres unter 8. B. 14259 Nr. 60 poste restante Wien. 1 Ein Landhaus in Pötzleinsdorf sammt Obst- und Weingarten ist sammt der heurigen Weinfechsung um 5300 fl., wovon 850 fl. liegen bleiben können, aus freier Hand zu ver kaufen. Auskunft aus Gefälligkeit, Stadt, Grünanger gasse Nr. 833, inderParfümeriehandlungdesJ. Schmidt, 14239 oder in Pötzleinsdorf Nr. 56. l Ein Praktikant aus achtbarem Hause, dessen Eltern oder Verwandte in Wien find. wird allsogleich aufaenommen in der Modewaaren-Handlung „Zur Billigkeit", Stadt, 14238 am Hof Nr. 322 . 1 Zimmer ju vennleihe» für einen Herrn, vollkommen eingerichtet, in Gumpen- dorf, Rofengasse Nr. 514, im 2 . Stock. Auskunft 14251 täglich Vormittags daselbst. Leere Wem-Fiiffer. Wegen Räumung des Kellers sind mehrere Hundert Eimer leere Weinfäger billigst zu verkaufen, im Ge- bünd von 25, 50 und iao Eimer; auch ist daselbst eine kleine Weinpresie zu vergeben. Zu sehen täglich Vor mittags, Stadt, Schottengaffe im Mölkerhof Nr. 103, in dem Weinschank. 14241—1 ZimmerputzTl-ANttag. Es empfiehlt sich ein Zimmerputzer, der harte und weiche Fußböden aufs Beste einläßt, das Zimmer 1 fl. 12 kr., das Kabinet 48 kr. CM., und auf das Schnellste bedient. Die Adressen bittet man abzugeben: Hohcnmarkt, Spezerei-Handlung Nr. 390, zum Tiro- Cer". - 14286—1 Neue Kleidn. €00 St. Mousseline de laine, tz 2 ", bis 8 fl. das Kleid. 800 8t. beste Perkails, tz 2 fl. das Kleid, 20 kr. die Elle. 1000 St. Schafwollkieider, von ausgezeichneter Schönheit, L 3 bis s fl. das Kleid. 14310—1 Stadt, am Hof Nr. 320, ,Jmn goldenen Schmu". In Klosterneuburg und in der nächsten Umgebung find sogleich zu verkaufen: f äuser mit und ohne Grundstücke, andwirthschaften u. Einkehrwirthshäuser» dann Meierhöfe mit bedeutendem Güterkomplex. Auskunft ertheilt die Geschäfts-Kanzlei Nr.3i?, i Stock, untere Stadt in Klosterneuburg. 14289—1 Wegen Abreise billig zu verkaufen: ein Schreibtisch, eine Pendelmo natahr, Kanapee, Ofenrequisiten, Gipsfigur und Lu- >ster. Näheres: Stadt, Schönlaterngaffe Nr. 674, s. -Stock rechts, von 8 Uhr Früh, bis 6 Uhr Abends. 14301-1 louvenirs von Wien! Die grösste Auswahl der neuesten Artikel eigener Erzeugung, aus Juchten und Schweinsleder , mit ganz neuer Ausstattung, ferner von Eichenholz und Bronce, durchgehends solche Artikel, welche im Auslande nicht gemacht werden; darunter besonders zu empfehlen: Albums mit den besten Ansichten von Wien . Kassetten , Mappen, ) Portemonnaie.V mt An ^P hten K. k. Patent-Feuerzeuge ( vm Wien ' K. k. Patent-Damentaschen iSe ce8 und ire üben“ Behendste Cadeau. Unzerreissbare Portemonnaies 5“ iTÄ k Le ’ Neue Spiels Schreib- u. Rauch-Garnituren von Eichen- und schwarzem Holz, mit Bronce verziert. Gebetbiichef in den elegantesten Prachteinbänden. K?“ Für die Reise: -MZ Toiletten und Reisesäcke, eine Auswahl von mehr als 100 Mu stern. — R ei sc-Theeservice, Brieftaschen und Cigarren- Etuis zu den billigsten Preisen bei AUGUST KLEIN, k. k. Portefeuille-, Holz- und Bronce-Waaren-Fabnkant, Niederlage: Stadt, Kohlniarkt Nr. 253, vis-ä-vis der Kirche. 14305—1 i&gasjsgmm Bei beginnender Winter-Saison empfiehlt der ergebenst Gefertigte das von ihm erfun dene, einzig und allein von selben zu beziehende Salon-Oel, -MM welches während seines vierjährigen Bestehens bereits in den höchsten Kreisen allgemeine Anerkennung gesunden, indem es weder raucht, schmiert, noch den üblen Geruch des ge wöhnlichen Brennöls kennt, eine reine weiss« Flamme absetzt; besonders für Moderateur- und Astral-Lampen , sowie auch vorzüglich zur Verwendung in Werkstätten , da es wegen seiner andauernden Brennkraft überhaupt im Gebrauche allseitig nur mit Vortheil berechnet wird. Der Zentner kostet loeo Wien 38 st., im Pfund 24 kr. Ueber 12 Pfund aufwärts wird jedes Quantum (inner den Linien Wiens) auf Ver langen ins Haus gestellt. Geliefert wird nur gegen Baarzahlung oder Nachnahme. IKgr" Da ich an Niemand den Verkauf meiner k. k. aussch. privilegirteu Oele übertragen habe, so können etwaige von andern Seiten vorkommende Ankündigungen vom Ver kaufe des Salon-Oeles (Salon - Breunöl) nur aus Irreführung und Ausbeutung des ge ehrten Publikums abgesehen sein, und werde von nun an bei vorkommenden Fällen den gesetz- lichen Schuh in Anspruch nehmen um solch' einen Unfug zu steuern. Wilhelm Kollak, Besitzer der k. k. a. pr. Maschinenöl-Fabrik und Privilegiums-Inhaber 14317—1 Wien, Alservorstadt, flauptstrasse Nr. 129. KTst. Belohnung! Photographie, l ‘ y \ einiae Möbel, und noch ein vbotoaraphifcher dem Zustandebringer einer unmöblirten Jahreswoh nung in einer Vorstadt, bestehend aus i Zimmer, kleinen Kabinet, Küche, Boden und Keller, und läng stens bis Michaeli 1857 zu beziehen. Adreffen bittet man so schnell als möglich in der Stadt, Schönlatern gaffe Nr. 674, 3. Stock rechts, bei Frau v. Collmann 14302 abzugeben. l Ein Praktikant wird aufgenommen. Näheres: A» R» Marefch, 14287 Tuchhandlung am Peter Nr. 577. 1 einige Möbel, und noch ein pbotographischer Apparat ist bei mir zu verkaufen. Le Pescheuv, Photograph 14303 aus Lyon, Graben Nr. 1144. 1 Ein Fräulein von angenehmen Aeußern, welches englisch, etwas fran zösisch spricht, in Putzsachen sehr geübt ist, sucht in waS immer für ein solides Geschäft oder Salon als Ver käuferin unterzukommen. Anträge unter der Chiffre Emilie 100 post« restante Döbling. 14292—t lF c emdenf ü Heer Die schönsten in jeder Farbe und Qualität vollkommen Roya 1 -DoppeI- 13970—2 verkauft zu möglichst^billigen Preisen im die Haupt-Niederlage englischer Lizitation von 3000 Eimern weißen Md rothen Original-GebirgS- vnd Landweinw, in Nußdorf Nr. 6? und 68, ober dem Brauhause. Mit k. k. bezirksämtlicher Bewilligung werden Doumrslugden 17. Sipt. engl. Wollfammte bis zur allerftinsten Sorte echtfärbige schwarze Patent - Wollgammte Großen, sowie auch im Kleinen, nebst großer Auswahl schönster Seide« SlkMMte Sammte des Franz Linhart, „Zur Brieftaube", Bauernmarkt Nr. 5*1. Ich bitte, ira Jahre 1857 Alles zu lesen. Ein sehr schönes Haus sammt verkäuflichem Bäcker- gewerb bei Baden in einem sehr großen Orte ist zu verkaufen. Selbes besteht aus Einfahrt, Hofraum, z Stallungen, Schupfen, Scheune, Verkaufsgewölbe, mehreren schönen Zimmern, hübschem Garten, 7 Joch Aeckern und Wiesen und ist sehr billig zu übernehmen sammt der heurigen Fechsung und allen Requisiten. .Das Geschäft wird initiier Burschen betrieben. — Ferner ist ein Haus am Schottenseld, Zieglergasse, um ll,svo fl. zu verkaufen. Auch sind bei mir eine große Auswahl von großen und kleinen Zinshäusern, Land wirthschaften. Häuser mit und ohne Realgewerbe und sonstige hunderterlei Gegenstände zum Verkaufe und Vertausche vorgemerkt. Auskunft ertheilt Herr Ignaz Binder täglich mit Ausnahme der Sonn- und Feier tage, in der Kanzlei, Mariahilf, Hauptstraße Nr. 217 . nächst der Linie, von 8—4 Uhr. 13833—3 Me Steindruckes des III. Ulmik, Wien, Jägerzeile Nr. 320 , vis-fc-yis Stierböck, hält stets ein bedeutendes Lager von LM- Drucksorten zu den billigsten Preisen: 100 Stück Rechnungen in Groß-Üktav 24 kr.; 100 Stück Wechsel, auf feinem Postpapier 24 kr.; 100 Quart 36 kr.; 100 Stück tfe 48 kr.; 100 St. Kaffa- lnweisungen 24 kr. rc. rc. 100 Stück Vlsitkarten auf feinstem französischen Doppel-Glanzlackpapier, in jeder Schriftmanier litho- graphirt oder mit Hochdruck 1 fl. 20 kr., jede fol gende 100 Stück blos 1 fl. Druckarb eiten nach eigener Angabe werden bestens 13651 und in kürzester Zeit effektuirt. 5 Wohnungsveränderung ' des Hübneraugen-OperateurS I. Tobisch. W-bnt jetzt an, Hos, Eingang der Glockengaffe 310, 4 , Stock, wo täglich von 3 bis 6 Uhr Pr. 20 kr. Opc- W99 rativnen vorgenommen werden. 3 Viucr n»eryzcr aus seinem Stück Frachtbriefe in Qo Mordbahn-Frachtbriefe Anweisungen Schmeyl os Zähne ju nehmen, wo das Bewußtsein beibehalten wird! G°,ah, md »EN « Anspruch -.mm, °h»° ...Nch. P. Pfeifermann, Zahnarzt, Lugek Nr. 751. | 27,578 |
https://github.com/hughed2/agentsimulation/blob/master/Fact.py | Github Open Source | Open Source | Unlicense | null | agentsimulation | hughed2 | Python | Code | 340 | 968 | class Fact(object):
def __init__ (valuable = True):
self.valuable = valuable
self.trust = 0.0
self.distrust = 0.0
self.history = []
def correct_bounds ():
if (self.trust < 0):
self.trust = 0.0
if (self.distrust < 0):
self.distrust = 0.0
if (self.trust > 1):
self.trust = 1.0
if (self.distrust > 1):
self.distrust = 1.0
#When a fact is created, initialize the belief based on competence of agent
def initialize_belief(competence, model = 1):
trust_error = random.uniform(0, 1-competence)
if model == 1:
distrust_error = random.uniform(0, trust_error)
elif model == 2:
distrust_error = random.gauss(1-competence, 1-competence)
if distrust_error < 0:
distrust_error = 0
elif distrust_error > 1:
distrust_error = 1
else:
distrust_error = random.uniform(0, 1-competence)
if self.valuable == True:
## if competence == 1, (t,d) = (1,0)
(t,d) = (1-trust_error, distrust_error)
else:
## if competence == 1, (t,d) = (0,1)
(t,d) = (trust_error, 1-distrust_error)
(self.trust, self.distrust) = (t,d)
self.correct_bounds()
##TODO
##Right now, we take our own perception as the same as a neighbor
##agent who we give full trust to. This should be changed.
self.history.append((self.trust, self.distrust))
#Use KAAV method from Practical aggregation operators by Victor et al
def aggregate_trust_kaav(gamma):
w_denom = 0.0
self.trust = 0.0
self.distrust = 0.0
for (t,d) in self.history:
w_denom += pow((t+d),gamma)
for (t,d) in self.history:
self.trust += t * pow((t+d)/w_denom,gamma)
self.distrust += d * pow((t+d)/w_denom,gamma)
#Aggregate our history to recalculate trust and distrust
def aggregate_trust(model = 'KAAV'):
if(model == 'KAAV'):
self.aggregate_trust_kaav(1)
self.correct_bounds()
#Need a T-norm and T-conorm for propagation. Feel free to change
def T(x, y):
return x*y
def S(x, y):
return x+y - x*y
#When a neighbor gives us a fact, use our trust in the neighbor and
#their trust in the fact to get new information
def propagate_trust(n_trust, n_dtrust, f_trust, f_dtrust, model):
if (model == 1): #Method 4 from Victor et al
(t, d) = ( T(n_trust, f_trust),
S(T(n_trust, f_dtrust),T(n_dtrust, f_trust)) )
self.history.append(t, d) #Add our new info to our history
self.aggregate_trust() #Aggregate our history into new trust values
#For sorting
def __lt__(self, other):
if (self.trust < other.trust):
return true
if (self.trust == other.trust and self.distrust > other.distrust):
return true
return false
| 50,063 |
https://github.com/Lockdef/kyopro-code/blob/master/abc031_a.cpp | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | kyopro-code | Lockdef | C++ | Code | 55 | 114 | #include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
#define print(x) cout << x << endl;
#define input(x) cin >> x;
int main()
{
int A, D;
input(A);
input(D);
cout << ((A + 1) * D > A * (D + 1) ? (A + 1) * D : A * (D + 1)) << endl;
return 0;
}
| 10,162 |
https://github.com/Victor-BwD/Space_Invaders_Unity/blob/master/Assets/Scripts/Bullet.cs | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,021 | Space_Invaders_Unity | Victor-BwD | C# | Code | 62 | 209 | using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using UnityEngine;
public class Bullet : MonoBehaviour
{
public Vector3 direction;
public float speed;
// Update is called once per frame
void Update()
{
this.transform.position += direction * speed * Time.deltaTime;
}
private void OnTriggerEnter2D(Collider2D collision)
{
if(collision.gameObject.tag == "Boundary")
{
Destroy(gameObject);
}
if(collision.gameObject.tag == "Enemy")
{
Destroy(gameObject);
}
if (collision.gameObject.tag == "Shield")
{
Destroy(gameObject);
}
}
}
| 901 |
https://github.com/rhiroshi/saude/blob/master/src/main/java/com/oficina/saude/controller/IndexController.java | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | 2,018 | saude | rhiroshi | Java | Code | 171 | 861 | package com.oficina.saude.controller;
import java.sql.Date;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.security.core.context.SecurityContext;
import org.springframework.security.core.context.SecurityContextHolder;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.ModelAndView;
import com.oficina.saude.model.Paciente;
import com.oficina.saude.model.Usuario;
import com.oficina.saude.repository.Consultas;
import com.oficina.saude.repository.Pacientes;
import com.oficina.saude.repository.Prontuarios;
import com.oficina.saude.repository.Usuarios;
@Controller
public class IndexController {
@Autowired
private Pacientes pacientes;
@Autowired
private Usuarios usuarios;
@Autowired
private Prontuarios prontuarios;
@Autowired
private Consultas consultas;
@RequestMapping("/index")
public ModelAndView novo() {
ModelAndView mv;
SecurityContext context = SecurityContextHolder.getContext();
String comparar = context.getAuthentication().getAuthorities().toString();
if(comparar.equals("[PACIENTE]")){
String email = context.getAuthentication().getName().toString();
Usuario usuario = usuarios.findOne(email);
Paciente paciente = pacientes.findByUsuario(usuario);
// --- PACIENTE ACESSANDO ---
mv = new ModelAndView("/index/IndexPaciente");
mv.addObject("consultas", consultas.consultasRealizadas(paciente));
}else{
// --- OUTROS FUNCIONARIOS ---
java.util.Date udata = new java.util.Date();
Date data = new Date(udata.getTime());
mv = new ModelAndView("/index/Index");
mv.addObject("pacientesCadastrados", pacientes.count());
mv.addObject("consultasHoje", prontuarios.countByData(data));
}
return mv;
}
@RequestMapping(value="/atestado/{codigo}",method = RequestMethod.GET)
public ModelAndView atestado(@PathVariable Long codigo){
Map<String, Object> parametros = new HashMap<>();
parametros.put("format", "pdf");
parametros.put("codigo_consulta", codigo);
return new ModelAndView("rel_atestado", parametros);
}
@RequestMapping(value="/receita/imprimir/{codigo}",method = RequestMethod.GET)
public ModelAndView imprimeReceita(@PathVariable Long codigo){
Map<String, Object> parametros = new HashMap<>();
parametros.put("format", "pdf");
parametros.put("consulta_codigo", codigo);
return new ModelAndView("rel_medicamentos", parametros);
}
}
| 20,200 |
https://openalex.org/W2770118505 | OpenAlex | Open Science | CC-By | 2,017 | ASSESSING THE CANOPY INTEGRITY USING CANOPY DIGITAL IMAGES IN SEMIDECIDUOUS FOREST FRAGMENT IN SÃO CARLOS - SP- BRAZIL1 | Thiago Yamada | English | Spoken | 6,131 | 11,042 | ASSESSING THE CANOPY INTEGRITY USING CANOPY DIGITAL IMAGES IN
SEMIDECIDUOUS FOREST FRAGMENT IN SÃO CARLOS - SP- BRAZIL1 1 Received on 06.07.2016 accepted for publication on 14.08.2017. sidade Federal de São Carlos, Doutorado em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais, São Paulo, Brasil. E-ma
[email protected]>. 3 Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Departamento de Computação, São Paulo, Brasil. E-mail: <[email protected]>
and <[email protected]>. 4 Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Campus Itabaiana, Sergipe, Brasil. E-mail: <[email protected]>. *Corresponding author. *Corresponding author. ABSTRACT – It is well-known that conducting experimental research aiming the characterization of canopy
structure of forests can be a difficult and costly task and, generally, requires an expert to extract, in loco,
relevant information. Aiming at easing studies related to canopy structures, several techniques have been
proposed in the literature and, among them, various are based on canopy digital image analysis. The research
work described in this paper empirically compares two techniques that measure the integrity of the canopy
structure of a forest fragment; one of them is based on central parts of canopy cover images and, the other,
on canopy closure images. For the experiments, 22 central parts of canopy cover images and 22 canopy
closure images were used. The images were captured along two transects: T1 (located in the conserved area)
and T2 (located in the naturally disturbance area). The canopy digital images were computationally processed
and analyzed using the MATLAB platform for the canopy cover images and the Gap Light Analyzer (GLA),
for the canopy closure images. The results obtained using these two techniques showed that canopy cover
images and, among the employed algorithms, the Jseg, characterize the canopy integrity best. It is worth
mentioning that part of the analysis can be automatically conducted, as a quick and precise process, with
low material costs involved. Keywords: Canopy closure images; Canopy cover images; Digital image processing. 1. INTRODUCTION by the vertical projection of the canopy openness up
to a height of 2 meters above the ground with a minimum
area of 20 m2 (Brokaw, 1982). According to the Pesquisa FAPESP magazine (2012),
the native forests and fields have grown for the second
consecutive decade in the state of São Paulo, after
about half a century of disturbance waves that have
left the territory almost without natural vegetation cover. According to a survey carried out by the Forest Institute,
based on satellite images obtained in 2008 and 2009,
4.34 million hectares of fields and natural forests in
the state were identified. Even with native forest cover
increasing, the use of forest ecosystems for agricultural
purposes has led to an increase in the number of forest
fragments. The decrease in forest cover allows a large
penetration of solar radiation, which consequently
changes the temperature and humidity of the air and
soil (Calegari et al., 2010). On the one hand, gaps can
increase floristic diversity, a condition that many species
need for their development, promoting a favorable
environment for the natural regeneration of tropical
forests (Brokaw, 1982; Denslow and Hartshorn, 1994;
Tabarelli and Mantovani, 1997; Armelin and Mantovani,
2001). On the other hand, gaps may alter the structure
of a forest, limiting the establishment of native flora
and fauna (Brown et al., 2000) and promoting the
development of invasive species (Parendes and Jones,
2000). Other factors such as topographic context, soil
characteristics, climate and surrounding vegetation
regulate the species composition (Chazdon, 2012). These fragments present serious problems, such
as: a large number of dead trees and a high occurrence
of lianas. However, they present a large number of
rare species, as well as the development of species
belonging to the initial stages of succession. A fragment
can be defined as any area of continuous native
vegetation, interrupted by anthropic actions (such as
roads, agriculture, among others) or natural barriers,
which interfere with the natural flow of animals, pollen
grains or seeds, among others (Viana, 1990). Gaps can be classified as being artificial or natural. Artificial gaps are usually caused by selective cutting,
pesticides, edge effect, among other causes. YAMADA T et al. analisadas, por meio de técnicas de processamento digital de imagens, utilizando o MATLAB para análise
das imagens da cobertura do dossel e o Gap Light Analyzer (GLA) para análise das imagens da oclusão
do dossel. Os resultados obtidos usando as duas técnicas revelaram que as imagens da cobertura do dossel
e o algoritmo Jseg caracterizaram melhor a integridade do dossel. Por fim, vale ressaltar que parte da análise
pode ser realizada automaticamente em um processo rápido, preciso e com baixo custo de material. Palavras-Chave: Imagens da cobertura do dossel; Imagens da oclusão do dossel; Processamento digital
de imagem. AVALIANDO A INTEGRIDADE DO DOSSEL POR MEIO DE IMAGENS
DIGITAIS EM FRAGMENTO DE FLORESTA ESTACIONAL SEMIDECÍDUA EM
SÃO CARLOS - SP - BRASIL RESUMO – É notório que a realização de pesquisa experimental com o objetivo de avaliar a estrutura do
dossel de florestas é uma tarefa difícil e custosa, que geralmente requer um especialista para extrair, in loco,
suas informações mais relevantes. Com o objetivo de facilitar a realização de estudos relacionados à estrutura
do dossel, vários métodos foram propostos na literatura, entre eles, alguns que se baseiam na utilização
de imagens digitais do dossel. Este trabalho compara empiricamente duas técnicas que medem a integridade
da estrutura do dossel em um fragmento de floresta; uma baseada nas partes centrais das imagens da cobertura
do dossel e outra nas imagens da oclusão do dossel. Para a comparação, foram utilizadas 22 partes centrais
das imagens da cobertura do dossel e 22 imagens da oclusão do dossel. As imagens foram capturadas, in
loco, ao longo de dois transectos: T1 (localizado em uma área conservada) e T2 (localizado em uma área
com perturbação natural). As imagens digitais do dossel foram então computacionalmente processadas e Revista Árvore. 2017;41(5):e410505
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-90882017000500005 2 YAMADA T et al. Assessing the canopy integrity using canopy... is concerned with measuring the coverage in a specific
point. Both concepts will be detailed in the next section. is concerned with measuring the coverage in a specific
point. Both concepts will be detailed in the next section. The camera parameters were configured with: spatial
resolution of 4,928 ´ 3,264 pixels i.e., high resolution
thus avoiding a large number of mixed pixels (Macfarlane,
2011; Song et al., 2014); 300 dpi; RGB representation;
adjusted focus to infinite; shutter speed and shutter
automatically set, as well as ISO set to 6,400. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between
the two types of techniques that evaluate the integrity
of the canopy structure, which are the focus of this
work: (1) the technique that measures the canopy closure,
defined as the hemispheric portion of the sky covered
by the canopy (Leblanc and Fournier, 2017), and (2)
the technique that measures the canopy cover defined
as the portion of the forest floor covered by the vertical
projection of tree canopies (Jennings et al., 1999;
Korhonen et al., 2006; Paletto and Tosi, 2009). The area chosen to capture the digital images of
the canopy was a 112 hectares semideciduous forest
fragment, located at Canchim Farm at Empresa Brasileira
de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), in São Carlos,
São Paulo, Brazil. This fragment has been preserved
for more than 70 years (Primavesi et al., 1999). For the
experiments, the images were captured in loco, along
two transects: T1 (located in a conserved area) with
higher canopy integrity and T2 (located in an area with
natural disturbance) with lower canopy integrity. The
characterization of both transects (T1 and T2) was
conducted based on the work of Silva and Soares (2002). There is a substantial number of papers analyzing
forest canopies. Assessing the canopy integrity using canopy... Among them, those that inspired some
of the decisions made during the conduction of this
work are: the measurement of the size of the canopy
openness, using digital images (Yamamoto, 2000); the
use of the sum of the areas of triangles (Lima, 2005b);
the estimation of the canopy cover by the sum of the
projections of the canopy (Durigan et al., 2000); the
estimation of the canopy closure using hemispheric
lens (Meira Neto et al., 2005; Nascimento et al., 2007;
Suganuma et al., 2008); and the evaluation of the canopy
structure using images of the canopy cover (Jennings
et al., 1999; Korhonen et al., 2006; Paletto and Tosi,
2009; Goodenough and Goodenough, 2012). The digital images of the canopy were captured
along each transect T1 and T2, with a difference of
10 meters between each capture. The procedure followed
the proposal defined by Jennings et al. (1999). The
images were taken on the October 9th, 2011, in the morning,
with a vertical adjustment of the camera, at the height
of 1.5 meters from the ground (a tripod was used to
stabilize and elevate the camera). A total of 44 digital
images of the canopy were captured: 22 in transect
T1 (11 images of the canopy cover and 11 images of
the canopy closure) and 22 in transect T2 (11 images
of the canopy cover and 11 images of the canopy closure). The canopy structure of a forest can be defined
by the distribution of tree species at different heights
(vertical profile) which, depending on their integrity
(characteristic of not missing any of its parts), will
reflect in a canopy structure with high coverage (greater
canopy integrity), or low coverage with higher incidence
of solar radiation reaching the ground (lower canopy
integrity). The methodology involved in the processing of
the digital images are described next, beginning with
the images of the canopy cover, followed by the images
of the canopy closure. The 22 images of the canopy
cover were imported into the MATLAB platform and
then, each was divided into nine equal parts, all of
them with the same dimensions (1,643 x 1,089 pixels). Figure 1a shows an example. The work described in this paper aimed at identifying
the canopy digital image-based technique more suitable
to evaluate the integrity of the canopy, considering
several issues, such as cost, accuracy and practicality. Assessing the canopy integrity using canopy... The analysis of the canopy cover at a specific
point can help to improve the precision of the analysis,
as well as to decrease the effects of distortion in the
scale (Suganuma et al., 2008; Paletto and Tosi, 2009;
Chianucci, 2016). Based on this premise, the central
part of the image (CPI) is the least affected by these
problems and, therefore, only the central parts of the 22
images of the canopy cover were considered (Figure 1b). According to Avery and Burkhart (1994) apud Jennings 1. INTRODUCTION Natural
gaps are mainly a consequence of natural disturbances
such as lightning, dead old trees, falling trees, diseased
trees, wind-decapitated trees, which totally or partially
remove forest cover at different time and space scales
(Chazdon, 2012), continuously modifying the integrity
of the canopy structure of the forest. In addition to
causing impacts on biodiversity conversion, clearings
alter several ecosystem functions, such as energy flow
and nutrient cycling. In the workshop on monitoring forest dynamics,
held in Brasilia in 2014, several environmental issues were
discussed, such as carbon stocks, greenhouse gas flows
and biodiversity. During the meeting both, the need to
monitor deforestation and the dynamics of forests (forest
disturbance) were highlighted. Disturbance is the status
of a forest that can be characterized between an intact
forest (with no sign of significant human activity) and
a pasture area. It is a state in which a forest has not yet
been completely deforested. To evaluate the integrity of a canopy structure,
two relevant concepts should be considered, the canopy
cover and the canopy closure. Briefly described, the
canopy closure is concerned with measuring the
luminosity in a specific point while the canopy cover Gaps are localized areas resulting from disturbances
whose effect causes the canopy to open or the decrease
in canopy cover (Lima, 2005a), which can be defined Revista Árvore. 2017;41(5):e410505 3 3 2. MATERIAL E METHODS The digital images of the canopy were captured
with a Nikon D7000 camera with a NIKKOR 18-105 mm
f/3.5-5.6G ED VR AF DX Lens and a hemispherical
converter lens (0.21 ´ Digital King Fish Eye Lens Optics
Japan). Two software were used to process the digital
images namely, the MATrix LABoratory (MATLAB)
and the Gap Light Analyzer (GLA) (Frazer et al., 1999). Revista Árvore. 2017;41(5):e410505 4 4 YAMADA T et al. Figure 2 – Example of labeled regions (image map), separating
sky (marked with the letter a) and canopy (the
remaining area). Figura 2 – Exemplo de regiões rotuladas (imagem mapa),
separando céu (marcada com a letra a) e dossel
(áreas restantes). et al. (1999), the angles are considered vertical when
the slope is less than 3 degrees. Next, the segmentation process of the 22 CPIs was
carried out. The segmentation process of an image
subdivides the image into objects of interest, where
the levels of subdivision depend on the problem to be
studied (Gonzalez et al., 2004). Thus, the segmentation
process of an image must stop when the objects of interest
are isolated, which can be characterized as being a set
of similar pixels grouped with a same label. The labeled
regions (map image) in this work were labeled as sky
or canopy (Figure 2). In the work four segmentation algorithms were
used: (1) Thresholding (Thr); (2) Jseg; (3) Watershed
Transform Distance Transform (WTDT) and Watershed
Transform Gradients (WTG) (Deng and Manjunath,
2001; Gonzalez et al., 2004; Cavani et al., 2006). Figure 2 – Example of labeled regions (image map), separating
sky (marked with the letter a) and canopy (the
remaining area). g
)
Figura 2 – Exemplo de regiões rotuladas (imagem mapa),
separando céu (marcada com a letra a) e dossel
(áreas restantes). The Thresholding algorithm determines one or
more thresholds among all the gray level values of
an image, in order to separate the objects of interest
from others. In this work, the Otsu method, that
automatically determines a threshold by minimizing
the intraclass variance between pixels, was used. Lotufo, 2003; Gonzalez et al., 2004). This algorithm can
use the Euclidean distance between pixels to group
similar regions (WTDT), or then use the magnitude
of the gradients (WTG) obtained by a preprocessing,
where the high values of the pixels are the edges
(Dougherty, 1992; Dougherty and Lotufo, 2003; Gonzalez
et al., 2004). 2. MATERIAL E METHODS Lotufo, 2003; Gonzalez et al., 2004). This algorithm can
use the Euclidean distance between pixels to group
similar regions (WTDT), or then use the magnitude
of the gradients (WTG) obtained by a preprocessing,
where the high values of the pixels are the edges
(Dougherty, 1992; Dougherty and Lotufo, 2003; Gonzalez
et al., 2004). The Jseg algorithm, created in 1999 by Deng and
Manjunath (2001), uses the color and texture
characteristics of an image to group similar regions. This algorithm is usually used for processing nature
scenes (Deng and Manjunath, 2001; Cavani et al., 2006;
Wang et al., 2007). In order to capture the images of the canopy
closure, the same camera with the same parameters
previously discussed for the canopy cover images
was used; however, in this case, a hemispherical
converter lens was coupled to the main lens, which
provided a 180 degree vision angle. The 22 images
of the canopy closure were imported and processed
using the GLA software, which required the setting
of the following parameters: magnetic north, color
plane and threshold value. The Watershed Transform algorithm finds the basin
divider in a monochromatic image, that is, the image
is analogous to a topographic surface whose ash levels
would be the altimetric dimensions (Dougherty and Figure 1 – Example of canopy cover image. (a) a canopy
cover image divided in nine equal parts; (b) an
enlargement of the central part (referred to as CPI)
of image (a). Figura 1 – Exemplo de imagem da cobertura do dossel. (a)
uma imagem da cobertura do dossel dividida em
nove partes iguais; (b) uma ampliação da parte
central (referida como CPI) da imagem (a). In both techniques, canopy cover and canopy
closure, to measure the integrity of the canopy structure,
the dark areas of the images (pixels representing any
part of the vegetation, such as leaves, branches, stems,
etc.) were used. The digital images of the canopy had
a radiometric resolution of 8 bits, that is, a variation
from 0 to 255 levels. Figure 1 – Example of canopy cover image. (a) a canopy
cover image divided in nine equal parts; (b) an
enlargement of the central part (referred to as CPI)
of image (a). 3. RESULTS The results obtained using the two above mentioned
techniques show that both were able to differentiate
between the T1 transect (conserved area, with higher
canopy integrity) and the T2 transect (area with natural
disturbance, with lower canopy integrity). However,
the rates of variation between the canopy cover results
and the canopy closure were different. Figure 3 illustrates
the technical aspects involved in the angle of view
(AOV) of the canopy cover images (plane images) and
the canopy closure (hemispheric images) that led to
the differences. It is important to mention that the results of the
segmentation performed by the Jseg algorithm, for
both, the T1 transect and the T2 transect, were the
ones that best represented the canopy integrity, since
the Jseg algorithm was the one that best identified
pixels representing the sky and pixels representing
the cover. The analysis was conducted by comparing
real images (RGB) with the images classified by the
segmentation algorithms. It is also worth noting that
the result of the Jseg algorithm for CPI I2,6 (Table 2)
was zero, as it should be, considering the image
represented the sky. As can be seen in Table 1 (transect T1), in relation
to the canopy cover images, the segmentation algorithms
present different values for the same image (CPI). In
particular, the results produced by Thr and WTDT
agreed (sometimes with a slight difference) in all the
11 PCIs. Regarding the Jseg and the WTG, the same
was observed, except for the CPI I1,9. Considering the four methods of segmentation
used for the canopy cover images, the values obtained
for the AVGs were higher than 82%, and the AVG obtained
for the images of the canopy closure was 79.41%. Assessing the canopy integrity using canopy... canopy closure was 4.74 indicating a small variation
in the percentage values of the canopy cover. canopy integrity) and T2 (area with natural disturbance,
with lower canopy integrity). canopy integrity) and T2 (area with natural disturbance,
with lower canopy integrity). As can be seen in Table 2 (transect T2), in relation
to the images of the canopy cover, that segmentation
algorithms obtained different values for the same image
(with the T1 transect). Similarly to T1, the results produced
by Thr and WTDT agreed (sometimes with a slight
difference) in all 11 CPIs. In relation to Jseg and WTG
the same applies, except for the CPIs of images I2,3,
I2,6 and I2,8. 2. MATERIAL E METHODS For comparison purposes, the average (AVG) and
the standard deviation (STD) metrics were used for
both, the canopy cover values and the canopy closure
values, for transects T1 (conserved area with higher Figura 1 – Exemplo de imagem da cobertura do dossel. (a)
uma imagem da cobertura do dossel dividida em
nove partes iguais; (b) uma ampliação da parte
central (referida como CPI) da imagem (a). Figura 1 – Exemplo de imagem da cobertura do dossel. (a)
uma imagem da cobertura do dossel dividida em
nove partes iguais; (b) uma ampliação da parte
central (referida como CPI) da imagem (a). Revista Árvore. 2017;41(5):e410505 5 5 4. DISCUSSION Os valores da cobertura do dossel foram obtidos utilizando a parte central da imagem (CPI)
d IMG Transect T1 – Canopy Digital Images
IMG
Canopy Cover
IMG
Canopy Closure
Thr (%)
Jseg (%)
WTDT (%)
WTG (%)
GLA (%)
I1,1
93
98
94
98
I’1,1
83.70
I1,2
92
97
92
97
I’1,2
83.72
I1,3
89
99
89
97
I’1,3
81.57
I1,4
87
95
88
91
I’1,4
79.54
I1,5
99
100
99
99
I’1,5
83.44
I1,6
68
68
69
72
I’1,6
72.65
I1,7
80
95
81
94
I’1,7
79.06
I1,8
93
99
93
98
I’1,8
83.34
I1,9
55
81
59
75
I’1,9
67.66
I1,10
88
98
88
96
I’1,10
82.01
I1,11
68
80
69
81
I’1,11
76.91
AVG
82.90
91.81
83.72
90.72
79.41
STD
12.99
10.57
12.09
9.45
4.74 which can be considered an evidence that the canopy
closure measurement technique was unable to detect
changes in canopy integrity; on the other hand, the
images of the canopy cover were processed only
using the CPI, which made the AOV = 0° and
consequently, reduced distortions, thus obtaining
more realistic values in relation to the vertical
projection proposed by Brokaw (1982). the difference between an image of the canopy cover
and an image of the canopy closure depends on the
angle of view (AOV) of the lens, which may overestimate
the canopy cover (Chianucci, 2016). Jennings et al. (1999) present a review of the
techniques used to measure the canopy where two
main basic types of measurements are considered: canopy
cover and canopy closure, and conclude that it is not
possible to prescribe a method that is better. Regarding the four techniques of segmentation,
the differences in results are related to a difference
of illumination in parts of the canopy, which somehow
introduced a bias in the process. This occurred due
to the angle of incidence of morning solar radiation
(which was the capture period of digital canopy images). As a result, parts of the canopy cover were erroneously
considered to be canopy openness (sky). Thus, future
work could use other computational techniques to deal
with this problem by improving the distinction between
sky and canopy, in the canopy cover images. This is a controversial topic in the literature, as
pointed out by Jennings et al. (1999), considering that
different authors support different methods, taking
into account different criteria. 4. DISCUSSION 6 Transect T1 – Canopy Digital Images
IMG
Canopy Cover
IMG
Canopy Closure
Thr (%)
Jseg (%)
WTDT (%)
WTG (%)
GLA (%)
I1,1
93
98
94
98
I’1,1
83.70
I1,2
92
97
92
97
I’1,2
83.72
I1,3
89
99
89
97
I’1,3
81.57
I1,4
87
95
88
91
I’1,4
79.54
I1,5
99
100
99
99
I’1,5
83.44
I1,6
68
68
69
72
I’1,6
72.65
I1,7
80
95
81
94
I’1,7
79.06
I1,8
93
99
93
98
I’1,8
83.34
I1,9
55
81
59
75
I’1,9
67.66
I1,10
88
98
88
96
I’1,10
82.01
I1,11
68
80
69
81
I’1,11
76.91
AVG
82.90
91.81
83.72
90.72
79.41
STD
12.99
10.57
12.09
9.45
4.74
Table 1 –Percentage values of canopy cover obtained with the segmentation techniques Thr, Jseg, WTDT and WTG. Percentage
values of canopy closure obtained with GLA. IMG = image, AVG = average, STD = standard deviation. The values
for the canopy cover were obtained using the central part of the image (CPI) of IMG. Tabela 1 – Valores de porcentagem da cobertura do dossel obtidos com as técnicas de segmentação Thr, Jseg, WTDT e
WTD. Valores de porcentagem da oclusão do dossel obtidos com GLA. IMG = imagem, AVG = média, STD =
desvio padrão. Os valores da cobertura do dossel foram obtidos utilizando a parte central da imagem (CPI)
da IMG. Table 1 –Percentage values of canopy cover obtained with the segmentation techniques Thr, Jseg, WTDT and WTG. Percentage
values of canopy closure obtained with GLA. IMG = image, AVG = average, STD = standard deviation. The values
for the canopy cover were obtained using the central part of the image (CPI) of IMG. Table 1 –Percentage values of canopy cover obtained with the segmentation techniques Thr, Jseg, WTDT and WTG. Percentage
values of canopy closure obtained with GLA. IMG = image, AVG = average, STD = standard deviation. The values
for the canopy cover were obtained using the central part of the image (CPI) of IMG. Tabela 1 – Valores de porcentagem da cobertura do dossel obtidos com as técnicas de segmentação Thr, Jseg, WTDT e
WTD. Valores de porcentagem da oclusão do dossel obtidos com GLA. IMG = imagem, AVG = média, STD =
desvio padrão. 4. DISCUSSION The analysis of the canopy cover in tropical forests
is a very important subject for studies that aim at the
investigation of the forest structure (Barnes et al., 1998). In the canopy cover images the distinction between
clear areas (pixels representing the sky) and dark areas
(pixels representing the canopy) is a challenge
considering the difficulties involved in discriminating
between pixels that represent each of them. In addition, Still analyzing the values in Table 1, it can be seen
that the values of images I1,6, I1,9, I1,11 and I’1,6, I’1,8,
I’1,11 (for both, canopy cover and canopy closure) are
small values in relation to the values obtained with
the other images. In addition, the STD value obtained
for the canopy cover was around 11.00 and for the Source: Figure based on Korhonen et al. (2006). Fonte: Figura fundamentada em Korhonen et al. (2006). Figure 3 – Differences between the two techniques that measure the canopy integrity: (a) canopy cover image; (b) canopy
closure image. Figura 3 – As diferenças entre as duas técnicas que medem a integridade do dossel: (a) imagem da cobertura do dossel;
(b) imagem da oclusão do dossel. Source: Figure based on Korhonen et al. (2006). Fonte: Figura fundamentada em Korhonen et al. (2006). g
(
)
Fonte: Figura fundamentada em Korhonen et al. ( Figure 3 – Differences between the two techniques that measure the canopy integrity: (a) canopy cover image; (b) canopy
closure image. Figura 3 – As diferenças entre as duas técnicas que medem a integridade do dossel: (a) imagem da cobertura do dossel;
(b) imagem da oclusão do dossel. Revista Árvore. 2017;41(5):e410505 6 YAMADA T et al. Assessing the canopy integrity using canopy... 7 7 Table 2 – Percentage values of canopy cover obtained with the segmentation techniques Thr, Jseg, WTDT and WTG. Percentage
values of canopy closure obtained with GLA. IMG = image, AVG = average, STD = standard deviation. The values
for the canopy cover were obtained using the central part of the image (CPI) of IMG. Tabela 2 – Valores de porcentagem da cobertura do dossel obtidos com as técnicas de segmentação Thr, Jseg, WTDT e
WTD. Valores de porcentagem da oclusão do dossel obtidos com GLA. IMG = imagem, AVG = média, STD =
desvio padrão. Os valores da cobertura do dossel foram obtidos utilizando a parte central da imagem (CPI)
da IMG. Transect T2 - Canopy Digital Images
IMG
Canopy Cover
IMG
Canopy Closure
Thr (%)
Jseg (%)
WTDT (%)
WTG (%)
GLA (%)
I2,1
71
72
72
78
I’2,1
81.56
I2,2
98
100
98
99
I’2,2
85.80
I2,3
4
9
5
21
I’2,3
47.84
I2,4
92
95
93
94
I’2,4
88.67
I2,5
66
64
67
67
I’2,5
75.00
I2,6
59
0
64
19
I’2,6
32.95
I2,7
67
79
69
74
I’2,7
79.12
I2,8
21
28
26
40
I’2,8
55.55
I2,9
80
99
81
99
I’2,9
70.93
I2,10
91
94
92
95
I’2,10
84.93
I2,11
89
97
89
96
I’2,11
80.43
AVG
67.09
67
68.72
71.09
71.16
STD
28.57
35.77
27.75
29.44
17.13 Table 2 – Percentage values of canopy cover obtained with the segmentation techniques Thr, Jseg, WTDT and WTG. Percentage
values of canopy closure obtained with GLA. IMG = image, AVG = average, STD = standard deviation. The values
for the canopy cover were obtained using the central part of the image (CPI) of IMG. Tabela 2 – Valores de porcentagem da cobertura do dossel obtidos com as técnicas de segmentação Thr, Jseg, WTDT e
WTD. Valores de porcentagem da oclusão do dossel obtidos com GLA. IMG = imagem, AVG = média, STD =
desvio padrão. Os valores da cobertura do dossel foram obtidos utilizando a parte central da imagem (CPI)
da IMG. Assessing the canopy integrity using canopy... Transect T2 - Canopy Digital Images
IMG
Canopy Cover
IMG
Canopy Closure
Thr (%)
Jseg (%)
WTDT (%)
WTG (%)
GLA (%)
I2,1
71
72
72
78
I’2,1
81.56
I2,2
98
100
98
99
I’2,2
85.80
I2,3
4
9
5
21
I’2,3
47.84
I2,4
92
95
93
94
I’2,4
88.67
I2,5
66
64
67
67
I’2,5
75.00
I2,6
59
0
64
19
I’2,6
32.95
I2,7
67
79
69
74
I’2,7
79.12
I2,8
21
28
26
40
I’2,8
55.55
I2,9
80
99
81
99
I’2,9
70.93
I2,10
91
94
92
95
I’2,10
84.93
I2,11
89
97
89
96
I’2,11
80.43
AVG
67.09
67
68.72
71.09
71.16
STD
28.57
35.77
27.75
29.44
17.13 the financial support to this research and the EMBRAPA
(Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária) for
authorizing the first author to have access to the forest
fragment. efficient in differentiating the canopy sky, followed
by the Thresholding, Watershed Transform Distance
Transform and Watershed Transform Gradients,
respectively. 7. REFERENCES Unlike traditional approaches usually adopted
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openness and lai estimates in two seasonally
deciduous forests on limestone outcrops in
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Analyzer – GLA, version 2.0. Burnaby, British
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processing using MATLAB. Upper Saddle River,
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florestais. In: Anais do 6º Congresso Florestal
Brasileiro. São Paulo: Campos do Jordão SBS/
SBEF; 1990. p.113-8. Viana VM. Biologia e manejo de fragmentos
florestais. In: Anais do 6º Congresso Florestal
Brasileiro. São Paulo: Campos do Jordão SBS/
SBEF; 1990. p.113-8. Silva LÁ, Soares JJ. Análise sobre o estado
sucessional de um fragmento florestal e sobre
suas populações. Revista Árvore. 2002;26:229-36. Wang Z, Boesch R, Ginzler C. Color and LIDAR
data fusion: application to automatic forest
boundary delineation in aerial images [CD
ROOM]. International Archives of the
Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial
Information Sciences 2007;36:1/W51. Song GZM, Doley D, Yates D, Chao KJ, Hsieh CF. Improving accuracy of canopy hemispherical
photography by a constant threshold valued
derived from an unobscured overcast sky. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. Yamamoto K. Estimation of the canopy-gap size
using two photographs taken at different heights. Ecological Research. 2000;15:203-8. Revista Árvore. 2017;41(5):e410505 Revista Árvore. 2017;41(5):e410505 | 11,926 |
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page de catégorie d'un projet Wikimedia
Catégorie:Hôtel en Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur nature de l’élément page de catégorie d'un projet Wikimédia | 39,820 |
https://github.com/pablomartins1515/Deixemeperguntar/blob/master/.env.example | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,021 | Deixemeperguntar | pablomartins1515 | Shell | Code | 16 | 217 | # Firebase
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cyclopaediabibl02strogoog_35 | English-PD | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,891 | Cyclopaedia of biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical literature. Supplement | McClintock, John, 1814-1870 | English | Spoken | 7,268 | 11,345 | Lady is the rendering in the Auth. Vers, of the fol- lowing terms in the original : r*^^a {gthe'reth, fem. of *^'^'Z^y a miffhty man), applied to Bieibylon as the mistress of nations (Isa. xlvii, 5, 7 ; elsewhere a *" mistress,*' as opposed to a maid-servant, Gen. xvi, 4, 8, 9 ; 2 Kings v, d; Prov. XXX, 28; Psa. cxxii'i, 2, Isa. xxiv, 2); n"ib {Mar ah', fem. of 'yQ, noble ; the same as the name given to Sarai), a noble female (Judg. v,29; £^th. i, 18-, else- where a " princess," spec the king's vrives of noble birth, 1 Kings xi, 13, different from concubines, comp.Cant. vi, 8i "queen," Isa. xlix,28; "princess" among provinces, Lam. i, 1) ; icvp'ut (fem. of cvptoct iord or master), mis- tress, occurs only as an epithet of a Christian female (2 John i, 1, 5), either as an honorable title of regard, or as a fem. proper name Cyria (q. v.). Lady Chapel, a chapel dedicated to the Virgin Kary (" Our Lady")f and usually, but not always, placed eastwards from the altar when attached to cathedrals. Henry VII's chapel at Westminster is the lady chapel of that cathedral. Lady Day. See Annunciation, Feast of. Lady Fast, a species of penance, voluntary or en- joined, in which the penitent had the choice of fasring once a week for seven years on that day of the week on which iMify JJay (q. v.) happened to fall, beginning his course from that day, or of finishing his penance sooner by taking as many fasting-days together as would fall to his lot m one yean Lady of Mercy, Our. a Spanish order of knight- 2:a>d, instituted in 1218 by James I of Aragnn, in fulfil- ment of a vow made to the Virgin, during his captivity in France, for the redemption of Christian captives from among the Moors ) and to this end each knight, at hb inauguration, was obliged to take the vow that, if neces- sary for their ransom, he would remain himself a cap- tive in their stead. Within the first six years of the existence of the order no fewer than 400 captives are said to have been ransomed by ito efforts. On the ex- pulsion of the Moors from Spain the labors of the knights were transferred to Africa. Their badge is a shield party per fess gules and or, in chief a cross pattee argent, in base four pallets gules for Aragon, the shield crowned with a ducjd coronet, The order was extend- ed to ladies in 1261. Lady of Montesa, Our, an order of knighthood, founded in 1317 by king James II of Aragon, after the abrogation of the Order of the Templars, for the protec- tion <tf the Christians against the Moors. By permis- sion of pope John XXII, James of Aragon used all the estates of the ex-Templars and of the Knights of St. John situated in Valencia f<»r this new order, which king James named after the town and castle of l^Fontesa, its head-quarters. The onler is now con- ferred merely as a mark of royal favor, though the provisions of its statutes are still nominally observed on new areations. The badge is a red cross edged with gold, the costume a l<Mig white woolen mantle, decorated with a cross on the left breast, and tied with very long white cords. Lady Psalter. See Rosary. La'81 (Heb. ImH', h\^,for or of God, i. e. created by him ; otherwise to God, i. e. devoted to him ; occurs also in Job xxxiii,6, where the Auth. Vers, has " in God's stead ;" Septuag. An^X), father of Eliasaph, which latter was chief of the family of the (iershonites at the Exode (Numb. Ui, 24). B.C. ante 1667. LsetAre Sunday, called also Mid -lent, is the fourth Sunday of Lent, It is named IjEtart (to njoice) from the first word of the Introit of the mass, which is from Isa. liv, 1. The characteristic of the servicee of the day is joyousneas, and the music of the organ, which throughout the rest of Lent is suspended, is on this day resumed. Lsetare Sunday is also called dommica de rosa, because it is the day selected by the pope for the blessing of the Golden Koee. See Siegel, Handbuch (/. christL'Kirchlichen AUerthitmer, iv, 366, 867. Leerinas, Torrentinus, commonly called Torrrn- TiN, a Dutch theologian, who flourished in the second half of the 16th century, was a native of Ghent, and was educated in the University of Louvain in law and philof^ ophy. After an extended tour in Italy, he became suc- cessively canon of Liege, vicar-general to the bishop of Liege, and finally bishop of Antwerp, from which he was transferred to the see of Mechlin, where he died in 1696. At Louvain Torrentin founded a Jesuidcal college, to which he bequeathed his libraiy and a large collection of curiosities. Lafaye (also known by the Latin name Fayvs), As- ToiNE, a French Protestant minister, was bom at Chfi- teaudun about the middle of the 16th century. He be- came professor of philosophy at Geneva in 1670, and rec- tor in 1680. He was transferred to the chair of theol- ogy in 1684, and died in 1616. In 1687 he took part in the composition of the Preface to the French translation of the Bible. His works are, De vemaculit BtbUorum interpretattombus et sacris vemacula Imgua peragendU (Gen. 1672, 4to) i—De Verbo Dei (Gen. 1691,4to):— //« Traditiombus, cuherstu porUificioe (Gen. 1692, 4to) : — De Christo mediaiore (Gen. 1697, 4to) :—De Bonit Operibv* (Gen. 1601, 4to) i— ^Geneva liberata, sen narraiio Kberu' tionis illius qua divinifiu immissa eft Genewe (Geneva, 1603, 12mo) ■. — Enchiridion Dispuiationum theologiatrum (Gen. 1606, 8vo) :—De Vita et Obitu Bezte Hyponmemaln (Geneva, 1606, 4to) : — Commentarii m £cclenatten (Gen. 1609, 8vo) -.—Comment, in Epitt, adBomanos (Gen. 1608^ 8vo) '.—Comment, in Psalmoi xlix et brxrvii (Gen. 1609, 8vo)*. — Comment, in priorem Epistol. ad Timotheum (Ge- neva, 1609,8vo):— AmWrmo/tf et Epigrammata telecta ex stromafis peripateticis (Gen. 1610, 8vo). See Hoefer, A'ouv. Biog, Ginirale, xxviii, 686. Lafitau, Joseph Francois, a French Boman Cath- olic missionary of the Order of the Jesuita, bom at Bor- deaux in 1670, labored for many years among the Irr>- quois tribe of American Indians. He died in 1740. la- fitau is especially noted for his arch!eologir4il researches, among which is Maitrs det sauvayes A m^ricaint com- paries aux nueurs des premiers temps (Paris, 1728, 2 vols. 4to). He wrote also Histoire des decouteries et des con- quites des Portugais dans le nouveau monde, La'had (Heb. id, ^nb, in pause ^nj, prob. oppress- or, otherwise /onif*; Sept. Ao5 v. r. Aoa^,Vulg. Load), the second named of the two sons of Jahath, of the fam- ily of Zerah, grandson of Judah (1 Chron. iv, 2). B.C. post 1612. Lahal-roi. See Beer-lahai-roi. Lah'mam (Heb. Lachmas', Di^n?, prob. an errone- ous reading for Lachmam', D^Hb, their bread, which is read in some MSS., and which the Vulg. and Auth. Vers, follow, Septuag. AafiaC) Vulg. L^Aftnam), a citj' in the plain of Judah, mentioned between Cabbon and Kith- lish (Josh. XV, 40), probably situated among the Philis- tines west of the Highlands of Judsea. A MTiter in Fair- baira's Dictionary, s. v., by a series of arguments resting essentially upon the insecure foundation of the mere or- der of the names in Joshua, seeks to identify Lahmam with the el'Humam mentioned by Smith in the list in Kobinson's Researches (iii, Append, p. 119) ; but of this place there is no other trace save perhaps the name TeU'Imam on Zimmerman's Map, some six miles to the S.E. of the vicinity of the other associated names, and apparently out of the bounds of the group, if not of the tribe Itself. Lahmam is possibly the present Beit-I^ hia, a short distance N.E. of Gaza (Robinson, iii, Ap- pend, p. 1 18 ; Van de Velde, Memoir, p. 116). Lah'mi (Heb. LachmV, *^rnb, my bread; Septuag; LAIDLIE 195 LAINKZ AufiH T. T. Aoo/ic\ Aaxfii, etc ; YvAg, BelKUhemite»\ a person named (1 Chron. xx, 5) as being the brother of Goliath, and slain by Elhanan, one of David's heroes; but prob. a corrupt reading for Beth-lbhemitb, as in the parallel passage (2 Sam. xxi, 19). See Elhanan. It would Mem that both these passages should be re- stored so as to read thus : ** Elhanan, the son of Jair (or Dodo) of Bethlehem, slew the brother of Goliath of Gath, whose spear-handle was like a weaver's beam.** See Jair. Laidlie, Abchibalo, D.D., a noted minister of the Reformed (Dutch) Church, was bom at Kelso, Scotland, Dec 4, 1727. After graduating at the University of Edinburgh he was ordained to the Gospel ministry in 1759, and became pastor of the Scotch Church in Flushing, Holland, where he officiated four years, and as a member of the ecclesiastical courts of that country was held in high repute. He there became acquaint- ed with the Dutch Church and langua^ and was prov- identially prepared for his ministry in America. The bitter controversy concerning the use of the Dutch lan- guage in preaching in the Reformed Church of this country was practically settled by the call and accept- ance 0^ Dr. Laidlie as pastor of the Collegiate Church of New York. He was the tirst minister called to preach in the English tongue in this denomination. His first sermon was delivered April 15, 1764, from 2 Cor. v, 11. It was two hours long, most carefully prepared, and de- livered to an immense audience with great effect in the Middle Dutch Church, which was set apart for his use on a part of each Sabbath day. This event marks a new era in the history of the Reformed Dutch Church, find which Dr. Livingston declared ** should have begun a hundred years before.** It would have saved the Church a civil lawsuit, a weary ecclesiastical strife, and a century of growth. Trained in the Scutch theology, and warmly devoted to the Dutch Church, Dr. Laidlie's evangeUcal and powerful ministry resulted in great spir- itual blessings. He was a winner of souls. A great revival crowned his ministry. Crowds waited upon his preaching. His pastoral tact and success were remark- able. His brief ministry was interrupted during the Revolutionary War, when he retired to Red Hook, and died there in 1778, at the age of fifty-one, a victim of consumption. His memory is held in great esteem. He was prudent, wise, devout, a peacemaker, and a dauntless herald of the truth. The circumstances of his call, the critical period of his advent, the learning, wis- dom, grace, and success of his ministry, have made his name historical in his Church. He left no printed books, but his ** works do follow him." It is related that one <if his aged parishioners once said to him, soon after he came to New York, ^ Ah ! dominie, we offered up many an earnest prayer in Dutch for your coming among us, and the Lord has heard us in English^ and has sent you to na." But his coming illustrated another phase of contradictory human nature in those who had most strenuously insisted upon the retention of the language of the mother country. Some of these very people, of- fended and baffled by their more sensible oo-worship- pers, actually left the Dutch Church and joined the Episcopal, saying as they departed, '* If we must have Bnglish, we will have all English.** Among them were the Stuyvesants, Livingstons, and other eminent fami- lies of the city, who have ever since been connected with the latter denomination. — Dr. Thos. De Witt, His- torical Diseoarse (1856) : Dr. Gunn, Life o/Dr, Living- MUm; Spragne, Atm, of the Amer. Pulpit, voL ix. (W. J.R.T.) liainez (or Laytves), Francisco, a Portuguese Roman Catholic missionary, was bom at Lisbon in 1656. His true name was Francisco Troyano. He joined the Jesuits in 1672, and was sent to the coast of Malabar in 1681. He landed at Goa, and settled at Catur, in Ma- dura. It is claimed by his order that he baptized there 13.600 inhabitants. After a residence of twenty-two yean ia India he returned to Rome in 1703, and was appointed bishop of Meliapur. In 1708 he started again for India, and arrived at Goa September 25, 1 709. Here he now had numy difficulties with the civil authori- ties, and finally retired to the Jesuits' establishment at Chandemagore, where he die<l, June 11, 1715. He wrote, D^'tnsio Indicarum Misnonum Madurmtit et CamoteimA, etc (Rome, 1707, 4 to): — Carta e$orita de Madure aos padres da companhia missionarios acerca do V. P, Joao de Brilo, translated into French in the Lettres ed{fiantes et cuirieuses, ii, 1-56; and in the Mer- curt, under the dtle Lettre du P, Francois de jAXffnes^ jUuiU, etc (March, 1695). See Barbosa Machado, Bib- liotheca Lusitana ; P. Prat, Vie de Jean de Brito (2 vols. 8vo) ; Franco. Imagem da virtude uro noviciado de Cotm- bra (2 vols. foL) ; Hoefer, Xour. Biog. Gin, xxx, 41. I«aines, lago, a celebrated Spanish Jesuit, was bom at Almancario, near Siguenca, in Castile, in 1512, and was educated at the high-school of Alcala. In hi a nineteenth year he was attracted to Paris by the renown of Ignatius, and at once became one of his most ardent followers. He accompanied Loyola on his journey U) Rome, and there obtained from pope Paul III the ap- pointment to a professor's chair in the " Collegium deUa Sapienza." On the death of the gre^t leader of the Jesuitical order (in 1556) Lainez was elected his suc- cessor, and became general of the order (June 19, 1557). A cardinal's hat and other high positions he refused, determined to devote all his time and energy to the in- terests of the new order. In the Council of Trent, where, with Salmeron, he represented hb order, he took an active part, and opposed the doctrine of Seripando on justification. Lainez appeared on the field of con- troversy more with a work on the subject than with a speech. He had the greatest number of the divines on his side. He also took a leading part in that council iu the discussion concerning the divine right of bishops and the infallibility of the pope. The hbtorians have preserved a very full report of his speech on this point. It contains the most extravagant assertions of pontifical power and authority. Lainez maintained that Jesus Christ is sole mler of bis Church ; that when he left the world he constituted Peter and his successors his vic- ars ; that, in consequence, the pope is absolute lord and master, supreme and infallible ; that bishops derive from him their power and jurisdiction; and that, in fact, there is no power whatever in the Church excepting that which emanates from him, so that even general councils have no authority, are not infallible, do not en- joy the influence of the Holy Spirit, unless they are summoned and controlled by papal authority (compare Pallav. lib. xviii, s. 15 ; Sarpi, lib. viL, s. 20; Le Plat, v, 524). Lainez also took an active part (in 1561) in the Conference of Poissy (q. v.), where he aimed to concili- ate the Huguenots (q. v., especially p. 892). At Ven- ice he afterwards expounded the Gospel of St, John for the express edification of the nobility ; and, aided by Lippomano, he succeeded in laying the foundation of a college of Jesuits. He devoted great attention to the schools, and directed the thoughts of his order towards education, well aware that man is roost influenced dur- ing his whole life by his early impressions. In some parts of Germany — at Ingolstadt for instance— the Jes- uits soon acquired the repuution of roost successful teachers. This new direction given to the order by Lainez came near, however, involving them in serious difllculties : the Jesuits had at first attached themselves to the doctrinal views of the Thoroists; but, desiring to be independent in doctrine as well as life, the Inquisition soon found reasons to criticise the freedom with which they pursued their speculations on this point, and Lai- nez himself was suspected by the Spanish Inquisition (see Uorente, iii, 83). He died at Rome Jan. 19, 1565. It was under the guidance of Lainez that the spirit of intrigue entered freely into the society. He possesseil a peculiar craftiness and dexterity in managing affairs, and was frequently led by it into low and unworthy tricks. His ruling passion was ambition, which he LAING 106 LAISH knew well how to conceal under a veil of hamility and piety. By hb artful policy he transformed the charac- ter of the Jesuitical order into a terrible army, that, for the sake of advancing iu own interesta, shrunk from no attempt to gain its ends; an order which has be- come a reproach to the Church that gave it birth. The Jesuits in the 19th century are recognised as a bold band — an order which dares to undermine states, to rend the Church, and even to menace the pope. See JusuiTS. Lainez wrote several theological works, but none of them had been completed, and nothing from his pen, except some speeches, has ever been print- ed. See Michel d'Esne, Vie de Lainez (Douai, 1697); Nicolini, JJist, JemU^, p. 506 sq. ; Versuch finer neum Oesch, des JesuiterordenSj vol. ii ; Mosheim, Eccies, /list, iii, 90, n. 20 ; Ranke, hitt. of the Papticyj 16/A and 17/A Centuries, i, 145, 153, 163, 399, 585 ; Hardwick, Hist, Ref, ch. viii; Pierer, Universul-Lexikonf x, 81; and for the Koman Catholic version, Wetzer und Welto, Kirchen- Acxiton, vi, 316. (J.H.W.) Laing, James, a Presbyterian minister, was bom in Berry Holes of Blain, Perth County, Scotland, in 1785, and was educated at the University of GUsgow, where he graduated with distinction in 1816. After teaching for some time, he determined to devoto himself to the ministry, and in 1825 was licensed by the Glasgow Relief Presbytery. May 8, 1830, he emigrated to the United States; was ordained by Washington Classis in 1832, and was installed pastor of the Church in Argyle, N. Y. In 1884 he removed to Andes, where he died Nov. 15, 1858. " Mr. Laing was a nuui to be esteemed, loved, and trusted— a laborious pastor and ' Israelite indeed, in whom there was no guile.' "—Wilson, Presb, Historical X/iiMiJ9ac,1867,p.359. laaluBh (Heb. La'yish, d^^, Judg. xviii, 14, 27, 29 ; 1 Sam. XXV, 44, a Hon, as in Isa. xxx, 6, etc, in pause ^3^^, text dl^, 2 Sam. iii, 15, with Jl local fltj^b ; Judg. xviii, 7; Isa. X, 30; Sept. Aaif in Sam., \aujd in Judg., Aa- i<rd in Isa. ; Vulg. Lais, but Laisa in Isa.), the name of at least one place and perhaps also of a man. 1. A city in the extreme northern border of Pales- tine (Judg. xviii, 7, 14, 27,29), also called Leshbm (Josh. xix, 47), and subsequently, after being occupied by a colony of Danites (Josh, xix, 47; Judg. x\'iii, 27 sq.), also Dan (Judg. xviii, 29; Jer. viii, 16), a name some- times given to it in anticipation (Gen. xiv, 14; Deut. xxxiv, 1 i comp. Jahn, Einieit, II, i, 66 ; Hug, in the Frei- burff.Zeiisckr, v, 137 sq.). It lay in a fruitful district, near the sources of the upper Jordan (Josephus, A nt, viii, 8,4), four miles from Paneas towards Tyre (Eusebius, OnomasL), Saadias and the Samaritan version falsely give, instead of Dan (in Gen. xiv, 14), " Paneas" (see Winer, Diss, de vers. Sam, p. 54), which also Jerome (at Ezek. xxvii, 15, and Amos viii, 14) gives as an equiva- lent. Laish was long the seat of a corrupt worship of Jehovah (Judg. x\4ii, 14 sq.), and as it fell within the kingdom of Israel, Jeroboam esublished there the idola- try of the golden calf (1 Kings xii, 28 8q.> The occupation of this place by the Sidonians is easily accounted for. Sidon was a commercial city. Situated on the coast, with oidy a narrow strip of plain beside it, and the bare and rocky side of Lebanon impending over it, a large and constant supply of food had to be brought from a distance. The plain around Labh is one of the richest in Syria, and the enterprising PhoBnicians took possession of it, built a town, and placed in it a large colony of laborers, expecting to draw fh)m it an unfail- ing supply of com and fruiL Josephus calls this plain ** the great pUin of the city of Sidon" (.4 nt. v, 3, 1). A road was made across the mountains to it at an immense cost, and still forms one of the main roads from the sea- coast to the interior. Strong castles were built to pro- tect the road and the colony. Rulat esh-Shuklf, one of the strongest fortresses in Syria, stands on a com manding hill over the place where the ancient road crosses the river Leontes, and it is manifestly of PhoBui- cian origin. So also the great castles of Banias, foot miles east of Laish, and Hunln, about six miles west of it, were founded by the Phoenicians, as is evident from the character of their architecture (Porter, Hattdbook, p. 444, 447 ; Kobinson, Researches, iii, 50, 52, 871, 403). It is most interesting to discover, after the lap^ of more than three thousand years, distinct traces of the wealth and enterprise of the Phoenicians around the site and fertile phdn of Laish. See Dak. 2. A place mentioned in Isa. x, 80, where the proph- et, in describing the advance of the Assyrian host upcm Jerusalem, enumerates Labh with a number of other towns on the north of the city. It is not quite certain whether the writer is here relating a real event, or de- tailing a prophetic vision, or giving a solemn waminf^ under a striking allegory ; but, however this may be, the description is singularly graphic, and the line of march b pointed out with remarkable minuteness and precis- ion. Aiath, Migron, and Michmash are passed ; the deep ravine which separates the latter from Giba is then crossed ; Ramah sees and is afraid — " Gibeah of Saul i» fled." The writer now, with great dramatic effect, changes his mode of description. To terror and flight he appends an exclamation of alarm, representing one place as crying, another as listening, and a third as re- sponding— "Lift up thy voice, daughter of Gallim ! Hearken, Laishah ! Alas, poor Anathoth T* The words n«^b •^a'^WJjn are rendered in the A. V., "Cause it (thy voice) to be heard unto Laish" — that is, apparent- ly, to the northern border-city of Palestine; following the version of Junius and Tremellius, and the comment of Grotius, because the last syllable of the name which appears here as Laishah is taken to be the Hebrew par- ticle of motion, "to Laish" (agreeably to the Hebrew accent), as is undoubtedly the case in Judg. xviii, 7. But such a rendering is found neither in any of the an- cient versions, nor in those of modem scholars, as Gese- nius, Ewald, Zunz, etc; nor is the Hebrew word here rendered " cause it to be heard" found elsewhere in that voice, but always absolute — " hearken" or "attend." There is a certain violence in the sudden introduction amongst these little Benjamite vilkiges of the frontier town so very far remote, and not less in the use of its ancient name, elsewhere so constantly superseded by Dan (see Jer. viii, 16). Laishah was doubtless a small town on the line of march near Anathoth (see Lowth, Umbreit, Alexander, Gesenius, ad loc). Many, therefore, understanding a different place from Dan (Kosenmnller, A Uerth, III, ii, 191 ; Hitzig and Kno- bel. Comment, ad loc.), regard it as the Laisa {'EXtacn^ Cod. Alex. 'XXaoa) mentioned in 1 Mace ix, 5 ; but Re- land has shown that the city of Judab there referred to is Adasa, and the form of the word in Isa. does not war- rant thb interpretation (see Gesenius, Comment, ad loc.). Thb Adasa has been discovered by Eli Smith in the modem ruined vilbge Adtisa, immediately north of Je- rusalem (Robinson, Researches, iii. Append, p. 121). A writer in Fairbaim's Dictionary plausibly suggests that the Labhah in question may be found in the pres- ent little village El-Isatriyeh, in a valley about a mile N.E. of Jemsalem (Robinson, Researches, ii, 108), beauti- fully situated, and unquestionably occupying an ancient site' (Tobler, Topographic von Jerusalem, ii, § 719). 3. A native of Gallim, and father of Phalti or Phal- tiel,to which latter Saul gave David's wife Michal (1 Sam. XXV, 44 ; 2 Sam. iii, 15, in which hitter passage the text appears to have read ^^, Lush), B.C. ante 1062. " It is very remarkable that the names of LaiHh (La- ishah) and Gallim shoukl be found in conjunction at a much bter date (Isa. x, 30)" (Smith). " Thb associa- tion of names makes it more than probable that Labhah was founded by Michal's father-in-law, who, according to the custom of those times, gave it hb own name. The allusion to the lion which it involves b interesting, for thb neighborhood was another of ths favorite haunts I of that animaL It was by such ravines as wadya F4rab LAISHAH 197 LAKE and Sd&m that it was wont to ' eome np from the swell- iiig of Jordan' (Jer. xlix, 19); in the opposite direction we have a further trace of it in the Chephirah ('young Bon,* now Kef)r) of western Benjamin (Josh, ix, 17 ; xviii, 26) ; northward, we find it encountering the dis- obedient prophet on his return from Bethel (1 Kings xiii, 24) ; while in the pastures of Bethlehem to the south we see it vanquished by the superior prowess of the youthful David (1 Sam. xvii, H-IT).** I^aisbah (Heb. La'yeskahj tl^T^, i.e. Laish, with h paragogic, Isa. x, 90). See Laish, 2. IsaitjT* the people as distinguished from the clergy. The Greek word XaVVcoc, derived from Xaov (Latin syn- oDyme piebs), peopie, and signifying one of the people, is retained in the Latin laicusy from which knty b derived, lu the Sept. Xaoc is used as the synonyme of the Hebrew 07, people^ As synonymes of these Scripture terms we mty also cite the words " faithful," " saints,** and " idi- ots** (q. v.). Gomp. Riddle, Christian A ntiquitieij p. 188 aq., 274, 276; Vinet, Pastoral Theology (N. Y. 1854), p. 345. In the O.-T. Scriptures we find ailusions to the Uatjf in Dent, xviii, 3, where upon them is laid the ob- ligation to pay a tithe to the priest when offering sacri- fice; and in £zekiel*s vision of the new Temple, where ** the ministers of the house** (oi Xitrovpyoitprti:) are to boQ the sacrifices of the laity (Esek. xlvi, 24). So also in 1 Chron. xvi, 36, ** all the laity said Amen, and praised the Lord,** when Asaph and his brethren had finished the psalm given to them by David ; see likewlM 2 Kings xxiii, 2, 3; Neh. viii, 11 , Isa. xxiv, 2; Hos. iv, 9. In the N.-T. Scriptures this distinction seems to have been ignored by Christ and his apostles, for, although there are passages in which the laity are spoken of as a class, it is nowhere intimated that they were not allowed to exercise the prerogatives of the dergy in a great meas- ureu Coleman (^The Apostolical and Primitive Church [Phila. 1869, 12mo], p. 280 ; compare p. 226 [6]), one of the best authorities on Christian antiquities, holds that in the early stages of Christianity ^ all were accustomed to teach and to baptize,** a practice to which Tertullian (bom about A.D. 160) soon objected (De PrcBscript, ch. xli). From the writings of the early fathers, it is evi- dent, moreover, that only in the 2d and 8d centuries, after the general establishment of the churches, a stricter distinction was inangurated. The introduction of the episcopal office, however, first definitely settled the po- sition of the layman in the Church. As early as A.D. 182, or thereabouts, we find Clement of Rome pointing to the hdty as a dbtinct class. In a letter of his to the Corinthians respecting the order of the Church, after defining the positions of the bishops, priests, and dea- cons respectively, he adds, 6 Xaicdc av^paixroc rocf Aa* irocc rrpoordypaoiv ctStrat, " the layman is bound by the Uws which belong to laymen** (Ad Corinth, i, 40). A little later, Cyprian (born about the beginning of the 8d century) uses the words " clerus** and " plebs** as of the two bodies which make np the Christian Chureh {£p. Ix). But the idea that the priesthood formed an intermediate class between God (Christ) and the Chris- tian coraraonity first became prevalent during the cor- ntptions that ensued upon the establishment of the prel- acy. Gradually, as the power of the hierarchy increased, the bfloence which the laity had exercised in the gov- ernment of the Church was taken from them, and in 502 a lyood held at Rome under Symmachus finally de- prived the layman of all activity in the management of any of the affairs of the Church (compare Coleman, Apostolic and PrimiHve Church, p. 1 18). aU the Church of the Reformers a very different spirit prevailed. All Christians were looked upon as consti- <°^ing i common and equal priesthood. Still the desire of makinf^ a visible distinction often led even the Prot- "*Mt Church astray, and to this day the question re- "Mins unsettled in some churches how far, the Uuty ought to share in the government of the Church ; and hence the depth of the distinction implied in the use of the word " clergy** and « laity** varies with the "Church" views of those employing them. Some very strict Prot^ estants prefer the words ^minister** and ** people** in- stead of clergy and laity. Farrar (in his £ccles. Diet, p. 849 sq.) thus draws the line of distinction between the clergy and laity of the Protestant Church : ** It is for the sake of the people that the ordinances of religion, and the clergy as the dispensers of them, exist; they are called to bear the burdens of the Church, as they receive its benefits. It is, however, questioned by some how far the professional distinctions between clergy and laity are desirable. As religious teachers, the clergy may be expected to be more especially occupied in fitting themselves for that ofllce in qualifying themselves to explain, and to en- force on others, the evidences, the doctrines, and the obligations; but they are not to be expected to under- stand more of things surpassing human reason than God has made known by revelation, or to be the depositories of certain mysterious speculative doctrines; but '«f«r- ards of the mysteries of God,* rightly dividing (or dis- pensing, 6g!^oropovvTiQ) the word of the truth. The la- ity are in danger of perverting Christianity, and making it, in fact, two religions, one for the initiatal few, and one for the mass of the people, who are to follow implicitly the guidance of the others, trusting to their vicarious vrtsdom, and piety, and learning. They are to beware of the lurking tendency which is in the hearts of all men to that very error which has been openly sanction- ed and esublished in the Romish and Greek churches — the error of thinking to serve God by a deputy and rep- resentative; of regarding the learning and faith, the prayers and piety, and the scrupulous sanctity of the * priest' as being in some way or other transferred from him to the people. The laity are also to be constantly warned that the source of these errors lies in the very fact of thus- regarding the clergyman as spriest (in the sacerdotal sense of that term), as holding a kind of me- diatorial position, one which makes him something dis- tinct from, and therefore no rule for themselves; a view which, while it unduly exalts the clergy, tends most mischievously to degrade the tone of religion and mor- als among the people, by making them contented with a less measure of strictness of life and seriousness of de- meanor than they require in their ministers. 20; XX, 10, 14, 16; xxi, 8). T'je more usual word is sea (q. v.). The principal lakes of Palestine, besides the above Sea of Tiberias, are the Dead Sea and the Wa- ten of Merom. See each in its place. Lake, Arthur, a disringuished English prelate, was bom at Southampton abont 1550, and was educated at Winchester School, and at New College, Oxford, of which latter he was chosen fellow in 1589. He became suc- cessively archdeacon of Surrey in 1605, dean of Worces- ter in 1608, and finally bishop of Bath and Wells in 1616. He died May 4, 1626. Lake made important donations to the library of New College, and founded a chair for Hebrew and for mathematics in that institution. He was a very learned man, especially versed in the ancient LAKE 198 LA LUZERNE fathers, and very successful as a preacher. After his death there were published several volumes of his ser- mons : Exposition of the First Paalm ; Expotition of the Ef/h/'Jirtt Psalm ; and Mediiatiom — all of which were collected and publbhed in one volume, under the title Sintty-nine Sermons^ with some Religious and Divine Meditations (Lond. 1 629, fol) '^Theses de Sabbato (at the end of Twiaee on the Sabbath) i—On Love to God (Tracts of AngU Fathers, 4, 89). See Wood, A thena Oxamenses ; Chairoers, General Bioffr. Dictionary ; Walton, Life of Up, Sanderson ; Hook, Lcclesiasticai Biography ^ vi, 509 ; Darling, Cydopadia Bibliographical ii, 1755 ; Allibone, Diet, EngL and A mer, A uthors, ii, 1048. Lake, John, D.D., a noted English prelate, flour- ished in the second half of the 17th century. He was bishop of Sodor and Man in 1682; was transferred to Bristol in 1684, and in 1685 to Chichester. In 1689 he was ejected for nonconformity. . He died about the close of the 17th century. Lake published only a few sermons ( 1 670, 4to ; 167 1 , 4to, etc.). See Defence of Bp. lake's Profession, etc. (1690, 4u>).— Allibone, Diet, Et^ish and A merican A uthors, ii, 1048. Lakemacher, Johann Gottfried, a German the- ologian and Orientalist, was liom at Osterwyck, near Halben)tadt,Nov. 17. 1695, and was educated at the uni- versities of HclmstHdt and Halle. In 1724 he was ap- |)ointed professor of Greek, and in 1727 of Oriental lit- erature at Halle. He died March 16, 1736. His works are, Elementa linguce A rahica (Helmst. 1718,4to), a work which has been highly commended for iia intrinsic value as an introduction to the study of the Arabic language : — OhsercatUmes philologicat, quibus varia prcecipue S, Codicis loca ex antiquitatibus iUustrantur (pars i-x, ibid, 1725-33, 8vo, and often): — Antiquitates Gracorum Sa- me (ibid, 1734, 8vo).— Doring, Gelehrte Theol, Deutsch- kmds, ii, 223. Lakin, Benjamin, a Methodist minister, was bom in Montgomery Co., Md., Aug. 28, 1767 ; was converted in 1791, and shortly after entered the ministry. His first sution was Hinkston Circuit (Nov. 6, 1794) ; he joined Holston Conference in 1795, and was appointed to Green Circuit. " Diligently and successfully Mr. Lakin labored in the Lord's vineyard until 1818, when his health and strength so far failed him that he was obliged to retire from the active ranks of the ministry*. ... He was at first placed on the list of supernumerary preachers, but soon after on the superannuate rolL Thi3 relation to his Conference he sustained until his death,'' Feb. 5, 1849. See Prof. Sam. Williams, in Sprague, i4iimii!9 A mer. Pul- pit, vii, 267 sq. Lakshmi is the name of a female Hindu deity, the consort of the god Vishnu (q. v.). According to the roj'stical doctrine of the worshippers of Vishnu, thb god produced the throe goddesses Brahmi, Lakshmi, and Chandika, the first representing his creating, the second his preserving, and the third his destroying energy. This view, however, founded on the superiority of Vbh- nu over the two other gods of the Hindu triad— Brah- mi or Saraswati being generally lookM upon as the en- ergy of Brahma; and Chandika, another name of Durga, as the energy of Siva — is later than the myth, relating to Lakshmi, of the epic period ; for, according to the lat- ter, she is the goddess of Fortune and of Beauty, and arose from the Ocean of Milk when it was churned by the gods to procure the beverage of Immortality, and it was only afi^r this wonderful occurrence that she be- came the wife of V^ishnu. When she emerged from the agitated milk-soa, one text of the Ramayana relates, ** she was reposing on a lotus-flower, endowed with tran- scendent beauty, in the first bloom of youth, her body covered with all kinds of ornaments, and marked with every auspicious sign. Thus originated, and adored by the world, the goddess, who b also called Padma and ^7*t, betook herself to the bosom of Hari — L e. Vishnu.'* A curious festival is celebrated in honor of Lakshmi on the fifth lunar day of the light half of the month Ma- gha (February), when she is identified with Saraswati, the consort of Brahma, and the goddess of learning. In his treatise on festivals, Raghunandana, a great modem authority, mentions, on the faith of a work called Sawh- watsarasandipa, that this divinity is to be worshipped in the forenoon of thlit day with flowers, perfumes, rice, and water; that due honor is to be paid to inkstand and writing-reed, and no writing to be done. Wilson, in hb essay on the Religious Festivals of the Hindus ( Works, ii, 188 sq.), thus describes the celebration : " On the room- ing of the 2d of Februar}' the whole of the pens and ink- stands, and the books, if not too numerous and bulky, are collected, the pens or reeds cleaned, the inkstands scoured, and the books, ¥nrapped up in new cloth, are ar- ranged upon a platform or a sheet, and strewn over with flowers and blades of young barley, and that no flowers except white are to be offered. After performing the necessary rites ... La'kum (Hcb. Lakkum', Q^p^, according to Geee- nius, way-stopper, i, e. fortified place ; Sept. Aaxovp v. r. Aatddp and'Arpot', Vulg. lAcum\ a place on the north- eastern border of Naphtali, mentioned after Jabneel in the direction of the .Jordan (Josh, xix, 88), and there- fore probably sit uated not far south of Lake Merom. The Talmud {Megilloth, Ixx, 1) speaks of a Lukim (D^^pib), perhaps the same place (see Reland, Pakest, p. 875). The site of Lakkum is possibly indicated by the mins mark- ed on Van de Velde's Map adjoining a small pool east of TeU'Akbarah and south-east of Safed. Lalita -Vistaria b the name of one of the most celebrated works of Buddhistic literature. It contains a narrative of the life and doctrine of Buddha Sakyc- muni [see Buddha], and b considered by the Buddh- ists as one of their nine chief works treating of Dharma, or religious law. It b one of the developed sAtras of the Mahayana s}rstem. An edition of the Sanscrit text, and an English translation of thb work by Babu Kh- jendralal Mitra, b publbhmg under the auspices of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. A French trandation from the Thibetan has been made by Ph. Ed. Foucaux. I In Chinese there are two translations of it. See E. Buroouf, Jntrodndion a fffistoire tlu Buddhisme Indim (Par. 1844); and W. Wassiljew, Der Buddhismus, I seins Dogmm, Getchichte und Literatur (St Peters- burg, 1860). Lallemant, Jacques Philippe, a French Jes- uit, was bom near Abbeville about 1660, and died in 1748. He published a remarkable work entitled The true Spirit of the new Disciples of Saint Augustine (1706 sq., 4 vols.). He also wrote Moral Reflections, with Notes, on the New Testament (1714, 11 vols.> Lallemant, Pierre, a mystical French writer, wa^ bom at Rheims in 1622, and died in 1678. He pub- liHhed The Spiritual Testament (1672), and other works of a like character. La Luzerne, Cksar Gi'illaume de, a dbtingubh- ed French prelate, was bora at Paris July 7, 1738. In- tended for the Church by hb family, he studied at the seminary of St.Magloire, and while yet quite young had several benefits bestowed upon him through family in- fluence. In 1754 he was made canon in minoribus of the cathedral of Paris, and in 1756 abbot of Mortemer. In 1762 he graduated with distinction, and was imme- diately appointed grand vicar to the archbishop of Nar- LAMA 199 LAMAISM bonne, and in 1770 (Jane 24) was finally raiBed to the bubopric of Langres. Thb position securing him a seat in the States with the nobitity, he took an active part in political events, and tried to conciliate the claims of the third estate with those of the nobility and cler- gy. He subsequently opposed the declaration of righu placed at the head of the new constitution, and spoke in favor of making the right of veto granted to the king more decisive. At the close of August, 1789, he became president of the Assemble Constituante, but, after witnessing the excesses of the 5th and 6th of Oc- tober, he retired to his diocese. Here he strenuously opposed the civil constitution of the clergy, and was obliged in 1791 to leave France. He went successively ti» Switzerland and Austria, and finally settled at Venice in 1799, and remained there until the restoration of the Ktmrbons to the throne of France. He was made car- dinal July 28, 1817, and minuter of state. The see of l^ngres having been restored. La Luzerne was reap- pointed to it, but legal difficulties prevented hu assum- ing its direction. In 1818 he was the only bishop called to the council of ministers to contrive the ratification of I he concordat of the preceding year. Although strongly attached to the liberties of the Galilean Church, La Lu- zerne earnestly advocated a strict compliance with the letter of the Concordat. He died June 21, 1821. Be- mdes the Oraitonfumhrt de Charles Emmcumd II I^ rot de Sardaigm (1773, 4to and 12mo), and the Ormtonfu' nebre de Louis XV% rot de France (1774, 4to and 12mo), he wrote a number of pastoral instructions, etc, and po- litical pamphlets. Most of his writings were collected and published under the style (Eurr^s de M,de La Lu- t^me (Lyons and Paris, 1842, 10 vols, 8vo). See Le Moniteur^ July 26, 1821 ; And de la Religion et du Roi, xxviii, 225-288; Mahul, Annwiire Necrofogique, 1821, p. 239; Qu^rard, La France Litteraire; Hoefer, Nouv, Hiog, GeniraU, xxix, 88. (J. N. P.) La'ma (Xa/uv, Matt, xxvii, 46, which is also read in the best MSS. at Mark xv, 84, where the received text has \aftfia ; the Heb. | 14,928 |
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US-17451698-A_1 | USPTO | Open Government | Public Domain | 1,998 | None | None | English | Spoken | 7,353 | 11,893 | Methods of detecting endostatin protein
ABSTRACT
An inhibitor of endothelial cell proliferation, capable of inhibiting angiogenesis and causing tumor regression, that is approximately 20 kDa and corresponds to a C-terminal fragment of collagen type XVIII, and methods of treating angiogenesis-related disease.
CROSS REFERENCE TO PRIOR RELATED CASES
[0001] This application claims priority to provisional applicationSerial No. 60/005,835 filed Oct. 23, 1995; provisional applicationSerial No. 60/023,070 filed Aug. 2, 1996; and provisional applicationSerial No. 60/026,263 filed Sep. 17, 1996. Each of the above-referencedapplications is incorporated herein in its entirety.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] This application relates to a novel inhibitor of angiogenesisuseful for treating angiogenesis-related diseases, such asangiogenesis-dependent cancer. The invention further relates to a novelcomposition and method for curing angiogenesis-dependent cancer. Inaddition, the present invention relates to diagnostic assays and kitsfor endostatin measurement, to histochemical kits for localization ofendostatin, to molecular probes to monitor endostatin biosynthesis, toantibodies that are specific for the endostatin, to the development ofpeptide agonists and antagonists to the endostatin receptor, and tocytotoxic agents linked to endostatin peptides.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Several lines of direct evidence now suggest that angiogenesis isessential for the growth and persistence of solid tumors and theirmetastases (Folkman, 1989; Hori et al., 1991; Kim et al., 1993; Millaueret al., 1994). To stimulate angiogenesis, tumors upregulate theirproduction of a variety of angiogenic factors, including the fibroblastgrowth factors (FGF and BFGF) (Kandel et al., 1991) and vascularendothelial cell growth factor/vascular permeability factor (VEGF/VPF).However, many malignant tumors also generate inhibitors of angiogenesis,including angiostatin and thrombospondin (Chen et al., 1995; Good etal., 1990; O'Reilly et al., 1994). It is postulated that the angiogenicphenotype is the result of a net balance between these positive andnegative regulators of neovascularization (Good et al., 1990; O'Reillyet al., 1994; Parangi et al., 1996; Rastinejad et al., 1989). Severalother endogenous inhibitors of angiogenesis have been identified,although not all are associated with the presence of a tumor. Theseinclude, platelet factor 4 (Gupta et al., 1995; Maione et al., 1990),interferon-alpha, interferon-inducible protein 10 (Angiolillo et al.,1995; Strieter et al., 1995), which is induced by interleukin-12 and/orinterferon-gamma (Voest et al., 1995), gro-beta (Cao et al., 1995), andthe 16 kDa N-terminal fragment of prolactin (Clapp et al., 1993). Theonly known angiogenesis inhibitor which specifically inhibitsendothelial cell proliferation is angiostatin (O'Reilly et al. 1994).
[0004] Angiostatin is an approximately 38 kiloDalton (kDa) specificinhibitor of endothelial cell proliferation. Angiostatin is an internalfragment of plasminogen containing at least three of the five kringlesof plasminogen Angiostatin has been shown to reduce tumor weight and toinhibit metastasis in certain tumor models. (O'Reilly et al., 1994). Asit is used hereinafter, the term “angiostatin” refers to angiostatin asdescribed above; peptide fragments of angiostatin that have endothelialcell proliferation inhibiting activity; and analogs of angiostatin thathave substantial sequence homology (as defined herein) to the amino acidsequence of angiostatin, which have endothelial cell proliferationinhibiting activity.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0005] The present invention relates to a novel protein inhibitor, andmethod for its use. The protein is a potent and specific inhibitor ofendothelial proliferation and angiogenesis. Systemic therapy with theinhibitor causes a nearly complete suppression of tumor-inducedangiogenesis, and it exhibits strong anti-tumor activity.
[0006] The inhibitory protein has a molecular weight of approximately18,000 to approximately 20,000 Daltons (18 to 20 kDa) and is capable ofinhibiting endothelial cell proliferation in cultured endothelial cells.The protein can be further characterized by its preferred N-terminalamino acid sequence, the first twenty (20) of which are as follows: HisThr His Gln Asp Phe Gln Pro Val Leu (SEQ ID NO:1)1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 His Leu Val Ala Leu Asn Thr ProLeu Ser 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
[0007] A preferred endothelial cell proliferation inhibitor of theinvention is a protein having the above-described characteristics, andwhich can be isolated and purified from the murine hemangioendotheliomacell line EOMA. This inhibitory protein has been named endostatin.
[0008] The present invention provides methods and compositions fortreating diseases and processes mediated by undesired and uncontrolledangiogenesis by administering to a human or animal with the undesiredangiogenesis a composition comprising a substantially purifiedendostatin or endostatin derivative in a dosage sufficient to inhibitangiogenesis. The present invention is particularly useful for treatingor for repressing the growth of tumors. Administration of endostatin toa human or animal with prevascularized metastasized tumors prevents thegrowth or expansion of those tumors.
[0009] The present invention also includes diagnostic methods and kitsfor detection and measurement of endostatin in biological fluids andtissues, and for localization of endostatin in tissues. The diagnosticmethod and kit can be in any configuration well known to those ofordinary skill in the art. The present invention also includesantibodies specific for the endostatin and antibodies that inhibit thebinding of antibodies specific for the endostatin. These antibodies canbe polyclonal antibodies or monoclonal antibodies. The antibodiesspecific for endostatin can be used in diagnostic kits to detect thepresence and quantity of endostatin which is diagnostic or prognosticfor the occurrence or recurrence of cancer or other disease mediated byangiogenesis. Antibodies specific for endostatin may also beadministered to a human or animal to passively immunize the human oranimal against endostatin, thereby reducing angiogenic inhibition.
[0010] The present invention also includes diagnostic methods and kitsfor detecting the presence and quantity of antibodies that bindendostatin in body fluids. The diagnostic method and kit can be in anyconfiguration well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
[0011] The present invention also includes endostatin peptide fragmentsthat can be labeled isotopically or with other molecules or proteins foruse in the detection and visualization of endostatin binding sites withstate of the art techniques, including, but not limited to, positronemission tomography, autoradiography, flow cytometry, radioreceptorbinding assays, and immunohistochemistry.
[0012] These endostatin peptides also act as agonists and antagonists atthe endostatin receptor, thereby enhancing or blocking the biologicalactivity of endostatin. Such peptides are used in the isolation of theendostatin receptor.
[0013] The present invention also includes endostatin, endostatinfragments, endostatin antisera, or endostatin receptor agonists andantagonists linked to cytotoxic agents for therapeutic and researchapplications.
[0014] The present invention includes molecular probes for theribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid involved in transcription andtranslation of endostatin. These molecular probes provide means todetect and measure endostatin biosynthesis in tissues and cells.
[0015] A surprising discovery is that various forms of recombinantendostatin protein can serve as sustained release anti-angiogenesiscompounds when administered to a tumor-bearing animal. A preferred formof the sustained release compound is un-refolded recombinantly producedendostatin.
[0016] Additionally, the present invention encompasses nucleic acidsequences comprising corresponding nucleotide codons that code for theabove disclosed amino acid sequence and for endostatin and endothelialcell proliferation inhibiting peptide fragments thereof.
[0017] The present invention also relates to methods of using theendostatin protein and peptide fragments, corresponding nucleic acidsequences, and antibodies that bind specifically to the inhibitor andits peptides, to diagnose endothelial cell-related diseases anddisorders.
[0018] The invention further encompasses a method for identifyingreceptors specific for endostatin, and the receptor molecules identifiedand isolated thereby.
[0019] The invention also relates to a method for identifying novelenzymes capable of releasing endostatin from collagen type XVIII, andother molecules containing an endostatin amino acid sequence, andpeptides thereof. Such endostatin producing enzymes are also an aspectof the invention.
[0020] An important medical method is a new form of birth control,wherein an effective amount of endostatin is administered to a femalesuch that uterine endometrial vascularization is inhibited and embryoimplantation cannot occur, or be sustained.
[0021] A particularly important aspect of the present invention is thediscovery of a novel and effective method for treatingangiogenesis-related diseases, particularly angiogenesis-dependentcancer, in patients, and for curing angiogenesis-dependent cancer inpatients. The method unexpectedly provides the medically importantresult of inhibition of tumor growth and reduction of tumor mass. Themethod relates to the co-administration of the endostatin of the presentinvention and another anti-angiogenesis compound, preferrablyangiostatin. Accordingly, the present invention also includesformulations containing endostatin, and optionally angiostatin, whichare effective for treating or curing angiogenesis-dependent cancers.
[0022] Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to providea composition comprising an endostatin protein.
[0023] It is another object of the present invention to provide a methodof treating diseases and processes that are mediated by angiogenesis.
[0024] It is yet another object of the present invention to provide adiagnostic or prognostic method and kit for detecting the presence andamount of endostatin in a body fluid or tissue.
[0025] It is yet another object of the present invention to provide amethod and composition for treating diseases and processes that aremediated by angiogenesis including, but not limited to, hemangioma,solid tumors, leukemia, metastasis, telangiectasia psoriasisscleroderma, pyogenic granuloma, myocardial angiogenesis, plaqueneovascularization, corornay collaterals, cerebral collaterals,arteriovenous malformations, ischemic limb angiogenesis, cornealdiseases, rubeosis, neovascular glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy,retrolental fibroplasia, arthritis, diabetic neovascularization, maculardegeneration, wound healing, peptic ulcer, fractures, keloids,vasculogenesis, hematopoiesis, ovulation, menstruation, andplacentation.
[0026] It is another object of the present invention to provide acomposition for treating or repressing the growth of a cancer.
[0027] It is an object of present invention to provide a method fordetecting and quantifying the presence of an antibody specific for anendostatin in a body fluid.
[0028] Still another object of the present invention is to provide acomposition consisting of antibodies to endostatin that are selectivefor specific regions of the endostatin molecule.
[0029] It is another object of the present invention to provide a methodfor the detection or prognosis of cancer.
[0030] It is another object of the present invention to provide acomposition for use in visualizing and quantitating sites of endostatinbinding in vivo and in vitro.
[0031] It is yet another object of the present invention to provide acomposition for use in detection and quantification of endostatinbiosynthesis.
[0032] It is yet another object of the present invention to provide atherapy for cancer that has minimal side effects.
[0033] Still another object of the present invention is to provide acomposition comprising endostatin or an endostatin peptide linked to acytotoxic agent for treating or repressing the growth of a cancer.
[0034] These and other objects, features and advantages of the presentinvention will become apparent after a review of the following detaileddescription of the disclosed embodiments and the appended claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0035]FIG. 1: Inhibition of Capillary Endothelial Cell Proliferation byConditioned Media from EOMA Cells.
[0036] Conditioned media collected from confluent EOMA cells or basemedia was applied to bovine capillary endothelial cells with 1 ng/mlbFGF in a 72 hour proliferation assay. Endothelial cell proliferationwas inhibited by the EOMA conditioned media. Each bar represents themean±SEM.
[0037]FIG. 2: Purification of an Inhibitor of Endothelial Proliferationfrom EOMA Conditioned Media.
[0038] Conditioned media collected from confluent EOMA cells wasfractionated on a heparin sepharose column. Endothelial proliferationinhibiting activity eluted at approximately 0.8M NaCl.
[0039]FIG. 3: Purification of an Inhibitor of Endothelial Proliferationby Gel Filtration.
[0040] Purified inhibitor from heparin sepharose column chromatographywas applied to a gel filtration column and eluted as a single peak.
[0041]FIG. 4: Purification of Inhibitor of Endothelial CellProliferation by Reversed Phase Column Chromatography.
[0042] Inhibitor purified by heparin sepharose and gel filtrationchromatography was applied to a reverse phase column. The inhibitoreluted as a single band from the column at approximately 45% of theacetonitrile.
[0043]FIG. 5: N-terminal Amino Acid Sequence of An Inhibitor ofEndothelial Cell Proliferation.
[0044] The N-terminal sequence of the purified inhibitor of endothelialcell proliferation is shown in relation to a schematic diagram ofcollagen type 18. The N-terminal sequence revealed identity of theinhibitor to an approximately 20 kDa C-terminal fragment (shown in solidshading) for collagen type XVIII. The open boxes represent thecollagenase domains of collagen type XVIII.
[0045]FIG. 6: Treatment of Lewis Lung Carcinoma With Recombinant MouseEndostatin Inhibitor.
[0046] Recombinant inhibitor produced in E. coli was administered tomice seeded with Lewis lung carcinoma that had achieved a tumor volumeof approximately 150 mm³. The inhibitor was administered at 20mg/kg/day. Tumor mass regressed to non-detectable levels afterapproximately 12 days of treatment.
[0047]FIG. 7: Systemic Therapy with Recombinant Endostatin RegressesLewis Lung Carcinoma Primary Tumors.
[0048] (A) Mice were implanted subcutaneously on the dorsum with Lewislung carcinoma cells. Systemic therapy with recombinant mouse endostatin(20 mg/kg/day) was begun when tumors were approximately 200 mm³ (1% ofbody weight). Tumors in the mice treated with endostatin inhibitorrapidly regressed and were inhibited by >99% relative to saline-treatedcontrols. Each point represents mean±SEM for 5 mice. The experiment wasrepeated with comparable results.
[0049] (B) Representative treated and untreated tumor-bearing mice after11 days of systemic therapy with endostatin. Saline-treated mice (right)had rapidly growing red tumors with ulcerated surfaces. Endostatintreated mice (left) had small pale residual tumors (arrow).
[0050] (C) Residual disease in endostatin treated mice. Three of thefive endostatin treated mice were sacrificed after 16 days of therapy.Autopsy revealed small white residual tumors at the site of the originalprimary implantation (arrows).
[0051]FIG. 8: Treatment of Murine T241 Fibrosarcoma with RecombinantMouse Endostatin from E. coli.
[0052] Mice were seated with T241 Fibrosarcoma cells. Control mice weretreated with saline. Experimental mice were treated with 20 mg/kg/day ofrecombinant mouse Endostatin directed from E. coli.
[0053]FIG. 9: Treatment of Murine B16F10 Melanoma with Recombinant MouseEndostatin from E. coli.
[0054] Mice were seated with Murine B16F10 melanoma cells. Controlanimals were treated with saline. Experimental animals were treated with20 mg/kg/day of recombinant mouse Endostatin direct from E. coli.
[0055]FIG. 10: Treatment of EOMA Hemangioendothelioma with RecombinantMouse Endostatin from E. coli.
[0056] Mice were seated with EOMA hemangioendothelioma cells. Controlanimals were treated with saline. Experimental animals were treated with20 mg/kg/day of Recombinant Mouse Endostatin direct from E. coli.
[0057]FIG. 11: Treatment of Lewis Lung Carcinoma with Recombinant Mouseor Human Endostatin direct from E. coli.
[0058] Mice were seated with Lewis Lung Carcinoma cells. Control animalswere treated with saline. Experimental animals were treated withRecombinant Endostatin derived from the mouse sequence or RecombinantEndostatin direct from the human sequence, wherein both Endostatin areproduced recombinantly in the E. coli. Mouse Endostatin was administeredat either 20 mg/kg/day or 2.5 mg/kg/day, and Human Endostatin wasadministered at 20 mg/kg/day.
[0059]FIG. 12: Endostatin Results in an Inhibition of Angiogenesis andan Increase in Apoptosis of Lewis Lung Carcinoma Primary Tumors.
[0060] Histological sections of tumors from saline versus endostatintreated mice implanted with Lewis lung carcinomas were analyzed forproliferation (PCNA), apoptosis (TUNEL), and angiogenesis (vWF). Therewas no significant difference in the proliferative index of tumor cells(A) in treated versus untreated tumors. In contrast, the apoptotic indexof the tumor cells (B) increased 8-fold (p<0.001) in the endostatintreated mice. Vessel density (C) was determined by counting the numberof capillary blood vessels per high-power field (HPF) in sectionsstained with antibodies against vWF. Angiogenesis was almost completelysuppressed in the residual microscopic tumors of the endostatin treatedmice (p<0.001).
[0061]FIG. 13: Cycle Dormancy Therapy of Lewis Lung Carcinoma withRecombinant Mouse Endostatin From E. Coli.
[0062] Mice were implanted subcutaneously on the dorsum with Lewis lungcarcinoma cells. Systemic therapy with recombinant mouse inhibitor(endostatin), administered at a dose of 20 mg/kg/day, was begun whentumors were approximately 200 mm³ (1% of body weight). Tumors in themice treated with the endostatin inhibitor rapidly regressed toessentially non-detectable levels after approximately 15 days oftherapy. When treatment was terminated the tumor volume increasedrapidly and was subsequently treatable to the same non-detectable levelsby reinitiation of treatment. The peaks and valleys in the figure showthe cycling effect of inhibition with endostatin.
[0063]FIG. 14: Combination Therapy with Recombinant Mouse Angiostatinand Endostatin from E. Coli.
[0064] Mice were implanted subcutaneously on the dorsum with Lewis lungcarcinoma cells. Systemic therapy with a combination of recombinantmouse endostatin (20 mg/kg/day) and recombinant mouse angiostatin (20mg/kg/day) was begun when tumors were approximately 300 mm³. Tumors inthe mice treated with the combination therapy rapidly regressed toessentially non-detectable level in about 15 days. Importantly, theregressed tumors remained dormant and did not increase in size or massafter treatment was stopped. This is an unexpected result of substatnialmedical significance.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0065] Applicants have discovered a new class of protein molecules thathave the ability to inhibit endothelial proliferation when added toproliferating endothelial cells in vitro. Accordingly, these proteinmolecules have been functionally defined as endostatins, however, it isto be understood that this functional definition is no way limits thebioactivity of endostatins to inhibition of endothelial cell growth invitro or in vivo. Many other functions of endostatins are likely.
[0066] The term “endostatin” refers to a protein that is preferably 18kDa to 20 kDa in size as determined by non-reduced and reduced gelelectrophoresis, respectively. The term endostatin also includesprecursor forms of the 18 kDa to 20 kDa protein. The term endostatinalso includes fragments of the 18 kDa to 20 kDa protein and modifiedproteins and peptides that have a substantially similar amino acidsequence, and which are capable inhibiting proliferation of endothelialcells. For example, silent substitutions of amino acids, wherein thereplacement of an amino acid with a structurally or chemically similaramino acid does not significantly alter the structure, conformation oractivity of the protein, is well known in the art. Such silentsubstitutions are intended to fall within the scope of the appendedclaims.
[0067] It will be appreciated that the term “endostatin” includesshortened proteins or peptides wherein one or more amino acid is removedfrom either or both ends of endostatin, or from an internal region ofthe protein, yet the resulting molecule retains endothelialproliferation inhibiting activity. The term “endostatin” also includeslengthened proteins or peptides wherein one or more amino acid is addedto either or both ends of endostatin, or to an internal location in theprotein, yet the resulting molecule retains endothelial proliferationinhibiting activity. Such molecules, for example with tyrosine added inthe first position are useful for labelling such as radioiodination with¹²⁵iodine for use in assays. Labelling with other radioisotopes may beuseful in providing a molecular tool for destroying the target cellcontaining endostatin receptors. Other labelling with molecules such asricin may provide a mechanism for destroying cells with endostatinreceptors.
[0068] “Substantial sequence homology” means at least approximately 70%homology between amino acid residue seqence in the endostatin analogsequence and that of endostatin, preferably at least approximately 80%homology, more preferably at least approximately 90% homology.
[0069] Also included in the definition of the term endostatin aremodifications of the endostatin protein, its subunits and peptidefragments. Such modifications include substitutions of naturallyoccurring amino acids at specific sites with other molecules, includingbut not limited to naturally and non-naturally occurring amino acids.Such substitutions may modify the bioactivity of endostatin and producebiological or pharmacological agonists or antagonists. The termendostatin also includes an N terminal fragment of endostatin consistingof the sequence of the first 20 N terminal amino acids which is shown inSEQ ID NO:1 and is shown in Table 1. This sequence of the first 20 Nterminal amino acids corresponds to a C-terminal fragment of newlyidentified collagen type XVIII.
[0070] Table 1 shows the correspondence of 3 letter and 1 letter aminoacid designations. TABLE 1 Amino Acid Residue Abbreviation 1 HIS H 2 THRT 3 HIS H 4 GLN Q 5 ASP D 6 PHE F 7 GLN Q 8 PRO P 9 VAL V 10 LEU L 11HIS H 12 LEU L 13 VAL V 14 ALA A 15 LEU L 16 ASN N 17 THR T 18 PRO P 19LEU L 20 SER S
[0071] The N-terminal amino acid sequence of endostatin coresponds to aninternal 20 amino acid peptide fragment found in mouse collagen alpha 1type XVIII starting at amino acid 1105 and ending at amino acid 1124.The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the inhibitor also corresponds toan internal 20 amino acid peptide fragment found in human collagen alpha1 type XVIII starting at amino acid 1132 and ending at amino acid 1151.
