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A calorie is a unit of energy your body uses to perform hundreds of tasks. These include voluntary movements like walking, running, and jumping, as well as involuntary ones like breathing, circulating blood throughout your system, and maintaining normal body temperature. Your body needs a certain number of calories just to keep those involuntary processes going. This is referred to as your basal metabolic rate, or BMR. Your BMR is influenced by many factors, including your age, gender, body composition, and genetics. Overall, the more active you are, the more calories you need. However, the calories in most foods are a combination of carbs, protein, and fat. For instance, although eggs are considered a protein food, the majority of their calories actually come from fat. For example, two large eggs provide calories.
Majority of women also responded more favourable to the ketogenic diet, especially in terms of trunk fat loss. A power primer. Article Contents Subjects and Methods. Whenever energy is exchanged, the efficiency will be imperfect and some energy will escape — usually in the form of heat — thus increasing entropy in the universe [ 9 ]. Go ahead and check out our products. The study will also aim to determine whether a change in basal metabolic rate may be associated with any changes observed.
Body composition and hormonal responses to a carbohydrate-restricted diet. The first law of thermodynamics or the law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed. The design of the study is a randomized controlled, cross-over trial. Results of the study showed that the very low-carb and highest protein diet had the LEAST effect on reducing resting energy expenditure following weight loss. People without diabetes saw their blood sugar and insulin levels improve on both the low carb and low fat diets. Archives of Internal Medicine, | https://medxr.com/keto-diet-vs-calorie-deficit-study/ |
An ideal weight for 5’8’’ male is between 139 and 169 pounds. However, you need to consider other elements to see if this is really an ideal weight for that height.
The question “How much should I weigh?” causes confusion for a lot of people. Typically, those who are of a particular height want to know their ideal weight for that height. In fact, there is no perfect healthy weight for every individual as there are different factors affecting this. In this article, let’s find out the ideal weight for 5’8’’ male and other weight ranges. Important elements influencing the average weight are also discussed.
See also: Average Weight For 5′ 8″ Female
Table of Contents
How Much Does The Average American Male Weigh?
Generally speaking, a normal American male aged 20 years old has an average weight of around 197.9 lbs. This weight is measured for a man who is 5’9’’ tall with an average waist circumference of approx. 40.2 inches.
Here is the table of the average American male weight sorted by age group:
What Are The Factors Affecting Weight Ranges?
In short, summarizing average weights is quite easy enough. However, deciding ideal or healthy weight is a little bit more complex.
This is because there are so many elements playing a role in determining weight ranges. As you might know, the body mass index (BMI) is one of the most popular devices for this. Basically, BMI takes advantage of a simple formula that relates to your height and weight.
In order to measure your BMI, simply divide your current weight in lbs by your height in inches squared. Once you get the result, multiply it by 703. To make things more simple, you can go to this website and enter your height and weight information, and it will automatically calculate your BMI.
Once you get your BMI, you will want to know if it is normal or not. Here is your information to refer to:
- Underweight: if your BMI is under 18.5
- Healthy: if your BMI is from 18.5 to 24.9
- Overweight: if your BMI is from 25 to 29.9
- Obese: if your BMI is above 30
While BMI doesn’t measure your body fat straightforwardly, its results are strongly related to the results of other methods of measuring body fat. Some of those common ways that you can consider are:
- Skinfold thickness measurement
- Density measurement, comparing weights taken in the air with weights taken in water
- Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) measurement, using a scale that includes electrodes; more electrical resistance is closely related to more body fat.
Ideal Body Weight Chart For Men
As I mentioned above, the BMI is not always an ideal tool to measure and decide if your weight is in the normal or healthy range. There are a lot more elements affecting this, such as age, gender, body composition, etc.
Let’s take an athlete as an instance. He might weigh more than a normal person of the same height but doesn’t do any exercises. However, the athlete tends to be in far better body condition. This is because muscle is usually denser than fat, playing a part in a higher weight.
Another consideration is gender. Generally speaking, most men tend to store less body fat than women. In the same way, younger adults also tend to carry less body fat and more muscle than older adults of the same height. See The Body Fat Calculator.
So, if you are searching for a logical estimation of an ideal weight for 5’8’’ male in particular and for men in general, refer to the following table:
Is There Any Relationship Between Weight And Height?
Two of the most important parameters affecting your health are your weight and height. Therefore, it clearly established a standard for you to decide if your weight and height are in harmony, reflecting your health status.
But you should also consider other factors that cause an impact on your weight, including your gender, height, age, and body frame size.
In general, the weight and height chart is supposed to help you assess the relationship between the two elements. And thus, you should associate the ratio between the two components by accurately translating your position in the weight and height chart. This is also the reason why you see the three different weight statuses from the table as follows:
- Underweight: your weight is below the standard stated in the chart. You should ask for professional medical help to figure out the reason and cure or treatment for it.
- Healthy weight: your weight is normal since it is within the stated ratio range.
- Overweight: your weight is higher than the standard stated in the chart. This might indicate that you would be at risk of some diseases and need to take some remedial measures to lose weight.
Height And Weight Chart Guide For Men
You can refer to the following height and weight chart to decide the ideal weight for 5’8’’ male, as well as how much a man’s weight should be for his particular height.
Conclusion
In a nutshell, it tends to be too simplistic when you completely count on the weight and height chart to decide what your perfect weight should be. As you can see, the ideal weight for 5’8’’ male is from 139 to 169 pounds. However, the result can vary, depending on your age and other important elements, such as bone, fat content, and muscle in your body composition. | https://www.hoodmwr.com/ideal-weight-for-5-8-male/ |
The evaluation of body composition is now a routine practice in the history of the athlete, because the assessments of total body mass (BM) are fundamental parameters in some disciplines, for example, where there is a specific classification of athletes by weight categories - see combat sports - but, above all, because a wider examination of body composition, in particular lean mass (LM) and fat mass (FM), provides more information to both athletes and their coaches.