[0072] Endostatin can be isolated from murine hemangioendothelioma EOMA.Endostatin may be produced from recombinant sources, from geneticallyaltered cells implanted into animals, from tumors, and from cellcultures as well as other sources. It is anticipated that endostatin ismade in cells of the nervous system. Endostatin can be isolated frombody fluids including, but not limited to, serum, urine and ascites, orsynthesized by chemical or biological methods (e.g. cell culture,recombinant gene expression, peptide synthesis,—and in vitro enzymaticcatalysis of precursor molecules to yield active endostatin).Recombinant techniques include gene amplification from DNA sources usingthe polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and gene amplification from RNAsources using reverse transcriptase/PCR.
[0073] Endostatin specifically and reversibly inhibits endothelial cellproliferation. The inhibitor protein molecules of the invention areuseful as a birth control drug, and for treating angiogenesis-relateddiseases, particularly angiogenesis-dependent cancers and tumors. Theprotein molecules are also useful for curing angiogenesis-dependentcancers and tumors. The unexpected and surprising ability of these novelcompounds to treat and cure angiogenesis-dependent cancers and tumorsanswers a long felt unfulfilled need in the medical arts, and providesan important benefit to mankind.
[0074] Important terms that are used herein are defined as follows.“Cancer” means angiogenesis-dependent cancers and tumors, i.e. tumorsthat require for their growth (expansion in volume and/or mass) anincrease in the number and density of the blood vessels supplying thenwith blood. “Regression” refers to the reduction of tumor mass and size.
[0075] The endothelial proliferation inhibiting proteins of the presentinvention can be made by automated protein synthesis methodologies wellknown to one skilled in the art. Alternatively, endothelialproliferation inhibiting proteins, or endostatins, of the presentinvention may be isolated from larger known proteins, such as humanalpha 1 type XVIII collagen and mouse alpha 1 type XVIII collagen,proteins that share a common or similar N-terminal amino acid sequence.Examples of other potential endostatin source materials having similarN-terminal amino acid sequences include Bos taurus pregastric esterase,human alpha 1 type 15 collagen, NAD-dependent formate dehydrogenase (EC1.2.1.2) derived from Pseudomonas sp., s11459 hexon protein of bovineadenovirus type 3, CELF21D12 2 F21d12.3 Caenorhabditis elegans geneproduct, VAL1 TGMV AL1 protein derived from tomato golden mosaic virus,s01730 hexon protein derived from human adenovirus 12, Saccharomycescerevisiae. For example, peptides closely related to endostatin may bederived from BOVMPE 1 pregastric esterase (BOS TAURUS) gene sequencecorresponding to amino acids 502 to 521, and collagen alpha 1 type 15from humans beginning at amino acid 316 ending at 335.
[0076] Proteins and peptides derived from these and other sources,including manual or automated protein synthesis, may be quickly andeasily tested for endothelial proliferation inhibiting activity using abiological activity assay such as the bovine capillary endothelial cellproliferation assay. Other bioassays for inhibiting activity include thechick CAM assay, the mouse corneal assay, and the effect ofadministering isolated or synthesized proteins on implanted tumors. Thechick CAM assay is described by O'Reilly, et al. in “AngiogenicRegulation of Metastatic Growth” Cell, vol. 79 (2), Oct. 21, 1994, pp.315-328, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.Briefly, 3 day old chicken embryos with intact yolks are separated fromthe egg and placed in a petri dish. After 3 days of incubation amethylcellulose disc containing the protein to be tested is applied tothe CAM of individual embryos. After 48 hours of incubation, the embryosand CAMs are observed to determine whether endothelial growth has beeninhibited. The mouse corneal assay involves implanting a growthfactor-containing pellet, along with another pellet containing thesuspected endothelial growth inhibitor, in the cornea of a mouse andobserving the pattern of capillaries that are elaborated in the cornea.
[0077] Applicants' invention also encompasses nucleic acid sequencesthat correspond to and code for the endothelial proliferation-inhibitingprotein molecules of the invention, and to monoclonal and polyclonalantibodies that bind specifically to such protein molecules. Thebiologically active protein molecules, nucleic acid sequencescorresponding to the proteins, and antibodies that bind specifically tothe proteins of the present invention are useful for modulatingendothelial processes in vivo, and for diagnosing and treatingendothelial cell-related diseases, for example by gene therapy.
[0078] Nucleic acid sequences that correspond to, and code for,endostatin and endostatin analogs can be prepared based upon theknowledge of the amino acid sequence, and the art recognizedcorrespondence between codons (sequences of three nucleic acid bases),and amino acids. Because of the degeneracy of the genetic code, whereinthe third base in a codon may vary yet still code for the same aminoacid, many different possible coding nucleic acid sequences arederivable for any particular protein or peptide fragment.
[0079] Nucleic acid sequences are synthesized using automated systemswell known in the art. Either the entire sequence may be synthesized ora series of smaller oligonucleotides are made and subsequently ligatedtogether to yield the full length sequence. Alternatively, the nucleicacid sequence may be derived from a gene bank using oligonucleotidesprobes designed based on the N-terminal amino acid sequence and wellknown techniques for cloning genetic material.
[0080] The present invention also includes the detection of endostatinin body fluids and tissues for the purpose of diagnosis or prognosis ofangiogenesis-mediated diseases such as cancer. The present inventionalso includes the detection of endostatin binding sites and receptors incells and tissues. The present invention also includes methods oftreating or preventing angiogenic diseases and processes including, butnot limited to, arthritis and tumors by stimulating the production ofendostatin, and/or by administering substantially purified endostatin,or endostatin agonists or antagonists, and/or endostatin antisera orantisera directed against endostatin antisera to a patient. Additionaltreatment methods include administration of endostatin, endostatinfragments, endostatin antisera, or endostatin receptor agonists andantagonists linked to cytotoxic agents. It is to be understood that theendostatin can be animal or human in origin. Endostatin can also beproduced synthetically by chemical reaction or by recombinant techniquesin conjunction with expression systems. Endostatin can also be producedby enzymatically cleaving different molecules, including endostatinprecursors, containing sequence homology or identity with segments ofendostatin to generate peptides having anti-angiogenesis activity.
[0081] Passive antibody therapy using antibodies that specifically bindendostatin can be employed to modulate endothelial-dependent processessuch as reproduction, development, and wound healing and tissue repair.In addition, antisera directed to the Fab regions of endostatinantibodies can be administered to block the ability of endogenousendostatin antisera to bind endostatin.
[0082] Antibodies specific for endostatin and endostatin analogs aremade according to techniques and protocols well known in the art. Theantibodies may be either polyclonal or monoclonal. The antibodies areutilized in well know immunoassay formats, such as competitive andnon-competitive immunoassays, including ELISA, sandwich immunoassays andradioimmunoassays (RIAs), to determine the presence or absence of theendothelial proliferation inhibitors of the present invention in bodyfluids. Examples of body fluids include but are not limited to blood,serum, peritoneal fluid, pleural fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, uterinefluid, saliva, and mucus.
[0083] The proteins, nucleic acid sequences and antibodies of thepresent invention are useful for diagnosing and treating endothelialcell-related diseases and disorders. A particularly importantendothelial cell process is angiogenesis, the formation of bloodvessels. Angiogenesis-related diseases may be diagnosed and treatedusing the endothelial cell proliferation inhibiting proteins of thepresent invention. Angiogenesis-related diseases include, but are notlimited to, angiogenesis-dependent cancer, including, for example, solidtumors, blood born tumors such as leukemias, and tumor metastases;benign tumors, for example hemangiomas, acoustic neuromas,neurofibromas, trachomas, and pyogenic granulomas; rheumatoid arthritis;psoriasis; ocular angiogenic diseases, for example, diabeticretinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, macular degeneration, cornealgraft rejection, neovascular glaucoma, retrolental fibroplasia,rubeosis; Osler-Webber Syndrome; myocardial angiogenesis; plaqueneovascularization; telangiectasia; hemophiliac joints; angiofibroma;and wound granulation. The endothelial cell proliferation inhibitingproteins of the present invention are useful in the treatment of diseaseof excessive or abnormal stimulation of endothelial cells. Thesediseases include, but are not limited to, intestinal adhesions,atherosclerosis, scleroderma, and hypertrophic scars, i.e., keloids.They are also useful in the treatment of diseases that have angiogenesisas a pathologic consequence such as cat scratch disease (Rochele minaliaquintosa) and ulcers (Helobacter pylori).
[0084] The endothelial cell proliferation inhibiting proteins can beused as a birth control agent by reducing or preventing uterinevascularization required for embryo implantation. Thus, the presentinvention provides an effective birth control method when an amount ofthe inhibitory protein sufficient to prevent embryo implantation isadministered to a female. In one aspect of the birth control method, anamount of the inhibiting protein sufficient to block embryo implantationis administered before or after intercourse and fertilization haveoccured, thus providing an effective method of birth control, possible a“morning after” method. While not wanting to be bound by this statement,it is believed that inhibition of vascularization of the uterineendometrium interferes with implantation of the blastocyst. Similarinhibition of vascularization of the mucosa of the uterine tubeinterferes with implantation of the blastocyst, preventing occurrence ofa tubal pregnancy. Administration methods may include, but are notlimited to, pills, injections (intravenous, subcutaneous,intramuscular), suppositories, vaginal sponges, vaginal tampons, andintrauterine devices. It is also believed that endostatin administrationwill interfere with normal enhanced vascularization of the placenta, andalso with the development of vessels within a successfully implantedblastocyst and developing embryo and fetus.
[0085] Conversely, blockade of endostatin receptors with endostatinanalogs which act as receptor antagonists may promote endothelializationand vascularization. Such effects may be desirable in situations ofinadequate vascularization of the uterine endometrium and associatedinfertilty, wound repair, healing of cuts and incisions, treatment ofvascular problems in diabetics, especially retinal and peripheralvessels, promotion of vascularization in transplanted tissue includingmuscle and skin, promotion of vascularization of cardiac muscleespecially following transplantation of a heart or heart tissue andafter bypass surgery, promotion of vascularization of solid andrelatively avascular tumors for enhanced cytotoxin delivery, andenhancement of blood flow to the nervous system, including but notlimited to the cerebral cortex and spinal cord.
[0086] A surprising discovery is that un-refolded and non-solublerecombinant endostatin is also a potent anti-angiogenesis compound whichserves as a sustained release depot when administered to a patient.
[0087] The present invention also relates to methods of using endostatinand endothelial cell proliferation inhibiting peptide fragments ofendostatin, nucleic acid sequences corresponding to endostatin andactive peptide fragments thereof, and antibodies that bind specificallyto endostatin and its peptides, to diagnose endothelial cell-relateddiseases and disorders.
[0088] The invention further encompasses a method for identifyingendostatin-specific receptors, and the receptor molecules identified andisolated thereby.
[0089] The present invention also provides a method for quantitation ofendostatin receptors.
[0090] A particularly important aspect of the present invention is thediscovery of a novel and effective method for treating and curingangiogenesis-dependent cancer in patients. It was unexpectedly foundthat the co-administration of endostatin and angiostatin in an amountsufficient to inhibit tumor growth and cause sustainable regression oftumor mass to microscopic size cures angiogenesis-dependent cancer.Accordingly, the present invention also includes formulations effectivefor treating or curing angiogenesis-dependent cancers and tumors.
[0091] More particularly, recombinant mouse endostatin, from insectcells or E. coli, potently inhibits angiogenesis and the growth ofmetastases and primary tumors. In a novel method of sustained release,the E. coli-derived recombinant endostatin was administered as anun-refolded suspension in an amount sufficient to inhibit angiogenesis,thereby inhibiting tumor growth. Tumor mass was reduced when recombinantendostatin was administered in an amount sufficient to cause regressionof the tumor. Primary tumors of 1-2% of body weight regressed by greaterthan 150-fold to become microscopic dormant lesions when treated byendostatin. Immunohistochemical analysis of the dormant tumors revealedblocked angiogenesis accompanied by high proliferation of the tumorcells balanced by a high rate of tumor cell apoptosis. There was noevidence of toxicity in any of the mice treated with endostatin.
[0092] It is contemplated as part of the present invention thatendostatin can be isolated from a body fluid such as blood or urine ofpatients or the endostatin can be produced by recombinant DNA methods orsynthetic peptide chemical methods that are well known to those ofordinary skill in the art. Protein purification methods are well knownin the art and a specific example of a method for purifying endostatin,and assaying for inhibitor activity is provided in the examples below.Isolation of human endogenous endostatin is accomplished using similartechniques.
[0093] One example of a method of producing endostatin using recombinantDNA techniques entails the steps of (1) identifying and purifying anendostatin as discussed above, and as more fully described below, (2)determining the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the purifiedinhibitor, (3) synthetically generating a DNA oligonucleotide probe thatcorresponds to the N-terminal amino acid sequence, (4) generating a DNAgene bank from human or other mammalian DNA, (5) probing the gene bankwith the DNA oligonucleotide probe, (6) selecting clones that hybridizeto the oligonucleotide, (7) isolating the inhibitor gene from the clone,(8) inserting the gene into an appropriate vector such as an expressionvector, (9) inserting the gene-containing vector into a microorganism orother expression system capable of expressing the inhibitor gene, and(10) isolating the recombinantly produced inhibitor. The abovetechniques are more fully described in laboratory manuals such as“Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual” Second Edition by Sambrook etal., Cold Spring Harbor Press, 1989.
[0094] The gene for endostatin may also be isolated from cells or tissue(such as tumor cells) that express high levels of endostatin by (1)isolating messenger RNA from the tissue, (2) using reverse transcriptaseto generate the corresponding DNA sequence and then (3) using PCR withthe appropriate primers to amplify the DNA sequence coding for theactive endostatin amino acid sequence.
[0095] Yet another method of producing endostatin, or biologicallyactive fragments thereof, is by peptide synthesis. Once a biologicallyactive fragment of an endostatin is found using the assay systemdescribed more fully below, it can be sequenced, for example byautomated peptide sequencing methods. Alternatively, once the gene orDNA sequence which codes for endostatin is isolated, for example by themethods described above, the DNA sequence can be determined, which inturn provides information regarding the amino acid sequence. Thus, ifthe biologically active fragment is generated by specific methods, suchas tryptic digests, or if the fragment is N-terminal sequenced, theremaining amino acid sequence can be determined from the correspondingDNA sequence.
[0096] Once the amino acid sequence of the peptide is known, for examplethe N-terminal 20 amino acids, the fragment can be synthesized bytechniques well known in the art, as exemplified by “Solid Phase PeptideSynthesis: A Practical Approach” E. Atherton and R. C. Sheppard, IRLPress, Oxford England. Similarly, multiple fragments can be synthesizedwhich are subsequently linked together to form larger fragments. Thesesynthetic peptide fragments can also be made with amino acidsubstitutions at specific locations in order to test for agonistic andantagonistic activity in vitro and in vivo. Peptide fragments thatpossess high affinity binding to tissues can be used to isolate theendostatin receptor on affinity columns. Isolation and purification ofthe endostatin receptor is a fundamental step towards elucidating themechanism of action of endostatin. This facilitates development of drugsto modulate the activity of the endostatin receptor, the final pathwayto biological activity. Isolation of the receptor enables theconstruction of nucleotide probes to monitor the location and synthesisof the receptor, using in situ and solution hybridization technology.
[0097] Endostatin is effective in treating diseases or processes thatare mediated by, or involve, angiogenesis. The present inventionincludes the method of treating an angiogenesis mediated disease with aneffective amount of endostatin or endostatin agonists and antagonists.The angiogenesis mediated diseases include, but are not limited to,solid tumors; blood born tumors such as leukemias; tumor metastasis;benign tumors, for example hemangiomas, acoustic neuromas,neurofibromas, trachomas, and pyogenic granulomas; rheumatoid arthritis;psoriasis; ocular angiogenic, diseases, for example, diabeticretinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, macular degeneration, cornealgraft rejection, neovascular glaucoma, retrolental fibroplasia,rubeosis; Osler-Webber Syndrome; myocardial angiogenesis; plaqueneovascularization; telangiectasia; hemophiliac joints; angiofibroma;and wound granulation. Endostatin is useful in the treatment of diseaseof excessive or abnormal stimulation of endothelial cells. Thesediseases include, but are not limited to, intestinal adhesions,atherosclerosis, scleroderma, and hypertrophic scars, i.e., keloids.Endostatin can be used as a birth control agent by preventingvascularization required for blastocyst implantation and for developmentof the placenta, the blastcyst, the embryo and the fetus.
[0098] The synthetic peptide fragments of endostatin have a variety ofuses. The peptide that binds to the endostatin receptor with highspecificity and avidity is radiolabeled and employed for visualizationand quantitation of binding sites using autoradiographic and membranebinding techniques. This application provides important diagnostic andresearch tools. Knowledge of the binding properties of the endostatinreceptor facilitates investigation of the transduction mechanisms linkedto the receptor.
[0099] In addition, labeling these peptides with short lived isotopesenables visualization of receptor binding sites in vivo using positronemission tomography or other modern radiographic techniques in order tolocate tumors with endostatin binding sites.
[0100] Systematic substitution of amino acids within these synthesizedpeptides yields high affinity peptide agonists and antagonists to theendostatin receptor that enhance or diminish endostatin binding to itsreceptor. Such agonists are used to suppress the growth ofmicrometastases, thereby limiting the spread of cancer. Antagonists toendostatin are applied in situations of inadequate vascularization, toblock the inhibitory effects of angiostatin and possibly promoteangiogenesis. This treatment may have therapeutic effects to promotewound healing in diabetics.
[0101] Endostatin peptides are employed to develop affinity columns forisolation of the endostatin receptor from cultured tumor cells.Isolation and purification of the endostatin receptor is followed byamino acid sequencing. Next, nucleotide probes are developed forinsertion into vectors for expression of the receptor. These techniquesare well known to those skilled in the art. Transfection of theendostatin receptor into tumor cells enhances the responsiveness ofthese cells to endogenous or exogenous endostatin and thereby decreasingthe rate of metastatic growth.
[0102] Cytotoxic agents, such as ricin, are linked to endostatin, andhigh affinity endostatin peptide fragments, thereby providing a tool fordestruction of cells that bind endostatin. These cells may be found inmany locations, including but not limited to, micrometastases andprimary tumors. Peptides linked to cytotoxic agents are infused in amanner designed to maximize delivery to the desired location. Forexample, ricin-linked high affinity endostatin fragments are deliveredthrough a cannula into vessels supplying the target site or directlyinto the target. Such agents are also delivered in a controlled mannerthrough osmotic pumps coupled to infusion cannulae. A combination ofendostatin antagonists may be co-applied with stimulators ofangiogenesis to increase vascularization of tissue. This therapeuticregimen provides an effective means of destroying metastatic cancer.
[0103] According to the present invention, endostatin may be used incombination with other compositions and procedures for the treatment ofdiseases. For example, a tumor may be treated conventionally withsurgery, radiation or chemotherapy combined with endostatin and thenendostatin may be subsequently administered to the patient to extend thedormancy of micrometastases and to stabilize any residual primary tumor.
[0104] The endostatin of the present invention also can be used togenerate antibodies that are specific for the inhibitor. The antibodiescan be either polyclonal antibodies or monoclonal antibodies. Theseantibodies that specifically bind to the endostatin can be used indiagnostic methods and kits that are well known to those of ordinaryskill in the art to detect or quantify the endostatin in a body fluid ortissue. Results from these tests can be used to diagnose or predict theoccurrence or recurrence of a cancer and other angiogenesis mediateddiseases.
[0105] The endostatin also can be used in a diagnostic method and kit todetect and quantify antibodies capable of binding endostatin. These kitswould permit detection of circulating endostatin antibodies whichindicates the spread of micrometastases in the presence of endostatinsecreted by primary tumors in situ. Patients that have such circulatinganti-endostatin antibodies may be more likely to develop tumors andcancers, and may be more likely to have recurrences of cancer aftertreatments or periods of remission. The Fab fragments of theseanti-endostatin antibodies may be used as antigens to generateanti-endostatin Fab-fragment antisera which can be used to neutralizethe removal of circulating endostatin by anti-endostatin antibodies.
[0106] Another aspect of the present invention is a method of blockingthe action of excess endogenous endostatin. This can be done bypassively immunizing a human or animal with antibodies specific for theundesired endostatin in the system. This treatment can be important intreating abnormal ovulation, menstruation and placentation, andvasculogenesis. This provides a useful tool to examine the effects ofendostatin removal on metastatic processes. The Fab fragment ofendostatin antibodies contains the binding site for endostatin. Thisfragment is isolated from endostatin antibodies using techniques knownto those skilled in the art. The Fab fragments of endostatin antiseraare used as antigens to generate production of anti-Fab fragment serum.Infusion of this antiserum against the Fab fragments of endostatinprevents endostatin from binding to endostatin antibodies. Therapeuticbenefit is obtained by neutralizing endogenous anti-endostatinantibodies by blocking the binding of endostatin to the Fab fragments ofanti-endostatin. The net effect of this treatment is to facilitate theability of endogenous circulating endostatin to reach target cells,thereby decreasing the spread of metastases.
[0107] It is to be understood that the present invention is contemplatedto include any derivatives of the endostatin that have endothelialinhibitory activity. The present invention includes the entireendostatin protein, derivatives of the endostatin protein andbiologically-active fragments of the endostatin protein. These includeproteins with endostatin activity that have amino acid substitutions orhave sugars or other molecules attached to amino acid functional groups.The present invention also includes genes that code for endostatin andthe endostatin receptor, and to proteins that are expressed by thosegenes.
[0108] The proteins and protein fragments with the endostatin activitydescribed above can be provided as isolated and substantially purifiedproteins and protein fragments in pharmaceutically acceptableformulations using formulation methods known to those of ordinary skillin the art. These formulations can be administered by standard routes.In general, the combinations may be administered by the topical,transdermal, intraperitoneal, intracranial, intracerebroventricular,intracerebral, intravaginal, intrauterine, oral, rectal or parenteral(e.g., intravenous, intraspinal, subcutaneous or intramuscular) route.In addition, the endostatin may be incorporated into biodegradablepolymers allowing for sustained release of the compound, the polymersbeing implanted in the vicinity of where drug delivery is desired, forexample, at the site of a tumor or implanted so that the endostatin isslowly released systemically. Osmotic minipumps may also be used toprovide controlled delivery of high concentrations of endostatin throughcannulae to the site of interest, such as directly into a metastaticgrowth or into the vascular supply to that tumor. The biodegradablepolymers and their use are described, for example, in detail in Brem etal., J. Neurosurg. 74:441-446 (1991), which is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety.
[0109] The dosage of the endostatin of the present invention will dependon the disease state or condition being treated and other clinicalfactors such as weight and condition of the human or animal and theroute of administration of the compound. For treating humans or animals,between approximately 0.5 mg/kilogram to 500 mg/kilogram of theendostatin can be administered. A more preferable range is 1 mg/kilogramto 100 mg/kilogram with the most preferable range being from 2mg/kilogram to 50 mg/kilogram. Depending upon the half-life of theendostatin in the particular animal or human, the endostatin can beadministered between several times per day to once a week. It is to beunderstood that the present invention has application for both human andveterinary use. The methods of the present invention contemplate singleas well as multiple administrations, given either simultaneously or overan extended period of time.
[0110] The endostatin formulations include those suitable for oral,rectal, ophthalmic (including intravitreal or intracameral), nasal,topical (including buccal and sublingual), intrauterine, vaginal orparenteral (including subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular,intravenous, intradermal, intracranial, intratracheal, and epidural)administration. The endostatin formulations may conveniently bepresented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by conventionalpharmaceutical techniques. Such techniques include the step of bringinginto association the active ingredient and the pharmaceutical carrier(s)or excipient(s). In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformlyand intimately bringing into association the active ingredient withliquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then, ifnecessary, shaping the product.
[0111] Formulations suitable for parenteral administration includeaqueous and non-aqueous sterile injection solutions which may containanti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which render theformulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient; andaqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspendingagents and thickening agents. The formulations may be presented inunit-dose or multi-dose containers, for example, sealed ampules andvials, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) conditionrequiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example,water for injections, immediately prior to use. Extemporaneous injectionsolutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granulesand tablets of the kind previously described.
[0112] Preferred unit dosage formulations are those containing a dailydose or unit, daily sub-dose, as herein above recited, or an appropriatefraction thereof, of the administered ingredient. It should beunderstood that in addition to the ingredients, particularly mentionedabove, the formulations of the present invention may include otheragents conventional in the art having regard to the type of formulationin question.
[0113] Different peptide fragments of the intact endostatin molecule canbe synthesized for use in several applications including, but notlimited to the following; as antigens for the development of specificantisera, as agonists and antagonists active at endostatin bindingsites, as peptides to be linked to cytotoxic agents for targeted killingof cells that bind endostatin. The amino acid sequences that comprisethese peptides are selected on the basis of their position on theexterior regions of the molecule and are accessible for binding toantisera. The amino and carboxyl termini of endostatin, as well as themid-region of the molecule are represented separately among thefragments to be synthesized. The amino terminus distal to the 20th aminoacid and carboxyl termini of endostatin may contain or be modified tocontain tyrosine and lysine residues and are labeled with manytechniques. A tyrosine or lysine is added to fragments that do not havethese residues to facilitate labeling of reactive amino and hydroxylgroups on the peptide. These peptide sequences are compared to knownsequences using sequence data banks to determine potential sequencehomologies. This information facilitates elimination of sequences thatexhibit a high degree of sequence homology to other molecules, therebyenhancing the potential for high specificity in the development ofantisera, agonists and antagonists to endostatin.
[0114] Peptides can be synthesized in a standard microchemical facilityand purity checked with HPLC and mass spectrophotometry. Methods ofpeptide synthesis, HPLC purification and mass spectrophotometry arecommonly known to those skilled in these arts.
[0115] Peptides and endostatin are also produced in recombinant E. coli,as described below, or in insect or yeast expression systems, andpurified with column chromatography.
| 5,988 |
https://github.com/suvit/django-tinymce-images/blob/master/tinymce_images/views.py | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,017 | django-tinymce-images | suvit | Python | Code | 973 | 3,603 | # -*- encoding: utf-8 -*-
import logging
import pickle
import os, re
import errno
import shutil
from os.path import join, isdir, isfile, dirname, basename, normpath, splitext
try:
from PIL import Image
except ImportError:
import Image
from urllib import pathname2url as p2u
from django.conf import settings
from django.contrib.admin.views.decorators import staff_member_required
from django.http import HttpResponse, HttpResponseForbidden
from django.template import Context
from django.template.loader import render_to_string
from django.utils.encoding import iri_to_uri
from django.views.decorators.csrf import csrf_exempt
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
# STORAGE_ROOT is relative to MEDIA_ROOT
try:
STORAGE_ROOT = settings.STORAGE_ROOT
except AttributeError:
STORAGE_ROOT = os.path.join('images', 'uploads')
# STORAGE_URL is abs url to root folder of the storage
try:
STORAGE_URL = settings.STORAGE_URL
except AttributeError:
STORAGE_URL = os.path.join(settings.MEDIA_URL, STORAGE_ROOT)
FULL_STORAGE_ROOT = join(settings.MEDIA_ROOT, STORAGE_ROOT)
THUMBS_SUBDIR = '.thumbs'
r = '\d{3}x\d{3}'
THUMB_PATTERN = re.compile(r)
ALLOWED_IMAGES = ('jpeg','jpg','gif','png')
class Thumbs:
def __init__(self, path):
self.top = path
if path:
self.dbfile = join(FULL_STORAGE_ROOT, path, THUMBS_SUBDIR, '.db')
else:
self.dbfile = join(FULL_STORAGE_ROOT, THUMBS_SUBDIR, '.db')
def load(self):
files = {}
if isfile(self.dbfile):
input = open(self.dbfile, 'rb')
try:
files = pickle.load(input)
finally:
input.close()
return files
def dump(self, files):
output = open(self.dbfile, 'wb')
try:
pickle.dump(files, output)
finally:
output.close()
@staff_member_required
def show_tree(request, type, path):
#return HttpResponse(DirStructure('files', 'first', $this->AccessDir($_POST['path'], 'files'))
if path:
path = path.strip('/')
return HttpResponse(dir_structure(type, path))
@staff_member_required
def show_path(request, type, path):
if path:
path = path.strip('/')
return HttpResponse(dir_path(type, path))
@staff_member_required
def show_dir(request, type, path):
if path:
path = path.strip('/')
return HttpResponse(dir_show(type, path))
@staff_member_required
def new_folder(request, path, name):
error = ''
try:
os.mkdir(join(FULL_STORAGE_ROOT, path, name))
except Exception, e:
error = e
tree = dir_structure('images', '', join(path, name)).replace('\n', '')
path = dir_path('images', join(path, name)).replace('\n', '')
return HttpResponse("{'tree':'%s', 'addr':'%s', 'error':'%s'}" % (tree, path, error))
@staff_member_required
def del_folder(request, path):
shutil.rmtree(join(FULL_STORAGE_ROOT, path), ignore_errors=True)
return HttpResponse("{ok:''}");
def walktree(top=".", depthfirst=True):
import stat, types
names = os.listdir(top)
if not depthfirst:
yield top, names
for name in names:
try:
st = os.lstat(os.path.join(top, name))
except os.error:
continue
if stat.S_ISDIR(st.st_mode):
for (newtop, children) in walktree(os.path.join(top, name), depthfirst):
yield newtop, children
if depthfirst:
yield top, names
class PathItem(object):
def __init__(self, path, add_path):
self.path = path
self.add_path = add_path
def dir_path(type, path=""):
openfn = 'folder_open_image'
if type != "images":
openfn = 'folder_open_document'
path = normpath(path).split('/')
res_path = []
add_path = '/'
for p in path:
add_path = join(add_path,p)
res_path.append(PathItem(p, add_path))
context = Context(
{'openfn': 'img/%s.png' % openfn,
'type': type,
'res_path':res_path
})
return render_to_string('path.html', context_instance=context)
def dir_structure(type, top='', current_dir='', level=0):
if top == '/':
top = ''
from xml.sax.saxutils import escape # To quote out things like &
#import os, stat, types
top_name = basename(dirname(top))
folder_class = 'folderS'
folder_opened = ''
class_act = ''
if top == current_dir:
class_act = 'folderAct'
elif re.compile('^'+top).search(current_dir):
folder_class = 'folderOpened'
folder_opened = 'style="display:block;"'
ret = ''
type_name = 'Files'
if type == 'images':
type_name = 'Images'
# firstly read inner directories
files_num = 0
dirs_num = 0
inner = ""
fdir = join(FULL_STORAGE_ROOT, top)
for name in os.listdir(fdir):
if isdir(join(fdir, name)) and not name.startswith('.'):
inner += dir_structure(type, os.path.join(top, name), current_dir, level+1)
dirs_num += 1
elif isfile(join(fdir, name)) and not THUMB_PATTERN.search(name):
files_num += 1
# save current (top) directory
if top == '':
ret += '<div class="folder%s %s" path="" pathtype="%s">%s (%d)</div>\n' % (type.capitalize(), class_act, type, type_name, files_num)
if inner != "":
ret += '<div class="folderOpenSection" style="display:block;">\n' + inner + '</div>\n'
else:
if inner != "":
ret += ' <div class="%s %s" path="%s" title="Files: %d,Directories: %d" pathtype="%s">%s (%d)</div>\n' % (folder_class, class_act, escape(top), files_num, dirs_num, type, escape(basename(top)), files_num)
ret += ' <div class="folderOpenSection" ' + folder_opened + '>\n' + inner + ' </div>\n'
else:
ret += ' <div class="folderClosed %s" path="%s" title="" pathtype="%s">%s (%d)</div>\n' % (class_act, escape(top), type, escape(basename(top)), files_num)
return ret
class FileInfo(object):
def __init__(self, f_name, ext, linkto, fsize, fdate,
fwidth, fheight, url, abs_url, rel_path):
self.f_name = f_name
self.ext = ext
self.linkto = linkto
self.fsize = fsize
self.fdate = fdate
self.fwidth = fwidth
self.fheight = fheight
self.url = url
self.abs_url = abs_url
self.rel_path = rel_path
def dir_show(type, top):
logger.debug(u'start dir_show for `%s`' % top)
fdir = join(FULL_STORAGE_ROOT, top)
thumbs_db = Thumbs(top)
thumbs_db_changed = False
logger.debug(u'dir_show load files')
files = thumbs_db.load()
objects = []
for f_name in os.listdir(fdir):
fullname = join(fdir, f_name)
if not os.path.isfile(fullname):
continue
logger.debug(u'load metainfo for `%s`' % fullname)
if f_name in files:
info = files[f_name]
ext = info['ext'].upper()
linkto = join(top, f_name)
fsize = info['size']
fdate = info['date']
fwidth = info['width']
fheight = info['height']
else:
logger.debug(u'metainfo for `%s` not found, load it' % fullname)
f = open(fullname, 'rb')
try:
img = Image.open(f)
except: #not a valid image. skiping...
continue
finally:
f.close()
name_, ext = splitext(f_name)
ext = ext.upper()
linkto = fullname
fsize = os.path.getsize(fullname)
fdate = os.path.getmtime(fullname)
fwidth, fheight = img.size
files[f_name] = {
'filename': f_name,
'name': name_,
'ext': ext,
'path': top,
'link': fullname,
'size': fsize,
'date': fdate,
'width': fwidth,
'height': fheight,
}
thumbs_db_changed = True
url = iri_to_uri(join(STORAGE_ROOT, top, f_name))
abs_url = iri_to_uri(join(STORAGE_URL, top, f_name))
rel_path = join(STORAGE_ROOT, top, f_name)
objects.append(FileInfo(f_name,
ext,
linkto,
fsize,
fdate,
fwidth,
fheight,
url,
abs_url,
rel_path
))
if thumbs_db_changed:
logger.debug(u'dumping new files')
thumbs_db.dump(files)
logger.debug(u'render template')
context = Context({'objects':objects,
})
res = render_to_string('show_dir.html', context_instance=context)
logger.debug(u'finish dir_show for `%s`' % top)
return res
@staff_member_required
@csrf_exempt
def del_file(request):
path = request.POST['path'].strip('/')
files = Thumbs(path).load()
for filename in request.POST.getlist('filename'):
if files.has_key(filename):
del files[filename]
fullpath = os.path.join(FULL_STORAGE_ROOT, path, filename)
try:
os.remove(fullpath)
except OSError, e:
if e.errno != errno.ENOENT:
raise
Thumbs(path).dump(files)
return HttpResponse(dir_show('images', path))
@staff_member_required
@csrf_exempt
def upload_file(request):
path = request.POST.get('path')
path = path.strip('/')
top = path
if not isdir(join(FULL_STORAGE_ROOT, top, THUMBS_SUBDIR)):
os.mkdir(join(FULL_STORAGE_ROOT, top, THUMBS_SUBDIR))
files = Thumbs(top).load()
for file in request.FILES.items():
filename = file[1].name
if '.' not in filename:
return HttpResponseForbidden()
name, ext = splitext(filename)
ext = ext.strip('.')
if not ext.lower() in ALLOWED_IMAGES:
return HttpResponseForbidden()
filelink = join(top, filename)
filepath = join(FULL_STORAGE_ROOT, top, filename)
file_body = file[1].read()
img_file = open(filepath, 'wb')
try:
img_file.write(file_body)
finally:
img_file.close()
img_file = open(filepath, 'rb')
try:
image = Image.open(img_file)
finally:
img_file.close()
xsize, ysize = image.size
files[filename] = {
'filename': filename,
'name': name,
'ext': ext,
'path': top,
'link': filelink,
'size': file[1].size,
'date': os.path.getmtime(filepath),
'width': xsize,
'height': ysize,
}
Thumbs(top).dump(files)
return HttpResponse('Ok.')
@staff_member_required
def sid(request):
return HttpResponse(request.COOKIES.get('sessionid'))
| 5,905 |
https://github.com/julianportelli/DFSA-Generator-Minimiser-and-Analyser/blob/master/src/State.java | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,018 | DFSA-Generator-Minimiser-and-Analyser | julianportelli | Java | Code | 52 | 85 | public class State {
// The ID of the current state. IDs range from 0 to n-1; where n is the number of states in the DFSA
int stateID;
// boolean value storing whether the state is final (accepting) or not (rejecting)
// 1 = accepting, 0 = rejecting
boolean finalState;
}
| 29,782 |
devoutinstructi00goff_13 | US-PD-Books | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,859 | Devout instructions on the epistles and gospels for the Sundays and holy days; | None | English | Spoken | 7,147 | 9,308 | (Iljirb 0nnba£ in Cent, calkb " ODntli.11 This Sunday derives its name from the first word of the In- ti-oit, which is " Oculi." The Introit itself contains the prayer of a soul anxious to be freed from the snares of sin. My eyes are ever towards the Lord / for he shall pluck my feet out of the snare. Look thou upon me and have mercy upon me, for I am alone and poor. To thee, 0 Lord, have lifted up my soul ; in thee, 0 God, I put my trust, let me not be ashamed (Ps. xxiv. 12, 15, 16). Glory be to the Father. Prayer. We beseech thee, Almighty God, regard the prayers of thy humble servants, and stretch forth in our defence, the right hand of thy majesty. Through Christ. 10 218 INSTRUCTIONS ON Epistle. (Ephesians v. 1-9.) Brethren: Be ye therefore followers of God, as most dear children. And walk in love as Christ also hath loved us, and hath delivered him- self for us, an oblation and a sacrifice to God for an odor of sweetness. But fornication and all uncleanness, or covetousness, let it not so much as be named among you, as becometh saints: or obscenity, or foolish talking, or scurrility, which is to no purpose: but rather giving of thanks. For know ye this and understand that no forni- cator, nor unclean, nor covetous person (which is a serving of idols), hath inheritance in the kingdom of Christ and of God. Let no man deceive you with vain words. For because of these things cometh the anger of God upon the children of unbelief. Be ye not therefore partakers with them. For you were heretofore darkness, but now light in the Lord. Walk ye as children of the light: for the fruit of the light is in all goodness, and justice, and truth. Explanation. It is here declared to be the duty of every Christian, not only to walk in love, but also to abstain from fornication, un- cleanness, and equivocal and foolish talk. No one, therefore, who is addicted to these vices, can have any inheritance in the kingdom of Christ. St. Paul also warns us against deceiving with vain words, such as are careless about committing sin, as if any crime were but a light fault, for which one might easily obtain pardon ; and here, perhaps, he refers more particularly to the Gentiles. Infidels, children of darkness and of the devil, are they who use vain words, that bring down the wrath of God upon all who believe them. A Christian, a child of light, that is of faith, should regard as a sin, what faith and conscience tell him to be so, and must live according to their direction, and not that of unbelieving and impious men. Ask yourself, therefore, O Christian, should any one try to lead you astray, whether after such a deed you could stand before the judgment-seat of God ? Listen to your conscience, as to an impartial judge, and then decide whether that which you are asked to do is good or bad, lawful or unlawful. THE EPISTLES AND GOSPELS. 219 Aspiration. O Lord, free my heart from all inordinate desires for tem- poral goods and sensual pleasures. May a childlike fear of thee, O God, guard my tongue, that I may not speak foolish, frivolous, and far less vain or scandalous words, which may give occasion to my neighbor to fall. Strengthen me, that I may not be deceived by vain words, and become faithless to thee, but that I may always walk as a child of light before thee. Ameu. Gospel. (Luke xi. 14-28.) At that time: Jesus was casting out a devil, and the same was dumb ; and when he had cast out the devil, the dumb spoke : and the multitudes were in admiration at it: but some of them said: He casteth out devils, by Beelzebub, the prince of devils. And others tempting, asked of him a sign from heaven. But he seeing their thoughts, said to them: Every kingdom divided against itself shall be brought to desolation, and house upon house shall fall. And if satan also be divided against himself, how shall his kingdom stand ? because you say, that through Beelzebub I cast out devils. Now if I oast out devils by Beelzebub, by whom do your children cast them out? Therefore they shall be your judges. But if I by the finger of God cast out devils, doubtless the kingdom of God is come upon you. When a strong man armed keepeth his court : those things are in peace which he possesseth. But if a stronger than he come upon him and overcome him: he will take away all his armor wherein he trusted, and will distribute his spoils. He that is not with me is against me: and he that gathereth not with me, scattereth. When the unclean spirit is gone out of a man, he walketh through places without water, seeking rest: and not tinding, he saith : I will re- turn into my house whence I came out. And when he is come, he findeth it swept and garnished. Then he goeth and taketh with him seven other spirits more wicked than himself, and entering in they dwell there. And the last state of that man becometh worse than the first. And it came to pass: as he spoke these things, a certain woman from the crowd lifting up her voice said to him: Blessed is the womb that bore thee, and the paps that gave thee suck. But he said : Yea rather, blessed are they who hear the word of God and keep it. What are we to understand here by the dumb devil ? 220 INSTRUCTIONS ON The evil spirit, who so controls those of whom he has pos- session, that they are dumb. By what power did Christ cast out the devil ? By his divine power, described also as the finger of God, which worked so suddenly and perfectly, that the possessed was at once freed and able to speak. How did Christ show the Jews that he did not cast out devils by Beelzebub ? 1. By the parable in which he explains to them that the kingdom of Satan cannot stand if one evil spirit is cast out by another. 2. By pointing to their own children, some of whom were enabled to cast out devils by the power they had received from God (Mark ix. 37, 38). For if they cast out devils in the name of God, why should the same thing, when done by Jesus, be ascribed to the devil ? Is not this evident malice against him ? 3. By his whole life, and his works, which were in direct opposition to the devil. The best defence against calumny is an innocent life ; and the sweetest consolation for those who are slandered, is the remembrance of Jesus Christ, who was thus accused. If we are obliged to defend ourselves otherwise, we should do so with truth and energy, but without bitterness or revenge- fulness. How can we apply this parable to ourselves ? 1. We also are dumb when we cease to praise God, to thank him for the faculty of speech, and when our prayer is without devotion. 2. When we do not defend our neighbor, in case of his honor and good name being attacked, to save him from harm if we can. 3. When we neglect brotherly admonitions, through indifference to the sins of those that belong to us; not preventing the evil that we might, by our authority and in- fluence. 4. When, through false shame, we do not confess our sins with sincerity. Jesus, by his grace bringing us to a good confession, casts this dumb devil out of us. Who is the strong man armed ? It is Beelzebub, in whose name, according to the opinion ot the Jews, Jesus cast out devils. The meaning of this whole passage is, "I am necessarily stronger than Satan, because I THE EPISTLES AXD GOSPELS. 221 overcome him, and take away his armor; that is, his malice, his hatred against God and man, his craft in deceiving, to- gether with the wicked inclinations of men, idleness, bad com- pany, slothfulness in prayer, and above all, human respect, all which are arms of Satan. Why does Jesus say, he that is not with me is against me, and he that gathereth not with me, scattereth P. Jesus here reproved the Jewish priests, the Pharisees, and doctors of the law, who, as men of learning and leaders of the people, should have been the first to know and receive him as the Messiah, and to join themselves to him, instead of perse- cuting him, maligning him as an associate of Satan, and en- deavoring to destroy his kingdom. Every Christian is thus bound to fight with Christ against the devil, against sin, and all its attendant evils. Consider this well, O Christian, that between truth and error, between Christ and Satan, there is no middle party. Either you belong to God or to Satan ; either you work for God or the devil. Are you not with Christ, against the world and the devil ? Then you break the oath of baptism, and are the enemy of Christ. We cannot serve God and the world ; we cannot give ourselves up to the vanities of the world, and at the same time be pious and devout. He that is not with is against me. How shall we understand what Jesus said about the uncL spirit '? In the literal sense, these words were a warning to the Jews ; particularly to the Pharisees and doctors of the law, showing them that their continued unbelief, after so many miraculous proofs of his mission and authority as the Messiah, would with certainty bring them to perdition. In the spiritual sense, they describe the state of the soul which has been purified by the grace of God, but has fallen back again into sin. For the soul of the sinner is the dwelling- place of Satan. Is he expelled thence by the grace of God, he .goes, seeking another resting-place; but finding none — that is, ing to men who keep their hearts shut against him, by penance, watching, and a virtuous life, and give no entrance to 222 INSTRUCTIONS ON his malice — he says, " I will return to the soul which I left." He applies himseltj therefore, to seduce that soul again, by de- ceiving it, and causing its zeal to grow cold ; its watchfulness and penance to cease. If he is successful, and the man falls into his former sins, and others besides, he then re-enters that soul, taking with him seven other spirits more wicked than himself, and the last state of that man becomes worse than the first. And this, 1. Because a relapse into sin gives fresh strength to its inclinations, while at the same time it weakens the will, thus making it harder for the man to extricate him- self; just as, in bodily diseases, relapses are always attended with additional danger. 2. Because renewed and repeated infidelities remove the sinner the further from God, and render him unworthy of the grace without which he cannot be saved. 3. Because a relapse into sin brings along with it indifference, feebleness, and many other sins. 4. Because a habit of sin is thus formed, which it is almost impossible' to break. 5. Be- cause when God forsakes man, he gives himself up entirely to sin, and becomes hardened and impenitent. Such is the mean- ing of the seven evil spirits occupying the heart of man. 0 Christian soul, guard against a relapse into sin, lest the worst befall thee. What happens to the individual will also happen to the nation. Thus it is that our Saviour applies the parable to the Jews, whose unbelief, immorality, and malice, becoming more and more confirmed, brought destruction upon them. Why is the woman who praised Christ mentioned in this gospel ? It is done, says Bede, to the eternal honor of her, who thus, publicly and without fear, called Him blessed whom the Phari- sees mocked and tempted in the most revolting manner. He who among the wicked shows himself to be pious, deserves the greatest praise. Why does Jesus call those blessed who hear the word of God, and keep it ? Because it is not enough to obtain salvation that we should hear the word of God only; we must also practice it. By this answer Christ wished it to be understood that his mother was THE EPISTLES AND GOSPELS. 223 to be called blessed, not only because she had conceived him, the Word of God, but also because she kept that word in her heart, and lived according to it. Aspiration. I thank thee, O Jesus, for having freed me from the slavery of Satan ; but look upon my frailty, and enlighten, O True Light, the eyes of my soul, that I may never be induced, by the delusions of the evil spirit, to disregard the malice and hurtfulness of sin, or to conceal it through false shame. Strengthen me, O Jesus, conqueror of the dumb devil, that if I should have the misfortune to sin against thy holy command- ments, I may have courage to overcome my false shame, and confess my sins in sincerity and humility. O my Saviour, be thou my leader in the fight, that I may foil those arms of the devil, my evil inclinations, idleness, bad company, bad books, and human respect, and grant that I may never relapse into sin, but serve thee with perseverance. Amen. Meditation. Jesus is brought out before the people, with the words, " Be- hold the man !" Do you also remain unmoved, like the Jews, while looking at the lacerated Saviour ? itlonbaji. $!)irfr tteek in £<mt. Introit of the Mass. In God I 'will praise the word, in the Lord I will praise his speech. In God I icill trust. I will not fear what man can do against me (Ps. lv.) Have mercy on me, 0 God, for man hath trodden me under foot. All the day long he had afflicted me, fighting against me. Glory be to the Father. Prayer. Pour forth, in thy mercy, we beseech thee, O Lord, thy grace into our hearts, that, as Ave abstain from flesh, we may also restrain our senses from hurtful excesses. 224 INSTRUCTIONS ON Epistle. (4 Kings v. 1 15.) In those days, Naaman, general of the army of tlie king of Syria, was a great man with his master, and honorable: for by him the Lord gave deliverance to Syria : and he was a valiant man and rich, but a leper. Now there had gone out robbers from Syria, and had led away captive out of the land of Israel a little maid, and she waited upon-Naaman's wife. And she said to her mistress : I wish my mas- ter had been with the prophet, that is in Samaria: he would certainly have healed him of the leprosy Avhich he hath. Then Naaman went in to his lord, and told him, saying : Thus and thus said the girl from the land of Israel. And the king of Syria said to him : Go, and I will send a letter to the king of Israel. And he departed, and took with him ten talents of silver, and six thousand pieces of gold, and ten changes of raiment, and brought the letter to the king of Israel, in these words : When thou shalt receive this letter, know that I have sent to thee Naaman my servant, that thou mayest heal him of his leprosy. And when the king of Israel had read the letter, he rent his garments, and said : Am I God, to be able to kill and give life, that this man hath sent to me, to heal a man of his leprosy ? mark, and see how he seeketh occasions against me. And when Eliseus the man of God had heard this, to wit, that the king of Israel had rent his garments, he sent to him, saying : "Why hast thou rent thy gar- ments ? let him come to me, and let him know that there is a prophet in Israel. So Naaman came with his horses and chariots, and stood at the door of the house of Eliseus : and Eliseus sent a messenger to him, saying : Go, and wash seven times in the Jordan, and thy flesh shall recover health, and thou shalt be clean. THE EPISTLES AND GOSPELS. 225 Explanation. The washing of Xaaman, the leper, in the river Jordan, by which he was made clean, according to the word of Eliseus, was a figure of baptism and penance, by which the leprosy of the soul, sin, is removed. Use often, therefore, the sacrament of penance, that thy soul may become purer and more acceptable to God. Gospel. (Luke iv. 23-30.) At that time Jesus said to the Pharisees : Doubtless you will say to me this similitude : Physician, heal thyself: as great things as we have heard done in Capharnaum^ do also here in thy own country. And he said : Amen, I say to you, that no prophet is accepted in his own country. In truth I say to you, there were many widows in the days of Elias in Israel, when heaven was shut up three years and six months, when there was a great famine throughout all the land. And to none of them was Elias sent, but into Sarepta of Sidon, to a widow woman. And there were many lepers in Israel in the time of Eliseus the prophet : and none of them was cleansed but Xaaman the Syrian. And all they in the synagogue, hearing these things, were filled with anger. And they rose up and thrust him out of the city : and they brought him to the brow of the hill, whereon their city was built, that they might cast him down headlong. But he passing through the midst of them, went his way. Practice. It was through a perverted will that the Pharisees demand- ed miracles of Jesus. He, knowing their hearts, reproached them for this, and pointed out to them the final perdition in which their course would end. Hearing this, they were filled with anger, and sought to kill him. Like these Pharisees are the infidels of our day, who, throw- ing oft' the yoke of faith, rise against God and his holy Church, to destroy her. Will they ever be successful ? No ; save as the Xazarenes were, in putting Jesus to death. What a con- solation in persecution, for us, that they can neither hurt us, or the Church ; and what an encouragement to be firm in our faith in Jesus and his holy Church ! 10* 226 INSTRUCTIONS ON Meditation. Pilate gives Jesus up to the Jews to be crucified, although acknowledging him to be innocent. Hast thou never acted against thy knowledge — out of fear condemning the innocent ? Prayer over the People. Let thy mercy, O God, assist us, that by thy protection we may deserve to be delivered from the threatening dangers of our sins, and by thy deliverance be saved. Through Christ. &uesfrag. ®I)irb toeek in Cent* Introit of the Mass. I have cried, for thou, 0 God, hast heard me / O incline thine ear and hear my words ; keep me, 0 Lord, as the apple of thine eye, protect me under the shadow of thy wings (Ps. xvi.) Sear, 0 Lord, my justicey attend to my prayer. Glory be to the Father. Prayer. Graciously hear us, O Almighty and merciful God, and favorably grant to us the gifts of wholesome self-denial. Through Christ. Epistle. (4 Kings iv. 1-7.) In those days, a certain woman of the wives of the prophets cried to Eliseus, saying: Thy servant my husband is dead, and thou know- est that thy servant was one that feared God, and behold the creditor is come to take away my two sons to serve him. And Eliseus said to her: What wilt thou have me do for thee? Tell me, what hast thou in thy house? And she answered : I thy handmaid have nothing in my house but a little oil, to anoint me. And he said to her : Go, bor- row of all thy neighbors empty vessels not a few. And go in, and shut thy door, when thou art within, and thy sons: and pour out thereof into all those vessels, and when they are full take them away. So the woman went, and shut the door upon her, and upon her sons: they brought her the vessels, and she poured in. And when the ves- sels were full, she said to her son: Bring me yet a vessel. And he THE EPISTLES AND GOSPELS. 227 answered: I have no more. And the oil stood. And she came and told the man of God. And he said : Go, sell the oil, and pay thy creditor : and thou and thy sons live of the rest. Explanation. By this epistle, the proverb is verified : " The greater our need, the nearer is God." Our confidence in him should, therefore, increase as our need increases. Purity of heart, and fervor in doing good works, give firm hope to the just. God enriches us with heavenly goods, as he finds us free from desire for the p'oods of this world. & Govpel. (Matt, xviii. 15-22.) At that time Jesus said to his disciples: If thy brother shall offend against thee, go, and rebuke him between thee and him alone. If he shall hear thee, thou shalt gain thy brother. But if he will not hear thee, take with thee one or two more : that in the mouth of two or three witnesses every word may stand. And if he will not hear them : tell the church. And if he will not hear the church, let him be to thee as the heathen and publican. Amen I say to you, whatso- ever you shall bind upon earth, shall be bound also in heaven: and whatsoever you shall loose upon earth, shall be loosed also in heaven, Again I say to you, that if two of you shall consent upon earth, con- cerning any thing whatsoever they shall ask, it shall be done to them by my Father who is in heaven. For where there are two or three gathered together in my name, there am I in the midst of them. Then came Peter unto hiin and said : Lord, how often shall my brother of- fend against me, and I forgive him ? till seven times? Jesus saith to him : I.'say not to thee, till seven times ; but till seventy times seven times. Practice. Jesus here teaches us both the method and the importance of brotherly correction and reconciliation. We must first re- buke our brother alone, then before one or two friends. If he should not hear them, we should try to reconcile him through the authority of our spiritual superiors, and on our part be ever ready for reconciliation, whether our advances are accept- ed or not. Whoever does not hear the Church incurs the sen- tence of eternal damnation ; but he who hears the Church, be- 228 INSTRUCTIONS ON comes reconciled to his brother, and prays with him, shall receive what he asks for. What an inestimable good might such brotherly correction and reconciliation be to the commu- nity of Christians, if it were not that we allow ourselves to be paralyzed by fear of men, and are more ready to calumniate our neighbor than to gain him to God. Meditation. Jesus, dressed as a king, is mocked. Hast thou never ridi- culed poor, debilitated, and old persons, in whom thou shouldst have recognized Jesus Christ ? Prayer over the People. Defend us, O Lord, by thy protection, and always preserve us from all iniquity. Through our Lord. fcOebnesbag. (Eljirir toeek in Cent. Tntroit of the Mass. But I will hope in the Lord. I will be glad and rejoice in thy mercy, for thou hast regarded my humility (Ps. xxx.) In thee, 0 Lord, have I hoped, let me never be confounded ; deliver me in thy justice, and rescue me. Glory be to the Father. Prayer. Grant us, we beseech thee, O Lord, that instructed by whole- some fasting, and abstaining from dangerous vices, we may more easily obtain thy favor. Through Christ. Epistle. (Exodus xx. 12-24.) Thus saitli the Lord God: Honor thy father and thy mother, that thou mayest be long-lived upon the land which the Lord thy God will give thee. Thou shalt not kill. Thou shalt not commit adultery. Thou shalt not steal. Thou shalt not hear false witness against thy neigh- bor. Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's house: neither shalt thou desire his wife, nor his servant, nor his handmaid, nor his ox, nor his ass, nor any thing that is his. And all the people saw the voices and THE EPISTLES AND GOSPELS. 229 the flames, and the sound of the trumpet, and the mount smoking: and being terrified and struck with fear, they stood afar off, saying to Moses: Speak thou to us, and we will hear: let not the Lord speak to us, lest we die. And Moses said to the people: Fear not: for God has come to prove you, and that the dread of him might be in you, and you should not sin. And the people stood afar off. But Moses went to the dark cloud wherein God was. And the Lord said to Moses: Thus shalt thou say to the children of Israel: You have seen that I have spoken to you from heaven. You shall not make gods of silver, nor shall you make to yourselves gods of gold. You shall make an altar of earth unto me, and you shall offer upon it your holocausts and peace-offerings, your sheep and oxen, in every place where the memory of my name shall be. Explanation. Every legislator says, "Thou shalt not commit adultery. Thou shalt not steal ;" but only He who knows our hearts has forbidden us to covet. To have no desire for what is forbid- den, is the very essence of rectitude, because then the root of vice is destroyed ; and out of love to our neighbor not to covet, is the spirit of the life of Christ. The fear of the Lord is good: it restrains outward acts: but love which combats the evil inclinations within, and brings us nearer to God, is better. More pleasing to him than an altar of pure gold set with the precious things of earth, is the heart from which is offered up what is acceptable to him. Gospel. (Matt, xv. 1-20.) At that time : There came to Jesus from Jerusalem, Scribes and Pharisees, saying: Why do thy disciples transgress the traditions of the ancients? For they wash not their hands when they eat bread. But he answering, said to them : Why do you also transgress the commandment of God for your tradition? For God said: Honor thy father and mother; and: He that shall curse father or mother, let him die the death. But you say: Whosoever shall say to father or mother, The gift whatsoever proccedeth from me, shall profit thee; and lie shall not honor his lather or his mother: and you have made void the commandment of God for your tradition. Hypocrites, well hath Isaias prophesied of yon, saying: This people honoreth me with their lips: but their heart is far from me. And in vain do they wor- 230 INSTRUCTIONS ON ship me, teaching doctrines and commandments of men. And having called together the multitudes unto him, he said to them: Hear ye and understand. Not that which goeth into the mouth, defileth a man: but what cometh out of the mouth, this defileth a man. Then came his disciples, and said to him: Dost thou know that the Phari- sees, when they heard this word, were scandalized ? But he answer- ing, said: Every plant which my heavenly Father hath not planted, shall be rooted up. Let them alone: they are blind, and leaders of the blind. And if the blind lead the blind, both fall into the pit. And Peter answering, said to him : Expound to us this parable. But he said: Are you also yet without understanding? Do you not un- derstand, that whatsoever entereth into the mouth, goeth into the belly, and is cast out into the privy? But the things which proceed out of the mouth, come forth from the heart, and those things defile a man. For from the heart cometh forth evil thoughts, murders, adulteries, fornications, thefts, false testimonies, blasphemies. These are the things that defile a man. But to eat with unwashed hands doth not defile a man. What is the meaning of the words, " not that which goeth into the mouth, defileth a man?" Christ did not mean to say, " Eat and drink whatever you wish, you will never sin ;" for to abstain from certain food was commanded by that divine law which he came to fulfil (Matt. v. IV); but he intended thereby to say, "It is not the unclean or forbidden food alone which defiles a man, but it is the per- verse will within, and the wicked deeds without, that make him sinful and unclean." When our first parents in Paradise ate the forbidden fruit, it was not the fruit itself entering the mouth, but the disobedience towards God, proceeding from the heart, that first defiled them, and after that, the act of eat- ing. Thus thou also art defiled by the wicked words coming from thy mouth, with which thou gainsayest the authority instituted by God ; by thy gluttony on days of fasting and abstinence appointed by the Church. What Christians in this way make themselves guilty of hypocrisy ? Those who keep the precepts of the Church, but violate, at the same time, the law of God. Many, for instance, would not for any consideration eat flesh-meat on a Friday, but do THE EPISTLES AND GOSPELS. 231 not hesitate to eat more than enough of permitted meats, to curse and swear, to scandalize the little ones, to slander their neighbors, and to drive away the poor and needy. Meditation. Jesus is crowned with thorns. He suffers for your proud, vain, and sinful thoughts. Oh, be sorry for them ! combat them ! Prayer over the People. Grant, we beseech thee, O Almighty God, that we who seek the favor of thy protection, being delivered from all evils, may serve thee with secure minds. Throuo;h Christ. fttjursban. &t)irb toeek in Cent. Introit of the Mass. I am the salvation of the people, saith the Lord. From ichatever tribulation they shall cry to me, 1 will hear them, and I will be their Lord forever (Ps. lxxvii.) Attend, 0 my people, to my law, incline your ear to the vjords of my mouth. Glory be the Father. Prayer. May the blessed solemnity of thy saints, Cosmas and Da- mian, magnify thee, O Lord, by which thou hast granted eter- nal glory to them and assistance to us in thy ineffable provi- dence. Through our Lord. Epistle. (Jer. vii. 1-7.) In those days the word of the Lord came to me, saying: Stand in the gate of the house of the Lord, and proclaim there this word, and say : Hear ye the word of the Lord, all ye men of Juda, that enter in at these gates, to adore the Lord. Thus saith the Lord of hosts the God of Israel: Make your ways and your doings good: and 1 will dwell with you in this place. Trust not in lying words, saying: The temple of the Lord, the temple of the Lord, it is the temple of the Lord. For if you will order well yonr ways, and your doings : if you will execute judgment between a man and his neighbor, if you op- press not the stranger, the fatherless, and the widow, and shed not 232 INSTRUCTIONS ON innocent blood in this place, and walk not after strange gods to your own hurt, I will dwell with you in this place : in the land which I gave to your fathers from the beginning and forever, saith the Lord Almighty. Explanation. The Jews believed themselves to be acceptable to God, be- cause they had the temple of the true God at Jerusalem, and observed the requirements of the external service there offered. This error the prophet exposes ; teaching them, by divine com- mand, that he only is acceptable to God who combines the out- wafd service with an inward intention to please God, and to perform works of justice and mercy. Like these Jews, many Catholics attach more importance to the outward observances and ceremonies of the Church, than to the correction of their hearts. We may justly feel happy to be members of the Catholic Church ; but let us remember the significant words of St. Pacian, " What does it profit us to believe in the Catholic Church, but to live like the heathen ?" Gospel. (Luke iv. 38-44.) At that time Jesus, rising up out of the synagogue, went into Simon's house. And Simon's wife's mother was taken with a great fever, and they besought him for her. And standing over her, he commanded the fever, and it left her. And immediately rising, she ministered to them. And when the sun was down, all they that had any sick with divers diseases, brought them to him. But he laying his hands on every one of them, healed them. And devils went out from many, crying out and saying : Thou art the Son of God. And rebuking them he suffered them not to speak, for they knew that he was Christ. And when it was day, going out he went into a desert place, and the multitudes sought him, and came unto him : and they detained him that he should not depart from them. To whom he said: To other cities also I must preach the kingdom of God: for therefor am 1 sent. And he was preaching in the synagogues of Galilee. What does the mother of Simon's wife here teach us? To devote our strength, after recovery from sickness, to God and to our neighbor, for God's sake. Let us never commence THE EPISTLES AND GOSPELS. 233 a day without thinking, "This is perhaps my last clay." It is also a praiseworthy devotion to end our prayers every morn- ing and evening with an act of contrition, and the Psalm De Profundis (cxxix.) St. Paul says, in his Epistle to the Corinth- ians (xv. 31), I die daily. St. Theresa said, every time the clock struck, " I am now one hour nearer to judgment." Fi- nally, keep your heart continually so prepared as to be able to say calmly, with the Psalmist, My heart is ready, 0 Lord, my heart is ready. I expect thee every hour. Blessed is that servant, whom, when his Lord shall come, he shall find so doing (Matt. xxiv. 46). Meditation. Loaded with the cross, Jesus is led to death. As often as your passions rebel against the cross, remember Jesus, and follow him in love. Prayer over the People. May heavenly propitiation increase thy people subject to thee, O Lord, we beseech thee, and make them ever servants of thy Commandments. Through Christ. -fribaj). &l)irb tDeek in £cnt, The Introit of the Mass. Show me, 0 God, a token for good, that they who hate me may see and be confounded ; because thou, 0 Lord, hast helped me, hast comforted me (Ps. Ixxxv.) Bow down thy ear, 0 Lord, and hear me, for I am needy and poor. Glory be to the Father. Prayer. Look down on our fasts, we beseech thee, O Lord, with merciful favor, that, as we abstain from food in body, so we may fust from vice in mind. Through our Lord. 234 INSTRUCTIONS ON Epistle. (Numbers xx. 2-13.) In those days, the children of Israel came together against Moses and Aaron : and making a sedition, they said : "Would God we had perished among our brethren before the Lord. Why have you brought out the church of the Lord into the wilderness, that both we and our cattle should die? Why have you made us come up out of Egypt, and have brought us into this wretched place which cannot be sowed, nor bringeth forth figs, nor vines, nor pomegra- nates, neither is there any water to drink ? And Moses and Aaron leaving the multitude, went into the tabernacle of the covenant, and fell flat upon the ground, and cried to the Lord, and said : O Lord God, hear the cry of this people, and open to them thy treasure, a fountain of living water, that being satisfied they may cease to mur- mur. And the glory of the Lord appeared over them. And the Lord spoke to Moses, saying : Take the rod, and assemble the people together, thou and Aaron thy brother, and speak to the rock before them, and it shall yield waters. And when thou hast brought forth water out of the rock, all the multitude and their cattle shall drink. Moses therefore took the rod, which was before the Lord, as he had commanded him. And having gathered together the multitude before the rock, he said to them : Hear, ye rebellious and incredulous : Can we bring you forth water out of this rock ? And when Moses had lifted up his hand, and struck the rock twice with the rod, there came forth water in great abundance, so that the people and their cattle drank. And the Lord said to Moses and Aaron : Because you have not believed me, to sanctify me before the children of Israel, you shall not bring these people into the land, which I will give them. This is the Water of contradiction, where the children of Israel strove with words against the Lord, and he was sanctified in them.. Explanation. Can ice bring you forth toater out of this rock ? " This was said," says St. Augustine, " not that Moses doubted the almighty power of God, but only his own power under those particular circumstances ; namely, during the murmurs of the people. For this reason, God suffered the water to come forth after the second stroke. Thus the man to whom God himself gave testimony that he was faithful in his whole house, lost a great temporal consolation, for Josue was appointed in his THE EPISTLES AND GOSPELS. 235 room to bring the Israelites into Canaan. Thus God punishes the faults of the just. Are not we like the Israelites, who, having for so many years received favors from God, murmured against him ? Is not our behavior the same as theirs, when, after continued hap- piness, one day of misfortune befalls us ? Gospel. (John iv. 5-42.) At that time Jesus came to a city of Samaria which is called Sichar; near the piece of land which Jacob gave to his son Joseph. Now Jacob's well was there. Jesus therefore being wearied with his jour- ney, sat thus on the well. It was about the sixth hour. There com- eth a woman of Samaria to draw water. Jesus saith to her : Give me to drink. For his disciples were gone into the city to buy meats. Then that Samaritan woman saith to him : How dost thou, being a Jew, ask of me to drink, who am a Samaritan woman? For the Jews do not communicate with the Samaritans. Jesus answered, and said to her : If thou didst know the gift of God, and who is he that saith to thee, Give me to drink ; thou perhaps wouldst have asked of him, and he would have given thee living water. The woman saith to him : Sir, thou hast nothing wherein to draw, and the well is deep : from whence then hast thou living water ? Art thou greater than oar father Jacob, who gave us the well, and drank thereof himself, and his children, and his cattle? Jesus answered, and said to her: Whosoever drinketh of this water, shall thirst again ; but he that shall drink of the water that I will give him, shall not thirst forever : but the water that I will give him, shall become in him a fountain of water springing up into life everlasting. The woman saith to him : Sir, give me this water, that I may not thirst, nor come hither to draw. Jesus saith to her: Go, call thy husband, and come hither. The woman answered, and said : I have no husband. Jesus said to her : Thou hast said well, I have no husband : for thou hast had five husbands : and he whom thou now hast, is not thy husband. This thou hast said truly. The woman saith to him : Sir, I perceive that thou art a prophet. Our fathers adored on this mountain, and you say, that at Jerusalem is the place where men must adore. Jesus saith to her : Woman, believe me, that the hour cometh, when you shall neither on this mountain, nor in Jerusalem adore the Father. You adore that which you know not: we adore that which we know; for salvation is of the Jews. But the hour cometh, and now is, when the true adorers shall adore the Father in spirit and in truth. For 236 INSTRUCTIONS ON the Father also seeketh such to adore him. God is a spirit, and they that adore him, must adore him in spirit and in truth. The woman saith to him : I know that the Messias eometh (who is called Christ) therefore when he is come, he will tell us all things. Jesus saith to her : I am he who am speaking with thee. And immediately his dis- ciples came : and they wondered that he talked with the woman. | 10,901 |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/DocBook | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | DocBook | https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DocBook&action=history | Japanese | Spoken | 142 | 2,047 | DocBookは技術文書のためのマークアップ言語である。元々の用途はコンピュータのハードウェアやソフトウェアに関する技術文書の作成だったが、他の種類の文書のためにも使うことができる。
DocBookの利点のうち特に大きなものの一つは、文書内容の論理的な構造を表す、表示形式に依存しない文書の作成が可能となることである。そのようにして作った文書はユーザーが文書に手を入れることなく、HTML・EPUB・PDF・manページ・HTMLヘルプなどの様々なフォーマットで出力できる。
歴史
DocBookは1991年にHaL Computer SystemsとO'Reilly & Associates（現在のオライリーメディア）の共同プロジェクトとして始まった。初期は独自の組織 (Davenport Group) のもとで管理されていたが、1998年にSGML Open、後のOASIS（構造化情報標準促進協会）の下に移行した。現在はOASISのDocBook Technical Committeeによって管理されている。
DocBookはSGMLとXMLの両形式のためにDTDが用意されている。XMLならばRELAX NGとXML Schemaも利用可能である。DocBook 5以降、RELAX NGが標準形式となり、他のフォーマットはRELAX NG版から生成されている。
DocBookはそもそもSGMLアプリケーションとして登場したが、等価なXMLアプリケーションが開発され、ほとんどの環境でXML版に置き換わっている。ちなみに、XMLのDTDはバージョン4から登場し、それ以降、SGMLのDTDはバージョンアップしていない。
初期は設計に関わった主要なソフトウェア会社の間で使われるだけだったが、その後、DocBookはオープンソースコミュニティで多くのプロジェクトのドキュメント作成のデファクトスタンダードして受け入れられた。FreeBSD・KDE・GNOMEのドキュメント、GTKのAPIリファレンス、Linuxカーネルやその他のLinux関連ドキュメント、などが有名な例である。オープンソースコミュニティ以外での使用も増え続けている。また、DocBookに対する何らかのサポートを含む商用の文書作成ツールも多く出回っている。
DocBookのソースから出力文書を作り出すためのキーとなるアプリケーションは、ノーマン・ウォルシュら DocBookプロジェクトの開発チームがメンテナンスしている、XSLスタイルシート、およびレガシーなDSSSLスタイルシートである。それらのスタイルシートを使えば、高品質なHTML・XSL-FO・PDFを出力することができ、またRTF・manページ・HTMLヘルプなどのフォーマットでも出力することができる。ウォルシュはDocBookの公式ドキュメントであるDocBook: The Definitive Guideの中心的な著者でもある。この本は出版物として以外にもオンラインでGFDLの下で利用できる。
DocBookはXMLであるので、どんなテキストエディタでも書くことができるが、よりシンプルに作業を進めることのできる多くの専用ツールが存在する。EmacsのXML modeにはDocBookのスキーマ情報が組み込みで付属し、ユーザーは素早く要素の追加や文書の検証などが行える。DocBook文書を、各要素をCSSでスタイル付けすることで、視覚的に表示するWYSIWYGエディタも存在する。
コード例
<book id="simple_book">
<title>Very simple book</title>
<chapter id="chapter_1">
<title>Chapter 1</title>
<para>Hello world!</para>
<para>I hope that your day is proceeding <emphasis>splendidly</emphasis>!</para>
</chapter>
<chapter id="chapter_2">
<title>Chapter 2</title>
<para>Hello again, world!</para>
</chapter>
</book>
DocBookのフォーマットはXMLで書かれており、コンピュータと同様に人間にも可読である。そのフォーマットは「タグ」（<book>など）とテキストである内容（Hello world!など）から成る。タグは</book>のような「閉じタグ」と1対1で対応している。文書全体(book)は2つの章(chapter)に構造化されており、それぞれ1つのタイトル(title)と1つ以上の段落(para)から構成される。これは文書が任意の大きさになっても成り立つ。
注意しておかねばならないのは、タグはテキストの「構造」や「意味」を示しているのであって、「見栄え」ではないということである。つまり「この段落をボールドにしろ」「センタリングしろ」などの命令は存在しない。そういう設計なのである。1つのDocBookファイルから多くのフォーマットで出力を得ることができるが、それぞれ見た目が全く異なり、さらには要素の配置さえも異なることがある。
Simplified DocBook
DocBookには多くの機能があるので、新規の利用者は圧倒されてしまうかもしれない。学習に長い時間をかけることなくDocBookを利用したい者のために、Simplified DocBookが設計された。DocBookの小さなサブセットであり、論文や記事などの単一の文書のために設計されている。つまり本(book)はサポートされない。Simplified DocBookのDTDは現在バージョン1.1である。
脚注
出典
参考文献
外部リンク
英語
"What is DocBook?" - Oasis-open.org
DocBook Repository at OASIS - DocBookのスキーマ/DTDのオフィシャルサイト
DocBook Project - DocBookのXSLおよびDSSSLスタイルシートをメンテナンスしているSourceforgeプロジェクト
DocBook validator、XML → HTML/PDF transformer
DocBook to OpenDocument XSLT (docbook2odf) - DocBookのXSLTスタイルシート、OpenDocumentへの変換ユーティリティ
EServer TC Library: DocBook
日本語
DocBookの概要 (ppt) - 1999年作成
チュートリアルおよびリファレンス
英語
DocBook.org - Norman Walsh DocBook: The Definitive Guideのウェブサイト。Wiki、FAQなど。
DocBook XSL: The Complete Guide
Documention with DocBook on Win32
DocBook Demystification HOWTO
日本語
実用DocBook入門
DocBookで作るWindows Helpサンプル
DocBookによるドキュメント作成
EclipseでDocBook XMLを構築する
DTPソフト
マークアップ言語
XMLベースの技術
オープンフォーマット | 49,396 |
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20San%20Jacinto%20%28CG-56%29 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | USS San Jacinto (CG-56) | https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS San Jacinto (CG-56)&action=history | Serbo-Croatian | Spoken | 31 | 85 | USS San Jacinto (CG-56) je deseta raketna krstarica klase Ticonderoga u službi američke ratne mornarice te treći brod koji nosi to ime.
Izvori
Vanjske veze
sanjacinto.navy.mil
Brodovi 1986.
Krstarice klase Ticonderoga | 30,245 |
https://github.com/Wulf0123/ai/blob/master/DynamicModule/src/main/java/com/ser/jar/Loader.java | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | ai | Wulf0123 | Java | Code | 389 | 1,376 | package com.ser.jar;
import com.ser.file.TempFileManager;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FilenameFilter;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.net.URL;
import java.net.URLClassLoader;
import java.nio.file.Path;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.jar.JarEntry;
import java.util.jar.JarFile;
/**
* Created by Brad
* on 5/29/2016.
*/
public class Loader {
public boolean load(String path) throws IllegalAccessException, IOException, InvocationTargetException {
if(path.endsWith(".jar")){
return loadJar(path);
} else{
return loadDirectory(path);
}
}
public boolean loadDirectory(String path) throws IOException, InvocationTargetException, IllegalAccessException {
File directory = new File(path);
FilenameFilter filter = new FilenameFilter() {
public boolean accept(File directory, String fileName) {
return fileName.endsWith(".jar");
}
};
System.out.println(String.format("In directory %s", directory.getPath()));
for(File file : directory.listFiles()){
System.out.println(file.getName());
}
if(directory.exists()){
List<URL> jarUrls = new ArrayList<>();
File[] jarFiles = directory.listFiles(filter);
System.out.println(String.format("Found %s jar files", jarFiles.length));
for(File file : jarFiles){
Path tempPath = new TempFileManager().copyToTemp("AI-LOADER", file);
URL fileURL = tempPath.toFile().toURI().toURL();
String jarURL = "jar:" + fileURL + "!/";
jarUrls.add(new URL(jarURL));
}
URL[] urls = jarUrls.toArray(new URL[jarUrls.size()]);
URLClassLoader ucl = new URLClassLoader(urls, this.getClass().getClassLoader());
List<Object> objects = new ArrayList<>();
for(File file : jarFiles){
JarFile jarFile = new JarFile(file);
java.util.Enumeration<JarEntry> entries = jarFile.entries();
while(entries.hasMoreElements()){
JarEntry entry = entries.nextElement();
if(entry.getName().endsWith(".class")){
Object o;
try{
o = ucl.loadClass(entry.getName().replaceAll("/", ".").replace(".class", "")).newInstance();
System.out.println(o.getClass());
if(o instanceof RunnableJar) {
objects.add(o);
}
} catch(Exception e){
}
}
}
}
System.out.println(String.format("Found %s runnable jars", objects.size()));
for(Object o : objects){
Method[] methods = o.getClass().getMethods();
for(Method method : methods){
if(method.getName().equals("run")){
method.invoke(o);
}
}
}
}
return false;
}
public boolean loadJar(String path) throws IOException, InvocationTargetException, IllegalAccessException {
File jarFile = new File(path);
if (jarFile.exists()) {
//Copy to tmp file location
//
Path tempPath = new TempFileManager().copyToTemp("AI-LOADER", jarFile);
URL fileURL = tempPath.toFile().toURI().toURL();
String jarURL = "jar:" + fileURL + "!/";
URL urls[] = {new URL(jarURL)};
URLClassLoader ucl = new URLClassLoader(urls, this.getClass().getClassLoader());
JarFile asdfa = new JarFile(jarFile);
java.util.Enumeration<JarEntry> entries = asdfa.entries();
List<Object> objects = new ArrayList<>();
while(entries.hasMoreElements()){
JarEntry entry = entries.nextElement();
if(entry.getName().endsWith(".class")){
Object o = null;
try{
o = ucl.loadClass(entry.getName().replaceAll("/", ".").replace(".class", "")).newInstance();
if(o instanceof RunnableJar) {
objects.add(o);
}
} catch(Exception e){
}
}
}
// Object o = null;
// try{
// o = ucl.loadClass("com.ser.test.TestJar").newInstance();
// } catch(Exception e){
// e.printStackTrace();
// System.out.println("CAN'T LOAD");
// }
// if(o != null) {
// Method[] methods = o.getClass().getMethods();
// for(Method method : methods){
// if(method.getName().equals("run")){
// method.invoke(o);
// }
// }
// return true;
// }
for(Object o : objects){
Method[] methods = o.getClass().getMethods();
for(Method method : methods){
if(method.getName().equals("run")){
method.invoke(o);
}
}
}
}
return false;
}
} | 7,645 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabale | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Kabale | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kabale&action=history | English | Spoken | 509 | 811 | Kabale is a town in the Western Region of Uganda. It is the chief town of Kabale District, and the district headquarters are located there.
Sometimes nicknamed "Kastone" as in the local language Rukiga, a "kabale" is a small stone.
Location
Kabale is located in the Kabale District of the Kigezi sub-region. It is about , by road, southwest of Mbarara, the largest city in the Western Region of Uganda. This is approximately , by road, southwest of Kampala, Uganda's capital and largest city. The town lies above sea level with the coordinates: 01 15 00S, 29 59 24E (Latitude:-1.2500; 29.9900).
Population
In 1969, the national census that year enumerated 8,234 people in Kabale Town. According to the national census of 1980, that population had grown to 21,469. In 1991, the census hat year enumerated 29,246 inhabitants. In the 2002 national census, Kabale had 41,344 residents. The 2014 national census and household survey enumerated 49,186 people. In 2020, the Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS) estimated the mid-year population if the town at 53,200. UBOS calculated that the population of Kabale Town, grew at an average rate of 1.36 percent, annually, between 2014 and 2020.
Points of interest
The other points of interest within the town limits or close to the edges of town include the following:
headquarters of Kabale District Administration
offices of Kabale City Council
Kabale Regional Referral Hospital, a 250-bed public hospital administered by the Uganda Ministry of Health
branch of the National Social Security Fund
Kabale Currency Centre, a currency storage and processing facility owned and operated by the Bank of Uganda, Uganda's Central Bank
Kabale University, a government university
Kabale Airport, a civilian airport operated by Kabale Municipality
Kabale Campus of Uganda Martyrs University
Kabale Golf Course
Rugarama Hospital 200 patient bed capacity Church of Uganda founded general Hospital
Rushoroza Hospital - 200 Patients bed capacity, manageged by the Catholic Church
Rushoroza Cathedral - seat of the Catholic diocese of Kabale, found in Kabale City
Radio Maria Uganda - Kabale Station, located on Rushoroza Hill
St Mary's College Rushoroza - Kabale, founded by the Catholic church
St Paul's Seminary Rushoroza - founded by the Catholic church
Impressions of Kabale
Notable people
Peter Mugarura - Economist and Development Economics Specialist
Benon Fred Twinamasiko, Physicist, Makerere University
Augustus Nuwagaba, Social worker and academic
Edith Mary Bataringaya, activist and politician
Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile - Governor Bank of Uganda
Ruhakana Rugunda - Prime Minister of Republic of Uganda
Callistus Rubaramira - Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kabale
Ian Mugisha, Life coach, Marriage counselor.
George Bagamuhunda - Bishop of the Church of Uganda Diocese of Kigezi
Ezra Suruma - Economist & Academic
Eli Nathan Bisamunyu - Politician and Historian
Mukama Prince Mbogo - Professor and Philosophical Anthropologist Lives in the USA
See also
Uganda Christian University
List of cities and towns in Uganda
References
External links
Lake Bunyonyi & Kabale in Your Pocket - A free downloadable booklet about Lake Bunyonyi and Kabale
Kabale Faces Shortage of Clean Water
Kabale District
Kigezi sub-region
Populated places in Western Region, Uganda | 10,153 |
https://github.com/ThreeEyedCrow/baseCP/blob/master/devlib/src/main/java/com/standards/library/dialog/BaseDialog.java | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,021 | baseCP | ThreeEyedCrow | Java | Code | 170 | 760 | package com.standards.library.dialog;
import android.app.AlertDialog;
import android.content.Context;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.Gravity;
import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup.LayoutParams;
import android.view.Window;
import android.view.WindowManager;
import android.widget.LinearLayout;
import com.standards.library.R;
import com.zhy.autolayout.utils.AutoUtils;
public abstract class BaseDialog extends AlertDialog implements View.OnClickListener {
protected Context mContext;
private boolean closeOutside;
protected BaseDialog(Context context) {
this(context, true);
}
protected BaseDialog(Context context, boolean closeOutside) {
super(context, R.style.fullscreen_dialog);
this.closeOutside = closeOutside;
this.mContext = context;
}
public BaseDialog(Context context, int theme) {
super(context, theme);
this.mContext = context;
}
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
getWindow().requestFeature(Window.FEATURE_NO_TITLE);
LayoutParams clp = new LayoutParams(LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT, LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT);
LayoutInflater layoutInflater = LayoutInflater.from(getContext());
View content = getContentView(layoutInflater);
initView(content);
View layout = getBaseDialogView(layoutInflater);
AutoUtils.autoSize(layout); //适配
layout.findViewById(R.id.dialog_top).setOnClickListener(this);
layout.findViewById(R.id.dialog_bottom).setOnClickListener(this);
LinearLayout contentLayout = (LinearLayout) layout.findViewById(R.id.dialog_content);
contentLayout.addView(content, clp);
setContentView(layout, clp);
setCancelable(true);
setCanceledOnTouchOutside(true);
WindowManager.LayoutParams lParams = getWindow().getAttributes();
lParams.gravity = Gravity.CENTER;
lParams.width = LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT;
lParams.height = LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT;
lParams.alpha = 1.0f;
lParams.dimAmount = 0.0f;
getWindow().setWindowAnimations(R.style.dialogWindowAnim);
getWindow().setAttributes(lParams);
}
public View getBaseDialogView(LayoutInflater layoutInflater) {
return layoutInflater.inflate(R.layout.dialog_layout, null);
}
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
if (closeOutside) {
this.dismiss();
}
}
public abstract View getContentView(LayoutInflater inflater);
protected abstract void initView(View content);
}
| 47,389 |
5460349_1 | Court Listener | Open Government | Public Domain | 2,022 | None | None | English | Spoken | 1,056 | 1,289 | By the Court,
Ingraham, P. J.
The plaintiff was appointed receiver of a debtor, under supplementary proceedings. The affidavit showed that the execution had been issued in a county where the debtor resided when it was so issued, which was three years previous; but it appeared that the debtor had afterwards removed to another county.
*26To warrant such proceedings, it is undoubtedly necessary that an execution should be issued to the county where the debtor resides, before the order for his examination can be made. The question arises, whether this refers to the time of the issuing of the execution, or of the application to the judge. At the hearing of this appeal I was inclined to think the affidavit in this case defective; but on more examination I have come to a contrary opinion. The words of the statute (Code, § 292) are, “ When an execution, &c. issued to the sheriff of the county where he [the debtor] resides,-is returned unsatisfied,” &c. ■ The proper construction of this is, I think, to apply the residence to the time of issuing the execution. The words, throughout, are in the present tense : “ When an execution issued to the sheriff of the county where . the debtor resides,” only applies to the issuing of the execution ; and the residue of the sentence, “ is returned unsatisfied,” also being in the present tense, also applies the residue of the sentence to the execution when issued, and to an occurrence necessarily past. The moment this had occurred, viz. the issuing of the execution to the sheriff of the county where, at the time, the debtor resided, and its return unsatisfied, the plaintiff was entitled to an order from a judge of the court, for the examination- of the debtor. All the facts necessary to give the judge jurisdiction at the time existed. I am of the opinion that the debtor could not, by his act, deprive the creditor of the right to the order for his examination, by changing his place of residence. If he could do so, then it is in the power of a debtor to defeat, at all times, his creditor. He has only, during the'running of the execution, to cross the boundary line into another county and reside there, thus to defeat his creditor.
I do not think, the statute requires any such construction, but on the contrary, that the requirements of the statute are satisfied when the execution has been issued to the county where the debtor resided at the time of the issuing thereof, and that *27the subsequent change of residence by the debtor, does not defeat the creditor’s proceeding.
The order must require the debtor’s appearance in the county to “which the execution had been issued.” That county was the one in which the debtor resided when the execution was issued. So far as the jurisdiction of a judge of the supreme court to make the order was involved, the residence of the debtor at the time of issuing the order was immaterial. Any judge of this court may make an order for the examination of the debtor before himself, in the county to which the execution against the debtor had been issued. The jurisdiction of the judge does not depend upon his residence, or his location, at the time of making the order. As his powers are coextensive with the state, so his authority to make this order extends throughout the state* irrespective of the debtor’s residence. I do not refer to the place where he is to direct the examination to take place. - That is directed by the statute to be in a particular county. If he is not to be in such county, he has power to direct the examination to be before a referee, under section 300 of the code. I think, therefore, there was no want of jurisdiction, in this case, in the judge by whom the first order was made. The affidavit showed all that was necessary to confer jurisdiction in the first instance, and such jurisdiction was not affected by the subsequent removal of the debtor to another county, after the execution had been returned.
I am also of the opinion that the debtor cannot raise this objection to the proceedings, in this action. The debtor appeared and was. examined, and such examination, without objection on his part, was a waiver of the irregularity, if any. I concur with Duer, J. in Viburt v. Frost, (3 Abb. Pr. Rep. 119,) where he says : “The appearance and submission'to examination must be regarded, if the order was null, as voluntary acts. And it cannot be reasonably doubted that a valid order for the appointment of a receiver may be founded upon a voluntary appearance and examination of the judgment *28debtor. It is only when a judge or court has no jurisdiction of the subject matter of the proceeding in which an order is made, that the order is wholly void for want of jurisdiction. It is to such cases that the maxim 6 consent cannot give jurisdiction/ applies. In all other cases, the objection to the jurisdiction may be waived. Here the general authority of the judge to make the order appointing a receiver—in other words, his jurisdiction over the subject matter of the order— was unquestionable.”
[New York General Term,
February 3, 1862.
So, in Dudley v. Mayhew, (3 New York Rep. 9,) it is said that an assent of the parties cannot give jurisdiction, in a matter over which the court has not by law cognizance.
I would add, also, that the like jurisdiction over the person of the debtor, under a proper affidavit, was likewise beyond dispute. To hold the reverse of these propositions would virtually destroy the whole intent of the legislature, in this portion of the code. If a debtor -may, by secretly removing from the county while the execution is running, and afterwards submitting to an examination and the appointment of a receiver, without objection, defeat any action brought by such receiver, for such reasons, these provisions can be rendered nugatory.’
I am-of the opinion that the appointment of the receiver was valid, and cannot be affected by this objection to the jurisdiction, in the present action.
Judgment affirmed, with costs.
Ingraham, Clerics and Leonard, Justices.].
| 33,063 |
https://github.com/KIPRONODENIS/E-Agrovet/blob/master/app/Http/Controllers/ProfileController.php | Github Open Source | Open Source | BSD-Source-Code | 2,020 | E-Agrovet | KIPRONODENIS | PHP | Code | 43 | 186 | <?php
namespace App\Http\Controllers;
use Illuminate\Http\Request;
use Auth;
class ProfileController extends Controller
{
public function name(Request $request){
$request->validate([
'name'=>'required|min:3|max:50'
]);
Auth::user()->update([
'name'=>$request->name
]);
return redirect()->back()->with('success','Name successfully Updated');
}
public function email(Request $request){
$request->validate([
'email'=>'required|min:3|max:50'
]);
Auth::user()->update([
'email'=>$request->email
]);
return redirect()->back()->with('success','Email successfully Updated');
}
}
| 41,461 |
W1574078854.txt_2 | Open-Science-Pile | Open Science | Various open science | 2,012 | Cochlear Implants in Children: A Review | None | English | Spoken | 6,843 | 9,877 | Greater proportions of children are showing age-appropriate development in receptive and
expressive vocabulary (50% & 58%; Geers et al., 2009) and receptive and expressive
language (47% & 39%; Nicholas & Geers, 2008) than previously. It has also been observed
that some children with cochlear implants are even able to learn language more quickly than
the average child with normal hearing and therefore ‘catch up’ some of the delay in
language acquisition incurred before they received a cochlear implant, with reports of
language development at age-appropriate levels between the ages of 4 and 7 years
(Yoshinaga-Itano et al., 2010). As with speech perception and speech production, there is
still enormous variation in language skills between individuals and between different
populations of children (Spencer et al., 2003), with recent reports still documenting many
children with significant language delays (Ching, 2010; Connor et al., 2000; Nikolopoulos et
al., 2004; Sarant et al., 2009; Young & Killen, 2002).
The capacity for learning language in children with normal hearing is so great that they are
not only able to develop fluency in their native language, but can also become fluent
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343
speakers of more than three other languages without specific instruction. However, there
have long been concerns that language delay in bilingual children is due to simultaneously
learning two languages, due to the fact that learning a second language delays the learning
process with the first language. It seemed logical that, for children with impaired auditory
systems who are facing even greater challenges in language acquisition, learning two
languages simultaneously would further delay the acquisition of the first language. More
recently, it has been found that delays in vocabulary and slower progress in learning the
second language dissipate in the early primary school years, and are likely to be due to the
amount of exposure children have to each language (ie. the language that is used the most
develops more quickly). It has also been demonstrated that language impairments found in
bilingual children are due to individual children’s innate capacity to learn language, and are
not caused by simultaneous language learning (Genesee, 2001).
Despite the significant challenge inherent in mastering one spoken language with a cochlear
implant, there is emerging evidence that it is also possible for children with cochlear
implants to develop competence in a second spoken language. Robbins et al (2004b)
reported on 12 children implanted before age 3 years, who not only demonstrated
exceptional proficiency in their first language (almost all children had age-appropriate first
language) but also solid progress in their second language over the 2 years during which
they were followed. The children who were most proficient in their second language
development had parents who spoke the second language at home, had opportunities to use
the second language outside home, and had extensive cochlear implant experience. It was
noted that, as a group, many of these children were ‘ideal’ cochlear implant recipients; half
had hereditary deafness without additional disabilities, none had less than a full electrode
array insertion, all had received intensive auditory-oral therapy prior to and after
implantation, and none had meningitis-caused deafness. Two other studies have
documented the ability of children with cochlear implants to develop competency in a
second language. Of 18 children who received their cochlear implants by the age of 5 years
and had a mean usage time of 4.5 years, the majority had achieved age-appropriate
receptive and/or expressive language skills in their primary language, although their
second language skills were still in the early stages of development (Waltzman et al., 2003).
Uziel and colleagues (2007) also documented that some of the children in their study
showed some ability to develop competency in a second language.
3.5 Social and emotional development
Children with profound hearing loss, including children with cochlear implants, are at
increased risk for adverse life outcomes such as loneliness, poorer quality personal
relationships, behaviour problems, drug and alcohol problems, and generally poorer quality
of life than their normally hearing peers (Meadow, 1980; Watson et al., 1990). These
problems can be attributed to a reduced ability to acquire many of the skills that underpin
social functioning due to hearing loss (Marschark, 1993), despite their improved auditory
capabilities. It is also important to note, however, that not all children with profound
hearing loss and/or cochlear implants develop these problems. The impact of hearing loss
on children’s social and emotional development is also affected by several factors external
to the children themselves, such as parental acceptance of and adaptation to their child’s
hearing loss, quality of family life, the ability of the family to cope, school and community
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Hearing Loss
support, and resources (Calderon, 2000; Montanini-Manfredi, 1993). Of course, a child’s
personality and method of interacting with their social environment also contributes
significantly. The few studies that examine the psychosocial development of children with
cochlear implants show mixed results (Martin et al., 2011).
It has been reported that children with cochlear implants often have limited pragmatic
skills, which can lead to poor social integration (Bat-Chava et al., 2005). Pragmatic skills
include using language for different purposes (eg. greeting people, requesting information,
demanding information), being able to change language according to the situation or
listener (eg. speaking to an adult versus a toddler), and following conversational rules (eg.
turn-taking in conversations, using facial expressions and eye contact, rephrasing when
misunderstood). Children with poor pragmatic skills may say inappropriate things during
conversations, may show little variety in the language they use, or may relate stories in a
disorganised, illogical way. These behaviours often lead to a higher incidence of
communication breakdown, and can lower social acceptance, as many children may choose
to avoid having uncomfortable interactions with others who have pragmatic difficulties.
Pragmatic problems are often related to delayed language development, which may include
a limited vocabulary, and deficits in knowledge of grammar and age-appropriate slang.
It is not uncommon for children with severe-profound deafness to demonstrate significantly
reduced emotional development and social maturity (Bat-Chava et al., 2005; Hintermair,
2006). These children also report loneliness, a lack of close friendships and other
psychosocial difficulties more frequently than do their normally-hearing peers (Most, 2007;
Stinson & Whitimire, 2000), and some studies show that this is the same for some children
with cochlear implants (Boyd et al.,2000; Dammeyer, 2010; Leigh et al., 2009). Older children
with cochlear implants (aged 9-14 years) are generally more affected by loneliness than
younger children (aged 5-9 years), with children who receive their implants when older
being most affected (Schorr, 2006). This may reflect the fact that social interaction becomes
increasingly complex in adolescence, and peer group size tends to increase at this time,
making communication more difficult due to increased acoustic and social challenges (BatChava & Deignan, 2001; Martin et al., 2011).
Unsurprisingly, loneliness and psychosocial difficulties are greatest for children with
additional disabilities, particularly those with low speech intelligibility and poor
communication skills, as this increases communication breakdown and results in poorer
peer attitudes towards children with these difficulties, who may be rejected or ignored by
their peers (Dammeyer, 2010; Hintermair, 2007; Most, 2007; van Gent et al., 2007).
Conversely, other studies have found no increased incidence of loneliness and psychosocial
difficulties in children with cochlear implants compared to children with normal hearing
(Percy-Smith et al., 2008a; Schorr, 2006), and children have been observed by parents to have
improved communication skills and social relationships as a result of cochlear implantation
(Archbold et al., 2008b; Bat-Chava & Deignan, 2001; Bat-Chava et al., 2005; Huber, 2005;
Huttunen & Valimaa, 2010). Children with cochlear implants have been reported to be more
likely to be acculturated to hearing society than those with a severe-profound hearing loss
using hearing aids (Leigh et al., 2008a).
A statistically significant association has also been found between the level of social wellbeing in children with cochlear implants and their speech perception, production and
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language skills (Dammeyer, 2010; Percy-Smith et al., 2008b). Social development usually
follows language skill development, and improvements in both have been observed to occur
more quickly for children with cochlear implants than for children with severe-profound
hearing loss using hearing aids (Bat-Chava et al., 2005). It has been suggested that improved
spoken language and communication skills facilitate psychosocial development through an
ability to communicate and a subsequent increase in confidence (Bat-Chava & Deignan,
2001). Children with severe-profound deafness have historically been found to have lower
levels of self-esteem than their peers with normal hearing (Nicholas & Geers, 2003), with the
self-esteem of adolescents being lower than that of younger children (Schorr, 2006). It has
been suggested that unless their language skills match those of their hearing peers, children
with cochlear implants cannot fully integrate into the hearing community and develop
positive self-esteem (Crouch, 1997; Lane & Grodin, 1997). However, as with many recent
outcomes for children with cochlear implants, more recent research has shown equivalent
levels of self esteem in children with cochlear implants and children with normal hearing
(Loy et al., 2010; Martin et al., 2011; Sahli & Belgin, 2006).
Recent studies have also used measures of health-related quality of life (QOL) to investigate
psychosocial development in children with cochlear implants, using both parental and child
reports. QOL is considered to be an assessment of well-being across various areas of life
such as social interaction, school adjustment, friendships, communication, and listening
ability. Although a potential limitation of QOL measures can be that although parents are
well-informed of their children’s level of physical functioning, they have a tendency to
underestimate their psychosocial functioning (Zaidman-Zait, 2011), QOL assessments are
still regarded as a useful method of obtaining a more holistic measure of benefit. Loy and
colleagues (2010) found no significant differences between overall reported QOL for
children with cochlear implants compared to their peers with normal hearing, in either
younger (8-11 years) or older (12-16 years) groups, although the younger group rated QOL
more highly than did the adolescent group. Others have reported similar findings for
children of various ages (Huber, 2005; Warner-Czyz et al., 2009).
Several factors have been found to influence psychosocial development in children with
cochlear implants. Children who are implanted earlier and therefore have a longer duration
of implant use are reported to be more socially competent (Leigh et al., 2008a; Martin et al.,
2011), with girls outperforming boys (Martin et al., 2011; Nicholas & Geers, 2003; PercySmith et al., 2008b). As mentioned earlier, children implanted at older ages appear to be at
greater risk of loneliness (Schorr, 2006), and it has been suggested that this may be due to
the fact that they do not develop feelings of belonging and inclusion at a young age, as do
children with normal hearing, due to their delayed language prior to implantation. It is also
reported that children with cochlear implants in mainstream educational settings who are
exposed to spoken, rather than signed, language at home have a higher level of social wellbeing (Percy-Smith et al., 2008b; van Gent et al., 2007). This may be because children in these
settings are more likely to have hearing parents, and therefore are continuing to speak their
first language in these settings, rather than using sign language at home and spoken
language at school, as would children of many deaf parents. There is also no evidence that
children with cochlear implants in mainstream educational settings, where speech is used
exclusively for communication, have an increased incidence of social or emotional
difficulties compared to children in special educational settings (Filipo et al., 1999; Nicholas
& Geers, 2003; Percy-Smith et al., 2008b).
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Hearing Loss
Once again, there is enormous variability between individuals in their communication and
social development after cochlear implantation, with some children progressing at, or even
above, the average rate of children with normal hearing, and others who lag behind their
peers. Although there appear to be no negative reports on social/emotional development of
children as a result of cochlear implantation, a cochlear implant will not guarantee that the
social difficulties experienced by many children with severe-profound hearing loss are
avoided (Punch & Hyde, 2011). The research does offer hope, however, that an early
cochlear implant may not only facilitate the development of speech and language skills, but
can also give children the potential to develop a healthy and positive social identity and
competent interactional skills.
3.6 Literacy and academic outcomes
With documented improvements in speech perception, production and language outcomes
clearly attributable to the improved auditory access provided by cochlear implants, there
has been an expectation that academic outcomes for children with cochlear implants would
also improve, with implanted children showing significantly better performance than their
peers with hearing aids. However, although the proportion of children with cochlear
implants who are enrolled in mainstreamed education settings is increasing steadily (Geers
& Brenner, 2003), the degree to which cochlear implants have impacted on academic
outcomes in children with severe-profound hearing loss is not yet clear. Much of the
research on children with hearing loss is limited mainly to studies of reading ability, and
few children who have received cochlear implants at a young age are currently old enough
for longer-term outcomes to be measured.
Many children with severe-profound hearing loss, including those with cochlear implants,
have 4 to 5 year delays in spoken language development by the time they enter secondary
school (Blamey et al., 2001a; Dahl et al., 2003; Davis & Hind, 1999; Ramkalawan & Davis,
1992; Sarant et al., 2009). Generally, the greater the degree of hearing loss, the larger the
language delay (Boothroyd et al., 1991). It is well known that poor spoken language ability
is a primary cause of difficulty in learning to read for children with normal hearing, and it is
therefore unsurprising that literacy achievement for children with hearing loss has
historically been low, with many children failing to progress in reading beyond the
identification of a limited number of words, or the fourth grade level of primary school
(Geers et al., 2008; Moeller et al., 2007). Reported rates of progress have varied from 1 to 6
months for every year of education, with the delay in reading widening in adolescence
(Geers et al., 2008; Thoutenhoofd, 2006). A significant proportion of graduating students
with hearing loss are functionally illiterate (Helfand, 2001; Moeller et al., 2007; Traxler, 2000;
Walker et al., 1998), having not even acquired mastery of spoken language, which is
necessary not only for the development of literacy but also for the development of literate
thought (Paul 1998). Low literacy achievement and low academic outcomes have seriously
impacted on the ability of many children with hearing loss to obtain employment as adults,
with resulting low skill employment and reduced income for some, and others simply not
having sufficient literacy skills to succeed in the workplace at all.
One of the key language skills required for learning to read is vocabulary, which is often
limited in children with hearing loss due to phonetic and phonological delays (Connor &
Zwolan, 2004; James et al., 2008; Johnson & Goswami, 2010; Moeller et al., 2007; Moores &
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Sweet, 1990). Phonological processing occurs when a child analyses words into their
constituent parts, repeats strings of syllables that form new words, or quickly names
common words. These processing abilities enable word decoding to occur, which in turn
facilitates word recognition and comprehension of word meaning. Delayed phonological
awareness, and a subsequently delayed vocabulary, makes it difficult to learn to read.
Further compounding this difficulty is the fact that reading is a skill that must be learned
through explicit instruction, some of which may be ‘missed’ due to compromised perceptual
abilities caused by hearing loss, and also through an inability to understand some of the
instruction due to poorer language skills (Moeller et al., 2007). It has been shown, however,
that vocabulary development accelerates after cochlear implantation (Connor et al., 2006;
Dawson, 1995; Geers et al., 2007; Johnson & Goswami, 2010; Nicholas & Geers, 2008),
although there are conflicting reports regarding whether vocabulary growth rates slow over
time, particularly for children who received their cochlear implants at older ages (El-Hakim
et al., 2001) or remain constant (James et al., 2007). There is wide variability in vocabulary
development between children (Connor et al., 2000), and long-term follow up of some
children in their teen or early adult years still documents many children not having attained
age-appropriate vocabulary (Uziel et al., 2007).
Reading outcomes to date for children with cochlear implants are promising, with evidence
that children with cochlear implants are often achieving better reading outcomes at a faster
rate than their peers with hearing loss who use hearing aids (Marschark et al., 2007),
although many children are still significantly delayed. The number of children with cochlear
implants who achieve age-appropriate reading skills is increasing (Geers, 2002; 2003). It has
also been documented that almost 4 times as many children who have used a cochlear
implant for at least 2 years have achieved a reading level beyond that of fourth grade
compared to children with severe-profound hearing loss of similar ages using hearing aids
(Spencer et al., 2003; Vermeulen et al., 2007). Higher levels of reading performance have
been documented for girls than for boys (Moog & Geers, 2003), as has been observed in
children with normal hearing. As with normally-hearing children, the factor that most
affects reading outcome is language ability (Connor & Zwolan, 2004; Geers, 2003; Johnson &
Goswami, 2010; Spencer et al., 2003), with children who are more competent in producing
an oral narrative attaining better reading comprehension skills (Crosson & Geers, 2001).
Cognitive ability (Geers & Hayes, 2011), speech intelligibility and speech perception ability
have also been shown to be strong predictive factors of reading outcomes (Geers, 2003;
Johnson & Goswami, 2010; Spencer & Oleson, 2008).
There is increasing evidence that some children with cochlear implants can not only acquire
better reading outcomes than their peers with hearing aids, but can even achieve similar
outcomes to their peers with normal hearing (Archbold et al., 2008a; Spencer et al., 2003;
Spencer & Oleson, 2008). James and colleagues (2008) reported that children implanted
between the ages of 2 to 3.6 years achieved reading scores that were within one standard
deviation of the hearing normative mean, scoring higher than children implanted between
ages 5 and 7 years. Geers and Hayes (2011) also documented 47-66% of adolescents who
received their implants as pre-schoolers achieving reading abilities within the average range
for their hearing peers. Other studies have reported similar results, with 70%, 61%, and 51%
of children reading within age-appropriate levels (Moog, 2002; Geers, 2003, Johnson &
Goswami, 2010 respectively).
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Hearing Loss
Other studies have shown that although early cochlear implantation facilitates improved
reading outcomes in terms of both decoding and reading comprehension, a significant
number of children are still not reading at the same level as their normally-hearing peers,
and are falling behind over time (Archbold et al., 2008a; Connor & Zwolan, 2004). Geers and
colleagues showed that only 44% of secondary school students showed age-appropriate
reading performance, compared to 56% of the same group when in primary (elementary)
school (Geers et al., 2008). Although the group of children was reading, on average, at an
age-appropriate level when aged 8-9 years, the same children were delayed on average by
almost 2 years in their reading by age 15-16 years. More recently, Geers and Hayes (2011)
also reported that although 72% of the adolescents in the same sample had retained their
reading standing in comparison with hearing peers since primary school, (demonstrating
age-appropriate growth in reading skills over that time), 60% were still delayed overall. For
many children, the reading gap between children with cochlear implants and their peers
with normal hearing still widens as they grow older. Some studies still report that some
children still do not make any progress at all (James et al., 2008).
Studies of writing in children with hearing loss have evaluated syntax (or grammar),
looking specifically at complexity, productivity and grammaticality. The writing of children
with hearing loss has generally been found to be composed of shorter sentences than those
used by their hearing peers (Kretchmer & Kretchmer, 1986), repetitive phrasing, and many
subject-object-verb constructions (Lichtenstein, 1998; Wilbur, 1977). There are also many
errors of omission, substitution and word addition (Myklebust, 1964), including the
omission of articles, prepositions, copulas, pronouns and conjunctions (Crosson & Geers,
2001). Lichtenstein also noted many errors of morphology such as plurality, verb agreement
and tense in the writing of children with hearing loss. It has been concluded that children
with hearing loss have even greater difficulties with writing than with learning to read
(Paul, 1998).
During the primary (or elementary) school years, early writing patterns appear to follow
those of spoken language development (ie. children write as they would speak). As their
writing skills develop, they use more sophisticated forms of language so that their writing
becomes more “detached” from their spoken language (Spencer et al., 2003). Children with
cochlear implants are reported to persist in the documented pattern of immature writing
skills, with shorter, less complex sentences containing more errors reported for a group of 9year-old children using cochlear implants (Spencer et al., 2003). In this study, correlations
between language abilities and writing productivity suggested that the children had not yet
‘detached’ their written from their spoken language. Geers and Hayes (2011) also
documented the poor spelling and writing skills of children with cochlear implants
compared to their peers with normal hearing. Children in this study continued to struggle
with phonological processing tasks, and performed at delayed levels on measures of
phonological awareness, expository writing, and spelling.
Academic success relies on reading and writing abilities, and there is now a body of work
focused on literacy in children with cochlear implants. However, information on overall
academic performance of these children is scarce. Spencer and colleagues (2004) examined
academic achievement in science, social studies and humanities in young adults with
cochlear implants, finding that consistent users of cochlear implants performed comparably
to their hearing peers, achieving an overall mean standard score of 103.88 on the relevant
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subtests of the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement (the expected average score for
children with normal hearing would be 100). This study is novel because it is the only report
of fully comparable academic performance for children with cochlear implants. A more
recent report on educational and employment achievements in France showed that although
42-61% of the children had failed one grade (or year level) at school (a higher rate of failure
than for children with normal hearing), over 60% of those aged 18 years and over either held
a university degree and/or were employed at levels similar to those of their peers with
normal hearing. These figures were reported as being very similar to those for the general
population of France, where 53% of individuals have at least a high school diploma (Venail
et al., 2010). A third study of Malaysian children reported that for children implanted
relatively late (aged 3-4 years), 56% performed below the average level academically, with
greatest achievement in mathematics rather than language (Mukari et al., 2007).
As with other areas of development, wide variability in literacy and academic outcomes has
been reported. As children are implanted at younger ages and enter school with better
language skills, it is likely that future research will show a further narrowing of the gap in
literacy and academic performance between children with cochlear implants and children
with normal hearing. However, although many younger children are reported to be
performing at age appropriate levels, some studies suggest that this level of performance is
not sustained long-term by all children. Currently, the effect of cochlear implants on the
long-term academic outcomes of children appears promising, but unclear.
4. Factors affecting speech perception, production and language outcomes
Despite the significant improvements made in cochlear implant technology, and the large
body of clinical knowledge gained over time regarding likely benefits for children with
cochlear implants, one of the remaining significant challenges is to identify predictors of
post-implant outcomes, as there is great variation in benefits between individuals. Several
factors have currently been identified as influential in children’s speech perception, speech
production, language and academic development after implantation, and the most
important of these are discussed below.
4.1 Age at diagnosis
With the establishment of newborn hearing screening in many developed countries around
the world, the average age of diagnosis of hearing loss in these countries has dropped to 1225 months, with many babies identified as young as 3 months of age (Dalzell et al., 2000;
Harrison et al., 2003; Watkin et al., 2007). As mentioned previously, the earlier identification
of hearing loss has resulted in a rapid rise in the numbers of children receiving cochlear
implants at younger ages (ASHA, 2004). It was estimated that the number of children
receiving cochlear implants before the age of 2 years between 1991 and 2002 increased forty
fold (Drinkwater, 2004), and it is likely that this growth rate has not declined. However,
there are still many children in developed countries who are not receiving cochlear implants
early in life. It is disappointing to note that despite earlier identification of hearing loss
through newborn hearing screening programs, many families (and almost half of the
families in the U.S. who are referred for further hearing assessment of their newborn babies)
still do not receive early intervention services by the age of 6 months, as is recommended by
the 2007 Position Statement of the Joint Committee on Infant Hearing (JCIH, 2007). The
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Hearing Loss
reasons for this are varied, and include a lack of understanding of the importance of early
identification and intervention, problems with follow-up systems, lack of access to
appropriate services and other issues related to babies’ health (Sass-Lehrer, 2011). It is also
reported that around one third of pediatric implant recipients who passed the newborn
hearing screening assessment subsequently become implant candidates through progressive
hearing loss in the first years of life due to genetic causes such as the Connexin 26 mutation,
Usher Syndrome, or to other causes such as auditory neuropathy or congenital
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) (Young et al., 2011), and these children also receive cochlear
implants when older.
Although age at diagnosis has been reported by many studies to be an influential factor in
outcomes for children with cochlear implants, some studies have not found this link (Geers
et al., 2009; Geers, 2004; Harris & Terlektsi 2011; Sarant et al., 2009; Wake et al., 2005). Two of
these studies included a greater proportion of children who were diagnosed late and were
therefore implanted at older ages, reporting poorer performance than other studies of
children whose hearing loss was identified earlier. Nicholas and Geers (2006) reported that
age at diagnosis was not a significant predictive factor in language outcomes unless it led to
children receiving a cochlear implant before 24 months of age. Evidence that age at
diagnosis is an important factor has become stronger as children receive cochlear implants
at younger ages. Several studies have reported excellent speech perception abilities and ageappropriate language outcomes for many young children who were diagnosed with hearing
loss in the first six months of life (Apuzzo, 1995; Yoshinaga-Itano, 2003b; Yoshinaga-Itano et
al., 1998), and there is mounting evidence that early-diagnosed children are developing
language at a faster rate than their later-diagnosed peers (Connor & Zwolan, 2004; Kennedy
et al., 2006).
4.2 Age at implant/duration of profound deafness
Age at implantation is often quite close to time of diagnosis early in life due to newborn
screening. For children with congenital hearing loss, ‘age at implant’ is equal to ‘duration of
deafness’. Many human and animal studies of the development of the neurosensory
pathways of the primary auditory cortex in the brain have suggested that the plasticity, or
potential for development, of neural pathways is greatest during early development, and
that there is therefore a ‘critical period’, during which auditory stimulation must occur in
order for neural maturation to occur (Kral et al., 2001; Sharma et al., 2002). If stimulation
does not occur within this timeframe, the auditory system degenerates (Kral et al., 2001;
Shepherd, 1997). In humans with normal hearing, maturation of the central auditory system
continues throughout childhood through to adolescence. Research with humans has shown
that the central auditory system can retain its plasticity for some years without auditory
input, and when stimulated by a cochlear implant will commence maturation at the same
rate as for children with normal hearing, with the maturational sequence delayed by the
period of sensory deprivation (Ponton et al., 1996).
It has been found, however, that after long periods of deprivation, such as in children who
have used a unilateral implant for several years and have then received a second, bilateral
implant, that there were abnormalities in spatial patterns of cortical activity in the brain not
observed in children who received a second cochlear implant after a shorter time (Gordon et
al., 2010). Further physiological studies suggest that in the absence of normal auditory
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Cochlear Implants in Children: A Review
351
stimulation there is a period of about 3.5 years during which the central auditory system
retains its maximum plasticity. This can extend in some children up to the age of
approximately 7 years, after which it is significantly reduced (Sharma et al., 2005; Sharma et
al., 2002). Harrison and colleagues (2005), who examined the speech perception performance
of children implanted at different ages, argue that the situation is not quite as simple as this.
They hypothesize that although central auditory plasticity is limited for children implanted
at older ages, there is no age at which there is a clear cut-off, but instead there is an agerelated plasticity effect that depends to some extent on the tests used to assess performance.
Early research on cochlear implantation in children supported the biological plasticity
theory, showing a strong negative relationship between duration of deafness (or age at
implant) and speech perception outcomes (Apuzzo, 1995; Nikolopoulos et al., 1999;
Osberger, 1991; Staller et al., 1991). Initially, speech perception results for children who were
not congenitally deaf, received their cochlear implant relatively quickly, and therefore had a
shorter period of deafness, were superior to those for children with congenital deafness and
later implantation (Pisoni et al., 1999; Staller et al., 1991). As Marshark (2007) noted, children
who have later onset hearing loss have usually developed better language skills prior to
implantation, and therefore show better achievement afterwards (for example, Moog &
Geers, 2003). For children with congenital deafness, a significant correlation between age at
implantation and outcomes has also been documented in many recent studies. Children
implanted earlier show faster growth of speech perception (Tajudeen et al., 2010; Uziel et al.,
2007), language (Connor et al., 2000; Nikolopoulos et al., 2004; Schorr et al., 2008; Tomblin et
al., 2005) and reading abilities (Archbold et al., 2008a; Geers et al., 2008; James et al., 2008;
Johnson & Goswami, 2010), and also have improved psychosocial outcomes (Schorr, 2006).
Development of speech production is also associated with age at implantation, with slower
rates of development shown by children who received their implants later (Flipsen, 2008;
Peng et al., 2004; Tye-Murray et al., 1995). Interestingly, for children implanted very early,
early age at implantation and speech production have been observed to have the opposite
association, with one study documenting slower vocal development for children implanted
when younger. Greater physical, cognitive, and social maturity were thought to provide
children implanted at older ages with an advantage for early speech development (Ertmer et
al., 2007).
More recently, there have been reports of even better outcomes in children implanted
around the age of 2 years or younger, with higher proportions of children achieving speech
perception, language and reading skills commensurate with those of their hearing peers
(Duchesne et al., 2009; Geers, 2004; Niparko et al,. 2010; Svirsky et al., 2004). These results
have been observed to be “consistent with the existence of a ‘sensitive period’ for language
development, and a gradual decline in language acquisition skills as a function of age”
(Svirsky et al., 2004). Svirsky and colleagues qualify this observation by suggesting that the
auditory information provided by a cochlear implant is significantly inferior to that received
by children with normal hearing, and that it is possible that sensitive periods for speech and
language development may exist for cochlear implant users and not for children with
normal hearing because of the diminished auditory signal the former receive.
Nicholas and Geers (2007) studied the language development of 76 children who had
received a cochlear implant by their third birthday. They concluded that children who
received an implant by 12-16 months, before substantial spoken language delay had
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Hearing Loss
developed, were more likely to achieve age-appropriate spoken language. These children
‘caught up’ with their hearing peers by 4.5 years of age, whereas children implanted after 24
months of age did not. Both Nicholas and Geers (2007) and Tomblin and colleagues (2005)
observed an early burst of language growth in children implanted before the age of 18
months which was not seen in children implanted after this age. More recent studies suggest
implanting children as early as before 12 months of age, with strong development of speech
perception and language skills reported at age-appropriate rates for many or all of the
children (Svirsky et al., 2004; Tajudeen et al., 2010; Waltzman & Roland, 2005; Wie, 2010).
A review of recent studies concluded that the evidence suggests that cochlear implantation
before the age of 2 years is more effective than after this time, but that it is not yet clear
whether implantation of children under 12 months of age provides greater benefit (Ali &
O'Connell, 2007). As implantation of children under the age of 2 years is a relatively recent
practice, limited evidence has been obtained for short-term outcomes (only up to
approximately 5-8 years post-implantation) and the effect of implantation at a very young
age on longer-term outcomes is still unknown (Ali & O'Connell, 2007). It is also not yet
known whether children implanted at older ages, who have been shown to develop more
slowly, will eventually reach equivalent long-term milestones to those implanted earlier.
Some more recent longer term studies support this view, showing that although age at
implantation strongly influences outcomes in younger children, the effect of this factor
appears to wane with increasing age and implant experience (Geers, 2004; Hay-McCutcheon
et al., 2008; Moog & Geers, 2003). Finally, when considering these reports, it is also
important to remember that children implanted at younger ages are more likely to use oral
communication, a factor that has also been shown to improve speech perception and spoken
language outcomes.
4.3 Degree of hearing loss
There is conflicting evidence regarding the influence of degree of hearing loss on outcomes
for children with cochlear implants. This factor has been reported as highly predictive of
outcomes for children with cochlear implants in many studies. Speech perception abilities,
language development and reading in children with hearing loss and those with cochlear
implants have been found to decrease with increasing severity of hearing loss (Boothroyd et
al., 1991; El-Hakim et al., 2001; Holt & Svirsky, 2008; Wake et al., 2005; Zwolan et al., 1997).
Nicholas and Geers (2007) observed that children with better hearing prior to implantation
showed faster language growth with increasing implant experience than did children with
less pre-implant hearing. Conversely, some other studies that included more children who
were older when implanted and at testing have not found a significant correlation between
degree of hearing loss and speech perception, vocabulary or speech production outcomes
(Blamey et al. 2001a; Harris & Terlektsi, 2011). The majority of published evidence supports
a significant influence of degree of hearing loss on outcomes.
4.4 Cognitive ability
Non-verbal cognitive ability has been identified as one of the most influential factors on
language outcomes in preschool children with hearing loss. The influence of cognitive skills
is no less important for outcomes in children with cochlear implants, and several studies
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Cochlear Implants in Children: A Review
353
have reported it to be one of the most significant factors of all those examined, having much
greater influence than other variables (Geers et al., 2009; Geers, 2003). Non-verbal IQ has
been shown to have a significant effect on the development of vocabulary (Mayne, 2000),
language (Geers et al., 2009; Geers et al., 2008; Sarant et al., 2009; Sarant, Hughes, & Blamey,
2010), reading (Moog & Geers, 2003), and speech production (Tobey et al., 2003). Although,
after adjusting for the effect of language, cognitive ability usually has no direct effect on
speech perception performance, it does have an indirect effect on this outcome. This is
because language is strongly influenced by cognitive ability, and is the medium through
which speech perception assessments are conducted; children have to comprehend the
language used in speech perception tests and respond using spoken language (Sarant et al.,
2010). Many studies have demonstrated a strong association between language and speech
perception ability (for example, Blamey et al., 2001; Niparko et al., 2010).
Cognitive delay has been associated with reduced development of speech perception and
production skills in populations of children with diagnosed additional disabilities (Holt &
Kirk, 2005; Pyman et al., 2000; Waltzman et al., 2000), but is also a predictive factor for
children who are in the average range for non-verbal cognitive abilities (Moog & Geers,
2003). Pisoni and colleagues emphasized the importance of cognitive factors such as
memory, attention, and verbal rehearsal speed in determining outcomes after implantation
(Pisoni & Cleary, 2003; Pisoni et al., 1999), and postulated that ‘central’ cognitive factors
might explain some of the previously unexplained variance in outcomes for children with
cochlear implants (Pisoni & Cleary, 2003; Pisoni et al., 1999). Geers and Sedey (2011) added
credence to this theory with their recent observation that faster verbal rehearsal speed
contributed to better language outcomes in children implanted between 2 and 5 years of age
with more than 10 years of cochlear implant experience. In further support of Pisoni and
colleagues’ theory, it has recently been reported that when compared to children of the
same age and cognitive ability, children with cochlear implants still demonstrate language
delays that are disproportionate to their cognitive potential (Meinzen-Derr et al., 2011).
The cognitive processes underlying this performance-functional gap need to be
investigated and understood in order to implement appropriate intervention strategies to
close the gap and improve outcomes for a greater proportion of children with cochlear
implants.
4.5 Communication mode
Communication mode, often dichotomized into oral communication and total
communication (signing plus speaking), has long been investigated as a source of variance
in outcomes for children with cochlear implants, with mixed results. Proponents of oral
communication maintain that maximal auditory benefit from cochlear implants can only be
gained if hearing and speech are the only media for communication. There are several
reports of children attending oral communication programs achieving higher speech
perception and language scores than children in total communication programs (Archbold
et al., 2000; El-Hakim et al., 2001; Geers et al., 2003; Meyer et al., 1998; Moog & Geers, 2003).
Similarly, speech production outcomes are reported to be better for children in oral
education settings. Tobey et al (2003) found oral-aural communication and teaching
methods that emphasized speaking and listening to be the most influential factors in
determining speech production development in children implanted by age 5 years. These
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354
Hearing Loss
environments were found to enhance speech production development, regardless of
whether the environment was a mainstream school or a special school, although children in
mainstream environments outperformed those in special education environments.
Proponents of the total communication approach maintain that children will obtain maximal
information through the use of both speech and some form of manually coded English, as
the latter will provide information that may be missed due to insufficient auditory abilities.
Improved vocabulary development has been documented for children implanted early and
enrolled in total communication educational programs over those in oral programs (Connor
et al., 2000). There are also reports that mode of communication does not significantly
influence some outcomes. Yoshinaga-Itano and Snyder (1996) found that mode of
communication and learning did not significantly affect students' performance in the
lexical/semantic characteristics of their written language. They hypothesized that written
language is acquired in such a way that students need only one well-established language in
order to acquire the written form of their language, and that both oral and signed
communication methods may provide students with sufficient bases from which to learn
written English. Similarly, several studies of speech perception, production, language,
reading and later academic outcomes of children with cochlear implants have not found oral
or total communication modes to be predictive of better results (Geers, 2003; Miyamoto et
al., 1993; Niparko et al., 2010; Robbins et al., 1999; Uziel et al., 2007).
The absence of overwhelming evidence of the superiority of one communication method
over the other may be due to differences in the characteristics of the children studied.
| 37,749 |
14932-8-1 | Gutenberg | Open Culture | Public Domain | null | Punch, or the London Charivari, Volume 1, October 16, 1841 | Various | English | Spoken | 9,971 | 15,851 | 1,
October 16, 1841, by Various
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. VOL. 1. FOR THE WEEK ENDING OCTOBER 16, 1841. * * * * *
TRADE REPORT. (FROM OUR OWN REPORTER.)
[Illustration: T]The market has been in a most extraordinary state all the
morning. Our first advices informed us that feathers were getting very
heavy, and that lead was a great deal brisker than usual. In the
fish-market, flounders were not so flat as they had been, and, to the
surprise of every one, were coming round rapidly. The deliveries of tallow were very numerous, and gave a smoothness to the
transactions of the day, which had a visible effect on business. Every
species of fats were in high demand, but the glut of mutton gave a
temporary check to the general facility of the ordinary operations. The milk market is in an unsettled state, the late rains having caused an
unusual abundance. A large order for skim, for the use of a parish union,
gave liveliness to the latter portion of the day, which had been
exceedingly gloomy during the whole morning. We had a long conversation in the afternoon with a gentleman who is up to
every move in the poultry-market, and his opinion is, that the flouring
system must soon prove the destruction of fair and fowl commerce. We do
not wish to be premature, but our informant is a person in whom we place
the utmost reliance, and, indeed, there is every reason why we should
depend upon so respectable an authority. Cotton is in a dull state. We saw only one ball in the market, and even
that was not in a dealer's hands, but was being used by a basket-woman,
who was darning a stocking. After this, who can be surprised at the
stoppage of the factories? Nothing was done in gloves, and what few sales were effected, seemed to be
merely for the purpose of keeping the hand in, with a view to future
dealings. * * * * *
THE GEOLOGY OF SOCIETY. The study of Geology, in the narrow acceptation of the word, is confined
to the investigation of the materials which compose this terrestrial
globe;--in its more extended signification, it relates, also, to the
examination of the different layers or strata of society, as they are to
be met with in the world. Society is divided into three great strata, called High Life--Middle
Life--and Low Life. Each of these strata contains several classes, which
have been ranged in the following order, descending from the highest to
the lowest--that is, from the drawing-room of St. James's to the cellar in
St. Giles's. _ _
| | ST. JAMES'S SERIES. H | | People wearing coronets. i | Superior__| People related to coronets. g | Class. | People having no coronet, but who expect to get one. h | | People who talk of their grandfathers, and keep a
-| | carriage. L | |_
i | _
f | | SECONDARY. e | | (_Russell-square group._)
| | People who keep a carriage, but are silent
|_ | respecting their grandfathers. _ | People who give dinners to the superior series. | | People who talk of the four per cents, and are
| | suspected of being mixed up in a grocery concern
M | Transition_| in the City. i | Class. |
d | | (_Clapham group._)
d | | People who "confess the Cape," and say, that though
l | | Pa amuses himself in the dry-salter line in
e | | Fenchurch-street, he needn't do it if he didn't
-| | like. L | | People who keep a shop "concern" and a one-horse
i | | shay, and go to Ramsgate for three weeks in the
f | |_ dog-days. e | _
| | People who keep a "concern," but no shay, do the
| | genteel with the light porter in livery on solemn
| | occasions. | | People, known as "shabby-genteels," who prefer
|Metamorphic | walking to riding, and study Kidd's "How to live
|_ class. __| on a hundred a-year."
_ |
L | | INFERIOR SERIES. o | | (_Whitechapel group._)
w | | People who dine at one o'clock, and drink stout out
| |_ of the pewter, at the White Conduit Gardens. L-| _
i | | People who think Bluchers fashionable, and ride in
f | Primitive__| pleasure "wans" to Richmond on Sundays in summer. e | Formation. |
| | (_St. Giles's group._)
|_ |_Tag-rag and bob-tail in varieties. It will be seen, by a glance at the above table, that the three great
divisions of society, namely, _High Life, Low Life_, and _Middle Life_,
are subdivided, or more properly, sub-classed, into the Superior,
Transition, and Metamorphic classes. Lower still than these in the social
scale is the Primitive Formation--which may be described as the basis and
support of all the other classes. The individuals comprising it may be
distinguished by their ragged surface, and shocking bad hats; they
effervesce strongly with gin or Irish whiskey. This class comprehends the
_St. Giles's Group_--(which is the lowest of all the others, and is found
only in the great London basin)--and that portion of the Whitechapel group
whose individuals wear Bluchers and ride in pleasure 'wans' to Richmond on
Sundays. In man's economy the _St. Giles's Group_ are exceedingly
important, being usually employed in the erection of buildings, where
their great durability and hod-bearing qualities are conspicuous. Next in
order is the Metamorphic class--so called, because of the singular
metamorphoses that once a week takes place amongst its individuals; their
common every-day appearance, which approaches nearly to that of the _St. Giles's Group_, being changed, on Sundays, to a variegated-coloured
surface, with bright buttons and a shining "four-and-nine"--goss. This
class includes the upper portion of the _Whitechapel Group_, and the two
lower strata of the _Clapham Group_. The _Whitechapel Group_ is the most
elevated layer of the inferior series. The Shabby Genteel stratum occupies
a wide extent on the Surrey side of the water--it is part of the _Clapham
Group_, and is found in large quantities in the neighbourhood of
Kennington, Vauxhall, and the Old Kent-road. A large vein of it is also to
be met with at Mile-end and Chelsea. It is the lowest of the secondary
formation. This stratum is characterised by its fossil remains--a great
variety of miscellaneous articles--such as watches, rings, and silk
waistcoats and snuff-boxes being found firmly imbedded in what are
technically termed _avuncular depositories_. The deposition of these
matters has been referred by the curious to various causes; the most
general supposition being, a peremptory demand for rent, or the like, on
some particular occasion, when they were carried either by the owner, his
wife, or daughter, from their original to their present position, and left
amongst an accumulation of "popped" articles from various districts. The
chief evidence on this point is not derived from the fossils themselves,
but from their _duplicates_, which afford the most satisfactory proof of
the period at which they were deposited. Articles which appear originally
to have belonged to the neighbourhood of Belgrave-square have been
frequently found in the depositories of the district between Bethnal-green
and Spitalfields. By what social deluge they could have been conveyed to
such a distance, is a question that has long puzzled the ablest
geologists. Immediately above the "shabby genteel" stratum are found the
people who "keep a shop concern, but no shay;" it is the uppermost layer
of the Metamorphic Class, and, in some instances, may be detected mingling
with the supra-genteel _Clapham Group_. The "shop and no shay" stratum
forms a considerable portion of the London basin. It is characterised by
its coarseness of texture, and a conglomeration of the parts of speech. Its animal remains usually consist of retired licensed victuallers and
obese tallow-chandlers, who are generally found in beds of soft formation,
separated from superincumbent layers of Marseilles quilts, by interposing
strata of thick double Witneys. Having proceeded thus far upwards in the social formation, we shall pause
until next week, when we shall commence with the lower portion of the
TRANSITION CLASS--the "shop and shay people"--and, as we hope, convince
our readers of the immense importance of our subject, and the great
advantage of studying the strata of human life
[Illustration: UNDER A GREAT MASTER.]
* * * * *
COVENTRY'S WISE PRECAUTION. Some person was relating to the Earl of Coventry the strange fact that the
Earl of Devon's harriers last week gave chase, in his demesne, to an
unhappy donkey, whom they tore to pieces before they could be called off;
upon which his lordship asked for a piece of chalk and a slate, and
composed the following _jeu d'esprit_ on the circumstance:--
I'm truly shocked that Devon's hounds
The gentle ass has slain;
For _me_ to shun his lordship's grounds,
It seems a warning plain. * * * * *
CONTINUATIONS FROM CHINA. It is generally reported that the usual _drill_ continuations of the
British tars are about to be altered by those manning the fleet off China,
who purpose adopting _Nankin_ as soon as possible. * * * * *
THE VERY "NEXT" JONATHAN. There is a Quaker in New Orleans so desperate _upright_ in all his
dealings, that he won't sit down to eat his meals. * * * * *
[Illustration]
POOR JACK. A sailor ashore, after a long cruise, is a natural curiosity. Twenty-four
hours' liberty has made him the happiest dog in existence; and the only
drawback to his perfect felicity, is the difficulty of getting rid of his
prize-money within the allotted time. It must, however, be confessed, that
he displays a vast deal of ingenuity in devising novel modes of spending
his rhino. Watches, trinkets, fiddlers, coaches, grog, and girls, are the
long-established and legitimate modes of clearing out his lockers; but
even these means are sometimes found inadequate to effect the desired
object with sufficient rapidity. When there happens to be a number of
brother-tars similarly employed, who have engaged all the coaches,
fiddlers, and sweethearts in the town, it is then that Jack is put to his
wits'-end; and it is only by buying cocked-hats and top-boots for the
boat's-crew, or some such absurdity, that he can get all his cash
scattered before he is obliged to return on board. This is a picture of a
sailor _ashore_, but a sailor _aground_ is a different being altogether. An unlucky shot may deprive him of a leg or arm; he may be frost-nipped at
the pole, or get a _coup de soleil_ in the tropics, and then be turned
upon the world to shape his course amongst its rocks and shallows, with
the bitter blast of poverty in his teeth. But Jack is not to be beaten so
easily; although run aground, he refuses to strike his flag, and, with a
cheerful heart, goes forth into the highways and byeways to sing "the
dangers of the sea," and, to collect from the pitying passers-by, the
coppers that drop, "like angel visits," into his little oil-skin hat. These nautical melodists, with voices as rough as their beards, are to be
met with everywhere; but they abound chiefly in the neighbourhood of
Deptford and Wapping, where they seem to be indigenous. The most
remarkable specimen of the class may, however, frequently be seen about
the streets of London, carrying at his back a good-sized box, inside
which, and peeping through a sort of port-hole, a pretty little girl of
some two years old exhibits her chubby face. Surmounting the box, a small
model of a frigate, all a-tant and ship-shape, represents "Her Majesty's
(God bless her!) frigate Billy-ruffian, on board o' which the exhibitor
lost his blessed limb."
Jack--we call him Jack, though we confess we are uncertain of his
baptismal appellation--because Jack is a sort of generic name for his
species--Jack prides himself on his little Poll and his little ship, which
he boasts are the miniature counterparts of their lovely originals; and
with these at his back, trudges merrily along, trusting that Providence
will help him to "keep a southerly wind out of the bread-bag." Jack's
songs, as we have remarked, all relate to the sea--he is a complete
repository of Dibdin's choice old ballads and fok'sl chaunts. "Tom
Bowling," "Lovely Nan," "Poor Jack," and "Lash'd to the helm," with
"Cease, rude Boreas," and "Rule Britannia," are amongst his favourite
pieces, but the "Bay of Biscay" is his crack performance: with this he
always commenced, when he wanted to enlist the sympathies of his
auditors,--mingling with the song sundry interlocutory notes and comments. Having chosen a quiet street, where the appearance of mothers with blessed
babbies in the windows prognosticates a plentiful descent of coppers, Jack
commences by pitching his voice uncommonly strong, and tossing Poll and
the Billy-ruffian from side to side, to give an idea of the way Neptune
sarves the navy,--strikes, as one may say, into deep water, by plunging
into "The Bay of Biscay," in the following manner;--
"Loud roar'd the dreadful thunder--
The rain a deluge pours--
Our sails were split asunder,
By lightning's vivid pow'rs. "Do, young gentleman!--toss a copper to poor little Poll. Ah! bless you,
master!--may you never want a shot in your locker. Thank the gentleman,
Polly--
"The night both drear and dark,
Our poor desarted bark,
There she lay--(lay quiet, Poll!)
"There she lay--Noble lady in the window, look with pity on poor Jack,
and his little Polly--till next day,
In the Bay of Biscay O."
"Pray, kind lady, help the poor shipwrecked sailor--cast away on his
voyage to the West Ingees, in a dreadful storm. Sixteen hands on us took
to the long-boat, my lady, and was thrown on a desart island, three
thousand miles from any land; which island was unfortunately manned by
Cannibals, who roast and eat every blessed one of us, except the cook's
black boy; and him they potted, my lady, and I'm bless'd but they'd have
potted me, too, if I hadn't sung out to them savages, in this 'ere sort of
way, my lady--
"Come all you jolly sailors bold,
Whose hearts are cast in honour's mould,
While British valour I unfold--
Huzza! for the Arethusa! She was a frigate stout and brave
As ever stemm'd the dashing wave--
"Lord love your honour, and throw the poor sailor who has fought and bled
for his country, a trifle to keep him from foundering. Look, your honour,
how I lost my precious limb in the sarvice. You see we was in the little
Tollymakus frigate, cruising off the banks o' Newf'land, when we fell in
with a saucy Yankee, twice the size of our craft; but, bless your honour,
that never makes no odds to British sailors, and so we sarved her out with
hot dumpling till she got enough, and forced her to haul down her stripes
to the flag of Old England. But somehow, your honour, I caught a chance
ball that threw me on my beam-ends, and left me to sing--
"My name d'ye see's Tom Tough,
And I've seen a little sarvice,
Where the mighty billows roll and loud tempests blow,
I've sail'd with noble Howe,
And I've fought with gallant Jarvis,
And in gallant Duncan's fleet I've sung--yo-heave-oh!"
"A sixpence or a shilling rewards Jack's loyalty and eloquence. A violent
tossing of Polly and the ship testify his gratitude; and pocketing the
coin he has collected, he puts about, and shapes his course for some other
port, singing lustily as he goes--
"Rule Britannia! Britannia rules the waves!"
Farewell, POOR JACK! * * * * *
THOSE DIVING BELLES! THOSE DIVING BELLES! Some of our contemporaries have been dreadfully scandalised at the
indelicate scenes which take place on the sands at Ramsgate, where, it
seems, a sort of joint-stock social bathing company has been formed by the
duckers and divers of both sexes. Situations for obtaining favourable
views are anxiously sought after by elderly gentlemen, by whom opera
glasses and pocket telescopes are much patronised. Greatly as we admire
the investigation of nature in her unadorned simplicity, Ramsgate would be
the last place we should select, if we were
[Illustration: GOING DOWN TO A WATERING PLACE.]
* * * * *
PROSPECTUS
OF A NEW GRAND NATIONAL AND UNIVERSAL STEAM INSURANCE, RAILROAD ACCIDENT,
AND PARTIAL MUTILATION PROVIDENT SOCIETY. CAPITAL, FIVE HUNDRED MILLIONS,
IN ONE HUNDRED MILLION £5 SHARES--HALF DEPOSIT,
THE DIRECTORS
To be duly balloted for from amongst the Consulting Surgeons of the
various Metropolitan hospitals. ACTING SECRETARIES,
The County Coroners. By the constitution of this society, the whole of the profits will be
divided among such of the assured as can come to claim them. The public are particularly requested to bear in mind the double advantage
(so great a _desideratum_ to all railroad travellers) of being at one and
the same time connected with a "Fire, Life, and Partial Mutilation
Assurance Company."
The following is offered as a brief synopsis of the general intention of
the directors. Deep attention is requested to the various classes:--
CLASS I. Relating to Railroads newly opened, consequently rated trebly doubly
hazardous. The rate of insurance will be as follows:--
PER CENT. Engineer, first six months, total life ....... 90
Legs, at per each ............................ 74
Arms, ditto ditto ............................ 60
Ribs, per pair, or dozen, as contracted for ... 55
Dislocations and contusions, per score ....... 50
N.B.--A reduction of seven-and-a-half per cent., made after the first six
months. First class passengers will be allowed ten per cent. for the stuffing of
all carriages, except the one immediately next the engine, which will be
charged as above. STOKERS. Same as engineers, but a very liberal allowance made to such as the trains
have passed over more than once, and a considerable reduction if scalds
are not included. _Exceptions_.--All who have five small children, and are only just
appointed. SECOND CLASS PASSENGERS. In consequence of these travellers being generally more thickly stowed
together, the upper half of them have a chance of escape while crushing
those underneath, so that a fair reduction, still leaving a living profit
to the directors, may be made in their favour. Thus the terms proposed for
effecting their policies will be ten-and-a-half per cent. under the first
class. To meet the views of all parties, insurances may be effected from station
to station, or on particular limbs. The following are the rates, the
insurers paying down the premium at starting:--
£ s. d. First Class, leg ............................................ 1 11 6
Second ditto ditto .......................................... 1 7 9
First class, arm ............................................ 1 0 0
Second ditto ditto .......................................... 0 14 3
First Class, bridge of nose (very common with cuts from glass) 0 8 9
Second ditto ditto (common with contusions from wooden frames) 0 6 4
First Class, teeth each ..................................... 0 0 9
Whole set ................................................... 1 1 0
Second Class, ditto ......................................... 0 0 4-3/4
Whole set..................................................... 0 12 2
Necks, where the parties do not carry engraved cards with
name and address, First Class............................. 5 5 0
Second ditto.................................................. 3 3 4
In all cases where the above sums are received in advance, the Company
pledge themselves to allow a handsome discount for cuts, scratches,
contusions, &c., &c. All sums insured for to be paid six months after the death or recovery of
the individual. A contract may be entered into for wooden legs, glass eyes, strapping,
bandages, splints, and sticking-plaister. Several enterprising young men as guards, stokers, engineers, experimental
tripists, and surgeons, wanted for immediate consumption. Apply for qualifications and appointments, to the Branch Office, at the
New Highgate Cemetery. * * * * *
NOTHING NEW. The Tories are, truly, _Conservative_ elves,
For every one knows they take care of themselves. * * * * *
SCHOOL OF DESIGN. The public will be delighted to learn, there can be no doubt, as to the
elegant acquirements of the various _attachés_ of the new Tory premier. The peculiar avidity with which they one and all appear determined to
secure the salaries for their various suppositionary services, must
convince the most sceptical that they have carefully studied the art of
drawing. * * * * *
THE LABOURS OF THE SESSION. None but Ministers know what Ministers go through for the pure love of
their country; no person who has not reposed in the luxuriously-cushioned
chairs of the Treasury or Downing-street can conceive the amount of
business Sir Robert and his colleagues have transacted during the three
months they have been in office. The people, we know, have been crying for
bread--the manufacturers are starving--but their rebellious appetites will
be appeased--their refractory stomachs will feel comforted, when they are
told all that their friends the Tories have been doing for them. How will
they blush for their ingratitude when they find that the following great
measures have been triumphantly carried through Parliament by Sir Robert's
exertions--The VENTILATING OF THE HOUSE BILL! Think of that, ye
thin-gutted weavers of Manchester. Drop down on your marrow-bones, and
bless the man who gives your representatives fresh air--though he denies
you--a mouthful of coarse food. Then look at his next immense boon--The
ROYAL KITCHEN-GARDEN BILL! What matters it that the gaunt fiend Famine
sits at your board, when you can console yourselves with the reflection
that cucumbers and asparagus will be abundant in the Royal Kitchen Garden! But Sir Robert does not stop here. What follows next?--The FOREIGN
BISHOPS' BILL! See how our spiritual wants are cared for by your
tender-hearted Tories--they shudder at the thoughts of Englishmen being
fed on foreign corn; but they give them instead, a full supply of Foreign
Bishops. After that comes--The REPORT OF THE LUNATICS' BILL. This
important document has been founded on the proceedings in the Upper House,
and is likely to be of vast service to the nation at large. Next follows
the EXPIRING LAWS' BILL! We imagine that a slight error has been made in
the title of this bill, and that it should be read "Expiring _Justice_
Bill!" As to expiring laws--'tis all a fallacy. One of the glorious
privileges of the English Constitution is, that the laws never
expire--neither do the lawyers--they are everlasting. Justice may die in
this happy land, but law--never! Again, there is a little grant of some thousands for Prince Albert's
stables and dog-kennels! Very proper too; these animals must be lodged,
ay, and fed; and the people--the creatures whom God made after his own
image--the poor wretches who want nothing but a little bread, will lie
down hungry and thankful, when they reflect that the royal dogs and horses
are in the best possible condition. But we have not yet mentioned the
great crowning work of Ministers--the Queen's speech on the Prorogation of
the Parliament last week. What an admirable illustration it was of that
profound logical deduction--that, out of nothing comes nothing! Yet it was
deduction--that, out of nothing comes nothing! Yet it was not altogether
without design, and though some sneering critics have called the old
song--the burthen of it was clearly--
[Illustration: DOWN WITH YOUR DUST.]
* * * * *
SO MUCH FOR BUCKINGHAM! MR. SILK BUCKINGHAM being unmercifully reproached by his unhappy publisher
upon the dreadful weight of his recent work on America, fortunately espied
the youngest son of the enraged and disappointed vendor of volumes
actually flying a kite formed of a portion of the first volume. "Heavy,"
retorted Silk, "nonsense, sir. Look there! so volatile and exciting is
that masterly production, that it has even made that youthful scion of an
obdurate line, spite my teetotal feelings,
[Illustration: "THREE SHEETS IN THE WIND."]
* * * * *
PUNCH'S NEW GENERAL LETTER-WRITER. Perhaps no one operation of frequent recurrence and absolute necessity
involves so much mental pain and imaginative uneasiness as the reduction
of thoughts to paper, for the furtherance of epistolatory correspondence. Some great key-stone to this abstruse science--some accurate data from
which all sorts and conditions of people may at once receive instruction
and assistance, has been long wanting. Letter-writers, in general, may be divided into two great classes, viz.:
those who write to ask favours, and those who write to refuse them. There
is a vague notion extant, that in former days a third genus
existed--though by no means proportionate to the other two--they were
those who wrote "to grant favours;" these were also remarkable for
enclosing remittances and paying the double postage--at least, so we are
assured; of our knowledge, we can advance nothing concerning them and
their (to us) supposititious existence, save our conviction that the race
has been long extinct. Those who write to ask, may be divided into--
1.--Creditors. 2.--Constituents. 3.--Sons. 4.--Daughters. 5.--Their offspring. 6.--Nephews, nieces. 7.--Indistinct cousins, and
8.--Unknown, dear, and intimate friends. Those who write to refuse, are
1.--Debtors. 2.--Members of Parliament
3.--Fathers. 4.--Mothers. 5.--Their kin. 6.--Uncles. 7.--Aunts. 8.--Bilious and distant nabobs, and equally dear friends, who
will do anything but what the askers want. We are confident of ensuring the everlasting gratitude of the above
parties by laying before them the proper formulæ for their respective
purposes; and, therefore, as all the world is composed of two great
classes, which, though they run into various ramifications, still retain
their original distinguishing characteristics--namely, that of being
either "debtors" or "creditors"--we will give the general information
necessary for the construction of their future effusions. (Firstly.)
From a wine-merchant, being a creditor, to a right honourable, being a
debtor. _Verjuice-lane, City, January 17, 1841_. MY LORD,--I have done myself the honour of forwarding your lordship a
splendid sample of exquisite Frontignac, trusting it will be approved of
by your lordship. I remain, enclosing your lordship's small account, the
payment of which will be most acceptable to your lordship's most
Obedient very humble servant,
GILBERT GRIPES. THE ANSWER TO THE SAME. The sample is tolerable--send in thirty dozen--add them to your
account--and let my steward have them punctually on December 17, 1849. BOSKEY. P.S.--I expect you'll allow discount. (Secondly.)
From a creditor, being a "victim," "schneider," "sufferer," or "tailor,"
to one who sets off his wares by wearing the same, being consequently a
debtor. HONOURED SIR,--I can scarcely express my delight at your kind compliments
as to the fit and patterns of the last seventy-three summer waistcoats;
the rest of the order is in hand. I enclose a small account of 490l. odd,
which will just meet a heavy demand. Will you, sir, forward the same by
return of post, to your obliged and devoted
Humble servant,
ADOLPHUS JULIO BACKSTITCH. P. Pink, Esq., &c. &c. ANSWER TO THE SAME
_Albany_. You be d--d, _Backstitch_. PENTWISTLE PINK. (Thirdly.)
From a constituent in the country, being a creditor "upon promises," to a
returned member of Parliament in town. _Bumbleton Butts, April 1, 1841_. DEAR SIR,--The enthusiastic delight myself (an humble individual) and the
immense body of your enraptured constituents felt upon reading your truly
patriotic, statesman-like, learned, straightforward and consistent speech,
may be conceived by a person of your immense parliamentary imagination,
but cannot be expressed by my circumscribed vocabulary. In stating that my
trifling exertions for the return of such a patriot are more than doubly
recompensed by your noble conduct, may I be allowed to suggest the earnest
wish of my eldest son to be in town, for the pleasure of being near such a
representative, which alone induces him to accept the situation of
landing-waiter you so kindly insisted upon his preparing for. You will, I
am sure, be happy to learn, the last baby, as you desired is christened
after:--"the country's, the people's, nay, the world's member!"
Believe me, with united regards from Mrs. F. and Joseph, ever your staunch
supporter and admirer,
FUNK FLAT. To Gripe Gammon, Esq., M.P. (Fourthly.)
ANSWER TO THE SAME, FROM GRIPE GAMMON, M.P. _St. Stephen's_. DEAR AND KIND CONSTITUENT,--I am more than happy. My return for your
borough has satisfied _you_, my country, and myself! What can I say more? Pray give both my names to the dear innocent. Be careful in the spelling,
two "M's" in Gammon, one following the A, the other preceding the O, and
immediately next to the final N. I think I have now answered every point
of your really Junisean letter. Let me hear from you _soon_--you cannot
TOO SOON--and believe me,
My dear Funk, yours ever,
GRIPE GAMMON. Funk Flat, Esq., &c. &c. (Fifthly.)
FROM THE SAME TO THE SAME. (SECOND LETTER). _Bumbleton Butts, April 4, 1841_. MY DEAR FRIEND AND PATRON,--All's right, the two _M's_ are in _their_
places, when will Joe be in _his?_ I know your heart; pray excuse my
earnestness, but oblige me with an early answer. Joe is dying to be near
so kind, so dear, so sincere a friend. More devotedly than ever yours,
FUNK FLAT
G. Gammon, Esq., M.P., &c. &c. (Sixthly.)
ANSWER FROM THE M.P. TO THE ABOVE. _St. Stephen's_. How can I express my feelings? _My_ name, _mine_ engrafted on the innocent
offspring of the thoroughbred Funks, evermore to be by them and their
heirs handed down to posterity! How I rejoice at that circumstance, and
the intelligence I have so happily received about the wretched situation
you speak of. Fancy, Funk, fancy the man, your son, in a moment of
rashness, I meant to succeed, died of a sore-throat! an infallible
disorder attendant upon the duties of those d--d landing-waiterships. What
an escape we have had! The place is given to my butler, so there's no
fear. Kiss the child, and believe me ever,
Your sincere and much relieved friend,
GRIPE GAMMON. To Funk Flat, Esq., &c. &c. From this time forward the correspondence, like "Irish reciprocity," is
"all on one side." It generally consists of four-and-twenty letters from
the constituent in the country to the returned member in town. As these
are _never opened_, all that is required is a well-written direction, on a
_blank sheet of paper_. (Seventhly.)
FROM SONS TO FATHERS. (Several.)
DEAR FATHER,--Studies continued--(blot)--profession--future
hopes--application--increased expenses--irate landlady--small
remittance--duty--love--say twenty-five pounds--best wishes--sister,
mother, all at home. Dutiful son,
JOHN JOSKIN. (Eighthly.)
ANSWER TO THE SAME. Delighted--assiduity--future fortune--great profession!--Increase of
family--no cash--best prayers, sister, mother. _Loving father!_
JOSKIN, SEN. N.B. By altering the relative positions and sexes, the above is good for
all relations! If writing to nabob, more flattery in letter of asker. Strong dose of oaths in refuser's answer. (Ninthly.)
FROM "DEAR AND INTIMATE" TO A "DITTO DITTO."
_Brighton_. MY DEAR TOM,--How are you, old fellow? Here I am, as happy as a prince;
that is, I should be if you were with me. You know when we first met! what
a time it was! do you remember? How the old times come back, and really
almost the same circumstances! Pray do you recollect I wanted one hundred
and fifty then? isn't it droll I do now? Send me your check, or bring it
yourself. Ever yours. FITZBROWN SMITH. T. Tims, Esq. (Tenthly.)
ANSWER FROM "THE DITTO DITTO" TO "THE DITTO DITTO."
OLD FELLOW,--Glad to hear you are so fresh! Give you joy--wish I was with
you, but can't come. Damn the last Derby--regularly stump'd--cleaned
out--and done Brown!--not a feather to fly with! Need I say how sorry I
am. Here's your health in Burgundy. Must make a raise for my Opera-box and
a new tilbury. Just lost my last fifty at French hazard. Ever, your most devoted friend,
T. TIMS. F. Smith, Esq. * * * * *
THE BARBER OF STOCKSBAWLER. A TALE OF THE SUPERNATURAL. At the little town of Stocksbawler, on the Lower Rhine, in the year of
grace 1830, resided one Hans Scrapschins, an industrious and close-shaving
barber. His industry met with due encouragement from the bearded portion
of the community; and the softer sex, whose greatest fault is fickleness,
generally selected Hans for the honour of new-fronting them, when they had
grown tired of the ringlets nature had bestowed and which time had
frosted. Hans continued to shave and thrive, and all the careful old burghers
foretold of his future well-doing; when he met with a misfortune, which
promised for a time to shut up his shop and leave him a beggar. He fell in
love. Neighbours warned Hans of the consequences of his folly; but all
remonstrance was vain. Customers became scarce, wearing out their patience
and their wigs together; the shop became dirty, and winter saw the flies
of summer scattered on his show-board. Agnes Flirtitz was the prettiest girl in Stocksbawler. Her eyes were as
blue as a summer's sky, her cheeks as rosy as an autumn sunset, and her
teeth as white as winter's snow. Her hair was a beautiful flaxen--not a
_drab_--but that peculiar sevenpenny-moist-sugar tint which the poets of
old were wont to call golden. Her voice was melodious; her notes in _alt_
were equal to Grisi's: in short, she would have been a very desirable,
loveable young lady, if she had not been a coquette. Hans met her at a festival given in commemoration of the demise of the
burgomaster's second wife--I beg pardon, I mean in celebration of his
union with his third bride. From that day Hans was a lost barber. Sleeping, waking, shaving, curling, weaving, or powdering, he thought of
nothing but Agnes. His love-dreams placed him in all kinds of awkward
predicaments. And Agnes--what thought she of the unhappy barber? Nothing,
except that he was a presumptuous puppy, and wore very unfashionable
garments. Hans received an intimation of this latter opinion; and, after
sundry quailings and misgivings, he resolved to dispose of his remaining
stock in trade, and, for once, dress like a gentleman. The measure had
been taken by the tailor, the garments had been basted and tried on, and
Hans was standing at his door in a state of feverish excitement, awaiting
their arrival in a completed condition (as there was to be _fête_ on the
morrow, at which Agnes was to be present), when a stranger requested to be
shaved. Hans wished him at the ---- next barber's; but there was something
so unpleasantly positive in the visitor's appearance, that he had not the
power to object, so politely bowed him into the shop. The stranger removed
his cap, and discovered two very ugly protuberances, one on each side of
his head, and of most unphrenological appearance. Hans commenced
operations--the lather dried as fast as he laid it on, and the razor
emitted small sparks as it encountered the bristles on the stranger's
chin, Hans felt particularly uncomfortable, and not a word had hitherto
passed on either side, when the stranger broke the ice by asking, rather
abruptly, "Have you any schnapps in the house?" Hans jumped like a parched
pea. Without waiting for a reply, the stranger rose and opened the
cupboard. "I never take anything stronger than water," said Hans, in
reply, to the "pshaw!" which broke from the stranger's lips as he smelt at
the contents of a little brown pitcher. "More fool you," replied his
customer. "Here taste that--some of the richest grape-blood of Rheingau;"
and he handed Hans a small flask, which the sober barber respectfully
declined. "Ha! ha! and yet you hope to thrive with the women," said the
stranger. "No wonder that Agnes treats you as she does. But drink, man! drink!"
The stranger took a pipe, and coolly seated himself again in his chair,
hung one leg over the back of another, and striking his finger briskly
down his nose, elicited a flame that ignited his tobacco, and then he
puffed, and puffed, till every moth in the shop coughed aloud. The
uneasiness of Hans increased, and he looked towards the door with the most
cowardly intention; and, lo! two laughing, dimpled faces, were peeping in
at them. "Ha! how are you?" said the stranger; "come in! come in!" and to
Hans' horror, two very equivocal damsels entered the shop. Hans felt
scandalised, and was about to make a most powerful remonstrance, when he
encountered the eye of his impertinent customer; and, from its sinister
expression, he thought it wise to be silent. One of the damsels seated
herself upon the stranger's knee, whilst the other looked most coaxingly
to the barber; who, however, remained proof to all her winks and blinks,
and "wreathed smiles."
"'Sblitzen!" exclaimed the lady, "the man's an icicle!"
"Hans, you're a fool!" said the stranger; and his enamorata concurred in
the opinion. The flask was again proffered--the eye-artillery again
brought into action, but Hans remained constant to pump-water and Agnes
Flirtitz. The stranger rubbed the palm of his hand on one of his head ornaments, as
though he were somewhat perplexed at the contumacious conduct of the
barber; then rising, he gracefully led the ladies out. As he stood with
one foot on the step of the door, he turned his head scornfully over his
shoulder, and said, "Hans, you are nothing but--a barber; but before I
eat, you shall repent of your present determination."
"What security have I that you will keep your word?" replied Hans, who
felt emboldened by the outside situation of his customer, and the shop
poker, of which he had obtained possession. "The best in the world," said the stranger. "Here, take these!" and
placing both rows of his teeth in the hands of the astonished Hans, he
quietly walked up the street with the ladies. The astonishment of Hans had somewhat subsided, when Stitz, the tailor,
entered with the so-much and the so-long-expected garments. The stranger
was forgotten; the door was bolted, the clothes tried on, and they fitted
to a miracle. A small three-cornered piece of looking-glass was held in
every direction by the delighted tailor, who declared this performance his
_chef-d'oeuvre_ and Hans felt, for the first time in his life, that he
looked like a gentleman. Without a moment's hesitation, or the slightest
hint at discount for ready money, he gave the tailor his last thaler, and
his old suit of clothes, as per contract; shook Stitz's hand at parting,
till every bone of the tailor's fingers ached for an hour afterwards,
bolted the door, and went to bed the poorest, but happiest barber in
Stocksbawler. After a restless night, Hans rose the next morning with the oddest
sensation in the world. He fancied that the bed was shorter, the chairs
lower, and the room smaller, than on the preceding day; but attributing
this feeling to the feverish sleep he had had, he proceeded to put on his
pantaloons. With great care he thrust his left leg into its proper
division, when, to his horror and amazement, he found that he had grown
_two feet at least during the night_; and that the pantaloons which had
fitted so admirably before, were now only knee-breeches. He rushed to the
window with the intention of breaking his neck by a leap into the street,
when his eye fell upon the strange customer of the preceding day, who was
leaning against the gable-end of the house opposite, quietly smoking his
meerschaum. Hans paused; then thought, and then concluded that having
found an appetite, he had repented of his boast at parting, and had called
for his teeth. Being a good-natured lad, Hans shuffled down stairs, and
opening the door, called him to come over. The stranger obeyed the
summons, but honourably refused to accept of his teeth, except on the
conditions of the wager. To Hans' great surprise he seemed perfectly
acquainted with the phenomenon of the past night, and good-naturedly
offered to go to Stitz, and inform him of the barber's dilemma. The
stranger departed, and in a few moments the tailor arrived, and having
ascertained by his inch measure the truth of Hans' conjectures, bade him
be of good cheer, as he had a suit of clothes which would exactly fit him. They had been made for a travelling giant, who had either forgotten to
call for them, or suspected that Stitz would require the _gelt_ before he
gave up the broadcloth. The tailor was right--they did fit--and in an hour afterwards Hans was on
his way to the _fête_. When he arrived there many of his old friends stood
agape for a few moments: but as stranger things had occurred in Germany
than a man growing two feet in one night, they soon ceased to notice the
alteration in Hans' appearance. Agnes was evidently struck with the
improvement of the barber's figure, and for two whole hours did he enjoy
the extreme felicity of making half-a-dozen other young gentlemen
miserable, by monopolising the arm and conversation of the beauty of
Stocksbawler. But pleasure, like fine weather, lasts not for ever; and, as
Hans and Agnes turned the corner of a path, his eye again encountered the
stranger. Whether it was from fear or dislike he knew not, but his heart
seemed to sink, and so did his body; for to his utter dismay, he found
that he had shrunk to his original proportions, and that the garment of
the giant hung about him in anything but graceful festoons. He felt that
he was a human telescope, that some infernal power could elongate or shut
up at pleasure. The whole band of jealous rivals set up the "Laughing Chorus," and Agnes,
in the extremity of her disgust, turned up her nose till she nearly
fractured its bridge, whilst Hans rushed from the scene of his disgrace,
and never stopped running until he opened the door of his little shop,
threw himself into a chair, and laid his head down upon an old "family
Bible" which chanced to be upon the table. In this position he continued
for some time, when, on raising his head, he found his tormentor and the
two ladies, grouped like the Graces, in the centre of the apartment. "Well, Scrapshins," said the gentleman, "I have called for my teeth. You
see I have kept my promise." Hans sighed deeply, and the ladies giggled. "Nay, man, never look so glum! Here, take the flask--forget Agnes, and
console yourself with the love of"--
The conclusion of this harangue must for ever remain a mystery; for Hans,
at this moment, took up the family volume which had served him for a
pillow, and dashed it at the heads of the trio. A scream, so loud that it
broke the tympanum of his left ear, seemed to issue from them
simultaneously--a thick vapour filled the room, which gradually cleared
off, and left no traces of Hans' visitors but three small sticks of stone
brimstone. The truth flashed upon the barber--his visitor was the
far-famed Mephistopheles. Hans packed up his remaining wardrobe, razor,
strop, soap-dish, scissors and combs, and turned his back upon
Stocksbawler forever. Four years passed away, and Hans was again a
thriving man, and Agnes Flirtitz the wife of the doctor of Stocksbawler. Another year passed on, and Hans was both a husband and a father; but the
coquette who had nearly been his ruin had eloped with the _chasseur_ of a
travelling nobleman. * * * * *
LAURIE ON GEOGRAPHY. Sir P. Laurie has sent to say that he has looked into Dr. Farr's "Medical
Guide to Nice," and is much disappointed. He hoped to have seen a print of
the eternally-talked of "_Nice_ Young Man," in the costume of the country. He doubts, moreover, that the Doctor has ever been there, for his remarks
show him not to have been "over _Nice_."
* * * * *
COOMBE'S LUNGS AND LEARNING. Dr. Coombe, in his new work upon America, by some anatomical process,
invariably connects large lungs with expansive intellect. Our and
Finsbury's friend, Tom Duncombe, declares, in his opinion, this must be
the origin of the received expression for the mighty savans, viz., the
"lights of literature."
* * * * *
PARLIAMENTARY MASONS.--PARLIAMENTARY PICTURES. Was there ever anything so lucky that the strike of the masons should have
happened at this identical juncture! Parliament is prorogued. Now,
deducting Sir Robert Peel, physician, with his train of apothecaries and
pestle-and-mortar apprentices, who, until February next, are to sit
cross-legged and try to think, there are at least six hundred and thirty
unemployed members of the House of Commons, turned upon the world with
nothing, poor fellows! but grouse before them. Some, to be sure, may pick
their teeth, in the Gardens of the Tuileries--some may even now venture to
exercise their favourite elbow at Baden-Baden,--but with every possible
and probable exception, there will yet be hundreds of unemployed
law-makers, to whom time will be a heavy porter's burden. We have a plan which, for its originality, should draw down upon us the
gratitude of the nation. It is no other than this: to make all Members of
Parliament, for once in their lives at least, useful. The masons, hired to
build the new temples of Parliament, have struck. The hard-handed
ingrates,--let them go! We propose that, during the prorogation at least,
Members of Parliament, should, like beavers, build their own Houses. In a
word, every member elected to a seat in Parliament should be compelled,
like Robinson Crusoe, to make his own furniture before he could sit down
upon it. Have we not a hundred examples of the peculiar fitness of the task, in the
habits of what in our human arrogance we call the lower animals? There is
many a respectable spider who would justly feel himself calumniated by any
comparison between him and any one of twenty Parliamentary lawyers we
_could_ name; yet the spider spins its own web, and seeks its own nook of
refuge from the Reform Broom of Molly the housemaid. And then, the tiny
insect, the ant--that living, silent monitor to unregarding men--doth it
not make its own galleries, build with toilsome art its own abiding place? Does not the mole scratch its own chamber--the carrion kite build its own
nest! Shall cuckoos and Members of Parliament alone be lodged at others'
pains? Consider the wasp, oh, STANLEY! mark its nest of paper.--(it is said, on
wasp's paper you are wont to write your thoughts on Ireland)--and
resolutely seize a trowel! Look to the bee, oh, COLONEL SIBTHORP! See how it elaborates its virgin
wax, how it shapes its luscious cone--and though we would not trust you to
place a brick upon a brick, nevertheless you may, under instruction, mix
the mortar! Ponder on the rat and its doings, most wise BURDETT--see how craftily it
makes its hole--and though you are too age-stricken to carry a hod, you
may at least do this much--sift the lime. But wherefore thus particular--why should we dwell on individuals? Pole-cat, weasel, ferret, hedgehog, with all your vermin affinities, come
forth, and staring reproachfully in the faces of all prorogued Members,
bid them imitate your zeal and pains, and--the masons having struck--build
their Houses for themselves. (We make this proposal in no thoughtless--no bantering spirit. He can see
very little into the most transparent mill-stone who believes that we pen
these essays--essays that will endure and glisten as long, ay as long as
the freshest mackerel--if he think that we sit down to this our weekly
labour in a careless lackadaisical humour. By no means. Like Sir LYTTON
BULWER, when he girds up his loins to write an apocryphal comedy, we
approach our work with graceful solemnity. Like Sir LYTTON, too, we always
dress for the particular work we have in hand. Sir LYTTON wrote
"Richelieu" in a harlequin's jacket (sticking pirate's pistols in his
belt, ere he valorously _took_ whole scenes from a French melo-drama):
_we_ penned our last week's essay in a suit of old canonicals, with a
tie-wig askew upon our beating temples, and are at this moment cased in a
court-suit of cut velvet, with our hair curled, our whiskers crisped, and
a masonic apron decorating our middle man. Having subsided into our
chair--it is in most respects like the porphyry piece of furniture of the
Pope--and our housekeeper having played the Dead March in Saul on our
chamber organ (BULWER wrote "The Sea Captain" to the preludizing of a
Jew's-harp), we enter on our this week's labour. We state thus much, that
our readers may know with what pains we prepare ourselves for them. Besides, when BULWER thinks it right that the world should know that the
idea of "La Vailière" first hit him in the rotonde of a French diligence,
modest as we are, can we suppose that the world will not be anxious to
learn in what coloured coat we think, and whether, when we scratch our
head to assist the thought that sticks by the way, we displace a velvet
cap or a Truefitt's scalp?)
Reader, the above parenthesis may be skipped or not. Read not a line of
it--the omission will not maim our argument. So to proceed. If we cast our eyes over the debates of the last six months, we shall find
that hundreds of members of the House of Commons have exhibited the most
extraordinary powers of ill-directed labour. And then their capacity of
endurance! Arguments that would have knocked down any reasonable elephant
have touched them no more than would summer gnats. Well, why not awake
this sleeping strength? Why not divert a mischievous potency into
beneficial action? Why should we confine a body of men to making laws,
when so many of them might be more usefully employed in wheeling barrows? Now there is Mr. PLUMPTRE, who has done so much to make English Sundays
respectable--would he not be working far more enduring utility with
pickaxe or spade than by labouring at enactments to stop the flowing of
the Thames on the Sabbath? Might not D'ISRAELI be turned into a very
jaunty carpenter, and be set to the light interior work of both the
Houses? His logic, it is confessed, will support nothing; but we think he
would be a very smart hand at a hat-peg. As for much of the joinery-work, could we have prettier mechanics than Sir
James GRAHAM and Sir Edward KNATCHBULL? When we remember their opinions on
the Corn Laws, and see that they are a part of the cabinet which has
already shown symptoms of some approaching alteration of the Bread
Tax--when we consider their enthusiastic bigotry for everything as it is,
and Sir Robert PEEL'S small, adventurous liberality, his half-bashful
homage to the spirit of the age--sure we are that both GRAHAM and
KNATCHBULL, to remain component members of the Peel Cabinet, must be
masters of the science of dove-tailing; and hence, the men of men for the
joinery-work of the new Houses of Parliament. Again how many members from their long experience in the small jobbery of
committees--from their profitable knowledge of the mysteries of private
bills and certain other unclean work which may, if he please, fall to the
lot of the English senator--how many of these lights of the times might
build small monuments of their genius in the drains, sewerage, and certain
conveniences required by the deliberative wisdom of the nation? We have
seen the plans of Mr. BARRY, and are bound to praise the evidence of his
taste and genius; but we know that the structure, however fair and
beautiful to the eye, must have its foul places; and for the dark, dirty,
winding ways of Parliament--reader, take a list of her Majesty's Commons,
and running your finger down their names, pick us out three hundred
able-bodied labourers--three hundred stalwart night workmen in darkness
and corruption. We ask the country, need it care for the strike of Peto's
men (the said Peto, by the way, is in no manner descended from
_Falstaff's_ retainer), when there is so much unemployed labour, hungering
only for the country's good? We confess to a difficulty in finding among the members of the present
Parliament a sufficient number of stone-squarers. When we know that there
are so few among them who can look upon more than _one side_ of a
question, we own that the completion of the building may be considerably
delayed by employing only members of Parliament as square workmen: the
truth is, having never been accustomed to the operation, they will need
considerable instruction in the art. Those, however, rendered incapable,
by habit and nature, of the task, may cast rubbish and carry a hod. We put it to the patriotism of members of Parliament, whether they ought
not immediately to throw themselves into the arms of Peto and Grissell,
with an enthusiastic demand for tools. If they be not wholly insensible of
the wants of the nation and of their own dignity, Monday morning's sun
will shine upon every man of her Majesty's majority, for once laudably
employed in the nation's good. How delightful then to saunter near the
works--how charming then to listen to members of Parliament! What a
picture of senatorial industry! For an Irish speech by STANLEY, have we
not the more dulcet music of his stone-cutting saw? Instead of an oration
from GOULBURN, have we not the shrill note of his ungreased parliamentary
barrow? For the "hear, hear" of PLUMPTRE, the more accordant tapping of
the hammer--for the "cheer" from INGLIS, the sweeter chink of the mason's
chisel? And then the moral and physical good acquired by the workmen themselves! After six days' toil, there is scarcely one of them who will not feel
himself wonderfully enlightened on the wants and feelings of labouring
man. They will learn sympathy in the most efficient manner--by the sweat
of their brow. Pleasant, indeed, 'twill be to see CASTLEREAGH lean on his
axe, and beg, with _Sly_, for "a pot of the smallest ale."
Having, we trust, remedied the evils of the mason's strike--having shewn
that the fitness of things calls upon the Commons, in the present dilemma,
to build their own house--we should feel it unjust to the government not
to acknowledge the good taste which, as we learn, has directed that an
estimate be taken of the disposable space on the walls of the new
buildings, to be devoted to the exalted work of the historical painter. Records of the greatness of England are to endure in undying hues on the
walls of Parliament. This is a praiseworthy object, but to render it important and instructive,
the greatest judgment must be exercised in the selection of subjects;
which, for ourselves, we would have to illustrate the wisdom and
benevolence of Parliament. How beautifully would several of the Duke of
WELLINGTON'S speeches paint! For instance, his portrait of a famishing
Englishman, the drunkard and the idler, no other man (according to his
grace) famishing in England! And then the Duke's view of the shops of
butchers, and poulterers, and bakers--all in the Dutch style--by which his
grace has lately proved, that if there be distress, it can certainly not
be for want of comestibles! But the theme is too suggestive to be carried
out in a single paper. We trust that portraits of members will be admitted. BURDETT and GRAHAM,
half-whig, half-tory, in the style of Death and the Lady, will make pretty
companion pictures. To do full pictorial justice to the wisdom of the senate, Parliament will
want a peculiar artist: that gifted man CAN be no other than the artist to
PUNCH! Q. * * * * *
PUNCH'S PENCILLINGS.--No. XIV. [Illustration: THE IMPROVIDENT; OR, TURNED UPON THE WIDE WORLD.]
* * * * *
THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE LONDON MEDICAL STUDENT. III.--OF HIS GRADUAL DEVELOPMENT. For the first two months of the first winter session the fingers of the
new man are nothing but ink-stains and industry. He has duly chronicled
every word that has fallen from the lips of every professor in his
leviathan note book; and his desk teems with reports of all the hospital
cases, from the burnt housemaid, all cotton-wool and white lead, who set
herself on fire reading penny romances in bed, on one side of the
hospital, to the tipsy glazier who bundled off his perch and spiked
himself upon the area rails on the other. He becomes a walking chronicle
of pathological statistics, and after he has passed six weeks in the
wards, imagines himself an embryo Hunter. To keep up his character, a new man ought perpetually to carry a
stethoscope--a curious instrument, something like a sixpenny toy trumpet
with its top knocked off, and used for the purpose of hearing what people
are thinking about, or something of the kind. In the endeavour to acquire
a perfect knowledge of its use he is indefatigable. There is scarcely a
patient but he knows the exact state of their thoracic viscera, and he
talks of enlarged semilunar valves, and thickened ventricles with an air
of alarming confidence. And yet we rather doubt his skill upon this point;
we never perceived anything more than a sound and a jog, something similar
to what you hear in the cabin of a fourpenny steam-boat, and especially
mistrusted the "metallic tinkling," and the noise resembling a
blacksmith's bellows blowing into an empty quart-pot, which is called the
_bruit de soufflet_. Take our word, when medicine arrives at such a pitch
that the secrets of the human heart can be probed, it need not go any
further, and will have the power of doing mischief enough. The new man does not enter much into society. He sometimes asks a few
other juniors to his lodgings, and provides tea and shrimps, with
occasional cold saveloys for their refection, and it is possible he may
add some home-made wine to the banquet. Their conversation is exceedingly
professional; and should they get slightly jocose, they retail anatomical
paradoxes, technical puns, and legendary "catch questions," which from
time immemorial have been the delight of all new men in general, and
country ones in particular. But diligent and industrious as the new man may be, he is mortal after
all, and being mortal, is not proof against temptation--at least, after
five or six weeks of his pupilage have passed. The good St. Anthony
resisted all the endeavours of the Evil One to lure him from the proper
path, until the gentleman of the discoloured _cutis vera_ assumed the
shape of a woman. The new man firmly withstands all inducements to
irregularity until his first temptation appears in the form of the
Cyder-cellars--the convivial Rubicon which it is absolutely necessary for
him to pass before he can enrol himself as a member of the quiet,
hard-working, modest fraternity of the Medical Student of our London
Hospitals. _Facilis descensus Averni._--The steps that lead from Maiden-lane to the
Cyder-cellars are easy of descent, although the return is sometimes
attended with slight difficulty. Not that we wish to compare our favourite
_souterrain_ in question to the "Avernus" of the Latin poet; oh, no! If
Æneas had met with roast potatoes and stout during his celebrated voyage
across the Styx to the infernal regions, and listened to songs and glees
in place of the multitude of condemned souls, "horrendum stridens," we
wager that he would have been in no very great hurry to return. But we
have arrived at an important point in our physiology--the first launch of
the new man into the ocean of his London life, and we pause upon its
shore. He has but definite ideas of three public establishments at all
intimately connected with his professional career--the Hall, the College,
and the Cyder-cellars. There are but three individuals to whom he looks
with feelings of deference--Mr. Sayer of Blackfriars, Mr. Belfour of
Lincoln's-inn-fields, and Mr. Rhodes of Maiden-lane. These are the
impersonation of the Fates--the arbitrators of his destinies. | 6,517 |
https://github.com/lidqqq/highlight.js/blob/master/src/lib/mode_compiler.js | Github Open Source | Open Source | BSD-3-Clause | null | highlight.js | lidqqq | JavaScript | Code | 586 | 1,764 | import * as regex from './regex';
import { inherit } from './utils';
// keywords that should have no default relevance value
var COMMON_KEYWORDS = 'of and for in not or if then'.split(' ');
// compilation
export function compileLanguage(language) {
function langRe(value, global) {
return new RegExp(
regex.source(value),
'm' + (language.case_insensitive ? 'i' : '') + (global ? 'g' : '')
);
}
function buildModeRegex(mode) {
var matchIndexes = {};
var matcherRe;
var regexes = [];
var matcher = {};
var matchAt = 1;
function addRule(rule, re) {
matchIndexes[matchAt] = rule;
regexes.push([rule, re]);
matchAt += regex.countMatchGroups(re) + 1;
}
mode.contains.forEach(term => addRule(term, term.begin))
if (mode.terminator_end)
addRule("end", mode.terminator_end);
if (mode.illegal)
addRule("illegal", mode.illegal);
var terminators = regexes.map(el => el[1]);
matcherRe = langRe(regex.join(terminators, '|'), true);
matcher.lastIndex = 0;
matcher.exec = function(s) {
var rule;
if( regexes.length === 0) return null;
matcherRe.lastIndex = matcher.lastIndex;
var match = matcherRe.exec(s);
if (!match) { return null; }
for(var i = 0; i<match.length; i++) {
if (match[i] != undefined && matchIndexes[i]) {
rule = matchIndexes[i];
break;
}
}
// illegal or end match
if (typeof rule === "string") {
match.type = rule;
match.extra = [mode.illegal, mode.terminator_end];
} else {
match.type = "begin";
match.rule = rule;
}
return match;
};
return matcher;
}
function compileMode(mode, parent) {
if (mode.compiled)
return;
mode.compiled = true;
mode.keywords = mode.keywords || mode.beginKeywords;
if (mode.keywords)
mode.keywords = compileKeywords(mode.keywords, language.case_insensitive);
mode.lexemesRe = langRe(mode.lexemes || /\w+/, true);
if (parent) {
if (mode.beginKeywords) {
mode.begin = '\\b(' + mode.beginKeywords.split(' ').join('|') + ')\\b';
}
if (!mode.begin)
mode.begin = /\B|\b/;
mode.beginRe = langRe(mode.begin);
if (mode.endSameAsBegin)
mode.end = mode.begin;
if (!mode.end && !mode.endsWithParent)
mode.end = /\B|\b/;
if (mode.end)
mode.endRe = langRe(mode.end);
mode.terminator_end = regex.source(mode.end) || '';
if (mode.endsWithParent && parent.terminator_end)
mode.terminator_end += (mode.end ? '|' : '') + parent.terminator_end;
}
if (mode.illegal)
mode.illegalRe = langRe(mode.illegal);
if (mode.relevance == null)
mode.relevance = 1;
if (!mode.contains) {
mode.contains = [];
}
mode.contains = [].concat(...mode.contains.map(function(c) {
return expand_or_clone_mode(c === 'self' ? mode : c);
}));
mode.contains.forEach(function(c) {compileMode(c, mode);});
if (mode.starts) {
compileMode(mode.starts, parent);
}
mode.terminators = buildModeRegex(mode);
}
// self is not valid at the top-level
if (language.contains && language.contains.includes('self')) {
throw new Error("ERR: contains `self` is not supported at the top-level of a language. See documentation.")
}
compileMode(language);
}
function dependencyOnParent(mode) {
if (!mode) return false;
return mode.endsWithParent || dependencyOnParent(mode.starts);
}
function expand_or_clone_mode(mode) {
if (mode.variants && !mode.cached_variants) {
mode.cached_variants = mode.variants.map(function(variant) {
return inherit(mode, {variants: null}, variant);
});
}
// EXPAND
// if we have variants then essentially "replace" the mode with the variants
// this happens in compileMode, where this function is called from
if (mode.cached_variants)
return mode.cached_variants;
// CLONE
// if we have dependencies on parents then we need a unique
// instance of ourselves, so we can be reused with many
// different parents without issue
if (dependencyOnParent(mode))
return inherit(mode, { starts: mode.starts ? inherit(mode.starts) : null });
if (Object.isFrozen(mode))
return inherit(mode);
// no special dependency issues, just return ourselves
return mode;
}
// keywords
function compileKeywords(rawKeywords, case_insensitive) {
var compiled_keywords = {};
if (typeof rawKeywords === 'string') { // string
splitAndCompile('keyword', rawKeywords);
} else {
Object.keys(rawKeywords).forEach(function (className) {
splitAndCompile(className, rawKeywords[className]);
});
}
return compiled_keywords;
// ---
function splitAndCompile(className, str) {
if (case_insensitive) {
str = str.toLowerCase();
}
str.split(' ').forEach(function(keyword) {
var pair = keyword.split('|');
compiled_keywords[pair[0]] = [className, scoreForKeyword(pair[0], pair[1])];
});
}
}
function scoreForKeyword(keyword, providedScore) {
// manual scores always win over common keywords
// so you can force a score of 1 if you really insist
if (providedScore)
return Number(providedScore);
return commonKeyword(keyword) ? 0 : 1;
}
function commonKeyword(word) {
return COMMON_KEYWORDS.includes(word.toLowerCase());
}
| 37,650 |
https://github.com/tlayson/MySC/blob/master/MyUSC/MyAccount/ChangePassword.aspx.cs | Github Open Source | Open Source | Unlicense | null | MySC | tlayson | C# | Code | 210 | 740 | using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.UI;
using System.Web.UI.WebControls;
using MyUSC.Classes;
namespace MyUSC
{
public partial class ChangePassword : USCPageBase
{
protected ChangePassword()
{
_PAGENAME = "ChangePassword";
_pgUSCMaster = (USCMaster)Master;
}
protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
// One time settings
if (!IsPostBack)
{
IsUserLoggedIn(true);
Master.SelectMenuItem(SelectedPage.Profile);
chkShowPswd.Visible = false;
}
}
private bool ValidatePassword()
{
bool fValid = true;
if( txtPassword.Text.Length > 7 || txtConfirm.Text.Length > 7 )
{
if (txtPassword.Text != txtConfirm.Text)
{
lblError.Text = "Your password and confirmation do not match. Please re-enter them.";
SetFocus(txtPassword);
fValid = false;
}
else
{
if (!USCBase.IsPasswordString(txtPassword.Text))
{
lblError.Text = "Your password can contain only letters, numbers and certain special characters (!@#$%^&*). Please try again.";
SetFocus(txtPassword);
fValid = false;
}
}
}
else
{
lblError.Text = "Your password must be at least 8 characters long. Please try again.";
SetFocus(txtPassword);
fValid = false;
}
return fValid;
}
protected void LeavePage()
{
Response.Redirect("/MyAccount/MyAccount.aspx");
}
protected void OnClickUpdate(object sender, ImageClickEventArgs e)
{
UserAccount acct = GetActiveUser();
acct.Password = txtPassword.Text;
acct.UpdatePassword();
SetSessionMessage("Password changed successfully!");
LeavePage();
}
protected void OnClickCancel(object sender, ImageClickEventArgs e)
{
LeavePage();
}
protected void OnChangedShowPswd(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
TextBoxMode tm = TextBoxMode.Password;
if (chkShowPswd.Checked)
{
tm = TextBoxMode.SingleLine;
}
txtPassword.TextMode = tm;
txtConfirm.TextMode = tm;
}
}
} | 21,658 |
https://github.com/Lchenghui/morebit-android-app/blob/master/app/src/main/java/com/zjzy/morebit/address/ui/ManageGoodsAddressActivity.java | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | 2,020 | morebit-android-app | Lchenghui | Java | Code | 704 | 3,464 | package com.zjzy.morebit.address.ui;
import android.app.Activity;
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.os.Build;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.support.annotation.NonNull;
import android.support.annotation.Nullable;
import android.support.v4.widget.SwipeRefreshLayout;
import android.support.v7.widget.DividerItemDecoration;
import android.support.v7.widget.LinearLayoutManager;
import android.support.v7.widget.RecyclerView;
import android.text.TextUtils;
import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.LinearLayout;
import android.widget.RelativeLayout;
import android.widget.TextView;
import com.zjzy.morebit.R;
import com.zjzy.morebit.pojo.address.AddressInfo;
import com.zjzy.morebit.pojo.address.AddressInfoList;
import com.zjzy.morebit.address.contract.ManageAddressContract;
import com.zjzy.morebit.address.presenter.ManageAddressPresenter;
import com.zjzy.morebit.mvp.base.base.BaseView;
import com.zjzy.morebit.mvp.base.frame.MvpActivity;
import com.zjzy.morebit.utils.ActivityStyleUtil;
import com.zjzy.morebit.utils.C;
import com.zjzy.morebit.utils.ViewShowUtils;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import butterknife.BindView;
import butterknife.OnClick;
/**
* 管理收货地址
* Created by haiping.liu on 2019-12-05.
*/
public class ManageGoodsAddressActivity extends MvpActivity<ManageAddressPresenter> implements View.OnClickListener,ManageAddressContract.View {
private static final String TAG = ManageGoodsAddressActivity.class.getSimpleName();
private static final int REQUEST_ADDRESS_CODE =100;
public static final int REQUEST_ADD_ADDRESS_CODE =101;
public static final int REQUEST_UPDATE_ADDRESS_CODE =102;
@BindView(R.id.txt_head_title)
TextView headTitle;
@BindView(R.id.swipe_refresh)
SwipeRefreshLayout swipeRefreshLayout;
@BindView(R.id.recyclerview)
RecyclerView recyclerView;
// @BindView(R.id.swi)
// ReUseListView mReUseListView;
private ManageAddressAdapter manageAdressAdapter;
View footerView;
RelativeLayout rlManageAddAddress;
private int fromOrderActivity;
List<AddressInfo> mListAddressInfo = new ArrayList<AddressInfo>();
public interface OnAdapterClickListener {
public void onItem(int position);
}
/**
* 收货地址管理页面
* @param context
*/
public static void addressStart(Activity context){
Intent intent = new Intent(context, ManageGoodsAddressActivity.class);
intent.putExtra(C.Extras.SELECTED_ADDRESS_FROM_CONFIRM_ORDER,1);
context.startActivityForResult(intent, REQUEST_ADDRESS_CODE);
}
/**
* 管理收货地址的页面
* @param activity
*/
public static void start(Activity activity) {
//跳转到管理收货地址页面
Intent it = new Intent(activity, ManageGoodsAddressActivity.class);
activity.startActivity(it);
}
@Override
protected void onCreate(@Nullable Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
initView();
initData();
}
@Override
public void onDeleteError() {
}
@Override
public void onDeleteSuccessful(Boolean isSuccess,int position) {
mListAddressInfo.remove(position);
manageAdressAdapter.notifyItemRemoved(position);
manageAdressAdapter.notifyItemRangeChanged(position,mListAddressInfo.size()-position);
}
@Override
public void onAddressListError() {
ViewShowUtils.showShortToast(ManageGoodsAddressActivity.this, "收货地址删除失败");
// mReUseListView.setVisibility(View.GONE);
}
@Override
public void onAddressListSuccessful(AddressInfoList datas) {
List<AddressInfo> list = datas.getList();
if (list.size() == 0) {
return;
}
mListAddressInfo.clear();
mListAddressInfo.addAll(list);
manageAdressAdapter.notifyDataSetChanged();
swipeRefreshLayout.setRefreshing(false);
// mReUseListView.getSwipeList().setRefreshing(false);
// mReUseListView.getListView().setNoMore(true);
}
@Override
public BaseView getBaseView() {
return this;
}
@Override
protected int getViewLayout() {
return R.layout.activity_manage_goods_address;
}
private void initView(){
if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.M) {
ActivityStyleUtil.initSystemBar(this, R.color.white); //设置标题栏颜色值
} else {
ActivityStyleUtil.initSystemBar(this, R.color.white); //设置标题栏颜色值
}
fromOrderActivity = getIntent().getIntExtra(C.Extras.SELECTED_ADDRESS_FROM_CONFIRM_ORDER,0);
headTitle.setText("管理收货地址");
manageAdressAdapter = new ManageAddressAdapter(ManageGoodsAddressActivity.this,mListAddressInfo);
recyclerView.setLayoutManager(new LinearLayoutManager(ManageGoodsAddressActivity.this));
recyclerView.addOnItemTouchListener(new SwipeItemLayout.OnSwipeItemTouchListener(ManageGoodsAddressActivity.this));
// recyclerView.addItemDecoration(new DividerItemDecoration(ManageGoodsAddressActivity.this,LinearLayoutManager.VERTICAL));
swipeRefreshLayout.setOnRefreshListener(new SwipeRefreshLayout.OnRefreshListener() {
@Override
public void onRefresh() {
refreshData();
}
});
recyclerView.setAdapter(manageAdressAdapter);
}
@Override
protected void onActivityResult(int requestCode, int resultCode, Intent data) {
super.onActivityResult(requestCode, resultCode, data);
if (requestCode == REQUEST_ADD_ADDRESS_CODE || requestCode == REQUEST_UPDATE_ADDRESS_CODE) {
refreshData();
}
}
private void refreshData(){
swipeRefreshLayout.setRefreshing(true);
// mReUseListView.getSwipeList().setRefreshing(true);
initData();
}
private void initData(){
mPresenter.getAddressList(ManageGoodsAddressActivity.this);
}
@OnClick({R.id.btn_back})
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
switch (v.getId()){
case R.id.btn_back:
finish();
break;
default:
break;
}
}
/**
* 会员商品适配器
*/
public class ManageAddressAdapter extends RecyclerView.Adapter {
Context mContext;
List<AddressInfo> mDatas;
public ManageAddressAdapter(Context context,List<AddressInfo> datas) {
mDatas = datas;
mContext = context;
}
public void setData(List<AddressInfo> list){
mDatas = list;
notifyDataSetChanged();
}
@Override
public void onBindViewHolder(@NonNull RecyclerView.ViewHolder holder, int position) {
if (getItemViewType(position) == R.layout.item_goods_address){
bindItemAddressInfoHolder((ItemAddressInfoHolder) holder,position);
} else{
bindFooderHolder((FooderHolder) holder,position);
}
}
@Override
public int getItemCount() {
return mDatas.size()+1;
}
@Override
public int getItemViewType(int position) {
return (position == mDatas.size()) ? R.layout.footer_manage_goods_address : R.layout.item_goods_address;
}
private void bindFooderHolder(FooderHolder holder,final int position){
holder.manageAddressBtn.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
AddModifyAddressActivity.start(ManageGoodsAddressActivity.this,null, C.Address.ADD_TYPE);
}
});
}
private void bindItemAddressInfoHolder(ItemAddressInfoHolder holder, final int position) {
final AddressInfo item = mDatas.get(position);
String name = item.getName();
if (!TextUtils.isEmpty(name)){
holder.txtUserName.setText(name);
}else{
holder.txtUserName.setText("");
}
String phone = item.getTel();
if (!TextUtils.isEmpty(name)){
holder.txtAddressPhone.setText(phone);
}else{
holder.txtAddressPhone.setText("");
}
String provice = item.getProvince();
String city = item.getCity();
String distinct = item.getDistrict();
String detail = item.getDetailAddress();
String addressStr = provice + city + distinct + detail;
if (!TextUtils.isEmpty(addressStr)){
holder.txtAddressDetail.setText(addressStr);
}else{
holder.txtAddressDetail.setText("");
}
if (item.getIsDefault()==1){
holder.addressdefault.setVisibility(View.VISIBLE);
}else{
holder.addressdefault.setVisibility(View.GONE);
}
if (fromOrderActivity == 1){
holder.rlMainItem.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
Intent data = new Intent();
Bundle bundle = new Bundle();
bundle.putSerializable(C.Extras.GOODS_ADDRESS_INFO, item);
data.putExtras(bundle);
setResult(Activity.RESULT_OK, data);
finish();
}
});
}
holder.txtDelete.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
mPresenter.deleteAddress(ManageGoodsAddressActivity.this,
item.getId().toString(),position);
}
});
holder.llModifyAddress.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
AddModifyAddressActivity.start(ManageGoodsAddressActivity.this,
mDatas.get(position),C.Address.UPDATE_TYPE);
}
});
}
@Override
public RecyclerView.ViewHolder onCreateViewHolder(ViewGroup parent, int viewType) {
if (viewType == R.layout.item_goods_address){
View root = LayoutInflater.from(mContext).inflate(R.layout.item_goods_address, parent, false);
return new ItemAddressInfoHolder(root);
}else{
View root = LayoutInflater.from(mContext).inflate(R.layout.footer_manage_goods_address, parent, false);
return new FooderHolder(root);
}
}
class FooderHolder extends RecyclerView.ViewHolder {
RelativeLayout manageAddressBtn;
public FooderHolder(View itemView) {
super(itemView);
manageAddressBtn = (RelativeLayout) itemView.findViewById(R.id.rl_manage_add_address);
}
}
class ItemAddressInfoHolder extends RecyclerView.ViewHolder {
RelativeLayout rlMainItem;
TextView txtUserName;
TextView addressdefault;
TextView txtAddressDetail;
TextView txtAddressPhone;
LinearLayout llModifyAddress;
Button txtDelete;
public ItemAddressInfoHolder(View itemView) {
super(itemView);
txtUserName = (TextView)itemView.findViewById(R.id.txt_user_name);
addressdefault = (TextView)itemView.findViewById(R.id.address_default);
txtAddressDetail = (TextView)itemView.findViewById(R.id.txt_goods_address);
txtAddressPhone = (TextView)itemView.findViewById(R.id.txt_address_phone);
llModifyAddress = (LinearLayout)itemView.findViewById(R.id.modify_address);
txtDelete = (Button)itemView.findViewById(R.id.delete);
rlMainItem = (RelativeLayout) itemView.findViewById(R.id.main_item);
}
}
}
}
| 45,996 |
https://askubuntu.com/questions/1297070 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,020 | Stack Exchange | blueStar, glenn jackman, https://askubuntu.com/users/10127, https://askubuntu.com/users/1138179 | English | Spoken | 148 | 313 | Syntax error: unexpected "("
I keep trying to launch this vim sh file but i keep getting the error message Syntex error: unexpected "("
#!/bin/bash
openssl req -x509 -out pop1001234.cert -keyout pop1001234.key \
-newkey rsa:2048 -nodes -sha256 \
-subj '/CN=localhost' -extensions EXT -config <( \
printf "[dn]\nCN=localhost\n[req]\ndistinguished_name = dn\n[EXT]\nsubjectAltName=DNS:localhost\nkeyUsage=digitalSignature\nextendedKeyUsage=serverAuth")
You have to execute it with bash, not sh.
thanks it worked i don't know why but it only works in bash even if in the file i do #!/bin/sh it still doesn't work
<(...) is a Process Substitution which is a bash feature not found in /bin/sh.
Also, inside the parentheses, you can put any script, so newlines are allowed: you don't need the backslash line continuation.
To clarify, if you run your script as ./script.sh will evaluate #! as expected, but running the script as sh ./script.sh (or bash ./script.sh) will handle #! as an ordinary comment.
| 9,384 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110941462 | Wikidata | Semantic data | CC0 | null | Category:Economy of Beris | None | Multilingual | Semantic data | 40 | 74 | Category:Economy of Beris
Wikimedia category
Category:Economy of Beris instance of Wikimedia category
Category:Economy of Beris Commons category Economy of Beris
Category:Economy of Beris category combines topics economy
Category:Economy of Beris category combines topics Beris
Category:Economy of Beris category contains economy | 7,665 |
1999061200927 | French Open Data | Open Government | Licence ouverte | 1,999 | HYPERBOLE. | ASSOCIATIONS | French | Spoken | 69 | 99 | étudier, créer, réaliser, promouvoir, valoriser des outils et des moyens de communication au service des véhicules automoteurs ; soutenir et défendre, par tous moyens de droit, toutes oeuvres traditionnelles ou innovantes, intellectuelles et morales, au profit des bénéficiaires, des projets permettant le développement des connaissances professionnelles, techniques, commerciales, technico-commerciales et culturelles de ses adhérents, dans le but de promouvoir le cortège des métiers et suggestions liés à cette branche. | 18,005 |
2010270509_1932-09-08_1_3_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Open Culture | Public Domain | null | None | None | English | Spoken | 3,273 | 4,379 | “All right, I'll take two boxes—but I’m not doing it just to save a penny.” SOCIETY TURNS TO BARN DANCE Chicago — (UP) — Society’s new fad is the barn dance, and it has found favor not only with the younger set, but with the farmers, who stage the affairs and reap a comfortable profit. The idea apparently originated in northern Illinois, where farmers deeded to augment their slender incomes by converting barns into dance halls for Saturday night affairs. Society, hearing of the affairs, looked in, and returned each time such a party was scheduled. Miss Frieda Foltz took a party of weekend guests to one of the affairs recently. One of her guests waltzed with a blacksmith, another learned the stomp from a farmers’ daughter, and the hostess herself danced the quadrille, one of the most popular of numbers at barn dances. At first the farmers turned out the cattle, engaged a piano player and a drummer, and began to dance. Business improved so rapidly that a new floor was laid in the barn and a six-piece orchestra hired to furnish music. Miss Foltz said. Several other Illinois towns have reported success in the revival of barn dances, with their quadrilles, square sets, and round dances. Society flocks to them, reports say, and comes again the next time. Soviet Engineers Leave for Turkey Moscow — (UP) — Soviet officials have proudly announced the departure for Turkey, of a group of Soviet engineers and specialists invited by the Turkish government. ment to help plan a series of industrial enterprises. The Soviet union itself, to a large extent, is dependent on American, German, English and other specialists, wherefore they are gratified by this sign that the country can export and well as import brains. The specialists expect to remain in Turkey several months. This trip is one of the results of the recent visit to Russia of the Turkish premier, when the Soviet Turkish agreement was reached for the exchange of goods and Soviet assistance to Turkish industry. Unforgotten Fifty-Year Romance Revealed Philadelphia — (UP) — A romance of 50 years ago which was never forgotten came to light when it was revealed that William A. Poster, retired Philadelphia publisher who died last August, had bequeathed $10,000 to the Phoebe Deaconess home in Allentown, Pa., in memory of a former sweetheart, Elsie Sterner De Quendt. The story was told by Dr. N. T. Medland, a Minnesota physician and a relative of Foster, who said that not even members of the family knew why the couple never had married. Miss De Quendt died in the home several years ago. Neither she nor Foster were married. ROBOT PILOTS USED London—It is reported that an entire squadron of big multi-engined bombing planes of the Royal Air Force employs the “ robot” pilot in test flights. This device, known as “Iron Mike” in the United Air Force, is known as “Iron Mike” in the United Air Force. Young flier 15 years ago. Today he is in that charmed circle of “million mile pilots.” There are only seven of them in the United States. The pilot is Charles Peeples, one of United Air Lines veterans, who graduated from the air mail into tri-motored passenger plane service. To get his million miles, the States operates controls of the plane to keep it on level flight. This type of pilot was also employed by the crew of the Fairey long range monoplane which recently made a non-stop flight from England to Egypt. Maintain Butterflies Cause New Climb Record Redding, Cal. — (UP) — George Mason and Earl Hindman, accompanying a party to Lassen peak, decided at the foot of the trail not to climb the peak. When their friends had disappeared up the trail, Hindman and Mason were stirred to excitement by the appearance of a huge black cloud on the mountain top. Concluding that they were witnessing an eruption of the famous peak, they dashed up the mountain in record time. When they arrived at the crater's lip, they learned the source of the cloud mass. They found themselves surrounded so thickly by mountain butterflies that they could not see. Professor Crane said that the depression, practically every country has been furthering chemical research according to Prof. E. J. Crane of Ohio State University, director of the international science reporting system of the American Chemical Society. As a result, Professor Crane declared, of this unchecked progress, and with a bright outlook for prosperity, practically every country finds itself better prepared to compete with world. Trade. American industry is now spending more of its income on research than in the prosperity area, a recent report of the national research council showed. Other countries, it was revealed, have pursued a similar policy of preparedness. Santa Anna Candlestick Placed in Texas Museum San Angelo, Tex. — (UP) — A candlestick from the mess chest of Santa Anna, Napoleonic leader of Mexican forces in Texas’ war for independence, has been placed in the West Texas museum, at Fort Concho. The relic was taken when Santa Anna was captured by Sam Houston’s forces in the decisive battle of San Jacinto. The candlestick is part of a collection by Don C. Chamberlain’s father, volunteer Texas ranger and one time noted Indian fighter. Man Buys $100 Bills for 25 Cents Philadelphia — (UP) — Hundred dollar bills at 25 cents each. That seemed like a good investment to Harry Blitzstein when he purchased several of the notes from a man who came to his drug store. The first offer was for $75 on each bill Blitzstein told police. Thinking they were counterfeit, he refused. The quotations then dropped until he bought several for 25 cents. Then police arrived and said the money was the real product of the Bureau of Printing and Engraving, but that they had been stolen. Mr. Blitzstein lost his quarters. The most beautiful hand ever painted is generally recognized as the right hand of Mona Liza, done by Leonardo da Vinci. Peeples flew more than 10,000 hours. Peeples is one of these laconic types, and when asked What his outstanding flight was in the million miles he merely said that they were all the same. Lawrence, Kan.—Ben Brown, local pilot, has constructed one of the most unusual airplanes ever seen here. It has controls overhead, a pusher propeller, and the motor is behind the pilot’s seat in the center of the fuselage. The wings of the plane run in a triangle around the craft, and are cut out on each side of the cabin. CROUPIERS IN BREAD UNES Former Gambling King Join Queues Waiting for Food Paris — (VPi— Casino croupiers, who once carelessly handled millions over the green card tables, line up new in bread queues rubbing shoulders with one-time kings of cabarets now penniless, or with hotel cirrks who used to hobnob with society’s elite. A man and women from a one-time flourishing fashion house jostled with a group of laborers waiting to be fed in the queues. Both had stories to tell of the wealthy of the world, many almost as poor as themselves now. Tourist guides, night dub dancers, a few erstwhile lounge lizards also waited their turn for a free bowl of soup and some bread. In another of the many hues of unemployed which make up the army of a quarter of a million officially registered idle — the unofficial total is over the 2,000,000 mark—was a man who had handled in hard cash $10,000,000 at the gaming tables. “I gave up a job as an accountant to become a croupier in 1927,” he said. “I made a fortune and spent it. At Le Touquet in the summer, at Nice or Cannes in the winter—that was how I spent my life. An American girl won $50,000 in two nights and she gave me 10 percent as a tip; that week I raked in for myself nearly $5,000. I bought race horses, limousines, a country house. “Never mind,” he added philosophically. “I’ll become a croupier again. Gambling will come into its own again when good times return, and you will see me on the Riviera again, raking in the money for myself or saying it out to others with my croupier’s crook.” British Concentrate on Empire Produced Wines London —(UP)— Judging from the huge increase of imports of Empire wine, the success of the “Buy British” campaign has caused an increase of intoxication in Great Britain, but. This has not been the case, simply because British imbibers have reduced their consumption of foreign wines to an equivalent extent. In other words, the situation as far as drunkenness is concerned, is “unchanged.” For the first six months of 1932, imports of Empire wine totaled 2,484,930 gallons, of 890,000 more than in the corresponding period of 1931 and only 900,000 gallons less than the imports from all the European vineyards. Australia and South Africa are the chief producers of Empire wine and their gains in the British market have been at the expense of France, Spain, Italy, and Portugal. FENCES PROTECT FIRE PLUGS Quincy, Mass. — (UP) — Iron fences have been erected around fire hydrants along Quincy Boulevard to protect them from reckless motorists. Alluring Simplicity A charming evening gown of black crepe worn by Colleen Moore, film actress. The gown fits snugly to the figure by means of bodice shirring with the flounce fullness of the thirteenth balanced by shoulder flowers of the same material. Spruce Clothing Had One Drawback—Splinters Portland, Ore. —(UP)—When the National Inventors Congress opens here this month, the supposedly dreamy thinkers from all parts of the nation were asked to consider the clothing worn by Hoquiam, Wash., “Spruce Girls." The Spruce Girls wore bathing suits and other raiment fashioned entirely out of thin spruce veneer. The garments were said to be “striking" to view. They have a single drawback — slivers. Queen of Diving World Holder of several national spring board titles, Georgia Coleman of Los Angeles, won her first Olympic crown at the games in her home city. The graceful Georgia is here shown in one of the dives that brought her the world championship. Digestive Troubles Often Prove Simple to Physicians DISCOMFORTS USUALLY HAN ISHEI) QUICKLY BY DR. MORRIS FISHER Editor, Journal of the American Medical Association, and of Hygiene, the Health Magazing The term, “indigestion," is an unscientific word like “dyspepsia,” but almost everybody knows what it means. It merely means that the person who suffers with this symptom is having trouble with the digestive system. The question of his food or in absorbing it. Most of the processes of the body under normal conditions take place without any notice on the part of the person in whom they are going on. Just as soon as any of the physiologic processes begins to attract extra attention because of pain, noise, irritation, irregularities or any other disturbances it assumes the nature of a disease even though it is really only a symptom. The digestive organs are, in general, not sensitive to heat or cold, or to light pressure. On the other hand, they are in intimate contact with organs in which there is acute sensibility so that disturbances in the digestive organs may be called to attention through feelings in organs adjacent. Many people get used to a certain amount of discomfort during digestion and pay little attention to it. Others are acutely sensitive and respond to much smaller stimuli. Cronic disturbances of digestion is frequently due to bad habits in eating, but in many instances is the result of actual disease of the stomach or intestine. According to Dr. S. W. Patterson, the commonest cause in everyday life of discomfort after meals is the bad habit of hurrying over meals, chewing the food completely, or swallowing large masses. Moreover, great gulps of air may be swallowed with the food that is taken hurriedly or with fluids taken rapidly. As a result, the stomach becomes distended and air is regurgitated. Sometimes the difficulty arises from chewing food and then washing it down with large swallows of fluid. Under such circumstances, the eating of the solid food separately from the taking of fluids serves. es as a simple and successful means of prevention. In many instances, when there are erosions in the stomach at the end where it empties into the intestines, or when there is irritation of the valve where such emptying causes the symptoms are quite definite. The usual manifestations include discomfort two or three hours after a meal, relieved by taking food or by taking bicarbonate of soda. The first symptoms of this disturbance are heartburn, belching of acid and the development of a large amount of saliva. The people who have this combination of symptoms find frequently that it comes on during cold weather, after worry or exposure, and that it is much worse when they are constipated. Obviously, the determination of exactly what is wrong under such circumstances is of the greatest importance. The physician makes his diagnosis after a careful study of the case, including the use of X-ray to view the stomach while actually working, and including also a study of the fluid secreted. Young Democrats Plan Literal Cleanup Campaign Raleigh, N.C. —(UP)—Young Democrats of America are going to clean up the county —literally. Tyre C. Taylor, president, has announced that the clubs throughout the United States are going to sell 10 cent bars of soap, wrapped in red, white and blue paper, with perhaps a message from Will Rogers inside. The young Democrats reason thusly: That to clean up they by the stomach during the process of digestion. The control of the condition through suitable medications and diet is a relatively simple matter once its cause is thoroughly understood. WARE THE CLASSICS Bootleggers must be cultured folks; Not only do they read The poets, but they put to use The gems gleaned from their screed. Will Shakespeare wrote how Birminghamwood came to Dunsinane; So woods today once more arise. And take the field again. For in a moving hedge there crouched Bootleggers bearing booze; And so again Will Shakespeare’s stuff, Gets listed in the news. But officers nabbed all the boys, Ere they could up and scramble; So booze and boughs don't always lie, In spite of old Khayyam. —Sam Page For Formal Hair 4 sophisticated evening gown of blade satin worn by Huth Selwyn, M.C.M. film actress. The style of the gown is of skeath-like silhouette with square neckline and fringe fin. Black slippers with silver bands and bow harmonize. Need money so they might as well make money cleaning up. They hope that some Republicans will buy the soap and help the party along. They hope to sell 25,000,000 bars at a four cent profit a bar. A REAL PAY Friend Hoover’s made a start, if of Economy he's bent; He’s cut his presidential pay Just twenty round percent. But now most all his time is used On matter much more weighty; And that's the fear we Democrats Will cut the other eighty. DREXEL BUYS ROYAL YACHT Paris— (UP)—Anthony, Drexel, the American owner of 20 yachts, recently has acquired new one, which he "Ssyonar?" and which, in his opinion, surpasses his previous ones. The "Payonara" is considered the most handsomely furnished of all pleasure yachts and formerly have the name of "VandtKira." It was constructed before the World war and its owner was the Archduke Karl of Austria. The Italian government took it ever and it passed eventually into the hands of E. A. Fothergill, of London. Two years ago, the "Kayonara" was purchased by Drexel, but he has kept it more or less in seclusion pending the completion of its decoration and storking with fine treasures from all over the world. Interior decorations schemes lean toward the Chinese, not only in the Oriental rugs, which are among the rarest in personal collections, but also in the cabinets and objects of art. Hubert Robert and other 13th century masters have furnished the paintings, which adorn the salon walls. The decks are polished to the brilliance of glazed ballroom floors and radio equipment finishes music from the best orchestras on the air. The yacht has 10 guest cabins and 10 bathrooms, and has a crew of 45. Deauville is the new headquarters of the "Sayonara" real joker. Relief republicans would give us little guys is funny: On railroads, banks and on the rich, They’d lavish plenty money. And then the funny tale they tell about this jolly plan. Is that, this money soon will see To the forgotten man. The joker, though, in all of this They never seem to note— Torgotten men may yet have not Forgotten how to vote. —Sam Page. British Put the Cafeteria on Wheels London — (UP) — Innovations from the United States usually have hard sledding here, but the British have taken at least one such importation and developed it along original lines. They have put the The London, Midland, Scottish railroad has attached an experimental car of this type to its express service between Manchester and Leeds and if it proves popular will build more. Equipped with the customary "self-service" devices, the car offers the advantages of quick and inexpensive meals. The railroad officials call it a "traveling snack bar." British devotion to tradition long caused abhorrence of the idea of selecting one’s food in herd-formation and being one’s own waiter. Gradually the public became convinced of the economy in time and money, and the cafeteria principal spread. City Is Rainbow’s End For Founder’s Neice Hayward, Cal.— (UP)—This city may be just another California community to most persons living east of the Rockies, but it’s the "end of the rainbow" for Miss Mabel Hayward of Hopkins, Mass. Miss Hayward, a niece of William Hayward who came around the Horn as a Fort-niner and founded this city after he decided San Francisco was "too crowded." Knew a city had been named after her uncle but had never visited it. MUSIC HATH CHARM El Paso, Tex.—The wings of an angel are no longer necessary for a prisoner to get out of jail. Buck Steele, 19, has found a mouth organ will do as well. Brought into police court on a charge of vagrancy, he faced Judge Charles Windberg, Jr. The judge asked Steele what he did to make his living. "Play," Buck answered, hauling a battered harmonica out of his pocket. He hit up a lively tune and, finally, Judge Windberg promised the prisoner he’d release him if he played some more. FUED IS ON Madison, Wis.—Ever since Harry Phillips’ wife sued for divorce, Harry has been in hot water. First it was words and legal documents flying through the air. He and his wife's brother finally had a gun battle in the dark, but both came off unscathed. Not so lucky was Harry this time. While walking along a road Roger Anderson, 17-year-old nephew of his ex-spouse, fired at him with an air rifle. Miss Anderson ran into the road to attack Harry with his fists, he charges. Now the two factions are back in court again. Clock Roosting Pigeons Slow Up Town Time Robinson, Ill. —(UP)—Pigeons must "bide their time" before roosting on the courthouse clock here. Sheriff John Keller doesn't object to the birds resting on the four-foot minute hand when it is going downhill between the hours of 12 and 6. But on the "uph" All drag between 5 and 12 their roosting slows up the giant timepiece and the pigeons are going to get a bullet instead of a nap, the sheriff threatened. | 20,685 |
https://github.com/forestbat/Crossroads/blob/master/src/main/java/com/Da_Technomancer/crossroads/items/SquidHelmet.java | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,017 | Crossroads | forestbat | Java | Code | 62 | 346 | package com.Da_Technomancer.crossroads.items;
import net.minecraft.entity.player.EntityPlayer;
import net.minecraft.init.SoundEvents;
import net.minecraft.inventory.EntityEquipmentSlot;
import net.minecraft.item.ItemArmor;
import net.minecraft.item.ItemStack;
import net.minecraft.util.SoundCategory;
import net.minecraft.world.World;
import net.minecraftforge.fml.common.registry.GameRegistry;
public class SquidHelmet extends ItemArmor{
public SquidHelmet(){
super(ChickenBoots.BOBO, 1, EntityEquipmentSlot.HEAD);
this.setMaxStackSize(1);
String name = "squidHelmet";
setUnlocalizedName(name);
setRegistryName(name);
GameRegistry.register(this);
this.setCreativeTab(ModItems.tabCrossroads);
}
@Override
public void onArmorTick(World world, EntityPlayer player, ItemStack itemStack){
if(player.getAir() <= 10){
player.setAir(20);
world.playSound(null, player.posX, player.posY, player.posZ, SoundEvents.ENTITY_SQUID_DEATH, SoundCategory.PLAYERS, 2.5F, 1F);
}
}
}
| 7,918 |
https://github.com/lifebit-ai/exomedepth/blob/master/bin/R-3.5.1/src/library/datasets/man/mtcars.Rd | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT, LicenseRef-scancode-unknown-license-reference, GPL-2.0-only | 2,018 | exomedepth | lifebit-ai | R | Code | 257 | 624 | % File src/library/datasets/man/mtcars.Rd
% Part of the R package, https://www.R-project.org
% Copyright 1995-2018 R Core Team
% Distributed under GPL 2 or later
\name{mtcars}
\docType{data}
\alias{mtcars}
\title{Motor Trend Car Road Tests}
\description{
The data was extracted from the 1974 \emph{Motor Trend} US magazine,
and comprises fuel consumption and 10 aspects of
automobile design and performance for 32 automobiles (1973--74
models).
}
\usage{mtcars}
\format{
A data frame with 32 observations on 11 (numeric) variables.
\tabular{rll}{
[, 1] \tab mpg \tab Miles/(US) gallon \cr
[, 2] \tab cyl \tab Number of cylinders \cr
[, 3] \tab disp \tab Displacement (cu.in.) \cr
[, 4] \tab hp \tab Gross horsepower \cr
[, 5] \tab drat \tab Rear axle ratio \cr
[, 6] \tab wt \tab Weight (1000 lbs) \cr
[, 7] \tab qsec \tab 1/4 mile time \cr
[, 8] \tab vs \tab Engine (0 = V-shaped, 1 = straight) \cr
[, 9] \tab am \tab Transmission (0 = automatic, 1 = manual) \cr
[,10] \tab gear \tab Number of forward gears \cr
[,11] \tab carb \tab Number of carburetors
}
}
\source{
Henderson and Velleman (1981),
Building multiple regression models interactively.