This evaluation of FM, reported as a percentage of fat compared to the total body weight (BF%), is particularly relevant even in sports where the excess fat mass can be perceived as "ballast" and that is in antigravitational activities (jumps, runs, etc.).
It is therefore understood how important it is to evaluate in the athlete the body composition (Body Composition, BC) to monitor growth, the results of training, the state of nutrition, to investigate changes in physical development in order to plan appropriate athletic workouts; to have predictive value for aptitude selection in many sports activities and to achieve performance optimisation; reached through the nutritional homeostasis that is obtained when the body weight is in a perfect relationship between fat mass (FM) and lean mass (FFM).
This relationship depends on the age, sex, genetics and characteristics of the sport.
Since the end of 1800 there have been studies (the first studies on the analysis of cadavers have made history) from which the researchers of the time aimed to obtain patterns of study of body composition managing to have the first models of subdivision in compartments.
Countless studies have proposed a wide range of techniques, as well as related devices, useful for the precise and reliable definition of BC, from the most imaginative to the most complicated, but unfortunately, despite efforts to optimise and standardise methods of assessing body composition, including in elite sport, it must be recognised that there is currently no universally accepted and/or shared measurement method, therefore, methods are often used that are simply available or easily accessible, even for costs - in any case to be considered as estimation methods and not measurement methods -This phenomenon still does not always make many operators aware of the limits of these methods.
Among the many methods proposed, it is certainly worth re-evaluating the PLICOMETRIC TECHNIQUE, if only for historical importance. This methodology can be considered as a densitometric method as it leads to the determination of body density starting from the measurement of the thickness of subcutaneous adipose tissue.
The measurement of these thicknesses (folds) allows to go back to the body density and from this to the fat mass compartment (FM) consisting of all body lipids distributed in the subcutaneous and visceral tissue; for difference from the weight will then be obtained the lean mass (FFM) in turn consisting of muscle mass, bone and tissues inter and intra-parenchymal non-adipose.
The measurement of the thickness of the subcutaneous adipose tissue must be determined in specific "finding points" in the various body segments by means of the plicometer. The best known and used plicometers are those of Holtain, Tanner-Whitehouse, Harpender and Lange.
Numerous studies have shown that there is a degree of correlation between subcutaneous and total fat, this is according to age and varies depending on the population considered, and the plicometry allows to define the topography of subcutaneous fat.
Despite the relatively simple measurement of the skin fold, which makes this method very popular, there are however a number of technical limitations that need to be considered when using this technique:
• first of all, there is an assumption of skin thickness and constant compressibility in the double fold between different measuring sites.
• very strong influence given by the practitioner’s ability to find the right sites and the right clamp pressure,
• age, sex and skin temperature of an athlete.
It should also be recognized that the evaluation of skin folds is the method least influenced by daily activities, recently carried out, such as ingestion of a meal and changes in the state of hydration.
In any case, the anthropometrist’s experience is of fundamental importance to obtain precise data on skin folds.
Another crucial aspect is the need to convert the measures of the packages into % BF, the fundamental complexity comes from the transformation of an indirect method into a doubly indirect one. Doubly indirect methods incorporate regression of equations by plotting the results against a standard criterion to create a composition estimate. To better understand the complexity related to the use of these regression equations it is enough to think that there are currently over a hundred such formulas for the estimate of BF% obtainable from the measurements of the thickness of the cutaneous plica.
These formulas are also established by evaluating extremely variable ethnicities, using numerous protocols, with significant differences in the measured sites and therefore with problems of reliability, reproducibility and intra-operator variability.
In fact, there are several examples of different equations that produce glaring differences on the same individual measured according to the equation used.
Therefore, the conversion of skin-fold thickness to % BF should be discouraged by using rather the sum of the 8 skin-fold sites which provide a more accurate and reliable result than body composition assessment expressed in %BF, as is amply shown in a recent study showing that the sum of the thicknesses of the skin folds has a high degree of agreement with the results of the DXA scan.
However, there are some considerations to do with this approach:
• it is not possible to estimate the FFM, often useful information for those working in the field
• many coaches are not familiar with the data provided as "sum of plica in mm" and often continue to require relativized data (%BF).
Below is an example table:
Another interesting model of evaluation of CB by measurement of skinfolds was proposed by introducing a comparison term of the variation of subcutaneous fat during a training program with an image that is obtained by entering the data of the various measurements in a radial plot known as "Plicometric mapping". This technique is easily obtainable by simply inserting the data of the various measurements in a sheet "Excell" from which then to obtain the graph of the figure.
In conclusion, it can be said that plicometry, as well as several other CB evaluation techniques, can offer only a poorly reliable estimate of %BF, as evidently demonstrated in an unpublished study by Prof. Massimiliano Febbi, in which, in addition to the significantly different results obtained by measuring the same athletes compared with the different techniques, the same plicometry gave different results when different equations were used.