\emph{Biometrics}, \bold{37}, 391--411.
}
\examples{
require(graphics)
pairs(mtcars, main = "mtcars data", gap = 1/4)
coplot(mpg ~ disp | as.factor(cyl), data = mtcars,
panel = panel.smooth, rows = 1)
## possibly more meaningful, e.g., for summary() or bivariate plots:
mtcars2 <- within(mtcars, {
vs <- factor(vs, labels = c("V", "S"))
am <- factor(am, labels = c("automatic", "manual"))
cyl <- ordered(cyl)
gear <- ordered(gear)
carb <- ordered(carb)
})
summary(mtcars2)
}
\keyword{datasets}
| 43,987 |
https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%20%28%D8%B4%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AC%29 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | فیل (شطرنج) | https://fa.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=فیل (شطرنج)&action=history | Persian | Spoken | 670 | 1,835 | فیل یکی از مهرههای شطرنج است که میتواند بهطور نامحدود بهطور مورب حرکت کند. هر یک از بازیکنان دو فیل دارد که یکی بین شاه و اسب و دیگری بین وزیر و اسب قرار میگیرد. فیلی که در خانهٔ سفید قرار میگیرد به دلیل شکل حرکت خود تنها به خانههای سفید دسترسی دارد و به همین جهت فیل سفیدرو نامیده میشود و فیلی که در خانهٔ سیاه است در خانههای سیاه حرکت خواهد کرد و فیل سیاهرو نامیده میشود.
بر اساس علائم اختصاری بازی شطرنج فیلهای بازیکن سفید در خانههای c1 و f1 و فیلهای بازیکن سیاه در خانههای c8 و f8 قرار دارند.
در شیوههای تاریخی شطرنج فیل فقط میتوانست حداکثر دو خانه بهصورت اریب در قطر خود حرکت کرده و از روی مهره مقابل خود بپرد با این ترتیب تنها به یکهشتم خانههای صفحهٔ شطرنج دسترسی داشت. هر چند در برخی روشهای قدیمی شطرنج حرکتهای دیگری نیز برای آن در نظر گرفته میشد. شیوهٔ امروزین حرکت فیل از سدهٔ دوازدهم میلادی در اروپا و در پی مجموعه تغییراتی در قوانین شطرنج به منظور بالابردن سرعت بازی معمول شد.
نام
نام این مهره در چاتورانگا شیوهٔ ابتدایی بازی شطرنج که در هند ابداع شده بود، هاستی - hasti یا گاجا - gaja هر دو به معنی «فیل» بود. در شطرنج تاریخی ایران هم از نام پیل یا معرب آن فیل استفاده میشد. با ورود شطرنج به اروپا نام این مهره هم به شکل فارسی فیل و عربی الفیل وارد زبانهای اروپایی شد. از آنجا که در زبانهای اروپایی این واژه بیمعنی بهنظر میرسید در برخی از زبانها تغییراتی در آن داده شد. از جمله در ایتالیایی که آن «الفیره -Alfiere» به معنی «پرچمدار» مینامند یا در فرانسوی آن را ابتدا delphino و سپس fou به معنی «دلقک» و «دیوانه» نامیدند. البته علاوه برهمآوایی فیل و فو شباهت شیار روی سر این مهره با کلاه دلقکها هم دلیل دیگری برای این تغییر نام ذکر شدهاست. در اسپانیایی اما هنوز آن را «الفیل- Alfil» مینامند و در روسی از слон به معنی فیل استفاده میشود. اما برخی زبانهای دیگر همچون انگلیسی، پرتغالی و ایسلندی از واژههایی به معنی «اسقف» در اشاره به این مهره استفاده میکنند که این به شکل ظاهری مهره مربوط میشود که شیار روی سر آن یادآور کلاه اسقفهاست در حالیکه این شیار در واقع عاجهای فیل را نشان میدهد. در برخی زبانهای دیگر مثل چکی و اسلواکیایی از کلمهای به معنی «تیرانداز» و در زبانهایی مانند آلمانی، سوئدی، هلندی، دانمارکی، مجاری و لهستانی از واژههایی به معنی «دونده» در اشاره به این مهره استفاده میشود.
ارزش نسبی
نسبت به رخ
یک رخ معمولاً حدود ۲ پیاده بیشتر از فیل ارزش دارد. فیل تنها به خانههای همرنگ خود یعنی نیمی از خانههای صفحه دسترسی دارد ولی رخ به تمام خانههای صفحه دسترسی دارد. در یک صفحهٔ خالی رخ هر جا که باشد همیشه به ۱۴ خانه دسترسی دارد ولی فیل بین ۷ تا ۱۳ خانه را در دسترس دارد. همچنین با رخ و شاه میتوان حریف را مات کرد ولی با فیل و شاه مات امکانپذیر نیست.
نسبت به اسب
قدرت نسبی فیل و اسب تقریباً برابر است ولی با توجه به شرایط بازی ممکن است یکی از آنها مفیدتر باشند.
شطرنجبازان کمتجربه معمولاً قدرت اسب را بیشتر از فیل ارزیابی میکنند چون اسب میتواند به تمام خانهها دسترسی داشته باشد و توانایی بالایی برای حملهٔ همزمان به چند مهره دارد.
قدرت نسبی فیل معمولاً با نزدیک شدن به آخر بازی افزایش مییابد. چرا که مهرههای بیشتری از صفحه خارج شده و خطوط باز برای تحرک فیل فراهم میشود. در یک صفحهٔ خالی فیل هر دو جناح را بهطور همزمان پوشش میدهد ولی اسب باید با چندین حرکت خود را به جناح دیگر برساند. در آخر بازی دو فیل برتری کاملی بر یک فیل و یک اسب یا دو اسب دارند. در اختیار داشتن دو فیل یک سلاح استراتژیک محسب میشود چرا که این تهدید وجود دارد که با تعویض مهرهها به یک آخر بازی مطلوب دست یافت.
منابع
Wikipedia contributors, "Bishop (chess)," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bishop_(chess)&oldid=375480383 (accessed August 26, 2010).
Piececlopedia: Bishop
Piececlopedia: Alfil
مهرههای شطرنج | 26,515 |
sn87065462_1919-10-16_1_5_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,919 | None | None | English | Spoken | 1,970 | 2,731 | THE OKOLONA MESSENGER. Business Notices For a New Saddle or anything in the Harness line, see Okolona Hardware Co. I have for sale one $250.00 Star Phonograph Style Six, will sell cheap. M. J. Browder. Several Houses and Lots for Sale. Apply to T. M. Dean. To Keep Warm this season, you will need a Cole's Hot Blast Heater. Okolona Hardware Co. I have for sale one Cole's Hot Blast heater which has been used about two months. M. J. Browder. One 14x32 Crossett Silo for Sale. Never been put up, Price right as I don't need it and want to sell. T. L. Word, Southern Phone, Okolona Miss. If you have hemstitching to be done, see Mrs. Chambers. Price 10 cents per yard. Just Arrived - Big car American Garden and Field Fence, Okolona Hardware Co. Just Received - A big car Charter Oak Stoves and Ranges. Okolona Hardware Co. I have for sale some White Wyandot hens and roosters, full blood. M. J. Browder. Wanted Good reliable man to operate cotton yard this season. Write or come to see me. S. C. Jones, If Okolona, Miss. If you are going to buy a New Buggy this Season, see Okolona Hardware Co. I offer for sale my house and lot on Church Street. This lot Contains nearly two and one half acres and is one of the most beautiful places in Okolona for a pretty bungalow. M. J. Browder. For Sale Cheap Vacant lot East side Silver Street, second lot from Monroe Street corner. Negro house on this lot. Also $20 acres land about 4 miles west of Okolona. Apply T. L. Bramlitt, Houston, Miss. 160 acres land, joins corporation of Okolona. Cheapest piece of land in the country. J. M. Haley. We will furnish stove wood free to anyone who will chop it and pile the brush. W. H. Hilton. I have for sale one Cole's Hot Blast Range. Has been used a very little. M. J. Browder. Just Received A car of Old Reliable Milburn Farm Wagons. Okolona Hardware Co. For Sale My Home on Gat Street, Has large barn, garage, milk house, 6 acres of land, hog proof fence. Apply to premises. Mrs. C. D. Kay. Good second hand lumber for sale at half price at Compress. W. T. Combs. Not having gained sufficient are fine workmen in every line of strength since my illness to take they have undertaken, whether my place in store, I now represent that was with carpenter tools or the lines Olivia Murfee, the most delicate engravers in the world. To say that Drake's dress goods, rain coats, all grades did it mean to say that it was done with knit underwear, hosiery and hosiery and well done. They use our entire stock of men's ready-to-wear, first page this week to make an announcement of their change. Tfcone 169 Ida Murfee. Local News. Mr. Jno. K. Kaye, of Booneville, was in the city Wednesday. "The Squaw Man" at the Princess Tuesday, October 21st. "The Auction Block" at the Princess Theatre Friday, Oct. 24th. A large crowd from here attended the fair. At Tupelo last week, Douglas Fairbanks in "The Man From Painted Post" at the Princess Saturday, Oct. 17th. Several from here attended a meeting of the Aberdeen Baptist Association near Verona last week. Football game Saturday afternoon, October 17th, Okolona vs. Corinth. Admission 15 and 25 cents. Miss Ophelia McGee has returned from a pleasant visit with friends and relatives in Alabama. Mr. Nelson Floyd, Manager of the Princess Theatre, spent the first of the week in Memphis and Cleveland. "A Gentleman of Quality" featuring Earle Williams at the Princess Theatre Monday night, Oct. 20th. Mr. Grady Abernethy, of Meridian, spent the weekend with his parents, Mr. and Mrs. I. V. Abernethy. Mrs. W. W. Rayfield, of Mobile, was the guest of her sister, Mrs. J. E. Edens, for a few days this week. Mr. and Mrs. W. M. Alvarez have returned from a delightful visit with Mr. Alvarez's sister, Mrs. Frank Rice, in Mobile. The J. L. Jones cotton gin, west of town, was destroyed by fire early Saturday morning. The origin of the fire is unknown. "The Man From Painted Post" featuring Douglas Fairbanks at the Princess Theatre Saturday, October 18th. Matinee 2:30. Night 7:30. Mrs. Turman went to Memphis last week for medical treatment. She was accompanied to Memphis by her husband and Dr. Donaldson. Mrs. Dave Crighton, who went to Birmingham last week for an operation, stood the operation fine and is recovering rapidly. She was accompanied to Birmingham by her husband, who is expected home last of this week. The Aberdeen Baptist Association which met near Verona on Wednesday of last week, dissolved for the purpose of Organizing County Associations. A meeting has been called for early in November to organize in this county. One of Okolona's most progressive business firms is the Droke Jewelry Company. These gentlemen came to the city several years ago and purchased the business then conducted by Mr. C. B. Johnson. Constantly they have added to the business until now they have an establishment that would do credit to a city much larger than this, and still they grow. Recently they were compelled to close out one department entirely to make room for their growing line of jewelry and talking machines. In making over their store they had an eye to beauty, and how have the most beautiful business place in Okolona. In all, three brothers have been here connected with the business, and all and the fact that they are again ready to serve the public. Read their ad and pay them a visit. Frank Hair, who has been attending a mechanical school in the morning. Brady Bros. have out a Big and I Bargain Circular. Get one of them, see what they have to offer. War Risk Insurance The Battle of War Risk Insurance wishes to emphasize the importance of service men of one of the provisions of the War Risk Insurance Act upon the fulfillment of which may depend the validity of their claim to compensation under the Act. The War Risk Insurance Act provides that "No Compensation shall be payable for death or disability which does not occur prior to or within one year after discharge or resignation from the service, except that where, after a medical examination made pursuant to regulations, at the time of discharge or resignation from the service, or within such reasonable time thereafter, not exceeding one year, as may be allowed by regulations, a certificate has been obtained from the director to the effect that the injured person at the time of his discharge or resignation was suffering from injury likely to result in death or disability." Many discharged men are not familiar with or are inclined to disregard this provision of law and are allowing their rights thereunder to lapse. Request for the certificate mentioned above should be made to the Chief Medical Advisor, Bureau of War Risk Insurance, Washington, D. C. Attractions Friday, Oct. 17th, Monroe Salisbury in "The Sleeping Lion," Pathos, sensationalism, humor and a unique love story have been interwoven in this new release. Ford Educational Weekly. Saturday, Oct. 18th, Douglas Fairbanks in "The Man From Painted Post." Mutt and Jeff. Matinee 2:30, Night 7:30. Monday, Oct. 20th, Earle Williams in "A Gentleman of Quality." Hearst News. Tuesday, Oct. 21, a Cecil B. DeMille production, "The Squaw Man." Also "Tugboat Romeo." Wednesday, Oct. 22nd, the last Episode of " The Lure of the Circus," "Tiger's Trail" No. 4 and Hearst International News. Thursday, Oct. 23rd, Alma Ruebens in "A Man's Country." Friday, Oct. 24th, "The Auction Block," a Goldwyn production of one of Rex Beach's best books. Notice. Because of the fact that the sanitary inspector will not permit a pressingshop to be run in the same building with certain other business and that candy-making is one of these, it is up to me to move or cease doing pressing work. So I will hereafter take no pressing work, but will continue to do tailoring and devote my time almost entirely to clothes made to measure. This change will enable me to devote my entire time to this class of work. Hodeck, the Tailor. JADED senses? Margaret Hotel lobbies are so plane to make love. George Yes, I know, but there is a plot of adventure in it one doesn't get far corners. Catarrh Cannot Be Cured With LOCAL APPLICATIONS, as they cannot reach the seat of the disease. Catarrh is a local disease, greatly influenced by constitutional conditions, and in order to cure it you must take an internal remedy. Hall's Catarrh Medicine is taken internally and acts through the blood on the mucous surfaces of the system. Hall's Catarrh Medicine is prescribed by one of the best physicians in this country for years. It is composed of some of the best tonics known, combined with some of the best blood purifiers. The perfect combination of the ingredients in Hall's Catarrh Medicine is what produces such wonderful results in catarrhal conditions. Send for testimonials. F. J. CHENEY & CO., Props., Toledo, O. All Druggists, $0.75. Hall's Family Pills. Us for constipation. J. S. BRADY H. L. BRADY C. D. BRADY Country people and out of town visitors cordially invited to make our store their headquarters. Get our prices before you buy. BRADY BROTHERS CASH GROCERS Both Phones OKOLONA, MISS. Fresh Bread "WE KEL, FOR LESS" The Largest Retail Grocers in Chickasaw County, Leave your bundles with us. We of them whether you buy anything Our Stock is Fresh W. A. HOUSTON Secures Services of MISS HELEN HAWKINS Miss Hawkins has charge of the Real Estate Office of W. A. Houston, and under her management the Advertising Department will have special attention. List your land with us if you want to sell. We have a complete organization, and especially competent sales men. Our connections for getting in touch with real estate buyers are the very best, and we are getting ready now for a campaign of advertising which must get results. Come in and talk the matter over and let us get together. Miss Hawkins will be in the office from 8:30 to 5 o'clock every day except Sunday and will write up descriptions, and take options. W. A. HOUSTON, OKOLONA Carnival are sold everywhere in section cities by sealed package of 20 cigarettes or ten packages 2 00 cigarettes) in a glass-papering-covered carton. We strongly recommend this carton for the home or office supply or when you travel. R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. Winston-Salem, N. C SEYMOUR C. JONES Buyer of Cotton, Corn and Farm Produce Office in Colbert Store North Main St., Okolona, Miss. will take care We pay cash for our goods and sell for cash and can save the Cash-buyer money. Come and see for yourself from us or not. and Every Piece of Merchandise Guaranteed MISSISSIPPI CAMELS are in a class by themselves easily the most refreshing, the most likable cigarette you ever smoked. You can prove that! Simply compare Camels puff-by-puff with any cigarette in the world at any price! Put quality, flavor and cigarette satisfaction to the utmost test! Made to meet your taste, Camels never tire it, no matter how liberally you smoke them! The expert blend of choice Turkish and choice Domestic tobaccos makes Camels delightful so full-bodied, yet so fascinatingly smooth and mellow-mild. Every time you light one you get new and, keener enjoyment! Freedom from any unpleasant cigarette after taste or any unpleasant cigarette odor makes Camels as Unusual as they are enjoyable. In fact, Camels appeal to the most fastidious smoker in so many new ways you never will miss the absence of coupons, premiums or gifts. You'll prefer Camel Quality. 18 cents a package. | 10,414 |
308dc0809b492278aa86282aab1912f8 | French Open Data | Open Government | Various open data | null | rho130573.pdf | economie.gouv.fr | French | Spoken | 546 | 969 | DIRECTION GENERALE DES FINANCES PUBLIQUES
BOFIP-RHO-13-0573 du 02/09/2013
Délégation de signature du 2 septembre 2013
DELEGATION DE SIGNATURE – DIRECTION DES GRANDES ENTREPRISES – POSTE COMPTABLE
Direction des grandes entreprises
RÉSUMÉ
Délégation de signature en matière de contentieux et de gracieux fiscal pour le poste comptable
DOCUMENTS À ABROGER
Délégation de signature BOFIP-RHO-13-0506 du 01/07/2013
BOFIP-RHO-13-0573 du 02/09/2013
L'administrateur général des finances publiques, chargé de la direction des grandes entreprises ;
Vu le code général des impôts, et notamment l'article 408 de son annexe II et les articles 212 à 218 de son annexe IV ;
Vu le livre des procédures fiscales, et notamment les articles L. 247 et R* 247-4 et suivants ;
Arrête :
Article 1er
Délégation de signature est donnée à Monsieur Lionel TESTEVUIDE, administrateur des finances publiques, adjoint du
directeur chargé du poste comptable, à l’effet :
1° de prendre, en mon absence ou en celle du directeur assistant :
- toute décision concernant la juridiction contentieuse dans les limites fixées pour ma propre compétence ;
- toute décision concernant la juridiction gracieuse dans la limite de 200 000 euros par cote, exercice ou affaire ;
2° de prendre des décisions gracieuses de rejet, remise, modération ou transaction portant uniquement sur des
majorations de recouvrement dans la limite de 200 000 euros par cote, exercice ou affaire ;
3° de signer les documents d’exécution comptable relatifs aux décisions contentieuses et gracieuses sans limitation de
montant.
Article 2
Délégation de signature est donnée à Monsieur Philipe REYNIER, administrateur des finances publiques adjoint, fondé
de pouvoir, à l'effet :
1° de prendre des décisions gracieuses de rejet, remise, modération ou transaction portant uniquement sur des
majorations de recouvrement dans la limite de 200 000 euros par cote, exercice ou affaire ;
2° de signer les documents d’exécution comptable relatifs aux décisions contentieuses et gracieuses sans limitation de
montant.
Article 3
Délégation de signature est donnée à Madame Françoise AL JADIR, inspectrice divisionnaire des finances publiques,
responsable du pôle recouvrement forcé, à l’effet :
1° de prendre des décisions gracieuses de rejet, remise, modération ou transaction portant uniquement sur des
majorations de recouvrement dans la limite de 60 000 euros par cote, exercice ou affaire ;
2° de signer les documents d’exécution comptable relatifs aux décisions contentieuses et gracieuses sans limitation de
montant.
2
BOFIP-RHO-13-0573 du 02/09/2013
Article 4
Délégation de signature est donnée aux inspecteurs et contrôleurs des finances publiques du poste comptable dont les
noms figurent au tableau ci-dessous, à l’effet de prendre des décisions gracieuses de rejet, remise, modération ou
transaction portant uniquement sur des pénalités de recouvrement et dans la limite des montants figurant au tableau
ci-dessous.
Montants limités par cote, exercice ou affaire
Grade
Montant
Françoise DUCROCQ-VEY
Nom
Inspectrice des finances publiques
15 000 €
Brice GRIMAULT
Inspecteur des finances publiques
15 000 €
Ludovic MILHORAT
Inspecteur des finances publiques
15 000 €
Lucie PAPION
Inspectrice des finances publiques
15 000 €
Anthony GOURMIL
Contrôleur des finances publiques
5 000 €
Jérôme RICHY
Contrôleur des finances publiques
5 000 €
Article 5
La présente délégation sera publiée au bulletin officiel des Finances publiques, section ressources humaines et
organisation.
L'ADMINISTRATEUR GÉNÉRAL DES FINANCES
PUBLIQUES,
PHILIPPE MOUTIÉ
BOFiP
Direction générale des Finances publiques
Directeur de publication : Bruno Bézard
ISSN 2268-0756
3
| 42,137 |
<urn:uuid:1bafcfad-b398-48f8-b93d-a6a1e352c678> | French Open Data | Open Government | Various open data | null | https://www.e-cancer.fr/Professionnels-de-sante/Veille-bibliographique/Nota-Bene-Cancer/Nota-Bene-Cancer-583/Revisiting-the-Standard-Blueprint-for-Biomarker-Development-to-Address-Emerging-Cancer-Early-Detection-Technologies | e-cancer.fr | English | Spoken | 194 | 244 | Novel liquid biopsy technologies are creating a watershed moment in cancer early detection. While evidence supporting population screening is nascent, a rush to market the new tests is prompting cancer early detection researchers to revisit the standard blueprint established by the Early Detection Research Network (EDRN) for evaluating novel screening biomarkers. In this commentary, we review the EDRN’s Phases of Biomarker Development (PBD) for rigorous evaluation of novel early detection biomarkers and discuss both hazards and opportunities involved in expedited evaluation. According to the PBD, for a biomarker-based test to be considered for population screening: (1) test sensitivity in a prospective screening setting must be adequate, (2) the shift to early curable stages must be meaningful, and (3) any stage shift must translate into clinically significant mortality benefit. In the past, determining mortality benefit has required lengthy randomized screening trials, but interest is growing in expedited trial designs with shorter-term endpoints. Whether and how best to use such endpoints in a manner that retains the rigor of the PBD remains to be determined. We discuss how computational disease modeling may be harnessed to learn about screening impact and meet the needs of the moment. | 24,953 |
contestedelecti00griggoog_46 | US-PD-Books | Open Culture | Public Domain | null | None | None | English | Spoken | 8,587 | 13,629 | This is to certify that Casper H. Mather has given satisfactory evidence to the undersigned local inspectors of steam vessels for the district of Juneau, Alaska ; that he is a skillful pilot of steam vessels and can be intrusted to perform such duties upon the waters of southeastern Alaska between Dixon entrance and Wrangell, on east side of Prince of Wales Island ; and he is hereby licensed to act as second-class pilot on inland steam vessels of 100 gross tons for the term •of five years from this date upon the above-named route. Given under our hands this 1st day of August, 1917. Peter G. Peltret, Inspector of Boilers. George H. Whitney, Inspector of Hutts, [On reverse Bide.] Passed examination for color blindness June 5, 1917. Surgeon's certificate •on file in the office of United States local inspectors at Juneau, Alaska, as per indorsement upon surrendereil license Xo. 17899. George H. Whitney, Peter G. Peltret, United States Local Inspectors of Steam Vessels^ DintrU't of Juneau, Alaska. The Witness. I am doing something else now. Q. But for 15 years you have been a Ucenseil pilot? — A. Yes, not continually, but off and on. Q. But you had a license all the time? — A. Yes. Q. Have you owned boats?* — A. Yes. little boat; don't run it. Q. You don't run it? — ^A. No, Just fooling around. Q. You are a machinist? — A. Yes, sir. 9- Have you got a machine shop? — A. Yes. Q. Where? — A. I>own close to the bridge. Q. In the town of Ketchikan'^ — A. In the town of Ketchikan. Q. What do you do in' that machine shop'? — A. Blacksmith work, repair work, and machine work. Q. And do you carry on the business yourself? — A. Me and Paul. Q. Both are intere.sted in It? — A. Something like that. Q. Do you repair boilers and engines? — A. Put parts on boilers, repair gas engines, do blacksmith work, shop and machine work of any kind. Q. How long have you been doing that kind of work? — A. Ever since my father was a blacksmith and I follow something like that all the time most of my life. Q. Your father was a blacksmith? — A. He was. ^>. He followed that in this Territory? — A. All the time, he was a black- .snilth. Q. Do you own the proi)erty there where y<m carry on the machine shop? — A. Y'es. Q. Machine shop, buildings, and ground? — A. Machine shop, buildings and ground and all. Q. And you have a machine shop establishe<l there, tools and all kinds ma- chine work apparatus, lathes, etc.*? — A. Yes, everything that uuu-hine shop has. Q. It is a large machine shop? — ^A. No, small one. Judge WicKKRSHAM. I uow offer In evidence from this certified copy of the assessment roll of the town of Ketchikan for 1918, so much of it as has ref- erence to this particular witness. (Reads:) Casper Mather, shop building, fraction of lot 10, l)lock 28, realty .%'?50, machine shop equipment, per.sonnlty t20i\ total valuation ^fMO, tax $11, date of payment September 23, 1918. Q. Where did you go to school at, Mr. IMather? — A. Different places, in Metlakatla, New Metlakalla, Sitka Industrial Training School. Q. How long did you go to the Sitka Industiial Training Sch(K>l? — A. Now I don't remember, started with my brother, not nuich, nio.stly at Duncan's 4>chool at Metlakatla. Q. How long have you lived In your home here in Ketchikan? — A. Something ground eight or nine years. Q. All the time?— A. All the time. 'S22 VrhGKMMSUAM T«. ^CLJSER, MK^fiASfiD, AKD GftlOfiBY. Q. Was your Cuulff widi }ftm all CHe 4lMet--A. My family was with me ull the time. i|. I notice yo« are well dressed, yw bare a good eult oii, <}o tiie rest f)f the native people bere u'ear ctotheR similar to wliat ytHira are^ — ^A. Some; yes. Q. Do they have any chief amon^ the native people here in Ketchikan? — A. Not here. ii, rkm*t have any in MetlaJcatla ?— A. No. <^ And yoa don*t recogniBe any chief of any kind? — A. No. Q. There is no tribe of Indlaxia yon helooi^ to In anyway? — ^A. No. Q. Did I ask you if you regtrtered as a United States soldier in the last «var?— A. I dkl. Q. Liere hi Ketchikan ?— A. In Ketchikan. Q. You were not called? — A. No. Q. You live in your own home; who else lives there? — A. Myself and uiy wife and children. Q. What kind of a home have you got? — A. Fairly good enough place. Q. Do you belong to any organizations or societies? — A. No, I don't belong to anythitig here. Q. Did you belong to the Alaska Labor Union? — A. No, I didn't belong to that. Q. What IwatK did you run on as pilot? — A. Steamship HartAd, tugboat. Q. What others? — A. Steamships and gas boats, sjiwmlll boat Vigilant; I was master of her for sometime. Q. She was a sawmill tugboat? — A. Yes. By Attorney Cosgrovk: Q. Is tliere anylnxly in that business do^Mi there i)esides jim and Paul? — A. What do you mean? Q. Just you two there? — A. Yes. Q. You have a grocery store and machine shop? — A. Yes. Q. And you have charge of the grocery store? — A. The shop. Q. The machine shop? — A. Yes. Q. And Paul takes care of the grocery stc^re? — A. Something like that. Q. And I sui)i»ose when you are out of town he does the machine work? — A. Something like that. Q. And when he is out of town you sell tlie gr<x?eries? — A. Yes, I help. By Attorney Geigsby : Q. Isn't it true that Paul's daughters, girls, work in tiie store also? — X. Yes. By Attorney Cosgrovk: Q. In which department, machine shop or groceries? — A. Groceries. Casper H. Mather. Subscribed and sworn to before me this 11th day of October, 1919. [SEAL.] Will H. Winston, Notary Public. DISPOSITION OF JOSEPH JOHN. JOSEPH JOHN, sworn. By Attorney Cosgro\'e: Q. What is your name? — A. Joseph John. Q. Where do you live? — A. I live here in Ketchikan. Q. Are you a nuirrit^l man? — A, Yes, sir. Q. How long have you lived here? — A. I have been living liere since bom. Q. W(Te you l)orn liere? — A. Yes. Q. What tril)e of Indians do you l)elong to?- -A. Thlinkct. i}. You know Chief Johnson (»f the tribe? — A. Yes. <}. Did you live liere last Novenil>erV — A. Yes, sir. Q. Did you vote?— A. Yes. sir. Q. For whom did you vole?— A. That is for me to know. Q. Is that so; won't you let us in on it? — A. No: I don't think so. (). Why; why won't yoti tell us? — A. I don't have to tell ytni. Q. Who told you that? — A. I have i)ei»n listening all these peaj)le remark. (}. You have heard it here'/ — A. I can tell you if you want to. Q. Yes; please do? — A. I vote for Wickersham. Q. How did you hai>pen to vote for Wickersham? — A. Weil, I heard he was for tishermen. so pa|)ers say. WICKEBSHAM VS. SULZER, DEOEASfiO, AJSD OmOSBY. St^ Q. Who told you that? — A. All papeni. Q. What palmers? — ^A. Ketebik«ji papers. Q. Ketchttcan Times? — ^A. T«6. Q. You read the Ketchikan Times, do you? — ^A. Yee, air. Q. Did some white man teli you that too? — ^A. No; nobody told me. Q. And you have talked with a lot of w^hite men about the election? — A. No, sir. Q. What office was Mr. Wickeraham r<unning for that time? Do you remem- ber?—A. I didnt* know. Q. Did you vote for anybody else exoe()t Wickeroliam? — A. No, sir. Q. Did anybody come to the polls with you? — ^A. No, sir; nobody — ^j«st oame In from street into the room. Q. How did you find out how^ to vote; wluit to do? — A. Just showed be how to make a cross. Q. Who did that? — A. Some of these boys — i^eople — four or five, I think. Q. Who showed you, Mr. Hunt? — A. I forgot. Q. Did he go Into the booth \\ith you? — A. No, sir; I went alone. Q. Where were you when you voted; how did you vote? — A. Rl^t here In this table. Q. You don't remember the time? — A. I forgot. Q. Do you know Mr. Oliver? — A. I know him ; yes. Q. Wasn't it him who showed ynxi how to vote? — ^A. No. Q. Are yoTi sure al)out that? — ^A. Yes, sir. Q. But yon don't remember who It was?— A. I don't reuieniber \\iio. Q. Was it Mr. Stackpole, Haney Stuokrmle? — A. I couldn't tell. Q. You don't remember that? You don't remember that it wasn't Mr. Stack- fK)le or Bob Oliver? — A. I don't know. Q. Did you ever vote l)efore last November? — A. No, sir. Q. How old are you? — A. Well, I must be pretty close to 30. Q. How did you happen to come here to vote last year when you never voted before? — A. I know, I thought I am born in Alaska, Russia sold Alaska to the United States, ought to be we can. Q. But you never voted before. How did you hapi)en to come and vote at that time: .who got yon to come ui) here? — A. I saw otlter |)eoi)le coming up. Q. What other [)eople? — A. Native i)eople. Q. Did you talk it over with them? — A. No; many come uip here. Q. State who they were. — ^A. Some of our native people, Q. Don't you remember who? — A. Lots of them. Q. And they got you to conie up here? — A. Told me and I come up here myself. Q. You talke<l with them?— A. No; I didn't talk witli them. By Judge Wk^kerkham : Q. Mr. Johns, are you mariie<l? — A. Yes, sir. Q. How much of a family have you? — A. Three now. Q. And you were born and lived in Ketchikan all your life? — A. I have been back East to school. <}. Where did yrm go to .school? — A. Carlisle. Q. How long did you go to the Carlisle school? — Five years* Q. And you read and write, then, of course? — A. Yes. Q. You know that Mr. Sulzer was a candidate last November also? — A. Yeg, sir. Q. And Mr. Wickersham was a candidate? — A. Yes. sir. Q. And you know they were candidates to go back to Washington to make laws? Attorney Grigsby. liet the witness testify, Judge. By Judge Wickersham : Q. You know that all, don't you? — A. I know. Q. But you didn't know the title of their office?— A. No; T didn't know. Q. Where do yon live, Mr. John? — A. I live on this side of the creek. Q. In your own house? — A. Yes, sir. Q. You possess tlie property there yourself? — ^A. Yes, dr. Q. How many rooms in your house? — A. Two. Judge Wickersham. I read from this certifle<l record, furnished me by the ta^wti treasurer, so much of it as has reference to this witness: 524 WICKERSHAM VS. SULZER, DECEASED, AND GRI6SBY. " Joe John ; cabin ; fraction of lot 19, block 17 ; realty, $100 ; total valuation, $100 ; tax, $2 ; date of payment, November 4, 1918 ; penalty, 30 cents/* Q. Have you paid any school tax, Mr. John — $5? — A. Not as I know of. Q. Are your children old enough to go to school? — A. No. Q. Do you belong to the Alaska labor union? — A. Yes, sir. Q. What other society or organizntlon do you belong to? — A. Just the Alaska labor union. Q. How long did you reside In Ketchikan before you voted last November, — several years? — A. I sttiy here. Q. Before you voted last November? — A. About 10 years — 10 or 11 years. Q. What business are you In? — A. Fishing. Q. Do you own a flsh boat? — A. No. Q. Who do you work for? — A. Use cannery boat this last summer. Q. What cannery? — A. Nakat Inlet. Q. W^hat do you do — general work for the cannery? — A. No; seining. Q. What did you do on the cannery boat? — A. Cannery seine boat. Q. What were you doing? — A. Working on the boat. Q. In what way: were you captain? — A. Yes, sir. Q. Have you a license — ^papers? — A. Didn't have to have license. 0. But you had charge of the boat? — A. Yes, sir; just master. Q. The boat belonged to the cannery company? — A. Yes, sir. Q. You say that you belong to the Thlinket race? — A. Yes, sir. Q. Do they have any chief among the Thlinkets here in Ketchikan? — A, Well, used to have long time ago : not now, I don't think. Q. You don't recognize any chief yourself, do you? — A. No, sir. Q. Do you try to live like white men, do you? — A. We try to. Subscrlbeil and sworn to before me tills 11th day of October, 1919. , Notary PnhUc. DEPOSITION OF EDWABD B. BIDLEY. EDWARD R. RIDLEY called and sworn. By Attorney Qbiosby: Q. What is your full name? — A. E<lward R. Ridley — Edward Robert Ridley. Q. Where were you born? — A. Metlakatla, Alaska. Q. Where do you live now? — A. Live here In Ketchikan. Q. How long have you lived In Ketchikan? — A. Ten years. Q. (Continuously? — A. Yes. Q. In what part of Ketchikan? — A. Down In Indian Town. O. Did you vote last election — last November? — A. Yes, sir; I voted. Q. How old are you? — A. I will be 24 this coming .January 11. Q. For whom did you vote? — A. Isn't that my business to tell whom I voted for. Q. If you want to, you can ; If you don't want to. you don't need to. — A. Well, I understand myself when I vote I wasn't going to tell anybody. Q. Have you any reason for not wanting to tell? — A. Yes. Q. What is your reason? — -\. Because when I vote I told myself not going to tell anybody whom I vote. Q. What Is your object for not telling now for whom you voted? Have you any real obie<-t for not telling whom you voted for?— ^A. I suppose If I tell who I vote now, it will be all off. Q. All off, how? — A. You know how my vote, when I vote I wasn't .<iupposed to tell anybody. Q. What makes you think of It: do you think your vote will be thrown out if you tell? — A. It Is my Idea. Q. You think your vote is legal, don't you? — A. Yes, sir. Q. If It was legal you don't think It would be thrown out, do you? — A. I don't know. Q. The reason you don't want to tell Is because you are afraid it may hurt Mr. Wlckersham in his contest? — A. Yes. Q. That is the reason? — A. Yes, sir. Q. Had you ever voted before the last election? — A. I was under age during the time. Q. Yon would be 22, then, last November, 23 last January? — A. Yes, sir. WIOKERSHAM VS. SULZEB, DECEASED, AND 6BI6SBY. 525 Q. Was your father a native of Alaska? — ^A. Yes. Q. What was he — a Tsimpsean? — A. Yes, sir. Q. He was bom in Alaska? — A. No; bom over in British Columbia. Q. Do you know when he came to Metlakatla, Alaska? — A. No; I was born over here. Q, You were bom over here on this side? — A. Yes, sir; that is all I know. Q. Do you live here all the time in Ketchikan? — ^A. Yes, sir. Q. Don't you live in Metlakatla at all? — A. Yes, sir. Q. Are you married? — ^A. Yes, sir. Q. Have you a house here? — ^A. Part owner of a house. Q. Who owns the other part? — A. My father. Q. And how long since you lived in Metlakatla? — A. It has been 10 years ago since we left, and I only go over Just on holidays. Q. You haven't been over there to reside at any time? — ^A. No, sir. By Judge Wickebsham: Q. Mr. Ridley, where did you go to school? — A. I went to schobl at the Cushman School in Tacoma five years. Q. You read and write English? — A. Yes, sir. Q. You read the newspapers? — ^A. Yea, sir. Q. The magazines? — A. Magazines of all kinds. Q. And are dressed just like the other gentlemen here in the room now? — A. I suppose I am, trying to. Q. I notice you have a button on there. What Is that? — ^A. Victory loan button. Q; Do they recognize any chief among the native people here in Ketchikan ? — A. Not what I know of. Q. You don't recognize any? — ^A. Nobody. Q. Does your father? — ^A. I don't think so. Q. Do you know any people who do? — A. No. Q. Don't recognize any laws except those of the United States? — A. No, sir. Q. You were taught down to the Cushman School to be a citizen of the United States and to love the country, weren't you? — ^A. Yes, sir.. Q. Were you registered in the last war, Mr. Ridley? — ^A. Yes; I was reg- istered. Q. Were you registered? — A. Right here in Ketchikan, at the custom- house. Q. Have you got your registration card? — A. Yes, sir. Q. Have you got it with you? — ^A. Yes, sir. (Judge W^lckersham reads same into the record, as follows: "Registration certificate. To whom it may concern, greetings : These presents attest that In accordance with the proclamation of the President of the United States and in compliance with law, Edwnnl Robert Ridley, of Ketchikan, Alaska, has sub- mitted himself to registration and has by me been duly registered this 5th day of November, 1918, under supervision of the local board designated on the back thereof. E. G. Keaney, Registrar." On the back of it : " Local board No. 4, city of Ketchikan, Ketchikan, Alaska.") Q. What is your business, Mr. Ridley? — ^A. I am just a common laborer — fishing. Q. Do you own i>roperty here in Ketchikan? Do you own an interest in prop- erty?— A. Yes, sir; an interest in property. .Judge WicKERSHAM. I wjuU to read into the record the description of prop- erty, etc., standing under the name of this man f reads] : Ridley, Robert; house; lot 2, block 27; value, $5.50; total valuation, $550; tax, $11 ; paid October 11, 1918." Q. Is that your property nnd whose? — A. It is my father's. Q. Your father's property? — ^A. Yes. Q. Is it the property you hnve an interest in? — A. Yes. Q. Where you reside? — A. Yes.* Q. Do you belong to the Alaska labor union? — A. Yes, sir; I belong. Q. Do you belong to any other associations or unions? — ^A. No. sir; not here. Q. What T>apers do vou read, Mr. JlidleyV — A. Why, I read all my papers. Q. Magazines? — A. Magazines, newspapers. Q. Do the native people here live after the style of white people — natlv<» people here in Ketchikan? — A. Yes, sir; seem to. Q. They don't have any tribal relations? — ^A. No. Q. And all live in their own homes? — ^A. Yes. 5SA WICRBWHAM V&. &Vl.aER, DECEASED, AKTD GBIGSBY. Q. Some own their homes and ethers rent them? — ^A. Yes, Q. And live around among the white people? — A. Yes, sir. By Attorney Gbmakv: Q. When is that registration card dated? — A. November 5. Qi. Last yev? — ▲. Ye% star. Q. You never restetevNl befeve- fctet?— A. 1 wu fdet ; 1 h«Ml the- Urn. Q. How long did you haT» tM» flu) — A. Tlure^ wMfta Q. Prior to the time you had the flu, you never regtstered?'— A. He^ air. Q. Do you know when tkw i«9lBtr«tlMi w«9 on the* ftrst ttMe^-^A. Tes^ sir. Q. When ? — A. I couldn't remevlMr this date ; 1 c«]ld»> amy tie 4aiHf. ^ What year wa» it> Yen ittilnt regtetev in ttie ftrst lestBtratloiftV-A. I couldn't ; we tried ; good maay be(^ trieiA^ hot retkised vs. Q. You tfie^ yowpsell^— A. ¥es^ air. Q. Who did you go to? — A. Local board here. Q. Do you know why you were refused? — A. They refiised natives; all, I iMiii&r»tawl» flist plaev; geotf m»ny- beys Ifried ft, Q. They refused you because you were, mrtt^e*? — A. Yes, sir. Q. Didn't consider you as citiieiiB^— A. Not rmtW fn the falU Q. Last fall? By Jud^ WiCKJEBAftAift ; Q. Isn't it true the reason was- because they were fletiig ti» twy t# get q^ a natt^e eeMttaigeMly aeparale aeitf apaot ttom the etiees? Whftt d» ywi kne^' about that? — A. What do you mean; to live separate? Ql What I meHiBil te> a8li« ^Manft tt»y refMe jou became' tkey were pr^^r- ing to enlist all the native people in one class or in one orgMUlzatfew? What do you know about it?-^A. Yes; I thtek 1 d»; a 8eo# nnmy hwy» I weot to school with down in the Sound, tbegr wem rcgliitered in tl« llnpl place; jost didn't register, except in Alaska* <^ Att the fVjDlk^ in AJasta wnre legliAmA a teag tfoi# alter the people dewa below, weven't thegr?— A. Yee^ aii. 9nbflciibed aAd sworn te^ before me thfs Mth day of €>ctobcr, 19t9. [SEAL.] WlU. H. WUCST08I, Notary Public, DICPOSITION OF HEBMAN lUOUbY. HERMAN RIDLEY, called and swom. By A^ttamear Ctueaws : 4). ^ate your fnU name. — A. Herman Ridfcy. ^ How old ate yew?^— A. Tweirfy-tw». Ql Yonnfcer thoa jovr hi^thcr?— A. Yes, str, Qi Ye« veted at th* hist eteetlMi? — A. Yes, str. Q. For Mr, Wl«h«rsliaai?'-A. Tes«, sir. Q. Was that the first time you ever votett* — ^A. Ye». Q. Where- w««» yoi» bmni? — A. Methikatia, Atesfca. Q. How long have you lived in Ketchikan? — A. Ten years. Q. That has beea yetir tveme all the time? — A. Yes. Q. Did you register last fall — A. Yes ; 1 registered. By .fudge WiCKEBSHAM : Q. Where d^ you Uve? — A, Swaaaona Hill, kere. Q. You live with your folks?— A. Robert Ridley. Q. Robert Ridley Is your father?— A. Yes, sir. Q. And you are a brother of Ed Ridley, who was jost o» Hhe wttaees stand?— A. Yes, sir. Q. I notice you have a pin on. What Is that? — A, American flti^, I smppMt*. Q. Where did you go to school? — A. Taetmrn, Wasli., CHrnhmaa School. Q. How loiig did you go to srluml there? — A. Two" years. Q. Did you go to school anywhere else? — A. Duncan's school, in Metlafcntfa, five years. Q. Can 3'ou read and write? — A, Ves. Q. You read the newspapers and magaaines?- — A. Yesr sir; everytlilng. Q. Do you belong to the Alaska hilwr union? — A. Yes, sir. Q. Do the native, young native, men arouiKi Ketehikaa dress about Nke ytw do? — A. Some; can't say all of them. WICKBB&HAM Vft. SUL2£1t, DVCEASEBt^ AlfD COOGSBY. 52T Q, Well, tbey d«tt*t nrnistatn luiy tribal refati<msi. any of them — don*t have a chief ?— A. No, siF. By Attorney Obtgsbt : Q. How did you come to vote last fall? — A. I was thinlcing I had age eoough, so I could vote* Q. Anybody talk to you about? — A. No, sir. Q. Did you r^ad the newspapers about tke politlo&l issues? — A. Yef<, sir; I read some — a few. Q. And what papers? — A. Some papers in town, for quite a while. Q. What papers? — ^A. Miner; used to Iw^ the Ketcblltan Miner. Q. Who Is Mariara Ridley? — A, She in supposed to l>e married to Mie of my <ousin& Hebman Ridley. Subscribed and sworn to before me this 11th day of October, 101^. f SEi^L.) Wnx H. Winston, Notary PulUic, pgpogmoN or joe starr. JOE STARR, called snd srwc^m. By Attorney Griosby : Q. What is your Tmmm V-A> J«0 SSIftrr. ^ Wlicre w«T» ywi bovn, Joe? — A* I bom AIuhIcr. Q. What part?— A. Port Tongass. Q. How old are jwiI'^Jl 1 am over 50- yeara^ Q. Did you vote last election — ^last NoTenber^ — A. Yen, sir. Qt. Het» in IMcftilWD^— A. Her^ i» Ketcbtkan. Q. Who did you vote for? — A. I told you before. Q. Wickersham? — A. Tou ap«ak me bffor», and 1 tell you. Q. And you tcM me tlMt t* WlekevsliaiB?—- A. Yes. Q. DM anytody vome wltb yim to tlie ptect to vote? — A. Tfobody ; everybod*y go out all the time. Q. Who come up here with you? — ^A. I forget wtth ne; lots of people, some natives. Q. Did you talk to any white vtmm aboot Tottng? — A. No ; I never talk: Q. Who tolcl you yov had a right to ¥0^?^*-A. Some of my people. Q. Do you know which one? — A. I don't know which one; I fcrget. Q. All your people came up to vote? — A. Yea. Q. Do you know who told them they had the right to dft that? — A. No; I hear Mr. Wickersham is Ohriatian ; lie hel|i the poor maa like me, and that Is alf I hear. Q. Who did you hear say that you natives all had a right tof Tote? — A. Some our people read the newspapers, and they tell as. Q. Did the newspapers tell y*m htHl the right to vetre? — A. No; Q. Whotakl yeu ytm had a right to vote; yoa never voted before?^ — A. Nobodv tell me. Q. You lived in Alaska 50 years? — A. Yes. Qw Last N4^v«mber the first time yew ever voteil?— A. Flr»t time. Q. How did you come to vote last November? — A. All my people came here to vote. Q. And what are you— a Thiinket?— A. Yes; Xhlinket. Q. They all came up here to vote? — ^A. Yes. Q. How many of them? — ^A. I can't count how many. Q. None of them ever voted before? — A. No. sir. Q. Who told them they could vote? — A. Nobody. Q. Why didn't you vote in 1916, three years ago? Why didn't you vote then? — A. Never vote. Q. Why not?— A. Well, I didn't hear. Q. Do you know what white man It was .said you could vote last fall? — ^A. No. Q. Do Vou know Bob Oliver, this gentlemnn sitting over here; do you know him? — A. I know him, but I don't know his name; I know his face, all right. Q. And he talked with you? — A. I guess I talk with him; I forget who talk for me. Q. Did he tell you you hatl a right to vote? Did he tell you you could vote? — A. I don't know what .stay [you sayl. Q. What did he tell you? — A. I don't know; I forget stay [he say]. I vote; that is all, all I know. S&8 WICKERSHAM VS. SULZEK, DECEASED, AND 6RIGSBY. Q. Who marked tlie ballot for you, Joe? — A. Mr. — ^I can't hear this harif words; I haven't school much. Q. Who marke<l the paper for you when you voted? — A. I mark myself. Q. Who showed you how? — A. Just gentleman around here give me paper; that is all. Q. What office was Mr. Wlckersham running for? — A. What office, you mean? Q. Yes?— A. Right here. Q. Ho you know what office Mr. Wlckersham was running for? — A. No. Q. Did you vote for anybody else besides Wlckersham? — A. No. Q. Just for Wickersham? — A. Yes. Q. Did you mark the paper yourself? — A. I think write name; that Is all. Q. Did you mark a cross on the paper? — A. Yes; I make a cross. Q. And you went into the booth and made a cross, did you? Where did you make that cross; what part of the room? — A. Around here; room here; this- side [indicating]. Q. Did anybody go over there with you to show you how to make it? — A. Nobody. Q. And you read what was on the ballot? — A. No; I couldn't read. Q. You couldn't read what was on that paper? — ^A. No. Q. Who showed you where to put the mark? — A. I forget. Q. Some nuin here? — A. Lots of people. Q. Mr. Hunt? — A. Maybe Mr. Hunt; I don't know. Q. You live in Indian town? — A. Yes; Ketchikan our home. Q. How long have yoii lived in Ketchikan? — A. As long as before first start here cannerj^ ; that time we live here. Q. You are a sulK*hief, are you, Joe? — ^A. I^ng time now; my name Joe Starr, Q. You were chief? — A. No I am chief. Q. Weren't you a kind of a chief once? — A. No; I don't believe chief; our people no use, no count. Q. I^mg time chief? — A. Lots of savages; not now. Q. L(mg time ago? — A. Uncle, uncles, grandfathers; long time. Q. And you are from the most intelligent branch of the Thlinkets, then? — A. That is a hard one. Q. Is Johnson chief? — A. Yes; he Is chief. Q. Same tribe? — A. Same tril>e. Q. Bigger chief than you were? — A. He d(m't do now. Q. wiicn he was a chief, was he bigger than you were? — A. Just the same; long time, not now. Q. You go to his house? — A. I go to his house. Q. That is tribal house, isn't it?— A. Yes. Q. You have meeting there? — A. No meeting, nothing. Q. You have meeting? — A. No. no. Q. You can't read?— A. What? Q. You can't read? — A. I can't read. Q. You just write your name? — A. Just write name now. Q. You don't know, do you, Joe, why all the natives came up to vote last fall? You don't know who told them to do that? — A. No; I don't know who told them. Q. How many natives, your people, came up here to vote? — A. I don't know: I can't count. Q. Twenty? — A. Maybe 2() : T don't know; the man keep on the paper. Q. Do you know how many 20 is? — A. I know. Q. Were there that many? — A. I don't know. Q. ^fore than that? — A. I don't know. Q. They all came up?^A. No. Q. They didn't all come up? — A. I bear they all go out; after I stay 1 can't count. Q. They kept c<Hning In all the time? — A. Yes. Q. Lots of them? — A. Lots of tbom. Q. All vote for Wlckersham? — A. I don't know. Q. You think so?— A. Ob, I don't know. Q. You think so? — A. I don't know. Judge Wickersham. That is not the best evidence. Attorney Ortgsby. We are not asking for the best evidence. Q. Do you believe they all vote<l for Wickersham? — A. No; I know myself. Q. Tliey all talked for Wickersham? — A. I know that is. WICKSBSHAM VS. 6ULZ£R, D£CfiASED, AKD GfilOSBY. 5i9 Q. You heard lots of talk? — ^A. I heard Ju«t one fellow; my friend, be is down in Victoria; he read the newspaper; he gone to Vi<rtoria, British Co- lumbia. By Judge Wickeeshaii: Q. Joe, isn't it true that all the natives over at Hydaburg voted in 191C? The Indians over at Hydaburg voted In 1916 for Mr. Sulzer? Did you hear that?— A. I don't know. Q. You didn't know anything about Mr. Ulbbs and those people over to Klawak trying to vote all the In<lians at Klawak and Hydaburg in 1916, two years before you voted; you didn't know that? — A. I don't know that. Q. You own sonic proi)erty liere In town? — A. Yes, sir. Q. Where is j'our property? — A. On that side. Q. Your name is Joe Starr? — A. Yes. Judge VVi(KEUsn.\M. I want to read liito the record tlie item in this certi- fied list of taxpayers of Ketclilkau; that Item relating to this particular wit- ness I reads J : *" Starr, Joe; house; lot 16, block 17; value, $r)00; total valuation, $500; tax, $10; paid October 15, 1918." Q. How long have you owned that house, Joe? — A. Two years now. Q. You were living there when you voted in November? — ^A. Yes. Q. How many children have you? — ^A. Well, I bad four; now some died. * Q. Wife and four children?— A. Yes. Q. What is your business';? — A. Wliat business? Fishing. Q. Fisliermau? — A. Yes. Q. Did you ever own a boat? — A. Yes sir. Q. What kind of a boat?— A. Small boat. Q. Gas boat? — A. Gas boat. Q. Do you run it yourself? — A. I run. Q. Can you repair it and fix it when it is broken? — A. Yes; we fix It, y. Who did you fish for?— A. Starr (Toliison. Joe Starb. Subscpibeti and sworn to before me this 11th day of October, 1919. [SEAL.] Will H. Winston, Notary Public. T)El>OSlTION OF UEORGE KEEOAN. (;K()U(;E KEKCiAN called and sworn. By Attorney Gkigsby : Q. What is your name? — A. George Keegan. Q. Have you got any otiier name? — A. Tluit is my name, real name, George Keegan. Q. You have got some other names? — A. That is all. Q. Is that the only name you go by*i—A. Yes. Q. What are you, a ThlinketV— A. Yes. Q. You live in Ketchikan? — A. Yes. Q. How long have you lived in Ketchikan? — A. Oh, a long time. Q. You 11 v« down here in Indian Town? — A. Yes. Q. Do you own your bonne :— A. No, ji: i renting house; I born in Metlnkatia, you know. Q. You were l)orn in Metlakatla? — A. Yes. Q. But you are not a TsimpKean? — A. My father had a little farm and log cabin at Metlakathi, and when iKM>i)le moved there we had home there before. Q. How long liave you lived in Ketchikan? — ^A. Around here over 10 years now. Q. You were here last November? — A. Yes. Q. At the time of the election?— A. Yes. Q. Did you vote here? — A. Yes. Q. And for Mr. Wickersham? — A. Yes; I told you before when up in y(mr room. Q. What office was he running for?— A. Who? Q. Mr. Wickersham?— A. Well, I don't know. Q. Did you vote for anybody else? — A. I don't know; I know I vote him. Q. Did you vote for anybody else besides him? — A. I forgot; two or thrcHj besides. 151279—20 34 530 WIGKERSHAM VS. BVLZERy DECEASED, AND GRIGSBT. ^ Q. Is that the first time you ever voted? — A. Yes. Q. How old are you? — A. Thirty -two. Q. How long had you been living in Ketchikan last November? — ^A. About 10 years now^ since I have been living hi Metlakatla, around Ketchikan, all the time. Q. Haven't you been back to Methikatla at all? — ^A. No. Q. Are you married? — A. Yes. Q. How long have you been married? — A. About 12 yeara Q. Were your family here then? — A. Yes. Q. All that sunmier? — A. Yes. Q. You were here all summer? — A. No; out my. self fishing. Q. When you were not out fishing you were in Ketchikan all the time? — A. Yes. Q. You never went back to Metlakatla? — A. No; never go back. Q. How did you happen to vote last November? — A. Only time we know have right to vote, before we no. Like we don't know nothing, like we blind ; but last year got to vote ; we l)elong to Alaska and vote right. Q. Was last year the first time? And before that you had the right to vote but didn't know it? — A. IMdn't know nothing; last year on account of war when our come here to be registered none of us say no; Just go on Uncle Sam says, belong to him. Q. When did you register? — A. Last year. Q. What time?— A. This time— fall time. Q. In November? Huve you got a card? — A. No. Q. Did you register In November? — A. Same time boj's register; the first time didn't have to register. Q. Do you know what month it was you registered? — A. I think October some time. Q. Who told you hist fall y<m boys had the right t<> vote'/ — A. We know we have a right Just, Q. Who told you that'/- A. We Just know that from the time had to register like any white uimi. Q. Nobody told you?— A. Nobody told. Q. No white miin talked to any Indians abiiut it at all? — A. No; not that I know oi ; we know we have got the right to vote. Q. No white man talked to you about It?— A. No white man tell to vote. Q. No white man told you to register so you could vote? — A. No wanting, Ketohikan Miner, if saW, got to go and rej;ister. Q. Alter that no white man talked to you about iK)litics? — A. No; I don't know. Q. Dhhi't Mr. Oliver?— A. This fellow lindicatingl. Q. Yes; did he talk to you?— A. No. Q. Haivey StackiK»le1?— A. No; I know hUu but he never talk me. Q. Did anylMxly help you to mark your ballot'/ — A. Nobody help, and give me paper, was in there card over there, one room for each man. Q. You marked it yourself/ — A. 1 know fellows can; 1 put cross and two other names. Q. You can read? — A. Yes. Q. Had you seen a sample ballot before that, so y(m would know his name?— A. I see In newsi)ai)er his picture and his name. Q. You are perfectly sure, are you, that nobody talked to you about who to vote for or told you you hin\ a right to vote'/- A. We never hear nothing alwait that before; it was our first time last year; they say got right to vote like anybody. Q. And you all came up and voted? — A. Yes. Q. How many'/ — A. I don't know. Q. Alxmt how many? By Judge Wickeksiiam : Q. I object; it is not the best evidence; the lists show; the rcglstratiim list Is the l)est evidence. By Attorney (fUiosav: Q. About how many?— A. I couldn't tell; I can't tell correct. il Then, tell your truest and iu'st (»<tiniate. — A. I don't know how many the natives. Q. You haven't any idea?~A. No. WICKERSIIAM VS. SULZER, DECEASED, AND ORIGSBY. 531 Q. A good many? — A. A good many over 30, I think. Q. Over 30?— A. Something like that. Over 30 in Ketchikan now, about 50 then. Q. All voted?— A. Yes. By Judge W'ickebsham : Q. George, did you ever go to scliool? — A. No; over here. Q. How long? — A. About one yt ar at St. John's School l)efore. Q. You can write your name? — A. Name. Q. Y'ou read?— A. Little bit. Q. Where do you live? — A. Ketchikan, all the time. Q, Have you got a home of your own? — A. Just renting house. <J. What work do you do? — A. Fishing all the time. Q. Do you own a gas boat ? — A. No ; just run boat any time. O. Who do you nm a boat for? — A. Running boat Quadra Bay last year. Q. What do you do on the boat? — ^A. Fishing; seine fishing. Q. Do you belong to the Alaska labor union here? — ^A. Yes. Q. You registered for the war?-— A. Yes. Q. Have you got a registration card? — A. No; I haven't got with me now. Q. Did I ask if you are married? Are you married? — A. Yes. Q. How many children? — A. Two. Q. You rent a house? — ^A. Yes. ' Q. What kind of a house, Joe— George? — ^A. Good house; pay $15 a month. Q. Fifteen dollars a month rent here in Ketchikan? — ^A. Yes. Q. House like white people live In? — A. White people house. Q. You are dressed now just like fishermen do; other white men? — A. Yes. Q. And you rent that house from a white man? — ^A. Yes; from a white man. Q. Do you have aay chief? — ^A. No; don't go by chief; used to have chiefs here long time ago. Q. But no longer? — ^A. Not lately, no chief; only call Chief Johnson just be- cause he got that name long time, but we don't go by his word. Q. George Johnson is not chief here, is he? — A. No; just call him Chief John- son; long time start to call him. Q. Is Billie Dickinson a chief ?— A. I don't know. Q. You don't know of any chief around? — A. Don't remember them; no. Q. There is no chief over to Metlakatla?— A. No. Q. You live among the white people? — ^A. Yes. Q. And live like they do? — A. Yes; nothing different Geo. Kebqan. Subscribed and sworn to before me this 11th day of October, 1919. [SEAT>.] Will H. Winston, Notary Public, DEPOSITION OF GEORGE JAMES. GEORGE JAMES called and sworn. By Attorney Grigsby : Q. State your full name. — A. George James. Q. Where were you bom? — ^A. Ketchikan. Q. How long have you lived in Ketchikan?— A. Since we start here; all the time. Q. You have a house here? — A. Just slay with my friends In Ketchikan. Q. You stay with your friends? — A. Yes Q. In Indian Town? — A. Yes. Q. Are you a Thllnket? — A. Yes; I have been here 32 years now. Q. You have lived hero in town. H2 years? — A. Yes; all the time we just go short time and come back again. Q. You are 33 years old?— A. Thirty-two. Q. Did you vote last November at the election here In Ketchikan? — ^A. Yes. Q. For whom did you vote? — A. Wickersham. Q. Wickersham?— A. Yes. Q. Did you vote for anybotly else? — A. Yes. Q. Who else? — A. Lots of people. I hear good man Wickersham; white peo- ple tell he is good man, Wickersham, I sign just his name, that Is what I mark. Q. Did you vote for anybody else beside Wickersham? — A. No. 582 WICK£MHAH VS. SULZBR, DECEASED, AND QiUGSBT. Q. When you came up httt to vote, who sbowed yott how to mark yoar bal- lot?— A. Lot of people, white people in the itreet, diy mends, tliat Mlow she showed me that roan; I never read the paper. I have been to school not one day. Q. And white men on the street show you how to mark it? — ^A. Yes; my friends. Q. What white man?— A. 1 don*t know. Q. Do you know Mr. Oliver? — A. No. Q. Mr. Oliver, him [indicating]? — A. I don't know his name; I see fellow on the street. Q. Do you know Mr. Oliver?— A. No; only another fellow I know. Q. Who is that?— A. Jud^e Mahoney. Q. Judge Mahoney? — A. Who Is the marshal Is, I know In the street. Q. You don't know thv* name of any white man? — A. No; only just fellows I know. Q. When you came up hei-e to vote, did somebody show you how to mafk? — A. Some fellow read In newspaper 1^ good man to help fishermen. Q. When you came In here to vote, a man gave you a paper? — A. Paper? Q. Yes. — A. Some friends he ask it where Wickersham about on the papers, anotlier fellow he showed Wickersham there, that is what. Q. A man showe<l you on the street V — A. Yes. Q. Do you know who that man was? — A. No. Q. Do you know what Wickersham was running for, what office he was run- ning for? — A. No. Q. Do you know who is President of the United States? — A. No; I never at school ; I don't know ; lots talk I don't hear, only few talks I know. Q. You ne\'er voted before last fall? — A. No. Q. Who told you you had a right to vote last year? — A-*I^ts of people tokl me Wickersham going to help fishermen, that why I vote. Q. W*ho told you you had a right to vote? — A. Just on street, lots of people. il Lots of i)eople on the street? — A. Yes. Q. You don't know who they were? — ^A. No. Q. All the Indians come up and voted last fall?— -A. TeB. Q. Lots of them?— A. Yes. Q. All for Wickersham ?*-A, Yes. Q. Who is your chief?— A. I don't ktww rhief ; no; what call chief? I don't believe chief; what is that a chief now: I hear somel)ody Is called chief. Q. Do you know what a B«*ar Indian Is? — ^A. No. Q. Do you know what a Crow is?— A. Yes. Q. Do you know what a Besir Is? — A. No. Q. Are you a Crow or a Bear? — ^A. Crow. Q. Can you marry a Crow? — ^A. I don't understand. Q. Can you read? — ^A. No. Q. Can you write? — ^A. No. By Judge Wickersham : Q. Wore you registered In the last war? — A. Yes. Q. George, were you registered here in Ketchikan? — A. Yes. Q. Have you got a registration card? — ^A. Yes. Q. Tiet me see It, |>]ease. Judge Wickersham (to Attorney Grigsby). You don't want this read into the record* do y\m^ Attorney (iBKjsbv. Yes. Judge Wickersham. All right. fReads:] "Registration <»ertiflcate; tt> whom it niny concern, greetings: These presents attest that in accordance with the l)roclamatlon of the President of the United States and in coniiillance with Inw, George James, of Ketchikan, Alaska, has submitted himself to registra- tion and has by me been duly registered tlie 22d day of November, lOlS. under the sui)ervlslon of the local bosird, de.signated on the back herwif, K. G, Keaney, registrar." On the back ot It, ** I/>cal board No. 4, city of Ketchikan, Ketchikan, Alaska." Q. Do you belong to the Alaska Lubor I'nion, George? — ^A. Yes. Q. What is your business? — A. That is fisherman. Q. You are a fisherman? — A. Yes. Q. What do you do in fishing? — A. Just fishing for the cold storage. Q. For the cold storage? — ^A. When got to work up canneriea 4* Do you run a boat? — ^A. Yes WIGKBRSHAM VS. SULZEB, INKCBASBD, AHD OBIGSBT. 588 Q. Wbat kind? — ^A. I ksTen't got ; I mM boat ; I am folQg to get anQttier boat; hig one. Q. In 1018, a year ago, did you own a boat? — ^A. Fours days ago, now. Q. You sold it four days ago? — ^A. Yea. Q. What kind of a boatV-A. Seine boat. Q. How big a boat?— A. Thirty-five feet long. Q. How mucli is it worth ; what was It worth ; how much did It cost? — ^A We «ell that boat, Q. Yes? — ^A. Five hundred and fifty dollars. I want to get a new boat, why 1 sell that boat, 46 feet. Q. You are going to get a new boat, 46 feet long?— A. Tea. Q. You have got no chief now? — ^^\. I don't know what Is chief; I can't tell. Q. Do native people have »iny chief? — ^A. I don't know what is that chief. Q Yon have heard more talk about chiefs from Mr. Grlgsby than from the Indians the lant 10 years? — A. I don't know what kind man they got chief. Q. You live under the laws of the United States? — ^A. Yes. Q. No Indian laws here, are there? — ^A. No. Q. Is your father living?— A. He is died, about nine years. Q. He lived here in Kltohlkan, did he?— A. Yes. Q. And your mother? — A. She is here. Q. Dead, too? — A. No, here. Q. Where is she living? Where is she living? — A. Indian Town. Q. Who does she live with? — A. In the Johnson House. Q. In the Johnson House? — A. Yes. Q. Have you got any brothers and sisters? — A. Yes. Q. How many? — A. Two. Q. Where do they live?— A. Here in Ketchikan. Q. You say you are 32 years old? — A. Y'es. Q. What is the button you have got on there. George? — A. That Is some people Q. Union button? — A. Yes: the T'nlon. Q. You belong to the Alaska Labor Union? — A. Yes. Q. You say you know .Judge MahoueyV — A. I only know one, I know Judge Ma honey, this fellow T forget. Q. Did he talk about politics to vou before Novenil>er last, before you voted? — A. No. Q. Do you know Mr. Shnrpe? — A. No; which fellow. | 19,694 |
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eatonigenia%20trirama | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Eatonigenia trirama | https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eatonigenia trirama&action=history | Dutch | Spoken | 39 | 67 | Eatonigenia trirama is een haft uit de familie Ephemeridae. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1973 door McCafferty.
De soort komt voor in het Oriëntaals gebied.
Ephemeridae
Dier uit het Oriëntaals gebied | 13,965 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%B1ada%20de%20las%20Piedras%20%28suba%20sa%20Departamento%20de%20Paysand%C3%BA%29 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Cañada de las Piedras (suba sa Departamento de Paysandú) | https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cañada de las Piedras (suba sa Departamento de Paysandú)&action=history | Cebuano | Spoken | 76 | 129 | Alang sa ubang mga dapit sa mao gihapon nga ngalan, tan-awa ang Cañada de las Piedras.
Suba ang Cañada de las Piedras sa Urugway. Nahimutang ni sa departamento sa Departamento de Paysandú, sa kasadpang bahin sa nasod, km sa amihanan-kasadpan sa Montevideo ang ulohan sa nasod. Ang Cañada de las Piedras mao ang bahin sa tubig-saluran sa Uruguay River.
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Uruguay River (suba sa Urugway) tubig-saluran
Mga suba sa Departamento de Paysandú | 27,206 |
https://github.com/endreszabo/eventemitter/blob/master/dist/observer/TransactionObservable.js | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | null | eventemitter | endreszabo | JavaScript | Code | 817 | 1,898 | "use strict";
var __awaiter = (this && this.__awaiter) || function (thisArg, _arguments, P, generator) {
function adopt(value) { return value instanceof P ? value : new P(function (resolve) { resolve(value); }); }
return new (P || (P = Promise))(function (resolve, reject) {
function fulfilled(value) { try { step(generator.next(value)); } catch (e) { reject(e); } }
function rejected(value) { try { step(generator["throw"](value)); } catch (e) { reject(e); } }
function step(result) { result.done ? resolve(result.value) : adopt(result.value).then(fulfilled, rejected); }
step((generator = generator.apply(thisArg, _arguments || [])).next());
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var __generator = (this && this.__generator) || function (thisArg, body) {
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function verb(n) { return function (v) { return step([n, v]); }; }
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/**
* Allows to emit events in a transaction. Once the transaction is done, all events are flattened and released at once.
* For this reason the observers must accept arrays of the event type.
*/
var TransactionObservable = /** @class */ (function () {
function TransactionObservable() {
this._observers = [];
this._transaction = null;
}
TransactionObservable.prototype.addObserver = function (o) {
this._observers.push(o);
};
TransactionObservable.prototype.removeObserver = function (o) {
var idx = this._observers.indexOf(o);
if (idx !== -1) {
this._observers.splice(idx, 1);
return true;
}
return false;
};
/**
* If in transaction adds the given event to the list of events emitted in this transaction.
* Otherwise the event handlers are called right away.
* @param value The event value.
*/
TransactionObservable.prototype.invoke = function (value) {
if (this._transaction) {
this._transaction.push(value);
}
else {
this.invokeWith([value]);
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};
/**
* Invokes the obserable with many event values.
* @param values The event values.
*/
TransactionObservable.prototype.invokeMany = function (values) {
var _a;
if (this._transaction) {
(_a = this._transaction).push.apply(_a, values);
}
else {
this.invokeWith(values);
}
};
/**
* Runs a transaction. All invokes called during this transaction will be accumulated until the transaction
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* If an error occurs during the function all values will be discarded.
* @param fn The transaction function.
*/
TransactionObservable.prototype.transaction = function (fn) {
if (this._transaction) {
fn();
}
else {
this._transaction = [];
var values = [];
try {
fn();
values = this._transaction;
}
catch (error) {
throw error;
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finally {
this._transaction = null;
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if (values.length > 0) {
this.invokeWith(values);
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/**
* Runs a transaction asychronously. See the transaction function for details.
* @param fn The transaction function.
*/
TransactionObservable.prototype.transactionAsync = function (fn) {
return __awaiter(this, void 0, void 0, function () {
var values, error_1;
return __generator(this, function (_a) {
switch (_a.label) {
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_a.label = 8;
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};
TransactionObservable.prototype.invokeWith = function (t) {
for (var _i = 0, _a = this._observers; _i < _a.length; _i++) {
var o = _a[_i];
o(t);
}
};
return TransactionObservable;
}());
exports.default = TransactionObservable;
| 46,696 |
https://github.com/jakefeasel/platform-ui/blob/master/packages/platform-shared/src/views/NotFound/index.vue | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | platform-ui | jakefeasel | Vue | Code | 384 | 1,356 | <!-- Copyright 2019-2020 ForgeRock AS. All Rights Reserved
Use of this code requires a commercial software license with ForgeRock AS.
or with one of its affiliates. All use shall be exclusively subject
to such license between the licensee and ForgeRock AS. -->
<template>
<BContainer
id="notFoundContainer"
class="h-100 d-flex"
fluid>
<div class="p-5 my-5 container">
<div
class="m-auto align-self-center text-center">
<div class="fr-speech-bubble">
<p>
<strong class="text-muted">
{{ ghostMessage }}
</strong>
</p>
<div class="fr-speech-arrow" />
</div>
<BImg
@click="ghostMessage === '404' ? ghostMessage = 'Boo' : ghostMessage = '...'"
:src="require('@forgerock/platform-shared/src/assets/images/ghost.svg')"
width="112"
height="112"
alt="img"
class="fr-ghost mb-4" />
<p class="lead text-center">
{{ $t("pages.notFound.couldNotFind") }}
</p>
<div class="text-center">
<RouterLink :to="{ name: previousRoute.name }">
<BButton
class="mt-2"
variant="primary">
{{ $t('pages.notFound.returnRoute', {returnRoute: $t(`routeNames.${previousRoute.name}`)}) }}
</BButton>
</RouterLink>
</div>
<BImg
@click="ghostMessage = '404'"
:src="require('@forgerock/platform-shared/src/assets/images/ghost-shadow.svg')"
width="112"
height="112"
alt="img"
class="fr-shadow" />
</div>
</div>
</BContainer>
</template>
<script>
import BreadcrumbMixin from '@forgerock/platform-shared/src/mixins/BreadcrumbMixin';
import {
BButton,
BContainer,
BImg,
} from 'bootstrap-vue';
/**
* @description The default 404 page when Vue router is unable to locate a route.
*/
export default {
name: 'NotFound',
components: {
BButton,
BContainer,
BImg,
},
mixins: [
BreadcrumbMixin,
],
data() {
return {
ghostMessage: '404',
previousRoute: {
name: this.$t('routeNames.Dashboard'),
params: {},
path: '/dashboard',
},
};
},
beforeRouteEnter(to, from, next) {
next((vm) => {
vm.previousRoute = from.name ? from : {
name: vm.$t('routeNames.Dashboard'),
params: {},
path: '/dashboard',
};
vm.setBreadcrumb(vm.previousRoute.path, vm.previousRoute.name);
});
},
};
</script>
<style lang="scss">
@keyframes nudge {
0%,
100% {
transform: translate(0, 0);
}
25% {
transform: translate(15px, 5px);
}
50% {
transform: translate(20px, 0);
}
80% {
transform: translate(10px, 5px);
}
90% {
transform: translate(-10px, 0);
}
}
#notFoundContainer {
.fr-ghost,
.fr-shadow {
animation: nudge 5s linear infinite alternate;
cursor: pointer;
}
.fr-speech-bubble {
animation: nudge 5s linear infinite alternate;
font-size: 20px;
font-weight: 300;
background: $card-bg;
border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
border-radius: 4px;
box-shadow: 4px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
line-height: 1.3;
margin: 0 auto 15px;
max-width: 110px;
padding: 15px;
position: relative;
right: 70px;
p {
margin-bottom: 10px;
&:last-of-type {
margin-bottom: 0;
}
}
.fr-speech-arrow {
border-left: 21px solid transparent;
border-top: 20px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
bottom: -25px;
position: absolute;
right: 15px;
&::before {
border-left: 23px solid transparent;
border-top: 23px solid $card-bg;
bottom: 2px;
content: '';
position: absolute;
right: 5px;
}
&::after {
border-left: 21px solid transparent;
border-top: 23px solid $card-bg;
bottom: 4px;
content: '';
position: absolute;
right: 6px;
}
}
}
}
</style>
| 14,940 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98530800 | Wikidata | Semantic data | CC0 | null | Kategorie:Ethoxyaromat | None | Multilingual | Semantic data | 6 | 31 | Kategorie:Ethoxyaromat
Wikimedia-Kategorie
Kategorie:Ethoxyaromat ist ein(e) Wikimedia-Kategorie | 40,437 |
https://github.com/coatyio/coaty-js/blob/master/src/db/db-adapter-factory.ts | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,021 | coaty-js | coatyio | TypeScript | Code | 274 | 522 | /*! Copyright (c) 2018 Siemens AG. Licensed under the MIT License. */
import { DbConnectionInfo } from "..";
import { IDbAdapter, IDbAdapterConstructor, IDbAdapterExtension } from "./db-adapter";
/**
* Factory for registering and creating database adapters.
*/
export class DbAdapterFactory {
// Adapters that have been registered by the application.
// Properties are unique names of adapters mapped onto adapter constructor functions.
private static readonly ADAPTERS = {};
private constructor() {
/* tslint:disable-next-line:no-empty */
}
/**
* Register database adapter of the given type under the given adapter name.
*
* The name of the adapter specified here must be equal to the name of the
* associated adapter specified in the connection info of the database config.
*
* @param name the associated name of the adapter
* @param adapterType the constructor functions of the adapter
*/
static registerAdapter(name: string, adapterType: IDbAdapterConstructor) {
// Note: We must NOT use the `adapterType.name` property as a key here,
// because the adapter class may have been scrambled by an obfuscation tool
// (e.g. uglify) at build time. Thus, the adapter type name would no longer
// correspond to the name of the (unscrambled) adapter type given in the
// connection info of the database config.
DbAdapterFactory.ADAPTERS[name] = adapterType;
}
/**
* @internal For internal use in framework only.
*
* Create an adapter instance from the given connection info.
* @param connectionInfo an object specifying connection details
*/
static create(connectionInfo: DbConnectionInfo): IDbAdapter & IDbAdapterExtension {
const adapterName = connectionInfo.adapter;
const adapterType: IDbAdapterConstructor = DbAdapterFactory.ADAPTERS[adapterName];
if (adapterType !== undefined) {
return new adapterType(connectionInfo);
}
throw new TypeError(`Cannot create DB adapter '${adapterName}': adapter is not registered.`);
}
}
| 36,968 |
sn93053726_1903-04-11_1_10_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Open Culture | Public Domain | null | None | None | English | Spoken | 3,843 | 5,396 | WATERBURY EVENING DEMOCRAT, SATURDAY, APRIL 11, 1903. Richelieu, Bisset & Holland 38 and 40 Bank St. Telephone 222. DREAMS CAME TRUE. Bank Robbery Revealed to Cashier in Night Vision. Special Attractions for To-Night and Monday Perfume! An Extra Special from the Violet. New Mown Hay, Jockey Club, Dress Goods Section. 19c an oz, from 25c. SHEFFIELD'S DENTIFRICE. 12c a tube. CASTILE SOAP. Large size cake 3c, from 5c, WOMEN'S TWO-CLASP KID gloves... White, grays and tans, 63c a pair, from 75c. MISSES' BLACK COTTON HOSE. Split sole, 19c a pair, from 25c. MISSES' BLACK RIBBED COTTON hose. Fast black, 19c a pair, from 25c. BLACK, MERCERIZED SATEEN SKIRTS. Made with 2 or 8 ruffles, 95c each, from $1.25. WOMEN'S WHITE MERCERIZED MADRAS WAISTS. Pleated back and front, trimmed with small pearl buttons, $1.19, from $1.49. Murderer Captured on Strength Of the protection that came in a dream - Forter Den R. v vealed to Little Ulrl. FIGURED MOHAIRS. In small neat figures for waists and shirt waist suits, regular price 50c a yard, special price 29c a yard. BLACK STORM SERGE. GO inches wide, all wool, 49c a yard. DRESS GINGHAMS. Good styles in stripes, checks and plain colors, regular 8c quality, 5c a yard. LINEN GINGHAMS. Regular price 33c a yard, 19c a yard. MEN'S TECK TIES. The newest patterns, 37c each, from 49c. MEN'S GOLD PLATED WARRANTED Collar buttons. All kinds, 4 for 25c, from 10c each. MEN'S ALL LINEN HANDKERCHIEFS. 9c each, 3 for 25c. THE "PRESIDENT" SUSPENDERS. $4c a pair, from 50c. GIVE, BISSET & KOLLARD. EAT WON THE FIGHT. Unique Contest at the North Carolina State Museum. Ridout and Five-Foot Ball Snake Causes In a Three-Round Contest Which Certainly Was Worth Seeing. At the last state fair in Raleigh, a traveling showman exhibited a woman snake charmer. He had several hundred live snakes, in boxes for the use of his performer, which had been shipped to him by a snake farmer in Texas. The reptiles were of the non-poisonous kind, and many of them were five feet long and two inches thick. One of the places of the show was in a booth between the county courthouse and the United States post office building. One day after the show was over and the snake charmer and company had gone a bull snake of the size stated, crawled out from where, the booth had been to the Bidewalk, and was seen and caught and carried to the state museum and turned over to the curator. The snake was pronounced a fine specimen of his species and appeared to be vicious. About this time one of the employees of the museum was engaged in catching rats, and one morning he exhibited a large rat, much larger than is usually seen, and that looked like a good-sized squirrel. Seeing what a magnificent fellow, the rodent was it was decided to have a fight between the snake and the rat. The cage in which the snake was confined, was about seven feet long and five feet wide and five feet high, with glass on the ends and on one side. This cage was cleaned out and the snake was put back, and he stretched out and lay as if asleep. The rat was then dropped in and he ran up into the corner near the tail of the snake to view the cage. The snake apparently did not take any notice of the rat, but the rat soon took in the situation. His eyes were fixed on the snake and he was panting from excitement. Several minutes elapsed, and neither antagonist moved, and the spectators had begun to think there would be no fight, when the snake almost imperceptibly moved, and at. This instant the rat sprang from the corner to the head of the snake, a distance of six feet and seized the snake just behind his head and sank his teeth. The rat, clinging to him with death-like tenacity, and holding on with his teeth and feet. This round lasted one minute. The rat was then dislodged and the snake made for him the second time. The snake struck at his opponent and chased him around the cage, the rat jumping about and dodging the blows of the snake until the snake presented another opportunity of being stretched out in full length, and then the rat took advantage of this opening and for the third time he sprang on the snake and riveted his teeth in the snake at the same place. The struggle of the two former rounds was repeated. The time was one minute and five seconds before the hold of the rat was broken. The snake, finding himself free from the enemy, crawled into one corner of the cage and coiled up, but did not renew the fight. The rat resumed his place in the corner he had originally chosen and stood there panting and trembling, but did not make another attack, and the victory was awarded to the rat, which was uninjured. His ears were then cropped so that they would know him if he was ever caught again, and for putting up such a gallant fight. He was turned loose to roam the museum. The cage was bloody and an examination of the snake disclosed a severe wound through the neck, but this was soon cured. The snake is still in the museum. His Swell Broke. Atkins Lawrence, in recalling his appearances with Mary Anderson when she was a youthful aspirant for the paternal honors in the east, says: "I was getting a little, stout in those days, even though I was a young fellow, and as Claude Melnotte I had a vest that had supplied with three buckles in the back. These I would draw as tight as possible to make myself slim. One night I had just finished my description of my palace and knelt down to say: 'Likest thou the picture, Pauline?' when suddenly all three of the buckles gave way with a snap that set the people in the orchestra tittering. 'What's the matter, Atkins?' Mary Anderson said, in a stage whisper. 'My vest buckles have broken, I answered. 'That's all right,' she replied, 'I was afraid it was your suspenders.' Detroit Free Press. The cashier of a bank went home one evening at his usual hour, ate his dinner, and, feeling rather tired, lay down on the sofa and dropped off to sleep. Suddenly he awoke with a start and said to his wife: "I've had such an odd dream. I was back at the bank and two men came in. They paid no attention to me, but set to work to open the safe. They seemed to have difficulty in doing it, and one of them then said they must move, it before they could do any good." They went up to try to stop them, but they did not seem to see me. Just then I woke up. Instead of laughing at him, his wife said seriously that it might be a warning. The husband took a cab and went back as fast as he could to the bank. He found the door forced, hurriedly calling a couple of police, the three entered and found two men exactly resembling those the cashier had seen in his dream. They had pulled the safe out of its corner and were drilling it in order to insert an explosive. In 1884, a wealthy publisher of Boston suddenly found himself to be the victim of a series of forgeries so large in amount that they threatened his credit. He set detectives to work at once, but all in vain. But one morning his little daughter Ethel, aged seven, came trotting into her father's study, saying: "Oh, papa, I had such a funny dream! I dreamt that I saw Mr. (mentioning a young man of 27, a great friend of her father's) sitting in a room at No. Maint street, and trying to write you name." The child's dream was communicated to the police, who were at first inclined to ridicule it, but a watch was put on the proceedings of the young man in question. Evidence accumulated against him, and it was found that he had hired a room in another name at the address the child had given. The room was raided and copies of the forged signature and bank checks found there. At least as extraordinary is the case of a woman named Drew, who dreamed that her husband, a retired sailor, had been married. Her disappointment. Ruth: They say the reason, Miss Spinster never married is because she was disappointed in love. Clara: Yes, mamma says that ten years ago she was in love with Dick Burton, and he wouldn't propose. Kansas City Journal. SEVERE ATTACK OF GRIP. HAD PULLED THE SAFE OUT. been murdered by a peddler in a saloon at Gravesend. In the morning, came the news that her husband's dead body had been discovered in the identical place where she had in her dream seen the murder committed. When the poor wife had calmed down a little, she wrote out an exact description of the peddler who she had seen in her dream and, saying nothing about her vision to the officers of the law, merely told them that this was the person she suspected. Two days later, a man answering the description was arrested at an inn six miles from Gravesend, and, on being taxed with the crime, confessed that he was the murderer. Here is another instance. A certain farmer, conceived a desperate attachment, for a young girl who lived in a town eight miles from his house. But the girl mistrusted him from the first, and, after a short courtship, wrote a note to him on which were the words: "I shall never see you again." The farmer, roused, to fury, waylaid and murdered her in a lonely part of the hearth one night and took away her child. A few days later, he visited her house to see her and feigned great surprise when informed that she had disappeared. While there, he managed to secure an opportunity to slip the note in a vase, on the mantelpiece. But the next night, the mother dreamt that her daughter lay murdered beneath the farmer's barn, and... On the strength of this, the police searched the building to find that the woman's dream had been true. "BAT GOT A STRONG HOLD." into his neck. Immediately the snake, began to blow and his head and to strike and throw his body about the cage in the effort to break the hold of the rat. This struggle lasted thirty seconds before the rat was dislodged, and the snake then struck viciously at him and made every exertion to get the rat in his mouth, but the rat dodged and escaped and ran around the cage until he again found the snake stretched out full length, this position being the opportunity which he sought, and he again sprang on the snake and fastened his teeth in the snake at the same place and held on. Another struggle ensued more furious than the first one. The snake made frantic efforts to shake the rat loose. He would strike and throw Cured by One Bottle of Chamberlain's Cough Remedy. "When I had an attack of the grip last winter (the second one) I actually cured myself with one bottle of Chamberlain's Cough Remedy," says Frank W. Perry, editor of the Enterprise, Shortsville, N. Y. "This is the honest truth. I at times kept from coughing myself to pieces by taking a teaspoonful of this remedy and when the coughing spell would come on at night I would take a dose, and it seemed that in the briefest interval the cough would pass off and I would go to sleep perfectly free from cough and its accompanying pains. To say that the remedy acted as a most agreeable surprise is putting it very mildly. I had no idea that it would or could knock out the grip, simply because I had never tried it for such a purpose, but it did, and it seemed with the second attack of coughing the remedy caused it not only to be of less duration, but the pains were far less severe, and I had not used the contents of one bottle before Mr. Grip had bid me adieu. For sale by all druggists. Have you a house or lot to sell? Our "penny a word" ads will bring you a customer. Can You Find the Moral? An asass politician and his wife were going to a Topeka theater the other night and, womanlike, Mrs. Kansas Politician was finishing her toilet on the street by putting on her gloves, and in order to have one hand free put a glove into her husband's overcoat pocket while she buttoned the other. About then, the good and true man slipped his hand into the same pocket and finding the little glove had a quick think coming, and hoping to avoid explanations, threw the article over the fence in a minute, his wife discovered the loss, and a visit to the nearest store was the only way out. Moral: Can you find it? Jerked Beef of Urnamar. Tasajo, or beef, is the principal export of Hahnay, the amount being 8,500,000 pounds per annum. The great market for it is Cuba, N.Y. Bun. Ban, phone in Germany. The telephone can no longer be legally used by German physicians in dictating prescriptions to druggists because of the chances of fatal misunderstandings. London News. Every body can't do everything. We can't paint a picture, or carve statue, or make a coat, but we can wash clothes to perfection. We can do it because we do nothing else, have done nothing else for a good while, because we have studied it, and thought about it, and worked hard as an painter ever did. It requires as much hard work, and practice, and talent, to make a good laundry as to make a good picture. Everybody can't paint a picture. We can't wash clothes perfectly. We want you to give us a fair trial, and allow us to prove our word. Davis' Steam Laundry 17 Canal Street Branch office, 67 Grand Don't Buy a Monument Until You Get Our Prices. We can save you from 15 to 25 percent. We manufactured a large number at a very low cost during the past winter, and these will be sold accordingly. Headquarters for Metal Wreaths, Reservoir Flower Vases, Settees, etc. Open evenings. Wood Mantels at sacrifice prices. CHARLES A JACKSON & CO., 274 BANK 12ET. Good two-family house on West Clay street. It is handy to all the factories and the prices right. W. P. Jarrett, Real Estate, Room 1, 109 Bank street, 108 South Main street. STEAKS, CHOPS, OYSTERS, Etc. Everything, first class. Hudson's Grill Room POPULAR SEA TRIPS OF THE OLD DOMINION LINE Make most attractive routes to Old Point Comfort, Virginia Beach, Richmond, Va., and Washington, D.C. Steamers sail daily except Sunday from Pier 26, North River, foot of Beach street, New York. Tickets, including meals and state room accommodations, $8.00 one way, $18.00 round trip, and upwards. Tickets, and stateroom reservations at pier. Old Dominion Steamship Co., 81 Beach street, New York, N.Y. H. B. WALKER, Traffic Manager. J. J. BROWN, G. P. A. Bonds and Stocks Vv' tocal Investments. Specialty. C. H. HOLLIS, 63 North Main Street ARTHUR G. AUGER Undertaker Embalmer and Funeral Director. Nera! Direct O. 874 SOUTH MAIN STREET, Waterbury, Conn., Residence and Night Call, 98 West Clay street. Telephone 22L-..U : RIS 54TTONS FSun-Proo Paints protect, preserve, beautify. They are made of purest pigments and oil, with just the right proportion of inc and lead (Patton's secret proportions) making painty which are not equal by any other maker and paint of twice the dure, bility of pure lead. Guaranteed to wear well for 5 years. Send for our free book of paint known Patton Paint Co., Milwaukee, V O. A. VALENTINE,. 64 Grand Street CO 3 THE TURN BUL.L Departement 139 EAST MAIN STREET. TELEPHONE 527-2. FREE DELIVERY IMPORTANT NOTICE Goods delivered FREE W NAUGATUCK Every FRIDAY RIBBON, LACE AND DOUBLE SATURDAY NIGHT. A TRADING STAMP with every FIVE CENT PURCHASE JjtJt GREAT HITE GOODS, STAMP SALE , We have purchased for spot cash the entire -production of short lengths of White Goods of one of the largest mills in New England at the LO WEST Prices we ever heard of for goods of their quality, and will put same on sale at prices never before equalled in Waterbury. SEE WINDOWS FOR SAMPLES. These goods comprise plain lawns, plain P K's, fancy striped and corded lace effects.' lawns fine mercerised cheviots, colored figures beautiful satin and mercerized striped lawns and figures, and many other, novelties in White Goods. In addition to these BARGAINS we have put SPECIAL SALE PRICES on goods in every other department of our store a few of which we quote here. s , , . .! , DOUBLE STAMPS-For S ATtTBDAT we will r give WitH Every Purchase of Jfl worth of goods. Two Dollars' wprth of Green Trading Stamps or ONE Stamp with every 5 CENT SALE, giving just double the usual amount. This is the "greatest stamp offer evermade in Waterbury, and is for - Saturday only. Those who would take advantage of this offer must come TO E AY. ! We are also going to give during this sale tre mendous amounts of EXTRA 'STAMPS in our Grocery Department on special orders and throughout the store in every department. n6R18mD3r, Sale Saturday, April II Another Great Purchase of Fancy and Plain Silk Ribbons isit the" Lowest Prices Ever f Shown in This Glty. On Sale To-day and Next veek. 5,000 pieces, over 50,000 yards No 40, 60 and 80 Silk Ribbons in White, Black, Rose, Navy, Cerise, Scarlet, Turquoise, dainty effects for Neckwear and Hat Trimmings at the unheard price of 10c Per Yard. 4,000 yards of No 9, 12 and 15 Ribbons. Satin and Fancy Taffetas at 25c per yard. WHITE GOODS. 1,500 yards fancy striped P. K. at regular price 19c, sale price 12c a yard. 2,000 yards of as beautiful Silk striped P. K. at as we have ever seen, several new and unique designs, worth anywhere between 89c and 50c a yard. Our price for this sale 19c a yard. 6,000 yards fine fancy striped Lawns and Dimities, lace and corded effects, worth 25c. Our price for this sale 12c a yard. 2,000 yards very pretty lace striped P. K.'s, worth 25c. 5 Our price for this sale 12c a yard. 1,000 yards fancy Oxfords, worth 19c. Sale price 12c a yard. 2,500 yards extra fine satin and mercerized striped Lawns, worth 50c a yard. At any of our competitors. Our price, for this sale 19c a yard. 2,500 yards fancy and lace striped P. N. K.'s, regular price 25c and 29c. Our price 15c a yard. 5,000 yards 36-inch plain white. Lawn, regular price 19c a yard, Our price for this sale 12c a yard, 2,000 yards plain white Oxfords, worth 19c a yard, Our price for this sale 12c a yard, NOTICE DEPARTMENT. Free, $1 worth of stamps with two , spools Black Thread at 5c 10a Free, $1 worth of stamps with two . bunches of Envelopes (25 in each) at ' Sc. ....... . .............. ,10c; , Free, $10 worth of stamps with sale ' of ten yards or more ' t : v yard of special lot of Hamburg Allover Flouncing worth $1 to $1.50 at.... .49c , LACE DEP' T 3,000 yards of Venice Bands m White, But. ter and Ecru. 'Goods usually sold at 15c to , 25c a yard. Go on sale at 10c a Yard - - -: .! . - . , ,, ; , . -- - . . . tf-' x. A fine lot of Yak or Cluny Lace, the latest and most fashionable Lace to-day at prices much lower than can be obtained elsewhere. Free, $2 worth of stamps with on Ladies' Fancy Collar at. ........ . .25a Free, $1 worth of stamps with , one back for Sofa Pillows at. .10a , Free, $1 worth of stamps with one pair Ladles' Fancy Hose at. . ..... ,10a Free, $1 worth of stamps with two Windsor Ties at 5c each....... ....10a , Free, $1 worth of stamps with ono Picture, at ..... .7.. , , . . , . .10a ; Free, $5 worth of stamps with full .piece fancy Elastic, ten yards for r 25c a piece. Free, $1 worth of stamps with two packages of four bunches each of, Tape at 5c a bunch. Free, $1 worth of stamps with two Hair Ornaments or Pins at 5c each worth 25c each. Free, $1 worth of stamps with one Ladies' Leather Belt at 10c. Free, $1 worth of stamps with one Ladies' Satin Belt at 19c. Free, $1 worth of stamps with one Ladies' Pocketbook at 19c. Free, $1 worth of stamps with large Gilt Belt Buckle at 100c. Free, $1 worth of stamps with two Hat Pins at 50c. Free, $1 worth of stamps with any piece of crockery or glassware in our store from 10c to 25c. MEN'S FURNISHING, Free, $1 worth of stamps with one Men's Working Shirt (special lot at 45c) Free, $5 worth of stamps with one Natural Wool Undershirt worth 50c, at 89c. Free, $3 worth of stamps with one dozen men's four-ply Collars at 55c. Free, $1 worth of stamps with three men's Cotton String Ties at 10c. Great Alteration Shoe Sale. Alterations on the building forces us to clear out a great many lines. Hence the unmatchable low prices. Men's finest Shoes in Patent Colt, Vici Kid and Box Calf leather, hand stitched soles, value $3.50; Alteration Sale price $2.49 Men's fine Satin Calf Shoes in lace and Congress, value $1.50. Sale price $1.17 Women's fine Patent and Vici Kid shoes, every pair warranted the best on earth for $3.00 Sale price $2.00 Women's fine Vici Kid and Box calf shoes, lace and button, value $1.50. Sale price $1.15 Any Coupons you may have from Our previous advertised advertisements we will redeem, until April 20th. Original Boston Family Shoe Store Garden Tools. Our stock of Tools and General Hardware, the very best grades at prices much less than any other store in the state. Large sales and small profits build up our trade. TRY US. Broadway Hardware Store. 148-150 East Main street, opposite Poll's theater. A Great Reduction in Canned Fruits For Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday we offer 50 cases each, Red Raspberries and Bartlett Pears, at less than one half price. 2C Can, $1.43 Doz., $2.85 Case EVERY CAN GUARANTEED OR MONEY REFUNDED. REGULAR PRICE 25c THE PERFECT FLOUR $4.79 AND AN EMPTY BARREL THE White-Simmons Co Wholesale and Retail BANK STREET. | 47,406 |
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassin%27s%20Creed%20%28bideo-jokoa%29 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Assassin's Creed (bideo-jokoa) | https://eu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assassin's Creed (bideo-jokoa)&action=history | Basque | Spoken | 74 | 230 | Assassin's Creed bideo-jokoen serie bat da, istoriotxoak, liburuak, eta labur historikoez osaturikoa. Bideo-jokoak akzio-abenturakoak dira, eta mundu irekikoak. Nagusiki Bideo-jokoetan kontatua eta spin-offsetan ere. Plataformentzat argitaratu dute Playstation hiru, lau Playstation, Xbox 360, Xbox One, Microsoft Windows, MAC OS X, Nintendo Ds, Wii U, PlayStation Portable (PSP), PlayStation Vita, iOS, HP webosak, Android, Nokia Symbian eta Windows Phongurasoen heriotzagatik.
Kanpo estekak
Web-orri ofiziala
Frantzian garatutako bideo-jokoak
Windowserako jokoak
XBox Onerako jokoak
Mundu irekiko bideojokoak | 49,615 |
<urn:uuid:66b624fa-e009-46b5-9521-9f4f97411d18> | French Open Data | Open Government | Various open data | null | https://www.ugap.fr/laboratoire-1/consommables-scientifiques-gauss-32634/stockage-screening-36279/tubes-transfert-et-stockage-bouchons-36438/portoir-new-sbs-cap-carrier-filetage-externe-bouchon-a-vissfiletage-externe-screw-all-fluidx-96-x-50-p2533671 | ugap.fr | French | Spoken | 294 | 621 | Magazine Acheter Juste / Nos produits et services / Laboratoire /.../ Stockage, screening / Tubes transfert et stockage, bouchons Plaques diverses Films, couvercles Plaques filtrantes, plaques à membrane Racks de stockage Papiers FTA Plaques cristallographie Plaques de stockage en verre Pointes pour robotique Gauss Portoir New SBS Cap Carrier - filetage externe bouchon à vissfiletage externe Screw all fluidx 96 x 50 Références : UGAP : 2533671 |
Fournisseur : 783763 |
Constructeur : 68-53111-50N Fournisseur :
Description Nouveau portoir au format SBS 96 pour bouchons externes de cryotubes fluidX à pas de vis externe. Portoirs pré-remplis avec bouchons oranges, format SBS, portoir re-utilisables, conditionnement de 50 portoirs (4800 bouchons) Points forts Cryoracks Fluidx stériles SBS 96 en Polypropylene donc très résistant,pour permettre la pose et reprise des bouchons dans les étapes de bouchage et débouchage semi automatisées ou entièrement automatisées. Portoirs superposables et autoclavables, usage +110°C à -20°C. Documents annexes Page catalogue Fichier PDF Caractéristiques Caracteristique(s)Autoclavable ouiTaille SBSDélai de péremption 24Dispositif stérile Non stérileLargeur 85,48 mmGamme FLUIDXLongueur 127,76 mmMarque FLUID'XNomenclature CHU 18.54.Nomenclature Nacres NB.11Nombre de puits 96Nomenclature IRSN 187Présence d'une graduation nonLibellé produit fabricant Nouveau rack sbs 96 avec bouchons orange vissants pour cryotubes fluidx à pas de vis externe x 50Quantité 50Libellé produit habituel Nouveau rack sbs 96 avec bouchons orange vissants pour cryotubes fluidx à pas de vis externe x 50Lieu de stockage FranceRéférence distributeur 783763Lieu de fabrication JaponLivré avec Sans couvercleNomenclature CNRS NB11Référence fabricant 68-53111-50NNomenclature INSERM NB.NB11Sans Dnase/sans Rnase Sans DNAse/sans RNAse, sans ESB/EST, sans endotoxine, sans métaux lourdsNomenclature CEA SHP16Téléphone du titulaire 03.88.59.33.90Température maximale de -196°C (atmosphère d'azote) à +130°C °CTitulaire DOMINIQUE DUTSCHERType de fond Fond ouvertUsage recommandé stockage et transfertUsage unique RéutilisableMatière Polypropylène HomopolymèreReprise en cas d’erreur client Oui, Frais à la charge du clientType de produit Portoir | 38,101 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22438619 | Wikidata | Semantic data | CC0 | null | Lac Picotine | None | Multilingual | Semantic data | 130 | 301 | Lac Picotine
sjö i Québec, Kanada
Lac Picotine instans av insjö
Lac Picotine land Kanada
Lac Picotine Geonames-ID 6037534
Lac Picotine höjd över havet
Lac Picotine geografiska koordinater
Lac Picotine CGNDB-ID EKSMO
Lac Picotine Google Knowledge Graph-ID /g/11clgp4vsq
lac Picotine
lac à Lac Normand (Québec)
lac Picotine nature de l’élément lac
lac Picotine pays Canada
lac Picotine identifiant GeoNames 6037534
lac Picotine altitude
lac Picotine identifiant Banque de noms de lieux du Québec 139166
lac Picotine coordonnées géographiques
lac Picotine localisation administrative Lac-Normand
lac Picotine se trouve dans l'aire protégée zec du Gros-Brochet
lac Picotine identifiant Base de données toponymiques du Canada EKSMO
lac Picotine identifiant du Google Knowledge Graph /g/11clgp4vsq
Lac Picotine
بحيره لاك پيكوتين
بحيره لاك پيكوتين واحد من بحيره
بحيره لاك پيكوتين معرف الرسم البيانى المعرفى /g/11clgp4vsq | 4,362 |
https://github.com/berkeley-abc/abc-zz/blob/master/ZZ/Abc/mpmInt.h | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT-Modern-Variant, MIT | 2,022 | abc-zz | berkeley-abc | C | Code | 2 | 16 | #include "map,mpm,mpmInt.h"
| 26,338 |
https://github.com/calculuswhiz/PackageDev/blob/master/plugins_/open_package.py | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | PackageDev | calculuswhiz | Python | Code | 104 | 386 | import glob
import os
import sublime
import sublime_plugin
from .create_package import _open_folder_in_st, _is_override_package
__all__ = ('PackagedevOpenPackageCommand',)
OVERRIDE_SUFFIX = " [*Override*]"
def _list_normal_packages():
pkgspath = sublime.packages_path()
folders = glob.glob(os.path.join(pkgspath, "*/", ""))
names = (os.path.basename(fold.strip("\\/")) for fold in folders)
for name in names:
yield (name, _is_override_package(name))
class NameInputHandler(sublime_plugin.ListInputHandler):
def placeholder(self):
return "Package"
def list_items(self):
packages = list(sorted(_list_normal_packages()))
print(packages)
items = [name + (OVERRIDE_SUFFIX if override else "")
for name, override in packages]
return items
class PackagedevOpenPackageCommand(sublime_plugin.WindowCommand):
def input(self, args):
return NameInputHandler()
def run(self, name):
if not name:
return
name = name.split(OVERRIDE_SUFFIX)[0]
path = os.path.join(sublime.packages_path(), name)
# TODO find a .sublime-project file and open that instead?
_open_folder_in_st(path)
| 47,444 |
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCl%C3%BCmpa%C5%9Fal%C4%B1%2C%20Silifke | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Gülümpaşalı, Silifke | https://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gülümpaşalı, Silifke&action=history | Turkish | Spoken | 34 | 128 | Gülümpaşalı, Mersin ilinin Silifke ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.
Tarihçe
Gülümpaşalı; idari bölüm olarak daha önceleri köy iken, 2012 yılındaki yasa değişikliğinden sonra mahalle olmuştur.