At a time when plicometry is used by simply evaluating the sum of the plica within the reference ranges that are developing, this becomes an excellent model able to assess the developments of the integrated strategy "nutrition training". It should always be noted that the operator in charge of "taking" the packages must always be carefully trained according to ISAK standards.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Santos DA, Dawson JA, Matias CN, Rocha PM, Minderico CS, Allison DB, Sardinha LB, Silva AM. Reference values for body composition and anthropometric measurements in athletes. PLoS One. 2014 May 15;9(5):e97846
Kasper AM, Langan-Evans C, Hudson JF, Brownlee TE, Harper LD, Naughton RJ, Morton JP, Close GL. Come Back Skinfolds, All Is Forgiven: A Narrative Review of the Efficacy of Common Body Composition Methods in Applied Sports Practice. Nutrients. 2021 Mar 25;13(4):1075.
Ackland TR, Lohman TG, Sundgot-Borgen J, Maughan RJ, Meyer NL, et al. (2012) Current status of body composition assessment in sport: review and position statement on behalf of the ad hoc research working group on body composition health and performance, under the auspices of the I.O.C. Medical Commission. Sports Med 42: 227–249.
Norton K., Olds T., Dolman J. Kinanthropometry VI: Proceedings of the sixth scientific conference of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry. Adelaide, 13–16 October 1998.
Hume P., Marfell-Jones M. The Importance of Accurate Site Location for Skinfold Measurement. J. Sports Sci. 2008;26:1333–1340. doi: 10.1080/02640410802165707.
Silva A.M., Fields D.A., Quitério A.L., Sardinha L.B. Are Skinfold-Based Models Accurate and Suitable for Assessing Changes in Body Composition in Highly Trained Athletes? J. Strength Cond. Res. 2009;23:1688–1696. | https://blog.yamamotonutrition.com/en/plicometry-the-unspoken-truths-a1757 |
The impact of a positive fluid balance on morbidity and mortality has been well established. However, little is known about how to monitor fluid status and fluid overload. This article discusses the different parameters related to bio-electrical impedance analysis (BIA) and their use to monitor fluid status and to guide fluid management in critically ill patients.
Introduction
Bio-electrical impedance analysis (BIA) measures whole body (or regional) impedance, phase angle, resistance, reactance and capacitance, by means of an electric current transmitted at different frequencies (Bioelectrical impedance analysis 1994; Plank et al. 1995). New techniques allow measurement of total body water with separation into extracellular and intracellular water (Janssen et al. 1997). Previous and some recent data suggest that BIA may provide useful information not only in different well-established patient groups (dialysis, AIDS, malnutrition), but also in critically ill patients with burns, trauma and sepsis undergoing fluid resuscitation (Van Biesen et al. 2011; Wabel et al. 2009; Wabel et al. 2008; Plank et al. 2000; Savalle et al. 2011; Kraemer 2006; Kraemer et al. 2006; Streat et al. 1985).
BIA principle
BIA allows calculation of body composition and volumes by means of a current going through the body considered as a cylinder (see Figure 1, page 16). Details of the principles can be found elsewhere (Bioelectrical impedance analysis 1994; Foster and Lukaski 1996; Kyle et al. 2004a; 2004b). In order to obtain reproducible measurements BIA has to make five assumptions: 1) the human body can be considered as a cylinder; 2) this cylinder consists of five smaller cylinders (one central cylinder and two arms, two legs); 3) body composition is assumed to be homogenous; 4) with absence of individual variation, and 5) without impact of environment (temperature, stress, infusions…). This of course only holds true in an ideal situation that may differ from real life situations, especially in the critically ill. To obtain a good BIA measurement five factors are indispensable: impedance value, height, weight, gender and age. Of these gender and age are the most important in obtaining the highest level of accuracy. BIA allows a four compartment body composition analysis dividing the body into fat, water, mineral and protein components (see Figure 2, page 16)(Foster and Lukaski 1996).
BIA Measurement
Reproducible measurements can be obtained with tetrapolar
electrodes with two current electrodes (to drive electricity into the human
body) and two detection electrodes (to detect impedance) placed on hands and
feet. Tetrapolar techniques provide more reproducible results (Kyle et al.
2004; 2004b). Modern devices also apply multiple frequencies, further improving
the reproducibility and accuracy of the results. The frequency is the number of
repetitions per second of a complete electric waveform (1 repetition per second
is 1 Hz)(Plank et al. 1993; Janssen et al. 1997; Streat et al. 2000). A current
with a frequency below 100 Hz will not pass the cell membranes and as such will
measure only extracellular water (ECW). Current frequencies above 100 Hz will
go through cells and measure total body water (TBW). The intracellular water
(ICW) can then be calculated as TBW minus ECW. When electric current passes a
cell membrane a time delay occurs, expressed as phase angle. A phase angle of 0
degrees is an indicator of absence of cell membranes, whereas 90 degrees
represents a capacitive circuit which consists of only membranes with no fluid.
The greater the number of cell membranes the signal has to pass through, the longer the time delay. A high phase angle
hence is consistent with high reactance and a large amount of waste cell membrane
and body cell mass (BCM) as seen in healthy individuals, whereas (critically ill)
patients tend to have a low phase angle (see Figure 3,page 16)( Savalle et al. 2012;
Kyle et al. 2002). Pitfalls one has to take into account during BIA measurement
are changing posture (best position being supine), incorrect position of arms
(should be next to body), incorrect contact with the electrodes and contact
with another person or object during measurement. Other factors that may
interfere with BIA measurements that are currently not yet well understood are:
infusions with large amounts of normal saline, peripheral oedema, changes in
ambient air and skin temperature, sweating, conductance of hospital bed, etc.
BIA Parameters
Table
1 lists the different parameters that can be obtained with BIA. Absolute
measurements of impedance, reactance, resistance and capacitance have been
highly correlated to changes in the human body, and have been shown to be good
prognostic indicators. Under- and overestimation of dry weight is important,
and has been shown to impair the survival and quality of life of haemodialysis patients.
Body composition and nutritional assessment of children and adults in clinical
settings is important in order to identify potential causes of inadequate
nutrition status, including the risk of malnutrition. Performing nutritional
assessments in diseased patients enables medics to identify related disorders
and to monitor the effects of treatment. The glomerular filtration rate (rate
at which waste is removed from our kidneys) is an important indicator of kidney
function. Creatinine estimations can also be performed. BIA can obtain
information on minerals (bone, soft tissue) and protein content of the body. In
some patients assessment of the loss of minerals can be very important. Glycogen
mass is the primary storage form of carbohydrates found in the cytoplasma of
most cells. Intracellular and extracellular body fluid status in both healthy and
diseased patients is of significant importance. Extracellular water (ECW)
increases in different diseases and oedema is the most common sign of ECW
expansion. Body cell mass (BCM) is an accurate method of establishing a healthy
subject’s nutritional status or a patient’s degree of malnutrition.
Validation
Although
BIA is a simple, noninvasive, rapid, portable, reproducible, and convenient method
of measuring body composition and fluid distribution, it is still unclear
whether it is sufficiently accurate for clinical use in critically ill patients
(Aghdassi et al. 2001). BIA measures TBW and as such it needs to be validated
through comparison with other means of determining TBW or methods (such as
densitometry) used to derive the components of the two-compartment model of the
body composition, namely fat free mass and body fat. Because BIA
disproportionately considers the extremities, the relationship between
impedance and TBW can only be empirical (Bioelectrical impedance analysis
1994). This relationship probably exists in most normal subjects and in those
with mild disease perturba tions such as mild-to-moderate obesity and other
chronic illnesses not producing local fluid accumulation.
The gold standard techniques for measuring body composition and TBW are isotope dilution (labelled deuterium), followed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), underwater weighing, and air-displacement plethysmography. Abdominal and visceral fat can also be measured with CT and MRI. Previous studies showed varying results and in some cases BIA could not provide additional information (Plank et al. 2005; Beshyah et al. 1995; Bracco et al. 1996; Genton et al. 2002). Total body potassium (TBK) has been found to be linearly correlated with body cell mass (BCM) ( Beshyah et al. 1995). Portable methods consist of infrared, skinfold caliper, and dual contact BIA. Tetrapolar BIA falls in between basic and advanced methods. Different studies compared BIA with DEXA showing good correlation. For clinical purposes two devices are available to be used in (critically ill) patients: the Fresenius Medical Care (BCM) Body Composition Monitor (Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Germany) (http://www.bcm-fresenius.com/index.html) and the Maltron BioScan 920 (Maltron International Ltd, Rayleigh, Essex, UK) (http://www.maltronint.com/products/bioscan920-2S.php). However, no head-tohead comparison has been performed in a large sample of critically ill patients.
Clinical Applications
As suggested by ESPEN: “BIA is an important clinical tool for evaluating the metabolic status of ICU patients. It is inexpensive and noninvasive, and it provides useful information concerning altered body composition and membrane potential at the tissue level measured by phase angle, as well as fluid imbalance” (Kyle et al. 2004a; 2004b). From a theoretical point of view the clinical applications for BIA could be numerous: AIDS, muscle wasting, anorexia, postmenopausal women, obesity, pregnancy, Crohn’s disease, cystic fibrosis, diabetes, paediatric diseases, enteral and parenteral nutrition, elderly, rheumatoid disease, tropical disease… BIA can be helpful in burn patients, cardiovascular disease, peripheral oedema, gastroenteritis, haemodialysis, CVVH, liver disease, second and third spacing (segmental analysis), lung disease, ARDS, malnutrition, bariatric surgery, postoperative fluid status, renal failure, stroke…
BIA can detect changes in body composition even in the early stages of kidney disease and in patients with cardio-renal syndromes, showing lower resistance, abnormal impedance vectors, reduced phase angle, and higher total body water together with a lower body cell mass. Importantly, patients do need to have overt signs of overhydration or malnutrition for BIA to detect these alterations (Bellizzi et al. 2006; Aspromonte et al. 2012). These changes in body composition continue during the entire spectrum of chronic kidney disease, being most evident in end-stage renal disease (Dumler and Kilates 2003). In chronic haemodialysis patients multifrequency whole body BIA can give an objective measure of fluid and nutritional status, calculating overhydration within one to two litres (Tattersall 2009). Using BIA as a guide to achieving dry weight results in an improved fluid status and control of blood pressure (Moissl et al. 2013). In peritoneal dialysis patients, who often have a significant residual kidney function, BIA guided fluid management (with measurements performed after draining the intraperitoneal cavity (Arroyo et al. 2014) can help restore diuresis in underhydrated patients and improve tension and weight control in overhydrated patients ( Van Biesen et al. 2011; Crepaldi et al. 2009).
Many conditions exist in critical illness (ascites, anasarca, severe peripheral oedema, pleural effusions, the massively overhydrated patient…) where conventional BIA may only provide a poor measure of TBW (Kyle et al.2004a; 2004b). Therefore, for the time being BIA can only be considered as a research tool in critically ill patients because the TBW-to-FFM ratio is variable and the body impedance-to-TBW ratio may often vary during the above-cited conditions ( Bioelectrical impedance analysis 1994; Kyle et al. 2004a; 2004b).
It is important for the clinician to be aware that the normal ECW/ICW ratio is less than 1. Critically ill patients, especially those with severe sepsis, are prone to develop changes in body fluid distribution with migration of fluid from the intravascular to the extravascular space. Furthermore, the systemic inflammatory response produces changes between the FFM and TBW distribution (Harrison 2010). Raw impedance data can provide information on hydration and cell mass integrity (Barbosa-Silva and Barros 2005).