Nüfus
Kaynakça
Silifke'nin mahalleleri
Evrifaessa Bot tarafından oluşturulan mahalle maddeleri | 42,838 |
https://github.com/dmost1/ttt-8-turn-cb-gh-000/blob/master/lib/turn.rb | Github Open Source | Open Source | LicenseRef-scancode-unknown-license-reference, LicenseRef-scancode-public-domain | 2,017 | ttt-8-turn-cb-gh-000 | dmost1 | Ruby | Code | 144 | 403 | def valid_move?(board,index)
if position_taken?(board,index) || index > 8 || index < 0
false
else
true
end
end
# re-define your #position_taken? method here, so that you can use it in the #valid_move? method above.
# code your #position_taken? method here!
def position_taken?(board,index)
if(board[index] == " " || board[index] == "" || board[index] == nil)
false
else
true
end
end
# code your input_to_index and move method here!
def input_to_index(input)
input.to_i - 1
end
def move(board,index,char = "X")
board[index] = char
end
def turn(board)
puts "Please enter 1-9:"
myInput = gets.strip
myInput = input_to_index(myInput)
while (valid_move?(board,myInput) != true)
puts "Please enter 1-9:"
myInput = gets.strip
myInput = input_to_index(myInput)
end
board[myInput] = "X"
display_board(board)
end
def display_board(board)
puts " #{board[0]} | #{board[1]} | #{board[2]} "
puts "-----------"
puts " #{board[3]} | #{board[4]} | #{board[5]} "
puts "-----------"
puts " #{board[6]} | #{board[7]} | #{board[8]} "
end | 42,005 |
https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%20%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | زوران ماريتش | https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=زوران ماريتش&action=history | Arabic | Spoken | 194 | 564 | زوران ماريتش هو لاعب كرة قدم ومدرب كرة قدم صربي في مركز الهجوم، ولد في 21 فبراير 1960 في في صربيا. شارك مع منتخب يوغوسلافيا لكرة القدم. أما مع النوادي، فقد لعب مع سيلتا فيغو ونادي فويفودينا ونادي كومبوستيلا.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية صرب
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية يوغوسلافيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية يوغوسلافيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إسبانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم من مقاطعة سنترال بانات
رياضيون من مقاطعة سنترال بانات
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون صرب مغتربون في إسبانيا
رياضيون يوغوسلافيون مغتربون في إسبانيا
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو الدوري اليوغوسلافي الأول
لاعبو سلتا فيغو
لاعبو فويفودينا
لاعبو كرة قدم صرب
لاعبو كرة قدم صرب مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إسبانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم يوغوسلاف مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم يوغوسلافيون
لاعبو كومبوستيلا
لاعبو منتخب يوغوسلافيا لكرة القدم
مدربو الدوري الإسباني الدرجة الثانية
مدربو دوري البوسنة والهرسك الممتاز
مدربو فويفودينا
مدربو كروبا
مدربو كرة قدم صرب
مدربو كرة قدم صرب مغتربون
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في البوسنة والهرسك
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في إسبانيا
مدربو نادي بوراتس بانيا لوكا
مدربو نادي كومبوستيلا
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
مواليد 1960
لاعبو كرة قدم من فويفودينا | 6,253 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32486567 | Wikidata | Semantic data | CC0 | null | Категорія:Природно-заповідний фонд Ялти | None | Multilingual | Semantic data | 15 | 72 | Категорія:Природно-заповідний фонд Ялти
категорія проєкту Вікімедіа
Категорія:Природно-заповідний фонд Ялти є одним із категорія проєкту Вікімедіа | 21,541 |
https://github.com/bastianh/xxscreeps/blob/master/src/mods/visual/driver.ts | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,022 | xxscreeps | bastianh | TypeScript | Code | 76 | 248 | import Fn from 'xxscreeps/utility/functional';
import { hooks } from 'xxscreeps/engine/runner';
import { publishVisualsBlobsForNextTick } from './model';
declare module 'xxscreeps/engine/runner' {
interface TickResult {
visuals: {
blob: Readonly<Uint8Array>;
roomName: string;
}[];
}
}
hooks.register('runnerConnector', player => [ undefined, {
async save(result) {
const validPayloads = Fn.filter(result.visuals, ({ roomName }) =>
roomName === '*' || roomName === 'map' || player.world.terrain.has(roomName));
const payload = new Map(Fn.map(validPayloads, payload =>
[ payload.roomName, payload.blob ]));
await publishVisualsBlobsForNextTick(player.shard, player.userId, payload);
},
} ]);
| 3,118 |
https://github.com/lgvld/misc/blob/master/42/42_piscine/c08/ex04/ft_strs_to_tab.c | Github Open Source | Open Source | Unlicense | null | misc | lgvld | C | Code | 184 | 629 | /* ************************************************************************** */
/* */
/* ::: :::::::: */
/* ft_strs_to_tab.c :+: :+: :+: */
/* +:+ +:+ +:+ */
/* By: lgavalda <[email protected]> +#+ +:+ +#+ */
/* +#+#+#+#+#+ +#+ */
/* Created: 2019/07/17 04:05:46 by lgavalda #+# #+# */
/* Updated: 2019/07/22 17:26:31 by lgavalda ### ########.fr */
/* */
/* ************************************************************************** */
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "ft_stock_str.h"
int ft_strlen(char *str)
{
char *str_save;
str_save = str;
while (*str)
str++;
return (str - str_save);
}
char *ft_strdup(char *src)
{
char *src_save;
char *copy;
src_save = src;
while (*src)
src++;
if (!(copy = malloc(sizeof(char) * ((src - src_save) + 1))))
{
return (NULL);
}
copy[src - src_save] = '\0';
src = src_save;
while (*src)
{
*copy++ = *src++;
}
return (copy - (src - src_save));
}
struct s_stock_str *ft_strs_to_tab(int ac, char **av)
{
int i;
struct s_stock_str *tab;
if (!(tab = malloc(sizeof(struct s_stock_str) * (ac + 1))))
{
return (NULL);
}
tab[ac].str = 0;
i = 0;
while (i < ac)
{
tab[i].size = ft_strlen(av[i]);
tab[i].str = av[i];
tab[i].copy = ft_strdup(av[i]);
if (tab[i].copy == NULL)
{
return (NULL);
}
i++;
}
return (tab);
}
| 39,061 |
sn92053933_1922-03-07_1_14_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,922 | None | None | English | Spoken | 5,030 | 7,701 | TUESDAY THE ROCK ISLAND ARGUS MARCH 7, 1922. TodLay9s News of Westerii. Illiiiois I I M i- Ale do and Mercer County VERA NESBITT AND J. H. COOKE f ARE VED TODAY Ceremony Performed at O'clock .This jMernlnfr by Dr. Arriek ; r.f. , ' W1H Beside Farm. Aledo, March 7. James H. Cooke and Miss Vera Louise Nesbitt, pop ular Aledo couple, were quietly married at 9 o'clock this morning at-the First Presbyterian manse. -Miss Wilma Anderson and Ev erett Baldwin attended the couple. The single ring ceremony was per formed by Dr. A. Judson Arriek. i The bride wore a tailored suit of blue tricotine and a blouse of or ange georgette crepe. Her hat was of gray satin, with orange trim mings. She wore a corsage bou quet of sweet peas. Miss Anderson wore a gown of henna silk knit crepe with overdrapes of paisley. Mrs. Cooke is the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Clark Nesbitt of East Fourth street. She attended the Aledo public schools and graduated lu eiouuo.c , ki.i, k,i ev... fv, l,t) few years she has been a teacher!38: S&ta-ithsbaJ - in. the Mercer schools. Mr. Cooke J1; -New ndsri Thursday. is- the son of Mr. and Mrs. John I). Cooke of this city. He attended the Aledo schools and the university at Ames, Iowa. The young couple will start housekeeping immediately and will be at! home to their many friends on . af farm - four miles south of Aledo.'. FARMER SUFFERS BROKEN LEG WHEN KICKED BY HORSE ' " j that city. Mr. Broaddus has been (Special to The Argus.) here but a short time but his rec- Aledo, March 7. John Lund, a ' ord in this county has been so corn farmer residing one mile east of-rnendable that he was given the this city, is suffering with a broken j larger field to work in. Although leg. The accident occurred Satur- the office will be established in day morning when Mr. Lund en-1 Galesburg, Mr. Broaddus will keep deavored to walk behind a horse in i in close touch with his Aledo and hie -barn, the annual refused to 1 Mercer county patrons fy fgrequent stand- still and kicked back. The loft Jog was broken at the knee joint. ' Dr. H. L. Walker of this city, set the fractured bones. Famous Old Recipe for Cough Syrup Badly aad etieaply mad at hmi, but It boats (firm Ml for quick result. Thousands of housewives have found that they enn save two-thirds of the money usually ient for eonsh prefiuratioTis, by usin;r this well known oM recipe for making cough kviu. li is simple nu rneup uui i. has no equal for prompt results. It immediate relief, usually stoppin" an ordinary coujjh in -4 houra or less. ('et 2'3 ounces of Pinex from any ariyrsist, pour it into a pint oottie. ?onP,fau.ft,atff ?SSTr, use clarified molasses, honey, or corn synip, instead of sut;ar syrup. Kither wjt. it tastes trood. keeps perfectly, and lasts a family a Ion? time. "Tt's truly astonishing now quickly ifaets, penetrating through every air fssate of the throat and lunes oosens and raises the phlegm, soothes and heals the membranes, and gradually but surely the annoying throat tickle and dreaded cough dis appear entirely. Nothing better for bronchitis, spasmodic cronp, hoarse ness or bronchial asthma. - Piner is a special and higtily con centrated compound of genuine Nor way pine extract known the world over for its healing effect on membranes. Avoid disappointment bv asking vour druggist for "2- ounces of Piaex" with full directions and don't accept anything else. Guaranteed to give absolute satisfaction or money promptly refunded. The Pinex Co., Ft. Wayne. Ind. ACHES AND PAINS -SLOAN'S GETS 'EM ! 'A VOID the misery of racldmj pain.' Have a bottle ot Moan s t-ini-' ment handy and apply when you first feel the ache or pain. It quicKjy eases tne pain ana senas 8 8 B. feeling of warmth through the the various departments of the aching part. Sloan's Linimeat penetrates Bowling Community club were without rubbing. i named at a recent meeting, as fol- ' Fine, too, for rheomatism, neuralgia, lows: Program, Mrs. John Cramp Bctatica, sprains and strains, stiff joints, ten; education and library, Mrs. lame back and sore muscles. , Ben Curtis: hospitality, Mrs. Harry . V or lorry years nam s enemy, asjc your neighbor.. . At alT druggists 35c. 70c, $1.40. 1 Liniment -2i ' i aa and other facial ltxfurnrunt. Una ftaabr Dr. Hsbaoa'a EeaamaOint. f meat. Goad foreexsma. itdang akin. ' and attar akm tronhlm, Osa at Dz. Booaaa'a Family BrwuKiw. TJr.HohsniVa mVKMV "ww"wTBlwa'W 11.1" I CJm. - is gturaUeed by X year 1 ft aervfca to Bullions of I vfjS Americans. Koodoo !Bk worioi woodas oc your wjrS? cold, SBaoainc cough, . dsonJc cstantta acaaV el raar oata br, -CONDON (30fr :- . .. Briefs The regular March session of the Mercer county board of supervis ors opened this afternoon at 1 o'clock at the court house. P. S. Rlchey, advisor of the Mer cer county farm bureau, is spend ing today in Galesbarg in attend ance at a meeting of farm bureau officials. A discussion on the hand ling of .hog cholera serum by farm bureau agencies was scheduled to take place. A meeting of the directors of the Mercer county farm bureau is call ed for tomorrow at the Aledo office. A Chicago man will be present and speak in the interests of the I. A. A- The work of reorganising the bureau which occurs every three years, will be started at this meet ing. Arrangements have been made for the showing of an educational film in various localities in the county as a benefit to farmers. The film deals with control of round worms in hogs and will be shown under the auspices of the farm bu reau. The schedule of the shows for each evening follows: Tonight, . , , , T,,. :.wnu neuuerauu, i nui olio-j, w - Preemption; Friday, Eliza. ALEDO INSURANCE MAN IS PROMOTED (Special to The Argus.) Aledo, March 7. Lynn S. nroad dus, district manager of the North western Insurance company of Mer car county, has been given addition al territory of Knox county and will move his office from Aledo to Gales burg as soon as he can find living accommodations for his family in ! trips here. TAKE VIOLA MAN ON INSANE CHARGE (Special to The Argus.) Aledo, March 7. Sheriff John P. Fleming was called to Viola last night where he took into custody Edward Brasmer on the charge of insanity. The case is set for today in county court. Brasmer is -9 years old and for' the past several years has been located in various Iowa towns. For the past few days he has been staying with relatives in Viola. It is alleged that he is a dope addict. I t".T TtTrfnrf rrTTT ! irURU tlioiit), NOW ftUilU IO fXiUUli j i (Special Correspondence.) ; Matherville. March 7. The pond teA0th'6 ?roperty f fldred MCLOBim nas risen so mucn tbat the road leading into town is im-! passable. The outlet for the water which goes under the Rock Island Southern tracks is clogged up. The Aledo railroad crews have tried several J has had it out twice in the last few times to open the outlet, but with- weeks to make sure the set is prop out success. j erly oiled and that no pieces are missing. Dick Graham. Ed Love AT.T. TAV "MT'T'TTrTfi. ian1 Lee Candor are reported hav mmfnrTTT, ins under tne building of an FARM BUREAU HELD , elaborate wheelless vehicle that will carry them to all the choice (Special Correspondence.) fishing locations. Bowling, March 7. P. R. Edger- Neely Swartout, Andy Wells and ton. county farm advisor, gave a August Swanson are all plannnig talk on the subject, "Farm Manage- i on building water wagons. Neely ment," at a recent all day meeting of the Bowling unit of the farm bureau, held at the Pleasant Ridge church. Mr. Whiteside of Moline gave a talk on "Good Roads," ex plaining the $1,000,000 bond issue, and Miss Lucile Allen, home ad visor, explained the home bureau work. A basket dinner was enjoy ed at noon. NAME NEW HEADS COMSIUNITY CLUE (Special Correspondence.) j uowung, Marcn i. Chairmen for nuenngion: social service. Mrs. I jClarence McConnell: athletics, Frank Crompton: spiritual, Roy i Wangelin: better farming, John Crampton. Four reels of moving, pictures were shown at the meet- ;InK- i a ti .k , ! n7ir.. "" 1 De GIRLS! LEMONS WHITEN ROUGH CHAPPED HANDS SoTieexa the juice of two lemons ' into a bottle containing three ounces of Orchard White, which j any drug store will supply for a few cents, shake well, and you have ! a nn.Mautn siF hawmli. wwl Ha i rough or chapped hands. This nowe-made lemon lotion is far n- peri or to glycerine and rose' water to smoothan the skin. Famous stage beauties use it to bleach and bring that soft, clear, rosy-white complexion, because it doesn't irri DISCUSS W ORDINANCE AT COUNCIL MEET Second Attempt to Pass Pure Milk Ordinance Meets With Dis favor of Aldermen. (Special to The Argus.) Aledo, March 7. A pure milk ordinance was introduced laet night at the meeting of the city council of this city for the second time and again failed to gain the approval of the assembly. The ordinance states that all milk, cream and ice cream sold In the city must come from, cows that have successfully passed the tuber culin test. This also held true for the products that are shipped in from a distance or that they be pas teurized. This clause was thought to be a trifle shady and as it is about time for a visit of the govern ment pure food inspector here the members present decided it would be a good plan to get his advice on the subject before passing the ordi nance. An ordinance was passed at the session last night adopting a plot of the fifth addition of the Aledo cemetery- The ordinance was introduced by Alderman Parkman and met with unanimous approval. The customary bills were read by Alderman Winders and allowed. Other Issues were discussed at the meeting but nothing definite was decided upon. ALEDO FISHING FANS AWAITING GOLDEN CHANCE (Special to The Argus.) Aledo, March 7. With the ice practically out of the Mississippi river at New Boston. Aledo hook and line fans are anxiously watch ing the signs that will tell them the time is ripe to feed the fish. Several have stated that at the present time there is only one thing at fault, the bait, which can only be procured now with the use of a steam shovel. Many, however, do not agree on this, as they are the followers of artificial bait and min nows. An advance guard motored to New Boston several weeks ago "to kinda look the prospects over." They had no intentions of trying their luck, but merely took their fishing apparatus along as force of habit. Bob LeMaster is loud in his praise of Joe Cabeen's new fish wagon. Each day Joe may be seen upon the streets exercising his. new wagon, rounding it in shape for the coming season's work. Coca Cola fans who enter the LeMaster pal ace of sweets are complaining and growing rather doubtful of tho j magnanimous ' fishing exploits that i Bob is always narrating. Charlie McChesney, famed for his ability to pull ducks'from the sky. stated today that he would not shoot one of the feathered birds in Eelf-defense. Although he oiled his fishing paraphernalia thoroughly at the close of the season last year, he will use an automobile motor, he states, but as yet has not decided what ratio the gearing should be. August has a marine motor at his shop and states the hum of the motor is music to his ears. Jackie Dool, Cap Rared. Ed Volentine, Bill Cabeen and Dutch Greer are also reported as having the fever. All are anriouslv awaiting the day when "Jap" Beard will take his car oS the lacks and inflate tho tires, for then they will know the ala days are abot to commence. "POWER WITHIN" FTTiM LEASES BY BURGESS PASTOR (Special Correspondence.') Burgess. March 7. "The Power Within " tho. modern Job, has been secured by RCy. Robert Resner and wm shown at Burgess on the evening of March 20. Tickets will be placed on sale at Hunter s store, one week before the event. The "suaI Wednesday evening community moving pictuKe show will be erivpn at th Tin ( tomorrow night. There is no ad ! mission, only a small collection be ing taicen to cover the charges. express CAMBRIDGE CLUB TO NAME OFFICERS (Special Correspondence.) Cambridge, March 7. Mrs. George L. Anderson will be hostess to the members of the Elska club tomorrow afternoon. Officers for the year will be elected and all members are urged to be present, The Daughters of the American TtAVflllltiriTt Will mMl fonwehr or I. ' ;Ject study will be "Historical Spots m Illinois. SMALL CASE RECESS. Waukegan III.. March . 7. The J V-"" 1 , K; IVJ -u"'u"iaiiern stars, will Kiye the second an RECEDING WATERS LEAVE DEVASTATED AREA People leaving house in boat In flooded district west of the Lin coln highway near bridge in North Dixon.. Many houses are under water in this area. REYNOLDS AID TO GIVE HOME TALENT FARCE "The Rummage Sale" Title of Ptoy to Be Given Tonight Proceeds to Go to Parsonage Fund. (Special Correspondence.) Reynolds, March 7. A play, "The Rummage Sale," will be given to night at Reynolds by the members .1 of the ladies aid society or the Methodist church. Proceeds of the play will be given to the parsonage fund. The cast follows: Expert saleswomen Mrs. S. D. Wait, Mrs. Etta Johnston, Mrs. G. V. Pettit. Mrs. Ruscacon, who is arrested Mrs. Frank Curtis. Mrs. Ilennesy, who keeps her eyes open Miss Ida Millett. Mr. Mortality, who gets a dress suit C. A. Johnson. Mrs. Badger, who buys for char ity Mrs. Gust Olson. Mrs. Rinaldi, who wants a new dress Mrs. S. S. Baker. Mr. Goldman, who wants to be a dnde Cyrus Wait, Larry, a policeman G. Shepherd. Susie Smith, with no money Jennie McConnell. Mrs. Shiftless, who nates to sew Mrs. Arthur Gaunt. Mrs. Liightfinger, who spirits away coats Mrs. Ben Sharp. Mr. Morrison, who loses a dress suit C. A. Johnson. One of the features of the event will be "Ye Olde Time Singing School," with S. D. Wait as school master. Old time costumes will be worn by the singers. CONDEMN JAZZ, DANCE, MOVIES (Special Correspondence.) Albany, March 7. A large con gregation assembled at the Meth odist church Sunday night to hear Shepherd Garretson, field man of the welfare bureau of Illinois, sing and speak. The 30-minute program of sacred songs was very much en joyed. Mr. Garretson was in light opera for a number of years. His address Tsas to the effect that crime, insanity, feeble mindedness and taxes are increasing. He also condemned the modern dance. His suggested remedy for wholesale i evil was to elect men to the legis lature who would enact new laws and see that they were enforced. A collection was taken to defray ex penses. ALBANY WOMAN SPRAINS ANKLE (Special Correspondence.1 Albany, March 7. Mrs. Hiram Curry, who has passed her 80th birthday, had the misfortune Sat-1 urday morning to fall down the last few steps leading to the cellar and badly sprain and tear the liga ments loose in her right ankle. The injury was attended to promptly by her physician bnt the pain is very intense. GALVA DENTIST IS AT HOSPITAL (Special Correspondence.) Galva, March 7. Dr. E. H. Kries. a dentist of this city, was taken ill at his home Friday evenine. Sun-. day morning he was removed to the Kewanee public hispital, where he was operated upon for appendi citis by Drs. Hoffman of Kewanee and D. F. Stewart of Galva. The Kries dental parlors will be closed until he is able to resnme his work again. LUTHERANS WILL PLAY CHURCH FIVE (Special CorresDOndence. Geneseo, March 7. In reply to the challenge recently issued by the Presbyterian church basketball team to any church team in Gen eseo or the trt-citiea, "Peanuts" Schulti, representing a quintet of basket shooters for the Concordia Lutheran chnrch, has accepted the - ? cnanenge. "Feanuts" would like plete arrangements for the game. SECOSD AXSUAL SOCIAL. (Special Correspondence.) Cambridge. March 7. The Mvs- tic chapter No. 160. Order of East- "Vy a !:tt f & YOUNG PEOPLE ARE GUESTS OF HONOR AT DINNER PARTY (Special Correspondence.) Atkinson, March 7. The Misses Elizabeth and Gertrude Schehl en tertained at a 5:30 dinner party at their home Sunday evening for Misses Ruth and Eunice Fitzgerald and William Fitzgerald, Jr., who are soon to leave for their new home in Garretson, S. D. The fol lowing were present besides the honored guests: the Misses Kath ryn Morrisy and Dorothy Coleman and Messrs Fred A- Verbeckmoes, Frank Schehl and Scott Nowers and Thomas Morrisy. After dinner the party attended the movies. CHIMNEY SPARES SET FIRE TO HOME (Special Correspondence.) Atkinson. I1L, March 7. Sparks from a chimney falling on the roof of Mrs. Bill Nower's residence started a blaze which, caused con siderable excitement Saturday noon. Through immediate service from volunteers the blaze was extin guished before much damage was done. A.R.TOMLINSON OF CABLE, DIES (Special to The Argus.) Sherrard, March 7. Funeral ser vices for Alfred R. Tomlinson, well known farmer of near Cable, who passed away Monday with pneumo nia, will be held at 12 o'clock to morrow at the home and at 1 o'clock from the Swedish Lutheran church at SwedODa. Rev. Mr. Brink of Knoxville. assisted by Rev. Mr. Bernander of Swedona, will offici ate. Burial will be in the Swedona cemetery. Mr. Tomlinson was born in Spartti, County of York. Ontario, Canada, on Feb. 14, 1849. He had resided on the farm near Cable 35 Ma i- cnniioj n -n-iri-ito ow, five sons, William of Hector, ' meir nome on West Exchange Minn., Orin of Sherrard, and Hen- I street, which has recently been oc - ry Ray and Leon of Cable and'CUDietl y Frank Oberle. Their two daughters, Mrs. William Co- burn of Rock Island and Mrs. Al mond Barney of Waukegan, Neb. CLERK AT HOTEL OUT OF HOSPITAL: i (Special Correspondence.) Galva, March 7. Marshall Mills, , the night clerk at the Hotel Best, who was recently ininrerl hv fallinf? on the ice, was brought home from - ' ' , the Kewanee hospital Saturday. His condition at nresent Is much better and it will not be many days ! until he can resume his customary ! place at the hotel. GALVA Y. W. GIRLS " " . '. NET $60 AT SALE (Special Correspondence.) Galva, 111. March 7. The March committee of the Gal- va Y. W. club held a bake sale i and served meals Saturday at their I club rooms. The sale was a sue- cess, the total amount cleared being i over $60. The committee feel very grateful for the generous patronage of the public. There are 15 young ladies on the March committee. SHERRARD ADD TO GIVE BAZAR fSnecial Corresnon1ence 1 Sherrard, March 7. The Union I ladies' aid society will give .a ba- ""rla r ana was citea ior men zar and supper at the opera house ! tonous service. She is now located tomorrow evening. Supper will bejat a Waterloo hospital in the capac served from 5:15 until 8 o'clock. Ai,ty of head distant to the chief nroeram will he e-iven following. the supper. 23 Constlpatieii r Blotcliy SMil Want a clear, healthy complexion regular oowet ana perfect working liver? au easy to oo tata if yoa take CARTEB'S little Liver Fills, the sure " IITTLE safe and easy acting re ru PILILS ed j. For headacl dizziness. Lness. timet ; ! ctomacb and despondency, they have Illinois Northern Utilities power plant at Dixon flooded by high waters of Bock river. Water cau be seen pouring out of the base ment windows. The dam extends left from the building. This la an upstream view taken from the wagon bridge. OSCO SHIPPERS IN YEARLY MEET (Special Correspondence.) Osco, 111., March 7. At the an nual meeting of the Osco Livestock Shippers' association the report given by the manager showed 171 cars ot stock shipped during the last year. There werq 8,523 head of hogs, 792 cattle and 93 sheep. The total net amount paid the produc ers was J225.613.72. The sum of $397.67 was paid out for insurance and the manager paid $832.68. The balance on hand in the sinking fund was $1,126.80. The directors were instructed to notify the National Livestock. Pro ducers' association that the Osco association is ready to pay mem bership fee upon opening of the Cooperative Commission company at the Union stock yards in Chi cago. IL L. Stonghton was elected man ager of the association for another year. The directors are: President, J. N. Westerlund; vice president, Herman Peterson; secretary-treasurer, R. G. Neville, and Roy S. Brown. CIVIC PROJECTS IS SUBJECT FOR COLUMBIAN CLUB (Special Correspondence.) Geneseo, I1L, March 7. The Co lumbian club will meet at the Ham mond library Thursday morning, March 9, at 9 o'clock. The meet ing will be in charge of Mrs. Wil liam Hosford and the topic for con sideration is- "Civic Conservation Projects". The meeting of last week was well attended and proved to be of unusual interest. The, leader of the discussions was Mrs. Clara Murphy. STAIGERS RETURN vtu.ix3v .E3.vs.ujc. (Special Correspondence.) j Geneseo, III., March 7. Mrs. Geneseo, 111., March. 7. Mr. andiWalter Blackman of Los Angeles, Mrs. William staiger Hare rttumed Geneseo and are now occurjvine daughter. Miss Theresa Staiger, will remain in Denver where she has employment. A son, Peter Staiger, has recently been remarried. He is prominently connected with one ff thn lortroct Kob tfi a a rf t rii itn Mr. Staiger went west for his health several years ago, and find ing that climate benefited him has remained ' there. WnMT!WS WO T?TT ww ' . I I . w vr.v.Uv TO BE STUDIED (Special Correspondence.) Geneseo, March 7. The North- est Domestic Science club meets at the home of Mrs. Clarence Dills ion oouiu ouiie sireei, tomorrow i f "!!7,00i,-(, Thf rom is devoted I to the study of well known women ! composers. It is planned to pre- l sent several selections from phone 'graphic records. The list, which is being studied presents the names OI aDoul twemty-nve women whose worns nave been accepted as stand ard- Mrs- Albert Milier is inter ested in the presentation cf the! program. DR. ARNETT IS GUEST PARENTSi (Special Correspondence.) i Geneseo, March 7. Dr. Lillie Ar- j nett of Waterloo, Iowa, is in this city, a guest at the home of her' parents, Mr. and Mrs. Phillip Ar-: nett, ot rort!i Center street. Dr.! Arnetl served overseas during the; ur6eou. YOD CAN'T WORK WELL WITH A COLD NOBODY likes to be around a person suffering from a heavy cold. It exposes them ncW lessly. You can take care of your job and keep business and social engage ments shortly after you begin usint: Dr. Bells Pinr-Tar-Honey. For it is' prompt in helping Nature expel phlegm, allay inflammation, ease breathing, and drive away irritating coughs. Use it give it to the kiddies. Don't suffer a minute longer than you have to. At all druggists. 3( c. TV T1 T T 1 XlflG ""16,1-110116 GENESEO FAMILY WILL RESIDE ON DAKOTA PROPERTY (Special Correspondence.) Geneseo, I1L, March 7. Thomas Fitzgerald of Garrison, N. D., has arrived in Geneseo and will visit here with relatives. He is at pres ent at the home of his brother, Wil-1 liam Fitzgerald, who is preparing to leave this community and go to Garrison, N. D, where he has a farm which he will occupy. The Fitzgerald families have at least 1,300 acres of land near Garrison. GENESEO SCHOOL OF RELIGION TO CONVENE TONIGHT (Special Correspondence.) Geneseo, 111., March 7. The school of religious education for adults will hold its weekly meeting at the Geneseo collegiate institute this evening, the first study session of the evening beginning at 7:15 o'clock. The classes will be under the instruction of Mrs. Sudlow ot Rock Island, 111., and the Rever ands De Clark, Hershey and Straube ot this city. FATHER GENESEO WOMAN SERIOUSLY . ILL IN NEBRASKA (Special Correspondence.) Geneseo, 111., March 7. Mrs. David Schultz has been called to Norfolk, Neb by a telegram in forming her of the serious illness of her father, F. Wollschlager of that city. Mr. Wollschlager has vis ited here with his daughter upon several occasions and has become favorably known with the friends whom he has met here,. CALLED HOME BY FATHER'S ILLNESS (Special Correspondence.) arrivea in t.eneseo toaay. ; She had been called here by the ill - ness oi ner lamer. Henry Moett, jw.ftse death occurred last Sunday! night. The funeral service will be ,Eeld at e Iate residence in this : tomorrow aiiernoon at Z:3U J o'clock. ; TEACHER FORCED TO RETURN HOME , (Spccial Correspondence.) Coal Valley, March 7. Maybelle Rvburn of trie hiirh srhnnl faonltTr I who has been quite ill and unable! rto teach during the past week, left Friday evening for her home : Bloomington. where she will main until she is fully recovered. Viiamon Tablets Pot Flesh On Thin Folks 'NECK. 11 4tcJLr yvFASTINB n ma mil inaiii n n vmt r TMCOdCtUU AMD GENUINE BURT Vl.3f Yj" - 7 BUST WIST '3 WAIST c1' J u! tl cai r Y-Y;Jem CITY COUNCIL AT GENESEO IN SPECIAL MEET Judges and Clerks for Comlnp T.ht. tlon Xajned Shaw Gives Be. port of Gas Kate Hearing. Geneseo, March 7. The citv council met in special session last night upon the call of Mayor Charles G. Davis. Judges and clerks for the coming city election were appointed for the four ward, of the city. as ln a discussion regarding water main extensions it was decided to authorize the waterworks commit tee to Investigate fully and report at the regular meeting next Tues day. Many of these petitions hare been passed upon and the work is now being authorized. There Is t0 be an Increase In the cost of water mains and it is proposed to boy before this goes into effect. It ti also thought advisable to push this wnrlr m r', H 1 v In npila. j j 6io em- i ployment to as many men as pos sible. City Attorney Joseph U Shaw reported to the conncil regarding his recent trip to Springfield, where he represented the city of Geneseo in a hearing of gas rates before the commerce commission. n seems to be the conception of opin ion of this committee that both Geneseo and Morrison are towns too small to support gas plants, economical of service, with cus tomary low rates. The rates which the Illinois Northern Utilities is asking In Geneseo is $2.10 per thou sand cable feet, with a net discount of $2. The present price is $1.80 with $L70 net. President indica tions point to the necessity of the city of Geneseo reaching an agree ment with the Utilities company or accepting a rate fixed by the Illi nois commerce commission, which may in the extremity permit the abandonment of the gas plant in 1 tjjig 1 y' IS OPERATED 0. (Special Correspondence.) Geneseo, 111., March 7. Mrs. Frank Cherry of North Aldrich street was operated on at the Hammond hospital this morning. The operation proved to be of a serious nature, but it is reported tbat she is making satisfactory r- j covery. Stomach Upset, Gas, Gas, Gas "Diapepsin" "Tape's Diapepsin" ends indiges tion, heartburn in five minutes. Sour, gassy, upset stomach, r.cidity. dyspepsia; when the food you eat j ferments into gases and stubborn ! lnmnsr vour hrnii nrhps ami -ou reel sick and miserable, thai a wlien you realize the quick mngis or Pape's Diapepsin. If your stomach is In a continuous revolt if you can't got it regulated -try Pape's Diapepsin. It's so needless to hive a bad stomach! Make your next meal a favorite food meal, then take a little Diapepsin. There will not be anv distress cat without fear. It's because I'ape's Diapep- I sin "realiy docs" r -eul.-.te weak, ' out-of-order stomachs that cives it Its millions of sales annually. Get a lare sixty-cent case of Papers Diapepsin from any drug store. n is the most efficient antarid known j It is scientific, harmless. Mid J longs in every home. (Advertisement.! astin s Yeast Strengthen The Nerve and Invigorate Tho Body Easy And Economical To Take Results Suprisingiy Quick. If you want to put some firm, healthy flesh on your bones. crease'vour nerve forre and power, clear your skin and com pinion ana look and feel 100 per cent hetter, simply try taking two of Maitins tiny VIIAMON TaUett "th men meal and watch result.-. M-,u1n,! V1TAMON Tablets contain bifuy concentrated yeast-vitanunes as wen as the two other still more important viramines (Fat .-oluole A ana Water Soluble C) and are now hein used by thousands. They positively will not upset the stomarh or cause trafl, but, on the contrary, are a great aid to digestion, to overcome con stipation and as a general condi tioner of the whole system. I om plete satisfaction absolutely pmrsn teed or the trial costs you nothing. 13e sure to remember the name -Mastin's VI-TA-MON" the original and genuine yeast-vitamme taUct there ia nothing else like it. so do cot accept imitations or "'"'V' You can get Masting MTAMO Tablets at all good drugcista, such as MASTIN'S VUAM0N TABLETS are fully guzuranteed in every respect .. Tonnr McComb. Carl K. -hlreK Paul A. riah'.en. Bencston s tate. (Advertisement '. | 36,447 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/35936469 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,016 | Stack Exchange | Terenoth, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1980570, https://stackoverflow.com/users/6020338, rvaliev | Sardinian | Spoken | 354 | 879 | How to load 'isSubmitted()-method' (defined in service controller) into the main controller?
I've put a registration form in a method so, that I can use it in different places.
My service registration controller looks like this:
public function loadRegisterForm()
{
$user = new User();
$form = $this->createForm(RegistrationType::class, $user);
$form->handleRequest($this->request);
$errors = "";
if ($form->isSubmitted())
{
if ($form->isValid())
{
$password = $this->get('security.password_encoder')
->encodePassword($user, $user->getPlainPassword());
$user->setPassword($password);
$user->setIsActive(1);
$user->setLastname('none');
$user->setCountry('none');
$em = $this->getDoctrine()->getManager();
$em->persist($user);
$em->flush();
}
else
{
$errors = $this->get('validator')->validate($form);
}
}
$parametersArray['form'] = $form;
$parametersArray['errors'] = $errors;
return $parametersArray;
}
services.yml looks like this:
register_form_service:
class: ImmoBundle\Controller\Security\RegistrationController
calls:
- [setContainer, ["@service_container"]]
And the main controller where I load the service controller:
private function indexAction()
{
/**
* Load register form
*/
$registerForm = $this->get('register_form_service');
$registerParameters = $registerForm->loadRegisterForm();
$registerParameters['form']->handleRequest($request);
return $this->render(
'ImmoBundle::Pages/mainPage.html.twig',
array(
'register_form' => $registerParameters['form']->createView(),
'errors' => $registerParameters['errors'],
)
);
}
The form itself is well rendered, so there is no problem. However nothing happens if I try to submit the form. I know that I should add the following line to the main controller
if ($registerParameters['form']->isSubmitted())
{
// add to db
}
But is there any way to do it only in a service controller?
What is $this->request in your service? In my opinion, you should pass the Request you handle in your main controller as a parameter of your loadRegisterForm method, and get this Request handled by your form.
Thank you, just passed the request to the loadRegisterForm method and it works now fine!
You do not need a service definition to inject the container into your controller. If the controller extends Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\Controller all services are accesible via ->get(). Next to that, $form->isValid() already checks whether the form is submitted.
Why is your action private? It should be public, and it need to get the Request object as it's first parameter:
public function indexAction(Request $request)
{
$user = new User();
$form = $this->createForm(RegistrationType::class, $user);
$form->handleRequest($request);
if ($form->isValid()) {
// Do something here
}
}
See http://symfony.com/doc/current/book/forms.html#handling-form-submissions
Yes, it should be public indeed :) I figured out that problem by passing request to loadRegisterForm. Anyway, thanks for the tip about accessing service through '->get()'!
| 32,401 |
https://github.com/huangshenno1/algo/blob/master/soj/2498.cpp | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,016 | algo | huangshenno1 | C++ | Code | 59 | 346 | #include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <string.h>
bool prime[1000001];
int main()
{
unsigned int l,r;
unsigned int i,j;
unsigned int temp,rest;
unsigned int d;
unsigned int count;
while (scanf("%u%u",&l,&r)==2)
{
memset(prime,0,sizeof(prime));
d=r-l;
temp=sqrt(r)+0.5;
for (i=2;i<=temp;i++)
{
rest=(l-1)%i+1;
j=i-rest;
while (j<=d)
{
if (j+l!=i)
prime[j]=1;
j+=i;
}
}
count=0;
for (i=0;i<=d;i++)
{
if (!prime[i])
count++;
}
printf("%u\n",count);
}
return 0;
} | 15,177 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22491747 | Wikidata | Semantic data | CC0 | null | Lac Stark | None | Multilingual | Semantic data | 168 | 393 | Lac Stark
sjö i Kanada
Lac Stark land Kanada
Lac Stark instans av insjö
Lac Stark Geonames-ID 6043457
Lac Stark höjd över havet
Lac Stark inom det administrativa området Abitibi-Témiscamingue
Lac Stark geografiska koordinater
Lac Stark CGNDB-ID ELFSB
lac Stark
lac de l'Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Québec, Canada
lac Stark pays Canada
lac Stark nature de l’élément lac
lac Stark identifiant GeoNames 6043457
lac Stark altitude
lac Stark localisation administrative Abitibi-Témiscamingue
lac Stark coordonnées géographiques
lac Stark identifiant Banque de noms de lieux du Québec 156042
lac Stark identifiant Base de données toponymiques du Canada ELFSB
Lac Stark
بحيره لاك ستارك
بحيره لاك ستارك واحد من بحيره
بحيره لاك ستارك بتقع فى التقسيم الادارى ابيتيبى-تيميسكامينج
Lac Stark
lake in Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Canada
Lac Stark country Canada
Lac Stark instance of lake
Lac Stark GeoNames ID 6043457
Lac Stark elevation above sea level
Lac Stark located in the administrative territorial entity Abitibi-Témiscamingue
Lac Stark coordinate location
Lac Stark Banque de noms de lieux du Québec ID 156042
Lac Stark CGNDB unique ID ELFSB | 24,228 |
2022/02015R1998-20220301/02015R1998-20220301_FR.txt_2 | Eurlex | Open Government | CC-By | 2,022 | None | None | French | Spoken | 7,941 | 14,830 | Toutes les conditions minimales suivantes doivent être respectées lorsqu'un scanner de sûreté est utilisé en association avec un examinateur humain, conformément à la définition fournie au point 12.11.1, deuxième alinéa, à des fins d'inspection/filtrage des passagers:
a)
les
►C1
scanners de sûreté ◄ ne doivent effectuer aucun stockage ni aucune conservation, copie, impression ou récupération d'images. Une image générée lors de l'inspection/filtrage peut cependant être conservée pendant la durée nécessaire à son analyse par l'examinateur humain; elle doit être effacée dès qu'il est établi que le passager ne porte aucun objet constituant une menace. Tout accès non autorisé à une telle image et toute utilisation non autorisée de celle-ci sont prohibés et doivent être empêchés;
b)
l'examinateur humain qui analyse l'image doit se trouver dans un espace séparé, de telle sorte qu'il ne soit pas en mesure de voir le passager faisant l'objet de l'inspection/filtrage;
c)
tout dispositif technique permettant de stocker, de copier ou de photographier des images, ou de les enregistrer de quelque autre manière, doit être interdit dans l'espace séparé où l'image est analysée;
d)
l'image ne doit être associée à aucune donnée relative à la personne faisant l'objet de l'inspection/filtrage. L'anonymat de cette dernière doit être assuré;
e)
tout passager est en droit de demander que l'image de son corps soit analysée par un examinateur humain de sexe masculin ou de sexe féminin, selon son choix;
f)
l'image doit être floutée ou masquée de manière à empêcher toute reconnaissance du visage du passager.
Les points a) et d) s'appliquent également aux scanners de sûreté munis de dispositifs de détection automatique d'objets constituant une menace.
Tout passager doit être en droit de s'opposer à une inspection/filtrage au moyen d'un scanner de sûreté. Il doit alors être soumis à l'inspection/filtrage à l'aide d'une méthode d'inspection/filtrage alternative comprenant au moins une palpation/fouille manuelle, conformément à l'appendice 4-A de la décision d'exécution C(2015) 8005 de la Commission. Lorsque l'alarme d'un scanner de sûreté se déclenche, la cause doit en être trouvée.
Préalablement à toute inspection/filtrage au moyen d'un scanner de sûreté, les passagers doivent être informés de la technologie utilisée, des conditions liées à son utilisation et de la possibilité de refuser de s'y soumettre.
4.1.1.11.
L'utilisation conjointe d'un équipement de détection de traces d'explosifs et d'un détecteur de métaux portatif est limitée aux cas pour lesquels l'opérateur considère que la palpation/fouille manuelle d'une partie donnée de la personne est inefficiente et/ou non souhaitable.
4.1.2.
Inspection/filtrage des bagages de cabine
4.1.2.1.
Avant l'inspection/filtrage, les ordinateurs portables et les autres appareils électriques de grande taille doivent être retirés des bagages de cabine et inspectés séparément, sauf si les bagages de cabine sont soumis à une inspection/filtrage au moyen d'un équipement de détection d'explosifs (EDS) satisfaisant au minimum à la norme C2.
4.1.2.2.
Dans tous les aéroports, l'entité compétente doit soumettre à inspection/filtrage, à l'entrée dans la zone de sûreté à accès réglementé, au moins les LAG achetés dans un aéroport ou à bord d'un aéronef et contenus dans un sac à témoin d'intégrité scellé contenant une preuve suffisante et visible que l'achat a été effectué dans la partie côté piste d'un aéroport ou à bord d'un aéronef, ainsi que les LAG destinés à être utilisés au cours du voyage à des fins médicales ou répondant à un besoin diététique spécial, y compris les aliments pour bébé.
Avant l'inspection/filtrage, les LAG doivent être retirés des bagages de cabine et inspectés séparément des autres bagages de cabine, sauf si l'équipement utilisé pour l'inspection/filtrage des bagages de cabine permet l'inspection de plusieurs contenants de LAG fermés laissés à l'intérieur des bagages.
Lorsque les LAG ont été retirés des bagages de cabine, le passager doit présenter:
a)
tous les LAG se trouvant dans des contenants individuels d'une capacité maximale de 100 millilitres ou équivalente placés dans un sac refermable en matière plastique transparent d'une capacité ne dépassant pas 1 litre, le contenu de ce sac devant y prendre place aisément et le sac devant être complètement fermé; et
b)
tous les autres LAG, y compris les STEB contenant des LAG.
Les autorités compétentes, les compagnies aériennes et les aéroports doivent dûment informer les passagers des procédures d'inspection/filtrage des LAG applicables dans leurs aéroports.
4.1.2.3.
L'inspection/filtrage des bagages de cabine doit être réalisée selon une des méthodes suivantes au moins:
a)
palpation/fouille manuelle;
b)
équipement d'imagerie radioscopique;
c)
équipement de détection d'explosifs (EDS);
d)
chiens détecteurs d'explosifs en combinaison avec le point a);
e)
équipement de détection de traces d'explosifs (ETD).
Lorsque l'opérateur ne peut déterminer si un bagage de cabine contient ou non des articles prohibés, celui-ci doit être refusé ou être une nouvelle fois soumis à une inspection/filtrage, à la satisfaction de l'opérateur.
4.1.2.4.
Toute fouille manuelle de bagages de cabine doit consister en une
►C1
vérification manuelle des bagages ◄ , y compris de leur contenu, afin d'obtenir l'assurance raisonnable qu'ils ne contiennent pas d'articles prohibés.
4.1.2.5.
Lorsqu'un équipement d'imagerie radioscopique ou de détection d'explosifs est utilisé, chaque image doit être visionnée par l'opérateur ou être analysée par un logiciel de validation automatique (ACS, Auto Clear Software).
4.1.2.6.
Lorsqu'un équipement d'imagerie radioscopique ou de détection d'explosifs est utilisé, la cause de tout signal d'alarme doit être trouvée, à la satisfaction de l'opérateur, afin d'obtenir l'assurance raisonnable qu'aucun article prohibé n'est transporté dans la zone de sûreté à accès réglementé ni à bord d'un aéronef.
4.1.2.7.
Lorsqu'un équipement d'imagerie radioscopique ou de détection d'explosifs est utilisé, tout article dont la densité gêne l'analyse de son contenu par l'opérateur doit être retiré du bagage. Le bagage doit être inspecté une nouvelle fois et l'article doit être inspecté séparément comme un bagage de cabine.
4.1.2.8.
Tout bagage dont il apparaît qu'il contient un appareil électrique de grande taille doit être inspecté une nouvelle fois après que l'appareil en question en a été retiré et que celui-ci a été inspecté séparément, à moins que les bagages de cabine n'aient été soumis à l'inspection/filtrage au moyen d'un équipement de détection d'explosifs satisfaisant au minimum à la norme C2.
4.1.2.9.
Les chiens détecteurs d'explosifs et les équipements de détection de traces d'explosifs ne peuvent être utilisés que comme moyens complémentaires d'inspection/filtrage.
4.1.2.10.
L'autorité compétente peut établir des catégories de bagages à main qui, pour des raisons objectives, doivent faire l'objet de procédures spéciales d'inspection/filtrage ou peuvent en être exemptées. Les États membres informent la Commission des catégories créées.
4.1.2.11.
Les personnes effectuant l'inspection/filtrage des bagages de cabine au moyen d'un équipement d'imagerie radioscopique ou d'un équipement de détection d'explosifs ne doivent normalement pas consacrer plus de 20 minutes d'affilée à l'examen d'images. Après chacune de ces périodes, l'opérateur ne doit pas examiner d'images pendant au moins 10 minutes. Cette exigence s'applique uniquement si les images à examiner se présentent sous la forme d'un flux ininterrompu.
Les opérateurs assurant l'inspection/filtrage des bagages de cabine doivent être placés sous l'autorité d'un superviseur chargé d'optimiser la composition, la qualité du travail, la formation, l'assistance et l'évaluation de l'équipe.
4.1.2.12.
L'inspection/filtrage des
►C1
bagages de cabine ◄ est également soumise aux dispositions complémentaires prévues par la décision d'exécution C(2015) 8005 de la Commission.
4.1.3.
Inspection/filtrage des liquides, aérosols et gels (LAG)
▼M5
4.1.3.1.
Les LAG transportés par des passagers peuvent être exemptés d'inspection/filtrage au moyen d'un équipement de détection d'explosifs liquides (LEDS) à l'entrée dans la zone de sûreté à accès réglementé si les LAG se trouvent dans des contenants individuels d'une capacité maximale de 100 millilitres ou équivalent placés dans un sac refermable en matière plastique transparent d'une capacité ne dépassant pas 1 litre, le contenu de ce sac devant y prendre place aisément et le sac devant être complètement fermé.
▼M5 —————
▼M2
4.1.3.3.
L'autorité compétente peut établir des catégories de LAG qui, pour des raisons objectives, doivent faire l'objet de procédures spéciales d'inspection/filtrage ou qui peuvent en être exemptées. Les États membres informent la Commission des catégories créées.
▼M2
4.1.3.4.
L'inspection/filtrage des LAG est également soumise aux dispositions complémentaires prévues par la décision d'exécution C(2015) 8005 de la Commission.
▼B
4.2. PROTECTION DES PASSAGERS ET DES BAGAGES DE CABINE
La protection des passagers et des bagages de cabine doit également être soumise aux dispositions complémentaires prévues par la décision d'exécution C(2015) 8005 de la Commission.
4.3. PASSAGERS SUSCEPTIBLES DE CAUSER DES TROUBLES
4.3.1.
Un transporteur aérien doit se voir notifier par écrit à l'avance, par l'autorité compétente, tout projet d'embarquer à bord d'un aéronef lui appartenant un passager susceptible de causer des troubles.
4.3.2.
La notification doit contenir les informations suivantes:
a)
identité et sexe de la personne; et
b)
motif du transport; et
c)
nom et titre des membres de l'escorte, le cas échéant; et
d)
évaluation du risque par l'autorité compétente, précisant notamment les motifs justifiant une escorte ou l'absence d'escorte; et
e)
places à prévoir à l'avance, si nécessaire; et
f)
la nature des documents de voyage disponibles.
Le transporteur aérien doit communiquer ces informations au commandant de bord avant l'embarquement des passagers.
4.3.3.
L'autorité compétente doit veiller à ce que les personnes placées en détention par décision de justice soient toujours sous escorte.
4.4. ARTICLES PROHIBÉS
4.4.1.
Les passagers ne doivent pas être autorisés à transporter, dans des zones de sûreté à accès réglementé ou à bord d'un aéronef, les articles énumérés dans l'appendice 4-C.
4.4.2.
Une exemption au point 4.4.1 peut être accordée aux conditions suivantes:
a)
l'autorité compétente a été préalablement informée et a donné son accord pour le transport de l'article en question; et
b)
le transporteur aérien a été informé au sujet du passager et de l'article que ce dernier transporte avant l'embarquement des passagers; et
c)
les règles de sécurité applicables sont respectées.
Ces articles doivent alors être placés dans un endroit sécurisé à bord de l'aéronef.
4.4.3.
Le transporteur aérien doit veiller à ce que les passagers soient informés des articles prohibés énumérés dans l'appendice 4-C avant l'achèvement de la procédure d'enregistrement.
APPENDICE 4-A
EXIGENCES APPLICABLES À LA PALPATION/FOUILLE MANUELLE
Les dispositions détaillées relatives à la palpation/fouille manuelle sont fixées dans la décision d'exécution C(2015) 8005 de la Commission.
▼M7
APPENDICE 4-B
PASSAGERS ET BAGAGES DE CABINE
PAYS TIERS, AINSI QUE LES AUTRES PAYS ET TERRITOIRES AUXQUELS, EN VERTU DE L'ARTICLE 355 DU TRAITÉ SUR LE FONCTIONNEMENT DE L'UNION EUROPÉENNE, LE TITRE VI DE LA TROISIÈME PARTIE DUDIT TRAITÉ NE S'APPLIQUE PAS, QUI SONT RECONNUS COMME APPLIQUANT DES NORMES DE SÛRETÉ ÉQUIVALENTES AUX NORMES DE BASE COMMUNES EN MATIÈRE DE SÛRETÉ DE L'AVIATION CIVILE
En ce qui concerne les passagers et bagages de cabine, les pays tiers suivants, ainsi que les autres pays et territoires auxquels, en vertu de l'article 355 du traité sur le fonctionnement de l'Union européenne, le titre VI de la troisième partie dudit traité ne s'applique pas, sont reconnus comme appliquant des normes de sûreté équivalentes aux normes de base communes en matière de sûreté de l'aviation civile:
Canada
Îles Féroé, pour l'aéroport de Vagar
Groenland, pour l'aéroport de Kangerlussuaq
Guernesey
Île de Man
Jersey
Monténégro
République de Singapour, pour l'aéroport de Changi
Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande du Nord
États-Unis d'Amérique
Si la Commission dispose d'informations indiquant que les normes de sûreté qui sont appliquées par le pays tiers ou un autre pays ou territoire concerné et qui ont une incidence significative sur les niveaux généraux de sûreté aérienne dans l'Union ne sont plus équivalentes aux normes de base communes de l'Union, elle doit en informer immédiatement les autorités compétentes des États membres.
Lorsque la Commission dispose d'informations concernant des actions, et notamment des mesures compensatoires, confirmant que l'équivalence des normes appliquées par le pays tiers ou un autre pays ou territoire concerné dans le domaine de la sûreté a été rétablie, elle doit en informer sans délai les autorités compétentes des États membres.
▼B
—
équipements d'arts martiaux;
f)
substances et engins explosifs ou incendiaires
—
substances et engins explosifs ou incendiaires susceptibles, ou paraissant susceptibles, d'être utilisés pour occasionner des blessures graves ou pour menacer la sécurité d'un aéronef, notamment:
—
munitions,
—
amorces,
—
détonateurs et cordeaux détonants,
—
copies ou imitations d'engins explosifs,
—
mines, grenades et autres explosifs militaires,
—
feux d'artifice et autres articles pyrotechniques,
—
bombes et cartouches fumigènes,
—
dynamite, poudre et explosif plastique.
5.
BAGAGES DE SOUTE
5.0. DISPOSITIONS GÉNÉRALES
5.0.1.
Sauf indication contraire, l'autorité, l'exploitant d'aéroport, le transporteur aérien ou l'entité responsable conformément au programme national de sûreté de l'aviation civile tel que visé à l'article 10 du règlement (CE) no 300/2008 doit veiller à la mise en œuvre de mesures énoncées dans le présent chapitre.
5.0.2.
Les pays tiers où les normes de sûreté appliquées sont reconnues équivalentes aux normes de base communes en ce qui concerne les bagages de soute sont énumérés à l'appendice 5-A.
▼M5
5.0.3.
Les bagages de soute en provenance d'un État membre où l'aéronef était en transit après être arrivé d'un pays tiers ne figurant pas sur la liste de l'appendice 5-A, ou d'un aéroport de l'Union lorsque l'État membre concerné a dérogé aux normes de base communes conformément à l'article 1er du règlement (UE) no 1254/2009, doivent être considérés comme des bagages de soute en provenance d'un pays tiers, sauf confirmation que ces bagages de soute ont été soumis à l'inspection/filtrage conformément au présent chapitre.
▼B
5.0.4.
Aux fins du présent règlement, on entend par «bagage sécurisé» un bagage de soute en partance qui a été soumis à l'inspection/filtrage et qui est protégé physiquement de façon à empêcher l'introduction d'objets dans le bagage.
5.0.5.
Les références aux pays tiers dans le présent chapitre et, le cas échéant, dans la décision d'exécution C(2015) 8005 de la Commission, comprennent les autres pays et territoires auxquels, en vertu de l'article 355 du traité sur le fonctionnement de l'Union européenne, le titre VI de la troisième partie dudit traité ne s'applique pas.
▼M5
5.0.6.
Les bagages de soute en provenance d'un aéroport de l'Union lorsque l'État membre concerné a dérogé aux normes de base communes conformément à l'article 1er du règlement (UE) no 1254/2009 doivent être considérés comme des bagages de soute en provenance d'un pays tiers, sauf confirmation que ces bagages de soute ont été soumis à l'inspection/filtrage conformément au présent chapitre.
▼B
5.1. INSPECTION/FILTRAGE DES BAGAGES DE SOUTE
5.1.1.
Les méthodes suivantes, séparément ou conjointement, doivent être utilisées pour l'inspection/filtrage des bagages de soute:
a)
palpation/fouille manuelle; ou
b)
équipement d'imagerie radioscopique; ou
c)
équipement de détection d'explosifs (EDS); ou
d)
équipement de détection de traces d'explosifs (ETD); ou
e)
chiens détecteurs d'explosifs;
Lorsque l'opérateur ne peut déterminer si un bagage de soute contient ou non des articles prohibés, ce dernier doit être refusé ou être une nouvelle fois soumis à une inspection/filtrage, à la satisfaction de l'opérateur.
5.1.2.
Une palpation/fouille manuelle doit comporter la vérification manuelle complète des bagages, y compris de leur contenu, afin d'obtenir l'assurance raisonnable qu'ils ne contiennent pas d'articles prohibés.
5.1.3.
Lorsqu'un équipement d'imagerie radioscopique ou de détection d'explosifs est utilisé, tout article dont la densité gêne l'analyse du contenu du bagage par l'opérateur doit entraîner l'emploi d'un autre moyen d'inspection/filtrage.
5.1.4.
L'inspection/filtrage à l'aide d'un équipement de détection de traces d'explosifs doit consister en l'analyse d'échantillons prélevés à l'intérieur et à l'extérieur du bagage et dans son contenu. Le contenu peut également faire l'objet d'une fouille manuelle.
5.1.5.
L'autorité compétente peut établir des catégories de bagages de soute qui, pour des raisons objectives, doivent faire l'objet de procédures spéciales d'inspection/filtrage ou peuvent en être exemptées. Les États membres doivent informer la Commission des catégories créées.
5.1.6.
L'inspection/filtrage des
►C1
bagages de soute ◄ est également soumise aux dispositions complémentaires prévues par la décision d'exécution C(2015) 8005 de la Commission.
5.1.7.
Les personnes effectuant l'inspection/filtrage des bagages de soute au moyen d'un équipement d'imagerie radioscopique ou de détection d'explosifs ne doivent normalement pas consacrer plus de 20 minutes d'affilée à l'examen d'images. Après chacune de ces périodes, l'opérateur ne doit pas examiner d'images pendant au moins 10 minutes. Cette exigence s'applique uniquement si les images à examiner se présentent sous la forme d'un flux ininterrompu.
Les opérateurs assurant l'inspection/filtrage des bagages de soute doivent être placés sous l'autorité d'un superviseur chargé d'optimiser la composition, la qualité du travail, la formation, l'assistance et l'évaluation de l'équipe.
5.2. PROTECTION DES BAGAGES DE SOUTE
5.2.1.
Les passagers ne peuvent avoir accès aux bagages de soute inspectés, sauf s'il s'agit de leurs propres bagages et qu'ils sont sous surveillance, afin de veiller:
a)
à ce qu'aucun des articles prohibés énumérés à l'appendice 5-B ne soit introduit dans les bagages de soute; ou
b)
à ce qu'aucun des articles prohibés énumérés à l'appendice 4-C ne soit retiré des bagages de soute et introduit dans les zones de sûreté à accès réglementé ou à bord d'un aéronef.
5.2.2.
Les bagages de soute qui n'ont pas été protégés contre toute intervention non autorisée doivent être une nouvelle fois soumis à une inspection/filtrage.
5.2.3.
La protection des bagages de soute est également soumise aux dispositions complémentaires prévues par la décision d'exécution C(2015) 8005 de la Commission.
5.3. PROCÉDURE DE VÉRIFICATION DE CONCORDANCE ENTRE PASSAGERS ET BAGAGES
5.3.1.
Identification des bagages de soute
5.3.1.1.
Tout transporteur aérien doit, au cours des opérations d'embarquement, veiller à ce que chaque passager présente une carte d'embarquement valable ou un équivalent correspondant au bagage de soute enregistré.
5.3.1.2.
Tout transporteur aérien doit veiller à ce qu'une procédure soit en place pour identifier les bagages de soute des passagers qui n'ont pas embarqué ou qui ont quitté l'aéronef avant le départ.
5.3.1.3.
Si un passager n'est pas à bord de l'aéronef, le bagage de soute correspondant à sa carte d'embarquement ou équivalent doit être considéré comme non accompagné.
5.3.1.4.
Tout transporteur aérien doit veiller à ce que chaque bagage de soute non accompagné soit clairement identifiable comme étant autorisé à être transporté par voie aérienne.
5.3.2.
Facteurs indépendants de la volonté des passagers
5.3.2.1.
Le motif pour lequel le bagage est devenu non accompagné doit être consigné avant son chargement sur l'aéronef, sauf si les contrôles de sûreté visés au point 5.3.3 sont mis en œuvre.
5.3.2.2.
Des dispositions complémentaires détaillées concernant les facteurs indépendants de la volonté des passagers sont fixées dans la décision d'exécution C(2015) 8005 de la Commission.
5.3.3.
Contrôles de sûreté appropriés pour des bagages de soute non accompagnés
5.3.3.1.
Les bagages de soute non accompagnés non couverts par le point 5.3.2 doivent être soumis à une inspection/filtrage selon l'une des méthodes indiquées au point 5.1.1 et, le cas échéant, en appliquant les exigences complémentaires prévues par la décision d'exécution C(2015) 8005 de la Commission.
5.3.3.2.
Les bagages de soute qui deviennent non accompagnés en raison de facteurs autres que ceux visés au point 5.3.2.2 doivent être retirés de l'aéronef et être une nouvelle fois soumis à une inspection/filtrage avant d'y être de nouveau embarqués.
5.3.3.3.
Des dispositions complémentaires détaillées concernant les contrôles de sûreté pour les bagages de soute non accompagnés sont fixées dans la décision d'exécution C(2015) 8005 de la Commission.
5.4. ARTICLES PROHIBÉS
5.4.1.
Les passagers ne doivent pas être autorisés à transporter dans leurs bagages de soute les articles énumérés à l'appendice 5-B.
5.4.2.
Une exemption au point 5.4.1 peut être accordée aux conditions suivantes:
a)
les règles nationales de l'autorité compétente autorisent le transport de l'article en question; et
b)
les règles de sécurité applicables sont respectées.
▼M2
5.4.3.
Le transporteur aérien doit veiller à ce que les passagers soient informés des articles prohibés énumérés dans l'appendice 5-B à tout moment avant l'achèvement de la procédure d'enregistrement.
▼M7
APPENDICE 5-A
BAGAGES DE SOUTE
PAYS TIERS, AINSI QUE LES AUTRES PAYS ET TERRITOIRES AUXQUELS, EN VERTU DE L'ARTICLE 355 DU TRAITÉ SUR LE FONCTIONNEMENT DE L'UNION EUROPÉENNE, LE TITRE VI DE LA TROISIÈME PARTIE DUDIT TRAITÉ NE S'APPLIQUE PAS, QUI SONT RECONNUS COMME APPLIQUANT DES NORMES DE SÛRETÉ ÉQUIVALENTES AUX NORMES DE BASE COMMUNES EN MATIÈRE DE SÛRETÉ DE L'AVIATION CIVILE
En ce qui concerne les bagages de soute, les pays tiers suivants, ainsi que les autres pays et territoires auxquels, en vertu de l'article 355 du traité sur le fonctionnement de l'Union européenne, le titre VI de la troisième partie dudit traité ne s'applique pas, sont reconnus comme appliquant des normes de sûreté équivalentes aux normes de base communes en matière de sûreté de l'aviation civile:
Canada
Îles Féroé, pour l'aéroport de Vagar
Groenland, pour l'aéroport de Kangerlussuaq
Guernesey
Île de Man
Jersey
Monténégro
République de Singapour, pour l'aéroport de Changi
État d'Israël, pour l'aéroport international Ben Gourion
Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande du Nord
États-Unis d'Amérique
Si la Commission dispose d'informations indiquant que les normes de sûreté qui sont appliquées par le pays tiers ou un autre pays ou territoire concerné et qui ont une incidence significative sur les niveaux généraux de sûreté aérienne dans l'Union ne sont plus équivalentes aux normes de base communes de l'Union, elle doit en informer sans délai les autorités compétentes des États membres.
Lorsque la Commission dispose d'informations concernant des actions, et notamment des mesures compensatoires, confirmant que l'équivalence des normes appliquées par le pays tiers ou un autre pays ou territoire concerné dans le domaine de la sûreté a été rétablie, elle doit en informer sans délai les autorités compétentes des États membres.
▼B
APPENDICE 5-B
BAGAGES DE SOUTE
LISTE DES ARTICLES PROHIBÉS
Les passagers ne sont pas autorisés à transporter les articles suivants dans leurs bagages de soute:
substances et engins explosifs ou incendiaires
—
substances et engins explosifs ou incendiaires susceptibles d'être utilisés pour occasionner des blessures graves ou pour menacer la sécurité d'un aéronef, notamment:
—
munitions,
—
amorces,
—
détonateurs et cordeaux détonants,
—
mines, grenades et autres explosifs militaires,
—
feux d'artifice et autres articles pyrotechniques,
—
bombes et cartouches fumigènes,
—
dynamite, poudre et explosifs plastiques.
6.
FRET ET COURRIER
6.0. DISPOSITIONS GÉNÉRALES
6.0.1.
L'autorité, l'exploitant d'aéroport, le transporteur aérien ou l'entité définie dans le présent chapitre doivent veiller à la mise en œuvre des mesures énoncées dans le présent chapitre.
6.0.2.
Les engins explosifs et incendiaires assemblés qui ne sont pas transportés conformément aux règles de sécurité applicables doivent être considérés comme des articles prohibés dans les envois de fret et de courrier.
6.0.3.
Les références aux pays tiers dans le présent chapitre et, le cas échéant, dans la décision d'exécution C(2015) 8005 de la Commission, comprennent les autres pays et territoires auxquels, en vertu de l'article 355 du traité sur le fonctionnement de l'Union européenne, le titre VI de la troisième partie dudit traité ne s'applique pas.
▼M12
6.0.4.
Aux fins de la présente annexe, on entend par «informations anticipées sur les marchandises, avant chargement» ou «PLACI» la procédure de première analyse des risques aux fins de la sûreté aérienne des marchandises destinées à être introduites sur le territoire douanier de l’Union (
4
) par voie aérienne.
▼B
6.1. CONTRÔLES DE SÛRETÉ — DISPOSITIONS GÉNÉRALES
6.1.1.
La totalité du fret et du courrier doit être soumise à une inspection/filtrage par un agent habilité avant le chargement à bord d'un aéronef, sauf dans les cas suivants:
a)
l'envoi a fait l'objet, de la part d'un agent habilité, des contrôles de sûreté requis et a été protégé contre toute intervention non autorisée à partir du moment où ces contrôles ont été effectués et jusqu'au chargement; ou
b)
l'envoi a fait l'objet, de la part d'un chargeur connu, des contrôles de sûreté requis et a été protégé contre toute intervention non autorisée à partir du moment où ces contrôles ont été effectués et jusqu'au chargement; ou
c)
l'envoi a fait l'objet, de la part d'un client en compte, des contrôles de sûreté requis et a été protégé contre toute intervention non autorisée à partir du moment où ces contrôles ont été effectués et jusqu'au chargement, et n'est pas transporté sur un aéronef affecté au transport de passagers; ou
d)
l'envoi est exempté de l'inspection/filtrage et a été protégé contre toute intervention non autorisée à partir du moment où il a reçu le statut de fret aérien identifiable ou de courrier aérien identifiable et jusqu'au chargement.
6.1.2.
Lorsqu'une raison quelconque porte à penser qu'un envoi qui a fait l'objet de contrôles de sûreté a été altéré ou n'a pas été protégé contre toute intervention non autorisée à partir du moment où ces contrôles ont été effectués, il doit être soumis à une inspection/filtrage par un agent habilité avant d'être chargé sur un aéronef. Les envois qui semblent avoir été significativement altérés ou qui sont suspects pour toute autre raison doivent être traités comme du fret ou du courrier à haut risque (FCHR), conformément au point 6.7.
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6.1.4.
L’accès aux zones de sûreté à accès réglementé du fret et du courrier ne peut être accordé qu’après avoir établi à laquelle des catégories suivantes appartient l’entité qui transporte l’envoi depuis le côté ville:
a)
agent habilité:
b)
chargeur connu;
c)
transporteur désigné conformément au point 6.6.1.1 c), transportant des envois ayant préalablement fait l’objet de contrôles de sûreté;
d)
aucune des entités mentionnées aux points a), b) et c).
6.1.5.
Lorsque le point 6.1.4 c) s’applique, une copie de la déclaration signée figurant à l’appendice 6-E doit être mise à la disposition de l’agent habilité, du transporteur aérien ou de l’exploitant d’aéroport donnant accès à des zones de sûreté à accès réglementé, sauf si l’un des éléments suivants s’applique:
a)
le transporteur est lui-même un agent habilité;
b)
le transport est effectué pour le compte de l’agent habilité ou du transporteur aérien qui reçoit l’envoi dans les zones de sûreté à accès réglementé.
La présentation par le transporteur d’une copie de la déclaration signée figurant à l’appendice 6-E peut être remplacée par un mécanisme équivalent de notification préalable au point d’accès, assuré soit par le chargeur connu ou l’agent habilité à l’extérieur de l’enceinte aéroportuaire pour le compte duquel le transport est effectué, soit par l’agent habilité ou le transporteur aérien qui reçoit l’envoi dans les zones de sûreté à accès réglementé.
6.1.6.
Les envois de fret ou de courrier n’ayant fait l’objet d’aucun contrôle de sûreté préalable peuvent être autorisés dans les zones de sûreté à accès réglementé, à condition qu’ils soient soumis à l’une des options suivantes:
a)
une inspection/filtrage avant l’entrée, conformément au point 6.2, et sous la responsabilité de l’agent habilité ou du transporteur aérien qui reçoit l’envoi;
b)
une escorte jusque dans les locaux de l’agent habilité ou du transporteur aérien situés dans les zones de sûreté à accès réglementé, sous leur responsabilité.
Lors de la livraison, ces envois doivent être protégés contre toute intervention non autorisée jusqu’à ce qu’ils soient soumis à une inspection/filtrage.
Le personnel qui escorte ces envois ou les protège contre toute intervention non autorisée doit avoir été recruté conformément au point 11.1.1 et formé conformément au point 11.2.3.9 au minimum.
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6.2. INSPECTION/FILTRAGE
6.2.1.
Inspection/filtrage
6.2.1.1.
Lors de l'inspection/filtrage de fret ou de courrier:
a)
les moyens et méthodes les plus susceptibles de détecter des articles prohibés doivent être employés, en tenant compte de la nature de l'envoi; et
b)
ces moyens et méthodes doivent être d'un niveau suffisant pour obtenir l'assurance raisonnable qu'aucun article prohibé n'est dissimulé dans l'envoi.
6.2.1.2.
Lorsque l'opérateur ne peut obtenir d'assurance raisonnable de l'absence d'article prohibé dans l'envoi, l'envoi doit être refusé ou être une nouvelle fois soumis à une inspection/filtrage, à la satisfaction de l'opérateur.
6.2.1.3.
L'inspection/filtrage du fret et du courrier est également soumise aux dispositions complémentaires prévues par la décision d'exécution C(2015) 8005 de la Commission.
6.2.1.4.
Les personnes effectuant l'inspection/filtrage du fret au moyen d'un équipement d'imagerie radioscopique ou de détection d'explosifs ne doivent normalement pas consacrer plus de 20 minutes d'affilée à l'examen d'images. Après chacune de ces périodes, l'opérateur ne doit pas examiner d'images pendant au moins 10 minutes. Cette exigence s'applique uniquement si les images à examiner se présentent sous la forme d'un flux ininterrompu.
6.2.1.5.
L'inspection/filtrage du fret et du courrier doit être réalisée en mettant en œuvre au moins l'une des méthodes suivantes, conformément à l'appendice 6-J:
a)
palpation/fouille manuelle;
b)
équipement d'imagerie radioscopique;
c)
équipement de détection d'explosifs (EDS);
d)
chiens détecteurs d'explosifs;
e)
équipement de détection de traces d'explosifs (ETD);
f)
contrôle visuel;
g)
détecteurs de métaux.
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6.2.1.6.
Moyennant accord de l'autorité compétente et notification à la Commission, d'autres contrôles de sûreté appropriés peuvent être appliqués lorsque aucun autre moyen ou méthode indiqué au point 6.2.1.5 ne peut être utilisé en raison de la nature de l'envoi:
6.2.2.
Exemptions de l'inspection/filtrage
Les dispositions concernant les exemptions de l'inspection/filtrage sont fixées dans la décision d'exécution C(2015) 8005 de la Commission.
6.3. AGENTS HABILITÉS
6.3.1.
Agrément des agents habilités
6.3.1.1.
Les agents habilités doivent être agréés par l'autorité compétente.
L'agrément en qualité d'agent habilité doit spécifier les sites.
Toute entité qui met en œuvre des contrôles de sûreté tels que visés au point 6.3.2 doit être agréée en qualité d'agent habilité. En font partie les tiers prestataires de services logistiques responsables du stockage et du transport intégrés, les transporteurs aériens et les agents d'assistance en escale.
Un agent habilité peut sous-traiter une ou plusieurs des actions suivantes:
a)
n'importe lequel des contrôles de sûreté visés au point 6.3.2 auprès d'un autre agent habilité;
b)
n'importe lequel des contrôles de sûreté visés au point 6.3.2 auprès d'une autre entité, lorsque les contrôles sont effectués sur le propre site de l'agent habilité ou sur un aéroport et qu'ils sont couverts par le programme de sûreté de l'agent habilité ou de l'exploitant d'aéroport;
c)
n'importe lequel des contrôles de sûreté visés au point 6.3.2 auprès d'une autre entité, lorsque les contrôles sont effectués ailleurs que sur le propre site de l'agent habilité ou sur un aéroport et que l'entité a été certifiée ou agréée et répertoriée par l'autorité compétente pour la prestation de ces services;
d)
la protection et l'acheminement d'envois jusqu'à un transporteur qui satisfait aux exigences du point 6.6.
6.3.1.2.
La procédure suivante s'applique pour l'agrément des agents habilités:
a)
le candidat doit solliciter l'agrément de l'autorité compétente de l'État où se trouvent les sites inclus dans la candidature.
Le candidat doit soumettre un programme de sûreté à l'autorité compétente concernée. Ce programme doit décrire les méthodes et les procédures à suivre par l'agent afin de se conformer aux exigences du règlement (CE) no 300/2008 et de ses actes d'exécution. Il doit également préciser la manière dont l'agent contrôle lui-même le respect de ces méthodes et procédures. Le programme de sûreté d'un transporteur aérien qui décrit les méthodes et les procédures à suivre par le transporteur afin de se conformer aux exigences du règlement (CE) no 300/2008 et de ses actes d'exécution doit être considéré comme satisfaisant à l'exigence concernant le programme de sûreté d'un agent habilité.
Le candidat doit également remettre la «déclaration d'engagements — agent habilité» figurant à l'appendice 6-A. Cette déclaration doit être signée par le mandataire du candidat ou par la personne responsable de la sûreté.
La déclaration signée doit être conservée par l'autorité compétente concernée;
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b)
l’autorité compétente, ou un validateur de sûreté aérienne de l’Union européenne agissant pour le compte de celle-ci, doit examiner le programme de sûreté avant de procéder à une vérification sur place des sites spécifiés afin de s’assurer que le candidat satisfait aux exigences du règlement (CE) no 300/2008 et de ses actes d’exécution.
Sauf pour les exigences en matière d’inspection/filtrage énoncées au point 6.2, un examen du site du candidat par l’autorité douanière compétente conformément à l’article 29 du règlement d’exécution (UE) 2015/2447 de la Commission (
5
) doit être considéré comme une vérification sur place s’il a eu lieu au maximum 3 ans avant la date à laquelle le candidat demande l’agrément en qualité d’agent habilité. Le candidat doit mettre à disposition l’autorisation de statut d’AEO et l’évaluation correspondante des autorités douanières pour toute vérification complémentaire.
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c)
si l'autorité compétente est satisfaite des informations communiquées en application des points a) et b), elle doit veiller à ce que les données nécessaires concernant l'agent soient enregistrées dans la «base de données de l'Union sur la sûreté de la chaîne d'approvisionnement», au plus tard le jour ouvrable suivant. Lors de l'enregistrement de ces données dans la base, l'autorité compétente doit attribuer à chaque site agréé un identifiant alphanumérique unique (UAI) dans le format normalisé.
Si l'autorité compétente n'est pas satisfaite des informations fournies conformément aux points a) et b), elle doit en communiquer rapidement les raisons à l'entité qui sollicite son agrément en qualité d'agent habilité.
d)
un agent habilité ne doit pas être considéré comme agréé tant que ses données n'ont pas été répertoriées dans la «base de données de l'Union sur la sûreté de la chaîne d'approvisionnement».
6.3.1.3.
Un agent habilité doit désigner, sur chaque site, au moins une personne responsable de la mise en œuvre du programme de sûreté soumis. Cette personne doit avoir passé avec succès une vérification de ses antécédents, conformément au point 11.1.
6.3.1.4.
L'habilitation d'un agent doit être renouvelée à intervalles réguliers ne dépassant pas cinq ans. La procédure doit comporter une vérification sur place afin de s'assurer que l'agent habilité satisfait toujours aux exigences du règlement (CE) no 300/2008 et de ses actes d'exécution.
Une inspection dans les locaux de l'agent habilité par l'autorité compétente, conformément au programme national de contrôle de la qualité, peut être considérée comme une vérification sur place, pour autant qu'elle couvre toutes les exigences nécessaires pour l'agrément.
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Sauf pour les exigences en matière d’inspection/filtrage énoncées au point 6.2, un examen du site de l’agent habilité par l’autorité douanière compétente effectué conformément à l’article 29 du règlement d’exécution (UE) 2015/2447 de la Commission doit être considéré comme une vérification sur place.
6.3.1.5.
Lorsque l’autorité compétente n’est plus convaincue que l’agent habilité satisfait aux exigences du règlement (CE) no 300/2008, elle doit retirer le statut d’agent habilité pour le ou les sites spécifiés.
Immédiatement après le retrait, et dans tous les cas dans les vingt-quatre heures suivant le retrait, l’autorité compétente doit veiller à ce que le changement de statut de l’ancien agent habilité soit indiqué dans la «base de données de l’Union sur la sûreté de la chaîne d’approvisionnement».
Lorsque l’agent habilité n’est plus titulaire d’une autorisation de statut d’AEO visée à l’article 38, paragraphe 2, point b), du règlement (UE) no 952/2013 du Parlement européen et du Conseil (
6
) et à l’article 33 du règlement d’exécution (UE) 2015/2447 ou lorsque son autorisation de statut d’AEO est suspendue en raison du non-respect de l’article 39, point e), du règlement (UE) no 952/2013 et de l’article 28 du règlement d’exécution (UE) 2015/2447, l’autorité compétente doit prendre les mesures appropriées pour garantir le respect par l’agent habilité des exigences du règlement (CE) no 300/2008.
L’agent habilité doit informer l’autorité compétente de toute modification relative à son autorisation de statut d’AEO visée à l’article 38, paragraphe 2, point b), du règlement (UE) no 952/2013 et à l’article 33 du règlement d’exécution (UE) 2015/2447.
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6.3.1.6.
Sans préjudice du droit de chaque État membre d'appliquer des mesures plus strictes conformément à l'article 6 du règlement (CE) no 300/2008, un agent habilité agréé conformément au point 6.3 de la présente annexe doit être reconnu dans tous les États membres.
6.3.1.7.
Les exigences du point 6.3.1 autres que celle du point 6.3.1.2 d) ne s'appliquent pas lorsqu'il s'agit de l'agrément de l'autorité compétente elle-même en qualité d'agent habilité.
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6.3.1.8.
L’autorité compétente doit transmettre à l’autorité douanière toute information relative au statut d’agent habilité qui pourrait être pertinente pour la détention d’une autorisation de statut d’AEO visé à l’article 38, paragraphe 2, point b) du règlement (UE) no 952/2013 et à l’article 33 du règlement d’exécution (UE) 2015/2447. Il s’agit notamment des informations relatives aux nouveaux agréments des agents habilités, au retrait du statut d’agent habilité, à la revalidation et aux inspections, aux calendriers de vérification et aux résultats de ces évaluations.
Les modalités de cet échange d’informations doivent être établies entre l’autorité compétente et les autorités douanières nationales.
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6.3.2.
Contrôles de sûreté à mettre en œuvre par un agent habilité
6.3.2.1.
Lors de l'acceptation d'envois, un agent habilité doit déterminer si l'entité d'où proviennent les envois est un agent habilité, un chargeur connu, un client en compte ou ne dispose d'aucun de ces statuts.
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6.3.2.2.
L'agent habilité ou le transporteur aérien doit demander à la personne qui livre tout envoi de présenter une carte d'identité, un passeport, un permis de conduire ou un autre document portant sa photographie et qui a été délivré ou est reconnu par l'autorité nationale. La carte ou le document doit être utilisé pour établir l'identité de la personne qui effectue la livraison.
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6.3.2.3.
L'agent habilité doit veiller à ce que les envois qui n'ont pas fait préalablement l'objet de tous les contrôles de sûreté requis:
a)
soient soumis à une inspection/filtrage conformément au point 6.2; ou
b)
soient acceptés pour stockage sous la responsabilité exclusive de l'agent habilité, ne soient pas identifiables en tant qu'envois destinés à être transportés par aéronef avant leur sélection, et soient sélectionnés de manière autonome, sans aucune intervention de l'expéditeur ou de toute personne ou entité autre que celle désignée et formée par l'agent habilité à cet effet.
Le point b) s'applique uniquement si l'expéditeur ne peut prévoir que l'envoi doit être transporté par voie aérienne.
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6.3.2.4.
Après l'application des contrôles de sûreté visés aux points 6.3.2.1 à 6.3.2.3 de la présente annexe et au point 6.3 de l'annexe à la décision d'exécution C(2015) 8005 de la Commission, l'agent habilité doit veiller à ce que le fret et le courrier soient protégés conformément au point 6.6.
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6.3.2.5.
Après l'application des contrôles de sûreté visés aux points 6.3.2.1 à 6.3.2.4, l'agent habilité doit veiller à ce que tout envoi confié à un transporteur aérien ou un autre agent habilité soit accompagné des documents appropriés, sous forme d'une lettre de transport aérien ou d'une déclaration séparée, sous forme électronique ou sur papier.
6.3.2.6.
La documentation visée au point 6.3.2.5 doit être disponible pour inspection par l'autorité compétente à tout moment avant le chargement de l'envoi dans un aéronef et après pendant vingt-quatre heures, ou pendant la durée du vol si cette durée est supérieure, et doit comporter toutes les informations suivantes:
a)
l'identifiant alphanumérique unique de l'agent habilité tel qu'obtenu auprès de l'autorité compétente;
b)
un identifiant unique pour l'envoi, tel que le numéro de la lettre de transport aérien (mère ou fille — house ou Master airway bill);
c)
le contenu de l'envoi, sauf pour les envois énumérés aux points 6.2.1 d) et 6.2.1 e) de la décision d'exécution C(2015) 8005 de la Commission;
d)
le statut de sûreté attribué à l'envoi, au moyen d'un des sigles suivants:
—
«SPX», signifiant que l'envoi est sécurisé pour être transporté par des aéronefs affectés au transport de passagers, des aéronefs tout-cargo ou tout-courrier,
—
«SCO», signifiant que l'envoi est sécurisé pour être transporté par des aéronefs tout-cargo ou tout-courrier seulement, ou
—
«SHR», signifiant que l'envoi est sécurisé pour être transporté par des aéronefs affectés au transport de passagers, des aéronefs tout-cargo ou tout-courrier, dans le respect des exigences relatives au fret ou au courrier à haut risque);
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e)
la raison pour laquelle le statut de sûreté a été délivré, au moyen du sigle:
i)
«KC» («reçu d'un chargeur connu»); ou
ii)
«AC» («reçu d'un client en compte»); ou
iii)
«RA» («sélectionné par un agent habilité»); ou
iv)
les moyens ou la méthode d'inspection/filtrage utilisés, comme suit:
—
palpation/fouille manuelle (PHS);
—
équipement d'imagerie radioscopique (XRY);
—
équipement de détection d'explosifs (EDS);
—
chiens détecteurs d'explosifs (EDD);
—
équipement de détection de traces d'explosifs (ETD);
—
contrôle visuel (VCK);
—
détecteurs de métaux (CMD);
—
toute autre méthode conformément au point 6.2.1.6 lorsque la méthode utilisée doit être spécifiée; ou
v)
les motifs d'exemption d'inspection/filtrage de l'envoi;
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f)
le nom de la personne qui a délivré le statut de sûreté, ou une identification équivalente, ainsi que la date et l'heure de la délivrance;
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g)
l’identifiant unique reçu de l’autorité compétente, ou de tout agent habilité qui a accepté le statut de sûreté attribué à un envoi par un autre agent habilité, y compris pendant les opérations de transfert.
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Un agent habilité qui confie des envois à un autre agent habilité ou transporteur aérien peut également décider de transmettre uniquement les informations requises aux points a) à e) et g) et de retenir les informations requises au point f) pendant vingt-quatre heures, ou pendant la durée du ou des vols si cette durée est supérieure.
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Le fret ou le courrier en transfert pour lequel le transporteur aérien, ou l’agent habilité agissant pour le compte de celui-ci, n’est pas en mesure de confirmer dans la documentation d’accompagnement les informations requises par le présent point, ou par le point 6.3.2.7, selon le cas, doivent être soumis à une inspection/filtrage avant d’être chargés à bord d’un aéronef pour le vol suivant.
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6.3.2.7.
En cas de groupages, les exigences des points 6.3.2.5 et 6.3.2.6 seront réputées satisfaites si:
a)
l'agent habilité qui effectue le groupage conserve les informations requises aux points 6.3.2.6 a) à g) pour chaque envoi distinct pendant 24 heures ou pendant la durée du ou des vols si cette durée est supérieure; et
b)
la documentation qui accompagne le groupage comprend l'identifiant alphanumérique de l'agent habilité qui a effectué le groupage, un identifiant unique du groupage et son statut de sûreté.
Le point a) n'est pas exigé pour les groupages qui sont toujours soumis à l'inspection/filtrage ou sont exemptés de l'inspection/filtrage conformément aux points 6.2.1 d) et 6.2.1 e) de la décision d'exécution C(2015) 8005 de la Commission si l'agent habilité donne au groupage un identifiant unique et indique le statut de sûreté ainsi qu'une raison unique pour laquelle celui-ci a été délivré.
6.3.2.8.
Lorsqu'il accepte un envoi n'ayant pas fait l'objet de tous les contrôles de sûreté requis, l'agent habilité peut également décider de ne pas procéder aux contrôles de sûreté visés au point 6.3.2, mais de remettre les envois à un autre agent habilité qui veillera à la mise en œuvre de ces contrôles de sûreté.
6.3.2.9.
Un agent habilité doit veiller à ce que tout le personnel effectuant des contrôles de sûreté soit recruté et formé conformément aux exigences du chapitre 11 et à ce que tout le personnel ayant accès au fret aérien identifiable ou au courrier aérien identifiable qui ont fait l'objet des contrôles de sûreté requis ait été recruté et ait suivi une formation de sensibilisation à la sûreté conformément aux exigences du chapitre 11.
Les contrôles de sûreté à effectuer par un agent habilité sont également soumis aux dispositions complémentaires prévues par la décision d'exécution C(2015) 8005 de la Commission.
6.4. CHARGEURS CONNUS
6.4.1.
Agrément des chargeurs connus
6.4.1.1.
Les chargeurs connus doivent être agréés par l'autorité compétente.
L'agrément en qualité de chargeur connu doit spécifier les sites.
6.4.1.2.
La procédure suivante s'applique pour l'agrément des chargeurs connus:
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a)
le candidat doit solliciter l'agrément de l'autorité compétente de l'État membre où se trouve son site.
Le candidat doit soumettre un programme de sûreté à l'autorité compétente concernée. Ce programme doit décrire les méthodes et les procédures à suivre par l'expéditeur afin de se conformer aux exigences du règlement (CE) no 300/2008 et de ses actes d'exécution. Il doit également préciser la manière dont l'expéditeur contrôle lui-même le respect de ces méthodes et procédures.
Le candidat doit recevoir les «instructions à l'intention des chargeurs connus» figurant à l'appendice 6-B et la «liste de contrôle pour la validation des chargeurs connus» figurant à l'appendice 6-C;
b)
l'autorité compétente, ou le validateur de sûreté aérienne de l'Union européenne agissant pour son compte, doit examiner le programme de sûreté et procéder ensuite à une vérification sur place des sites spécifiés afin de s'assurer que le candidat satisfait aux exigences du règlement (CE) no 300/2008 et de ses actes d'exécution.
Afin de déterminer si le candidat satisfait à ces exigences, l'autorité compétente ou le validateur de sûreté aérienne de l'Union européenne agissant pour le compte de celle-ci doit utiliser la «liste de contrôle pour la validation des chargeurs connus» qui figure à l'appendice 6-C. Cette liste de contrôle comprend une déclaration d'engagements qui doit être signée par le mandataire du candidat ou par la personne responsable de la sûreté sur le site.
Une fois que la liste de contrôle pour la validation est complétée, les informations qu'elle contient doivent être traitées comme des informations classifiées.
La déclaration signée doit être conservée par l'autorité compétente concernée ou par le validateur de sûreté aérienne de l'Union européenne et mise à la disposition de l'autorité compétente concernée;
▼M12
c)
un examen du site du candidat par l’autorité douanière compétente conformément à l’article 29 du règlement d’exécution (UE) 2015/2447 doit être considéré comme une vérification sur place s’il a eu lieu au maximum 3 ans avant la date à laquelle le candidat demande l’agrément en qualité de chargeur connu. Dans ces cas, le candidat doit remplir les informations requises à la partie 1 de la «liste de contrôle pour la validation des chargeurs connus» figurant à l’appendice 6-C et les renvoyer à l’autorité compétente accompagnée de la déclaration d’engagements, qui doit être signée par le représentant légal du candidat ou par la personne responsable de la sûreté sur le site.
Le candidat doit mettre à disposition l’autorisation de statut d’AEO et l’évaluation correspondante des autorités douanières pour toute vérification complémentaire.
La déclaration signée doit être conservée par l’autorité compétente concernée ou par le validateur de sûreté aérienne de l’Union européenne et mise à la disposition de l’autorité compétente concernée sur demande;
▼B
d)
si l'autorité compétente est satisfaite des informations communiquées en application des points a) et b), ou des points a) et c), le cas échéant, elle doit veiller à ce que les données nécessaires concernant l'expéditeur soient enregistrées dans la «base de données de l'Union sur la sûreté de la chaîne d'approvisionnement», au plus tard le jour ouvrable suivant. Lors de l'enregistrement de ces données dans la base, l'autorité compétente doit attribuer à chaque site agréé un identifiant alphanumérique unique dans le format normalisé.
Si l'autorité compétente n'est pas satisfaite des informations fournies conformément aux points a) et b), ou aux points a) et c), le cas échéant, elle doit en communiquer rapidement les raisons à l'entité qui sollicite son agrément en qualité de chargeur connu;
e)
un chargeur connu ne doit pas être considéré comme agréé tant que ses données n'ont pas été répertoriées dans la «base de données de l'Union sur la sûreté de la chaîne d'approvisionnement».
6.4.1.3.
Un chargeur connu doit désigner, sur chaque site, au moins une personne responsable de l'application et de la surveillance de la mise en œuvre des contrôles de sûreté. Cette personne doit avoir passé avec succès une vérification de ses antécédents conformément au point 11.1.
6.4.1.4.
L'agrément que qualité de chargeur connu doit être renouvelé à intervalles réguliers ne dépassant pas cinq ans. La procédure doit comporter une vérification sur place afin de s'assurer que le chargeur connu satisfait toujours aux exigences du règlement (CE) no 300/2008 et de ses actes d'exécution.
Une inspection dans les locaux du chargeur connu par l'autorité compétente conformément au programme national de contrôle de la qualité peut être considérée comme une vérification sur place, pour autant qu'elle couvre tous les domaines indiqués sur la liste de contrôle de l'appendice 6-C.
▼M12
Un examen du site du chargeur connu par l’autorité douanière compétente conformément à l’article 29 du règlement d’exécution (UE) 2015/2447 de la Commission doit être considéré comme une vérification sur place.
6.4.1.5.
Lorsque l’autorité compétente n’est plus convaincue que le chargeur connu satisfait aux exigences du règlement (CE) no 300/2008, elle doit retirer le statut de chargeur connu pour le ou les sites spécifiés.
| 49,806 |
https://github.com/danilomendonca/A3Droid_Test_MCS/blob/master/src/a3/a3droid/MessageQueue.java | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | null | A3Droid_Test_MCS | danilomendonca | Java | Code | 150 | 344 | package a3.a3droid;
import java.util.ArrayList;
/**This class resides on A3Channel and it is a queue where to store the messages to the supervisor.*/
public class MessageQueue {
/**The list of the messages to send.*/
private ArrayList<A3Message> messages;
public MessageQueue(){
messages = new ArrayList<A3Message>();
}
/**It adds a message to the queue.
* @param message The message to be added to the queue.
*/
public synchronized void enqueue(A3Message message){
messages.add(message);
notify();
}
/**It removes a message from the queue.
* @param message The message to be removed from the queue.
*/
public synchronized void dequeue(){
messages.remove(0);
}
/**It blocks if there are no messages in the queue.
* @return The first message in the queue.
*/
public synchronized A3Message get(){
while(messages.isEmpty()){
try {
wait();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
}
}
return messages.get(0);
}
@Override
public synchronized String toString(){
return "\n" + messages.toString() + "\n";
}
}
| 40,428 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/37568719 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,016 | Stack Exchange | English | Spoken | 212 | 366 | Keep location centered, when changing Google Maps padding in Android
Let's assume at the center of the map is the Eiffel Tower, when I change the bottom padding to half of the screen height, the Eiffel Tower keeps at it's position. What I want is to move the Eiffel Tower to middle of upper half of the screen. Can someone help me?
Based from this documentation, you can add padding around the edges of the map using the GoogleMap.setPadding() method. The map will continue to fill the entire container, but text and control positioning, map gestures, and camera movements will behave as if it has been placed in a smaller space.
Here is my sample code:
@Override
public void onMapReady(GoogleMap googleMap) {
mMap = googleMap;
mMap.setPadding(0,0,0,1000);
LatLng eiffel = new LatLng(48.858093, 2.294694);
mMap.moveCamera(CameraUpdateFactory.newLatLng(eiffel));
mMap.addMarker(new MarkerOptions().position(eiffel).title("Marker in Eiffel"));
}
Here is the screenshot:
Without padding:
With padding:
As you can see, I have set a padding at the bottom and the Google logo is on the middle of the screen which proves that the padding is working. The marker is also at the middle of upper screen.
You can also check on this video tutorial the way on how to use map padding with the Google Maps Android API.
Hope it helps! :)
| 21,523 |
|
https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%20%28%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%20%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%29 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | آنتو (شهر اتریش) | https://fa.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=آنتو (شهر اتریش)&action=history | Persian | Spoken | 33 | 111 | آنتو یک منطقهٔ مسکونی در اتریش است که در ناحیه ماترسبورگ واقع شدهاست. آنتو ۷۷۱ نفر جمعیت دارد.
جستارهای وابسته
فهرست شهرهای اتریش
منابع
پیوند به بیرون
شهرها و شهرکها در ناحیه ماترسبورگ | 31,524 |
https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp/blob/master/src/ComputeSharp.SourceGenerators/Diagnostics/DiagnosticDescriptors.cs | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,023 | ComputeSharp | Sergio0694 | C# | Code | 3,946 | 9,950 | using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis;
namespace ComputeSharp.SourceGeneration.Diagnostics;
#pragma warning disable IDE0090 // Use 'new(...)'
/// <inheritdoc/>
partial class DiagnosticDescriptors
{
/// <summary>
/// Gets a <see cref="DiagnosticDescriptor"/> for an invalid shader field.
/// <para>
/// Format: <c>"The compute shader of type {0} contains a field \"{1}\" of an invalid type {2}"</c>.
/// </para>
/// </summary>
public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor InvalidShaderField = new DiagnosticDescriptor(
id: "CMPS0001",
title: "Invalid shader field",
messageFormat: "The compute shader of type {0} contains a field \"{1}\" of an invalid type {2}",
category: "ComputeSharp.Shaders",
defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
isEnabledByDefault: true,
description: "A type representing a compute shader contains a field of a type that is not supported in HLSL.",
helpLinkUri: "https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp");
/// <summary>
/// Gets a <see cref="DiagnosticDescriptor"/> for an invalid group shared field type.
/// <para>
/// Format: <c>"The compute shader of type {0} contains a group shared field \"{1}\" of an invalid type {2}"</c>.
/// </para>
/// </summary>
public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor InvalidGroupSharedFieldType = new DiagnosticDescriptor(
id: "CMPS0002",
title: "Invalid group shared field type",
messageFormat: "The compute shader of type {0} contains a group shared field \"{1}\" of an invalid type {2} (it must be an array)",
category: "ComputeSharp.Shaders",
defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
isEnabledByDefault: true,
description: "A group shared field must be of an array type.",
helpLinkUri: "https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp");
/// <summary>
/// Gets a <see cref="DiagnosticDescriptor"/> for an invalid group shared field element type.
/// <para>
/// Format: <c>"The compute shader of type {0} contains a group shared field \"{1}\" of an invalid element type {2}"</c>.
/// </para>
/// </summary>
public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor InvalidGroupSharedFieldElementType = new DiagnosticDescriptor(
id: "CMPS0003",
title: "Invalid group shared field element type",
messageFormat: "The compute shader of type {0} contains a group shared field \"{1}\" of an invalid type {2} (it must be a primitive or unmanaged type)",
category: "ComputeSharp.Shaders",
defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
isEnabledByDefault: true,
description: "A group shared field element must be of a primitive or unmanaged type.",
helpLinkUri: "https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp");
/// <summary>
/// Gets a <see cref="DiagnosticDescriptor"/> for an invalid group shared field declaration.
/// <para>
/// Format: <c>"The compute shader of type {0} contains a group shared field \"{1}\" that is not static"</c>.
/// </para>
/// </summary>
public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor InvalidGroupSharedFieldDeclaration = new DiagnosticDescriptor(
id: "CMPS0004",
title: "Invalid group shared field declaration",
messageFormat: "The compute shader of type {0} contains a group shared field \"{1}\" that is not static",
category: "ComputeSharp.Shaders",
defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
isEnabledByDefault: true,
description: "A group shared field must be static.",
helpLinkUri: "https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp");
/// <summary>
/// Gets a <see cref="DiagnosticDescriptor"/> for a shader with no resources.
/// <para>
/// Format: <c>"The compute shader of type {0} contains no resources to work on"</c>.
/// </para>
/// </summary>
public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor MissingShaderResources = new DiagnosticDescriptor(
id: "CMPS0005",
title: "Missing shader resources",
messageFormat: "The compute shader of type {0} contains no resources to work on",
category: "ComputeSharp.Shaders",
defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
isEnabledByDefault: true,
description: "A compute shader must contain at least one resource.",
helpLinkUri: "https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp");
/// <summary>
/// Gets a <see cref="DiagnosticDescriptor"/> for an invalid <see cref="ThreadIds"/> usage.
/// </summary>
public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor InvalidThreadIdsUsage = new DiagnosticDescriptor(
id: "CMPS0006",
title: "Invalid ThreadIds usage",
messageFormat: "The ThreadIds type can only be used within the main body of a compute shader",
category: "ComputeSharp.Shaders",
defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
isEnabledByDefault: true,
description: "The ThreadIds type can only be used within the main body of a compute shader.",
helpLinkUri: "https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp");
/// <summary>
/// Gets a <see cref="DiagnosticDescriptor"/> for an invalid <see cref="GroupIds"/> usage.
/// </summary>
public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor InvalidGroupIdsUsage = new DiagnosticDescriptor(
id: "CMPS0007",
title: "Invalid GroupIds usage",
messageFormat: "The GroupIds type can only be used within the main body of a compute shader",
category: "ComputeSharp.Shaders",
defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
isEnabledByDefault: true,
description: "The GroupIds type can only be used within the main body of a compute shader.",
helpLinkUri: "https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp");
/// <summary>
/// Gets a <see cref="DiagnosticDescriptor"/> for an invalid <see cref="GroupSize"/> usage.
/// </summary>
public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor InvalidGroupSizeUsage = new DiagnosticDescriptor(
id: "CMPS0008",
title: "Invalid GroupSize usage",
messageFormat: "The GroupSize type can only be used within the main body of a compute shader",
category: "ComputeSharp.Shaders",
defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
isEnabledByDefault: true,
description: "The GroupSize type can only be used within the main body of a compute shader.",
helpLinkUri: "https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp");
/// <summary>
/// Gets a <see cref="DiagnosticDescriptor"/> for an invalid <see cref="GridIds"/> usage.
/// </summary>
public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor InvalidGridIdsUsage = new DiagnosticDescriptor(
id: "CMPS0009",
title: "Invalid GridIds usage",
messageFormat: "The GridIds type can only be used within the main body of a compute shader",
category: "ComputeSharp.Shaders",
defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
isEnabledByDefault: true,
description: "The GridIds type can only be used within the main body of a compute shader.",
helpLinkUri: "https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp");
/// <summary>
/// Gets a <see cref="DiagnosticDescriptor"/> for an invalid object creation expression.
/// <para>
/// Format: <c>"The type {0} cannot be created in a compute shader"</c>.
/// </para>
/// </summary>
public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor InvalidObjectCreationExpression = new DiagnosticDescriptor(
id: "CMPS0010",
title: "Invalid object creation expression",
messageFormat: "The type {0} cannot be created in a compute shader (only unmanaged types are supported)",
category: "ComputeSharp.Shaders",
defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
isEnabledByDefault: true,
description: "Only unmanaged value type objects can be created in a compute shader.",
helpLinkUri: "https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp");
/// <summary>
/// Gets a <see cref="DiagnosticDescriptor"/> for an anonymous object creation expression.
/// </summary>
public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor AnonymousObjectCreationExpression = new DiagnosticDescriptor(
id: "CMPS0011",
title: "Anonymous object creation expression",
messageFormat: "An anonymous object cannot be created in a compute shader",
category: "ComputeSharp.Shaders",
defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
isEnabledByDefault: true,
description: "An anonymous object cannot be created in a compute shader.",
helpLinkUri: "https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp");
/// <summary>
/// Gets a <see cref="DiagnosticDescriptor"/> for an async modifier on a method or function.
/// </summary>
public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor AsyncModifierOnMethodOrFunction = new DiagnosticDescriptor(
id: "CMPS0012",
title: "Async modifier on method or function",
messageFormat: "The async modifier cannot be used in methods or functions used in a compute shader",
category: "ComputeSharp.Shaders",
defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
isEnabledByDefault: true,
description: "The async modifier cannot be used in methods or functions used in a compute shader.",
helpLinkUri: "https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp");
/// <summary>
/// Gets a <see cref="DiagnosticDescriptor"/> for an await expression.
/// </summary>
public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor AwaitExpression = new DiagnosticDescriptor(
id: "CMPS0013",
title: "Await expression",
messageFormat: "The await expression cannot be used in a compute shader",
category: "ComputeSharp.Shaders",
defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
isEnabledByDefault: true,
description: "The await expression cannot be used in a compute shader.",
helpLinkUri: "https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp");
/// <summary>
/// Gets a <see cref="DiagnosticDescriptor"/> for a checked expression.
/// </summary>
public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor CheckedExpression = new DiagnosticDescriptor(
id: "CMPS0014",
title: "Checked expression",
messageFormat: "A checked expression cannot be used in a compute shader",
category: "ComputeSharp.Shaders",
defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
isEnabledByDefault: true,
description: "A checked expression cannot be used in a compute shader.",
helpLinkUri: "https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp");
/// <summary>
/// Gets a <see cref="DiagnosticDescriptor"/> for a checked statement.
/// </summary>
public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor CheckedStatement = new DiagnosticDescriptor(
id: "CMPS0015",
title: "Checked statement",
messageFormat: "A checked statement cannot be used in a compute shader",
category: "ComputeSharp.Shaders",
defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
isEnabledByDefault: true,
description: "A checked statement cannot be used in a compute shader.",
helpLinkUri: "https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp");
/// <summary>
/// Gets a <see cref="DiagnosticDescriptor"/> for a fixed statement.
/// </summary>
public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor FixedStatement = new DiagnosticDescriptor(
id: "CMPS0016",
title: "Fixed statement",
messageFormat: "A fixed statement cannot be used in a compute shader",
category: "ComputeSharp.Shaders",
defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
isEnabledByDefault: true,
description: "A fixed statement cannot be used in a compute shader.",
helpLinkUri: "https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp");
/// <summary>
/// Gets a <see cref="DiagnosticDescriptor"/> for a foreach statement.
/// </summary>
public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor ForEachStatement = new DiagnosticDescriptor(
id: "CMPS0017",
title: "Foreach statement",
messageFormat: "A foreach statement cannot be used in a compute shader",
category: "ComputeSharp.Shaders",
defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
isEnabledByDefault: true,
description: "A foreach statement cannot be used in a compute shader.",
helpLinkUri: "https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp");
/// <summary>
/// Gets a <see cref="DiagnosticDescriptor"/> for a lock statement.
/// </summary>
public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor LockStatement = new DiagnosticDescriptor(
id: "CMPS0018",
title: "Foreach statement",
messageFormat: "A lock statement cannot be used in a compute shader",
category: "ComputeSharp.Shaders",
defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
isEnabledByDefault: true,
description: "A lock statement cannot be used in a compute shader.",
helpLinkUri: "https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp");
/// <summary>
/// Gets a <see cref="DiagnosticDescriptor"/> for a query statement.
/// </summary>
public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor QueryExpression = new DiagnosticDescriptor(
id: "CMPS0019",
title: "Foreach statement",
messageFormat: "A LINQ query expression cannot be used in a compute shader",
category: "ComputeSharp.Shaders",
defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
isEnabledByDefault: true,
description: "A LINQ query expression cannot be used in a compute shader.",
helpLinkUri: "https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp");
/// <summary>
/// Gets a <see cref="DiagnosticDescriptor"/> for a range expression.
/// </summary>
public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor RangeExpression = new DiagnosticDescriptor(
id: "CMPS0020",
title: "Range expression",
messageFormat: "A range expression cannot be used in a compute shader",
category: "ComputeSharp.Shaders",
defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
isEnabledByDefault: true,
description: "A range expression cannot be used in a compute shader.",
helpLinkUri: "https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp");
/// <summary>
/// Gets a <see cref="DiagnosticDescriptor"/> for a recursive pattern.
/// </summary>
public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor RecursivePattern = new DiagnosticDescriptor(
id: "CMPS0021",
title: "Recursive pattern",
messageFormat: "A recursive pattern cannot be used in a compute shader",
category: "ComputeSharp.Shaders",
defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
isEnabledByDefault: true,
description: "A recursive pattern cannot be used in a compute shader.",
helpLinkUri: "https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp");
/// <summary>
/// Gets a <see cref="DiagnosticDescriptor"/> for a ref type.
/// </summary>
public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor RefType = new DiagnosticDescriptor(
id: "CMPS0022",
title: "Ref type",
messageFormat: "A compute shader cannot have a ref type declaration",
category: "ComputeSharp.Shaders",
defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
isEnabledByDefault: true,
description: "A compute shader cannot have a ref type declaration.",
helpLinkUri: "https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp");
/// <summary>
/// Gets a <see cref="DiagnosticDescriptor"/> for a relational pattern.
/// </summary>
public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor RelationalPattern = new DiagnosticDescriptor(
id: "CMPS0023",
title: "Relational pattern",
messageFormat: "A relational pattern cannot be used in a compute shader",
category: "ComputeSharp.Shaders",
defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
isEnabledByDefault: true,
description: "A relational pattern cannot be used in a compute shader.",
helpLinkUri: "https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp");
/// <summary>
/// Gets a <see cref="DiagnosticDescriptor"/> for a sizeof expression.
/// </summary>
public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor SizeOfExpression = new DiagnosticDescriptor(
id: "CMPS0024",
title: "Sizeof expression",
messageFormat: "A sizeof expression cannot be used in a compute shader",
category: "ComputeSharp.Shaders",
defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
isEnabledByDefault: true,
description: "A sizeof expression cannot be used in a compute shader.",
helpLinkUri: "https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp");
/// <summary>
/// Gets a <see cref="DiagnosticDescriptor"/> for a stackalloc expression.
/// </summary>
public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor StackAllocArrayCreationExpression = new DiagnosticDescriptor(
id: "CMPS0025",
title: "Stackalloc expression",
messageFormat: "A stackalloc expression cannot be used in a compute shader",
category: "ComputeSharp.Shaders",
defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
isEnabledByDefault: true,
description: "A stackalloc expression cannot be used in a compute shader.",
helpLinkUri: "https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp");
/// <summary>
/// Gets a <see cref="DiagnosticDescriptor"/> for a throw expression or statement.
/// </summary>
public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor ThrowExpressionOrStatement = new DiagnosticDescriptor(
id: "CMPS0026",
title: "Throw expression or statement",
messageFormat: "Throw expressions and statements cannot be used in a compute shader",
category: "ComputeSharp.Shaders",
defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
isEnabledByDefault: true,
description: "Throw expressions and statements cannot be used in a compute shader.",
helpLinkUri: "https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp");
/// <summary>
/// Gets a <see cref="DiagnosticDescriptor"/> for a try statement.
/// </summary>
public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor TryStatement = new DiagnosticDescriptor(
id: "CMPS0027",
title: "Try statement",
messageFormat: "A try statement cannot be used in a compute shader",
category: "ComputeSharp.Shaders",
defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
isEnabledByDefault: true,
description: "A try statement cannot be used in a compute shader.",
helpLinkUri: "https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp");
/// <summary>
/// Gets a <see cref="DiagnosticDescriptor"/> for a tuple type.
/// </summary>
public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor TupleType = new DiagnosticDescriptor(
id: "CMPS0028",
title: "Tuple type",
messageFormat: "A compute shader cannot have a tuple type declaration",
category: "ComputeSharp.Shaders",
defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
isEnabledByDefault: true,
description: "A compute shader cannot have a tuple type declaration.",
helpLinkUri: "https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp");
/// <summary>
/// Gets a <see cref="DiagnosticDescriptor"/> for a using statement or declaration.
/// </summary>
public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor UsingStatementOrDeclaration = new DiagnosticDescriptor(
id: "CMPS0029",
title: "Using statement or declaration",
messageFormat: "Using statements and declarations cannot be used in a compute shader",
category: "ComputeSharp.Shaders",
defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
isEnabledByDefault: true,
description: "Using statements and declarations cannot be used in a compute shader.",
helpLinkUri: "https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp");
/// <summary>
/// Gets a <see cref="DiagnosticDescriptor"/> for a yield statement.
/// </summary>
public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor YieldStatement = new DiagnosticDescriptor(
id: "CMPS0030",
title: "Yield statement",
messageFormat: "A yield statement cannot be used in a compute shader",
category: "ComputeSharp.Shaders",
defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
isEnabledByDefault: true,
description: "A yield statement cannot be used in a compute shader.",
helpLinkUri: "https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp");
/// <summary>
/// Gets a <see cref="DiagnosticDescriptor"/> for an invalid object declaration.
/// <para>
/// Format: <c>"A variable of type {0} cannot be declared in a compute shader"</c>.