Plank found that although changes in TBW were similar, patients with peritonitis and sepsis (n=12) had higher ECW values compared to those with blunt trauma (n=18) (Plank and Hill 2000). In a study on the use of continuous veno-venous hemofiltration to adjust fluid volume excess in 30 septic shock patients with AKI Dabrowski and co-authors found a sustained increase in nonsurvivors (Dabrowski et al. 2014). A similar study in 68 ICU patients with sepsis (n=51) compared to patients without sepsis (n=17) showed that ECW and FFM hydration were increased in severe sepsis compared to sepsis (Słotwiński et al. 2013). Changes in tissue physiology and integrity during sepsis may produce changes in electrical properties, as such; the use of raw data obtained with BIA seems promising. Indeed, raw data are not influenced by assumptions that can affect body composition results, and bio-electrical impedance vector analysis provides information on tissue hydration and BCM independent of regression equations, even in overhydrated patients (Nwosu et al. 2013). The study by Słotwiński showed that patients with sepsis had significantly higher raw impedance (566}98.66 Ù vs. 423.86}149.7 Ù; p=0.0003) and resistance normalised by height (336.69}66.9 Ù/m vs 259.94}90.9 Ù/m; p=0.00165) than those with severe sepsis (Słotwinski et al. 2013). The lower mean phase angle of the patients with sepsis laying above 50th percentile in the study by Słotwiński could be related to a low body cell mass and high ECW/ICW ratio, as observed by other investigators (Buffa et al. 2013). A retrospective study comparing BIA data from critically ill patients (n=15) with healthy volunteers (n=25) showed significant differences in body water composition between patients and healthy individuals (Huygh et al. 2013). In this study patients had higher values for TBW (45}7.7 vs 38}9.7 Ltr, p=0.01), ECW (24.1}5.4 vs 16.9}5.3 Ltr, p<0.0001) and ECW/ICW ratio (1.2}0.2 vs 0.8}0.2, p<0.0001) while ICW was lower 20.9}3.8 vs 21.2}5 Ltr, p=NS) (Huygh et al. 2013).
Conclusions
BIA is non-invasive and relatively inexpensive. BIA can be performed at bedside, and does not expose to ionising radiation. Modern devices have very limited between-observer variations. However, BIA parameters are population- specific and one must be aware of clinical situations that may interfere with the measurement. BIA allows assessment of TBW, ICW, ECW, ECW/ICW ratio and calculation of volume excess. As such it can help to guide de-resuscitation in patients not transgressing spontaneously from the Ebb to Flow phase of shock (Cordemans et al. 2012). More research is needed in critically ill patients before widespread use of BIA can be suggested in critically ill patients.
Figure 1. BIA Principle
Figure 2. The Four Compartment Body Composition Analysis With BIA
ICW: Intracellular water (body water that exists inside the cell membrane)
ECW: Extracellular water (body water that exists outside the cell membrane Extracellular can be further subdivided into interstitial, lymphatic, trans-cellular fluid and blood)
TBW: Total body water = ICW + ECW (Body water that exists in- and outside of cell membrane)
SLM: Soft lean mass = total body water + protein (Skeletal and smooth muscle maintaining body function)
SMM: Skeletal muscle mass
LBM: Lean body mass = SLM + minerals
BW: Body weight = LBM + body fat
The values in between () are the range of standard body composing constituents. Units are expressed in Litres.
Figure 3. BIA Principles
Panel A. Biological tissues act as conductors or insulators and the flow of current through the body will follow the path of least Resistance (R). Fat Free Mass (FFM) contains large amounts of water and electrolytes and therefore is a better conductor of electrical current than fat and bone, which are poor conductors as they contain low amounts of fluid and conducting electrolytes. The cell membrane of a body consists of a layer of non-conductive lipid (fat, oils and other lipid like substance) material sandwiched between two layers of conductive protein molecules. Cell membranes become reactive elements behaving as capacitors (C) when
electrical current is applied.
Panel B. With BIA the Phase angle (θ), the Reactance (X) and the Resistance (R) are measured. Normal Phase angle is 4-15°. Adapted from Foster and Lukaski. | https://healthmanagement.org/c/icu/issuearticle/the-role-for-bio-electrical-impedance-analysis-in-critically-ill-patients |
CA-125 or Cancer Antigen 125 & How Does It Help Identify Ovarian Cancer?
CA-125 is short for Cancer Antigen 125, a protein that is found in the blood. Also known as MUC16 or Mucin 16, the presence of elevated amounts of this protein can indicate the presence of some type of cancer in the body, including ovarian cancer. Fortunately, identifying elevated levels of MUC16 is a relatively easy process that can be done with a simple blood test.
It is important to note that testing MUC16 levels is not generally the first line of defense when it comes to identifying the presence of any type of cancer. This is because elevated levels of this protein can be triggered by other health issues as well. In most cases a physician will take steps to test for increased CA-125 because there is strong reason to suspect that cancer is present in the ovaries or some other area of the body.
The actual process used to evaluate current MUC16 levels in the bloodstream requires nothing more than a simple blood test. A physician will draw a small amount of blood from the patient and submit the sample to a lab. The lab in turn will prepare an analysis of the composition of the blood, with particular emphasis on any type of markers that the doctor has specifically requested as part of the testing.
The results of the blood test are usually returned in a matter of days, making it possible to determine if the current level of CA-125 supports the doctor’s suspicions about the presence of cancer. If that is the case, the physician is likely to order additional testing to determine if ovarian or some other type of cancer is indeed present somewhere in the body, perhaps using some type of ultrasound or sonogram procedure.