/// </para>
/// </summary>
public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor InvalidObjectDeclaration = new DiagnosticDescriptor(
id: "CMPS0031",
title: "Invalid object declaration",
messageFormat: "A variable of type {0} cannot be declared in a compute shader (only unmanaged types are supported)",
category: "ComputeSharp.Shaders",
defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
isEnabledByDefault: true,
description: "Only unmanaged value type objects can be declared in a compute shader.",
helpLinkUri: "https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp");
/// <summary>
/// Gets a <see cref="DiagnosticDescriptor"/> for a pointer type.
/// </summary>
public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor PointerType = new DiagnosticDescriptor(
id: "CMPS0032",
title: "Pointer type",
messageFormat: "A compute shader cannot have a pointer type declaration",
category: "ComputeSharp.Shaders",
defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
isEnabledByDefault: true,
description: "A compute shader cannot have a pointer type declaration.",
helpLinkUri: "https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp");
/// <summary>
/// Gets a <see cref="DiagnosticDescriptor"/> for a function pointer type.
/// </summary>
public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor FunctionPointer = new DiagnosticDescriptor(
id: "CMPS0033",
title: "Function pointer type",
messageFormat: "A compute shader cannot have a function pointer type declaration",
category: "ComputeSharp.Shaders",
defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
isEnabledByDefault: true,
description: "A compute shader cannot have a function pointer type declaration.",
helpLinkUri: "https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp");
/// <summary>
/// Gets a <see cref="DiagnosticDescriptor"/> for an unsafe statement.
/// </summary>
public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor UnsafeStatement = new DiagnosticDescriptor(
id: "CMPS0034",
title: "Unsafe statement",
messageFormat: "A compute shader cannot have an unsafe statement",
category: "ComputeSharp.Shaders",
defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
isEnabledByDefault: true,
description: "A compute shader cannot have an unsafe statement.",
helpLinkUri: "https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp");
/// <summary>
/// Gets a <see cref="DiagnosticDescriptor"/> for an unsafe modifier on a method or function.
/// </summary>
public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor UnsafeModifierOnMethodOrFunction = new DiagnosticDescriptor(
id: "CMPS0035",
title: "Unsafe modifier on method or function",
messageFormat: "The unsafe modifier cannot be used in methods or functions used in a compute shader",
category: "ComputeSharp.Shaders",
defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
isEnabledByDefault: true,
description: "The unsafe modifier cannot be used in methods or functions used in a compute shader.",
helpLinkUri: "https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp");
/// <summary>
/// Gets a <see cref="DiagnosticDescriptor"/> for a string literal.
/// </summary>
public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor StringLiteralExpression = new DiagnosticDescriptor(
id: "CMPS0036",
title: "String literal expression",
messageFormat: "String literal expressions cannot be used in a compute shader",
category: "ComputeSharp.Shaders",
defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
isEnabledByDefault: true,
description: "String literal expressions cannot be used in a compute shader.",
helpLinkUri: "https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp");
/// <summary>
/// Gets a <see cref="DiagnosticDescriptor"/> for an incorrect matrix swizzling property argument.
/// </summary>
public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor NonConstantMatrixSwizzledIndex = new DiagnosticDescriptor(
id: "CMPS0037",
title: "Non constant matrix swizzled property argument",
messageFormat: "The arguments in a swizzled indexer for a matrix type must be compile-time constants",
category: "ComputeSharp.Shaders",
defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
isEnabledByDefault: true,
description: "The arguments in a swizzled indexer for a matrix type must be compile-time constants.",
helpLinkUri: "https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp");
/// <summary>
/// Gets a <see cref="DiagnosticDescriptor"/> for an invalid shader static field type.
/// <para>
/// Format: <c>"The compute shader of type {0} contains a static field \"{1}\" of an invalid type {2} (only primitive, vector and matrix types are supported)"</c>.
/// </para>
/// </summary>
public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor InvalidShaderStaticFieldType = new DiagnosticDescriptor(
id: "CMPS0038",
title: "Invalid shader static field type",
messageFormat: "The compute shader of type {0} contains a static field \"{1}\" of an invalid type {2} (only primitive, vector and matrix types are supported)",
category: "ComputeSharp.Shaders",
defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
isEnabledByDefault: true,
description: "A type representing a compute shader contains a static field of a type that is not supported.",
helpLinkUri: "https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp");
/// <summary>
/// Gets a <see cref="DiagnosticDescriptor"/> for an invalid <see cref="DispatchSize"/> usage.
/// </summary>
public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor InvalidDispatchSizeUsage = new DiagnosticDescriptor(
id: "CMPS0039",
title: "Invalid DispatchSize usage",
messageFormat: "The DispatchSize type can only be used within the main body of a compute shader",
category: "ComputeSharp.Shaders",
defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
isEnabledByDefault: true,
description: "The DispatchSize type can only be used within the main body of a compute shader.",
helpLinkUri: "https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp");
/// <summary>
/// Gets a <see cref="DiagnosticDescriptor"/> for a property declaration.
/// <para>
/// Format: <c>"The compute shader of type {0} contains an invalid property \"{1}\" declaration (only stateless properties explicitly implementing an interface property can be used)"</c>.
/// </para>
/// </summary>
public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor InvalidPropertyDeclaration = new DiagnosticDescriptor(
id: "CMPS0040",
title: "Invalid property declaration",
messageFormat: "The compute shader of type {0} contains an invalid property \"{1}\" declaration (only stateless properties explicitly implementing an interface property can be used)",
category: "ComputeSharp.Shaders",
defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
isEnabledByDefault: true,
description: "Property declarations (except for stateless properties explicitly implementing an interface property) cannot be used in a compute shader.",
helpLinkUri: "https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp");
/// <summary>
/// Gets a <see cref="DiagnosticDescriptor"/> for a shader with a root signature that is too large.
/// <para>
/// Format: <c>"The compute shader of type {0} has exceeded the maximum allowed size for captured values and resources"</c>.
/// </para>
/// </summary>
public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor ShaderDispatchDataSizeExceeded = new DiagnosticDescriptor(
id: "CMPS0041",
title: "Shader dispatch data size exceeded",
messageFormat: "The compute shader of type {0} has exceeded the maximum allowed size for captured values and resources",
category: "ComputeSharp.Shaders",
defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
isEnabledByDefault: true,
description: "The compute shader of type {0} has exceeded the maximum allowed size for captured values and resources.",
helpLinkUri: "https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp");
/// <summary>
/// Gets a <see cref="DiagnosticDescriptor"/> for a type implementing multiple shader interfaces.
/// <para>
/// Format: <c>"The shader of type {0} cannot implement more than one shader interface"</c>.
/// </para>
/// </summary>
public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor MultipleShaderTypesImplemented = new DiagnosticDescriptor(
id: "CMPS0042",
title: "Multiple shader implementations for type declaration",
messageFormat: "The shader of type {0} cannot implement more than one shader interface",
category: "ComputeSharp.Shaders",
defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
isEnabledByDefault: true,
description: "A shader type cannot implement more than one shader interface.",
helpLinkUri: "https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp");
/// <summary>
/// Gets a <see cref="DiagnosticDescriptor"/> for a dynamic shader annotated as an embedded bytecode.
/// <para>
/// Format: <c>"The shader of type {0} cannot be precompiled, as it is dynamic (it captures delegate fields)"</c>.
/// </para>
/// </summary>
public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor EmbeddedBytecodeWithDynamicShader = new DiagnosticDescriptor(
id: "CMPS0043",
title: "Embedded bytecode for dynamic shader",
messageFormat: "The shader of type {0} cannot be precompiled, as it is dynamic (it captures delegate fields)",
category: "ComputeSharp.Shaders",
defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
isEnabledByDefault: true,
description: "A shader type cannot be precompiled if it captures one or more delegate values.",
helpLinkUri: "https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp");
/// <summary>
/// Gets a <see cref="DiagnosticDescriptor"/> for an embedded bytecode shader with invalid thread ids values.
/// <para>
/// Format: <c>"The shader of type {0} is annotated with invalid thread ids values"</c>.
/// </para>
/// </summary>
public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor InvalidEmbeddedBytecodeThreadIds = new DiagnosticDescriptor(
id: "CMPS0044",
title: "Invalid thread ids for shader with embedded bytecode",
messageFormat: "The shader of type {0} is annotated with invalid thread ids values",
category: "ComputeSharp.Shaders",
defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
isEnabledByDefault: true,
description: "The thread ids values for a shader marked as embedded bytecode have to be in the valid range.",
helpLinkUri: "https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp");
/// <summary>
/// Gets a <see cref="DiagnosticDescriptor"/> for an embedded bytecode shader failed due to a Win32 exception.
/// <para>
/// Format: <c>"The shader of type {0} failed to compile due to a Win32 exception (HRESULT: {1:X8}, Message: "{2}")"</c>.
/// </para>
/// </summary>
public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor EmbeddedBytecodeFailedWithWin32Exception = new DiagnosticDescriptor(
id: "CMPS0045",
title: "Embedded bytecode compilation failed due to Win32 exception",
messageFormat: "The shader of type {0} failed to compile due to a Win32 exception (HRESULT: {1:X8}, Message: \"{2}\")",
category: "ComputeSharp.Shaders",
defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
isEnabledByDefault: true,
description: "The embedded bytecode for a shader failed to be compiled due to a Win32 exception.",
helpLinkUri: "https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp");
/// <summary>
/// Gets a <see cref="DiagnosticDescriptor"/> for an embedded bytecode shader failed due to an HLSL compilation exception.
/// <para>
/// Format: <c>"The shader of type {{0}} failed to compile due to an HLSL compiler error (Message: "{1}")"</c>.
/// </para>
/// </summary>
public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor EmbeddedBytecodeFailedWithDxcCompilationException = new DiagnosticDescriptor(
id: "CMPS0046",
title: "Embedded bytecode compilation failed due to an HLSL compiler error",
messageFormat: "The shader of type {0} failed to compile due to an HLSL compiler error (Message: \"{1}\")",
category: "ComputeSharp.Shaders",
defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
isEnabledByDefault: true,
description: "The embedded bytecode for a shader failed to be compiled due to an HLSL compiler error.",
helpLinkUri: "https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp");
/// <summary>
/// Gets a <see cref="DiagnosticDescriptor"/> for a shader without the embedded bytecode attribute, when dynamic shaders are not supported.
/// <para>
/// Format: <c>"The shader of type {0} needs to be annotated as having embedded bytecode (using the [EmbeddedBytecode] attribute), as dynamic shader compilation is not supported"</c>.
/// </para>
/// </summary>
public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor MissingEmbeddedBytecodeAttributeWhenDynamicShaderCompilationIsNotSupported = new DiagnosticDescriptor(
id: "CMPS0047",
title: "Embedded bytecode compilation failed due to an HLSL compiler error",
messageFormat: "The shader of type {0} needs to be annotated as having embedded bytecode (using the [EmbeddedBytecode] attribute), as dynamic shader compilation is not supported",
category: "ComputeSharp.Shaders",
defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
isEnabledByDefault: true,
description: "When dynamic shader compilation is not supported (ie. when ComputeSharp.Dynamic is not referenced), all shaders need to be annotated as having embedded bytecode (using the [EmbeddedBytecode] attribute).",
helpLinkUri: "https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp");
/// <summary>
/// Gets a <see cref="DiagnosticDescriptor"/> for an embedded bytecode shader with an invalid dispatch axis value.
/// <para>
/// Format: <c>"The shader of type {0} is annotated with an invalid dispatch axis value"</c>.
/// </para>
/// </summary>
public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor InvalidEmbeddedBytecodeDispatchAxis = new DiagnosticDescriptor(
id: "CMPS0048",
title: "Invalid dispatch axis for shader with embedded bytecode",
messageFormat: "The shader of type {0} is annotated with with an invalid dispatch axis value",
category: "ComputeSharp.Shaders",
defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
isEnabledByDefault: true,
description: "The dispatch axis value for a shader marked as embedded bytecode have to be valid (flags are not supported).",
helpLinkUri: "https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp");
/// <summary>
/// Gets a <see cref="DiagnosticDescriptor"/> for a method invocation that is not valid from a shader.
/// <para>
/// Format: <c>"The method {0} cannot be used in a shader (methods need to either be HLSL intrinsics or with source available for analysis)"</c>.
/// </para>
/// </summary>
public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor InvalidMethodCall = new DiagnosticDescriptor(
id: "CMPS0049",
title: "Invalid method invocation from a shader",
messageFormat: "The method {0} cannot be used in a shader (methods need to either be HLSL intrinsics or with source available for analysis)",
category: "ComputeSharp.Shaders",
defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
isEnabledByDefault: true,
description: "Shaders can only invoke methods that are either HLSL intrinsics or with source available for analysis.",
helpLinkUri: "https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp");
/// <summary>
/// Gets a <see cref="DiagnosticDescriptor"/> for an invalid discovered type.
/// <para>
/// Format: <c>"The compute shader or method {0} uses the invalid type {1}"</c>.
/// </para>
/// </summary>
public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor InvalidDiscoveredType = new DiagnosticDescriptor(
id: "CMPS0050",
title: "Invalid discovered type",
messageFormat: "The compute shader or method {0} uses the invalid type {1} (only some .NET primitives and vector types, HLSL primitive, vector and matrix types, and custom types containing these types can be used, and bool fields in custom struct types have to be replaced with the ComputeSharp.Bool type for alignment reasons)",
category: "ComputeSharp.Shaders",
defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
isEnabledByDefault: true,
description: "Shaders and shader methods can only use supported types (some .NET primitives and vector types, HLSL primitive, vector and matrix types, and custom types containing these types can be used, and bool fields in custom struct types have to be replaced with the ComputeSharp.Bool type for alignment reasons).",
helpLinkUri: "https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp");
/// <summary>
/// Gets a <see cref="DiagnosticDescriptor"/> for a an invalid copy operation for <c>ComputeContext</c>.
/// <para>
/// Format: <c>"The compute shader or method {0} uses the invalid type {1}"</c>.
/// </para>
/// </summary>
public static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor InvalidComputeContextCopy = new DiagnosticDescriptor(
id: "CMPS0051",
title: "Invalid ComputeContext copy operation",
messageFormat: "The ComputeContext type cannot be copied (consider passing it via ref readonly or in instead) and cannot be used as a field of value types (as it could be indirectly copied)",
category: "ComputeSharp",
defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
isEnabledByDefault: true,
description: "The ComputeContext type cannot be copied (and values should rather be passed via ref readonly or in instead) and cannot be used as a field of value types (as it could be indirectly copied).",
helpLinkUri: "https://github.com/Sergio0694/ComputeSharp");
} | 21,733 |
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apheliona%20indica | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Apheliona indica | https://war.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apheliona indica&action=history | Waray | Spoken | 38 | 67 | An Apheliona indica in uska species han Insecta nga ginhulagway ni Irena Dworakowska ngan Sohi hadton 1978. An Apheliona indica in nahilalakip ha genus nga Apheliona, ngan familia nga Cicadellidae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.
Mga kasarigan
Apheliona | 28,727 |
https://serverfault.com/questions/397485 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,012 | Stack Exchange | AndreasT, Cătălin Milici, Flindt Jakobsen, Greg Wallace, Gsite Beecost, Hansen Miranda, Kenny Rasschaert, Rossi Dodd, Spammer, dyasny, https://serverfault.com/users/1062711, https://serverfault.com/users/1062724, https://serverfault.com/users/13543, https://serverfault.com/users/24526, https://serverfault.com/users/49297, https://serverfault.com/users/887088, https://serverfault.com/users/887089, https://serverfault.com/users/887090, https://serverfault.com/users/887094, https://serverfault.com/users/887096 | English | Spoken | 663 | 1,861 | optimal settings for win7 64 guest on kvm 64 host managed with libvirt
I am using libvirt to control kvm on a fairly new (core i3) host running Debian Squeeze amd64.
The Host as well as Linux guests work and feel fast and responsive.
Simply installing Win7 with virt-manager standard profile for windows7 takes forever. I mainly blame the disk io, but Windows generally does not seem as responsive as linux guests.
Do you have some hints regarding performance optimal settings for Win7 guests on kvm?
(Sorry for the many dumps, but I think they are good as a point of reference.)
Host Konfiguration:
kvm: Version: 1:0.12.5+dfsg-5+squeeze8
libvirt-bin: Version: 0.8.3-5+squeeze2
virsh dumpxml:
<domain type='kvm' id='27'>
<name>win7-template</name>
<uuid>a4eb05fa-0d4e-5ced-2ff1-e15507795d1b</uuid>
<memory>2097152</memory>
<currentMemory>2097152</currentMemory>
<vcpu>2</vcpu>
<os>
<type arch='x86_64' machine='pc-0.12'>hvm</type>
<boot dev='hd'/>
</os>
<features>
<acpi/>
<apic/>
<pae/>
</features>
<clock offset='localtime'/>
<on_poweroff>destroy</on_poweroff>
<on_reboot>restart</on_reboot>
<on_crash>restart</on_crash>
<devices>
<emulator>/usr/bin/kvm</emulator>
<disk type='file' device='disk'>
<driver name='qemu' type='raw'/>
<source file='/var/lib/libvirt/images/win7-template.img'/>
<target dev='hda' bus='ide'/>
<alias name='ide0-0-0'/>
<address type='drive' controller='0' bus='0' unit='0'/>
</disk>
<disk type='file' device='cdrom'>
<driver name='qemu' type='raw'/>
<source file='/var/lib/libvirt/images/isos/de_windows_7_professional_with_sp1_x64_dvd.iso'/>
<target dev='hdc' bus='ide'/>
<readonly/>
<alias name='ide0-1-0'/>
<address type='drive' controller='0' bus='1' unit='0'/>
</disk>
<controller type='ide' index='0'>
<alias name='ide0'/>
<address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x01' function='0x1'/>
</controller>
<interface type='network'>
<mac address='52:54:00:af:89:f2'/>
<source network='default'/>
<target dev='vnet2'/>
<alias name='net0'/>
<address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x03' function='0x0'/>
</interface>
<serial type='pty'>
<source path='/dev/pts/5'/>
<target port='0'/>
<alias name='serial0'/>
</serial>
<console type='pty' tty='/dev/pts/5'>
<source path='/dev/pts/5'/>
<target type='serial' port='0'/>
<alias name='serial0'/>
</console>
<input type='tablet' bus='usb'>
<alias name='input0'/>
</input>
<input type='mouse' bus='ps2'/>
<graphics type='vnc' port='5902' autoport='yes'/>
<video>
<model type='vga' vram='9216' heads='1'/>
<alias name='video0'/>
<address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x02' function='0x0'/>
</video>
<memballoon model='virtio'>
<alias name='balloon0'/>
<address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x04' function='0x0'/>
</memballoon>
</devices>
</domain>
cat /proc/cpuinfo (snippet)
processor : 3
vendor_id : GenuineIntel
cpu family : 6
model : 37
model name : Intel(R) Core(TM) i3 CPU 540 @ 3.07GHz
stepping : 2
cpu MHz : 3058.386
cache size : 4096 KB
physical id : 0
siblings : 4
core id : 2
cpu cores : 2
apicid : 5
initial apicid : 5
fpu : yes
fpu_exception : yes
cpuid level : 11
wp : yes
flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx rdtscp lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon pebs bts rep_good xtopology nonstop_tsc aperfmperf pni dtes64 monitor ds_cpl vmx est tm2 ssse3 cx16 xtpr pdcm sse4_1 sse4_2 popcnt lahf_lm arat tpr_shadow vnmi flexpriority ept vpid
bogomips : 6117.86
clflush size : 64
cache_alignment : 64
address sizes : 36 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
Use virtio for disks and network.
for the mountpoint where you keep the images and the isos, use the noatime and nodiratime options
use the deadline scheduler on the host
use spice/qxl for video for proper video performance
Very interesting answer. Could you expand a bit on the reasoning behind these practices?
these are the most common ones, and if you take a minute to google, you'll see them all over the place. virtio devices provide much better performance than the emulated devices (ide, rtl, e1000) because they are paravirtualised. noatime and nodiratime prevent the host from generating redundant io to the disk, deadline is just known to be the best for most VM loads, and spice/qxl is a much better graphical system than VNC can ever be - providing high resolutions and good video performance
Windows refuses to install on virtio, do I need that special driver on the kvm site?
Use this iso - http://alt.fedoraproject.org/pub/alt/virtio-win/latest/images/bin/virtio-win-0.1-22.iso
Very helpful thx! Accepted.
I just installed Windows 7 and then after the installation changed the disk to use virtio.
To load the drivers, I added a temporary virtio device (1G) and then rebooted the guest. Then, loaded in the Windows drivers for the virtio through device manager.
Then, shutdown the guest, changed the main disk from IDE to virtio. Becuase Windows 7 had already loaded in the virtio drivers from my temporary device, it coped fine with the IDE disk changing to virtio.
| 17,504 |
https://github.com/flipbox/spark/blob/master/src/elements/ElementWithHandle.php | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT, LicenseRef-scancode-unknown-license-reference | 2,018 | spark | flipbox | PHP | Code | 117 | 408 | <?php
/**
* @copyright Copyright (c) Flipbox Digital Limited
* @license https://github.com/flipbox/spark/blob/master/LICENSE
* @link https://github.com/flipbox/spark
*/
namespace flipbox\spark\elements;
use Craft;
use craft\base\Element;
use craft\validators\HandleValidator;
use flipbox\spark\helpers\ElementHelper;
/**
* @author Flipbox Factory <[email protected]>
* @since 1.0.0
*/
abstract class ElementWithHandle extends Element
{
/**
* @var string Handle
*/
public $handle;
/**
* @inheritdoc
*/
public function rules()
{
return array_merge(
parent::rules(),
[
[
[
'handle'
],
HandleValidator::class
],
[
[
'handle'
],
'required'
],
[
[
'handle'
],
'string',
'max' => 255
],
[
[
'handle'
],
'safe',
'on' => [
ElementHelper::SCENARIO_DEFAULT
]
]
]
);
}
/**
* @inheritdoc
*/
public function attributeLabels()
{
return array_merge(
parent::attributeLabels(),
[
'handle' => Craft::t('app', 'Handle')
]
);
}
}
| 56 |
https://github.com/SchwartzNU/DataAcquisition/blob/master/Stage/Externals/MOGL/wrap/glConvolutionParameterf.m | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,016 | DataAcquisition | SchwartzNU | MATLAB | Code | 55 | 143 | function glConvolutionParameterf( target, pname, params )
% glConvolutionParameterf Interface to OpenGL function glConvolutionParameterf
%
% usage: glConvolutionParameterf( target, pname, params )
%
% C function: void glConvolutionParameterf(GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLfloat params)
% 25-Mar-2011 -- created (generated automatically from header files)
if nargin~=3,
error('invalid number of arguments');
end
moglcore( 'glConvolutionParameterf', target, pname, params );
return
| 30,253 |
https://github.com/TimothyMakkison/WeiboSharp/blob/master/WeiboSharp/Classes/ResponseWrappers/Insta/Login/TwoFactorLogin.cs | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | WeiboSharp | TimothyMakkison | C# | Code | 70 | 247 | using Newtonsoft.Json;
using System;
namespace WeiboSharp.Classes
{
[Serializable]
public class InstaTwoFactorLogin
{
[JsonProperty("obfuscated_phone_number")]
public short ObfuscatedPhoneNumber { get; set; }
[JsonProperty("show_messenger_code_option")]
public bool ShowMessengerCodeOption { get; set; }
[JsonProperty("two_factor_identifier")]
public string TwoFactorIdentifier { get; set; }
[JsonProperty("username")]
public string Username { get; set; }
[JsonProperty("sms_two_factor_on")]
public bool SMSTwoFactorOn { get; set; }
[JsonProperty("totp_two_factor_on")]
public bool TotpTwoFactorOn { get; set; }
[JsonProperty("show_new_login_screen")]
public bool ShowNewLoginScreen { get; set; }
}
}
| 35,274 |
https://github.com/HumanCompatibleAI/human_ai_robustness/blob/master/human_ai_robustness/common.py | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,021 | human_ai_robustness | HumanCompatibleAI | Python | Code | 246 | 940 | import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from human_aware_rl.data_dir import DATA_DIR
def get_trajs_for_new_data_format(data_path, layouts):
"""This loads the data then selects the data for the chosen layout, and returns joint_expert_trajs"""
assert len(layouts) == 1, "Assuming only one layout is selected"
main_trials = pd.read_pickle(DATA_DIR + data_path)
joint_expert_trajs = main_trials[layouts[0]]
# Rename so that labels are consistent:
joint_expert_trajs['ep_observations'] = joint_expert_trajs.pop('ep_states')
return joint_expert_trajs
def get_human_human_trajectories_new_data(layouts, dataset_type):
"""The new layouts have a slightly different format. This is a hacky solution to loading the new layouts' data
#TODO: Fix this properly"""
data_path = "human/anonymized/clean_{}_trials_new_layouts.pkl".format(dataset_type)
joint_expert_trajs = get_trajs_for_new_data_format(data_path, layouts)
return joint_expert_trajs # Note that this returns joint expert trajs. This is find for data starts.
def get_hh_states_start_state_fn(layout_name, data_type):
#TODO: This has become VERY hacky and needs to be sorted out
from human_aware_rl.human.process_dataframes import get_human_human_trajectories
if data_type == "train" or data_type is True:
if layout_name in ['bottleneck', 'large_room', 'centre_objects', 'centre_pots']:
hh_trajs_for_layout = get_human_human_trajectories_new_data([layout_name], "train")
else:
hh_trajs_for_layout = get_human_human_trajectories([layout_name], "train")[layout_name]
elif data_type == "test":
if layout_name in ['bottleneck', 'large_room', 'centre_objects', 'centre_pots']:
hh_trajs_for_layout = get_human_human_trajectories_new_data([layout_name], "test")
else:
hh_trajs_for_layout = get_human_human_trajectories([layout_name], "test")[layout_name]
else:
raise ValueError()
hh_starts = np.concatenate(hh_trajs_for_layout["ep_observations"])
# Need to set the order list for the TOMs to work with these hh_starts:
for i in range(len(hh_starts)):
hh_starts[i].order_list = ["any"] * 100
start_state_fn = lambda: np.random.choice(hh_starts)
return start_state_fn
def set_style(font_scale=1.6, tex=True):
import seaborn, matplotlib
seaborn.set(font='serif', font_scale=font_scale)
# Make the background white, and specify the specific font family
seaborn.set_style("white", {
"font.family": "serif",
"font.weight": "normal",
"font.serif": ["Times", "Palatino", "serif"],
'axes.facecolor': 'white',
'lines.markeredgewidth': 1})
matplotlib.rcParams['text.usetex'] = tex
matplotlib.rc('font',family='serif', serif=['Palatino'])
| 38,618 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14699802 | Wikidata | Semantic data | CC0 | null | Mikulići, Konavle | None | Multilingual | Semantic data | 735 | 2,441 | Mikulići, Konavle
settlement in the Municipality of Konavle, Dubrovnik-Neretva County, Croatia
Mikulići, Konavle country Croatia
Mikulići, Konavle located in time zone UTC+01:00, valid in period standard time
Mikulići, Konavle located in time zone UTC+02:00, valid in period daylight saving time
Mikulići, Konavle coordinate location
Mikulići, Konavle located in the administrative territorial entity Dubrovnik-Neretva County
Mikulići, Konavle located in the administrative territorial entity Konavle
Mikulići, Konavle Google Knowledge Graph ID /g/121h83r1
Mikulići, Konavle population , point in time 2021, determination method census, statement is subject of 2021 Croatian census
Mikulići, Konavle area
Mikulići, Konavle instance of settlement
Mikulići, Konavle postal code 20215, post town Gruda
Mikulići
naselje u Hrvatskoj, Općina Konavle, Dubrovačko-neretvanska županija
Mikulići država Hrvatska
Mikulići vremenska zona UTC+1, vrijedi u periodu standardno vrijeme
Mikulići vremenska zona UTC+2, vrijedi u periodu ljetno računanje vremena
Mikulići zemljopisne koordinate
Mikulići nalazi se u administrativnoj prostornoj jedinici Dubrovačko-neretvanska županija
Mikulići nalazi se u administrativnoj prostornoj jedinici Konavle
Mikulići stanovništvo , vrijeme događaja 2021, način određivanja popis stanovništva, stavka od Popis stanovništva 2021.
Mikulići površina
Mikulići jest naselje u Hrvatskoj
Mikulići poštanski broj 20215, dostavni poštanski ured Gruda
Микулићи
Микулићи држава Хрватска
Микулићи временска зона UTC+1, важи у периоду стандардно време
Микулићи временска зона UTC+2, важи у периоду летње рачунање времена
Микулићи географске координате
Микулићи управно-територијална јединица Дубровачко-неретванска жупанија
Микулићи управно-територијална јединица Конавле
Микулићи Гуглов граф знања /g/121h83r1
Микулићи насељеност , тренутак у времену 2021, начин одређивања попис становништва, тема Попис становништва у Хрватској 2021.
Микулићи површина
Микулићи је насеље у Хрватској
Микулићи поштански број 20215
Mikulići, Konavle
naselje na Hrvaškem
Mikulići, Konavle država Hrvaška
Mikulići, Konavle časovni pas UTC+1, veljavna doba standardni čas
Mikulići, Konavle časovni pas UTC+2, veljavna doba poletni čas
Mikulići, Konavle geografske koordinate
Mikulići, Konavle je v Dubrovniško-neretvanska županija
Mikulići, Konavle je v Konavle
Mikulići, Konavle oznaka Google Knowledge Graph /g/121h83r1
Mikulići, Konavle prebivalstvo , čas dogodka 2021, način določitve popis prebivalstva, opisani podatkovni predmet popis prebivalstva na Hrvaškem leta 2021
Mikulići, Konavle površina
Mikulići, Konavle primerek od naselje na Hrvaškem
Mikulići, Konavle poštna številka 20215, kraj pošte Gruda
Mikulići
Mikulići država Hrvatska
Mikulići vremenska zona UTC+1, važeći u periodu standardno vrijeme
Mikulići vremenska zona UTC+2, važeći u periodu Ljetno računanje vremena
Mikulići geografske koordinate
Mikulići upravno-teritorijalna jedinica Dubrovačko-neretvanska županija
Mikulići upravno-teritorijalna jedinica Konavle
Mikulići oznaka na Googleovom grafikonu znanja /g/121h83r1
Mikulići stanovništvo , trenutak u vremenu 2021, metoda određivanja popis stanovništva, predmet Popis stanovništva u Hrvatskoj 2021."
Mikulići površina
Mikulići je naselje u Hrvatskoj
Mikulići poštanski broj 20215
Mikulići
Mikulići zemlja Hrvatska
Mikulići koordinate lokacije
Mikulići je u administrativnoj jedinici Dubrovačko-neretvanska županija
Mikulići je u administrativnoj jedinici Konavle
Mikulići Googleov graf znanja /g/121h83r1
Mikulići stanovništvo , trenutak u vremenu 2021, metoda određivanja popis stanovništva
Mikulići površina
Mikulići je(su) naselje u Republici Hrvatskoj
Mikulići (Konavle)
település Horvátországban
Mikulići (Konavle) ország Horvátország
Mikulići (Konavle) időzóna UTC+01:00, érvényességi időszak téli időszámítás
Mikulići (Konavle) időzóna UTC+02:00, érvényességi időszak nyári időszámítás
Mikulići (Konavle) földrajzi koordináta
Mikulići (Konavle) közigazgatási egység, ahol található Dubrovnik-Neretva megye
Mikulići (Konavle) közigazgatási egység, ahol található Konavle
Mikulići (Konavle) Google Tudásgráf-azonosító /g/121h83r1
Mikulići (Konavle) népesség , időpont 2021, meghatározás módja népszámlálás
Mikulići (Konavle) terület
Mikulići (Konavle) irányítószám 20215, utolsó posta Gruda
Микуличі (Конавле)
населений пункт у Дубровницько-Неретванській жупанії Хорватії
Микуличі (Конавле) країна Хорватія
Микуличі (Конавле) часовий пояс UTC+1, дійсно для періоду стандартний час
Микуличі (Конавле) часовий пояс UTC+2, дійсно для періоду літній час
Микуличі (Конавле) географічні координати
Микуличі (Конавле) адміністративна одиниця Дубровницько-Неретванська жупанія
Микуличі (Конавле) адміністративна одиниця Конавле
Микуличі (Конавле) Google Knowledge Graph /g/121h83r1
Микуличі (Конавле) кількість населення , дата й час 2021, спосіб визначення перепис населення
Микуличі (Конавле) площа
Микуличі (Конавле) є одним із населений пункт Хорватії
Микуличі (Конавле) поштовий індекс 20215, місто зі своїм поштовим індексом Gruda
Mikulići
Mikulići państwo Chorwacja
Mikulići strefa czasowa UTC+01:00, poprawny w okresie czas standardowy
Mikulići strefa czasowa UTC+02:00, poprawny w okresie czas letni
Mikulići współrzędne geograficzne
Mikulići znajduje się w jednostce administracyjnej Żupania dubrownicko-neretwiańska
Mikulići znajduje się w jednostce administracyjnej Konavle
Mikulići identyfikator Google Knowledge Graph /g/121h83r1
Mikulići liczba ludności , data 2021, metoda określenia spis statystyczny
Mikulići powierzchnia
Mikulići kod pocztowy 20215, poczta Gruda
Микуличи (община Конавле)
Микуличи (община Конавле) държава Хърватия
Микуличи (община Конавле) часова зона UTC+1
Микуличи (община Конавле) часова зона UTC+2
Микуличи (община Конавле) географски координати
Микуличи (община Конавле) в административно-териториалната единица Дубровнишко-неретванска жупания
Микуличи (община Конавле) в административно-териториалната единица Каналия
Микуличи (община Конавле) население , дата 2021, метод на определяне преброяване на населението
Микуличи (община Конавле) площ
Микуличи (община Конавле) пощенски код 20215 | 39,211 |
https://github.com/ChasLui/editor.js/blob/master/src/types-internal/html-janitor.d.ts | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | 2,021 | editor.js | ChasLui | TypeScript | Code | 70 | 196 | /**
* 外部JS模块的声明
* 之后，我们可以在TS模块上使用它
*/
declare module 'html-janitor' {
/**
* Sanitizer config of each HTML element
* @see {@link https://github.com/guardian/html-janitor#options}
*/
type TagConfig = boolean | { [attr: string]: boolean | string };
interface Config {
tags: {
[key: string]: TagConfig | ((el: Element) => TagConfig)
};
}
export class HTMLJanitor {
constructor(config: Config);
public clean(taintString: string): string;
}
/**
* Default export
*/
export default HTMLJanitor;
}
| 33,611 |
https://github.com/pact-im/sdk-php/blob/master/tests/Service/AttachmentServiceTest.php | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,021 | sdk-php | pact-im | PHP | Code | 218 | 1,048 | <?php
namespace Pact\Tests\Service;
use Pact\Exception\FileNotFoundException;
use Pact\Exception\InvalidArgumentException;
use Pact\Http\Methods;
use Pact\Service\AttachmentService;
class AttachmentServiceTest extends ServiceTestCase
{
protected static $serviceClass = AttachmentService::class;
/** @var AttachmentService */
protected $service;
/** @var int $companyId */
private $companyId;
/** @var int $conversationId */
private $conversationId;
protected function setUp(): void
{
parent::setUp();
$this->companyId = random_int(1, 500);
$this->conversationId = random_int(1, 500);
}
/**
* @dataProvider dataset_valid_upload_with_resource
*/
public function test_valid_upload_with_resource($file)
{
$this->expectedMethod = Methods::POST;
$this->expectedUrl = $this->formatEndpoint('',
[$this->companyId, $this->conversationId]
);
$this->setUpMocks(
$this->callback(function($body) {
if (!is_array($body)) {
return true;
}
$this->assertArrayHasKey('file', $body);
$this->assertIsResource($body['file']);
return true;
})
);
$response = $this->service->uploadFile(
$this->companyId,
$this->conversationId,
$file
);
$this->assertSame('ok', $response->status);
}
public function dataset_valid_upload_with_resource()
{
return [
'Resource' => [fopen(__DIR__.'/../data/fennec.png', 'r')],
'File path' => [__DIR__.'/../data/fennec.png']
];
}
/**
* @dataProvider dataset_valid_upload_with_url
*/
public function test_valid_upload_with_url($file)
{
$this->expectedMethod = Methods::POST;
$this->expectedUrl = $this->formatEndpoint('',
[$this->companyId, $this->conversationId]
);
$this->setUpMocks(
$this->callback(function($body) {
parse_str($body, $body);
$this->assertArrayHasKey('file_url', $body);
$this->assertIsString($body['file_url']);
$this->assertTrue(
(bool)filter_var($body['file_url'], FILTER_VALIDATE_URL),
'file_url contains invalid url'
);
return true;
})
);
$response = $this->service->uploadFile(
$this->companyId,
$this->conversationId,
$file
);
$this->assertSame('ok', $response->status);
}
public function dataset_valid_upload_with_url()
{
return [
'Url' => ['https://fennecs.io/purr-fennec.png']
];
}
public function test_attempt_attach_non_existing_file_throws_file_not_found()
{
$this->expectException(FileNotFoundException::class);
$this->expectExceptionMessageMatches('/^File .+? not found/');
$response = $this->service->uploadFile(
$this->companyId,
$this->conversationId,
__DIR__.'/../not-existing.file'
);
$this->assertSame('ok', $response->status);
}
public function test_invalid_attachment_throws_invalid_argument()
{
$this->expectException(InvalidArgumentException::class);
$this->expectExceptionMessage('Attachment must be string or resource or StreamInterface');
$response = $this->service->uploadFile(
$this->companyId,
$this->conversationId,
[]
);
$this->assertSame('ok', $response->status);
}
}
| 35,779 |
10289957_1 | Caselaw Access Project | Open Government | Public Domain | 1,929 | None | None | English | Spoken | 2,353 | 2,885 | GRAVES, J.
This cause comes here under somewhat unusual circumstances. The ap-pellee sued appellant, a corporation whose domicile and residence was in Montgomery county, in the district court of Harris county, to recover $8,985.90, the manufactured price of certain pine timber alleged to have belonged to appellee, and to have been wrongfully cut and removed by appellant from certain lands located in Montgomery county.
Appellant filed its plea of privilege in all respects in statutory form pursuant to article 2007, Rev. St., to be sued in the county of its residence, Montgomery, specifically averring thereunder, among the other prescribed requisites of that statute, that "no exception to exclusive venue in the county of one's residence provided in law existed in said cause." To this plea the appellee filed its controverting affidavit, alleging:
"That the defendant is a corporation and that the cause of action herein sued upon arose in part in Harris County, Texas, for this; That the written contract of date the 2Gth day of January, 1925, between the plaintiff and defendant, Grogan-Cochran Lumber Company, as plead in full in plaintiff's petition filed in this cause, was made and entered into between the plaintiff and the defendant in Houston, Harris County, Texas; that the cause of action is the contract herein sued upon and the breach thereof, and said contract having been made and entered into by and between plaintiff and defendant in Houston, Harris County, Texas, venue in this suit properly lies in Houston, Harris County, Texas.
"Because of the facts aforesaid, plaintiff respectfully submits that the venue of this suit lies in Harris County, Texas, under tlie provision of subdivision 23 of Article 1995, of the Revised Civil Statutes of 1925."
A hearing was had on the issue thus joined and the plea of privilege overruled on June 20, 1927, to which action the appellant excepted and gave notice of appeal to this court, duly thereafter perfecting the same on July 1, 1927, by filing its appeal bond therein, and duly pursuing such appeal by filing its transcript and statement of facts therein in this court on September 19, 1927.
Such appealed cause was thereafter, under order of the Supreme Court, transferred from this court to the Ninth Court of Civil Appeals at Beaumont, where on March 1, 1928, that court reversed and remanded the same to the district court of Harris county, with instructions to transfer it to the district court of Montgomery county, holding that appellant's plea of privilege so asking should have been sustained in an opinion reported in 4 S.W.(2d) 995, under the style of Grogan-Cochran Lumber Co. v. T. A. McWhorter. Thereafter that court further overruled the separate motions of the appellee for a rehearing and to certify the question involved therein to the Supreme Court. No further procedure was taken in that cause, no appeal nor application for writ of error prosecuted' from the action so entered by the Ninth Court of Civil Appeals, a-nd its judgment in consequence became final.
After appellant's plea of privilege had been so overruled by the district court of Harris county, and after its appeal therefrom had been perfected and was in the due process of prosecution (that is, on July 18, 1927), the cause went to trial on its merits in the district court of Harris county upon amended pleadings of both parties filed after the perfection of the appeal from the adverse order on the plea of privilege and while the same was being so prosecuted in due time and order of procedure.
While appellant had, on July 11, 1927, filed a motion for continuance of the cause, the ground of which is not shown by the record, its amended answer so filed on the day of this trial did not aver that it was presented subject to such action as might result from its appeal on the plea of privilege, but did contain a cross-action against the appellee in trespass — and alternatively on the contract between .them — for the value of timber alleged to have been removed from the land by him'; in this connection the appellee's brief contains an undenied statement that it had also, in its original answer not shown in the record, asked that its warrantor under the timber deed its title emanated from be made a party, but it does not appear that he ever was.
On the trial so entered upon below, the court submitted the cause to a jury upon special issues, pursuant to the answers to which it entered judgment in favor of the appellee for substantially the amount of money he sued for, and from that decree appellant lumber company presents this appeal.
Under an order of this court, a transcript from the trial court showing the proceedings taken there upon the plea of privilege is before us, and appellant has assigned as error the action of the trial court in so overruling that plea.
Its sixth proposition in this court is: "Appellant having regularly perfected an appeal from the order of the trial court overruling its plea of privilege to the Court of Civil Appeals for the Ninth Supreme Judicial District of Texas, at Beaumont, Texas, and the said Court of Civil Appeals upon a hearing having by judgment reversed and remanded the said cause to the District Court of Harris County, Texas, with instructions to remand the said cause to the District Court-of Montgomery County; Texas, the question of the right of appellant to transfer the cause to Montgomery County, Texas, has become res ad-judicata and this court should enter its order reversing and remanding said cause, with instructions, that the judgment of the Court of Civil Appeals, for the Ninth Supreme Judicial District of Texas, at Beaumont, Texas, be carried into effect."
This contention we think is sound, and must be sustained. Old v. Clark (Tex. Civ. App.) 271 S. W. 183; Watson Co. v. Cobb Grain Co. (Tex. Com. App.) 292 S. W. 174. Discussing this question in the Old Case, where the legal effect of the facts was not different from that here obtaining, the Dallas Court of Civil Appeals said:
"Article 1903, Revised Statutes 1911 [now articles 2007, 2008], provides for a trial of the issues made on a question of venue by the filing of a plea of privilege by a plaintiff and a controverting plea by defendant. The issues on this question are tried on pleadings separate and distinct from the pleadings in the main case, and this trial is clothed with all the solemnity and deliberateness that attend the trial of the main case. The allowance of an appeal gives statutory finality to a judgment entered on such a trial. The issues determined on such a trial touch the substantial rights of the parties. The public- welfare and the dictates of common justice demand that there should be an end to litigation, and this doctrine applies with just as much force to the issues arising out of a trial of a plea of privilege as it does to issues arising out of any other trial.
"We think the. manifest intention of the Legislature in its provision for the trial of the issues raised by the filing of pleas of privilege, as contained in said Article 1903 [now articles 2007, 2008], is that the judgment entered on trial of a plea of privilege, when it becomes final, shall be conclusive against the parties on. these same issues, whenever and wherever the subject-matter of the main suit is litigated between the same parties. This announcement is sustained by 34' O. J. 764, in the following language:
" 'But orders affecting substantial rights, fully litigated, and from which an appeal lies, are conclusive of the matter adjudged and a bar to further proceedings.' "
The holding therein was cited with approval by the Commission of Appeals in Watson Co. v. Cobb Grain Co., at page 177 of 292 S. W.
When the judgment of the Ninth Court of Civil Appeals became final on this plea perforce of that decree, the district court of Harris county at once and for good lost in personam jurisdiction over the appellant in this entire controversy just as effectively as did the trial courts over the defendants in the Old and Watson Cases, supra, and the Craig Case (Tex. Com. App.) 250 S. W. 667, where there had been a failure, within the time allowed, to controvert a proper plea of privilege; the resulting legal effect of the two situations is precisely the same.
As before stated, appellant in this instance had duly taken and was in the meantime likewise prosecuting its appeal from the order, overruling its plea of privilege, but that did not suspend the trial of the case on its merits (R. S. art. 2008; Allen v. Woodward, 111 Tex. 457, 239 S. W. 602, 22 A. L. R. 1253; Martin v. McKean [Tex. Com. App.] 257 S. W. 241); hence it could not have kept from going into such trial anyway. Therefore, having done all it could with reference to that appeal — that is, submitted it to the arbitrament of the appellate court in full conformity to the procedure available — it did not waive any right inhering therein by thereafter participating in a trial that could not be escaped. That precise point was so determined, under a parallel state of facts, in Hickman v. Swain, 106 Tex. 431, 167 S. W. 209, as the Beaumont Court of Appeals points out in its able opinion in this case, at page 997 of 4 S.W.(2d); indeed, we fully agree with that court's several holdings in sustaining the plea of privilege, and deem it unnecessary to ourselves discuss or attempt to give additional reasons for them. Among these is included the one to the effect that it clearly appeared from the appellee's petition that his suit was to recover damages for cutting and removing growing timber from land lying in Montgomery county; consequently was one to recover damages to land within the purview of subdivision 14 of R, S. art. 1995, and therefore was not maintainable under subdivision 23, as declared in the controverting affidavit. It is true that the evidence heard below on the trial of the plea of privilege is not before this court, but, even if the binding character of the Beaumont appellate court's judgment were not the only point now under consideration, that would not be essential to an independent determination of the same matter by this court, because the character of the suit for venue purposes is a question of law for the court and is solvable solely from the allegations of the petition. Koch v. Roedenbeck (Tex. Civ. App.) 259 S. W. 328; Nolen v. Harding (Tex. Civ. App.) 235 S. W. 687.
The pleadings of the appellee are before us, and therefore we not only have the proper material for the purpose at hand, but encounter no difficulty in reaching the same conclusion for ourselves upon them in this respect.
Under R. S. art. 2007, it was not incumbent on appellant to specifically plead subdivision 14 of article 1995, as the appellee so earnestly argues here. As above recited, its plea of privilege was in the form prescribed by the statute, and its sworn statement therein that "no exception to exclusive venue in the county of one's residence provided by law exists in said cause" conclusively negatived any right to maintain the suit anywhere outside of Montgomery county until the contrary was both successfully pleaded and proved under a controverting affidavit; the appellee was the proponent of the contention that the cause was triable in Harris county, and the burden was upon him to so show.
But the appellee protests against our taking cognizance of the decision of the Beaumont Court of Appeals on the ground that neither its proceedings nor judgment have been made a part of the record here by certiorari or otherwise, urging that this court may not in consequence take judicial knowledge thereof.
The objection is untenable. The appeal that court acted upon was regularly perfected to and brought for decision into this court, accompanied by the record and statement of facts supporting the same. Had it been'determined here in prescribed fashion, surely there would have been no question as to its binding effect upon this tribunal. Instead, under the due course of the law of the state, the Supreme Court so ordered and this court transmitted such record to the Beaumont court for determination of the cause there; all these proceedings are shown by the records of this court. Furthermore, not only has a certified copy of the opinion of the Beaumont Court of Civil Appeals so disposing of the appeal been filed among the papers herein, but it has also been published in the printed law books of the time, which reflect the judicial proceedings of the appellate courts of the state. In these circumstances, and having thus come to our knowledge, it is not only permissible but obligatory that we respect the decision referred to as the law of the case before us; but, if that were not so, and even had that determination of the same question involved here been rendered to our knowledge by tbe Ninth Court of Appeals in a different cause entirely, if we were unwilling to follow it, we could not properly decide it otherwise, but should certify it to the Supreme Court for adjudication. R. S. art. 1855.
So that we hold: (1) That the decision of the Beaumont Court of Civil Appeals is res adjudieata of the issue as to venue, and as such must be respected by the parties hereto and the courts; (2) if, however, that is error, the independent determination is here made that the plea of privilege should have been sustained and the consequent reversal and transfer to Montgomery county ordered.
Pursuant to these conclusions the judgment has been reversed and the cause remanded, with instructions to the trial court to transfer the same to the district court of Montgomery county.
Reversed and remanded, with instructions..
| 33,285 |
sn83030193_1891-12-24_1_4_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Open Culture | Public Domain | null | None | None | English | Spoken | 2,274 | 4,496 | The World: Thursday Evening, December 24, 1891. If O'NEILL'S, 11th Ave., 20th to 21st St. CLOSING OUT Holiday Goods At Less Than Cost. Stock Reports. The Record-Breaking in Prices Concerning Wall Street. Annual Reports of Roads in the Vanderbilt System. The Wall Street market, which was remarkably good during the day, was indeed a good one. The market was particularly good today, with the exception of the Vanderbilt shares. The market was attended with considerable excitement. In many instances, the highest figures of the year were attained. The directors of the Vanderbilt roads this morning made public the long looked for statements of these trunk lines. The Lake Shore paid the usual 3 percent, making 6 percent, for the year. Michigan Central paid the regular 2 percent, and an extra of 1 percent, making 6 percent, for the year. Michigan Central paid the regular 2 percent, and an extra of 1 percent, making 6 percent, for the year. B:.liUs Tlle Lsko hb"T0 shows a surplus or iByF'l ' o00,000, the Michigan Central or t'JOO.ooo .B?'! pi n( c&nllla Southern a similar amount. Al- Hm Mj II lowlog for the money spent In Improvements '5? ' h IS tT ne Lalce hhoro and charged by other H! ; X ' roads to capital account, tho Company In Bu't -I'.'v 'Ek a801 orned (4,8:0,000, or about 10 per rg 5. K ft nt- iaH'i' -'K S. A feature ot speculation tcMlay was tho fj Kgj R buoyancy ot the Oould shares. Western f'-'j V- K Union having been especially octlro and ,., iT- ' rtrong. It Is supposed that tho llould con. H& tlngent has at last changed front. HtJ 5 ' U announcK1 tbnl tho Toledo, Ann Arbor iiBIm K-' !-V Norttl Michigan and tho arecn Hay t WI- iB'lKi-'"l:L Bh' Bona roads have signed a freight and putstn- iB'3!'V''P ' er traffle agreement with tho Lackawanna. iaBSl f ft K Sterling exebango Is still heavier, with Bylyi.S Jg.' nominal rates down to 4.RS and 4.S4H In one ffiwj Hf Instance, commercial bills aro in excellent BK', K supply, wbilo the Inquiry from remitters H B- F less active. iaK'S ' There were heavy realizations at the Mock BJKiiftv B Exchange this afternoon, but tho outside dc- B.jK '' mand again proved sufficient to absorb the LK'?E?S it V-, offerings ot professionals and others who HXWt&t m were content with their pronts. LaB'M'A'jr If Near the close there was larpe buying or iB"Sf"' B ' Kew York Central and other specialties and HlW f Lm the market was again buoyant. Central roo 131 H'fe ' tollBJ, Union l'acinc to Aa, Lackawanna H'5''it. Si' to 141, Northern Paclllc preferred to Tl und faK' K' Western Union to 84. fOT' -P -' At public auction to-day l p. shares ot 1 hlrd t5 Jr B'' Avenue Itallroad sold at i-io a '-'7, 100 Forty- IwqII tti' second Btreet, ManhattanMUo k Mt. Nicholas rw? t n V Avenue Itallroad at 37, 1 Clinton Hall Assn. HJ'' jm elation at 5 j.nnd 1 "The. Ickyl Island Cluh" HhI jl; tll.oOO- vS 8' ft The total sales at tbo New York hi ock Kt- ft? 0 change to-day were 3T.'1,G00 shares of luted BSm ' stocks and 11,000 ounces or silver. H V Mlnliicr fitocka. KfiN''!!, I- The following arc the closing quotations or Si'lly K Blnlng stocks at tho ConsoiUated Kxchange Ki&lL ff tcMlay: m'-Jife'f K jHi, Aik.j. hi Aik.i. HE'v :!v ' Amerlon ilron HIM . .'.'5 KFitM ' . . - .01 .lull ,.,ii - .30 Sifi M. Alle 1.S0 -,KiiiKtoui XVilt IK Ad'miCon. 2.00 I'mul, - ..Ml KVilfA tU- I1.IU III... ,90 -IjiCro... - .(!. fel;!)''' BV.V U't l.r.1rllBl! ,U 14 AUP K Uelcher., 3.00 - I.lti a L'h'il .jt ,3v fiTUrrli ' P"41 65 - M'ln .. 1 '"' - SMrvS 1 . IlJlwer 4 .SO.Moj.tuTi . .vn Mkf-2' I' Hu.Uk n.1 -i.M,,-,,, Wy 'Kr, f B4re.locft, ,05 iMunltur . ui jbr It' BrMM 3U -l.Mt IIIiLIk. - .'J-, nf1' L' ' , Brum, oa .OS .oil .Nti., 0 13 Mii.'f B.lm'l O'll .113 ,8ll;.Nnrtril,ll t."' i t Cle', Il.lt. .51 - l.le . . .:I0 BH t' 2 Drown ft.. ,70 'Nurlh hl.r - CM KK, ' Con. Imp., ,2(1 Ouunu 41. to Wir- i' C'r.ollt. . 13 -OpMr 05 i!1 V i , I Cutle Cr'lc Ml .liSIUrivntnt X V" K I - Col. Cn... X. Mil Miller - .IK Igi' l' Con., Cl. OcmleiiUI. - .00 JK1 i d. V... . 4.03 4.20 I'lriiioulh 2 311 - Hr'u U Common l'hrntiL , .14 X'. ft Si" w..lth... ,13 -1'hitniiA .IT - Hi' .-li, II Com.T. Co. Hob. con... .14 .Jtf; I Hloc ... 14 10 Hn.uf. . . 1 lu 1.45 K t ' iK, ltondi,. , 53.00 - Marr NaT, 1 .VI EV.-r. 1 ..''P ''J-uu -Sl.oJ.rl.. l.-JO J OS '') .' punklo.... - ,40 Sll.tr Kin .113 C.I , r- 'I).dw'dT. 2. tO -'NutriiTun.. .0.5 Er ?.,ii ! ln. CII rMturmuunt, - .US R CM ' ..COD. u5 -- b.iilUjo. . .50 K M, KnrakiCon - 2.50 run haU.'u - .10 Ijf' Vl-CrUvO.. ,43 .55 Ml.rrGorJ. .23 - V , J t K. DaHmat ,3H Ihin Hofaa. .SO - H ;A. ! (lould 1C. .UU 1.20 ti M Ikj. aaHLu-JU, V ', lUl.iNor. I ol I,. V.. .40 .43 f; -,, , JK. , ' ' croa 00 l.lOKlio.hoD... .01 akaH to'iKl IlomtaUka 11.00 - Tluaa - .511 B-V U'rnMlrar S.83 4.00 Union con, 1.40 - K ; h jndap'd.n'a ,20! Ward con., IT Bt'i'V Iron Silver 1,30 -I K.fTu ' WALT WHITMATTS LAST HOURS. iiiiK Hw l i Tho Poot Is Not ExPec'od to Bur- Kf , l V.va tho Dy. BBBBBrV'ili lrrrii to mr rvxuino wostn-i K ' -S, ; ! iMxpek, N. J.. Dec. U:i.-Tbe death of Walt Er ' -T ' ' Whliniat. Is momentarily expected. Ttiephy. B'' -T' '' tlclans stiendlDa-lilra say that hu cau tur- Ht: fc.i l tj but lew hours at the uot,t- HHBiaKs).BK O'NEILL'S Sixth Ave.. 20th to 21st St. FINE FURNITURE FOR HOLIDAY GIFTS Wood Seat ROCKERS, 1.98, 2.50 and 2.98. Plush Seat ROCKERS, 2.98 and 3.75; Reduced from 5.00. Handsome Plush and Tapestry ROCKERS, 5.50 and 6.50; Reduced from 8.75. Very Handsome ROCKERS, in odd styles, 8.75,9.50 and 15.00; Reduced from 12.98 and 20.00. Reed and Rattan ROCKERS, Plain and Upholstered, at VERY LOW PRICES Upholstery Dep't. 375 Pairs CHENILLE POR TIERES with Handsome Valance and fringe. 4.98 Pair; Reduced from 6.98. 250 pairs CHENILLE PORTIERES, figured all over and fringed, 10.00 Pair ; Reduced from 15.00. 10,000 pairs LACE CURTAINS from 75c. to 50.00. CHENILLE TABLE and PIANO COVERS, SMYRNA RUGS, AT LESS THAN COST OF MANU FACTURE. j OPEN EVENINGS UNTIL CHRISTMAS. i H. O'NEILL & CO., Sixth Me., 20th to 21st St. INTEREST AND DIVIDEND NOTICES. METROPOLITAN SAVINOSlANK; 1 AND 3 TII1KD AVII.NUK. (Opj.o.11. Coopar In.lilul..) (IIAItTKIli:!) Ih.li. 77TI1 DIVIDr.NI), Niw Yobk, Dae. 23, 18D1 I.NTIHIKRT KOJITHK AI,K VKAIt PNIIIMJ DWJ. 31, IMI. at til. rata or Tlllini; AM) ONE. HALF PRICE ANNOUNCEMENT. The annual meeting of the stockholders of the H.W. Davis Company, will be held at the office of the company, January 5th, 1852. A REAL NEWSPAPER'S REAL SPORTING EXTRA! SPORTING EDITION. In THE EVENING WORLD'S Sporting Extra you will find The best daily racing accounts; The best daily column of sporting gossip; The most timely cartoons; The best Wall Street summary and tables; The best general news of each day; The best Evening Paper that ONE CENT can buy. IT COVERS THE WHOLE FIELD. RACING ACCOUNTS, daily, in THE EVENING WORLD Sporting Extra. The most complete stories of events on the track put in type the same day they occur. THE TURF is a daily column in THE EVENING WORLD Sporting Extra. It is a most interesting department to all followers of racing events, presenting, as it does, general racing news, notes and commentaries, information as to the condition of horses named for coming events, and timely tips on racers whose form makes them worthy the attention of speculators. Prepared by a special writer. SPORTING GOSSIP, attractively presented, is a daily feature of THE EVENING WORLD Sporting Extra. The general news and announcements of the athletic clubs, the latest developments and promised events in pugilism, aquatics and all general sports are found in this department, which is always up to the times and up to the readers' demand. All prepared By a special writer. SPOUTING DATES. A calendar printed daily in THE EVENING WORLD Sporting Extra, giving times and places of coming athletic and general sporting events, of local bearing. What "The Evening World" Sporting Extra Does: WHAT IT DOES NOT; It knocks out time; It never strikes out; It distances Competition It never "Quits"; We always make a fit, it is never caught napping. PETER DOELIE, EXTRA FIRST-PRIZE BEER. NOW ON DRAUGHT AT ALL HIS CUSTOMERS'. HOLIDAY SPECIALS. Watches. Regular $38.00 Gold Watches; Gentleman's gold, 20.98; Ladies' Gold Watches, 7.48, 2,000 Ladies' Solid Silver Watches, prettily hand engraved, fine jeweled movement, regular price $6.60 at $3.89. Opera Glasses. 100 Pairs no pearl, rose, natural or white, value $7.50, $10.00 and $12.00 at $3.69, $4.69, $4.98. Umbrellas. 100 all silk, Gold, Silver and Buffalo Horn Handles at $98, $2.69 and $2.98 Half real value. Jewelry. Lockets, Brooches, Pins, Earrings, etc., with and without Diamonds and precious stones. Special prices. Pocket Books. 6,000 all leather Purses and Pocket-books, fine Silver-plated trimmings, 25, 47 and 57C. each. Art Goods. 500 pieces Royal Worcester, Crown Derby, Graingers, Minton, Jones and Doulton Art Wares, suitable for Cabinets, &c, 45C. to $2.69. Framed Pictures. Autogravures, Etchings, Pastels, Large size, very choice subjects, 98c. to $10.00. Fine Fur Scarves, Long Garments, Jackets, Capes, Muffs, Boas, everything manufactured in Furs special prices. BOOKS. 10000 Popular Books, cloth bound, at 5c. Britannica, 30 volumes complete with American supplement, half Russia binding, Allen Edition, 33.75 only 0 sets in stock; no mail orders filled. Confectionery, Our American mixture, 12c. per lb., 5 lb. box for 55c. Fine French cream mixture, 23c. Por 1 lb. box for $1.00. Fine French bonbon mixture, 39c. Por 1 lb. box, for $.90. OPEN EVENINGS. Bloomingdale Bros., r5d9rs;. Lined Gloves. Special, "ave secured tho ontiro sample stock of Lined Gloves from Werthoimer & Co., 502 and 504 Broadway. There aro only 1,200 pairs ; Ladies' and Men's, with and without fur tops. Similar grades aro now selling in our regular stock at $1.50, $1.75 to $2.98. Wo shall put theso out as a great Holiday Special at 79c. per Pair. Only 1,200 pairs; lingerers may be losers. Other Specials. Infanta' Long Cloak 3.25 Infants' Short Dress 51) Infants' Einbroidorcd Flan nel Shawl 98 Ladies' Worsted Skirt 1 .tt.'J Ladies' Corset (special sale) .50 Set of Underwear 2.1)8 Nursos' Aprons '& Tho largest assortment of Ladios', Children's and Nurses' Aprons in tho city. Dolls Reduced. Toys Reduced. Games Reduced. Bloomingdale Bros., Third Ave., Cor. 59th St, M0I-CAL WENT" full on urn unit he rxumlnrd Tree of CUurnr i' 7ou ftr un'trlng from wtltuBii. Nsrvoui drMlltj or n dlturrieri of the urinary organ promptly cured , Taluable bool walled free I oa application. ' NKW YORK .IIKIMCAIi niTltKAU. V46 and 14Q William at . cor. Fulton meet, New nrk city. OBoe bourn i to 6 dallt 10 to 1 Sunday CANDIES. DR. WHITE'S CELEBRATED COUGH DROPS, At mil lml.t.' ! Ounfcctloutr.'. INSTRUCTION. BVrF.KOORArilY.Dd IrpanrUlo. l...on .1 Ml ilr.adw.7, tf.i iUrmt.l p.r waaatc.llon.rUa FLATS MP APARTMENTS TO LET. rurimhedNiscellaneoui. PLATS, furnlahad and uDfnrnl.htd. I. .11 p.rta altjtalaon.w I. suitor, luaad. iLAOO, 10 j r shati:fui,-comfoktincj. EPPS'S COCOA mtllAKFAST. Hy a thorough knowledge of the natural laws which govern the operations of digestion and nutri tion, and by a careful application of the tine prop erties of well-selected 0coa, Mr. Kppa has pro vided our break) at tables with a delicately tlarored beverage which may rave un many brary doctors 1 bills. It is by the judicious use of eiich articles of I diet that a constitution may be gradually built up until strong enough to resist every tendency to dis ease. Hundreds of subtle maladies are lloating around us, roa-jy to attack wherever there Is a weak rioint. "A e may escape many a fatal eh aft by keep tig ourselves well fortified with pure blood and properly nourished frame," ClvilServlce Iaiette. Made simply with boiling water or milk. Hold only in half-pound tins, by Grocers, labelled than .1 A.MTS KIM'S iV CO., Il-mi.rnnn.th.f (jiomlnts Juuilun, Knglaiitl. X-?S JAPANESE CURE A. Guaranteed Cure for Piles Eitemal, Internal, Blind, Bleedlnr,ltchlng,C'hronic,Hecentoriieril Ur. f his Remedy has positively never been knovra to fail. 41a box. six for 5; sent by mall. A writ ten, guarautee given with 6 boxes, when purchase! atone time, to refund the $." if not cured. Uuaraft tee issued by A. J. U11MA.S, Ageut, Astor llooss, ew VorC Or. A. Owen's Electric Belt. gHSg&wrrorfnRjK or trrall. on Kup JESSwjy 'JvViESg4 urB cure y K- 2wSOT"TItlO BELT VV 'lv AI'I'LIANOECO. IIIBrHinr, N. Y.(.iidlll-l3til-.Cbira. A oopt of Dr. A. Onan'a Elacirio World malUrt txm. DEN TIS TRT. $0BISTTEETH $fl n RUBBER PLATE fi BJ CAS free II 'W Repair, tree one ywqr. Can jou afford to throw (rood raoner .war 1T PT lninorJ Cold till 1.50 up; .oil HU, 60o. np. (iolil l'lst.a, Cold Crona, Teeth without 1'latat, Ac. , dc, KttraPtlng'JSo. til. I'ure I'rr.li CSn. OOr. Never Closed. Car, Night or Sunday. HANKS DEALER. NEW YORK, Peyai. NEW PUBLICATIONS. DON'T FAIL to buy Mrs. M. J. Holms's art story, MARCH, for Christmas. W. I. F. S. C. Med. Bureau . | 28,283 |
https://github.com/jmwamser/express-webpack-react-redux-typescript-boilerplate/blob/master/frontend/src/reducers/index.tsx | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,018 | express-webpack-react-redux-typescript-boilerplate | jmwamser | TSX | Code | 40 | 109 | import { combineReducers } from 'redux';
import { fetchingData } from 'reducers/fetchingData';
import { notes } from 'reducers/notes';
import { todos } from 'reducers/todos';
import { visibilityFilter } from 'reducers/visibilityFilter';
export const reducers = combineReducers({
fetchingData,
notes,
todos,
visibilityFilter,
});
| 19,679 |
W4242506069.txt_12 | German-Science-Pile | Open Science | Various open science | null | None | None | German | Spoken | 6,928 | 14,216 | 51 Das Donaueschinger Passionsspiel. Hg. von Anthonius H. Touber. Stuttgart 1985, V. 61f.; Das
Luzerner Osterspiel. Hg. von Heinz Wyss. Bd. 1. Bern 1967, V. 83. Ehrstine: Das figurierte Gedächtnis (Anm. 12), S. 417.
52 Schulz: Eigenbezeichnungen (Anm. 24), S. 240f.
Gattung & Geheimnis
179
Ich kehre zu meiner Anfangsfrage zurück, ob es im deutschen Mittelalter Mysterienspiele gab, und möchte nun wie folgt antworten: Dem Namen nach gab es
sie nicht, aber dem Inhalt nach offenbar schon. Der Opfertod Christi und seine
Präsenz in dem vom Priester verwandelten Sakrament: das waren die Mysterien des Christentums schlechthin, und die Figuren des Geistlichen Spiels waren
dazu da, diese Mysterien plastisch und physisch erfahrbar zu machen, nicht nur
intellektuell, sondern auch spirituell. Mit anderen Worten: Es ging bei der Rezeption figürlich konzipierter Spiele nicht so sehr um Didaxe oder moralische Lehre,
sondern um die Aneignung einer exegetischen Rezeptionshaltung, die es auch
Laien ermöglichen sollte, die irdischen Zeichen und Ereignisse der Heilsgeschichte richtig zu deuten und durch sie hindurch die Mysterien des katholischen Kults
‚realiter‘ zu erfahren.
Ob man heutzutage beim Wort ‚Mysterienspiel‘ auch an den Ablass denkt?
Wohl kaum: moderne Formen des Theaters, auch wenn sie mittelalterlichen Spielen nachempfunden sind, erheben keinerlei Anspruch auf eine unmittelbare Heilswirksamkeit, eine rituelle „efficacy“ im Sinne der Performanztheorie Richard
Schechners.53 Dennoch gibt es keinen vergleichbaren Begriff, der die grundsätzliche Alterität des mittelalterlichen geistlichen Spiels so prägnant auf den Punkt
bringt.54 Solberg weist auf namhafte mediävistische Spielforscher wie Karl Young
hin, die die Semantik von mystery play „instruktiv“ gefunden haben, auch wenn
sie den Begriff für eine moderne Wortschöpfung hielten.55 Ein besonders instruktives Beispiel für die modernen Konnotationen des Wortes im Deutschen ist jedenfalls Goethes Faust, für dessen Interpretation das Mysterienspiel immer wieder
bemüht wird. So wie Eduard Devrient an der Etablierung von ‚Mysterienspiel‘ als
Lexem beteiligt war, so hat sein Sohn Otto Devrient als Regisseur am Weimarer
Hoftheater zwölf Stunden lang über zwei Spieltage im Mai 1876 die beiden Teile
von Faust auf einer dreistöckigen „Mysterienbühne“ inszeniert, auf der Himmel
und Hölle das irdische Treiben Fausts umrahmten. Zwar betonen die Herausgeber
des Faust-Handbuchs, dass Devrients Bezugnahme auf das mittelalterliche Mysterienspiel „historisch unzutreffend“ war, aber seine Inszenierung, die erste Gesamtaufführung von Faust I–II in seinen beiden Teilen überhaupt, fand dennoch große
Beachtung in der Presse und wurde vielerorts nachgeahmt.56 Außerdem konnte
Devrient auf die Struktur von Goethes Tragödie als Begründung für seine Büh53 Vgl. Schechners Situierung des Geistlichen Spiels beim Wirksamkeit-Pol seines „Wirksamkeit-Unterhaltung-Geflechts“: „From Ritual to Theater and Back: The Efficacy-Entertainment
Braid“ in: Richard Schechner: Performance Theory. 2. Aufl. London, New York 2003, S. 112–169,
hier S. 133f. Im Ablass wird die Heilswirksamkeit des Geistlichen Spiels besonders greifbar.
54 Zur Alterität des Geistlichen Spiels vgl. Jan-Dirk Müller: Präsenz des Heils und Repräsenta
tion. Zur Alterität des Geistlichen Spiels. In: Alterität als Leitkonzept für historisches Interpretieren. Hg. von Anja Becker und Jan Mohr. Berlin 2012, S. 263–284.
55 Solberg: History (Anm. 5), S. 11; Karl Young: The Drama of the Medieval Church. Bd. 2. Oxford 1933, S. 409.
56 Faust-Handbuch. Konstellationen – Diskurse – Medien. Hg. von Carsten Rohde, Thorsten
Valk und Matthias Mayer. Stuttgart 2018, S. 284.
180
Glenn Ehrstine
nengestaltung hinweisen: So wie Arnoul Gréban Le Mystère de la Passion mit dem
„Paradiesprozess“ eröffnete, hat Goethe seinem Spiel einen „Prolog im Himmel“
vorangestellt. Diese Rahmenhandlung, das unablässige Bemühen von Mephistopheles, Faust auf ewig für die Hölle zu gewinnen, gilt heute immer noch als besonders mysterienspielhafter Zug und wird u. a. auch in Lehrmaterialien für den
Schulunterricht hervorgehoben.57 Der Begriff kann also nicht nur eine besondere
Nutzung des Spielraums in (meist phantasievoller) Anlehnung an die mittelalterliche Simultanbühne implizieren, sondern vor allem eine religiöse oder ethische
Sinngebung des Bühnengeschehens, die das irdische Handeln des Menschen in
Bezug zu himmlischen und – bei Bedarf – auch höllischen Mächten setzt.
Bei seinen Faust-Inszenierungen führte Otto Devrient allerdings eine professionelle Schauspieltruppe an. Heute sind es vor allem Laiendarsteller, die sich
das Wort ‚Mysterienspiel‘ zu eigen gemacht haben, und zwar als Teil eines gemeinschaftlichen Theaterschaffens, das durchaus Ähnlichkeiten zum Theaterbetrieb des Mittelalters aufweist. Wie Darwin Smith jüngst am Beispiel des Mystère
de Trois Doms (1509) aus Romans gezeigt hat, war die Theaterpraxis, aus der die
Mystères entstanden, ein kollektiver Prozess, an dem zahlreiche Spielschaffende
beteiligt waren.58 Dies betraf nicht nur die materielle Bewerkstelligung der Aufführung (Kostüme, Requisiten, szenischer Apparat), sondern gerade die fast einjährige Erarbeitung des endgültigen Spieltextes, für den das Theaterkollektiv als
Ganzes (mit obrigkeitlicher Beteiligung) verantwortlich zeichnete. Nach einem
ersten Entwurf durch den ursprünglichen Spielautor erfuhr der Text mindestens
zwei durchgreifende Neubearbeitungen, um Verbesserungen und kreative Einfälle aus den Proben aufzunehmen sowie Emendationen durch die mit der Zensur
des Spiels beauftragten Kommissare des Stadtrats zu berücksichtigen, die alle in
sukzessiven Reinschriften des Gesamttextes und revidierten Rollenauszügen für
die Darsteller festgehalten wurden. Für ihre Mühen wurden die Schreiber entlohnt – es sind gerade die Spielrechnungen, die Auskunft über ihre Arbeit geben
– doch die Darsteller in Romans mussten wohl, wie andernorts belegt,59 die Kosten
für ihre Kostüme selber tragen. Durch das eigene Rollenspiel haben Laien ihre
Zugehörigkeit zur Sakralgemeinschaft des Wohnorts unter Beweis gestellt und
den gesellschaftlichen Zusammenhalt innerhalb anderer am Spiel teilnehmenden
Institutionen der städtischen Gemeinschaft gestärkt, etwa der Zünfte und Spielbruderschaften, die die Verantwortung und unter Umständen auch die Kosten
57 Das Mysterienspiel als Bezugsgröße für Goethes Faust ist dermaßen etabliert, dass es auch
zu Schulunterrichtsmaterialien gehört: „Zum Werkaufbau“, Teil 4 von Walter Schafarschik.
Lektüreschlüssel. Johann Wolfgang Goethe: Faust II. Stuttgart o. J., o. Pag. (da nur als E-Book
erhältlich).
58 Smith: About French Vernacular Traditions (Anm. 14), S. 50ff. und 54f.
59 Heidy Greco-Kaufmann: „Zuo der Eere Gottes, vfferbuwung dess mentschen vnd der statt
Lucern lob“. Theater und szenische Vorgänge in der Stadt Luzern im Spätmittelalter und in
der Frühen Neuzeit. Zürich 2009, S. 187.
Gattung & Geheimnis
181
für Teile der Aufführung trugen.60 Über das Mysterienspiel eröffneten sich für die
Bewohner eines Ortes Formen der Partizipation am Kult der Kirche, die bei der
Messe nicht möglich waren.
Diese Tradition wird heute durch die Festspiele einiger katholischer Mysterienspielvereine gepflegt, oft unter bewusster Anknüpfung an örtliche Frömmigkeitstraditionen. Dies gilt für die anfangs erwähnten „Lüfthildis-Mysterienspiele
e. V.“ aus Lüftelberg (Meckenheim) sowie die seit 2001 stattfindenden Kleinenberger Mysterienspiele aus Kleinenberg, einem Stadtteil von Lichtenau in NordrheinWestfalen. Beide Orte sind von alters her Wallfahrtsorte: Lüftelberg ist nach der
Heiligen Lüfthildis benannt, die um 900 gelebt haben soll und in der örtlichen
Pfarrkirche St. Petrus begraben ist,61 während Kleinenberg in der Wallfahrtskirche Mariä Heimsuchung ein wohl um 1400 entstandenes wundertätiges Gnadenbild behütet, Maria, Helferin vom Kleinen Berg.62 Ausgesprochenes Ziel von beiden
Gruppen ist die Stärkung der örtlichen Wallfahrtstradition zur Ehre der jeweiligen Ortsheiligen. Die Kleinenberger Aufführungen z. B. finden immer Anfang
Juli zum Fest Mariä Heimsuchung statt, dem Patronatsfest der barocken Wallfahrtskirche, während die Lüftelberger Spiele immer in der Fronleichnamsoktav
aufgeführt werden.63 Zwar mag es bei diesem geistlichen Laientheater bescheidener zugehen als bei den Passionsspielen in Oberammergau, aber man hat es auch
nicht nötig, den Ansprüchen von internationalen Gästen zu genügen: Die Aufführungen sind für ein regionales Publikum gedacht und werden regelmäßig von
einigen Hundert Zuschauern im Rhein-Sieg-Kreis und im Hochstift Paderborn als
fester Bestandteil des liturgischen Kalenders neben anderen Festen des Kirchenjahres angenommen. Wie beim Geistlichen Spiel treten Publikum und Darsteller
gleichermaßen als Gemeinde zusammen. Auch wenn hier die Kulturanthropologie von Edith und Victor Turner nicht voll zutrifft, leisten die Spiele dennoch
60 Während in Friedberg die Zünfte für die Ausstattung der von ihnen betreuten Figuren der
örtlichen Fronleichnamsprozession aufkamen, wurden die Kosten der Figuren in Zerbst offenbar durch Ablasseinkünfte gedeckt. Dorothea Freise: Geistliche Spiele in der Stadt des
ausgehenden Mittelalters. Frankfurt – Friedberg – Alsfeld. Göttingen 2002, S. 238; Ehrstine: Raymond Peraudi in Zerbst (Anm. 45), S. 331–337; Ehrstine: Ablass, Almosen, Andacht
(Anm. 45), S. 91–95.
61 Magdalene Frank: Die Volksheilige Lüfthildis von Lüftelberg und ihre Attribute. Düsseldorf
1959. Vgl. die Internetpräsenz der Lüfthildis-Mysterienspiele e. V., URL: http://mysterienspiele.
de/ (10.6.2019).
62 https://www.wallfahrt-kleinenberg.de/ (10.06.2019). Vgl. auch den Eintrag zu Kleinenberg in:
Georg Dehio: Handbuch der Deutschen Kunstdenkmäler. Nordrhein-Westfalen. II. Westfalen. Bearb. von Dorothea Kluge und Wilfried Hansmann. München, Berlin 1969, S. 268.
63 Die Spiele wurden 2001 gegründet und fanden bis 2013 alle drei Jahre statt; beteiligt waren
vor allem junge Darsteller vom Kleinenberger Jugendtheater. Die 6. Kleinenberger Mysterienspiele sind für Juli 2020 geplant. Zu den 5. Kleinenberger Mysterienspielen siehe Bernhard Hagelüken: Religiöses Theater in Kleinenberg. Mysterienspiel ‚Maria‘ lockt Gläubige
aus dem ganzen Hochstift an. In: Neue Westfälische Zeitung, 07.07.2013, URL: https://www.
nw.de/lokal/kreis_paderborn/lichtenau/8833857_Religioeses-Theater-in-Kleinenberg.html
(11.6.2019).
182
Glenn Ehrstine
einen Beitrag zur religiösen communitas des Ortes: Sie ebnen Rangunterschiede ein
und stärken die sozialen Beziehungen unter den Beteiligten.64
Unter ‚Mysterienspiel‘ versteht man also in diesem Kontext nicht nur alt-neue
alternative Bühnenformen oder eine religiöse Sinngebung des betreffenden
Bühnenstücks, sondern eine besondere Art des Theaterspielens, die nicht nur
Rollenspiel ist, sondern auch Ausdruck der eigenen Spiritualität, eine gelebte
Frömmigkeit, die man über das Spiel mit Gleichgesinnten teilt. Gerade der „Lüft
hildis-Mysterienspiele e. V.“, ein eingetragener Verein mit eigener Satzung,65 ist
eine „freiwillige Vereinigung“ im Sinne der Soziologie:
ein freiwilliger Zusammenschluss um ein gruppengeistig bestimmtes Anliegen,
der einen persönlichen Kontakt unter den Mitgliedern voraussetzt und sich […]
durch regelmäßige Veranstaltungen eine eigene Lebensform gegeben hat.66
Beachtenswert in unserem Kontext ist, dass das neben den Aufführungen stattfindende Lüftelberger Vereinsleben sich durchaus mit den geselligen Aktivitäten
und Funktionen einer spätmittelalterlichen Spielbruderschaft vergleichen lässt,
u. a. in der Gedächtnispflege verstorbener Mitglieder.67 Ihren Inhalten nach las64 „Es gibt keine Grüppchen, ganz unabhängig vom Alter bilden wir eine Gemeinschaft und
haben Spaß“: Anita Borhau-Karsten: Theater in Lüftelberg zeigt Clara Feys Leben in 26 Szenen. General-Anzeiger Bonn, 19.05.2018, URL: http://www.general-anzeiger-bonn.de/region/
vorgebirge-voreifel/meckenheim/Theater-in-L%C3%BCftelberg-zeigt-Clara-Feys-Leben-in26-Szenen-article3856653.html (11.6.2019). Edith Turner: Communitas. The Anthropology of
Collective Joy. New York 2012; Schechner: Performance Theory (Anm. 53), S. 128. Gerade die
Wallfahrt als eine liminale Zwischenzeit außerhalb der alltäglichen Gesellschaftsordnung
spielt bei der Anthropologie der Turners eine große Rolle. Vgl. Victor und Edith Turner: Image
and Pilgrimage in Christian Culture. Anthropological Perspectives. New York 1978, S. 4, sowie
die Beiträge zu „Contemporary Pilgrimage and Communitas“ in: Victor Turner and Contemporary Cultural Performance. Hg. von Graham St. John. New York 2008, S. 209–272.
65 Siehe „Über uns“, URL: http://mysterienspiele.de/?page_id=8 (10.06.2019). Ich bedanke mich
bei Markus Schmitz, Schriftführer des Vereins, für seine freundlich mitgeteilten Informationen sowie für das bereitgestellte Exemplar von „Theatergeflüster“, dem Newsletter des Vereins, zum 25. Jubiläum im Jahre 2006.
66 Walther Müller-Jentsch: Der Verein – ein blinder Fleck der Organisationssoziologie. In: Berliner Journal für Soziologie 18 (2008), S. 476–502, hier S. 479.
67 Eine frühere Fassung dieses Beitrags ging ausführlicher auf Einzelheiten des Lüftelberger
Vereinslebens ein, die im Newsletter „Theatergeflüster“ greifbar sind. Ich habe diese Passagen gestrichen – in denen alles anonym blieb – um die Privatsphäre der Vereinsmitglieder möglichst zu respektieren und weil es vermutlich ohnehin für sie etwas befremdlich
ist, sich unter einer wissenschaftlichen Lupe zu finden. Mit ihnen möchte ich jedoch ihres
Vereinsgründers Kurt Faßbender gedenken, der der Gruppe über zwanzig Jahre lang als
Autor und Regisseur vorgestanden hat. Die überwiegende Mehrheit der Vereinsspieltexte
stammt aus seiner Feder. Für seine Verdienste hat Faßbender 2005 die Verdienstmedaille des
Verdienstordens der Bundesrepublik Deutschland erhalten. Vgl. den Nachruf auf Faßbender
vom 15.2.2016 im General-Anzeiger Bonn (nicht online verfügbar) sowie den Artikel zum
20-jährigen Jubiläum des Vereins: Birgit Roßmöller, Martin Lehnert: Und ich dachte zuerst, es
kommt keiner. General-Anzeiger Bonn, 18.06.2001, URL: http://www.general-anzeiger-bonn.
de/news/kultur-und-medien/bonn/Und-ich-dachte-zuerst-es-kommt-keiner-article91412.
html (11.6.2019).
Gattung & Geheimnis
183
sen sich die Spiele darüber hinaus im engeren Sinne als Mystères bezeichnen:
Unter den wechselnden Titeln der inzwischen 49 Aufführungen – in besonderen
Jubiläumsjahren wurden 2–3 Spiele dargeboten – begegnen immer wieder Heiligenvitae, nicht nur die von Lüfthildis, sondern beispielsweise auch von Elisabeth
von Thüringen, Franz von Assisi, Hildegard von Bingen, Bernhard von Clairvaux,
Teresa von Avila, Nikolaus von Flüe und Bruno von Köln. Sind die Heiligenspiele
des deutschen Mittelalters nur spärlich belegt: Hier entsteht ein ganzes Textcorpus theatraler Hagiographie.68 Es ist dies zumindest eine weit authentischere, sich
selbst genügende Form des zeitgenössischen religiösen Theaters als die jüngeren,
zu Sensationalismus und Missionierung neigenden Spielinitiativen fundamentalevangelischer Kreise in den USA, denen die Passionsgeschichte Christi als bevorzugter Spielstoff dient.69
Auf der anderen Seite: Dass dem mittelalterlichen Geistlichen Spiel Sensationalismus und Missionierung fremd geblieben wären, kann man auch nicht behaupten.70 Und auch das Laientheater dient zuweilen, mal explizit, mal implizit,
gewissen politischen und gesellschaftlichen Zielen, selbst wenn es um Brauchtum
und Traditionspflege geht.71 Es dürfte zumindest klar geworden sein, dass die Gattung des Mysterienspiels heute ein überaus vitales Nachleben genießt: Ein Begriff,
der im deutschen Mittelalter so nie existierte und erst in der Neuzeit aus dem
Französischen entlehnt wurde, wird seit dem 19. Jahrhundert neuen Bedeutungen
zugeführt, in denen populäre, aber auch professionelle Vorstellungen des mittelalterlichen Theaters greifbar werden. Er dient nicht nur zur Charakterisierung von
Goethes Faust als Teil des deutschen Kulturerbes, sondern wird mit Vorliebe für
Formen des Theaters herangezogen, die sich bewusst von der modernen kommerziellen Theaterpraxis abgrenzen.
68 Vgl. „Stücke“, URL: http://mysterienspiele.de/?page_id=6 (10.06.2019). Die Lüftelberger stehen
hier auch in guter Tradition: Bereits zu Anfang des 17. Jahrhunderts dienten die Vitae von Niklaus von Flüe und Bruno von Köln als Grundlage für gegenreformatorische Spiele, einmal
beim Sarner Bruderklausenspiel von 1601, und wieder bei dem 1602 vollendeten Cenodoxus von
Jakob Bidermann, dem Paradebeispiel des jesuitischen Theaters schlechthin, das die Ereignisse hinter der Gründung des Karthäuserordens durch Bruno auf die Bühne bringt. Vgl. Das
Saarner Bruderklausenspiel von Johann Zurflüe (1601). Hg. von Heidy Greco-Kaufmann und
Elke Huwiler. Chronos 2017; Jakob Bidermann: Cenodoxus. Comico-Tragoedia. Übers. und
komm. von Christian Sinn. Konstanz 2004.
69 Jill Stevenson: Sensational Devotion. Evangelical Performance in Twenty-First Century America. Ann Arbor, MI 2013, S. 70–127. Um Spielinitiativen im Vereinsrahmen wieder aus soziologischer Perspektive zu charakterisieren: „Der Verein genügt sich selbst.“ Müller-Jentsch:
Der Verein (Anm. 66), S. 480.
70 Vgl. u. a. John Spalding Gatton: „There Must Be Blood“. Mutilation and Martyrdom on the
Medieval Stage. In: Violence in Drama. Hg. von James Redmond. Cambridge 1991, S. 79–91.
71 Mit den politischen Aspekten des Laientheaters beschäftigt sich bis Oktober 2021 ein vom
Schweizer Nationalfonds finanziertes Forschungsprojekt unter der Leitung von PD Dr. Heidy
Greco-Kaufmann (Universität Bern) zu „Oskar Eberle (1902–1956): Identitätsdiskurs, Theater
politik und Laienspielreform“, URL: https://www.theaterhistoriographie.net/en/third-partyfunded-projects/oskar-eberle-1902-1956/ (12.6.2019).
184
Glenn Ehrstine
Inwiefern heutige Mysterienspiele, von gläubigen Katholiken aufgeführt, nicht
nur ethische Vorbilder durch dramatisch dargebotene Heiligenleben bereitstellen,
sondern auch die gleichen Mysterien zur Veranschaulichung bringen, die in den
dramatischen figurae des deutschsprachigen Geistlichen Spiels augenscheinlich
werden sollten, lässt sich im Rahmen dieses Beitrags nicht sagen. Bei den 6. Kleinenberger Mysterienspielen, deren Aufführung ursprünglich im Juli 2020 stattfin
den sollte, auf Grund der herrschenden Coronavirus-Pandemie jedoch auf den 2.
und 3. Juli 2021 verlegt wurde, ist die Integrierung des dortigen Marienspiels zur
Zeit in einen größeren Komplex kultischer Handlungen anlässlich des Fests Mariä Heimsuchung angekündigt: eine abendliche Lichterprozession am Vorabend
des Festes, zwei Festhochämter in oder vor der Wallfahrtskirche, eine eucharistische Prozession mit Kreuzwegandachten auf dem Wallfahrtsgelände und eine abschließende Marienfeier vor dem Hochaltar der Wallfahrtskirche, in dessen Mitte
das wundertätige Bild der „auxiliatrix de monte“ steht.72 Im Kontext der jüngeren
mediävistischen Spielforschung, die das mittelalterliche Schauspiel in der Spannung zwischen Ritual und Theater untersucht und Etappen einer allmählichen
Herausbildung eines säkularen, ästhetisch genossenen Theaterbetriebs ohne rituelle Ansprüche näher zu bestimmen sucht, lässt sich zumindest festhalten, dass
das Geistliche Spiel, hier als neuzeitliches Mysterienspiel, sich auch in den Kult
neu einbinden lässt.73
72 Vgl. die Informationen zum Fest Mariä Heimsuchung bei der Internetpräsenz der Wallfahrt
Kleinenberg, URL: https://wallfahrt-kleinenberg.de/pilgerinfos/wallfahrtstage/ (20.4.2021)
Nähere Details zur Geschichte der Wallfahrt und der örtlichen Marienverehrung entnimmt
man der folgenden archivierten Webseite der Kleinenberger Pfarrgemeinde St. Cyriakus,
URL: https://archive.fo/20130206174618/http://www2.kleinenberg.de/local/index.php?report=
41 (20.4.2021).
73 Vgl. Bruno Quast: Vom Kult zur Kunst. Öffnungen des rituellen Textes in Mittelalter und Früher Neuzeit. Tübingen, Basel 2005; Christoph Petersen: Ritual und Theater. Meßallegorese,
Osterfeier und Osterspiel im Mittelalter. Tübingen 2004; Jan-Dirk Müller: Kulturwissenschaft
historisch. Zum Verhältnis von Ritual und Theater im späten Mittelalter. In: Lesbarkeit der
Kultur. Literaturwissenschaften zwischen Kulturtechnik und Ethnographie. Hg. von Gerhard Neumann und Sigrid Weigel. München 2000, S. 53–77.
Der Buchstabe ist die Botschaft
Praktiken des Verbergens und Offenbarens
in mittelalterlichen ‚Geheimschriften‘ – und wie sie im Kontext
von Herrschaft und Mystik benutzt werden
Stephan Müller
1 Das Projekt und seine Ergebnisse
Die Grundlage der folgenden Überlegungen ist ein abgeschlossenes DFG-Projekt,1
dessen Ergebnisse derzeit für die Publikation vorbereitet werden. Es ging in dem
Projekt um eine Sammlung und Analyse von geheimschriftlichen Glossen und
Texten des Mittelalters in deutscher Sprache. Als Untersuchungszeitraum ergab
sich dabei die Zeit von 800 bis 1500. Davor war nichts zu finden, danach ändert
sich die geheimschriftliche Praxis enorm und wird so elaboriert, dass wir als Philologen die Segel streichen mussten. Zeugnisse der früheren Zeit jedoch konnten
wir so gut wie alle entschlüsseln – und das nicht mit Hilfe des Computers, sondern
einfach mit etwas Phantasie, ein wenig Zeit und viel Kaffee. Das allein schon ist
ein Ergebnis des Projekts: Als sichere Form der Geheimhaltung von Sprachinhalten sind die meisten Zeugnisse nicht anzusehen. ‚Geheimschrift‘ im Sinne einer
effektiven Methode, Schriftinhalte vor ungewollten Zugriffen zu schützen, – so
könnte man den Befund pointieren – ist für die Verschlüsselungspraktiken und
die erfundenen Alphabete des Mittelalters eine anachronistische Bezeichnung,
vor allem, wenn es sich um nichtdiplomatische Geheimschriften handelt.2 Der
Grund dafür ist allein schon das Fehlen der kommunikationssoziologischen Voraussetzungen. Schrift ist gerade im früheren Mittelalter kein Verbreitungsmedium, das unkontrolliert zirkuliert. Auf das Medium der Schrift haben nur Wenige
Zugriff, und Schrift ist gebunden an feste institutionelle Zusammenhänge. Für die
Meisten war Schrift an sich also schon ein Geheimnis, ein arcanum, und wenn man
etwas schriftlich Fixiertes geheim halten wollte, dann ging das am einfachsten
durch die Geheimhaltung des Schriftträgers, der vor dem Buchdruck ja jeweils ein
einzigartiger war. Aus einer anderen Perspektive lässt sich dieser Befund durch
1 Handbuch der deutschen Glossen und Texte des Mittelalters in Geheimschrift (8.–15. Jahrhundert) (Projektnummer 59532369).
2 Vgl. Bernhard Bischoff: Übersicht über die nichtdiplomatischen Geheimschriften des Mittelalters. In: Mittelalterliche Studien. Ausgewählte Aufsätze zur Schriftkunde und Literaturgeschichte. Hg. von dems. Bd. 3. Stuttgart 1981, S. 120–148. Diplomatische Geheimschriften in
deutscher Sprache sind uns aus dem Untersuchungszeitraum nicht bekannt geworden.
DOI: 10.13173/9783447115483.185
186
Stephan Müller
einen Blick auf die Gegenwart verdeutlichen: Im Internet kursierende Daten, die
irgendwie vertraulich sein sollen, müssen alle aufwändig verschlüsselt werden,
denn jeder kann potentiell zu jeder Zeit und von jedem Ort darauf zugreifen. Die
Kryptographie ist deshalb ein notwendiger und immer wichtiger werdender Teil
der Informatik; Datensicherheit ist ein absolut notwendiger Aufwand, den die Verfügbarkeit von Daten mit sich bringt. Kurz: Je unkontrollierter Daten zirkulieren,
desto größer ist die Notwendigkeit ihrer Geheimhaltung. Dieser Befund erklärt,
warum ‚geheimschriftliche‘ Codes im Mittelalter vergleichsweise einfach sind. Es
handelt sich um Praktiken des Ersetzens und Vertauschens oder um erfundene
Alphabete, die simpel zu encodieren sind, da etwa die Häufigkeitsverteilung der
verwendeten Buchstaben nicht berührt wird. Darüber hinaus beschränkt man sich
auf wenige Techniken und gibt den Handschriften oft ihre eigenen Schlüssel bei.3
Wenn es also nicht um Geheimhaltung geht, worum dann? Eine ebenso phantasie- wie funktionslose Erklärung ist, dass es sich um ‚Spielerei‘ handle. Aber das
ist nicht nur zu einfach, sondern greift auch zu kurz und erklärt nichts. Ferner
würde sich dann auch die Frage stellen, wie man den Begriff des ‚Spiels‘ angemes
sen historisieren kann. Ich will, als Ergebnis des Projekts, dafür argumentieren,
dass es sich bei den ‚Geheimschriften‘ um eine besondere Form der Schrift handelt,
die den Rezeptionsvorgang medial beeinflusst. Diese recht allgemeine Grundan
nahme kann sich in vielfältigen pragmatischen Funktionen realisieren, wie der
Unterscheidung zwischen Text und Paratext oder der Markierung der geheim
schriftlichen Einträge, die sich – so unsere Projekterfahrung – optisch von der umgebenden Schrift absetzt, also den Eintrag mehr hervorhebt denn verbirgt. Durch
die Verschlüsselung ergibt sich aber auch so etwas wie ein ‚Lesewiderstand‘, der
zwar nicht dazu führt, dass man den Text gar nicht, aber doch nicht auf den ersten Blick lesen kann. Auch das kann rein pragmatische Funktionen haben, etwa
dass man im Schulunterricht zwischen den Zeilen stehende Glossen nicht sofort
entz iffern können soll. Doch die Veränderung der Lektürepraxis durch den ‚Lesewiderstand‘ kann auch eine weiterführende Bedeutung freisetzen. Der Text wird
nicht einfach gelesen, sondern ‚offenbart‘ sich in der Form des langsamen, kon
zentrierten Entschlüsselns – so einfach dieses auch sein mag. So wird nicht nur
verhindert, dass ein Text versehentlich gelesen wird, sondern die fremde Form der
Buchstaben stattet – so meine These – den Text mit einer Bedeutungsdimension
aus, die über den reinen Wortsinn hinausgeht. 3 Vgl. dazu ausführlicher Stephan Müller: Warum mittelalterliche Geheimschriften keine Ge
heimschriften sind – am Beispiel des Trierer Teufelsspruches (Trier Stadtbibliothek Hs. 564/
806 8°). In: Schriftträger – Textträger. Zur materiellen Präsenz des Geschriebenen in frühen
Gesellschaften. Hg. von Annette Kehnel und Diamantis Panagiotopoulos. Berlin, München,
Boston 2015, S. 169–178.
Der Buchstabe ist die Botschaft
187
2 Die Schrift der Herrscher
Gregor von Tours berichtet über den merowingischen König Chilperich I. (um
535–584), dass er das lateinische Alphabet erweitert habe.4 Die Forschung hat diesen Buchstaben schon früh große Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt.5 Genauer heißt es
bei Gregor:
Er fügte auch unserem Alphabet einige Buchstaben hinzu, nämlich ω, wie es
die Griechen haben, ae, the, wi wofür die Schriftzeichen folgende sind: [hier
folgt die Abbildung der Zeichen] und sandte Schreiben in alle Städte seines
Reichs, daß die Knaben so unterrichtet und die alten Büchern mit Bimsstein
radiert und umgeschrieben werden sollten.6
Es kommt nun nicht darauf an, ob diese Geschichte so stattgefunden hat oder welche Funktionen diese Erfindung gehabt haben sollte. Sicher haben wir es nämlich
mit einer Herrscheranekdote zu tun, in der die Wichtigkeit des Chilperich betont
wird und die Tatsache, dass er mit der Modifikation der lateinischen Schrift in der
Merowingerzeit für die Integration einer fremden Kulturtechnik in seine Herrschaft steht. Die Forschung hat die Geschichte in der Tradition der Claudiusvita
des Sueton gesehen (cap. 41,3), in der es heißt, dass Claudius das lateinische Alphabet durch drei Buchstaben erweitert habe und dabei auf griechische Buchstaben, die er kannte, zurückgriff. Dagegen wurde zu Recht eingewandt, dass Sueton im frühen Mittelalter nicht verbreitet und kaum bekannt war. Besser sollte
man wohl von einer etablierten Topik ausgehen, die sich dann auch bei Isidor
von Sevilla greifen lässt, der unter den Schrifterfindern auch Herrscher wie die
ägyptische Königin Isis oder Kadmos nennt (Etymologiae I,3). Schrifterfindung erscheint hier als Herrschaftsgestus, als eine Form, über die Welt zu verfügen. In
den meisten Fällen werden wir es dabei mit ‚Behauptungen‘ zu tun haben, wie ein
kurioses Beispiel zeigt, das durch die Handbücher geistert: Das Alphabet Karls
des Großen, von dem etwa Herbert W. Franke7 oder Friedrich L. Bauer8 berichten.
Dabei handelt es sich um eine reine Erfindung des Johannes Trithemius in seiner
Schrift Polygraphia, die 1508 vollendet und Kaiser Maximilian überreicht, aber erst
1518 gedruckt wurde. Dort heißt es: „Constat autem teste Otfrido Carolum propria plura excogitasse alphabeta, quibus per latissimum regnum secure uteretur in
archanis cum singulis praefectis“. („Es steht aber, wie Otfrid bezeugt, fest, dass
sich Karl mehrere eigene Alphabete ausgedacht hatte, die er im Gebiet seines sehr
ausgedehnten Reiches sicher für geheime Kommunikation mit einzelnen Grafen
4 Vgl. Gregor von Tours: Zehn Bücher Geschichten. Historiarum libri decem. 5. Aufl. Bd. 1. Hg.
von Rudolf Buchner. Darmstadt 1977, Buch V, S. 364f.
5 Vgl. Wilhelm Grimm: Über deutsche Runen. Göttingen 1821, S. 52–60.
6 Die Übersetzung und die Literatur nach Willy Sanders: Die Buchstaben des Königs Chilperich.
In: Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur 101 (1972), S. 54–84, hier S. 54.
7 Vgl. Herbert W. Franke: Die geheime Nachricht. Methoden und Technik der Kryptologie. Die
Geschichte um den unknackbaren Code. Frankfurt a. M. 1982, S. 16.
8 Vgl. Friedrich L. Bauer: Entzifferte Geheimnisse. Methoden und Maximen der Kryptologie.
3. Aufl. Berlin u. a. 2000, S. 47.
188
Stephan Müller
benutzte“).9 Trithemius fügt dem noch eine Abbildung hinzu und als Faksimile
dieser Form findet es sich in den genannten modernen Darstellungen – und nicht
nur in diesen. Aber allein die Behauptung des Trithemius zeigt, wie lebendig der
Topos vom Herrscher als Schrifterfinder noch in der Frühen Neuzeit war. Und in
diesem Kontext haben wir dann tatsächlich weitere Schrifterfindungen von Herrschern vor uns, wobei die Habsburger eine dominante Rolle spielen.
Kaiser Friedrich III. bezeichnet sich im Codex 2674 der Österreichischen Natio
nalbibliothek in Wien, also in seinem berühmten Notizbuch, in dem sich mehrere
Verschlüsselungssysteme und fremde Alphabete finden, selbst als Erfinder einer
Geheimschrift (Abb. 1). Unter einem Schlüssel steht dort nämlich am unteren
Rand des Blattes: „hab ich selbs gedacht“.
Ob das zutrifft, ist nicht zu klären, jedenfalls handelt es sich um einen originellen Schlüssel: In der unteren Zeile steht ein Alphabet mit 23 Buchstaben, also ohne
j, u und w. Dem Alphabet folgen Zeichen für et, us und (t)ur, was darauf hindeutet,
dass mit dem Alphabet (zumindest auch) Latein geschrieben werden sollte. Über
dieser Zeile stehen nun die Zeichen, die statt der Klarschrift geschrieben werden
sollen. Die ersten vier Vokale werden vertauscht: a = e, e = a, i = o und o = i. Das
v-Zeichen ist davon nicht betroffen. Die Konsonanten (und dabei auch das v) werden dann in Zweierpaaren kreuzweise vertauscht, wobei die Vokale ausgelassen
werden: b = c, c = b, d = f, f = d, etc. Da die Buchstabenzahl ungerade ist, werden auch
die drei Zusatzzeichen in das Spiel mit einbezogen: z = et, et = z, us = (t)ur, (t)ur = us.
„Friedrich“ würde nach diesem System also als „Dsoafsobg“ geschrieben.
Auch in den Gedenkbüchern Kaiser Maximilians finden sich solche Versuche, die
sehr wahrscheinlich von Trithemius inspiriert wurden, der immerhin am 8. Juni
1508 seine Polygraphia (u. a. mit dem Alphabet Karls des Großen) dem Kaiser überreichte.10 Diese Versuche Maximilians stehen technisch gesehen auf der Schwelle
zur Neuzeit. Dabei kann als sicher gelten, dass diese Geheimschrift über die im
Mittelalter üblichen Techniken des einfachen Ersetzens und/oder Vertauschens
hinausgeht, sodass die bis dahin gewohnten Encodierungsversuche, die etwa auf
den Prinzipien der Häufigkeitsverteilung von Buchstaben beruhen, nicht funktionieren. Ein Beispiel für dieses noch nicht systematisch untersuchte Phänomen
ist etwa der Codex 2900 der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek Wien. Dieses
Gedenkbuch Kaiser Maximilians stammt von der Hand des Marx Treitzsaurwein,
wurde also in direktem Kontakt zu Maximilian geschrieben – und das auf mehreren Blättern in einer Geheimschrift.11
9 Polygraphiae libri sex. Ionannis Trithemii abbatis Peapolitani quondam Spanheimensis ad
Maximilian caesarem. Basel 1518 (VD16 T 1994), o. S. (Folgeseite nach Lagenzeichen q II).
10 Vgl. Klaus Arnold: Johannes Trithemius (1462–1516). Würzburg 1971, S. 191.
11 Vgl. Die Handschriften der K. K. Hofbibliothek in Wien im Interesse der Geschichte, besonders der österreichischen. Verzeichnet und excerpirt von Joseph Chmel. Bd. 2. Wien 1841,
S. 459. Ein Digitalisat der Handschrift findet sich unter dieser Adresse, URL: http://data.onb.
ac.at/rep/100B810E (5.11.2019).
Der Buchstabe ist die Botschaft
189
Abb. 1: Die Geheimschrift von der Hand Kaiser Friedrichs III.
(Wien, Österr. Nationalbibl. Cod. 2674, fol. 3v).
Etwas genauer soll auf die Schrifterfindung eines dritten Habsburgers eingegangen werden, auf die Geheimschrift Rudolfs des Stifters.12 Unter den wenigen
persönlichen Eigenschaften, die die Österreichische Chronik von den 95 Herrschaf12 Dazu ausführlich Stephan Müller: Der Herrscher und sein Alphabet. Zur Geheimschrift Rudolfs des Stifters. In: Wien 1365. Eine Universität entsteht. Hg. von Heidrun Rosenberg und
Michael Viktor Schwarz. Wien 2015, S. 42–53.
190
Stephan Müller
ten am Ende des 14. Jahrhunderts über Rudolf den Stifter berichtet, sticht besonders die Erfindung dieser Geheimschrift hervor: „Wan er machte new figuren und
půchstaben, die vormals nie chain auge het gesehen; mit den schraib er seinen
gehaimen seine grosse und haimleich sache, so si nicht bey im waren.“ („Denn er
fertigte neue Schriftzeichen und Buchstaben an, die zuvor kein Auge je gesehen
hatte. Mit diesen schrieb er seinen Vertrauten – wenn sie nicht bei ihm waren –
wichtige und geheime Sachen“).13 Die Chronik schreibt der Schrift also eine diplo
matische Funktion zu. In dieser Funktion ist allerdings nichts erhalten. Tatsächlich
sind uns aus dem Umkreis Rudolfs mindestens drei Zeugnisse der Geheimschrift
überliefert, die einen anderen Zweck gehabt haben müssen.14 Es handelt sich dabei um eine Grabinschrift, die heute in das Bischofstor des Wiener Stephansdoms
eingelassen ist, um ein Gebet, das wie ein Ornament eine Urkunde umrahmt, und
um die fragmentarische Inschrift auf einem Sigel, die allerdings so weit zerstört
ist, dass eine Deutung kaum möglich ist.
1772 wurde in der Taphographia Principum Austriae eine Auflösung des Alphabets und des Epitaphs abgedruckt,15 doch diese Auflösung, die in der Ausgabe fast
wie die Lösung eines Kriminalfalls gefeiert wird, war eigentlich überflüssig, denn
Petrus Apianus und Bartholomaeus Amantius hatten sie bereits 1534 veröffent
licht,16 auch wenn ihnen kleinere Lesefehler dabei unterliefen (Abb. 2).
Sie lesen „Hic est Sepultus dominus dux Rudolfus fundator“, wobei das „DENS“,
das als „dominus dux“ gelesen wird, jedoch gar kein e enthält. Inzwischen versteht
man das eher als „de nobili stirpe“, also „aus edlem Geschlecht“; wenn auch dafür
keine Sicherheit besteht.17 Wichtig für den vorliegenden Zusammenhang ist, dass
der Abdruck bei Apianus und Amantius wie selbstverständlich geschieht, eine
‚Geheimschrift‘ also wurde die Schrift erst durch das Vergessen der Neuzeit. Im
16. Jahrhundert war sie keine und das nicht nur bei Apianus und Amantius, denn
es sind zahlreiche Zeugnisse einer Entschlüsselung des Alphabets bekannt, wobei
keine Rudolf als Erfinder nennt, aber auch keine vor die Zeit Rudolfs zu datieren
13 Österreichische Chronik von den 95 Herrschaften. Hg. von Joseph Seemüller. Hannover,
Leipzig 1909, S. 207.
14 Franz Kürschner: Herzog Rudolph’s IV. Schriftdenkmale. In: Mittheilungen der K. K. CentralCommission zur Erforschung und Erhaltung der Baudenkmale 17 (1872), S. 71–80.
15 Martin Gerbert: Taphographia Principum Austriae. St. Blasien 1772, Teil II, Tafel XV. Eine gute
Dokumentation mit Abbildungen bietet, URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenotaph_für_
Herzog_Rudolf_IV. (5.11.2019).
16 Vgl. Petrus Apianus und Bartholomaeus Amantius: Inscriptiones Sacrosanctae Vetvstatis. Ingolstadt 1534, S. 403. Vgl. dazu: Stephan Müller: Digitalisierung in der Frühen Neuzeit. Rudolf
der Stifter, Conrad Celtis und Titius Finitus in den Inscriptiones Sacrosanctae Vetvstatis des Pe
trus Apianus und Bartholomaeus Amantius (1534). In: Materialität und Formation. Studien
zum Buchdruck des 15. bis 17. Jahrhunderts. Festschrift für Monika Unzeitig. Hg. von Karin
Cieslik, Helge Perplies und Florian Schmid. Bremen 2016, S. 135–147.
17 Zu den möglichen Lesungen Müller: Zur Geheimschrift Rudolfs des Stifters (Anm. 12), S. 42
und 45.
Der Buchstabe ist die Botschaft
191
Abb. 2: Das Epitaph Rudolfs des Stifters in Petrus Apianus und Bartholomaeus Amantius:
Inscriptiones Sacrosanctae Vetustatis. Ingolstadt 1534, S. 403.
ist.18 Wie wenig es um Geheimhaltung geht und welche Aura der Schrift zukommt,
zeigt – um nur ein Beispiel zu nennen – die Verwendung der Schrift auf dem Hofer
Altar des Hanns Pleydenwurff von 1465 als Teil der dreisprachigen Kreuzinschrift,
wo die Rudolf-Schrift die griechischen Schriftzeichen ersetzt und damit öffentlich
encodiert werden kann, denn man weiß ja, was auf der Kreuzinschrift steht.19
Ein weiteres Zeugnis ist eine Urkunde vom 4. Juni 1360,20 mit der Rudolf dem Ste
phansdom die Reliquien des hl. Trophinus, der hl. Sophia, des heiligen Papstes und
Märtyrers Urban sowie des heiligen Soldaten und Märtyrers Theodor überlässt.
Diese Urkunde bestätigt Rudolf selbst mit der Unterschrift: „Wir der vorgenant
Herzog Ruodolf sterken disen prief mit dir underschrift unser selbs hant“. Diese
Urkunde ist ornamenthaft umrahmt mit einem Gebetstext in der Geheimschrift
Rudolfs, mit der das Reliquiengeschenk als Opfergabe bezeichnet wird, für das
die Tröstung Gottes für den Herrscher und seine Familie samt seiner Geschwister
eingefordert wird.21 Eine non-invasive Röntgenfluoreszenzuntersuchung der Urkunde hat ergeben, dass die Tinte der Geheimschrift mit jener der legitimierenden
Unterschrift Rudolfs identisch ist. Sie stammt also von der Hand Rudolfs und ist
18 Belege dafür, die im Kontext des Projekts vermehrt wurden, finden sich bei Bischoff: Übersicht (Anm. 2), S. 132f., Nr. 62.
19 Eine Abbildung der Kreuzinschrift bei Müller: Zur Geheimschrift Rudolfs des Stifters
(Anm. 12), S. 52.
20 Diözesanarchiv Wien, Urkundenreihe 1360, Juni 4, Wien.
21 Eine Abbildung der Urkunde bei Müller: Zur Geheimschrift Rudolfs des Stifters (Anm. 12),
S. 44.
192
Stephan Müller
damit eine Körperspur des Herrschers. Die Urkunde wurde und wird im Kontext
des Stephansdoms aufbewahrt, also jenes Kirchenbaus, den Rudolf intensiv betrieb
und der auch Ort seiner Grablege – und so auch der Ort für das geheimschriftliche
Epitaph – werden sollte. Auch das berühmte Individualportrait Rudolfs des Stifters
gehört zu diesem Komplex der medialen Gegenwärtigkeit des Herrschers.22
Der Herrscher macht sich in seiner Schrift präsent. Auch wenn unsicher bleiben muss, ob die Schrift seine eigene Erfindung war (die Überlieferungslage falsifiziert das jedenfalls nicht). Der Herrscher legt Hand an, ist in der Schrift der Urkunde spurhaft präsent, wie auch im Portrait und im Epitaph, das ihn im Kontext
seines Grabmals also nochmals sehr konkret körperlich anwesend macht. Das geheim zu halten, wäre geradezu kontraproduktiv. Produktiv ist in diesem Konzept
aber die Bindung von Zeichenkörper an den Körper des Herrschers insofern, als
man mit ihm in direkten Kontakt kommt, wenn man die Schrift entschlüsselt oder
sie sich entschlüsseln lässt (im Kontext des Stephansdoms war die Anwesenheit
von Personen, die diese Schrift lesen konnten, sicher gewährleistet). In der Performanz der Entschlüsselung setzt man sich mit der ‚Erfindung‘ des Herrschers
auseinander und der Effekt ist eine besondere und besonders intensive Form der
Memoria. In der singulären Relation von Zeichen und Zeichenerfinder performiert man aber auch eine Innovationsbehauptung. Mittelalterliche Memoria und
humanistische Herrscherweisheit greifen ineinander.
Es geht dabei um eine ganz spezifische Weltaneignung und Geltungsansprüche
durch die Herrscher, die über die Relation von Signifikat und Signifikant hinaus
dort eingreifen, wo man sonst nur Außenstehender ist: Sie verfügen über den Code.
3 Die Schrift der Mystik
Wie bringt man das mystische Erlebnis einer unmittelbaren göttlichen Offenbarung in die vermittelte Form der Schrift? Das – um es einmal ganz abstrakt zu
formulieren – mussten sich die Mystikerinnen und Mystiker des Mittelalters fragen. Dass diese Frage eine brisante war, zeigen uns jene Schreib- und Schriftkonstellationen der Mystik, die als komplexe Antwortentwürfe auf diese Frage gelesen
werden können. Es sind Antwortentwürfe, die man als Prophylaxe gegen Häresie
vorwürfe lesen kann, aber auch als eine komplexe Form der Plausibilisierung und
Legitimierung des Unerhörten. Dieses weite Feld eines mystischen Schriftdiskur
ses ist für die vorliegende Argumentation immer dann interessant, wenn Schrift
und Schriftkörper selbst Gegenstand der Reflexion werden. Diese Reflexion setzt
wie die Schrifterfindungen der Herrscher auf der Ebene des Codes an und kann
– wie zu zeigen sein wird – auch Formen von ‚Geheimschriften‘ hervorbringen.
Caroline Emmelius hat diese Problematik grundsätzlich herausgearbeitet und
am Beispiel The Book of Margery Kempe vorgestellt.23 Dort wird erzählt, dass die
22 Zum Portrait Rudolfs vgl. Michael Viktor Schwarz: Magnifizenz und Innovation. Rudolf IV.
im Bild. In: Wien 1365 (Anm. 12), S. 28–41.
23 Caroline Emmelius: Verborgene Wahrheiten offenbaren. Verschriftlichungsprozesse in
frauenmystischen Texten zwischen Subversion und Autorisierung. In: Offen und Verborgen.
Der Buchstabe ist die Botschaft
193
Mystikerin in ihren Visionen aufgefordert wurde, dieselben aufschreiben zu lassen. Nach 20 Jahren – um 1433 – veranlasst sie das auf einen weiteren göttlichen
Auftrag hin, doch der Schreiber stirbt bei der Arbeit. Ein ‚Überarbeiter‘ und Fortsetzer kann die Schrift des Vorgängers jedoch nicht lesen und verstehen, weder die
Sprache noch die Buchstaben („lettyr“) seien irgendwie bekannt. Trotzdem versucht sich der Schreiber an dem Text, gibt aber nach vier Jahren auf und empfiehlt
einen anderen Schreiber, der mit dem ersten Schreiber bekannt war und vielleicht
deshalb mit der Sprache und Schrift zurechtkommen könne. Als auch dieser dritte
Schreiber scheitert, versucht sich der zweite Schreiber nochmals und kommt voran. Doch bei der Arbeit schwindet seine Sehkraft. Erst als ihm Margery erklärt,
dass dahinter der Teufel stecke, der die Reinschrift vereiteln möchte, arbeitet er
weiter, bis endlich das Buch in einer lesbaren Form vorliegt. Einfach aufschreiben
lässt sich die mystische Offenbarung nicht! Über dieses Beispiel hinaus will ich
nur folgende Fälle nennen: Margarethe Ebner, die über ihren Schreibprozess berichtet, dass er „zunächst wider Willen und mit ‚forht und schrekken‘ […] im Ad
vent begonnen hat“24, und der nur mit Unterstützung einer vertrauten Schwester
stattfinden konnte, die einen ihrer Träume aufzeichnet, womit Offenbarungssi
tuation und Schreibsituation getrennt werden. Aber Margarethe Ebner schreibt
auch selbst, und ihr Schreiben ist dann, wie Peters zusammenfasst, „Movens der
Rekapitulation […] und zugleich verstärkendes Medium der Begnadung“.25 Die
Offenbarung widerstrebt dabei ganz grundsätzlich einem sukzessiven Bericht.
Margarethe Ebner betont, „daz ich ainz kum vor dem andern gescriben moht“.26
Adelheid Langmann schreibt erst nach dem Schreibbefehl eines Dominikaners,
der ihre Texte prüfte „und vant daz, daz ez allez gereht was und sterket sie dor
an“.27 Überhaupt sind Schreiber, die für Mystikerinnen arbeiten, nicht selten, und
in Christine Ebners Offenbarungen sprechen solche Instanzen auch in der IchForm im Text; teils mit Namen versehen, teils als anonymer „frund“.28 Das gilt nicht
nur für Mystikerinnen. Die Geschichte der Verschriftlichung von Seuses Vita steht
dafür. Seuse selbst wollte die Schrift nicht in Umlauf bringen und verbrennen, aber
die Dominikanerin Elsbeth Stagel sorgte für den Erhalt des Textes der Vita.29
Bei diesen Beispielen handelt es sich kaum um solche realen Schrifterhaltungs
geschichten wie jene von Max Brod und Franz Kafka. Gearbeitet wird hier an der
eingangs genannten Frage, die man noch abstrakter formulieren kann: Wie kann
eine mediale Form für die Kodifikation der Erfahrung des Göttlichen überhaupt
aussehen? Die vorliegenden Geschichten zeigen, dass man dabei an die etablierVorstellungen und Praktiken des Öffentlichen und Privaten in Mittelalter und Früher Neuzeit. Hg. von ders. u. a. Göttingen 2004, S. 47–65.
24 Ursula Peters: Religiöse Erfahrung als literarisches Faktum. Zur Vorgeschichte und Genese
frauenmystischer Texte des 13. und 14. Jahrhunderts. Tübingen 1988, S. 146.
25 Ebd.
26 Ebd.
27 Peters: Religiöse Erfahrung (Anm. 24), S. 178.
28 Peters: Religiöse Erfahrung (Anm. 24), S. 165.
29 Vgl. Peters: Religiöse Erfahrung (Anm. 24), S. 135–142.
194
Stephan Müller
Abb. 3: Die litterae ignotae und die lingua ignota der Hildegard von Bingen
(Berlin, Staatsbibl., Ms. lat. qu. 674, fol. 58r).
te Schrifttradition anschließt, aber diese modifiziert: Man schreibt nicht selbst,
schreibt gegen Widerstände, sucht nach Instanzen der Legitimierung, etc. In diesen
Kontext will ich eine mystische ‚Geheimschrift‘ aus dem 12. Jahrhundert stellen.
Von der Heiligen Hildegard von Bingen (1098–1179) ist uns ein eigenes Alphabet
und eine eigene Sprache überliefert, die von der Forschung als litterae ignotae und
Der Buchstabe ist die Botschaft
195
Abb. 4: Die litterae ignotae in der Zwiefaltener Briefhandschrift.
(Stuttgart, Landesbibl., Cod. theol. et phil. 4° 253, fol. 75v, Zeile 5).
Abb. 5: Eine Antiphon mit Wörtern der lingua ignota in der Zwiefaltener Briefhandschrift.
(Stuttgart, Landesbibl., Cod. theol. et phil. 4° 253, fol. 28r).
lingua ignota bezeichnet werden (Abb. 3).30 Dass beide aufeinander zu beziehen
sind, zeigt schon die Überlieferung, in der die lingua immer von den litterae begleitet werden. Michael Embach fasst beides unter dem Titel „sprachlichkundlich-
experimentelle[] Schriften“31 zusammen. Während die lingua ignota in zwei noch
vorhandenen Textzeugen (R = Rupertsberger Riesencodex, Wiesbaden, Landesbibl.,
Hs. 2, fol. 461ra–464ra und B = Berlin, Staatsbibl., Ms. lat. qu. 674, fol. 58r–62r) und in einem verschollenen (W = Wien, Österr. Nationalbibl., Cod. 721 fol. 490ff.32) überliefert
ist, sind die litterae ignotae in vier Handschriften bezeugt (R, B, F = Florenz, Bibl.
Medicea Laurenziana, Plut. 22, dex. 4, fol. 143r und WR = Wien, Österr. Nationalbibl.,
Cod. 1016, fol. 119r) und in der bereits genannten verschollenen Handschrift W.
30 Die lingua und die litterae wurden jüngst ediert von Hildegardis Bingensis: Lingua ignota. Hg.
von Kurt Gärtner und Michael Embach. In dies.: Opera minora II. Hg. von Jeroen Deploige
u. a. Turnhout 2016, S. 237–366.
31 Michael Embach: Die Schriften Hildegards von Bingen. Studien zu ihrer Überlieferung und
Rezeption im Mittelalter und in der Frühen Neuzeit. Berlin 2003, S. 252.
32 Michael Embach und Martina Wallner: Conspectus der Handschriften Hildegards von Bingen. Münster 2013, S. 287f., Nr. 323.
196
Stephan Müller
Wirklich benutzt wurden weder die neue Sprache noch die Schrift. Der einzige
Textzeuge, in dem die litterae ignotae aktiv verwendet werden, ist die Zwiefaltener
Briefhandschrift (Abb. 4). Dort wird ein Brief eingeleitet mit: „Hildigardis . xuiuild.
monachis“, also „Hildegard an die Mönche von Zwiefalten“.
Die Anwendung der lingua ignota findet sich in einer Antiphon der Hildegard,
die ebenfalls im Zwiefaltener Briefcodex überliefert ist (Abb. 5):
O orzchis (Glosse: imensa) ecclesia armis divinis precincta
et iacincto ornata
tu es caldemia (Glosse: aroma) stigmatum loifolum (Glosse: populorum)
et urbs scientiarum
ó, ó, tu es etiam cr[i]rzanta (Glosse: uncta)
in alto sono
et es chorzta (Glosse: chorusca) gemma.33
Damit fand die lingua immerhin im selben Codex wie die litterae Anwendung, wo
bei sich die Wörter der Antiphon mit nur einer Ausnahme („loifolum“ für „po
pulorum“) nicht in den überlieferten Fassungen der lingua ignota finden. Dort
wird „loiffol“ als „populus“ (in B zusätzlich als „liut“, „Leute“ übersetzt), was auch
zeigt, dass Hildegard die Wörter ihrer lingua flektiert, hier also den Genitiv Plural
verwendete. Die in B und R nicht enthaltenen Wörter könnten darauf hinweisen,
dass weitere, umfangreichere Glossare verloren sind, oder auch, dass Hildegard
solche Wörter spontan erdachte und die überlieferten Glossare eine sekundäre
Sammlung darstellen. Die Antiphon ist dann auch noch in R (fol. 405va, ohne Neumen und fol. 466rab, hier mit Neumen) und in der Handschrift Wien, Österr. Nationalbibl., Cod. 963 (fol. 156ra, ohne Neumen) überliefert. Ursprünglich aber ist sie
wohl als Anhang zu dem Brief an die Zwiefaltener Schwestern gedacht gewesen,
der der Antiphon vorangeht.34
Christel Meier hat dieses Projekt der Heiligen Hildegard jüngst vorbildlich dokumentiert und bewertet. Sie stellt es in den Kontext der Verwendung des Griechischen und Hebräischen in lateinischer geistlicher Lyrik und stellt eine Verbindung zum Problem der „adamitische[n] oder angelische[n] Sprache“ – also zur
Sprache des ersten Menschen und zur Sprache der Engel – her.35 Die lingua und
die litterae sind jedoch ein Projekt, das keine breitere Verwendung fand, wie die
wenigen Zeugnisse dokumentieren. Doch das Projekt steht auch im Kontext des
33 Hildegard von Bingen: Symphonia. Gedichte und Gesänge. Lat./Dt. von Walter Berschin und
Heinrich Schipperges. Gerlingen 1995, S. 126f.: „O Kirche, unermeßlich weit, umgürtet mit
göttlicher Rüstung, mit Hyazinthen geschmückt – O wohltuender Duft, der strömt aus den
Wunden der Völker. Du Stadt aller Wissenschaft – Oh, oh – auch du bist gesalbt beim mächtigen Klange – o du funkelnde Gemme!“
34 Embach: Die Schriften Hildegards von Bingen (Anm. 31), S. 256.
| 34,834 |
<urn:uuid:21044110-1d0f-4281-8fd6-2ac94b7881b8> | French Open Data | Open Government | Various open data | null | https://www.education.gouv.fr/recherche/tag/bac-pro/tag/bac-techno/tag/statistiques-tag | associations.gouv.fr | Dutch | Spoken | 43 | 144 | 1 résultat correspond à votre recherche EDUGOUV: Publication dateMinFinAggregated archived filter- Tout -TrueFauxSort byRelevancePublication dateAffiner votre recherche en sélectionnant une ou plusieurs thématiquesStatistiques (1)(x)Note d'information (1)Baccalauréat (1)Bac (1)Bac 2021 (1)Depp (1)Bac pro (1)(x)Bac techno (1)(x)(-)Tout(1)Dossier(1)search typesTout (1)Dossier (1)Archivé(e)Par période de publicationDuauPertinenceDate de publication | 30,287 |
sn83045462_1918-03-05_1_22_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Open Culture | Public Domain | null | None | None | English | Spoken | 4,162 | 6,871 | CEREAL FLOURS. ARE SCARCE HERE Housewives Handicapped in Effort to Make Victory Bread at Home. HOW TO USE SUBSTITUTES Washington housewives who want to make "victory" bread at home have discovered that it practically is impossible to buy on the local market any cereal flours to mix with their wheat flour. The only substitute available in any quantity is rye flour, and rye flour cannot be purchased under the rule which requires the sale of one pound of other cereals with each pound of wheat flour. In order not to become overstocked with other cereals, housewives feel that they cannot afford to buy any flour or meal which does not come within the 50-50 rule. Corn meal now is in fairly abundant supply, and retails as low as 5 and 6 cents a pound, which is a cent or more a pound higher than it should be at this season of the year. But corn meal cannot be used, except in limited quantities, to mix with wheat flour for breadmaking. The best way to use it is for corn bread and multins, which require only a small quantity of wheat flour as a binder. Hice, Corn and Potato Flour Scarce. Neither corn flour nor rice flour is on the Washington market in any considerable quantity. Barley flour now is reaching here in fair supply, but practically all of it goes to the commercial bakers, who also are experiencing a good deal of difficulty in obtaining the substitutes they are required to use in bread. Potato flour is another of the substitutes recommended by the food administration which cannot be bought in Washington in any quantity. The little sold here is put up in packages and retails at from 14 to 15 cents a pound. A certain quantity of cooked and mashed potatoes can be mixed with wheat flour to make bread, but if it is attempted to combine potatoes and cornmeal to make up the full 20 percent of substitutes required for "Victory" bread, the loaf is likely to be heavy and unsatisfactory. For Victory Bread in the Home. The food administration has not required that housewives make "victory" bread at home, but is glad, of course, if any are willing and able to do it. Mr. Hoover is satisfied that the home loaf shall be all wheat flour, provided as much of other cereals is used in some other way as there is used wheat flour in making bread and pastries. The fifty-fifty rule permits the purchase of whole rice and rolled oats in equal weights with flour. The rice may be combined with flour with a little flour and corn meal make delicious griddle cakes. Two other articles which come under the fifty-fifty rule are hominy, including hominy grits, and corn starch. The hominy grits make a good breakfast food, to be eaten with. "5""1 or milk; and sugar, and both the grits and whole hominy make an acceptable dish at other meals, especially if used with gravies. Use of Cornstarch. Cornstarch is useful in making puddings, and also may be used in cooking soups, gravies, thus effecting a saving in wheat. In another place in today's Star will be found the first of a series of recipes issued by the United States Food Administration for the use of substitute cereals. Today's recipes are for the use of corn meal. LABOR SCARCE: FISH. TOO. Lack of Crews Handicaps Fishermen; Cats Supply. Potomac fishing shores that furnish most of the shad, herring, and other spring fish, are reported much handicapped by want of labor. Windmill point, one of the larger shores and the only one yet in operation, is worked. With only about half the men usually employed there. The fishermen say that the shortage of labor will prevent the working of the nets as they should be worked in consequence, the catch will not be as large as if the nets could be filled on all tides. Vessel masters who bring fish to this market from the lower river are unable to get crews and it is stated that several of them will not be in the fish-running business this spring. PRAISES NEWSPAPERS. Bishop Hamilton Sends Letter to Churches and Publishers on Lectures. Bishop John W. Hamilton, chancellor of American University, has sent a letter of thanks to churches and newspapers for cooperation in the transfer of lectures to churches, made necessary by the utilization of the un- University buildings by the government. Bishop Hamilton said newspaper notices have been helpful in aiding the public to determine the location of the lectures. Flowers for Spring reading of Shaffer, 900 14th. Estimates. Advertisement. U. S. Refuses to Pay. Controller Decides Against Company. Says It Carried Own Insurance. Because the George A. Fuller Company of Washington carried its own insurance—just as the government does—against liability for accidents to employees engaged in reconstruction work on the courthouse, the government will not reimburse it in the amount of $150,000, according to the value of the insurance. Had the money paid to an insurance concern there, no doubt that the payment would have been reimbursed. This case does not appear that the controller of the currency was actually incurred any expense for liability insurance under said contract, rules the controller of the currency to work with the Warwick. FACE TWO CHARGES. Colored Boys Arrested for Housebreaking and Larceny. Roland A. Fields and William Howard Williams, fifteen-year-old colored boys, the former residing at 6th Street and the latter at 3rd Street, are under arrest on charges of housebreaking and larceny. Recovery of a pistol that was used in a recent shooting affair and the statement of the boy who did the shooting, they were released from the custody of the police. Detectives say the boys admitted taking the revolver and other property from the store of W.F. Roberts, 1411 New York Avenue. They will be tried in Juvenile Court as soon as the probation officer can complete an investigation of their alleged misconduct. KEEPING UP With the Joneses? Food Was Nothing to Him. By POP. This was a bright idea! Must say to the reader, "Divine, pretty on heat, less Tuesday." Why couldn't they have it? They invite us here on a meatless day! Day! So, dinner! It doesn't worry, it doesn't worry. Why, are you a vegetarian? No, in my alcoholic, old-fashioned diet, etc. Pop. Cat tails. By Pop. Oh, look, look, what do you think? Well, let's come to you. You can't tell me, you know. You bought the thing for the dollar. That's the question we did? A. Orga. Organization Activities. Tonight. Bethel Literary and Historical Association at 8 o'clock at the 12th street branch of the Y.M.C.A., Judge R.H. Terrell, Dr. Cyprus Stimson, Harold Keats and Miss M.A.D. Madre, speakers. Women's Bar Association of the District of Columbia at 8 o'clock at the Washington College of Law. Columbia Heights Citizens' Association. At 8 o'clock at the old Post Office Hall, Park Road between 14th Street and Hiatt Place northwest. Conduit Road Citizens' Association at 8 o'clock at St. David's Parish Hall. Musical for the blind at 8 o'clock at the Library of Congress. Miss Elizabeth Winston will be on the program. First of a series of talks on "Personal Hygiene" by Maj. Victor C. Vaughan M. R. C., dean of the medical department of the University of Michigan, at 8 o'clock at the V. M. C. A. Tonight's topic, "Heredity." Men invited. Tomorrow. Association of Oldest Inhabitants of the District of Columbia at 7:30 o'clock at the Union Engine House, 19th and H Streets. Men's Club of St. Luke I.E. Church at 3:30 o'clock. Conservation section of the 20th Century Club at 3 o'clock at the Public Library. Demonstration on "home and its various uses," by Mrs. Harry Hetzel, who has made a special study of home economics. CITY NEWS IN BRIEF. Maj. Guy L. Quails, Medical Corps, has been detailed to duty as assistant to the camp surgeon at Camp Meade, Admiral, Md. Lieut. Col. Harry T. Matthews, inspector general, has been assigned to duty as inspector, headquarters, Army artillery, in this city. A social exhibition of pastel drawings by J. McLiye Hamilton will be held, beginning today, until Sunday, March 31, at the Corcoran Gallery of Art. Several companies of firemen went to Highway Bridge about 10 o'clock last night, in response to an alarm, and extinguished a fire in a car of the Washington-Virginia Railway Company, caused by trouble with the plow. Eva Vales, colored, four years old, died at her home, 1116 Minnesota avenue, Deanwood, yesterday afternoon, from alcoholic poisoning. Sunday morning the child climbed to a shelf, found a bottle containing a gill of whisky and consumed it. A certificate of accidental death was given. C. C. Coulter, 508 North street, and Thomas Hillier, Falls Church, Va., were slightly injured yesterday afternoon by pieces of slate that fell from the roof of 917 Pennsylvania avenue. Their injuries were not serious. Injuries were dressed at Emergency Hospital. Floyd H. Inscoe has filed suit in the District Supreme Court to recover $10,000 damages from Roy H. Moses. The plaintiff says he was riding a bicycle. June 20 last, when the defendant's automobile collided with him, and inflicted serious injury to his head and shoulders. Detailed to Teach Military Science. Col. L. M. Koehler, U. S. A., retired, has been detailed as professor of military science and tactics at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles. Beautiful Blooming Plants. Sturdy home-grown specimens of choice spring varieties, Tude's, 1214 F. Advertisement. Home Defense League Rifles to Meet by Companies at Places Designated. The drill program of the Home Defense League Rifles of the District of Columbia has been announced by Col. M. A. Winter as follows: Tonight—Companies F, N and M will consolidate for drill under Capt. Thomas W. Bramhall at Business High School; Company V will drill under Capt. George V. Wilsher at Washington Hall, 3d street and Pennsylvania northwest, and Company V will drill at Central High School under Lieut. James I. Lee. Program Tomorrow Night. Tomorrow night Company J will drill at the Union station under Capt. Charles R. Owens, and Company I will drill at Business High School under Capt. Thomas P. Gary. Thursday night Companies G, P and Q will consolidate for drill under Capt. John D. Simpson at Eastern High School; Company K will drill at the Y. M. C. A. under Capt. C. Edward Beckett; Companies O and R will consolidate for drill under Capt. Helmer Rabild at Business High School. Saturday Afternoon. Saturday afternoon Company H will drill under Capt. Herbert K. James at Central High School. At 2 o'clock, and Company B will drill under Capt. K. Hume Talbert at Central at 8 O'clock. The regular regimental band rehearsal will be held Thursday night at Eastern High School under Capt. G. A. Fischer. 15,952 HIT THE TRAIL IN SUNDAY CAMPAIGN Tabernacle to Be Put in Readiness for Y. M. C. A. Soldiers' and Sailors' Club. The official total of the number of trail-hitters during the Billy Sunday evangelistic campaign just ended shows that Washington fell short just forty-eight of 16,000 persons to walk up the sawdust trail. There were exactly 15,952 persons, representing every denomination, who shook Billy Sunday's hand at his request for trail-hitters. In this number there were 1,954 soldiers. The second and last weeks of the campaign were the biggest as far as "trail-hitting" was concerned, the eighth week being the largest. Fred Buse, postmaster, statistician and "lost and found" custodian of the Tabernacle, will remain in Washington and act as superintendent of the soldiers' and sailors' club which will be established at the Tabernacle under the auspices of the Y. M. C. A. Work of remodeling the interior of the spacious structure will begin the latter part of the week. Mr. Buse had been with the Sunday party for three years. Recovers After Operation. William Phillips, assistant secretary of state, recently underwent a minor surgical operation at a local hospital. He expects to be able to resume his official duties shortly. WHY NOT TRY - SOLD ONLY BY US SANITARY GROCERY CO. Four Years Ago. Four years ago the nations smiled: 110 sword had flashed to bleed them; so tame they were. A little child seemed competent to lead them. The children sailed their paper boats and had no thought of sorrow; their parents fed the pigs and goats, and planned work for the morrow. Most kings observed the rules of loyalty, and tried to do their reign, so well there'd be no loud turmoil of beefing or complaining. But one was dreaming on his throne a maudlin dream of glory; he'd make all lands and crowns his own? You know the weary story. Because the madman dreamed his dream, the world is rent and shaken, and still the gorging vultures scream over red fields. God forsaken. Four years ago the farmers mowed their harvest in the valley, where cannon balls tear up the road and battered armies rally. And they'd have laughed with silly scorn had anyone forecast that all their farms would soon be torn and stained with blood and blasted. Still must our banners be unfurled, the cup of wrath be tasted; still must the manhood of the world be thrown away and wasted, until we're safe from madmen's dreams, made safe by stern endeavor; till all the war lords and their schemes are beaten down forever. WALT MASON. CROSS TO EACH GENERATION. Declaring that every generation of Americans had had a cross to bear and that the present generation has a heavy burden upon it. Representative Patrick Kelley of Michigan reiterated the war aims of the United States at a meeting of the Michigan University Alumni Association last night at the Y.M.C.A. Representative Kelley urged the building of more and bigger guns and the undivided support of every person in the nation in the war program of the United States. . "I passed by Valley Forge the other day," said Mr. Kelley, "and saw the huts in which George Washington and his ragged remnant of an army spent the winter of 1770. Their spirit was great and their valor undoubted. "Ours must be as great. The fact that we are fighting for the same principle as that for which Washington and his men suffered should make us all the more willing to bear our cross." Other speakers were Col. Victor Vaughn, Harry Hutchins, Francis DuBois, Capt. Trix, and the presiding officer, Charles W. Burrows. CITY ITEMS. Gunpowder Tea, Blue Label Coffee, 25c, 30 lbs. Potatoes, 75c; Karo Syrup, 13c, 39c, and 75c; Log Cabin Syrup, 20c; Onions, 3c; Black-eyed Peas, 15c; Macaroni or Spaghetti, 12c; Large Herring, 5c; Fat Mackerel, 15c; 13 oz. Sardines, 35c; Blue Jacket Sardines, 10c; Red Kidney Beans, 15c; 21 oz. Van Camp Beans, 17c; 28 oz. Hominy Grits, 12c; 412 4th St. and all the J. T. D. H. Styles Stores. GEN. HARVEY ORDERED BEFORE MEDICAL BOARD Brig. Gen. William E. Harvey of the National Army, commanding a brigade of the 38th Division at Hattiesburg, Miss., has been ordered to this city. For examination by a special board of medical officers to determine his physical fitness for active service in the Army. Gen. Harvey formerly commanded the National Guard of the District of Columbia. He was commissioned in the National Army soon after the declaration of war against Germany. We're Ready to supply you Plank Hooks when you say the word. E. MORRISON PAPER CO., 1000 Pa. Ave. Full Line of Engineer's and Draftsman's Supplies, Fred A. Schmidt Co., 714 11th n.w. You are safe when you take Father John's Medicine for your cold and to build new flesh and strength, because it is free from morphine, chloroform, codeine, heroin or other dangerous drugs. Take it today. Buy a Bottle at Cafes, Lunch rooms, Krat Standards, Fountainries, Grocers, Arlington Bottling Co., Distributor, Phone West 34, 2622 L Street N.W. SHOES AND HOSE OF TODAY. Beautiful, Comfortable Shoes, $8.00 to $13. Silk Hose—in Delightful Colors. ARTHUR BURT CO., 1343 I. "Nature-Shape" Shoes for Young Folks. PROMPT EFFICIENT SERVICE March 5, 1319-1321 F Street STORE NEWS The Truth—and Nothing But the Truth STORE HOURS: EVERY DAY 8 A.M. TO 6 P.M. 1319-1321 F St. Silk Shirts at $4.85 Three for $13.50 and not more than 3 to any customer We cannot express too strongly the wonderful value in this offering. No house in this country, if purchasing under present conditions, could sell such qualities for less than $7 to $8. These are pure silks of unusually heavy, durable texture, in the most beautiful patterns and colorings we've ever shown, and we absolutely guarantee that the colors will not change or fade from laundering or exposure. While the stock is. A comparatively large, the bargains are so extraordinary that we want them to reach just as many of our customers as possible; consequently, we shall sell only three of these Shirts to any one person. Overcoats for Next Winter Buy next season's Overcoat now and you'll have MORE than one-half of what it's bound to cost if you wait. We can still offer complete sizes in coats that have been priced up to $30, and we're closing them out at $15. AMUSEMENTS. DAI PC POLI MUSICAL COMEDY PLAYERS. 50 SINGERS. DANCERS COMEDIANS. In the Big Ragtime Rerue. "I ct'c rr>? 35 BIG L.C. 1 O UU NUMBERS. Also Hall & Kenney and ULANI, from the Moulin Rouse. Prices: 25c, 50c, 75c, $1.00. No War Tax. NEXT WEEK? THE MAYOR OF TOMO." 12th "Pop" Star Concert J St/NDAV. MARCH 17. AT 3:30 P.M. Mary Jordan Joseph Malkin American Prima Donna. Famous Russian Ollist. AT POLI'S. Prices: 7.V, $1.50. Book now at Jordan Piano Co., 13th and G sts. Wednesday, March 6 HOMER RODEHEAVER GEORGE BREWSTER PERCY S. FOSTER ENTIRE SUNDAY TABERNACLE CHORUS IN SPECIAL RECITAL Open to All? No Tickets Billy Sunday Tabernacle 7:30 P.M., Wednesday National SAM LOUIS BERNARD AND MANN In FRIENDLY ENEMIES A New Comedy Drama. Starting Next Sunday Night WED.?MATS?SAT. SEATS THURSDAY. Klaw & Erlanger's Musical Comedy Triumph, MISS SPRINGTIME Mirth, Melody. Magnificence. ORIGINAL NEW YORK CAST OF 80. HIGH THEATRE GREAT VIOLINIST KECITAI I IUDW. MACH S, VICTORIAN THEATER. Seats on at Mrs. Greene's Office, in Droop's. 13th and G sts. THURS. PHILADELPHIA 4:30 ORCHESTRA LEOPOLD STOKOWSKI, (concert for Soloist; CARLOS SILZEDO, Harpist. Ticket office of T. Arthur Smith. 1306 G st. NOTE: All season tickets must be stamped TAX PAID. Otherwise they cannot be accepted at the door. Mail orders with check now filing for GODOWSKY Frier's-S'J.OO. * I. "SO, fl.OO. 7r??-. LYCEUM & SSS COLONIAL BELLES 3 T.LESQUE 35-Peopie-35 C YTD A /.ED \ A HOOT. Fire JLA 1 i\/\ f1> and Draenn; L\RI(V CRANE. Irish Ulkard; RICHV \\. CRAIG, Lust >Ie and My Crajthophoue. LOEW'S COLUMBIA Continuous from A.M. to 11 P.M. Mondays, Aft., 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th. NOW PLAYING BILLIE BURKE in "Eve's Daughter" Mr. Frank Alvah Parsons President of the New York School of Fine and Applied Arts. Will deliver an address on "THE AFTER-EFFECTS OF THE WAS UPON ART." At the Arts Club of Washington, WEDNESDAY EVENING, MARCH 11th, at 8 o'clock. INTRODUCING THE NEW ENGLAND CRAZE. YOU DANCE TO MOTION PICTURES. TWILIGHT DANCES. DANCING Nightly, 8:30 to 11:30. Liberty Dances Gardens, PENN GARDENS, PA. AVE. AT 21st. Now Floor. Music Divine. One admission. Dancing all you please. Positively under the auspices of the New England Club. Positively under the auspices of the New England Club. K. S. WHITING, Manager. Went 1345. Burlesque LEW KELLY BEHMAN SHOW NEXT WEEK?STEP LIVELY GIRLS. PHOTO We find just what you want, especially when you want it. Reeves' Chocolates Always Fresh always pure Always delicious 70c Pound Pure Cream Caramels, 50c lb. Reeves, 1209 F Street AMUSEMENTS. STRAND THIS WEEK ONLY UNBELIEVER PLAYING TO ABSOLUTE CAPACITY The One Great Modern Spectacle. Special Military Palace Hall %T lit IS. 7:1 r?.?:15 GARDEN ESIS Mai. 10?-?l'.%ew.. 1 5e EARLE WILLIAMS "A MOTHER'S SIN" RFI ASPn 8 20. Mr to $2 00. LIL.L.f\JW v>. i r? J.1..V) Oliver Horace Again Presents the Whirlwind of Comedy and Music SO LONG LETTY With < II 4KI.OTTR-: (.KKWVOOD Omit fast and 0>. I toy! Umim* California Cirtaf ' \F.\T WII'.K?Si:%T*i \OW Tin: win 11:1c <.\ici>?:n snow DOING OUR BIT With FRANK TINNEY. HENRY LEWIS. JAMES J. CORBETT ADA LEWIS AND 150 OTHERS. B. F.KEITH'S. Daily Ml Sun. |?J Hoi s LdYn Three Stars in Unusual Bill. Kntnieft Willington Corrigan & Co. in?.!? Star. In War Herald: "The Moment" LOUISE DRESSER Kon & Ottilia, Imhoff. Conn & Coreeao. Six Other to See. Film Features. ?prr,rWT 18th Jfc California St. N.W.I ? iVLVJLiI 1 VIVIAN MAIM IN. in? THE ; 1 Alii BARBARIAN. (Splendid.? 4 : QFVFnF,lA- A\i:. A PNE RD. 1 . ALVLllL?.I.ADYS ItlH'K 'KWELL. U?? ? "FOR FRANCE. " Also Strand Comedy.? I FMPIRF J,n 11 V|: . LiT.i luL ToHAY A Master Pictures? i The Nuled B. a it>. HELEN HESPERIA.? ed Beauty. HELEN HESPERIA. in "CAMILLE." tniYMPIC ori s r M ^LFI-IITII IV, FLORENCE KEKD. In i 1431 I ST. -THE ETERNAL SIN." j NEW RAPHAEL IX i MM. :n THE WINGED MYSTERY." i A ii.y Comedy. I FRANDAIRS Knickerbocker. ? tlXAHDRtLL J |Mh Sf at CoL H4J ? TODAY AND TOMORROW MARY PICK-1 i FORD, in "STELL" A MARIS. FARINA. LAST NIGHT TODAY MARIA KEN - NEDY. in "LITTLE WIFE." TOMORROW -CHARLES RAY. in "THE HIRED MAN." CRANDALL'S DALTON. in "FLARE-UP SAL." BALANCE OF WEEK "LA RA KIMBALL Vol N'.. in "THE MARIONETTES." CRANDALL'S MATINEE? 2 P.M. DAILY; 3 P.M. SUNDAY. PODAL QUIL STEVENS. in "ALIAS MRS. JESSOI." Also RENJAMIN CHAPIN. "A REE TO ARMS." TODAY'S ALASKA NEWS. 24th page. LIVELY GOR DON. IN THE DIVINE SACRIFICE." TOMORROW MABEL NORM AND, in DOLLARION A MI LI JON." CRANDALL'S am today? Harry 2 MOREY. in "HIS OWN PEOPLE." Tomorrow? E R A EDIN E KAKRAR. in THE DEVIL-STONE " 210.1 I'n. live. Phone W. 953. DOUGLAS FAIRBANKS, in "THE HABIT OF HAPPINESS." Also Christine comedy Scenic. FADER 507, Mh st- *-w ALL THIS WEEK- JKWI L 1 ARMEN. la "THE GIRL Will THE CAMPAGNE EYES." EX TEA- Fox Sunshine Comedy, "HUNGRY LIONS IN A HOSPITAL." WEEK 1 IRST TIME SHOW! WIL LIAM FARNHAM. in "LES MESERABLE." STRAND THE "UNBELIEVER." DEN 10^LB WILLIAMS, la "At HER S SIN." I GARDEN ? pi A7A 4:14 mh st- v w i ILALA TO DOWREY REED BARRISCALE. ? in "M AND WHO " f fWFW WAVY Mh sind,>a- s.e. ? nL.Tf 11 MARY MURRAY, in "PRINCESS VIRTUE." Also No. 2. "HIDDEN HAND." IMASONIC "Who loved him best." Also comedy. NEW STANTON in "THE SUDDEN GENTLEMAN." FIFTY N. C. APITOLA STS. TODAY-SISSE LASK, preseut VIVIAN MARTIN, in "MOLLIS ENTANGER." PENN GARDENS in Ave at 2:30 Lively Dances, You?Ladies to me Lenten pictures. T'Avilitrlit 1 Ikdo'I., YORK, and Irving St. N.W., LIVING ST. P.M. S|..-.-:a| Fox Production, FOLSOM AND TOMORROW?WM... EARN I M. "THE CONCEKOB." in h, r?*vls. A KTipj'iujr drama, picturing the, i-arwr <if G? i:. Sam Houston. A soul-stir- rins story of 1!i???ld south. Shows start at, S:l."> and 9:45 p.m., UAMC I-30 (street Northeast THURSDAY SIDNEY ALNSWORTH.. BARBARA? ASTLETON and LITTLE 4 M \ RY M?"ALISTI-:R. in ".ON TRIAL." um Hearsl Pall e New i i -ixivoliliow <;LM?VS BROCKWELL in a< ? tini'lv Ain?r:<-Mn Drama. "FOR LIBERTY."^ DANCING. New York Dancing Conservatory, Teaching all latest ballroom dancing, one-ste^ waltz, foxtrot, jazz. <"liine?e toddlf. tango walta. Reasonable rates. l*>d\ and gentleman instruct 506 Sth n.w. Phone Fr. 2766 PROF. WYNNHDAT^tTw? We teach you to lead in all dances. Lessons? 7.V. any time. Up to the minute. SPECIAL NOTICE ' Tuesday evening dancing class will be held 9m Wednesday evening of each week, starting January 22. MILLER'S. M. 8821. B-'lssco Theater. PROF. AND MRS. ACII K STUDIO. 1127 10th st. n.w. <!hs>. Mo?i.ia> and I'riday. ^ to II p.m. N,>: tii r.T^'. r.stablUie-'i I'Hsi. PYTHIAN FEMPI.E. 1"1U *.'th ST. N.W.?CLASS and dance cry WEDNESDAY and SATURDAY, K to 1 1 ::vt? p.m. Pro. and Mrs. ACHER. Estat> lishe?f 1900. North <87SS. MISS ITSHER, Private lessons only. 128 C n.e.. Apt. oi!. Phone Eincn. S675-J. THE INNER? IKCLK, Studio. N sJ. n.w. Hartley's teaching all new creations in dancing. Phone M. 14? ALL KINDS OF DANCING; PUPILS OF &UfH St. Den.?'ha I if and the most school; children's classes. Sat., adu 11s._Tues> 1 ays. Col. 7S1?. DAVISON'S 329 M n.w.^ New and popular dance taucht in a few lessons. strictly private, any time. Separate studio. Lady an-3 gecl. assistant. Class and social dance. Tues. and Sat., 8 to 11:30. Orchestra. New Tang. Jazz. C. C. Toddle demonstrated. Ph. M. 1782. MI. V CHAPPELEAR, Private Lessons by Appointment. Classes: Tues., Thurs., and Sat., 8 to 11:30. Private lessons and class. Mrs. Wyndham A. A. GLOVER-Sr 1322 12th St. NW. Private lessons and class. Mrs. Wyndham A. A. GLOVER-Sr 1322 12th St. NW. Private lessons and class. | 2,198 |
sn85025007_1841-06-08_1_4_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Open Culture | Public Domain | null | None | None | English | Spoken | 6,708 | 10,274 | ARE daily effecting some of the most astonishing and wonderful CURES that ever have been known —in consequence of which they have now been shining in their ranks against which all the arrows of disappointed hope, envy, and one-barrenness are leveled without distinction. The town and country are alike filled with their praise. The place and poor house alike echo with their virtues. In all climates, under all temperatures, they still retain their wonderful powers, and exert them, unattended by age or situation. They are simple in their preparation, and their action, thorough in their operation, unrivaled in their results. PETERS' VEGETABLE TILLS, Are Anti-Bilious, Anti-Dyspeptic and Anti-Mercurial, and are justly celebrated in their effects. They are effective in the following complaints, viz.: Bowel and Bilious Fevers, Fever and Ague, Croup, Liver Complaints, and other ailments. Obstructions, Heartburn, Furred Tongue, Worms, and other ailments. Obstructions, Heartburn, Furred Tonsion, Worms. Ae, Dissension of the Stomach and Bowels, Incipient Diarrhea, Flatulence, Dyspepsia, Loss of Appetite, Tumors in the Bowels, where a Cathartic or an Aperient is needed. They are exceeding in their operation, producing neither nausea, griping, nor debility. For sale by all the Druggists in Washington, and Georgetown. July 1—ly _ _ BRANCH DELIVERED THE New York Times: "UNIVERSITY." FILLS have been used among many of our friends and in our own family, we have used them nearly four years when we required medicine; in that period, no Doctor save Mr. Brand can cross our threshold, and no medicine besides the Doctor's Tills used. Our belief is 'keep your bowels and blood pure,' and every kind of disease will be prevented or cured. The Brandreth This are eminently calculated to do this, and thereby much lessen the sum of human misery. The New York Evening Star says: Brandreth's Pills are a medicine which their own intense worth will always secure for them a large and ready sale. They have deservedly a high reputation; and as a family medicine, it would be difficult to equal them among all the patent medicines of the present day. The New York Commercial says: They remove all morbid humors and puny the blood. To the whole family of mankind, a certain boon is a pleasure and satisfaction in recommending to all our readers, Brandreth's Vegetable Tills, as the most certain, most safe, and invaluable medicine extant. As a tonic, we are perfectly convinced they can never fail to cure all others; as found in valuable. —F.O'Connell's, BEWARE OF COUNTERFEITS. NEWARKERS IN MEDICINES. Eli/a Kennedy is the only Agent in Alexandria for the sale of Brandtreth's pills. Baltimore Office, So. South Charles Street. R. R. GREEN, may 22—6m *-*cueial Agent. WORTH NOTICING. MADISONING letter from the Rev. J. W. L Sawyer, of Sliattsburv, Verm mt, m C«>n firniatumot ttie virtues ot Dr. J i vug's Hair To me IS from so go# I a so irce, an l so s*'0.ig a voucher tor lue article, mat we -lire it to our nj iviers. ll anv ol m * u ire u.ii., irly adlicied. they will tlnuK us tor me mini u it; * i, >is none Are disposed to c msioer a il iues>. an a.lduion io person tl beiiuty. v. acre i re me ;. is real ly giK>1.itsuo il l oe uoivers nty ku »wn. while All uuickerv snouid meet a prompt exposure. ^ ‘ |S. E. Tost. ShaitsDury, Bennington Co. Vt. ) Aug. 4th, ISf S Da P. Jvtjte:— Psar Sir—Learning 1 itif^ngh the medium ot tup newspipe. s tut* flfc^cy of your tl AIR TGNIU. an i being ac quainted with some of those recommending it. To wit: Rev. C. C. Park, Rev. Dr. Babcock, and Rev. L. Fletcher, and when in New York last spring, I purchased two bottles, with a view to make the expert use. I have been quite bald for about four years and oblige to wear a wig. Indeed, it is constitutional with my family to be bald in early life. I consider, I have out little confidence in the attempt, having been so bald, and nearly 43 years of age, and it is not part of my tie in destitute of hair. I am grateful to your directions, and I used one bottle faithfully, and with very little effect that before I had used the second bottle, a very fine fuzzy hair became perceptible, which continued to grow, and now it is using me the third bottle. I have had three curlings perforated, the prospect is very light, but I again be blessed with a hue in my hair, ornamental and useful. I am excited with the prospect, and no observations made, many of my friends, and acquaintances, who have heretofore regarded the preparation as deceptive, and only a catch can be seen. cern are now well studied that it is true—No Fiction." J.W. LAWYER. Prepared only by Dr. D. Jayne, No. 5 South Third Street, Philadelphia. Price $1. Messrs. Win. Stabler, and Co. are my agents in Alexandria for the sale of the above article. D. J. A. M., sep IG—ly____ VEGETABLE COUGH SYRUP. FOR Coughs, Colds, Whooping Cough, Cough, and Soreness in the Breast, In the Mouth, Consumption, Hoarseness, Difficult Breathing, and Diseases of the Breast, and Lungs. In prescribing this useful remedy to the public, the proprietor wishes to state that it is composed of English moss, combined with such other articles as have been found to be effective in the above named diseases. This medicine has been used very extensively and the proprietor has not known a single instance in which it has failed, in giving relief in diseases for which it is recommended even in cases approaching to consumption, attended with bleeding at the lungs; and when other remedies had failed, the most delicate and flattering success has attended its use. Common Colds, which are generally the effect of obstructed perspiration, will yield to its influence in a few hours; when used in Asthma, Hoarseness, Wheezing, and other respiratory ailments. It is without a rival. It operates by gentle expectoration, and may be given both to adults and infants with perfect safety. Prepared and sold by C. J. H. Chemist and Druggist. For sale by John J. To, King Street; and William Stabler. October 1st. THE NEW NATIONAL PIANO. TEST published by BELL & EXCHANGE, - Alexandria, P. C. The New Annual Primer, containing a full-length portrait of General Washington; likenesses of all the Presidents of the United States, including General Harrison; the time when and place where born, &c; an account of the engagement between the Constitution and Garrard, flatties of Lexington and Bunker's Hill; besides an ingenious table for learning children the time of day by a clock or watch, and other interesting matter. The National Primer is one of the best published, and is selling rapidly at the low price of 50 cents per dozen; $3 per dozen; $3 per dozen. Orders from the country, enclosing the cash, promptly attended to. ALEXANDER WASHINGTON is open daily. SHERMAN'S CATHARTIC LOZENGES, Are pleasant and easily taken as the common peppermint; and are an active and effective medicine. They cleanse the stomach and bowels, and are the best cathartic ever used for bilious persons, where an active medicine is retired, they are not only the best but the safest that can be administered. They undoubtedly will supersede the various bitter and nauseous pills now in use. SHERMAN'S PAPILLARY OIL Is the only infallible remedy for sore nipples ever discovered. It will cure the most troublesome cases in a few days, without depriving the patient of the use of the medicine. I viiig the ios'irt of the breast—warranted superior to all other remedies when applied according to the directions around the bottle.— See that the signature of ‘A. Sherman M. Ud is on the wrapper, none other is genuine, be particular or you will be deceived and disappointed. SHERMAN’S ROYAL HEPATINE, For liver complaint, jaundice, dyspepsia, &c. This invaluable medicine has been used in private practice for many years, with astonishing success, and is now offered to the public in this form, that all who are unfortunate or laboring under the above complaints, may have within their reach a sale and certain cure. It is a purely vegetable composition, prepared at great expense, under the immediate supervision of A. Sherman, IX, a simple of whose signature will accompany each bottle, and none other can be genuine. It entirely supersede the use of Calomel, and may be relied on, when administered according to the directions, with confidence that health will be restored, where the individual is not past recovery. The above Medicines are for sale at HENRY COOK'S Drug Store. WM. STABLER & CO., HAVE received the following articles, which they offer for sale, viz— COUGHS, COLDS, AND ALL DISEASES OF THE LUNGS. The Vegetable Pulmonary Balsam is believed to be deservedly the most popular medicine ever known in America, for coughs, colds, asthma or phthisic consumption, whooping cough, and pulmonary affections of every kind. The proprietors have received, and are receiving many recommendations from many of our best Physicians, who make use of it in their practice. The names of a few individuals who have given their testimony in favor of this article are here subjoined, and for a more full account see the Envelope to the bottle. L)wet. Amory Hunting, *• Truman Abell, *• Truman Abell, *• Thomas Brown, *• William Perry, *• Jer'h Ellsworth, *• Albert Giulil. Extract of a letter from Mr. L. B. O'Connell, *• Kingston, Ulster county, N. Y., to the proprietors: *• Yours of the 9th instant was duly received. A remarkable cure was effected by the use of Dr. King's Pulmonary Balsam the winter and spring of the person, Mr. Aloody, had been sick a long time with the consumption. His physician had given him up. He was reduced so low as to be unable to help himself and was rapidly gaining a large plant in the field when he commenced using the Balsam, which effected a complete cure, and he is now as healthy and hearty as ever he was. Mr. Aloody has removed from this town, but he has promised me a more detailed account of his case, which I will forward you. C. S. Clay. Kingston, N.Y. June 2. Counterfeits—Beware of Imposition.—Each genuine bottle is enclosed in a blue wrapper, on which is a label, Signed by Sampson Reed. None other can be genuine. The outside yellow label will have, on and after Dec. '39, in addition to that of Sampson Reed, the signature of Mr. John Cutler, one of his partners. Look out for a spurious mixture called'vegetable pulmonary balsam,' sometimes signed Samuel Lee, and sometimes Sampson Lee, the name being written in a way to resemble the genuine vinctor, said to be prepared by an unprincipled man in Bangor, Maine. For sale by the subscribers, in Boston, and by their appointment, by Win. Stabler & Co., their only Agents for Alexandria. REED, WING & CUTLER. Boston Dr. Leidy's Blood Pills, a component part of which is Sarsaparilla. If safest, most potent, and most popular Pills in existence, are Dr. Leidy's Blood Pills, a component part of which is Sarsaparilla. It is useless here to name the good qualities, or commend it upon the medicinal virtues of these Pills, as the public are fully aware of them. To say they are an effectual purgative of the blood and restorer of the system, whether employed as a purgative or as a purgative of the blood and animal fluids, they are equally effective, possessing as they do, the properties not contained in any other pills, it is highly recommended by young and old, and for the cure of fevers, under all circumstances, and without fear of producing debility, or fear of catching cold. As numerous certificates from individuals and physicians have from time to time been published, and the character of the Pills so well known, it is only necessary to inform the public where they may be procured genuine—there are individuals so base and villainous, that they sell a spurious article, shielding themselves from prosecution, by varying a little, the manner of their putting up. The public will therefore be particular, and observe that the genuine are put up in small sums, oblong boxes, with a black and yellow label, covering the entire box lengthwise, and containing on two sides the signature of Dr. N. P. Leidy. Price, 25 cents per box. For sale by HENRY COOK, terms. Bank Notes on all solvent Banks & Co. S. discounted at the lowest rates. Gold and Silver bought and sold at the lowest rates. ONE MILLION SHERMAN'S POOR MAN'S PLASTER SOLD YEARLY. THIS Plaster is unquestionably superior to any thing of the kind ever offered to the public. It has been used in England for a number of years, with great and decided benefit. Physicians, generally, in that kingdom, recommend it in preference to all others. For Pain or Weakness in the Back, Side, and Loins, Pain in the Breast, Stiff Neck, Rheumatism, Coughs, Weakness of the Stomach and Bowels, Liver Complaint, etc., this Plaster will afford relief where all others fail. They are adapted to both sexes, and to all cases where a Strengthening Plaster is recommended. Among the thousands who have used them in Britain and this country not a single instance has been known where they did not do give entire satisfaction. Price 12½ cts. SHERMAN’S COUGH AND WORM LOZENGES. We don’t know any kind of medicine medicine than in the shape of the Lozenge. It is so small, so neat, so handy, and withal so pleasant, that the most fastidious taste cannot reject it. We are glad to perceive that all kinds of medicines are now prepared in this palatable way, by Dr. Sherman, and may be obtained at the depot in this city. —Philadelphia Times. We know of no better Cough medicine than Dr. Sherman’s Cough Lozenges; they cure so many, and are so pleasant, that it is almost a pleasure to be sick, to be thus agreeably dosed. New York Sun. SHERMAN'S DINNER LOZENGES, From 1 to 3, taken 20 or 30 minutes. Delicate dinner, will excite a healthy appetite, promote digestion, regulate the stomach and bowels, and invigorate the system generally. They cause regularity in the bowels, and prevent constipation. They remove blotches, and all unhealthy appearances from face, or skin generally, giving new tone and vigor to the system, renew the constitution, and restore the beauty and freshness of youth, to the pallid and sickly countenance. The ill health and sallow look in females, arising from certain obstructions, peculiar to the sex, will yield to this invaluable medicine, where all others fail. Dyspepsia is sooner cured by them than any other medicine. While the Soda only afford temporary relief, they restore the natural tone of the stomach, excites a healthy appetite, promotes digestion, equalize the circulation, cause regularity of the bowels, and thereby cure the patient. SHERMAN'S CATHARTIC LOZENGES. Are as pleasant and easily taken as the common peppermint; and are an active and efficient medicine. They cleanse the stomach and bowels, and are the best cathartic ever used for bilious persons. Where an active medicine is required, they are not only the best but the safest that can be administered. They undoubtedly will supersede the various bitter and nauseous pills now in use. A large portion of the diseases that affect mankind, arise from some derangement of the stomach or bowels, which a timely use of the Cathartic Lozenges would entirely obviate. Persons of billious habits should always have a box at hand, and take a dose whenever they feel the least derangement in their health. Those of sedentary habits, can take one or two occasionally, to prevent the costiveness. That so generally troubles them. A judicious use of those Lozenges would prevent thousands of cases, of the different levers that are so destructive to health and life. Southern and Western cities will find them particularly adapted to their use and region, and far superior to any other cathartic medicine, ever offered to the public. When properly used, they are a sure preventive of the cholera yellow or bilious fever, fever and ague, and all the local fevers of the country. They are made from a combination of the most valuable medicines, and can always be depended upon for the certainty of their operation. They should generally be taken on going to bed, so that they will operate early in the morning, but may be administered any time during the day. A supply of the above Medicines, received and for sale, by HENRY CO. TO THE BALD HEADED AND OTHERS DOES anyone know a neighbor or a friend who has been bald, and whose head is now covered with fine hair? One whose coat collar was covered with dandruff, though brushed every hour—which has now vanishes entirely? Or one whose hairs at early age were turning grey, who now has not a gray hair. — Children whose heads were covered with scurf, whose hair would not grow, that air now growing the fullest crops of hair? Some cases must be known to most persons. Ask them the cause, and you will be told, these things have been done by the use of the BALM OF COLUMBIA. Of this year growth is this article, its demand increasing annually some hundred percent.—though when discovered not opposed by anything for the same purpose now assailed by almost numberless mushroom trash preparations that will ruin the hair it used to a very extent. Can more than these facts be wanted—refer to the recommendations by a list of names of respectability, unequalled by any other article. Look to these things—buy this article. Stay and preserve your hair by its use, or if bald restore it. Ladies, attend to this—hundreds in fashionable tile are using it as the toilet. Long hair is very apt to fall out. Ladies, use the Balm of Columbia in time to save yourselves the disgrace of baldness by neglect of your persons. It is your duty, as moral ists to preserve the beauties of nature, with which a bountiful Creator has endowed you—use the Balm, for it will do it. CAUTION TO BE REMEMBERED. Several most flagrant attempts have been made to counterfeit the true Balm of Columbia. Some of the impostors have gone so far as to counterfeit the splendid wrappers, and the Falls of Niagara, and every external mark except the name of Comstock, which they dare not forge. To avoid impositions therefore, always took for the name of Comstock & Co. or L. J. Stock, and never buy the article unless it has that name upon it. Sold Wholesale and Retail, only at No. Fletcher street, N.Y. From the Boston Chronicle, Jan. 18. We see by an advertisement in another column that Messrs. Comstock and Co., the authorized Agents for Oldridge's balm of Columbia, have deputies to sell that article in Boston and elsewhere. We know a lady of this city whose hair was so nearly gone as to expose entirely her phrenological developments, which, considering that they betoken a most amiable disposition, was not in reality very unfortunate. We therefore wish she mourned the loss of locks that she had worn, and, after a year’s fruitless report to miscalled relatives, purchased some months ago, a bottle or two of Comstock’s Balm, and she has now rugs in rich profusion, glossy, and of raven blackness. We are not pushing—none of the commodity has been sent to us, and, indeed, we do not want any, for though we were obliged to wear. A wig a year ago we have now, through its virtue, hair enough, and of a passable quality, of our own. Darin? Fraud? The Balm of Columbia has been imitated by a notorious counterfeiter. Let it never be purchased or used unless it has the name of L. S. COMSTOCK, or the signature of COMSTOCK & Co. on a splendid wrapper. This is the only external test that will secure the public from deception. Address COMSTOCK & CO. Wholesale Druggists, New York. No. 2 Fleicher-street. WHO WILL GO BALD? COLONEL SHAVER, Postmaster at Bay via is knowing to the fact, that Dr. Binsham, of Gennessee county aged over 70, and for more than 17 years very bald, has had his hair fully restored by the use of one bottle the Balm of Columbia from COMSTOCK & CO. For sale by J. I. Savars, W. Harper, & J. W. Alexandria, dec 1 —ly HATS AND BONNETS. HENRY T. WILBAR respectfully informs his friends and the public generally, that he has just opened, on King street, two doors above Royal, a very large and first assortment of Bonnets, Straw Goods, and gentlemen’s Leghorn and Fur and Silk Hats; and two this opportunity of returning thanks to his fellow-citizens for the custom he has received, and hopes, by strict attention to business, to merit a share of public patronage. My stock is large and complete, consisting in part of— 10 dozen Florence Braid Bonnets nets, of the latest style, and varying in price from £3 to £10 25 do Shaker Hoods, white and colored, of last patterns ICO do Fancy Leaf Hats, of every variety, which are now worn C do Gentlemen’s Leghorn Hats, of handsome as any ever offered in this market Artificial Flowers, Ribbons, Bandboxes, Wire, Bonnet Reeds, &c. Also, 6 dozen white Russia Hats, including an low crown, with wide brims; Mote Skin and Silk Hats; black Russia and Nutria, of the best quality. All of which I will sell, wholesale or retail, on the most reasonable terms. I invite the Ladies and Gentlemen to call and examine for themselves; and country merchants shall have great bargains for cash. Customers' Hats kept in good order, gratis. LEVI HUTCHINSON, Chair Manufacturer of Ornamental Painter, King street, between Washington and Columbia streets, where he has removed, HAS on hand, and is constantly manufacturing Mahogany, Grecian, Fancy and Windsor Chairs, of the newest patterns, and in the most approved style. The public are invited to call and examine his present assortment. He feels assured that they will be found not to be inferior either in the durability of their materials, or the neatness of their execution, to those of any other manufacturer in the District. He will execute all and Ornamental Painting and Cementing, in all their various branches, on the most accommodating terms. Old chairs will be taken in part payment for new ones, or will be repaired and repainted at the shortest notice. Clairs purchased at this manufactory, will be sent free of expense to any part of the District. HOW A SUGAR COFFEE FOR SALE The subscriber would respectfully inform the patrons of Isaac George, late of the town of Alexandria, that he has bought his interest in the Soap and Candle Manufactory, and would be pleased to furnish them as usual on the usual reasonable terms. Always on hand Mold and Dipped Candies, yellow and brown Soap, of the best quality. He hopes, by strict attention to business, to merit a share of the public patronage. All those indebted to the business, in the name of Isaac George, will please settle their accounts as soon as possible, as it is very requisite that the business should be satisfactory as soon as possible. If the business should be satisfactory, then the business should be satisfactory. MOUNT VERNON COURSE, Year Alexandria, on the Virginia side of the Potomac. A sweepstakes, for Colts and Fillies, dropped spring of 1841 to be run in the fall of 1841, subscription. Single each, half mile heats, to name and close the 1st of August, 1841. No. 9.—A sweepstakes, for Colts and Fillies, dropped in the tail of 1841 to be run in the fall of 1841. All of the subscription, $5 each, shall be for sale, two miles heats, to name and close 1st of August, 1878. A stepstri km I'»r i!! acp<;; tree i>n 1 v for horses, the property of persons residing north of the Rappahannock River, together with the Counties of Rappahannock, Madison, Orange and Uulpeper, south of the Potomac River,) prior to the 1st of January, 1811. Subscription, $2.50 each, has for led, three miles heals, to name and close 1st of August, 1811. November three subscribers, jan -2d—if WM. ME RSI i< >N. Proprietor. HIGHLY IMPROVED TRUTHS! As the season is advancing when Summer Bowel Complaints prevail—the Subscriber offers Insolvent Infantum Syrup, as a sure remedy for the prevention and cure of the Summer Bowel Complaints in children or others. This medicine cures five Pills and Antiseptic powers, and the patient’s strength increases with its use. The administration of medicine to this disease is the experience of the past five years has abundantly proven: on July 1st by WM. LAN PIER, Surg. Agent. ALSO, Electricity Powders. 3 boxes. Lee's Anti-bilious Pills $25 cents per Box. REVIVAL. Viry, LANPHIER, in his "T. respectful" continues his temporary services to the citizens and visitors of Alexandria. "duv removed" next door to Lee's drug store, on Living street. All necessary operations upon diseased teeth performed carefully, and every attention given directed to promote the health and prolong the usefulness of such teeth as shall come under his care. The Mechanical branch being wholly executed by himself will enable him to improve. Artificial Teeth, much cheaper than can be procured elsewhere in the history of the United States. The success which has generally attended his efforts, both in the mechanical and mechanical branches, while he has been in practice here, taken together with an experience of seven years in that practice, is almost unnecessary to say, is the best evidence of his ability. NATIONAL BOOKS, U.S. ARTS, DUTCH INN, American Navy; Merchant and Makers' Assistant; the Extent of the solid contents of packages - Blunt's Coast Post Office the bottom down to the Mississippi; Blunt's Coast Post Office the bottom down to the Mississippi; Cargo Books; Log Book; Clarts of the Southern Coast of the United States. From New York to New York, A.M. and Leeward West India Islands; Bahama Banks; North Atlantic Ocean; South of the Mississippi, British Columbia, with Book of Directions, etc. In the city, Bell &. Enwisll. As Foal lamps and girandoles. Just received a small and select assortment of Artistic Lamps and Grindoles, with prism drops, various razors, patterns and prices which will be sold low. Mate. Lamps, Out and plain Glass Lamps, and Glass Canes, together with a general assortment of Tea and Table services; China and Liverpool ware, pure white, and fancy colors. R. H. Miller. ICE!! ICE!! THE SUBSCRIBER will keep at his Store of the best quality, at $1 for each. Tickets and will warrant a full supply until the 10th of October next, it will be delivered from sunrise until 10 o'clock, A.M. JOHN LAWSON. FARINA'S COLOGNE. DOZEN Farina; genuine Cologne—V: prepared and for sale at the Drugstore of PIER POINT & TALBOTT. Corner of King and Washington streets, may 22 ALEXANDRIA AGRICULTURAL WARE HOUSE AND SEED STORE. The subscribers inform their friends throughout the country, that they have opened, in connection with the seed business, with Worcester, Massachusetts. Their attention will be called to having the Implements of the most approved turn ploughs, Cultivators, Corn Shellers, Cutters, Vegetable Cutters, Hoes, Hoes, Rakes, Transplanting Trowels, Ladies' Mecon ing Trowels, Look Rills for trimming trees, and Shrub. Bbery, &c. &c. These articles they believe can be purchased at low as they can be purchased elsewhere in the Northern Cities. William Stabler, Alexandria, DC. In regard to the quality of the above mentioned implements, reference is made to the annexed certificates. The fodowing is front the Report o» ike i Jon. Johr I»;»•. id.<’liairinati of the t’ommittee on Ajgricul!lirai linpiemen’s: “ i ilt* attention ot the <' tmnutfee wn«enr.y arrested by a largo exhibition ot 1* <>;•: > born Hit* manufactory of Messrs. buggies. Nou;se- J :iml Mason,of Worcester, who arewt * aim i i.tvornbiy known to farmers in most parts oi , the rioted States. These gentlemen have, during the past vear. improved their Idougus bv adapting straight lines Irom the snare to the other end of the mou l-h* ard, ant >v l**ngiiiemng th.* momd-l) iui 1 and. ian • •r’' The advantages winch result from the-e changes will be apparent win n tin* 1 h'ugn viewed as a wedge, wiucii is iirst to separate and then to turn over the soil. '1 lrs it doi by a combined operation, and it is obvioucy better that the !r;ct;on ot the turrow soce up on the mould hoard >hou; ; be Cijiia:, than 'h.u it should he encountered al two pom. . ux ti.e concave mould-boards. 1 heellect ol len emng tiie nous, the Committee are persuade i. wi . be to k<ep tin* Plough more steady in its work, ami lay over mo:e smoothly the lu: row slice.*’ ... The following nn extract Irom one m ? v Committees of Wintiiro;*. Me., winch alter speaking m terms ot approbation ot M-w*r.h other lT.)tigie> exhibited, thus rpLiksol tnose ot Aie>srv it., a, iv M.: •‘This id! hj-Ii. in many important particu lars, vour <\i:nnnttee hcuevc t" bt* ■m;* . a to any i’iougii shown toem. It combine*’ strength with beauty ot model ami }tl,p»n rum. will do the woik in a >upei iof *■ t>.t \• ■1 *i power in the lit tha nt ploughs, and is a vet • it'ti tit tit t its / * hher i loughs uere * .xhibiled lio.n Im* i.*.. u lory wine appear e construct* p os iphic . jrii ci| e.< wi hathorottg edge ot and a happy adaptation to the wants ot liie tanner. ‘•The ploughs were a;! *f t!:e Ih - materi a s> and e hibita sty it d i >rkm ms! I w:. ch ,i u*s credit to the establishment, wn;» h your ComniiUee believe to be well wort; v U v ! » trona e d every intt ent 1 inn r. I * N i„.e i nntme I. hlv tecomrnen led the - •. it, o Swivel i *• * -A "! ‘ • i pubdc attention. Many ott er testimonials i i*oin other committer’s, and prac’icai men. could he inserted re. itive to the supenority ot form. tint»*nai. wot kman^bip and < .icapin.v' o| ttieii l’iongln, but tiu-y are becoming too [ miieraliv and lavorably known to render 1 i i,e i SIDK-IIIL! .or • WIV! l.-I L<*! • i [>, a va.liable in:provvind:t ami mu< - a •*dn.u» .i 1 by those who h ive used them. tt (U3ii a {e iv e* . i • ■: 11 1 1 •' • I the mould-bo it'd am! share Irom o: e side to ; I tie Otiier, so ; to turn a 1 row eitht • ■' • i |l> inis M ear , the. tome ! dmvni ill uiL'o »»£< rl:r: v*'a>* !*’“ : ! going ami returning on the same po‘e «>. u. find. They are a.^o much iim- I "ii evt ■■ mnds, where they have vera idv over the common l’ oiigti, leaving m» h.,.>. or dea i furrows, ploughing nearer to, ami tin torn: , the earth Irom the !ences, stumps. £%<'.. au . | savmg much time am! tra.vi <»I t.^. sweeping room! tin* ends «»1 I a a :*■ arm ’ - • * |' * * ing up with ■ 1 v • 1 - ; “ ' the same nrinci) s tin ii eu tbev perform the work m arly as wed mi •* vc. ground. . v. . ... .... ,It'S ci dit sizes of the 1 \ - .. Mil) 1 • ' •’ '* four sizes ol *1 ■ " ■ ‘ . ■ I :i - . • mu *h t i recta n ' ' 1 1 The l v l’:t< >VKI > \WV \ \ I d vl ‘ i.l< v.vron. a valii i • I' . eut < ' v:i i .i m »U < *« »r ii :> lid < ': 11 • "i <"*1 • •*! 1 • * j ram, sown Uon 1-cast, l! w: : M twice as much and hettei ho: than ’ v 1 owglior I .ar p,w. Its me in II e Hoot co tore m nuporMiit, j5 h i s t . iVcs l! ev el and thoroug . \ , u vt r. ^ I : : l) to so"V per‘; cI v mo-*t k itiita r. ag i, Mau n*. Wurt/f'H lb et. parrot, liroom Corn ‘ VV t l icre can be sou n t! e hou , with c p-iraTtve it** rows are distann !, ttm furrows made, tin* see ! suwn. covered and con:’ r< s-(»i! r.v a roller at o?n* operation. *1 i: ,\N M’l. \ x i I N« TU«''.VI 1..-. win ■' f.vpt*i! tt* verv much n;.» operati* n oftrans cl» plants man rbii the earth a Foil SALF. A TFACT OK LAND. 7 '', l v. \ " IT |V,); j j f | * • ( ’ »;;; ’ \ -1 ll. (Kmiit K >.» 1 • 1 “ 1 y | j, cent it!..' ;i b »i:t *2i.» Acres until i v on! it ; i • ut.. : t • iml nat i 1 • ol rv ; rodwetive s >*i, ami its Hearings to the eat, seen i constant a excellent • lions. It migi - v I adv ■. r ’ » i raz I Farm, f. •' • r> |’(J, rt a re ai ; a Tan i ard 1 ooj •>» •.; r* on the \ ,,lh • ucement to a 11 v ’ F i mi \ wi!i to en_'a_ ei i Fie 1 111:11:1/ j lhi-ii:e->. be :yjl «nie «»I the mu>t <' y:a! eaai voyFF'. e *F‘>:'in the coiiu’ h>.* that bn .. ; • rchaser can have, if desire ears to pay tl ntei ile, 1 trust'1 Person* r to purchase a ' •... 1 Sam ■ - • * •,..... b!, >rh ■<a: nj rbe ti b i\ * • 1 ■.. .....*••• tin nose e ■ ■ ■........ ! p ‘ • >A wi. LL Uld-.iv I st-;* I— t* STKFi. I’LFS. i 4 ( y»Mf :L Ste-I P-:is .,f fh' most a; - i 5 i }: } • • »v»- i rnak»T«. in»- u - || . • : n - ••• : rin* Ve* • liasraphir; W ■ * ; ■ : 1 j Wir, j'e’x Maiinim Pomim * mi V* K»!;> :,llra ■ i ible 1 • ' ''-1 • • ' . . ... V " ' A ' • . • ~ ' • • - j Ii.a -.".1 '(>' r.a.'.e Warin’- Pink am. ^1 e ({c e m v s < 1 1 t '. • - ’ '! • ^ [ , • • - i j te -' *ov "mfierit . n . • ■ ■. ; \Vin ip'- < ■*> n;*—•;t<»i: \. 1 r:n - • * ‘ ',, oll s Darn •- mis and l ‘ 1 >111 ! . ' .. I Kerd.n : pFlexib.e ’ j'y.lv iL.jbv: l.i be-' l ow n H i.l it’s Viet >ri 1; . 'v- ‘ ,» 'p< in . c, v mi ea rbs ami inboxes, .• •, e to 75 cents a •/. received Iran the m; oier. am' - ah* by P. LL 1F\ P\VI>LK. . //>o, . ,ri>CP u'i" P’s re abram ! T.ondon LP \W I 'v ; PI-Fn' '1! T. I i. P, >. H I' • a ml M N M; an nscoomt'iil Siod jer's k. "mi’- PKNK F'l\ LS; ;,.! 4 ioz.Misses*Silver EVER. POINT PKN «'1LS, lor yj e low. JAYNE’S INDIAN EM’Sa; l. i ;, IS KECt)M\1tNl«i:il aildCClClcOtV 5 to any other tiiown coinn.nation f \. cine,for Cough*, Colo?, Inttutnza, i tion, Asthma, Srvtting ot Ulooa, • Difficulty cl Ur rath mg, Hoe; ingCei.^i., anti W eafene*r utthe Itreaat, an j all citt . 4 * the Pulmonary t.r^ti.s. This medicine »s highly ar.d just!\ re*;*, mended, by numerous and respecubit ;i ;.v\ duals,who haveiouna relieitromUiit> ^ * ny who have been laboring under \iutra.'lt.t Coughs and pains-.n the breast and have fctt" supposed oy therm Ives and thtir fueic •• advanced m consemptic n, have fcetn h*j- , restored to pertect Uaith by the m oi valuable kxpectorsnl. Personslaoonng under chrcr.i c? r< r.n n\ live coughs, will l.r.ii yrtat adunt«gtfii' carrying a sn.idlquei.t.ty o' the muiari h torar.t with them, while atter.du g to their v nous avoCfcliM ai.u tuning a w ajj t. r.ici c caa cTiuiiy , 2 heir c(i.j n v*. ill be scarct1i ^ • and they willow ti . t ico to e>.p u ter ait u t the greatt • t facility , ar : tht irnutir^ ~ k».r wi'» thfietv >oi n be rcrtovui and a |trn». nti.t cure tliccitd. ItiCeati.ict u\ it, Prepare..only b) I ; P;»y ;.c ,t .Valtit, \, Jei.ey,ar.d n^r.t ij . e. i ; e v cut i .> ur.t. ten signature to t..c lubt! -c the ..ilj ci c, the bottle. r ! 12 hereby certify ti * v.ur cured cfavic’.cr.t ccugh and pan; u. the tri -. bt by u^r g l. Jay ut’s Expectation; Ncdic.rt. fey a.'nb w •* l hii ictcil '■»»t* a t■ • u Cui g 11 i» patr. u * p breast, alter* id with so ntrh c r: ci *; tf breathing as u ; roe: t 1 or In in gti'ng*.^ sleep for a ncr. Lt: o; r pr.;: in veectsshf » by teking two dcses ot i medicine t entitled to ‘the cuu*1.;. through tl.c ; r i *.:*.d :n a f«_w dry* by coi tir.urg ;•*. lm.,r -„v.. perfectly reatcred. Jn I \ L'.i.locL’s i.ridge,N J.£t;t.4.1. f* «* i: 8t*pnng my wife «i c •: tc nerut by a distressing cougl • r«< ; retit and side—Hit cough J-r: • •<;'. >tr Cay t: right and htr di.iicuty <! brtati.ii h v.;>> grea! that site pot very Lf.lt un p t* r n..ty daysanl nipht.'Hcgitiitr—>oi.e <: tl.t rn. cir.ep she tech appi-rti tv.oof avy «erv c* to bur; u!:tn!.i * > > e ; :»! * -.ei :i her act* lie ot iiid U-..* i..** ecti.:-.n* v 1.c- • oc* **i. c« r. • letelyresi Lei • it • 1 y t. j;f ves 11 tile has:. •..i:i ou Ur- u:u. t i * i • i ’ M**t Hanccci’s Bridge, T4» J..'vcv jfrcm J. V S I'.'. ” ki)t\!, y • it o11 vai e ffc : ®nfcfi'in "eV.'Tbl ir.^tas.ct s J. '■ 'yiT!\ Hr jt kiy nf i ec-1 v *3. From lit- (o'. C. » l’.'■ '. '-tc a l!,e A.1 ; v.:.i i i t. To l)r. P. J:'Vr.t bu t.s> k* oi itit i ,ui ih i: KAr'vCt* r^r.i ir nr, f atr.iI\ fur the I »*>’. * s > •- »• ■ ^ •' < • etit. hniet d i nuy .ei ■. y lib ; ; i i eti ov the* i:m oi the v . .» n i .-iv*i tiu. bits'if1.’oi t «i »: f.; i ' t’u f -1 ) • ! almost ;c i uch •«. ti e c .■«* <>t 11 \ v tv »• also t ithe Ik v. M r I ; M.r. ot l! t hlui . oi. ■> maica. Fcr ail c se* oi (ouj I*, tnflan n ati< t of tlie che os and throat,! d.<: ti * ’ v.r. <*• jjitat.i.wl\ rt cnt» ii *; *h*11.t . .r» l have evt r tried. M\ can cst w :>l i> tu.t t thersuftlicled as I have item. n.a\ ex; tr.cn ti p ,-iire rehei, which I am peccant '• lit wil'by usicFthelr.im K>.p< clot: ct C. ( p. < i; sav N.H. Mar.) o m> nt., ' In. >.<•{, is y rttif . iiA have tried n cun with cn forn: success N* \crk,Jtir.e 1 >, l.vf. | 20,781 |
<urn:uuid:100d0d6f-2278-47d0-959c-cb5a7f2e33e6> | French Open Data | Open Government | Various open data | null | https://www.linkedin.com/company/cyberzen | francenum.gouv.fr | French | Spoken | 1,451 | 2,396 | Cyberzen in Worldwide
Paris, Île-de-France 858 followers
Cybersecurity for SMBs
We provide products and services for securing SMBs
External link for Cyberzen
Cybersécurité des TPE/PME, Cloud souverain, and Boitier physique de sécurité
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Cyberzen reposted this
Jean-Philippe Gaulier
Cybersécurité pour les TPE et PME
Un peu plus de 700 inscrits pour notre séminaires (Marc-Antoine LEDIEU, Eric Barbry) pour parler de la sécurité de vos #prestataires #IT. Il reste encore des places, mais ça ne va pas durer... Vous serez avec nous ?
Cybersécurité : impact des nouvelles règles européennes sur vos relations avec vos prestataires IT
858 followers
We are so proud to be part of the journey! Thank you for allowing us for a small contribution in this big event. Hope to meet a lot of people!!! Long live to Kernel Recipes!
Anne Nicolas
CEO at ossflow, Founder and organizer of Kernel Recipes and Embedded Recipes
Welcome and huge thanks to our 3 first sponsors for Kernel Recipes 2024 : Cyberzen, eBPF Foudation (from The Linux Foundation) and Arm
You can join them, drop us a message!
Valery Rieß-Marchive de LeMagIT nous a fait l'honneur d'un article sur notre boîtier Egide ! Nous sommes évidemment au comble du bonheur !
Si vous ne connaissez pas notre boîtier et notre offre, c'est un excellent moyen de les découvrir !
Merci beaucoup !
#TPE #PME #Tech #Cyber CPME nationale CPME Ile-de-France GICAT
Egide : un boîtier tout-en-un pour sécuriser TPE et PME | LeMagIT
Vous êtes #NIS2 ? Peut-être ? Vos fournisseurs le sont ? 😏 Mais où est donc cette liste que tout le monde attend ? C'est la bonne question. Aidez nous à la retrouver grâce à ce sondage !
N'oubliez pas de vous inscrire au séminaire animé par Eric Barbry, Marc-Antoine LEDIEU et Jean-Philippe Gaulier sur le sujet ! (il reste encore de la place...) : https://lnkd.in/gSxBVdaC
Marc-Antoine LEDIEU sur LinkedIn : #dora #nisv2 #rgpd #prestataire #cyber
Chez Cyberzen, on aime faire des sondages. Mais on aime encore plus faire des conférences. Alors pour une fois, on a l'opportunité de faire une conférence avec Jean-Philippe Gaulier, Marc-Antoine LEDIEU et Eric Barbry en vous envoyant plein de sondages pour préparer l'événement, on est joie 😍 !
#DORA, ça vous parle ? #NIS2, ça vous fait transpirer ? #RGPD, ça vous donne des remontés acides ? Et bien, sachez qu'il y a pire... Si vous êtes bien préparés, vos fournisseurs ne le sont probablement pas ! En attendant N'hésitez pas à vous inscrire à la conférence et remplir les sondages qui vont poper toutes les semaines d'ici là !
Pour s'inscrire à la conférence : https://lnkd.in/gSxBVdaC
Nous pensons que le #numérique est indispensable au quotidien des entreprises et que la #cybersécurité est le seul rempart face aux organisations criminelles qui cherchent continuellement à les pirater. Nous croyons qu'une approche #systématique, #technologique et #pragmatique permet de lutter efficacement contre ces criminels. C'est pourquoi nous avons créé le boîtier de sécurité idéal pour protéger les #TPE et les #PME.
Les prestataires IT en 2024 : coupables ou responsables ? C'est ce que Jean-Philippe Gaulier, Marc-Antoine LEDIEU et Eric Barbry discuteront lors d'une conférence exceptionnelle sur le sujet. Que vous soyez soumis au #RGPD (tout le monde), #NIS2 (les 10 000 entités essentielles et importantes et leurs sous-traitants) ou #DORA (secteur financier et sous-traitant IT), vous êtes probablement (non, vous l'êtes) concernés ! Venez écouter et discuter de ce sujet !
Le lien pour réserver votre place dès maintenant : https://lnkd.in/gs5CWHJ2
12,997 followers
[RDV Experts] Le prestataire IT : maillon faible du risque cyber !
🚨 Les entreprises et établissements publics, même les plus sensibles, ont fréquemment recours à des sous-traitants IT, fournisseurs de services informatiques, éditeurs de solutions Saas : cette dépendance croissante les expose de plus en plus à des cyberattaques. Un risque largement sous-estimé qui a conduit l’UE à instaurer un cadre juridique visant à réguler les relations entre entreprises et prestataires.
Retrouvez les explications de Eric Barbry, Marc-Antoine LEDIEU, Jean-Philippe Gaulier, dans le premier opus de notre série dédiée aux risques cyber : 👉 https://lnkd.in/g3_H8YTg
📅 Et pour vous aller plus loin, nos trois experts vous donnent RDV le 19 mars à 10h.👇
[Webinar] #Cybersécurité : impact des nouvelles règles européennes sur vos relations avec vos les prestataires IT
⚖️ Pour tout savoir sur vos obligations et le niveau de conformité attendu, les sanctions prévues, l’impact sur vos clauses contractuelles, inscrivez-vous dès maintenant : https://lnkd.in/gs5CWHJ2
#RisquesInformatiques #DORA #NIS2 #RGPD #PrestatairesIT
RISQUES CYBER - RGPD| DORA | NIS2 - Racine
#Cybersécurité : pour la première fois, des clés cryptographiques protégeant les connexions SSH sont dérobées dans le cadre d'une attaque.
Je lis très régulièrement, depuis toujours, différents auteurs sur ce qu'on appelle maintenant le "développement personnel", "l'entreprenariat" ou encore le "coaching", dans l'espoir de m'améliorer au quotidien dans ce que je fais, d'ouvrir ma pensée et de prendre de bonnes pratiques. Nanos gigantum umeris insidentes comme le dirait ce bon vieux Bernard de Chartres (non, il n'est pas sur linkedin), ou plus simplement le fait de s'appuyer sur les grands penseurs du passé pour essayer d'avancer un peu plus.
Ces temps ci, avec beaucoup de retard, c'est donc enfin ce qui traîne depuis des années sur ma table de chevet qui occupe mes heures creuses : "Le prince", de Nicolas Machiavel (toujours pas sur linkedin).
Dans cette période où l'Union Européenne publie deux textes magnifiques que sont #DORA et #NIS2 et qui impactent totalement la gestion de la cybersécurité des prestataires tiers, il peut être bon de se rappeler ce texte qui a traversé les âges et qui nous parlait, une fois mis au goût du jour, de nos meilleurs amis les #ESN. Ni voyez point de machiavélisme, je ne fais juste que citer 😁
La semaine de 4 jours ça vous parle ? Chez nous, oui ! (RSE et autres taquineries...)
Cyberzen est une Très Petite Entreprise (#TPE) au sens de l'INSEE. Nous sommes 5 employés permanents et 2 alternants, avec la visite de quelques stagiaires de temps à autre.
Cela ne nous empêche pas de vouloir innover et tester les modèles et apports !
Dès la création de la société, il était clair pour nous que personne ne devait avoir à se préoccuper de sa santé, mais que cela devait aussi être simple et accessible et bien couvert. C'est pour cela que nous sommes partis chez Alan , avec le forfait purple qui est le forfait le plus élevé. Notre différence ? La mutuelle est intégralement à la charge de la société. Pourquoi Alan ? Remboursement en temps réel, interface moderne et efficace et possibilité d'avoir une consultation en ligne via leur partenaire Livi France sans avoir à débourser un centime.
Pour ce qui concerne notre contribution à la #planète, nous avons une politique zéro papier, non pas parce que le papier tue la planète, mais parce qu'à l'heure du tout numérique, on peut laisser la plupart des arbres aux castors. De plus, étant située au cœur de #Paris, nous avons la chance d'être desservis par de nombreux transports en commun, que ce soit le métro, le RER ou le bus. Du coup, on est assez hybride dans les déplacements : à pied, en roller, à vélo ou en transport en commun. Zéro moto, zéro auto ! Et pour diminuer les transports, nous proposons systématiquement à nos clients et partenaires de faire des réunions en visio-conférence. On économise en fatigue et en temps de déplacements.
Sur un autre plan, se former est important, c'est pourquoi nous avons établi un plan pluriannuel de #formation pour chaque employé. Nous ne mettons pas de côté notre devoir de partage, puisque nous accueillons chaque année deux alternants. En parallèle, nous donnons également des cours à l'EFAP - École des nouveaux métiers de la communication et à l'ESIEA - ÉCOLE D'INGÉNIEUR·E·S D'UN NUMÉRIQUE UTILE.
Et pour finir, depuis le mois de septembre, nous sommes passés à la semaine de 4 jours, pour 32h par semaine.
Finalement, c'est #sympa, non ? 😀
Et chez vous, c'est comment ?
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%20%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F%20%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Зіненко Валерія Вікторівна | https://uk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Зіненко Валерія Вікторівна&action=history | Ukrainian | Spoken | 78 | 282 | Валерія Вікторівна Зіненко ( 6 листопада 1995) — українська легкоатлетка, яка спеціалізується в бігу на довгі дистанції, чемпіонка України.
На національних змаганнях до 2021 представляла Полтавську область. Тренувалась у Олексія Гончара та Руслана Савчука.
Починаючи з 2022, виступає за Донецьку область. Тренується під керівництвом Руслана Савчука.
Основні міжнародні виступи
Примітки
Джерела
Українські бігуни на довгі дистанції
Українські кросові бігуни
Українські легкоатлетки
Чемпіони України з легкої атлетики
Спортсмени Полтавської області
Спортсмени Київської області
Українські учасники літніх Європейських ігор 2023 | 10,185 |
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%99%E8%92%82%E5%B0%BC-%E8%8E%AB%E5%B0%94%E5%A5%88-%E4%B8%87%E9%9B%85%E8%AE%B7%E6%B2%B3%E7%95%94%E6%96%B0%E5%9F%8E | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | 蒙蒂尼-莫尔奈-万雅讷河畔新城 | https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=蒙蒂尼-莫尔奈-万雅讷河畔新城&action=history | Chinese | Spoken | 15 | 363 | 蒙蒂尼-莫尔奈-万雅讷河畔新城（，）是法国科多尔省的一个市镇，位于该省东部，属于第戎区。该市镇于1972年由原市镇万雅讷河畔蒙蒂尼（）、莫尔奈（）和万雅讷河畔新城（）合并而成。
地理
（）面积，位于法国勃艮第-弗朗什-孔泰大區科多尔省，该省份为法国中东部省份，北起奥布省，西接涅夫勒省和约讷省，南至索恩-卢瓦尔省，东南接汝拉省，东临上索恩省，东北部与上马恩省接壤。
与接壤的市镇（或旧市镇、城区）包括：。
的时区为UTC+01:00、UTC+02:00（夏令时）。
行政
的邮政编码为，INSEE市镇编码为。
政治
所属的省级选区为。
人口
于时的人口数量为人。
参见
科多尔省市镇列表
参考文献
M | 37,670 |
https://github.com/mrysav/geneac/blob/master/app/models/note.rb | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,021 | geneac | mrysav | Ruby | Code | 73 | 271 | # frozen_string_literal: true
# Model for Note class
class Note < ApplicationRecord
include ParseableDate
include FriendlyUrlName
include RecordHistory
has_rich_text :rich_content
include PgSearch::Model
multisearchable against: %i[title rich_content date]
has_one :citation, as: :citable, dependent: :destroy
accepts_nested_attributes_for :citation
acts_as_taggable_on :tags, :tagged_people
has_friendly_url_name field: :friendly_url, field_name: :title
validates :title, presence: true
def date
parse(date_string)
end
def resolved_people
ids = tagged_people.map { |t| t.name.to_i }
Person.where(id: ids)
end
private
def parse_possible_names
name_rgx = /([A-Z][a-z]+ ?){2}([A-Z][a-z]+ ?)*/
end
end
| 7,313 |
https://github.com/FlorianRappl/YAMP/blob/master/YAMP.Core/Errors/YAMPFunctionBodyMissing.cs | Github Open Source | Open Source | BSD-3-Clause | 2,021 | YAMP | FlorianRappl | C# | Code | 49 | 138 | namespace YAMP.Errors
{
using System;
/// <summary>
/// The function body missing.
/// </summary>
public class YAMPFunctionBodyMissing : YAMPParseError
{
internal YAMPFunctionBodyMissing(Int32 line, Int32 column)
: base(line, column, "A function requires a body encapsulated in curly brackets.")