One of the factors that can influence the level of CA-125 in the blood has to do with the age of the female. Women who have not gone through menopause are subject to a number of factors that can cause an elevated level. In contrast, women who have undergone menopause tend to experience fewer factors that have the potential to raise MUC16 levels. Doctors will also take into consideration any other health issues that are present, as well as environmental factors or even personal habits that may cause a temporary increase in MUC16 levels.
In the event that the results of a blood test do indicate that an elevated level of MUC16 is present, it is important to not jump to any conclusions about the presence of cancer. While testing of this type does serve as one indicator that cancer could possibly be present, it is not conclusive. At best, it is one more piece of evidence to consider and possibly use as a reason to order further tests to narrow the focus of the diagnosis. For this reason, women who do have increased levels of this protein should take care to not read too much into the testing, especially if there are other health issues present. | https://www.ovarian-cancer-facts.com/CA-125/ |
Data from a national survey showed that adults with juvenile arthritis were obese and at significantly higher risk of developing metabolic syndrome, according to a new study.
The survey was conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The findings were reported in the study “Metabolic syndrome in adults with a history of juvenile arthritis,” published in the journal Open Access Rheumatology: Research and Reviews.
Children with juvenile arthritis are known to be at higher risk for certain disease-specific complications, but there is limited information on long-term body composition and fitness about these patients.
Adults with rheumatoid arthritis (condition diagnosed after the age of 16; if before, it is considered juvenile arthritis) have an increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is the co-occurrence of several risk factors for heart disease, namely high blood pressure, diabetes, excess weight around the waist (abdominal obesity), and abnormal cholesterol levels.
Now, researchers assessed a possible association between juvenile arthritis and obesity, and risk factors for the development of metabolic syndrome.
The team analyzed data collected by the “National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)” from the U.S. adult population from 2007 to 2014. Information on weight, body mass index, laboratory tests, and physical activity was scrutinized, in addition to several “yes-or-no” questions regarding arthritis diagnosis and health status.
Researchers found that of the 232 juvenile arthritis respondents, 67% were obese (body mass index equal or higher than 30 kg/m2). In the control group without arthritis, this value was 55%.
Respondents with juvenile arthritis also reported elevated levels of C-reactive protein (an indicator of inflammation) compared to those without arthritis, as well as more hypertension and diabetes.
Compared to respondents with rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile arthritis respondents were as obese as them, but had a lower prevalence of hypertension and diabetes.
Results also showed that the odds of developing metabolic syndrome were higher in both juvenile arthritis (5.2 timer higher) and rheumatoid arthritis (3.2 times higher) groups, compared to the group without arthritis, taking into account age, gender and race.
Overall, “we found that adults with a history of JA [juvenile arthritis] have sixfold increased risk of metabolic syndrome compared to those without arthritis. These findings are important because metabolic syndrome has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and death in other populations, and adults with JA should be monitored closely for these complications,” the team concluded.
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Anthropometric multicompartmental model to predict body composition In Brazilian girls
BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation volume 9, Article number: 23 (2017)
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1606 Accesses
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2 Citations
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Abstract
Background
Anthropometric models remain appropriate alternatives to estimate body composition of peripubertal populations. However, these traditional models do not consider other body components that undergo major changes during peripubertal growth spurt, with restrictions to a multicompartimental approach as a quantitative growth. DXA has great potential to determine pediatric body composition in more than one component (3-C), but has limited use in field settings. Thus, the aim of this study was to propose and validate an anthropometric model for simultaneous estimation of lean soft tissue (LST), bone mineral content (BMC) and fat mass (FM) in healthy girls, from a multivariate approach of densitometric technique, as the criterion method.
Methods
A sample of 84 Brazilian girls (7-17 years) was defined by chronological age and maturity offset. Whole total and regional DXA body scan were performed and, the components were defined (LST, BMC and FM) and considered as dependent variables. Twenty-one anthropometric measures were recorded as independent variables. From a multivariate regression, an anthropometric multicompartmental model was obtained.
Results
It was possible to predict DXA body components with only four predictive measurements: body weight (BW); supra-iliac skinfold (SiSk); horizontal abdominal skinfold (HaSk) and contracted arm circumference (CaCi) with high coefficients of determination and low estimation errors (LST = 0.6662657 BW - 0. 2157279 SiSk - 0.2069373 HaSk + 0.3411678 CaCi - 1.8504187; BMC = 0.0222185 BW - 0.1001097 SiSk - 0.0064539 HaSk - 0.0084785 CaCi + 0.3733974 and FM = 0.3645630 BW + 0.1000325 SiSk - 0.2888978 HaSk - 0.4752146 CaCi + 2.8461916). The cross-validation was confirmed through the sum of squares of residuals (PRESS) method, presenting accurate coefficients (Q2 PRESS from 0.81 to 0.93) and reduced error reliability (SPRESS from 0.01 to 0.30).
Conclusions
When sophisticated instruments are not available, this model provides valid estimates of multicompartmental body composition of girls in healthy Brazilian pediatric populations.
Background
Assessment and monitoring of body composition in children and adolescents have great significance when there is the need to: a) study the prevalence of pediatric obesity, b) improve gender screening of body composition, c) track body composition from healthy childhood to adulthood, d) to assess FM changes over time in a given population , e) evaluate sport potential of young people, f) monitor training process, and g) prior knowledge of their physical characteristics .
Anthropometric based equations continue to be adequate alternatives to determine the body composition of pediatric populations. However, body composition assessment in children is not easy to measure, since the relationship between body components during growth is not constant as in adults . The progress in the study of the quantitative human two-compartment model (2-C) comprising FM and fat-free mass (FFM) to 3-C template (water, fat and residual mass) and 4-C with the estimation of other components in addition to FM, total-body water (TBW), minerals and protein , has provided new ways for approaching the traditional body composition, especially when it involves peripubertal people.
Several pediatric anthropometric equations were developed using a model of 2-C from the hydrostatic weighing [4, 5] and other densitometric techniques. However, this approach is based on assumptions of stable relationship for FFM density (1.1 g/cm3) and FFM hydration (73.2%). These values are stable in adults, but vary substantially during growth [6, 7]. In fact, from birth to adolescence bone mineral and protein increase whereas TBW decreases thus raising FFM density until reaching the adult value when the chemical maturity profile is reached .
Therefore, body composition models have a multicompartmental approach, as the reference method, which accounts for the variability of the main FFM components due to age and maturational changes, resulting in more valid equations . Even using 4-C models, several anthropometric models have been developed to estimate one body component, usually FM for pediatric populations. However, it could be possible to estimate other components such as water, protein, and mineral. In addition to using DXA as the reference method to develop anthropometric models, lean-soft tissue (LST), FM, and bone mineral content (BMC) could also be determined by using a multivariate regression model. When conceived in a multivariate pattern, considering appropriately all important factors, the likelihood to create robust models is attainable, increasing the predictive capacity and reducing errors of estimation [8,9,10].
Currently, DXA is recognized to have a great potential to determine body composition in pediatric studies , due to its ability to provide more than one component (3-C approach). However, the exposition to ionizing radiation, the equipment cost along with the lack of feasibility for large-scale use limits its applicability in field settings (home, school environments, and sport clubs). Consequently, simple solutions to estimate body composition in children from anthropometric techniques including skin folds, bone breadth and circumferences have been widely used and are preferred in different contexts . These alternatives are more convenient due to their low costs, they require low level of personnel training, they are minimally invasive and have good scientific credibility .
Although conventional anthropometric methods are scientifically accepted, they do not distinguish bone from fat or muscles, a desirable fractionation of the body composition, in youth sports setting or clinical health. With the exception of the anthropometric models developed in our laboratory to determine LST, FM and BMC of boys [10,11,12], no proposal for girls was found able to estimate these 3 components, by somatic body measurements.
Methods
The aim of this study was to develop and validate a multicomponent anthropometric model to simultaneously estimate LST, BMC and FM in girls, from densitometry as a criterion method. This descriptive study design was conducted with an intentional sample from elementary school and swimming sporting centers, a social project for local children and adolescents.
Study population
The study followed a cross-sectional design and a sample of 84 girls between seven and 17 years recruited from a sports center (n = 69) and elementary schools (n = 15). The girls were healthy with no medical condition, without body parts amputated, no use of drugs or not under medical treatment that could affect metabolism, appetite or growth. All participants presented maturation status below the 5 Tanner stage, and body mass index (BMI) below pediatric obesity , except 7 cases slightly above each age limit.
Study protocol
All evaluations were performed at the Imaging Center of the University Hospital, Ribeirao Preto Medical School/University of São Paulo, after an overnight fasting, in a single session; the same technicians performed all exams. Before the measurements, the subjects were asked to empty their bladders. A total-body DXA scan was performed according to manufacturer's guidelines. The anthropometric measures were taken according to the literature guidelines (15, 16), whose procedures are summarized below.
The dependent variables
Whole and regional body composition was estimated with a DXA Scanner Hologic® (Discovery CI/WI, software version 11.2, Bedford, MA). The Lean Soft Tissue (LST, kg), Bone Mineral Content (BMC, kg) and Fat Mass (FM, kg) were determined (3-C) and considered as dependent variables.
The independent variables
The subject’s body mass and height were measured with a digital scale (Welmy®, W 300 A, Santa Barbara d’Oeste, SP) and a hall fixed stadiometer (Physical Therapy Stadiometer - Terrazul®, Sao Paulo, SP), respectively. The skinfolds (n = 10), circumference (n = 10) and widths (n = 9), were measured by conventional procedures in the literature [14, 15] using Prime® equipment. Chronological age groups in decimal value were adjusted to the nearest integer . To ensure the reliability of the results used in the models, intra evaluator technical error of measurement, absolute (TEM) and relative (TEM%), were determined in subsequent days. Thirteen subjects were evaluated in duplicates for all variables used in this study, when the results were always within the expected tolerance limits as shown below in Table 1.
Their maturity offset was determined by gender-specific regression to predict the years for Peak Height Velocity (PHV) according to the following equation for girls:
Where: Lh stands for legs height (cm), Sh stands for seating height (cm), A stands for age (years), Wt stands for body mass (kg), and Ht stands for height (cm).
Statistical analysis
Interaction terms for ethnicity (Brazilians are highly intermingled) by anthropometric variables and sports activities (initial swimming practitioners) by anthropometric variables were tested and a nonsignificant differences was found (p = 0.238), allowing the use of the entire sample for subsequent analysis.
A sampling design was planned to set the desired maximum error (ε) with some degree of confidence (Z y ) from the prior knowledge of the population variability (σ 2) . In this case, a multiethnic classic study values describing girls body composition of different populations was used as reference values. The highest variability was observed in FM estimated by DXA, for all that ages (6-18 years), similarly to the sample ages of this study (7-17 years). From the estimation of the predetermined error (between 2.25 and 2.0%) and confidence interval (0.90 to 0.95), the ideal n for our study was defined by the equation :
The minimum sample values (n = 74), setting for ε = 2.25 and γ = 0.95 and the estimated value of FM to σ = 9.84 Kg was overcome by our sample (n = 84), from the standard deviation (s) obtained of that (Hispanic group) reference sample .