{
}
internal YAMPFunctionBodyMissing(ParseEngine pe)
: this(pe.CurrentLine, pe.CurrentColumn)
{
}
}
}
| 23,103 |
cu31924027184955_21 | US-PD-Books | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,922 | A history of French literature : from the earliest times to the great war | None | English | Spoken | 7,481 | 10,161 | . „. In 1734, Voltaire, anticipating arrest, had fled to take up his residence at Cirey, a chateau on the edge of Lorraine. The hostess, Mme du Chatelet, was among the first women of her time in intellect. The connection lasted fourteen years, until her death. It was characterized from the first by comradeship in hard mental labor. The Marquise stood for mathematics and a Leibnizian universe; she also shared Voltaire's interests in Newton and history. Together, they in- dulged in the fashionable physics, and they had time left over for practical cares and for entertaining. Amateur theatricals were frequently in order, also brilliant suppers and conversation, after the day's work. In spite of his ailing body, Voltaire seems to have had th'e energy for everything. He called himself " I'eternel malade," but he was also an external traveler and busybody. Flying visits to Paris and to provincial courts were slight distractions to his ceaseless productive activity. History, physics and metaphysics do not destroy his abiding interest in the drama. Several more plays, together with the scandalous Pucelle, belong to the early part of this period. Cantos of this mock-epic circulated through Europe long before actual pub- lication. In 1736 he began the correspondence with Frederick the Great, who took at first the attitude of a humble young Tele- machus towards his Mentor. The publication of the flippant Mondain sent Voltaire flying from the police into Holland. From his cordial reception there he stole the leisure to print his Elements de la Philospphie de Newton (1738) — and soon he was back at Cirey, entertaining visitors and attacking his enemies. He had a succession of literary quarrels that lasted half a century. The journalist Freron, later ridiculed as Frelon, 386 VOLTAIRE: LITERATURE AND LIFE the hornet, was soon to ply his sting, and the two Rousseaus occupied in turn the post of enemy extraordinary. The skir- mishing with J.-B. Rousseau belongs to these days, as also the bout with the despicable Desfontaines. The latter's Voltairo- manie was an outbreak of scurrility against more deadly epi- gram. Shortly afterward, in 1739, the " divine Emilie " (Mme du Chatelet) dragged her friend from the Siecle de Louis XIV to a round of festivities in Brussels and then in Paris. The correspondence with Frederick had gone on, with extrav- agant compliment and mutual adoration. The Monarch had written a refutation of Machiavelli and then refuted himself and disappointed Voltaire by invading Silesia. But before this the two most remarkable men of their age had arranged a meet- ing which passed delightfully. Mahomet was produced in Paris (1741) and met with great applause, until its attacks on fanaticism were twisted by enemies into the semblance of " in- famous blasphemy." The authorities once more intervened, and Voltaire left the city in disgust. But he soon tried again with Merope, which gave him one of the most dazzling pre- mieres on record. It is about this time that Voltaire's fourth phase, combin- ing his Parisian with his Prussian celebrity, may be considered as inaugurated. With his dramatic success and with deft religious prostrations and protestations, he made a second bid for the Academy and again failed. He fell back on diplomatic missions to Frederick, sanctioned by the French court, but at that game the King proved himself far cleverer than Voltaire. In 1745, he was again in Paris with a playlet, won some court favor, superintended festivities and was appointed Historiographer Royal. This wedge once driven in, it was not so hard to win the smiles of the Pompadour and even the benedictions of the Pope, who actually accepted the dedication to Mahomet. Finally, Voltaire was elected to the Academy (1746). But falling into disgrace at coxirt, he and the Marquise had to flee overnight. They went into hiding, first at Sceaux, and were later welcomed in Lorraine by Stanislaus, King of Poland and protector of a handsome guards- man and minor poet called Saint-Lambert. We need not dwell on Mme du Chatelet's infatuation for this lover, her abandon- VOLTAIRE: LITERATURE AND LIFE 387 ment of Voltaire, his rage and grief, and her death, which was the greatest affliction of his life. He found himself back in Paris, where he set up an establishment with his niece, Mme Denis. He sought distraction in a theater of his own, playing tragedies in opposition to the gloomy Crebillon, discovering the great actor Le Kain. Voltaire's tales were also running through delighted Paris at this period. But Frederick the Great had renewed his invitation, and this time the guest was ready. He obtained an imgracious leave of absence from Louis XV and arrived at Potsdam in July, 1750. The first months in Prussia were a genuine delight to the two men in Europe who were wholly capable of appreciating each other. Not only was Voltaire lavishly provided ni38ia £^j.. j^g ^^g publicly honored and feted in a way certain to stimulate his vanity and pride. Whole theaters rose at his entrance; royal apartments were given him to work in; royal consorts smilingly excused him from their heavy dinners; and he was the chief light of the royal suppers in that little octagonal room which contained night after night the con- centrated wit of Europe. Officially he was Court Chamberlain and the arbiter and polisher of the King's literary endeavors. These varied joys the exile paraded in letters to his niece, but he already doubted if the glory could last. The rift came when the visitor began illegally speculating through the medium of a usurer, whom Voltaire dragged through a rather disgraceful lawsuit. Frederick stood coldly aloof. The quarrel with Maupertuis followed. This eminent if socially stupid mathematician could not get along with Voltaire. He was President of the Berlin Academy and could bear no rival near the throne. Voltaire found his opportunity, satirized Mauper- tuis in the Diatribe du docteur Akakia, and convulsed the court with laughter. Frederick, however, was estranged, and it be- came necessary for Voltaire to leave. The two parted with the semblance of amity. But at Frankfort Voltaire was arrested by the royal orders and detained several weeks. Possibly through Frederick's influence the return of the native was balked by the French government on the frontier; also a pirated edition of the Essai sur les moeurs rendered official opinion in France intractable. 388 VOLTAIRE: LITERATURE AND LIFE Where was Voltaire to turn? He was now sixty years old. Neither king nor priest in any of the Catholic countries would tolerate him. During the three years that he had Switzeran gpgjj^ with Frederick, his literary accomplishment had been slight. The same may be said of his previous cour- tier-life in Paris. He now wanted leisure, peace and health. He sought them first just outside of Protestant Geneva on the property he called Les Delices; and then at his famous estate of Ferney, which was really in Burgundy, but next to the Swiss frontier. Thither Madame Denis came as his housekeeper, and he rolled up his sleeves for the literary fray. The Siecle de Louis XIV came out in 1751. The pirated ver- sion of the Essai sur les mceurs called for his own definitive edition, which he delivered in 1756. The same year saw his most earnest philosophical poem — that on the disaster of Lisbon. Two years later the masterpiece of Candide appeared. In the meantime, Voltaire's first home had become a rendezvous for the gayer life of Geneva, and he had, as usual, eslfeblished a private theater. The stricter Calvinists objected, notably J. -J. Rous- seau, and Voltaire, after several skirmishes with the Gene- vans, thought himself happier out of Switzerland. Just across the border, at Ferney, he was henceforth absolutely his own master. At this point we may pause to consider his strictly belle- tristic activities, including, where necessary, some few produc- tions of the Ferney period. In the first place, it is evident that such a life will leave its mark on composition, whether in the direction of facility and haste, or of actuality and vitality. The divisions to be dealt with here are poetry, fiction and history. Voltaire's theater, as well as his pamphleteering and philoso- phie, will be treated separately (see Bk. Ill, Ch. I and Bk. IV, Ch. II). His poetic, as well as his dramatic performance, follows in the main his theories and corresponds to his nature. In the more serious forms of verse — the epic and the ode — a constant sense of the rules, combined with a natural lack of elevation, makes for dulness and an absence of warmth. In the lighter genres — epistles, tales or impromptus — Voltaire's gaiety, grace and talent appear unrestrained. Even his corres- HIS VERSE 389 pondence is interlarded with verses. He wrote a great many and of almost every kind: dramatic, epic, mock-epic, narrative, di- dactic; odes, satires, epistles, critiques, and especially vers d' oc- casion. Some idea of the content and character of his chief works may be given. La Henriade or La Ligue, as it was first called, portrays the period of the religious wars and glorifies the name of Henry IV. Voltaire evidently hoped in this poem to write the great national epic that had been vainly awaited since the time of Ronsard. But it was too late for the indigenous kind of epic, and despite many admirable verses and descriptions. La Henriade remains decidedly artificial. Voltaire's odes, for the most part, are cold and restrained; they evince rhetorical preoccupations and that fondness for capitalized abstractions so characteristic of the century. His did^tic poems are more important for philosophy than for art. This is seen in Le Pour et le Contre {Epitre a Uranie), the Discdurs en vers sur I'homme, the P^eme sur la loi naturelle, and the famous Poeme sur le desastre de Lisbonne. Of these, the first and the last show the most fire and finish; the other two, longer, stiffer in style, and perhaps more profound, consist mainly of moralizings in the vein of Pope. The latter's Dunciad may also have furnished the idea for Voltaire's Temple du Gout, a critique and satire on contemporary letters, written in mingled prose and verse. Addison's Campaign probably in- spired Voltaire's retort in the Poeme de Fontenoy, where his muse for once is clearly patriotic. Among his satires may be mentioned Le Mondain, or " Apology for Luxury," a subject ger- mane to the spirit of the times. But it is rather in the hundreds of light verses, loose leaves from his portfolio, that Voltaire's deft hand and ready wit appear. The stanzas and epistles, arising from all sorts of occasions, are addressed to most of the celebrities of the time. Frederick is apostrophized as the " Solomon of the North " and Mme du Chatelet is thus adjured: Si vous voulez que j'aime encore, Rendez-moi I'age des amours. On the bewildered head of Lefranc de Pompignan is heaped a succession of stanzas, beginning respectively with Pour, Qui, 390 VOLTAIRE: LITERATURE AND LIFE Qiioi, etc. — a rapid fire of impudent and stinging wit. The manner is usually the genre badin, the light verse of rather free stanzaic form, often epigrammatic and always of a graceful easy flow. The stories in verse are scarcely to be distinguished from the stories in prose, save that in the former the Voltairian qualities are likely to appear with more emphasis on decoration and a frequent suggestion of La Fontaine. Among the most amusing are Ce qui plait aux dames and La Begueule. The philosophic contes in prose are probably, in modem eyes, the best known and best liked portion of Voltaire's work. Ten or twelve of these would constitute the most artistic Stones volume of all his contributions to literature. They are novelized pamphlets — but they are also delightful apologues* The rapidity of action, the brilliancy and potency of style, the shrewd doses of milder philosophy, and the constant play of a laughing intelligence rank these tales among the world's little masterpieces. Objection has been made to the intrusive person- ality of the author — but his personality is worth intruding. An- other reproach is the lack of character-drawing, and it is true that the people are silhouettes, though sharply defined. Judging from several standards of today, particularly that of dramatic concentration, we can see how the tales might have been bettered; but the Oriental apologue of the eighteenth century was a special genre, with rules and practices of its own. The usual form, briefly, is this: personages of queer and some- times symbolic names (Candide, Micromegas) are set to travel- ing in strange countries; the East is the favorite field, though we may have a Huron in Paris {L'Ingenu) or terrestrials in other worlds. Either their experiences are designed to illustrate some one principle dear to the philosophes (Candide), or there is a suc- cession of skirmishes along philosophic, economic or sociological lines. The eighteenth-century " veil " is thus applied, not only to the (alien) setting, but also to the personages, often disguised acquaintances of Voltaire's, and to the ideas, which are both stated and symbolized. The idea of relativity is constantly pres- ent, because of the comparisons involved. For instance, in the first of the series, Le Monde comme it va — Vision de Babouc, Persepolis represents Paris, and the question of destroying the city is posited through a series of HIS PROSE 391 tableaux. Zadig, drawn from many sources, intimates many morals. Episodes and adventures of the wandering prince, cosmopolitan conversations, a hermit, and detective methods that anticipate Sherlock Holmes — such are the elements that div^sify a rambling narrative, whose chief message seems to be that there is much uncertainty in human affairs. Micro- megas (" The Little-Great One ") deals with interstellar visita- tions and satirizes Fontenelle as the secretary of the Academy of Saturn. It preaches relativity in insisting that size and other apparent advantages are matters of comparison (cf. Gulliver's Travels). Candide (1758), the most famous exemplar of the corde philosophique, is also the most artistically told and unified. (.The burning earnestness that animated the Poeme sur le desastre de Lisbonne is still present in Candide as a deep, partly hidden . ground-tone. The surface of the story reveals the familiar Vol- taire — the controlled mockery of an optimism blind in the face of senseless and endless misfortunes, the dazzling wit evidenced in sustained caricature, the spontaneity of handling and the rapidity of movement. The chain of adventures simply shows the travelers as constantly falling from the frying-pan into the fire. The characters stand on their feet here better than else- where, particularly Pangloss the Leibnizian, who gives the ironic key to the story by declaring that all is for the best in the best of possible worlds. The merits of Voltaire's style are conspicuous in these and other contes. He mixes the conversational with the dignified Oriental manner, but he stamps all with his own image. The main features of this style are its swiftness, its smoothness and graceful wit. The sentences fly to the mark like poisoned arrows. Voltaire is the ablest manipulator of that style coupe which has succeeded to the long sentences and elaborate rhetoric of the previous age. As historian also, Voltaire still has his interest and value. He added much to historical conception and he relativized much in historical treatment. Before him history had History lyeejx largely a matter of dry compilations or of rhetorical generalities. Voltaire and Montesquieu show critical care and some modern sense of values. To these qualities they add literary talent and a general appeal, turning history into 392 VOLTAIRE: LITERATURE AND LIFE a notable example of the better side of the salon influence. Voltaire's special achievement was to rationalize the subject and to consider as its chief content the march of himian civil- ization. With his usual universality, he wrote every kind of history: the annalistic, the biographical, the political and the philosophi- cal. The biographical is brilliantly exhibited in the Histoire de Charles XII of Sweden (1731), where Voltaire's mind undergoes and communicates the fascination of the individual leader — a capital illustration of Carlyle's " great man " theory. The narrative and dramatic interest of this kind continues to a considerable extent in Voltaire's masterpiece — the Steele de Louis XIV (1751), where the writer still sees the "enlightened despot " as the main figure of his age. Louis and the able men around him are viewed, however, less as conquerors than as civilizers. It is above all " I'esprit humain," as de- veloped in a great period, that interests Voltaire. Hence his treatment of the epoch, while allowing for biographical data and even court gossip, presents first a large tableau of the political history of the reign, then includes chapters on com- merce, sciences, arts, letters and religion. This treatment has been criticized as too analytical and too piecemeal; but it is still largely the procedure of scientific historians today. Voltaire was particularly qualified to undertake such a survey, and the result is that the Siecle de Louis XIV, though in certain ways too panegyrical, is the best work of its peculiar kind in the century. The author here shows tendencies to regard any great age as primarily marked by its successes in literature and the arts; to make reason rather than religion the light of civilization; to view periods not so distinguished as benighted and worthless; and, curiously enough, to exalt the empire of chance, of the small apparently unrelated fact, in human affairs. Such tendencies appear still more conspicuously in the wider scope of the Essai sur les mceurs et I'esprit des nations (first ed., 1745-46; more fully, 1756). This work is a universal history and practically the first his- tory of civilization. Purporting to begin where Bossuet left off, Voltaire yet has much to say, by way of introduction, concern- ing the ancients and the nations of the Orient. In many respects HIS PROSE 393 this book shows its modernity, not only in such ideas as humani- tarianism and its estimates of social service, but also in the novelty of its method. For instance, the chance-theory seems here a part of Voltaire's "pyrrhonism" (compare Le Pyrrhonisme de I'histoire, 1768), or of the skepticism that makes him doubt the facile explanations of priests and populace, as well as the unsupported testimony of such writers as Tacitus, Bossuet and of course Herodotus. The skeptic is opposed to the inclusion in serious history of various legends and stories, particularly such as seem to debase human nature. Voltaire everywhere recom- mends the test of natural probability and of sound, suflBcient evi- dence, without party prejudice. In the Essai, the " spirit that denied " sometimes dimmed the author's philosophic view of causes and led him into various forms of injustice toward certain influences. Modern progress for him starts definitely with the Renaissance. He can appreci- ate the role neither of the early Christians, nor of the perennial Jews, nor of the Middle Ages, with their feudalism, their " horrors and miracles," their greedy Popes, their religious wars and schisms, their crusades, ill-conducted and ill-starred. He simply removes the romance from the Middle Ages and considers them as almost wholly " barbarous." Voltaire is often occu- pied with wilfully smashing windows. Otherwise, the treatise gives a fairly spaced view of the past; it has been called a monument to the spirit of humanity, which Voltaire deems " greater than the Pjrramids " ; and its influence and utility are alike indisputable. It subordinates, of course, Bossuet's Provi- dence as a manipulator of history, it shows the preponderant importance of les mcewrs, of industrial and cultural manifesta- tions, it often gives a panorama rather than a j)rofound expla- nation of the course of empire, and it offers interesting pictures of the world outside of Europe. Voltaire's hatred of war is pronounced; usefulness to the race is considered the final test for movements and for men. Voltaire's rationalizing of the Middle Ages, of the miracles and crusades, is akin to the method of modern research, which, however, rises above his prejudices. For in spite of all his cautions about judging each age relatively, by its own purpose rather than by that of another period, he frequently falls into 394. VOLTAIRE: LITERATURE AND LIFE the latter blunder. In virtues and vices he remains intensely dix-huitieme; and he is too often inaccurate in detail. Yet he gave his century its record of civilization; he thereby stands at the threshold of modern history, and his two main works are still highly considered, though correctejl, by the historians of today. CHAPTER III MONTESQUIEU Into the restless world of the Regency came the old Roman profile and allegiance, the aristocratic temper, the inquiring om- nivorous mind of Charles-Louis de Secondat, who His Career ^^^-^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^ Montesquieu (1689-1755). Born near Bordeaux, of a family belonging to the noblesse de robe, he underwent the influences of this Gascon heredity and habitat throughout his well-ordered life. He was educated, with em- phasis on the Latin classics, by the Jesuits; he was trained in legal procedure, though his interest was rather in the " spirit " of legislation; he entered Parisian circles equipped with those powers of observation and irony which produced the brilliant and iconoclastic Lettres persanes (1721). His preoccupation with wit and social satire was further strengthened by his association with the leaders of the salons. All four of these were at various periods of his career among his helpful friends: the Marquise de Lambert pushed him for the Academy, Mme de Tencin addressed him in a tone of intimate raillery, the others placed him among their pet lions. Already at Bordeaux, Montesquieu had indulged in that cultivation of the physical sciences which is at once a sign of the times and of his own positive bent. Now in Paris he attends the Club de I'Entresol (see below, p. 409) , an organization for political discus- sion. These two interests, especially the political, were newly and vitally stirred by Montesquieu's travels, which began in 1728, after his election to the Academy, and ended three years later in England. This sojourn in England represents a turning-point in his thought. As in the case of Voltaire, what had been held in solution was now precipitated, and the result in each case is a fresh and significant conception of liberty. Returning to France, Montesquieu divides his time between Paris and his 395 396 MONTESQUIEU estate of La Brede, shows his practical sense in the administra- tion of the latter, disposes of his " charge " as President of the Bordeaux Parliament, and concentrates more and more on his masterpieces. The Grandeur et decadence des Romains (1734) was probably largely conceived before his trip to England. The Esprit des lois (1748) was the result of two laborious dec- ades, varied only by occasional journeys or visits and the usual cares of life. The Latin characteristics of Montesquieu are amply evidenced by contemporary testimony and his own aptitudes. But he is jjig an " old Roman " crossed with a Gascon magis- Personality trate. The first appears in the stoicism which makes him reserved in emotion, which leads him to justify suicide, and stamps his correspondence as less expansive than that of his friends. The Gascon appears in a more natural, though frequently checked, disposition toward liveliness and exaggeration in expression. The magistrate appears in his domestic masterfulness and sense of leadership; the aristocrat, in his emphasis on heredity and the Parliaments. In fact, he goes back to the Classic ideal of I'honnete homme, ripened by many contacts and tastes, holding to standards of moderation and virtue, not without his point of pride. More in the spirit of his own time are his humanitarian qualities and his tendency to view things from a sociological and philosophic standpoint. His mind is primarily legal, in that he is accustomed to the weighing, sifting, and coordinating of evidence. But he is also a philosophe and a relativist in his concern with the "* new interests, his distrust of the old absolutes of metaphysics, church and state. More than this — he is the fore- most generalizer of his century. No such grasp of principles, no such display of synthetic ability had yet been known, and Montes- quieu is only surpassed by Bayle for wealth and catholicity of knowledge. Hibtory, law, ancient lore, contemporary travels, physical sciences — the President learned and linked them all into his system. The search for moral and physical causes impels all his work. He is an investigator and a spectator first; and then he is a philosophe. Like the leaders of the Renaissance he is infinitely curious — " that noble curiosity " for more and more knowledge — and the Esprit des lois is once interrupted by a THE LETTRES PERSANES 397 startling yet characteristic invocation to the Pierian Muses. He has no other sentiment for art than that. He names as " great poets " four philosophic thinkers — Plato, Malebranche, Shaftes- Imry and Montaigne; his taste is of the colorless neo-classic variety; and positivistic science has now replaced the sweep of the imagination. Yet he is not distracted from " the proper study of mankind." His impressive dominance in half-a-dozen fields of thought will appear from a survey of his works. The Lettres persanes came out anonymously, and as a con- temporary prophesied, the book " sold like bread." Better than « Lettres ^^^ °^^^^ product of the time, this satire holds the Persanes" mirror up to the Regency, faithfully reflecting its (1721) mocking spirit, its license and its ferment. Nothing so daring, so amusing and brilliant, had yet been allowed in print, though many such ideas must have floated among the free-thinkers and the coffee-houses. To such an extent do the Lettres persanes crystallize this frondeur criticism and revolt that Montesquieu never formally acknowledged the work and in later life seemed ashamed of it. The sources, in form, are negligible; much of the matter comes from Chardm's Voyage en Perse. Montesquieu's plan is that two Persians, Rica and Usbek, visiting Paris, shall write home their apparently na'ive and unprejudiced account of French customs. The frame-work is then a veil, similar to that used by Swift and Voltaire, behind which a great many indirect blows can be delivered. Dealing with actualities, the book is partly journal- istic; it is partly fiction, in that we have the story of the women whom the Persian travelers left behind them. The harem at- mosphere thus introduced is heavy and imwholesome. The illusion of the Oriental viewpoint is, however, skilfully maintained through most of the book. There are also " portraits," in the man- ner of La Bruyere, of such public figures as the busy inventor, the reporter, the speculators and the dandies. There are certain other Classical and conservative features, seen in the balanced style, the frequent appeal to " reason " and " good sense," the aristocratic contempt for writers, pedants and sycophants, some- what indiscriminately mingled. The Lettres persanes has its serious as well as its frivolous side. Towards the end, the tone changes and the real importance of the 398 MONTESQUIEU pamphlet appears: it announces not only the Esprit des lais but the esprit of the century. The book is nearly always for- ward-looking and often revolutionary. As regards government, Montesquieu adopts categorically the standpoint of the relativist. "The best government is that which attains its end with the least expenditiu:e of energy." eas rpjjg kinds of governments and their principles are sketched very much as we shall see them in the Esprit des lois. Only here it is significant that Montesquieu can imagine all these principles as obtaining in a Republic, which on the whole is the sort of government that he now prefers. He satirizes, not with- out regret, the failure of the monarchical and aristocratic regime. He sees the French monarchy as degenerate and pleasure-seeking, criticizes Louis XIV, and admits the decline of the aristocracy with impatience and shame. As regards philosophy, Montesquieu states the ideas of the relativist and the semi-materialist in connection with the vary- ing testimony of the senses and with the persistent intrusion of the ego. The divine order of the universe appears less as a matter of sublime mysteries than as a manifestation of a few immutable — and simple — physical laws. In moral precepts, there is again no absolute. Materialism also shows its head in the emphasis on the bodily '' machine " and in several passages concerning the influences of climate and soil, which foreshadow the famous doc- trines of the Esprit des lois. Believing apparently in natural religion, Montesquieu, in the Lettres persanes, openly assails the foundations of Catholicism, declaring that it can scarcely last five hundred years, that the Pope is an idol worshipped only from habit, that he and the king are simply " two magicians." The writer gibes at nearly all the standard doctrines, berates the theologians, those super-subtle " dervishes," laughs at the Capucin missionaries, takes a fling at the temporal power of the church and anticipates Voltaire's indictment of the terrible religious wars. We have a defense of free-will, as not really discordant with God's power — it is better to follow his precepts than to analyze his cloudy attributes. We have a distinct approach to the method of comparative religion in the passage where a Mohammedan believer condones the Christians. Irony still appears in the treatment of these ques- THE LETTRES PERSANES 399 tions, but there is no flaw in/tSfe-gincerity with which the"authot here and elsewhere stands up for the principles of tolerance. In fact, he finds nothing more offensive to the gods than the absence of humanity and equity. Justice tempered with mercy is both divine and human. So a diatribe against the Inquisition is paralleled by one against the cruelty of the Spaniards in the Indies, and Usbek, the author's mouthpiece, regrets the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. The Protestants are defended as useful merchants and artisans, and it is also on grounds of utility that Montesquieu suggests what he later partially retracts — the estab- lishment of several religions in a state. His whole approach to the religious question is, indeed, not only from the standpoint of the rationalist, but also from that of the tolerant humanitarian and statesman. It is noticeable that he allows the Troglodytes their own religion, in order to soften manners and to aid virtue. This idea of the creed as service- able to the state is in accordance with his conception of social solidarity, which lies at the base of the Troglodyte republic. Here all labor for the common interest. It is emphasized that the general aim is not separable, in a " virtuous " state, from the individual good, and such solidarity even reaches the point of communism in Montesquieu's doctrine. However, in answer- ing objections as to the pernicious effect of the " arts " (indus- tries) and inventions, Usbek associates them with the advance of civilization, and maintains that they are desirable chiefly as creating a state of " luxury," needed for the general welfare. This is one of Montesquieu's most idiosyncratic theories. Such are the main ideas of this remarkably fertile book. Its form has doubtless interfered with a full appreciation of it, es- pecially in our own times. Its fragmentary character, its hop- skip-and-jump manner, its apparently haphazard construction are disconcerting; but it was always Montesquieu's ideal to " provoke thought rather than (mere) reading," to stimulate by alternate piquancy and depth. His lax construction matters less in letters than elsewhere. When the Persian veil is nearly dropped towards the end, we are certainly reading the direct utterances of a very competent thinker. Contemporaries, we are told, pardoned the book's temerities for the sake of its gaieties; today one is disposed to do exactly the contrary. 400 MONTESQUIEU In 1734 appeared the Considerations sur les causes de la grandeur des Remains et de leur decadence — to give the volume ..^, ^ its full and exactly appropriate title. Like all of " Grandeur et ,, ^ . , i 1 • j decadence des Montesquieu s works, it was issued anonymously, Eomains " jj^^ j^gre, as with the Esprit des lois, the authorship was soon apparent and was not denied. The book is a classical masterpiece: classical not only because it is saturated with the spirit of Latin antiquity, but French Classical in that it mirrors the abiding qualities of harmony, proportion, universal truth and dignified style ; it is a masterpiece because of these qualities and the correspondingly elevated thought, because for once Montesquieu reaches artistic unity and balance of parts. The history unfolds, indeed, like a Classical tragedy, rising through " grandeur " to fall through " decadence," with Pompey as the climax of the plot. The dramatic value is enhanced by the spectacular, by those visions of men and races which Mon- tesquieu draws with so large a sweep. The Roman side of him is now thoroughly at home, and you feel the spirit that has long known comradeship with Tacitus and Livy, with the imposing austere virtues of the Republic, as well as with the graces of the later orators. In these respects the book looks backward; but it is emphatically of its own century by its method of " con- sidering " history. Montesquieu is primarily philosophic. He seeks historic truth in the " esprit general," in the movement of profound moral and physical causes. " The general march drags with it all particular incidents." Before him Bossuet almost alone in France had represented a concept of philosophic history. The two men have similar interpretations of many facts, a like ad- miration for antiquity, a like instinct for historical observation and induction. But they soar as rival eagles. The idea of Providence, the operation of the First Cause dominates the panorama of Bossuet, as God the protagonist dominates the Biblical dramas of Racine. Montesquieu deals only with directly human and natural causes. The power even of the Roman religion is scanted in his survey, which analyses mainly politics, war, the moral status. The reasons for Roman great- ness are founded on the wisdom of the citizens and their " vir- tuous " institutions. The decay of these principles spelled the THE ESPRIT DES LOIS 401 decay of Rome, which also suffered from the unwieldy extension of the Empire. The treatment is suitably elevated, somewhat aphoristic, reminiscential of Latin masters, adapting strikingly their figures and vocabulary, eloquent, yet not merely rhetorical. This famous passage will show us Montesquieu on the heights: C'est ici qu'il faut se doniier le spectacle des choses humaines. Qu'on vole dans I'histoire de Rome, tant de guerres entreprises, tant de sang repandu, tant de peuples detruits, tant de grandes actions, tant de triomphes, tant de politique, de sagesse, de prudence, de Constance, de courage; ce projet d'envahir tout, si bien forme, si bien soutenu, si bien fini, a quoi aboutit-U, qu'a assouvir le bonheur de cinq ou six monstres? Quoi! ce senat n'avait fait evanouir tant de rois que pour tomber lui-meme dans le plus bas esclavage de quelques-ims de ses plus indignes citoyens, et s'exterminer par ses propres arrets! On n'eleve done sa puissance, que pour la voir mieux renversee! Les hommes ne travaillent a augmenter leur pouvoir, que pour le voir tomber centre eux- memes, dans de plus heureuses mains! In handling his sources, Montesquieu is usually careful, stating nothing without authority; he sometimes exaggerates dramatically, but he never simply perverts ; yet he is not wholly critical, in the modern sense; he is too respectful of the ancients to question their credibility. Also, he naturally knows little or nothing of epigraphy and archeology. These deficiencies, while rendering the book old-fashioned, do not deprive it of its prin- cipal values. Its philosophic method, as concerned with eternal verities, and its consimimate literary form remain. The method inspired Gibbon and Buckle, and that modern study of the ancient city by Fustel de Coulanges (see Bk. VIII, Ch. III). Stylistic merits have given this history its place as part of the regular education of French youth. The Esprit des lois, often considered the greatest work of the century, is a book of many facets. Purporting to reveal " L'Espiit des *''^^ relations of laws to natural and social institu- lois" (i748Hions, it really touches upon nearly every depart- ment of civilization, nearly every land and time. It originated from a nexus of contemporary discussion and therefore is not " created without a mother," as its author proudly declares. But he gives here the fullest expression of his own mind and doctrine, 402 MONTESQUIEU though much of the latter has been anticipated in the Lettres persanes. It is a pity that the Esprit des lais is the least well- written among Montesquieu's works, the most poorly composed and directed. The main intention and divisions are none the less manifest. It expresses essentially the conception of a relativist. Laws may represent a struggle towards the type of "eternal justice," but more apparently they are and should be the reflection of special conditions; or, as Montesquieu's subtitle expresses it, the " spirit " of laws consists in " the rapport which they ought to have with the constitution of each government, with its customs, climate, religion, commerce, etc." To these relations he shortly adds other physiographical points, the kind of life led in each coimtry, the degree of liberty allowed, and the interaction of laws among themselves. They are even hazardously defined as rapports — " the necessary connections deriving from the nature of things." This idea of a " consensus," of a complex which hangs together in a given civilization, constitutes the chief merit of the book in modern eyes. Rejecting the theory of caprice and relegating that of Providence, Montesquieu, still historical in approach, perceives that behind the code of each country stand its mceurs and behind them, " certain moral and physical causes." That is his first great generalization. His second is that the laws appropriate to each country reflect its morale particularly as crystallized in its form of government. The third, especially associated with his name, concerns the theory of climate and other physical forces as variously dominating races and their legislations. All of these are relative considerations. For years, as he tells us, Montesquieu struggled towards these " principles." When the light came, his material fell readily — perhaps too readily — into place; first, along the lines of the divi- sion and nature of governments. These he divides into despotic, monarchical and republican, animated respectively by the prin- dpes of fear, honor and civic virtue. He then proceeds, in the first ten books, to analyze his definitions, in the Cartesian manner, by recording their applications in the fields of education, of civil, formal and penal legislation, sumptuary laws and luxury. A book on the corruption of the principles is followed by a dis- cussion of the connection of laws with militarism. THE ESPRIT DES LOIS 403 Two criticisms may at once be made. The fields in which operates the spirit of laws succeed one another, as is evident from the last two sentences, in a disjointed and scrappy manner, without satisfactory exhaustion and coordination. When Mon- tesquieu thought of a fresh rapport, he added a new book. This was the method of the works on jurisprudence preceding and partly influencing him. The other objection concerns his division of governments. The traditional and logical division of Aristotle, into governments ruled by one, several or many, is displaced by associating the aristocratic with the democratic kind and by enlarging the one-man government into the two types of monarchy and despotism. The latter is of course a derogation from the former, but Montesquieu here proceeds on historical and spatial rather than on logical grounds. Broadly, by despotic government he always means the Orient, by democratic he means ancient republics, by monarchical he means modern western Europe. The specific modern applications are usually left to the reader. As regards the three prindpes — fear, honor and vertu, — they seem in part acceptable, though with limitations which Montes- quieu did not seek to impose. In fact, his insistence throughout a good part of the work on returning inappositely to the kinds of government and their principles, results in some distortion and an excess of simplification. With the eleventh book we have a change of basis, and the influence of Montesquieu's visit to England is readily seen. He is now preaching the English conception of liberty, as em- bodied in the English constitution, with particular stress on the balance and division of powers. This part of the work is probably the most famous and the most far-reaching in effect. Following Locke with some modifications, Montesquieu urges the conservation of the monarchy by balancing and separating the powers in the three forms with which we are acquainted — legislative, executive and judicial. Two lesser books intervene before we reach his next great contribution. The potency of physical causes appears at its height in the treatment accorded to climate and the nature of the land, as they affect the bodily machine, character, institutions, and hence laws. Certain generalizations here are too hasty, but the main division by zones of climate is notable as influencing Mme de Stael, Buckle 404 MONTESQUIEU and much of modern thought. Yet it is significant that just as Montesquieu sets manners and customs above laws, so he sets moral above physical causes and conceives it to be the legislator's duty frequently to contravene the latter. Polygamy and slavery may have their raison d'etre in despotism and climate, but they are not therefore desirable. With Book XIX on the " general spirit " of the nations, the truly vital part of the Esprit des lois closes. The rest is more and more rambling, though there are interesting considerations as to evolution, cautious safeguards as to religion, and learned disquisitions on Roman and feudal laws. But the chief points have been made, a sociological method has been inaugurated, and we may group together some of its more forward-looking elements. First, an attempt has been made to study the psychology of races. Without accepting all of Montesquieu's gleanings from books of travel, discounting such flights as those to China or Paraguay, allowing for his ignorance of natural history and the great modern democracies, one may yet see the impulsion, in method and in fact, toward a main nineteenth-century preoccupation. Secondly, ideals of tolerance and humanitarianism are conspicuous. Along with despotism, torture and slavery, religious persecution and imnatural usages are accounted for, but ultimately reproved. A faith in progress and a belief in some ordering of the universe are occasionally expressed. Thirdly, jm-isprudence is lifted from its dry and dusty tomes to the rank of a human force of the first order. A control of legal forms and influences, making for amelioration, is suggested. If Montesquieu's growing conservatism, manifest also in his attitude towards the monarchy and religion, makes him in the large more static than evolutionary, he yet recog- nizes development in each legal field or what he calls revolution. Finally, a theory of government is combined which will have far-reaching results. Holding to the ideal liberty of a consti- tutional monarchy, he devises for that a system which has been partially conveyed into the American Constitution. In France, theorists and legislators have made abundant use of this system, which rests essentially on the checking, balancing and separating of the three main powers. Montesquieu thus ex- SUMMARY 405 panded French literature to include jurisprudence, the science of government and something of political economy. Add to these the treatment of philosophical history initiated by the Grandeur et decadence des Romains. Voltaire, in spite of the fact that he and Montesquieu were antipathetic, declared that the latter had " restored to humanity its lost titles." This should mean that the President gave to a skeptical age a rational and logical account of itself, as well as of other periods and their laws. The handling of these matters is, however, not uniformly suc- cessful. The salon taste demanded a certain lightness, wit and spice. Hence the inappropriate insertions, the false starts and the literary caviar which made the Esprit des lois more palatable for its contemporaries than for us. Moreover, the work seems rather a collection of notes, shot through with fine speculations, than an organic whole. Montesquieu's style generally is coupe, moving by short jerks, dispensing with connectives and transi- tions, lacking Voltaire's grace. But it is often forceful and brilliant, and in the Grandeur et decadence des Romains it can rise to heights of noble declamation. | 7,270 |
https://github.com/page-tek/kicad-libraries/blob/master/modules/Page-tek-SMDpassive.pretty/RESCAXS8P50_200X100X35L25X30N-0804.kicad_mod | Github Open Source | Open Source | Unlicense | 2,023 | kicad-libraries | page-tek | KiCad Layout | Code | 385 | 1,221 | (module RESCAXS8P50_200X100X35L25X30N (layer F.Cu) (tedit 0)
(descr "Resistor, Chip Array, 2 Side Convex, 0.50 mm pitch; 8 pin, 2.00 mm L X 1.00 mm W X 0.35 mm H body")
(attr smd)
(fp_text reference REF** (at 0 0) (layer F.SilkS) hide
(effects (font (size 1 1) (thickness 0.1)))
)
(fp_text value Val** (at 0 0) (layer F.SilkS) hide
(effects (font (size 0.63 0.54) (thickness 0.12)))
)
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(fp_line (start -1.1 -0.58) (end 1.1 -0.58) (layer F.Fab) (width 0.12))
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(fp_line (start 1.1 0.58) (end -1.1 0.58) (layer F.Fab) (width 0.12))
(fp_line (start -1.35 0.83) (end -1.27 0.83) (layer F.CrtYd) (width 0.05))
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(pad 1 smd rect (at -0.8 0.62 90) (size 0.83 0.43) (layers F.Cu F.Paste F.Mask))
(pad 2 smd rect (at -0.25 0.62 90) (size 0.83 0.33) (layers F.Cu F.Paste F.Mask))
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(pad 8 smd rect (at -0.8 -0.62 90) (size 0.83 0.43) (layers F.Cu F.Paste F.Mask))
)
| 28,256 |
https://github.com/rds1983/Myra/blob/master/src/Myra/Platform/TouchCollection.cs | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,023 | Myra | rds1983 | C# | Code | 71 | 199 | using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
namespace Myra.Platform
{
public struct TouchCollection
{
public static readonly TouchCollection Empty = new TouchCollection();
private List<TouchLocation> _touches;
public List<TouchLocation> Touches
{
get => _touches;
set
{
if (value == null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(value));
}
_touches = value;
}
}
public bool IsConnected { get; set; }
public int Count { get => Touches.Count; }
public TouchLocation this[int index] { get => Touches[index]; }
}
}
| 46,526 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco%20Mordente | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Marco Mordente | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marco Mordente&action=history | English | Spoken | 193 | 316 | Marco Mordente (born January 7, 1979) is an Italian former professional basketball player. He also represented the Italian national basketball team. He played at the point guard position.
Career
In 1998 while he was playing for Olimpia Milano he lost the final match of Saporta Cup against Žalgiris Kaunas; in 2003 his team, Siena, reached the third place in Euroleague.
He has won Italian title in 2006 with Benetton and with the same team he won Italian Supercup 2006 and Italian Cup 2007.
National team career
Mordente wore Italian jersey of youth team at European Championship of 1995 and 1998; he was a member of Italian senior roster at European Championship in 2005 and World Championship in 2006.
External links
Euroleague.net Player Profile
Legabasket.it Player Profile
1979 births
Living people
Competitors at the 2005 Mediterranean Games
Italian men's basketball players
Juvecaserta Basket players
Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Italy
Mens Sana Basket players
Olimpia Milano players
Pallacanestro Treviso players
Pallacanestro Virtus Roma players
People from Teramo
Pallacanestro Reggiana players
Viola Reggio Calabria players
2006 FIBA World Championship players
Point guards
Shooting guards
Mediterranean Games medalists in basketball
Sportspeople from the Province of Teramo | 9,348 |
cosmoscatholicus41902cava_14 | Italian-PD | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,899 | Cosmos catholicus | Cavagna Sangiuliani di Gualdana, Antonio, conte, 1843-1913, former owner. IU-R | Italian | Spoken | 7,019 | 13,144 | In Umbria, sotto l'influenza di Giotto, il XIV secolo moltiplica gli affreschi votivi e fra questi — Catedrale d'Orvieto - rappresenta un Cristo adorato da alcuni personaggi incapaciata e di cui è autore Nicola Petruccio. Nel XV secolo, Gentile da Fabriano abbandona al suo competitore Ottaviano Nelli l'onore d'una Crocefissione — Chiesa di Foligno — dove sono la Vergine, la Santa Maddalena, San Giovanni, San Feliciano, Pietro Crisci e Santa Catarina. Giovanni Sanzio, padre di Raffaello, animi ratore del fiamminghi Jean Van Evck e Roger de Bruges, dipinse una Risurrezione — Chiesa di San Domenico a Cagli. — Ludovico Mattioli nella sua Pietà — Chiesa di S. Pietro a Perugia — mette À la guerra, un giorno di Maria un Gégio adolescente. A destra, nel primo piano, sta San Leonardo: a sini-colo che doveva portar all'eccellenza Raffaello. La Deposizione — Offici in Firenze — avviene sotto un porticato d'architettura robusta: la Vergine soccorsa da Giovanni ha Cristo sulle ginocchia, Maddalena piange, Giuseppe di Arimatea e Nicodemo accusano due diversi dolori, che ben caraterizzano. Olivi e seguono fino alla Flagellazone, non omettendo altre scene della Passione, mentre il dossale di cui fa questa predella - Chiesa di San Nicola a Foligno - ri-pete pur essa la Risurrezione. Con il Perugino si manifesta l'arte del XVI se la parte da essi avuta nella Passione. Nella Risurrezione — Pinacoteca del Vaticano — Cristo risorgecinto da unaureola elittica, simile a quella del Güdice Supremo che è nel Camposanto di Pisa e che fu dipinto col XIV secolo. Ma quale diversità d'attitudini e quanto ha influito il secolo XVI, preoccupatosi sovratutto di rendere il corpo anzi che l'idee! Il Cristo che appare a Maddalena — Offici, Firenze — è di una ricerca che ci fa preferire le opere del settentrione, e il Cristo nel giardino degli Olivi — Accademia di Belle Arti a Firenze mette Gesù su una prominenza erbosa, mentre unangelo gli oltre il calice che il Salv. Atore riceve d'un aria ispirata. Nel primo piano tre apostoli sonnecchiano e in lontananza appaiono i soldati condotti da Iscariota e si disegnano una città, delle montagne e tutta una vegetazione sotto un cielo crepuscolare. Una Pietà, poi, rende due altri tentativi diversi del genio Perugia. L'ima che si trova a Perugia ritrae Cristo Filippino I.ippi » Gesù e In Samaritana, Gesù e la Maddalena « Seminario Arcivescovile. Venezia (Anderson). seduto e votato alla morte ed è di un'interessante realismo che ci richiama la (rocefèssione del Calza ; l'altra nel Museo Pitti di Firenze ripete in diversi ruppi la giovinezza e gli armoniosi gesti di perso- naggi che si trovano sul davanti di un paesaggio degno Di tutta la nostra ammirazione; quest'ultima sembra dal Ghirlandaio. Dopo il Perugino, il Pinturicchio dipinse un Cristo che movo verso il Calvario — Palazzo Borromeo di Milani, e lo Spagna riprende un soggetto già rritrattato dal Perugino stesso e ne fa un'Agonia di (iesù nel giardino degli Olivi — Galleria Nazionale di Londra. Con Raffaello finisce la scuola dell'Umbria e l'in grandisce la tecnica del Perugino. Basti ricordale la Sepoltura — Palazzo Borghese a Roma; — Cristo in croce — Londra. — Anche Giulio Romano, di lui allievo, dipinse una Flagcllazio? — Chiesa di S. Pietro a Roma — una Deposizione dalla croce — Cattedrale di Perugia — un Cristo in croce — Duomo di Genova — e un Noli me tangere — Palazzo Corsini in Roma. Borgognone di Cristo crocefisso — Certosa di Pavia — Andrea Solario un Cristo che porta la croce adorata da un religioso — Galleria di Brescia — un Cristo che muove verso il Calvario — Palazzo Borghese a Roma — e un Ecce Homo — Galleria di Bergamo. — Così il Bernardino Luini di dipinse un Cristo morto — Chiesa di Santa Maria della Passione a Milano — e un grande affresco rappresentante Cristo incoronato di spine e adorato da membri della confraternita di Santa Corona — Biblioteca Ambrosiana di Milano. A Parma il Correggio di pinse una Deposizione di Cristo — Museo degli studi a Napoli — la testa del quale cade rovescio e non lascia veredere che la parte inferiore del mento di un effetto sorprendente. E un sacro volto - Museo di Torino - mostra un Cristo dai lunghi capelli e con la bocca semi-aperta. Nel Piemonte Gaudenzio Ferrari, innamorato di Leonardo da Vinci e di Raffaello, consacra una parte della sua esistenza alle scene della Passione. Se ne trovano a Vercelli, a Yarallo, a Milano e a Torino. MONDO CATTOLICO ILLUSTRATO Se la Passione e i tristi suoi diversi episodi pare ablano esclusivamente richiamata l'attenzione delle scuole italiane, Pasqua e l'allegrezza sua sono appanaggio della scuola veneziana. Un benessere latente sviluppa la visione del coloristi vinti dalla bellezza di Bisanzio e di Ravenna; la gloria li attira: essi vogliono sublimare gli ultimo istanti della forma umana di Gesù; quelle poche ore in cui tutti sorridono, rifiutano di prestar fede ai propri oc chi, dinanzi ad un Cristo insieme amabile, scherzoso, che giunge fino all'ironia e che procede nella luce che si sviluppa dal suo corpo. A Murano Quinzio e Andrea il Bernardino preparano la venuta del Vivarini. La Vergine sorride schiettamente in Antonio da Murano: tutto scintilla con Stefano Veneziano e Carlo Crivelli in una Deposizione nel sepolcro — Pinacoteca reale di Milano — non fa resistere alla tentazione di inquadrare il corpo dolorosamente emaciato di Gesù in ricche stoffe e in rari marmi. Il lenzuolo risplende, due angeli piangono vestiti eli seta brochee su cui scen-dono i flotti d'oro dei capelli inanellati. Così Giovanni Bellini, nei suoi due Cristi morti sa vale dello stesso artefizio. Quello che si trova negli Cifrici di Firenze ha il vis. O calmo, abbellito da capelli e da una barba arricciata e l'espressione del sei perso-naggi che l'attorniano s'accosta più al sorriso che alle lagrime. L'altro che è nel Museo di Berlino ri-pete un uomo robusto, dalle forme nettamente di-segnate, che dorme. Due graziosi efebi lo sorreggono. Cima da Conegliano sogna un tipo di Cristo che, a vero dire, il più bell'uomo che ci riesca di immaginare; il Cristo clic benedice — Galleria di Dresda — ne fa testimonianza. Neil' Incredulità di San Tommaso — Accademia di Verona — questo stesso Cristo è nudo fino alla cintura. Con la testa inclinata sulla spalla egli rimbrotta l'apostolo che non sa credere e Tommaso con il braccio in atto di trattenersi si estasia del Maestro e mormora: Mio signore e mio Dio! — Giovanni, XX, 28. — Ialine Vittorio Carpaccio concepisce un Cristo ado-rato dagli angeli — Museo del Belvedere di Vienna. — Tale il secolo XV. Barbarelli, detto il Giorgione, inizia il secolo seguente. Artista dal gusto virgiliano passa in breve, lasciando, secondo il Vasari, un Gesù tratto al Calvario — Chiesa di San Rocco a Venezia. — Il iziano, allievo di lui, finisce la propria esistenza con una Deposizione dalla croce — Accademia di Venezia — e il suo Cristo che appare a Maria Maddalena — Galleria Nazionale di Londra — è la più bella rappresentazione che si conosca di questo episodio di Pasqua. In un paesaggio ville-reccio, al piedi un conifero che si dischiude, il Divin Giardiniere pressoché nudo, appoggiato sulla vanga, fugge il contatto del gesto di Maddalena prosternata al piedi di lui. Ambedue sono giovani e belli: nessuna traccia di ferita tarpa il Corpo di Gessù, niente turba la già quasi celestiale di cui si illuminia il viso della Santa Donna. Ella striscia, desiderosa di tocare il Salvatore amato ed egli leu tamente si ritrae, sorridendo. In lontananza l'alba s'accusa e illumina già la campagna, il vicino vilaggio, tutta la vegetazione, le praterie già movimentato di animali. E la già vera delle altamente a tutto il misticismo di cui siabbellisce la Pasqua. Palma Vecchio, condiscepolo del Tiziano, dipinse un Redentore alla colonna — Museo di Napoli — dalla corpo ben lumeggiato e la cui tristezza è espressa da un bel volto. Con il Veronese noi muoviamo verso il fastuoso, verso la luce e la già senza alcuna nube. Il Portamento dalla Croce e il Calvario — Museo del Louvre — non sono che un'ombra lieve per la fantasia del veneto artista. Anzi que stulta di tale arditezza che elude ogni triste commento. Il trionfo di Cristo si manifesta in breve con i due Discepoli d'Ennaus. Quello del Museo di Dresda pone Gesù fra due robusti convitati, dinanzi ad una tavola abbellita da vetri preziosi. Dietro al Salvatore è una giovane serva : un piccolo negro osserva la scena e un bambino gioca con un cane. Quello che si trova nel Museo del Louvre abbonda di particolari molto interessanti. Un intera famiglia vi assiste e l'atto di Gesù sembra più grave in quella sala dalle cui colonne si travede un cielo limpido e una città, nonché più lontane, varie montagne. Attorno alla tavola gli inevitabili gruppi di bambini e di cani, una madre che ha in braccio l'ultimo nato, vestita e il abiti di velluto in costume veneziano : il mistero e l'allegrezza! Sebbene, strano fatto, sia comparsa dinanzi al tribunale dell' Inquisizione nel 15y3, la forinola del-l'arte veneziana è essenzialmente idealista. Quando Paolo Veronia chiamava se donner la licence gite se permeftaient les poètes et le foits, a noi oggi pare invece conferire saggezza. Ogni gioia é unita alla festa di Pasqua da parte della liturgia e degli usi. Se per meglio rendere ed esprimere questa gioia gli artisti veneziani hanno esagerate le forme della loro manifestazione, convien ricordare quella Gloria del Paradiso -- Palazzo Ducale di Venezia -- del Tintoretto, che il completo trionfo della loro manifestazione, la più bell'opera a gloria della Pasqua e il miglior commentario del consiglio suggerito dalla chiesa nelgiorno della Risurrezione, Haec dies gitani fccit Dominus, exititemus et laetemttr in ca. Andrea Girodie. COSMOS C ATI IOLI < i s La fanciaria dalla violette i. La casa di Matilde sorgeva su la riva del fiume, dove la corrente si allargava e si faceva limpida come uno specchio. La sua finestra guardava suigiardino e su le acque, e di là essa vedeva le barche passar lente e qualche volta i barcaioli indugiarsi presso la sponda per cogliere un fiore. Il giardino era pieno di violette, bianche ed azzurre, ricche di petali e di profumo, che scendevano fino al limite estremo dell'acqua e prosperavano per la sana umi-dità onde quella fecondava la terra. Dalla primavera all'autunno le violette crescevano e si molti-plicavano per le cure pazienti della fanciulla; edessa aiutava il vecchio padre a coglierle, e a riporle nella cassette che dovevano portarle lontano, nei paesi freddi che non conoscono l'odore e la belle. Lezza dei fiori di primavera. Andando per le vie, ella se ne adornava, e ne donava alle amiche ; edogni mattina, andando frettolosa alla Cattedrale per pregare, ne deponeva un mazzetto davanti all'altare della Vergine. Così tutti la chiamavano » Matilde dalle violette » e la comparavano fra loro al bel fiori umile e soave che reca l'annuncio della nuova stagione. Il commercio delle viole prosperava e rendeva; e però Matilde e il padre godevano una certa agia tezza. Un giorno la giovinetta, stando alla finestra, aveva veduto un canotto con un solo rematore apressimarsi alla sponda. Ma il giovane che remava, avendola veduta, non aveva più pensato a coglier fiori; ma l'aveva guardata fisso e a lungo, poi si era allontanato in fretta. Il giorno dopo egli era tornato; nò Matilde aveva avuto forza di ritrarsi; ed egli allora aveva colta una viola, e, baciatala, l'aveva gittata su le acque. Ella vide la piccola stella azzurra dileguarsi verso il mare lontano, e sentì voglia di piangere. Egli tornò ancora, ed essa lo amò. E due mesi dopo, il padre lo ammise in. casa ed annunziò ai parenti le prossimo nozze della fisliola. Le nozze dovevano celebrarsi in Maggio; e poiché Marzo stava per finire, solo due mesi dividevano gli innamorati dalla loro felicità. Il raccolto pareva abbondante, le pianticelle prosperavano ed erano tutte fiorite. Così i denari non sarebbero mancati per il corredo e le feste nuziali. Matilde già da molte settimane lavorava alla sua biancheria linda e odorosa, e alternava le cure del ricamo con quelle del giardino. Ma poiché, nonostante l'agiatezza, il padre non era ricco, tutto sarebbe stato pagato con i frutti del prossimo raccolto. Spesso la fanciulla, scendendo in gardino, si indulgiava pensosa tra i suoi cari fiori. Ella amava le pianticelle che le sue stesse mani avevano curate ed elevate; e cresciuta fra loro sin dalla più lontana fanciullezza, ella le considerava come piccolo sorelle affettuose e care, e si curvava su loro come per coliare dai petali una paroletta o un sorriso. Quando il sole le percoteva, sorridevano tutte fatte d'oro; e se il vento le agitava, il loro mormorio era per lei un sussurrìo di voci riconoscenti. Venezia la Settimana Santa, e cominciò la Passione. Matilde raddoppiò i fiori davanti alla Madonna, e pensò alle ghirlandette per il Sepolcro. La sera del Mercolì, indugiò a lungo con il padre e con il fidanzato presso. La fiesta era precoce; così precoce, che in molti luchi avrebbe trovati gli alberi ancora brulli e sarebbe passata senza fiori e senza sorrisi. Il giovane, prima di congedarsi, notò che l'aria si era fatta fresca, e che dense nubi sorgevano dietro il dorso dei monti. Ma l'amata sorrise, e lo assicurò che la primavera ormai trionfava. Ma il giorno dopo, quando ella aperse gioiosa la finestra per un altro giorno che era passato, vide tutto bianco intorno, e tremò. La neve era scesa, ed aveva coperto, fredda e silenziosa, le case. Il raccolto è perduto, — le disse poco dopo il padre entrando nella sua cameretta; — il raccolto. colto è perduto, e tu dovrai differire al prossimo anno le nozze: se pure in un anno lo potrò rifarmi della grave perdita. È una tempesta passeggera. Vedi.- C'è già il sole; — ella osservò per consolarlo, senza credere ella stessa alle proprie parole. Il sole splendore schernire la loro tristezza. Il sole scioglierà presto la neve; ma le piante sono già morte di gelo, e noi dovremo indebitarci per mangiare. Ho fatto qualche buca nella neve. Non cè speranza. Per quest'anno siamo rovinati. Allora Matilde cominciò a piangere dirottamente; e il padre, sentendo anch'egli le lacrime che gli cadavano su la barba canuta, uscì in Iretta per non addolorarla di più. Il sole entrava gioioso e tiepido nella camera. Fuori, gli alberi, i cespugli, i tetti gocciolavano assidui per la neve che. Si sagoza. In alto, per la montagna, si vedevano rivoletti argenti scendere scintillando fra il candor delle nevi che già lasciavano trasparire macchie verdi e nere di terra. Nel già qualche pianticella avvizzita cominava ad emergere fuori dal gelo; ma il sole non aveva più virtù di rialzarla e di darle la vita perduta. — Ah! Le mie care violette! I miei mazzi freschi e profumati! — Ella così piangeva, mentre dalle gronde l'acqua cadeva così rapida, che in breve tutto il bianco sarebbe scomparso. E Giovanni, il fidanzato, che cesa avrebbe detto, quando, venendo la sera, avesse veduto tutto distrutto e avesse saputa la notizia delle nozze differite al prossimo anno. Egli abitava più lontano. In un paese vicino. Il giorno lavorava, e la sera veniva a parlare con lei del comune avvenire. Forse, stanco di indugi, egli non l'avrebbe voluta più.... La preghiera le gorgò dal cuore spontanea, impetuosa, fluente: — Oh! Vergine benedetta, aiutatemi Voi! Lo sempre adorata. Vi ho sempre adorata. Vi ho sempre amata, ho sempre dato preghiere a Voi e al Vostro Figlio lo sono tanto infelice, e non posso rivolgermi ad altri chea Voi, pietosa, benedetta, possente! Se Voi non mi aiutate, chi mi aiuterà, Vergine santa. La preghiera un poco l'acquetò. Allora prese lo scialle, e scese in giardino. I suoi piedi si affondrono nel terreno molle; ma ella, noncurante, si curvò, cercò tra. La nieve, ne trasse alcuni fiori avvizziti, i più belli, ne fece un mazzolino, e si avviò verso la cattedrale. La chiesa, consacrata al Santo del luogo, apparteneva ad una di quelle antiche abbazie che nel medio evo oscuro avevano accolto e custodito il sapere humano e divino. I suoi archi acuti si lanciavano snelli verso la volta costellata di astri aurei su uncielo azzurro; i suoi pilastri curvavano i capitelli in mille pieghe di foglie e di fiori; dalle nicchie le statue innumerevoli pregavano, meditavano, benedicevano; per le vetriate ricche di figure e di colori, la luce entrava tranquilla e svariata e segnava di tremolì rosei ed azzurri il mosaico del pavimento. L'altare della Madonna sorgeva in fondo. Nel'ul-tima cappella a destra. Passando davanti al Santo Sepolcro, si fermò un momento con gli altri fedeli. Ma quel giorno ella non aveva, come gli altri anni, le ghirlandette da deporre ai piedi del divino de funto. Staccò dal mazzolino tre o quattro fioretti ; e li lasciò cadere mormorando: — Gesù mio, perdonatumi, se non posso.... — E un singhiozzo le soffocò la voce in gola. Davanti all'altare prediletto si inginocchiò e pregò a lungo. La Vergine, scolpita da un antico artista ignoto, era lunga e sottile, eterea come le figure del Paradiso. Ma il suo sguardo era mite e misericordioso, rivolto in basso, verso i fedeli che la invocavano nei giorni buoni e nei tristi. E la notte, quando la chiesa era deserta, si diceva che ella volgesse il volto verso l'alto, e implorasse il Figliuolo per i pe. ccatori di quaggiù. Finalmente Matilde si alzò consolata. Una vaga speranza le era nata nel cuore. Nel volto della Divina le era parso di leggere un consenso; ed ella sperava, senza sapere che cosa. Depose, come al solto, il mazzetto ai piedi della imagine, ed uscì da la piedi della imagine, ed uscì da la parte del chiostro. Sotto le arcate ampie e liete invase dal sole, un frate vecchio e bianco passeggiava. Matilde lo conosceva; e piti volte gli aveva confidate le sue piccole pene. — Matilde dalle violette! — egli esclamò lietamente vedendola venire. Essendo vissuto sempre fra le pareti del chiostro, in continua comunione con i libri santi e con le meditazioni sui mondi ultraterreni, ed avendo così acquistata la certezza dell'infinita bontà divina. Egli era venuto in possesso di una serenità simile a quella dei saggi antichi, ma più animata e più pura: e su le ferite degli uomini dolenti egli sapeva con una parola, con un gesto, il balsamo consolatore. — Matilde dalle violette! — egli ripetà. Ma videgli occhi dolorosi della fanciulla; e il suo volto si fece grave. — Tu hai qualche pena, — le disse teneramente. — Siediti qui accanto a me; e parla. La neve aveva già ceduto del tutto al caldi raggi del sole. Su l'erbetta fina del prato non se ne sorpéva più la traccia. Il tepore si diffondeva sotto i portici e recava il profumo dei fiori lontani. Matilde narrò al santo uomo ogni cosa, e gli confidò anche la sua speranza. — Lo non so che cosa essa sia — egli rispose. — Ma tu si pura e lunula: e se la bontà divina te l'ha messa nel cuore, è certo che da questo male deve. Nacere un qualche bene. Va, e prega. Lo pure pregliò per te. E forse, tra è una mesi, io stesso potrò benedire le tue nozze. La fanciulla si avviò lentamente verso casa. Oggi no, domani no, ella pensava candidamente. Sono giorni di tristezza e di dolore: ed io non potrò esser latta troppo lieta. Sabato forse, quando Nostro Signore sarà risuscitato, io saprò qualche cosa; e forse non avrò sperato invano.... ». Ma il vecchio padre non condivideva la sua ledi; e anche il fidanzato, la sera, (piando seppeogni cosa, scosse mestamente il capo. Era una notte limpida e piena di stelle. Il fiume passava lento con un fruscio. Matilde, nel buio, pianse di dolcezza, senza sapere il perché. Forse, in quel momento, nel tempio deserto, la Vergine volgeva gli occhi in alto, verso il Figliuolo onnipossente. La matina del sabato, verso l'alba, Matilde ebbe uno di cpiei sogni che hanno virtù di rivelare il futuro, o di aggiunger vigore alle speranza che stanno per cadere. Aveva passato il giorno pregando, e la sera si era coricata tardi. Nel sonno le apparve una bella donna vestita con un manto azzurro, con i capelli aurei diffusi, con lo stesso volto pietoso del l'imagine che essa amava. Era forse Lei? La fanciulla, inginocchiata a mani giunte, non osava parlare. Tutto intorno si stendeva una prateria immensa, caparsa eli violette innumerevoli. « Guarda! » disse l'apparizione. « Questo prato è tutto tuo; e questi fiori sono tutti tuoi. Bimba ancora, tu venivi al mio altare, e, alla buona stagione, depónevi ogni g iorno un mazzolino. Quante viole! Orbene, ciò che è dato a me, non va perduto. Lo serbo, e compenso. E tutti i fioretti che tu mi hai donati sono qui, ancor vivi e freschi, con le loro pianticelle, con le loro radici che tu credevi morte. Prendili; sono tuoi. Cogli, cogli, e non ti stancare. L la bella immagine scomparva; e Matilde si destò. Il sogno era stalo lungo, poiché la pendola suonava le dieci. Come mai ella aveva potuto indugiar tanto su quell'unico pensiero? L'ora della Resurrezione era vicina. Fra meno di (lucore le campane, da due giorni mute, avrebbero latto risonare per l'aria i loro squilli gioiosi. E forse allora qualcuno le avrebbe. Portato una buona novella: la notizia di qualche fortuna insperata che le avrebbe permesso di andare sposa al suo amore. Sperava anche più vivamente dei giorni passati; ma non sapeva chi cosa, e confidava solo nel sogno. Si vestì adagio, (piasi ancora sognando; pregò, e attese alle sue faccende. Il padre era uscito, ed ella era rimasta sola. Quando mancò mezz'ora al meriggio, scese in giardino, pronta a chiedere la grazia appena il primo squillo avesse annunciata la gioia degli uomini e del cielo. La primavera trionfava. In due giorni, mille alberi si erano coronati di fiori, mille fioretti erano sorti ad ingemmare i prati speri. Il sole traeva dalle erbe e dagli arbusti fulgori di pietre rare. Da un albero all'altro gli uccelli stridevano e si inseguivano. Matilde andò su e giù per i viali, contemplando le foglie avvizzite e i fiori già secchi. Chi si sarebbe fermato a riva, per co-gliere i fiori che non c'er. Allora il primo squillo eruppe giubilante e posseente dall'alta torre della chiesa, fece tremare l'aria, si diffuse con mille echi tra i monti. Gli altri seguirono, rapidi, spessi, festanti, come un inno di voci che salutasse la liberazione lungo tempo sospirata. Matilde si inginocchiò, chiuse gli occhi, e domandò la grazia. Quando li aperse, vide le pianticelle agitate come da un lieve vento; vide le foglie che toravano fresche, e i fiori che tornavan diritti su lo stelo. Il bel vivaio continuava ad olezzare e a vi vere. Le viole morte erano risuscitate; e Matilde aveva riacquistata la felicità. Così, la mattina del Sabato Santo, la Vergine fece il miracolo per la fanciulla dalle violette. Giuseppe Lipparini. ANNO IV - N. 7. 15 Aprile 1902 Condizioni di abbonamento. ITALIA. Semestre M 10 — bimestre M 6 — Jn numero separato, 1 25 ESTERO. Anno Semestre.... Trimestre.... Un numero separato L. 24 - „ 12 - „ 1 25 Speciali facilita otti saranno accordate per i reverendi Sacerdoti, dietro loro richiesta. „ pubblica in Roma il 15 e il 30 d'ogni mese in lingua italiana e francese. Riservato ogni diritto di riproduzione a termini di legge. SOMMARIO Pao. 20!I - La Cappella Papali. nella Basilica Vaticana in occasione del Giullikon Pontificale ni N. S. Leone XI Il-P.V.M „ 216 - Un artista poco co-nosciuto. Appunti sulla vita e'sulle opere di I.i^ier Ri-chier-Paolo Denis. 928 - I DADI DELLA MORTE - Carlo Talbère. 3 - a proposi! l.' esposizione delle - Lavori d'Aie dro Fai dui ni A. Moureau. '.')ì'i - ■ Maestri Cantori » « PaLSTAI t •> e l'o- pera bulla - Gino Monaldi. 210 - Lettera da Costan- tinopoli - Y. 242 miiiistra{ione del « Cosmos Catholicus, » 209, Corso Vittorio Emanuele, ROMA ; o agli Editori: Menotti Bassani e C, 7-9, Via Castelfidardo, MILANO. Per la Germania rivol- gersi alla Gesellschaft fur Christliche Kunst, 6 Karl- strasse, MONACO. Per la Inghilterra : alla « Art and Book Company. » Paternoster Rote, LONDRA, E. C. Per la Spagna: al signor Romo Y FOssel, 5, Calle de Alcal à, MADRID. Per l'Olanda: al sig. Henri Cocbergh, HAARLEM. Per la Russia: al signor Mellier et Cie, Perspeclive Newski, 20, Point de Police, PIETROBURGO. Per la Polonia: alla Redazione della Kronika Rodzinna. 6, Faubourg de Cracovie, VARSAVIA. Per l'Egitto: al sig. 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Il Santo Padre che assiste dal trono alla Messa Pontificale celebrata dal Cardinale Vannutelli Serafino. La Cappella Papale nella Basilica Vaticana in occasione del Giubileo Pontificale di S. S. Leone XIII. er il fausto avvenimento della inizio del XXV aniversario di Pontificato del venerato capo della catolicità, Leone XIII, la Cappella Pontificia per la ricorrenza della incronazione di S. S. si e tenuta, in luogo della Cappella Sistina, nella Basilica Vaticana, il magc gior tempio della Cristianità. Tutto concordava a rendere festevolmente grandiosa e memorabile la consacrazione religiosa del providenziale avvenimento: l'intervento di Por primo sovrani, delle Missioni straordinarie invitato dai Sovrani e Capi di Stato, il numerosissimo Corpo Diplomatico accreditato presso la Santa Sede, la Nobiltà Romana e l'immenso stuolo del forestieri e del pellegrini convenuti nella Città Eterna, nonché tutto quello che Roma contiene di più eletto. (Quantunque fosse preannunziato che non prima delle oto antimeridiane si aprirebbe l'adito al tempio, fin dalle prime ore del matino una folla sterminata aviva, alla Basilica; e già stipavasi di popolo neregiante la vasta piazza, trattenuto a stento dai cordoni militari, che non lasciavano il passo che alle vetture del Cardinali, del Corpo Diplomatico degli addetti alle Corte Pontificale e degli invitati alle tribune riervate. I personaggi di famiglie Sovrane, i Rappresentanti ed Inviati Straordinari, l'Ordine di Malta, il Corpo diplomatico, la Nobiltà romana e gli altri che avavano alle tribune riservate avevano accesso dalla porta di S.ta Marta. I cardinali, i prelati e gli altri che avavano. S. Pietro. Invito dal Prefecto delle Cerimonio Pontificio, girando diretto la Basilica, entravano nel Palazzo Pontificio e transitando per la Sala Regia discendevano, nella Cappella del Sacramento per attendere il Santo Padrenella Cappella della Pietà. I pellegrini della Francia, Belgio, Piemonte e Liguria avevano accesso dal por tone di bronzo e le persone munite di biglietti per tribuna e recinti per la scala della Sacristia. Alle ore 8, mentre da ogni parte la folla taceva impetto, in tre punti della piazza venivano aperti i cordoni, per dare l'ingresso nella Basilica. Tre fiumane di corpi umani allora salivano d'assalto la scalinata, pur di «mingere primi nell'interno del tempio. Lo spettacolo di quella corsa furiosa era veramente impressionante. Ai cancelli del Pron è i soci dell'Artiostico Opera e alle porte del Tempio quelli del Circo v. Pietro procedevano alla revisione del bigleti e regolavano l'entrata in modo che nessun incidente si è dovuto deplorare. Alle ore l'a Basilica è già gremita di popolo e si vanno affollando le tribune e i recinti. I grandi pilastri del tempio erano rivesti dei parati di damasco a galloni d'oro. L'ampia navata centrale era divisa in tutta la sua lunghezza da un doppio steccato, per il passaggio del Corteo Pontefice. Dalla cappella del Sacramento a quella della Pietà erano state messe delle colline rosse a trine doro. In fondo si ergeva il gran dossale a padiglione di damasco e velluto rosso con cordoni e frangie d'oro, nel davanti del quale era posto il trono pontificio in lama d'argento, costruito nel disegno e nelle: forme delle consuete cappelle papali. Nel centro dell'Abside allineavansi le bancate rico perte di ara zzi e drappi per il Sacro Collegio dei Cardinali, per gli Arcivescovi e Vescovi e Vescovi assistenti al soglio, pei Vescovi e Prelati di Curia e per il Capitolo Vaticano. Al lati del dono, alla destra di chi guarda, eravi la tribuna dei Sovrani, nella quale presero posto S. A. R. la Contessa Matilde di Trani e seguito, S. A. R. la Granduchessa Paolina di Saxe Weimar-Eisenach. Weimar, S. A. R. il Principe Guglielmo Carlo di Saxe Weimar-Eisenach. Weimar, S. A. R. il Principe Guglielmo Carlo di Saxe Weimar-Eisenach. Seguito eravi il Gran Maestro dell'Ordine fli Malta, Principe Ceselli a Santa Croce, colla sua corte. Appresso quella per il Corpo diplomatico e per le Missioni Straordinarie, notavansi : Per la Francia : S. E. il sig. Nisard, Ambasciatore Straordinarie e seguito. Per l'Imperatore di Germania: il sig. Generale Baron Walter von Eoe, Ambasciatore Straordinario; il sig. Maggiore Generale Conrado di Haussman; il sig. Principe di Salm, Tenente nelle guardie del Corpo. Per la Baviera: S. A. Serenissima il sig. Principe Oettingen Oettingen, è stato di Baviera, Pari, Eredi- IL MONDO CATTOLICO ILLUSTRATO Il'Santo Padre inginocchiato al faldistorio d'Ykvazione, tario del Regno di Baviera, Ambasciatore Straordinario; il Principe era circondato dal sig. Barone Edoardo di Rieder, Ciambellano di S. M. il Re di Baviera, Consigliere di Legazione, Addetto all'Ambasciata Straordinaria, dal sig. Conte Francesco Pocci, Ciambellano di S. M. il Re di Baviera, Addetto all'Ambasciata Straordinaria, dal signor Barone Edmondo di Wuertzbug, Gentiluomo di Camera di S. M. il Re di Baviera, Addetto all'Ambasciata Straordinaria. Per l'Austria- Ungheria: S. E. il sig Conte Nicolò Szecsen di Temerin, Ambasciatore Straordinario. Per la.Spagna : S. E. il sig. D. Alessandro Pidal y Mon, Ambasciatore Straordinario. Per il Portogallo : S. E. il sig. D. Michele Martins d'Anta-. Pari del Regno, Ambasciatore Straordinario. Per il Belgio : S. E. il sig. Conte De Mérode Westerloo. Inviato.Straordinario, accomphagnato dal sig. Conte Du Chastel Andelot, Luogote- S. E. Signor Michele nente-colonnello di cavalleria, ambasciatore di ufficiale d'ordinanza del Re e dal sig. Conte Augusto d'Ursel, Addetti. Per l'Inghilterra: sig. Conte eli Denbigh Desmond, Ciambellano di S. M. il Re d'Inghilterra (Lord in Waiting), Inviato Straordinario, accompagnato dai signori Filippo Somers Cocks, Segretario della Missione, On. Everard Feilding, Ad- detto, e Giorgio Pereira D. S. ( )., Maggiore nelle Guardie del Re. Addetto. Per la Sassonia reale : S. E. Il sig. Barone de Friesen Ministro di Sassonia presso la Corte di Baviera, Inviato Strordinario, ed il sig. Barone Ego De Schonberg-Rot, Schönberg, Ciambellano di S. Al il Re di Sassonia, Addetto. Per la Russia: S. E. il sig. Costantino Goubastow Consigliere di Stato attuale, Inviato Strordinario. Per il Principato di Monte-negro, S. E. il sig. Conti luigi Voinovich, ln\ iato Strordinario; Monsignor Milinovich, Arcivescovo di Antivari, Inviato Strordinario. Per l'Argentina: S. E. il sig. Martins d'Antas, Portogallo. S. Carlo Calvo, Ministro del- COSMOS CATHOLICUS I' Argentina, Inviato Strordinario. Portogallo. S. Carlo Calvo, Ministro del- S. E. il sig. I >. Augusto Ferreira da Costa, I ii \ iati i Straordinario Portuguese. Per il Perù: S. E. I. (riovanni Mariano) Le (rúqui. Inviato Straordinario. Per la Olanda: S. E. il sig. Emanuele Peralta, Ministro di Costarica, I n vi; it o Straordinario. Per la Olanda: S. E. il sitr. Conte Enrico Du Moncau, Generale e Capo della Casa Militare di S.M. la Regina del Paesi Bassi, Inviato Straordinario, con suo uffi- ciale di Ordinanza. Tra gli uniformi e costumi che spicca- vano nella tribuna degli invitati speciali e dei diplomatici, no- tavansi il magnifico costume di Magnate Ungherese del Conte Szècsen, ambasciato- re d'Austria Unghe- ria, e gli altri identici ricchi costumi pure Unghesi del Conte Csekonics, grande scudiere scalco alla Regia Corte e di suo Figlio addetto all ambasciata Austro-Hungaria in Roma; quindi l'uniforme di generale di cavalleria del Barone von Lue; l'uniforme del Teatro de la Missione straordinaria del Germania. Nel mezzo il Generale Barone Walter von Loe, ambasciatore straordinario. A sinistra il Maggiore Generale Corrado di Haussman. A destra il Principe di Cantori Pontifici diretti da Maestro Mustafà. I camerieri Segreti e d'Onore di Spada e Cappa facevano il servizio alle Tribune ed al recinti. La Missione straordinaria germanica che esce dalla Basilica di San Pietro. La carrozza da la Missione straordinaria germanica. IL MONDO CATTOLICO ILLUSTRATO 213 guardia Palatina faceva ala nell'interno dello steccato, nell'interno dello steccato, nell'interno dello steccato, in grande tenuta, erano addetti ai diversi servizi di sorveglianza e di scorta. Alle IO e il Corpo delle Guardia Nobili Pontificie, preceduto dai trombettieri, ha preso posto al l'altare papale d'avo del.S Ladre. Il Santo Padre alle ore 11, in mozzetta e stola, scese in portan-tina nella Cappella del Sacramento, ove fu ricevuto da S. E. Cardinale Rampolla di S. Pietro e del Capitolo. Dopo l'adrazione al Santissimo, recatosi il Santo Padre nella Cappella di Pietà, indossò i paramenti pontificali e la falda, nel mentre ordonavasi il corteo. Procedevano i Capi d'Ordini Religiosi. Bussolanti, Camerieri Segreti d'Onore e Capellani Segreti. Veniva poi la Croce astata, portata da Mons. Giuseppe Magno, e quindi Mons. Stanislao Gentili recava il Triegno, avendo a fianco il Cuestode del Triegno stesso, cav. Antonio Tanta ni. Venivano quindi Eminentissimi Signori Cardinali Aigliardi, Aloisi Ma-sella, Boschi, Casali Del Drago, Cassetta, Cavagni, del Papa, elevata nella sedia Gestatoria, sostenuta da sediari fra gli orientali flabelli, apare entro la Chiesa, un formidabile ed entusiastico applauso, accompagnato da grandi grida di eviva, scoppia da ogni parte con un'intensità ed una forza tale, che solo la più profonda venerazione e l'entusiasmo nelle masse. Il Pontefice si alza in piedi, quasi di scatto, e con un'atudine che, relativamente all'età, può di chiararsi energica alza il tremulo braccio e colla diafana mano impartissime la benedizione. Le trombe d'argento squillano dal alto del fmestrone entrale e i cantori pontificii intuonava-no il: es Petrus; ma voci e squilli si perdono tra le grida che si rinnovano continuamente dal popolo, il quale prostrato innanzi al grande Pontefice vuol dimostrargli il suo attaccamento, innalzando al cielo fervidi auguri di lunga e prospera vita. Seguivano Sua Santità l'Anticamera Ponteiìcia, Monsignor Cagiano de Azevedo, Maggiordomo; Monsignor Bisleti, Maestro di Camera; Monsignor Pifferi, Sagrista; Monsignor Costantini, Elemosiniere; il Rev. P. Lepidi, Maestro dei SS. PP. AA.; il Marchese Sacchetti, Corières Maggiore; il Marchese Scrlupi, Cavallerizzo Maggiore; il Principe Massimo Sopraintendente Generale delle Poste Ponteiìcie; il Conte Soderini, Latore della Rosa d'( )ro; i Camerieri Segreti Partecipanti, il comm. Làpponi, Archiatro pontefìcio; il Comm. Puccinelli, maestro Di casa del SS. PP. V ed altri della Corte e della Familia Pontefia. Denbigh-Desmond di S. M. il Re d'Inghilterra. Conte Luyo Voinovich invialo stiordinario del Principe di Montenegro. S. E. Mons. Milinovich Arcivescovo d'Antivari inviato straordinario del Principe di Montenegro. La Guardia Nobile, la Guardia Palatina d'Onore e la Gendarmeria Pontifìcia chiudevano il gruppo. (Rústica il Santo Padre all'altare papale, discese dalla Sedia Gestatoria e recatosi al faldistorio où brevemente, quindi accompagnato dal Cardinale Lange-nieux si recò al trono, ove si assise, assistito dal Cardinali Macchi e Steinhuber e da Mons. Riggi, prestetto delle Cerimonie Ponteficie. Il Cardinale Serafino Vannutelli, assistito da tre canonici delle Basiliche Patriarcali, principio allora la solenne Messa pontefìcale, nel mentre il Santo Padre/dal trono ;univasi al segundo della Sommo Pontificio, copertosi il capo con la mitra, riceveva l'obbedienza del Sacro Collegio. Cappellani Cantori P Pontifici sotto la direzione del loro Direttore perpetuo, comini. Domenico Mustafà, hanno accompagnato la Messa, eseguendo il Airie, Gloria e Credo della Messa. Papae Marcelli del Paestrina. Sanctus ed Agnus Dei della Messa Ilodie Christus natus est del medesimo Palestina. Il nato mottetto del Mustafà: Il l'aec d'all'offertorio ed il Bei'edictis dello stesso illustre maestro. Il momento d'ell'elevazione è veramente solenne e tanto ley. Un cavaliere di Malta. S. E. il Sig. De Navenne ministro plenipotenziario e consigliere dell'Ambasciata di Francia presso la Santa Sede. Le Monte Cristo Catholici ILLUSTRE. S. E. il Sig. De Navenne ministro plenipotenziario e consigliere dell'Ambasciata di Francia, le Sanctus et le Credo de la messe Papae Marcelli de Palestrina, le Sanctus et l'Agnus Dei de la messe Hodie Christus natus est du mème Palestrina, le nouveau motetto. De Mustai haec dies a L'Offertoire, et un Benedictus également de lui. Au moment solennel de l'élévation, l'immense tempie s'emplit d'un religieux silence. Tous s'agénouillèrent et aussi les troupes ; des hauteurs de la Coupole descendirent de nouveau les sons des troupes d'argent exécutant la suave melodie de Silvera. On sentait tous les cœurs émus et pénétrés par ces harmonies qui semblaient venir du ciel. Le Saint Père baisa ensuite la Pace et, la messe terminée, donna la bénédiction au peuple prosterné. Puis, les chantres entonnèrent le Te Dei-un et les 5o ooo voix des �èles rassemblés leur répondirent. L'eriet iut des plus majestueux. Le bourdon de Saint-Pierre fit entendre ses sons graves et puissants aux quels tìrent écho aus-sitòt le joyeux carillon de toutes les cloches de la Ville Eternelle. A une Le cortège se reforma; le Pontile remonta sur la Sedia (Icsta/oria et la tiare en téte, int porte devant l'autel de la Confession, où avait été préparé un podi, pour y déposer la Sedia, pendant que les Princes, les Missions étrangères, le corps diplomatique et la noblesse romaine se déployaient face à l'autel. Sa Saintete, après s'être enlevée la tiare, et une ibis les prières habituelles terminées, se leva de nouveau et, de son geste large, donna encore une fois la solennelle bénédiction. Après quoi, le Pontife se couvrit à nouveau de la tiare et le cortège reprit le mème chemin qu'à l'arrrivée, au milieu des formidables acclamations qui accompagnèrent le Saint Pére jusqu'à ce l'Empereur d'Allemagne Le Rétable de l'Hattonché à l'ensemble Un artiste peu connu (Notes sur la vie et l'œuvre de Ligier Richier). quelle était été sur la rive droite de la Meuse, la petite viù de Saint-Mihiel, l'antique cité des Grands Jours, de Lorraine, offre un charmant coup d'ceil. La gracieuse viù qui coule à ses pieds et dans laquelle se mirent les rocs dénudés d'où elle a tire ses armes et sa défense. Les hautes collines qui l'entourent et sur lesquelles s'étagent, perdus dans la verdure, les toits mouss. us de ses (i) Tribunal suprême établi à Saint-Mihiel, en 1571, palle due de Lorraine Charles III. Il était compose de la 110-blesse du pays, tenait ses assises une fois chaque année, d'où son noni, et jugeait les appels du baillage dont Saint-Mihiel était le chef-lieu. Ce tribunal fut supprimée par Louis XIII, en 1635, pendant le siège de la ville par les armées francaises dont il avait pris le commandement. Vieilles demeures; tout cela offre un ensemble à la fois riant et pittoresque qui charme quelques instantes les yeux du voyageur que la locomotive emporte le long du cours sinueux de la Meuse. Mais ce qui constitue la principale attraction de cette modeste cité, ce qui y amène chaque année de nombreux visiteurs, ce n'est ni la beauté de son site, ni non plus, à Pencontre. de plusieurs autres localités, ses voisines, la renommée de quelque produit particulier de son sol ou de son industrie. | 42,511 |
cu31924084260169_12 | US-PD-Books | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,862 | Outlines of the administrative jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery : being the substance of a series of lectures delivered at the request of the council of the Incorporated Law Society | None | English | Spoken | 7,723 | 9,920 | of infants "^ _ founded on Freeman, ' That there must be a suit depending relative ' to the infant or his estate ' (applying however the latter words rather to what the Court is to do with respect to the maintenance of infa,nts) ; or whether it arises out of a necessity of another kind, namely, that the Court must have property in order to exercise this Jurisdiction; that is a question to which, perhaps, sufficient consideration has not been given. If any one will turn his mind attentively to the subject, he must see that this Court has not the means of acting, except where it has property to act upon. It is not, however, from any want of jurisdiction that it does not and cannot ^ct, but from a want of means to exercise its jurisdiction : exercised because the Court cannot take on itself the maintenance of is none. (til i^^ children in the kingdom. It can exercise this jurisdiction usefully and practically only where it has the means of doing so ; that is to say, by its having the means of applying property for the use and main- tenance of the infant. " That such has been the doctrine of this Court for a long series of years, no one can deny. The law makes the father the guardian of his children by nature and by nurture. An Act of Parliament has given the father the power of appointing a testamentary guardian JURISDICTION OVEE INFANTS. 247 for them; one should think that the guardian so appointed must have all the authority that Parliament could give him ; and his authority is, perhaps, as strong The Court as any authority that any law could give. But it is ahove ]^ '^^' a century ago, since, in the case of the Duke of Beaufort *^?^° V. Bertp, the Lord Chancellor of that day, Lord child. Macclesfield, determined, that the statute -guardian was subject to all the jurisdiction of this Court. The Lord Chancellor in effect' said, ' I will not place the statute-guardian in a situation more free from the juris- diction of this Court than the father is in,' so that he applied the acknowledged jurisdiction over the father, as a justification for interfering with the testamentary guardian. The former jurisdiction he stated as the acknowledged law of the Court. And he went further, for he added, ' that, if he had a reasonable ground to believe that the children would not be properly treated, he would interfere, upon the principle that preventing justice was preferable to punishing justice.' " And Lord Eldon, as is well known, interfered to But the remove Mr. Wellesley's children from their father, j^jeif \g f^. though in that case, there was, of course, abundant dependent ° ' ' ' ofproperty. property, and the observations on that head were extrajudicial. But in Be Spence (a), Lord Cottenham, following Lord Eldon, laid it down that the cases in which the Court interferes, or, in other words, has juris- diction to interfere, for the benefit of infants, " are not confined to those in which there is property." So also the Lord Justice Knight Bruce, when Vice-Chancellor, in a case of Be Fynn (6), where the mother's relations (a) 2 Ph. 252. (J) 2 De G. & S. 457. 248 THE ADMINISTRATION OP TEUSTS. applied for the interposition of the Court to take children from the care of their father, on an alleged unfitness on his part to have the care of them, and in which there was no property, said, " No one has heard me say that property is necessary to give the Court juris- diction." Yet on the failure of any sufficient means wherewith the Court might educate the children, His Honour eventually dismissed the petition. However, in the case of Alicia Race in 1857, not reported, but in which the writer was Counsel, Vice-Chancellor Kindersley, took upon the Court the education of the child (a child at a charity school), directing her to be brought up in the Protestant religion of her deceased father, in opposition to the contention of her mother, a Roman Catholic, on an underia/cing given by cer- tain gentlemen to be answerable for the expenses of the education. I am not aware, however, that such an undertaking has in any other case been acted on by the Court ; and in Be Fynn (a) Vice-Chancellor Knight Bruce declined to proceed on that basis only. Allowance If property however there is, and a guardian is appointed, the next point is, the allowance of main- tenance to the infant out of his legacy, share, or estate, which is in the course of administration. And where the will or settlement expressly provides for maintenance, there no difficulty occurs, and the Court, as a matter of course, will allow or direct the amount of maintenance provided to be applied accordingly. But the Court will go beyond this. (o) UUmpra. of mam- tenance. MAINTENANCE OF INFANTS. 249 " Where a legacy," says Mr. Spence (a), " is giTen to a legitimate child by its parent, or by one in loco parentis, the Court will allow maintenance for the child from the death of the testator, though none is given hy the will, notwithstanding the legacy is contingent; for instance, to such of the testator's children as attain twenty-one." So that though nothing is given until majoritj% the Court, in the case of a child, will give the intermediate interest for its maintenance. And Lord Eldon has put the case even somewhat still more broadly. "Though the words of a will," said his lordship in Marshall v. Holloway (J), " do not authorise application of interest to the maintenance of infants, yet if the Court can collect before it all the individuals who may be entitled to the fund, so as to make compensation to each for taking from him part, it will grant an allowance for maintenance ; " but his lordship excludes, of course, the case of persons being possibly interested under the limitations, who may be still unborn, and whose rights the Court would take care not to prejudice in any allowance of maintenance to those already in being. Besides the guardianship and maintenance, the only Jnrisdic- remaining point which it concerns me to notice where the mar- infants are interested in property under administration, "^y^ is the jurisdiction exercised by the Court over the mar- infanta. riage settlements of its female wards ; but as this point will come under consideration when the Infants' Mar- riage Act is spoken of, I wiU not go into it here. (a) 2 Sp«nce, 185. \h) .2 Swanst. 4S6. 250 THE ADMINISTRATION OF TRUSTS. Disabmty I turn, therefore, now to what will be in effect the of cover- ture, last case I have to consider, viz., that where the person or one of the persons becoming entitled under the ad- ministration is a married woman. Lunatics, For, concerning the cases of lunatic parties inter- out of the ested, and parties interested being out of the juris- o™he °*'™ <iiction, it need only be stated, that — as to the first. Court. the committee is the proper, and only proper, person to apply for the lunatic's share of personalty, or to be put into possession of his landed estate; — ^while, as to the last, the property simply remains until the owner either comes home and applies for it, or duly appoints an attorney to receive or take possession on his behalf. Married With respect to married women, however, if the women. share or interest be money or the like, the case is different. If indeed the property be real estate, — ^the husband, if it be not comprised in the lady's marriage settlement, — and the trustees of the settlement, if it be, — are simply let into possession. But if it be money or stock, carried over to the account of the married woman, then the Court of Equity will not (unless the amount be trifling) pay it out to the husband, without a separate consent given by the wife, on examination in [or out of] Court. If she so consents, it will be paid as she directs, but if not, then the Court will direct it to be settled in such manner as it thinks most beneficial to the wife and her children, if any. The right of the wife to have the money thus retained, and if she Her equity requires, settled, is called her Equity to a Settlement, ment. ^^^ forms a most important and beneficial branch of MAEEIED women; EQUITY TO SETTLEMENT. 251 the administrative jurisdiction of the Courts of Equity in this country. And the principles and nature of the jurisdiction Lord J. are so clearly and concisely stated by Lord J. Turner, jud™^nt ■when Vice- Chancellor, in the case of Osborne y. Mor-^'^^f^™-" V. Morgan. gan («), that I cannot conclude this branch of the subject better than by extracting from the judgment in that case the passage to which I have alluded. " Marriage," said the Vice- Chancellor, " is a gift to the husband of all the personal property to which the wife is entitled in possession, and of all the personal property to which she may become entitled, subject only to the condition of his reducing it into possession during the coverture. And I am aware of no distinction in this respect between property to which the wife is entitled in equity, and property to which she is entitled at law. Nor upon principle can there be any such distinction, the rule resting, I conceive, upon this, that the hus- band and wife are in law one person — a rule which prevails as much in equity as at law. The wife's equity Wife's for a settlement, therefore, does not depend upon any aettJMQent* right of property in her ; and that it does not depend "ot^o^^^ed upon any such right of property is the more clear, of property, when it is considered to what limitations it is subject. The amount is discretionary with the Court, and if the Enures to wife insists on it, she must claim it for herself and her ai\eT^ children, and not for herself alone — ^limitations which "'''l^ren. are wholly inconsistent with the right of property in her. " The right then, being thus independent of pro- (a) 9 Ha, 432. 253 THE Administration of teusts. perty, there seems to be no ground on which it can setWementf ^®^*' except the control which Courts of. Equity exer- *f tr^*'"" cise over property falling under their dominion, It is, Court;— Ln truth, the mere creature of a Court of Equity, deduced, explained, as I conceive, originally, from the rule, that he who comes into equity must do equity, and subsequently extended to suits by the trustees and the wife, probably from the necessity of the Court administering the trust, whether the husband thought proper to sue or not. We must consider then, when this obligation of doing equity is enforced by the Court. It is not upon bin filed, . . . not, as I think, upon the decree being made, . , . but it is, I thiak, when the property comes to he distributed, for then, and not till then, in ordinary cases, does the Court enforce obligations attaching on the property otherwise than by contract ; " — and His Honour concluded by holding this right to a settle- ment to be an obligation which the Court fastens, not on the property, but on the right to receive it. The administration, therefore, of property ia which interest, g, married woman is interested, would be closed, quoad how^ nlti- _ ^ mately dis- her rights, by the direction of a settlement thereof on her and her children, unless she waived it, on a separate examination. And with this extract, I close my remarks on iih& final distribution of the estate under administration, and termi- nate also the subject of the administrative jurisdiction, as exercised in regular form, on suit duly prosecuted. Married woman's BOOK III. — * — THE STATUTORY ADMINISTRATIVE JUEISDIOTION. CHAPTER I. OP THE ADMINISTEATION GENEEALLY. We come now to the last great division of the Origin and subject, viz., administration under the statutory juris- ?te*admi- diction of the Court. nistration. This jurisdiction appears, at the present day, to arise, either, 1. By reason of some Act of Parliament placing at i. stata- once under the control of the Court to be administered ^^l ^^ *™' by it, property (generally money or stock) which, without jn^sdio- the Act of Parliament, would either have been not within the administrative jurisdiction at aU, or at least not without a regular suit. Or, 2. By reason of some 2. Statu- Act of Parliament conferring on the Court for admi- nistrative' nistrative purposes certain powers which ordinarily P'"'^™- it does not possess, but which in particular cases are found necessary or useful. And in both these cases this special or statute-made jurisdiction would seem to have originated in the easy and convenient application, of which the ordinary 254 THE STATUTORY ADMINISTRATION. administrative procedure of the Court, either assisted or not by special powers, is susceptible, to cases of diJG&culty or legal incapacity, affecting either the title to property, or the conveyance of it. Incapacity Thus, if the trustee of property, either real or per- hoiderof sonal, is an infant, or lunatic, or beyond seas, the conTCy'it*" P^'operty, according to the general rules of law obtain- the origin y^a as well in administrations in Chancery as else- oftheTrus- ° . ■' tee Acts, where, is locked up, and cannot be moved or dealt with, or even its income obtained, in consequence of this incapacity of its legal holder or depositary. The conveyance or transfer of the property is, in short, impossible. Under these circumstances, what could be more obvious than for Parliament to step in, and say, — we will confer in this exceptional case a special and peculiar capacity on this infant or lunatic trustee, which shall enable him — not indeed to deal with the property as he might if he were under no incapacity at aU, for that power might be abused-^but so to deal with it as to set the beneficial interests, whatever they may be, free from the restrictions under which they are at present placed. And as these interests are often complicated, and it is necessary to make the rule of general application, the simple way to effect this will be to empower the incapacitated trustee to act in such manner as a Court of Administration may direct. So the obvious course was to apply to the case the already existing jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery in matters of administration, and to enable the incapacitated trustee to convey or deal with the property, in such manner as that Court, on petition OEIGIN OF THE ADMINISTRATION. 255 presented in a summary way by the parties interested, might order ; a course which, as we shall see, was in fact adopted. As the case I have iust put instances the solution of a Ipperfec- •' ^ tion of title difficulty impeding the conveyance or transfer of property, to bene- by means of the gift of special statutory powers to the jhip, the ' Court of Chancery, acting as a Court of Administration, J"/^u*ftee so a similar solution, I think, would also suggest itself Relief Acts. of difficulties about title. Thus, where, under the law existing when railways were first invented, a railway company, or a bridge or canal company, was in the course of taking land compulsorily for the erection of its works, it often happened that some of the land required was settled, without any power of selling or exchanging it, and the parties interested in it were in- fants or unborn, so that no present title could in fact be made to the land, or receipt given for the purchase or compensation money. What, then, in this case also, could be more obvious or convenient, than for Parlia- ment to provide a cheap and summary mode of apply- ing the machinery of a Court of Administration to the money, into which the land thus situated was compul- sorily converted, — so as to save the company the neces- sity of instituting in every separate case of the kind a complete Chancery suit, to ascertain and determine who were or ultimately might be in<terested in the fund, and to administer and deal with it accordingly ? We shall find then, I think, if we turn to the statute-book, that in this case also, as a matter of fact, Parliament has, as I have said, provided this special statutory remedy ; and that thus, speaking generally, we have two cases, or 256 THE STATOTOET ADMINISTRATION. classes of cases, of statutory administration, — of each of which I have mentioned an instance, — and which may, without much inaccuracy, be described as relating, the one to the title, and the other to the conveyance or Statutory transfer of property. And for the first case is provided a extension. j. x ./ 1. Of the summary mode of placing the property in debate under tion. the administrative jurisdiction of the Court ; and for the ^ow^ 'of s^'^o^d' extraordinary powers of vesting, transferring, the Court, or Conveying, and of generally dealing with it. First Trus- The first instance in the statute-book, so far as tee Act. ... I am aware, of any general public Act conferrmg on the Court any such special and summary jurisdiction as that which I am speaking of, is one referable to the second of the above two classes, viz., those which confer special powers for conveying or dealing with property tied up by the legal incapacity of its holders, or by other circumstances. The statute I refer to is the 7 Anne, c. 19, passed in 1708, and called an "Act to enable Infants who are seised or possessed of Estates in Fee, in Trust, or by way of Mortgage, to make con- veyances of such Estates " — an Act which is in fact the germ and origin of the modern Trustee Act of 1850. This Act of Anne was, however, limited in its operation to quite plain and simple cases ; yet it pro- ceeded entirely on the principle I have mentioned, viz., that of remedying the incapacity of the infant trustee or mortgagee to convey or transfer the property, by placing the extraordinary powers which it created for him, in the hands of a Court of Ajiministration. The Act enables, in short, any infant trustee or mort- gagee of freehold lands, to convey as the Court of Chart- EAELT TRUSTEE ACTS. 257 aery may direct, on the petition of the cestui que trust or mortgagor. Here, it will he seen, the incapacity in effect locked up the property, and the Court, in the exercise of its ordinary administrative powers, even in a suit regularly instituted, had no power to remedy it. The legislature, therefore, created a special power. It enahled the infant to convey as the Court should direct ; and thus in effect it enabled the Court to make the necessary conveyance. And this is the origin and foundation of one whole class of statutes existing at this day, and conferring on the Court special and extraordinary powers for purposes of admi- nistration. An adult trustee, in cases where the trust has become ripe for execution, might always have been ordered and compelled by the Court to convey his interest according to the trust. But an infant trustee, by reason of his disability, could not comply with any such order; and nothing short of an Act of Parliament could enable him, or the Court in his stead, so to do. To confer and create this power is the object and effect, or one among other objects and effects, of the statutes of which the 7 Anne, c. 19, was the precursor. And the statutes which at this day confer this particular Modem power are the Trustee Acts of 1850-52, the principles ^X.''® and provisions of which will in their appropriate place l,? ^ l*„„ ■•• Vict. c. 60 ; come to be fully and particularly considered. 15 & 16 But I may be permitted here generally to point out, in passing, the extent to which the powers conferred by these modem statutes exceed those originally created in the reign of Queen Anne. For, instead of 358 THE STATUTOET ADMINISTKATION. ttie old power in the Court simply to direct a convey.- ance by the person incapacitated, we have under the Vestmg modern statutes a power conferred on it of actually vesting the property, by its order, in such persons as it may hold properly entitled to have it vested in them; a power, too, applying not only to freehold land, but also to, — besides landed and house property of every tenure, and any estate and interest, — stock, debts, shares in public companies, and choses m action generally ; and further, a power applying not only to the incapacity of infancy in the trustee, but to that of his lunacy, absence from the jurisdiction, death without a personal representative, and other minor cases. Early Rail- The other class of statutes, however, to which I have Canal Acta above referred, and the object of which is to place at of^*'™ the immediate disposal of the Court for administration, branoiiof property about which there is any question of title, — themodem , ^ , . .. statutory and of which I have given an mstance on the case tia^ '" of ^^ earlier Eailway and Canal Acts, and Acts for similar purposes, — confer upon the Court no special or extraordinary powers. Their object or effect is, speaking shortly, to substitute a summary for a com- plete administration. Any railway company, under the state of the law which originally prevailed, and unless some special powers had been conferred on it by its Act of Parliament, might, or rather must, whenever it came to any land of which the title was disputed, or which was subject to settlement, have instituted a regular suit in the Court of Chancery to have the various rights of the persons interested in the purchase money ascertained and settled; and on that suit being so HISTORY OP THE JURISDICTION. 259 instituted, the company would have paid the money Practice in into Court in the suit, and would then have procured ear^l^il-^ that money to be administered and distributed accord- ^"'^ ^'^^- ingly. To obviate this necessity, the practice grew up for the Act incorporating each railway or canal com- pany to provide generally that, in all cases where the land taken by the company belonged to persons, all or some of whom were incapable of selling, or of giving or joining in a receipt for the whole purchase money^- as, e.g., if the person in receipt of the rents were either a corporation (who could not legally sell), or tenants for life (and tenants in tail, too, were added), or doweresses, guardians of infants, committees of lunatics, trustees, executors, or administrators, or persons any how entitled to only a partial or qualified interest, or something less than the whole interest, legal and equitable, in the land ; or generally where no title could be made ; — then the company might pay the amount of the purchase money or compensation money in respect of such lands (if above a certain amount, generally 200/.) into the Court of Chancery, in trust to attend the orders of the Court. liament constituting each separate railway, canal, dock, bridge, or other like company, did in each case substitute, so far as concerned all moneys paid by that company for land purchased by it, a cheap, compre- hensive, and general system of administration by the Court of Chancery, on petition ; in the place of the separate administration in that Court of each sum of purchase money requiring administration, and which must have been effected by a series of separate suits. Principle of But these Acts of Parliament conferred no special Tisions!™" powers on the Court for the purposes of the adminis-. tration, as did the Infant and Limatic Trustee Acts ; for none such were needed. All that was done by the railway, canal, and other like Acts I am now speak- ing of, was to place under the administration of the Court, in a cheap and summary way, certain property which, without these Acts, must have come to be ad- ministered (if at aU) by a cumbrous and expensive The provi- multiplication of suits. And for the purpose of further general by Consolidating and simplifying this administration, in ciaM^^ the year 1845 a general Act was passed, called, " The Consoiida- Lands Clauses Consolidation Act," 8 Vict. c. 18, for the 8 Vict. purpose of comprising in one Act the provisions I have mentioned as having been, up to that time, usually introduced into each separately of the railway, canal, and other similar Acts, which were then being passed in large numbers every session. And the effect of this general Act was to dispense with the repetition of these provisions in each individual case ; and to make it matter of general or universal law, that any company, of the chara6ter I have mentioned, may, c. 18. HISTORY OP THE JURISDICTION. 261 upon taking any land, title to which cannot presently be made, pay at once the purchase money into Court, for administration according to the summary method provided. In mentioning the Consolidation Act of 1845, how- infants' ever, I have passed over another step taken by the seQeo.l'ir. legislature at an earlier period, in the creation of the °' ®^' ^" ^^' same class of summary administration which is em- bodied in that Act. I refer to the provisions of the 36 Geo. III. c. 52, s. 32, passed in 1796, enabling executors to pay into the Court of Chancery, for appli- cation by that Court, on petition, in a summary way, any legacy, the person entitled to which might be, when the legacy became payable, an infant, or beyond seas. This, also, it will be seen, confers no new or special powers ; but simply places the property under the immediate administration of the Court, to await the application of the rightful owner or owners, in precisely the same way as the Lands Clauses Consoli- dation Act does with money payable by public com- panies to persons under disabiUty, or having partial or qualified interests. The object and effect in both cases of the interposition of the- legislature, is simply to shorten and simplify the procedure, and to dispense with a regular suit. But the same principle was afterwards more fully Trustee developed and applied in the general Act, passed by '^ ° '• Lord Cottenham in 1847, and usually known as the Trustee Belief Act (10 & 11 Vict. c. 96), afterwards amended and somewhat extended by the 12 & 13 Vict, c. 74, which received the royal assent in July, 1849, 363 THE STATUTOET ADMINISTRATION. Ti-ustee By these Acts, any money or stock of any amount held fieliefAots. _ , ■■ , , upon any trust whatsoever, and whether there is any diflficulty about its title or not, may be paid or trans- ferred by the trustee or executor holding it into the Court of Chancery, there to await its administration and distribution among the rightful owners, just as might have been the case if it had been paid in in a suit regularly instituted for the administration of it by such executor or trustee. I say, " whether there is any difficulty about the titk or not" because the scope of these Acts, and the jurisdiction under them, is not restricted by any words or conditions to cases where the fund belongs to persons under disability, or taking qualified interests, or the like, as was the case with the railway and other Acts, iacluding the Lands Clauses Consolidation Act, of which I have just been speakiDg. The Trustee Relief Aqts apply, on the contrary, in terms, to euery case of trust ; and a trustee may administer the trust under them (if the property be only money or stock), as freely and universally, as he might, before the Act, have administered it by biU. He proceeds, of course, at the peril of costs, if he has recourse to an adminis- tration under the Act, in a case where there is no real bona fide difficulty to occasion the proceeding — no dignus vindice nodus — just as much (though no more) as it would have been at the peril of costs if he had instituted unnecessarily a suit for the same administra- tion. These Trustee Relief Acts, in short, simply give to trustees who have a case calling for administration under the sanction of the Court, and whose estate consists wholly of money or stock, or both, the same TWO CLASSES OF STATUTORY ADMTNISTEATION. 263 power of obtaining the requisite administration, without Effect of suit, and me-rely by transferring the fund into Court, *^® ■*-°*'' which previously they had through the means of a suit regularly instituted. Acts, in distinction from these Trustee Eelief Acts ; tee Acts" and the the function of the Trustee Acts being, as I have "Trustee pointed out already, to confer new administrative Acts." powers, not to bring fresh property to a speedy and summary administration. And the reader wUl, indeed, I think, have perceived, Statutory administra- whilst following the necessarily slight and general tive juris- outhne which I have attempted of the rise and his- ^^g ^^5^ tory of the statutory administrative jurisdiction, and l>™<'''«s of the causes which have led to its establishment, that the jurisdiction in question naturally ranges itself under the two main divisions or lines of legis- lation, differing very widely from each other both in principle and in effect, which have been already noticed. And the one of these classes of statutes, it i. statutes wiU be recollected, was described as consisting of Acts ^""s^b ° property of Parliament, which, like the Railway Acts and Trus- ^t" a'i]«'i- tee Eelief Acts, at once, and without bill filed or order 264 tHE STATUTOET ADMINISTBATION. made, place under the control of the Court for admi- nistration, some property which could not otherwise have heen administered without a regular suit or 2. Statutes several suits ; while the other class of statutes was adniiiSs"^ described as consisting of statutes simply conferring trative extraordinary powers on the Court for purposes of admi- powers. _ •' -^ .. nistration, as e.g., powers for enabling infant trustees to convey, and the like. At the point, then, at which we are now arrived, it will be convenient to enumerate the several Acts of Parliament now in force relative to the statutory administration before us, as they range themselves under these two heads ; and, First Divi- I, Under the first head, or that of statutes bringing property into administration, we have, — 8Viot.c.l8. 1. The Lands Clauses Consolidation Act, 1845, 8 Vict. c. 18. ss. 69 to 83 inclusive, being the portions of that statute contained, with the cases thereon, in Mr. Morgan's Edition of the Chancery Statutes and Orders {a). lo&ll 3. The Trustee Relief Acts, 1847 and 1849, also l^k\z^'' contained, with the decisions, in Mr. Morgan's book (6) ; Vict. c. 74. and which Acts, as they in fact supersede the enact- ment respecting infants' legacies in 36 Geo. III. c. 52, s. 33, wiLL render it unnecessary to dwell on the last mentioned Act. Second And, II. Under the second head, or that of statutes conferring special administrative powers, we have,— 13 & U 1. The Trustee Acts of 1850 and 1852. Vict. c. 60; T f ^^55 ^"^ ^*^°° ^^ ^ "^'' ^'^^ **'*■ ' ^^ ** *'*■' ^^^ ®^*" (i) Pages 58 et se^,, 2iid edit. ; 52 et leq., 3rd edit. THE STATUTES NOW CONSTITUTING IT. 265 3. The Infants' Settlement Act, 18S5. 18 & 19 3. The Leases and Sales of Settled Estates Acts, ^g ^ jq 1856 and 1858; an Act, however, this last, which is "^^104.0.120. somewhat of a mixed character, conferring special powers on the Court to sell and let, but which also brings to the Court for administration the proceeds of the sales. And, 4. The Law of Property Amendment Acts, 1859 22 & 23 , , „ „ „ • Tict. 0. 35 ; and 1860. 23&24 Vict. 0. 38. 366 THE STATUTORY ADMINISTEATION. CHAPTEE II. STATUTES CONFEEEING OE ENLAEGING ADMINISTEATIVE JUEISDICTION. Section I. The Trustee Relief Acts. The prinoi- I PROCEED BOW to treat in farther detail of the prin- Aots. ^ ciples and operation of the first of the two classes of Acts above mentioned ; and of them I take first the Trustee Relief Acts, as embodying the general prin- ciple of this class of enactments in its widest and most intelligible form. The first of these Acts was passed in 10 & 11 1847. Its title is " An Act for better securing Trust ■ Funds, and for the Relief of Trustees," and its general principle may be stated as foUows. If a trustee have money or stock in his hands which he is advised or per- ceives that he cannot safely administer without the direction of a Court of Administration, he shall be at liberty to pay it in at once into the control of the Court of Chancery, without any of the preliminary machinery of biQ, answer, decree, petition, or evi- dence (except only a short affidavit stating the amount of the fund, the nature of the trust, and the names of the persons he believes to be entitled), and thereupon THE TRUSTEE BELIEF ACTS. 267 the Court will treat the matter as if all the above preli- minaries had, in fact, been gone through, — and as if the fond had been paid into Court in the suit which would necessarily have been instituted if "every form had been complied with, — and will administer and distri- bute it accordingly. The principle, in short, is merely that of dispensing, in favour of trustees, with the first half of the administration suit, and thus enabling them at once to step in medias res, and to commence and finish with the closing and most material act of the administration, viz., the distribution. And this is effected by a short enactment in one section, to the effect that all trustees, executors, and others holding money or stock " ii/pon any trust whatever," or the major part of them, may pay or transfer the same into the Court of Chancery in trust to attend the orders of the Court, and the receipt of the proper officer for the money or stock paid in is to be a full discharge to the trustee or other person so paying it in. part of the trustees, without the concurrence of the rest. Now it might he thought at first sight that on a simple enactment of this sort, the object and prin- ciple of which are ahke obvious and immistakable, little or no question could arise. Decisions The fact, however, was — perhaps it could hardly ™ ® ° ■ be otherwise — that most serious questions did very speedily arise, mainly as to the extent of the jurisdic- tion conferred by the Act, what it authorised to be done, and what it did not, on the simple proceeding by petition which it directed to be taken. As to the One of the earliest cases in which these questions Sef"''"" ^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ °^ Bloye's Trust {a), decided by them. Lord Cottenham in 1849, and afterwards appealed to the Bloye s Trust. House of Lords, the particulars of which will explain at once the nature of the difficulties to which I allude. In that case, a person entitled in reversion to a share of residuary personal estate, mortgaged it (by way of annuity), with a power of sale, and the mortgagee sold the reversion under the power. Now, on this sale, the solicitors of the mortgagee exercising the power became the purchasers ; thus in effect laying the trans- action open to the objection that it was a sale by a trustee for sale to that trustee himself ; for the agents of the person selling under the trust were themselves the purchasers. The transaction, too, was open to further objection in a Court of Equity, as a sale of a reversionary interest, in which case it is incumbent on (a) 1 Mac. & 3. 488, and afterwards in the House of Lords on appeal, iab nom. Lewis v. Hillman, 3 H. L. C. 607. THE TRUSTEE RELIEF ACTS. 269 the purchaser, if he intends to support the transaction, Bloye's to he prepared with evidence that the sale is at full '^''^^^' value. Under these circumstances the fund fell into possession, and the trustees, finding the above objec- tions to exist as to the title to it, refused to pay it over either to the purchasers at the sale by the mortgagee, or to the original mortgagor, and transferred it into Court under the Act. The question, therefore, arose, on a petition pre- sented for payment of the fund, by the solicitors claiming as purchasers under the sale above men- tioned, whether there was jurisdiction under the Act of Parliament to dispute the assignment to the peti- tioners — whether, in short, a bill must not be filed to set aside the sale and assignment to them (as being a sale of a reversionary interest made by a trustee to himself), before the title to the fund could be cleared, and the original owner, a married lady, could have an order for payment of it to her husband and herself. Lord Cottenham, and afterwards the House of Lords, held that it was unnecessary to take any such circuitous proceedings ; and that the Court had juris- diction on petition under the Act to declare the deed of asdgnment to the purchasers invalid, and to pay out the fund to the persons who in that case became entitled, and the Lord Chancellor made, and the House con- firmed, an order accordingly. Lord Cottenham, also, in giving judgment, made the following observations on the policy and operation of the Act, showing both the nature of the objections raised, and the extent to which they were valid : — 270 THE STATUTORY ADMINISTRATION. Lord Cot- "I must say a few words as to the proceedings judgment Under this Act of Parliament. I know that some par- Tr^t'^'' ^ ti^s, who are not very ready to adopt rules, however clear they may he, have much complained of the Act, as destrot/mg the jurisdiction of the Court, and giving the Court the poieer of doing that without an investigation of the merits, which could not have been done if such an Act had not been passed. There cannot be a greater mistake or misrepresentation than that. All that the Act of Parliament has done is to facilitate the mode of getting money into Court; it saves the expense of a suit in many cases ; it saves also all those proceedings that are necessarily expensive and productive of delay, where, after a bill filed and on their answer, trustees are permitted to pay money into Court. The money being in Court under this Act is just as if it were there in any other form. Now, suppose the money was paid into Court in a suit, and the right to the property depended on a future contingent interest. In such a case the parties would be at liberty to apply when the contingency happened. If it. was a matter of great doubt or difficulty, the Court would direct a bill to be filed; but if it was a matter which the Court could safely dispose of on petition, it would, do so in order to save the eapense of a suit. It makes no difference how the money comes into Court; the mode of adjudicating on the rights of the parties remains the same" (a). In other words, the dif&culty complained of would have existed just as much, and neither less nor more, [(a) 1 Mac. & a. 499, 500. THE TEUSTEE RELIEF ACTS. 271 if the fund had been paid into Court in a suit regularly Payment instituted for the administration of the estate of the ^nder*th^ testator, of whose assets the fund originally formed ^'^' part. If a further special suit would have been neces- sary then to determine the validity of the intermefliate sale, so it would now. If it would not have been necessary then, neither would it now. And both Lord Cottenham and the House of Lords decided in effect that neither in a suit nor under the Act was any further proceeding necessary. The effect of paying the fund into Court is, in short, analogous to payment to discharge the trustees, and to enable the parties into Court beneficially entitled to apply for it. Just to the same^^^^^^. extent and no more, as would have been the case if the ™|stration of the same amount had been paid into Court in a suit for the tmat. administration of the trust. Thus if a sum of money, say 500/., on account of residue, The two has been paid into Court in an administration suit by pared. the executor or trustee, this is a good discharge, so far as regards a demand against the executor or trustee for the like amoxint in respect of residue received by him. And so it is under the Act ; a bill will no longer lie for the amountpaid in (a). But as in the suit the sum paid in is no answer to a further liability, if any exists, — as it may, for instance, in respect of a breach of trust committed (a part of the estate misappropriated, or the like), by such executor or trustee ; — so the same rule holds on a payment into Court under the Act. Thus, Liability in Attorney-General v. Alford {b), a trustee of charity fond paid in. (o) Goode v. West, V.-C. T. 9 Ha. 878. (b) 2 Sm. & G, 488, and 4 D. M. G. 843. 273 • THE STATUTOET ADMINISTEATION. monies, under a will of which he was sole executor^ had concealed the trust and retained the money ; and on the matter heing discovered, he paid a principal sum (which he alleged to be the right amount) into Court undfer the Act. But this was held not to discharge him from his accountability for the breach of trust. The sum paid in, in short, will be set oj0f against the liability, but otherwise that liability remains. Court trus- So again, on payment into Court in a suit, the Court fund paid bccomes trustee of the fund (a), and the trustee paying a'suit"* ^^ ^^ ^ effect no longer trustee quoad that amount ; and under though, until the ultimate distribution of the fund, and the Act. » . n ^ payment of it out of Court to the parties interested, he is still retained as a party defendant, and is bound to watch a,nd see that the proceedings for its final appli- cation are regular. So it is under the Act. By the payment into Court, the trustee paying in ceases to be the trustee any longer. Vice- Chancellor Wood in lie Williams' Trust (J), held that by paying into Court under the Act, a trustee retires from the trust and refuses to act, so that- a power' may be exercised for filling up the trusts. Yet in proceeding under the Act, the trustee is always served with the application for payment and distribution of the fund, and he is bound to see that its application is properly directed. Case made So where, if the money were in Court in a regular to the trust, administration suit, some further proceedings would be necessary besides a petition to obtain the transfer of the fund, — as if a claim were made altogether adverse to (a) See p. 32, supra. (6) 4 K. & J. 87. THK TRUSTEE RELIEF ACTS. 273 the trusts of the instrument under administration in the suit, — there the same course would be necessary if the money were in Court under the Act. And this was, in fact, so decided in the case of Fozard's Trusts before the Lords Justices (a), though "Wood, V.-C. (b), had disregarded the objection. This case is to the effect that if any property — say, a sum of stock — is directed by a settlement to be held upon certain trusts, under which A. B. and others take conflicting interests, and the trustees of the settlement there- fore pay it into Court under the Act, and a claim is then made adverse to the settlement altogether-, then some separate and independent proceeding must be taken to dispose of this latter claim, before the fund can be admiuistered under the trusts of the settle- ment. And such was the decree of the Lords Jus- tices. And in a case which very recently occurred (c), where a legacy was paid into Court under the Act, and afterwards a settlement was executed, which by mistake, and contrary to the intention of the parties, affected the fund, the Master of the Eolls held that a separate and independent proceeding was necessary to rectify the settlement, before the fund could be administered independently of it.. It was not, however, until 1857, ten years after the Cgj^g passing of the original , Trustee Eelief Act, that the analogy I have been dwelling on between a fund paid (a) 24 L. J. Ch. 441. (J) 4 K. & J. 233. (e) Ee Malet's Trust, 8 Jur. N. S. 226 ; but see Ee Morse's settlement, 21 Bear. 174. • T 274 THE STATUTOET ADMINISTKATION. | 47,929 |
https://github.com/lomelo-x/WaterMyPlants-Back-End/blob/master/.history/api/users/users-middleware_20220227002523.js | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | WaterMyPlants-Back-End | lomelo-x | JavaScript | Code | 5 | 10 | const { getUserByID} = req | 24,761 |
https://github.com/SuperM0use24/TT-CL-Edition/blob/master/toontown/suit/SuitInvasionManagerAI.py | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | TT-CL-Edition | SuperM0use24 | Python | Code | 127 | 632 | from direct.directnotify import DirectNotifyGlobal
from toontown.toonbase import ToontownGlobals
class SuitInvasionManagerAI:
notify = DirectNotifyGlobal.directNotify.newCategory('SuitInvasionManagerAI')
def __init__(self, air):
self.air = air
self.invadingCog = (None, 0)
self.numSuits = 0
self.suits = 0
self.invading = False
def setInvadingCog(self, suitName, skeleton):
self.invadingCog = (suitName, skeleton)
def getInvadingCog(self):
self.suits += 1
self._checkInvasionStatus()
return self.invadingCog
def getInvading(self):
return self.invading
def _spGetOut(self):
for suitPlanner in self.air.suitPlanners.values():
suitPlanner.flySuits()
def _checkInvasionStatus(self):
if self.suits >= self.numSuits:
self.stopInvasion()
def stopInvasion(self, task=None):
if not self.getInvading():
return
self.air.newsManager.d_setInvasionStatus(ToontownGlobals.SuitInvasionEnd, self.invadingCog[0], self.numSuits,
self.invadingCog[1])
if task:
task.remove()
else:
taskMgr.remove('invasion-timeout')
self.setInvadingCog(None, 0)
self.numSuits = 0
self.suits = 0
self.invading = False
self._spGetOut()
def startInvasion(self, cogType, numCogs, skeleton):
if self.getInvading():
return False
self.numSuits = numCogs
self.setInvadingCog(cogType, skeleton)
self.invading = True
self.air.newsManager.d_setInvasionStatus(ToontownGlobals.SuitInvasionBegin, self.invadingCog[0], self.numSuits,
self.invadingCog[1])
self._spGetOut()
timePerSuit = config.GetFloat('invasion-time-per-suit', 1.2)
taskMgr.doMethodLater(self.numSuits * timePerSuit, self.stopInvasion, 'invasion-timeout')
return True
| 44,591 |
Subsets and Splits