Multicompartmental anthropometric equation development
As earlier procedures multivariate regression model ( n Y m = n X (r + 1) (r + 1) β m + n ε m ) by diagonal mutual analysis, parameter estimation and the least squares errors method was used by R-Free Software. Previously, a criteria for selection and reduction of independent variables was conducted from the following steps: a) principal component analysis and model adequacy (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin) and Sphericity test (Bartlett); b) univariate regression (stepwise) to determine all common independent variables for each dependent variable (LST, BMC and FM), with significance less than 5%; c) multivariate analysis to estimate the parameters and Pillai approximation method for displaying possible variables exclusions; e) testing of remaining model (enter - univariate method), with estimated values of VIF (<10.0) and multicollinearity (L <1000) maximum permitted; f) adjustments by Pillai approach to test the F values; g) set the number of independent variables, with high coefficients of determination (r ≈ 0.90). Then β parameters (multivariate) were determined, with the proposition of equations and residual distribution for each dependent variable. A similar procedure was earlier conducted in boys .
The PRESS statistic was used to measure the efficiency of a predictive equation, when applied to independent samples , that is, when used to estimate within the same sample. The process may be understood as design efficiency in estimating the actual parameters by a virtual simulation. In the case of this study, the error was determined by the result of observed Y - Y ' (estimated). For validation: a) the correlation coefficients were estimated between predicted and measured values, and b) cross-validation by PRESS method and coefficients of determination (Q2 PRESS) and error (SPRESS) was conducted for each dependent variable, according to the Johnson and Wichern recommendations.
Other statistical procedures included descriptive analysis with calculation of mean and standard deviation and confidence interval (95%) and coefficient of variation, used to express milesimal age, DXA and anthropometric dimensions of girl’s body components.
Results
Table 1 provides anthropometric and body composition measures, including range (minimum – maximum), the confidence interval (95% CI), and absolute and relative TEM of the measures expressing the main characteristics of the study sample.
The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test (0.882) was used as a measure of adequacy of the sample (X 2 = 2961.11) with p < 0.001, indicating suitability of the method in the treatment of the data. The commonalities test ranged from 0.689 to 0.927 for the 22 variables entered into the analysis. The matrix indicated coefficients of correlation from weak (r = 0.20) to very high (r = 0.95) between the 21 independent variables (size measures, skinfolds, circumferences, bone breadths) and the dependent variables (data not shown). To reduce variables of the model, univariate regression was performed (stepwise) in order to select the common dependent variable to the three components (LST, BMC and FM) since common selection occurred at least twice, maintaining the highest possible coefficients.
The high correlation between the independent variables shows the existence of multicollinearity, which brings undesirable consequences for the inferential analysis (24). From the univariate regression (stepwise), the number of remaining variables to LST (n = 7), BMC (n = 5) and FM (n = 4) showed high r2 adj (0.90 to 0.94), while multicollinearity varied from low (L = 55.0) to moderate (L = 275.0) for the independent common variables for the three dependents variables (Table 2), a multivariable analysis.
From the multivariate regression model, statistical significance (Pillai) of the F values (for < 2.2e-16 implies the notation < 2.2 x 10-16) was found for four predictor anthropometric variables.
The precision of the model was initially tested in univariate analysis (Enter method) while maintaining low multicollinearity and high correlation coefficients between measured and predicted values (Table 3). Multicollinearity was low, ranging from tolerance for eigenvalues (L<100), VIF (<10.0), and the determination of simple coefficients (r2) and adjusted (r2 adj).
The graphic expression of dispersion and the correlation between predicted and measured values is shown in Fig. 1.
The results of the residuals sum of squares (PRESS), the coefficient of determination PRESS (Q2 PRESS) and the standard deviation of PRESS (SPRESS) obtained for each dependent variable, were also expressed (Table 3). These results suggested that the multivariate prediction model is valid for LST, BMC and FM since it indicates consistency with the conditions defined in the method for Q2 PRESS be close to "1" and SPRESS close to "0". Thus, the final model for each dependent variable including Residual Tissue (RT) as the difference for the BW, can be stated as:
Where: LST = lean soft tissue; BMC = bone mineral content; FM = fat mass; RT = residual tissue; BW = body weight (kg); SiSk = supra-iliac skinfold (mm); HaSk = horizontal abdominal skinfold (mm); CaCi = contracted arm circumference (cm).
Discussion
As novel finding in this study, anthropometric models were developed and validated to determine FM, LST and BMC in a female pediatric sample, using DXA as the reference method. Adult models are not expected to describe or estimate body composition in children and adolescents . Limitations in current available techniques to evaluate body composition hampers, in several circumstances, the measurement of the main body compartments in the molecular level . In our study, DXA returned absolute measures of LST, BMC and FM in a 3-C approach, which represents estimation advantages by minimizing error in a single scan. However, DXA is almost restricted to the medical environment. Consequently, anthropometry is an alternative method since the anthropometric model was valid to estimate body composition using DXA as reference. Greater predictive accuracy was obtained through four anthropometric variables to simultaneously predict LST, BMC and FM.
DXA has great potential in pediatric studies, low level of ionizing radiation exposure, convenience and speed in the estimation of multicomponent body, which allows better interpretation of BC during growth and appropriate association with anthropometric estimates. Since the 80s, predictive equations of FM and FFM by anthropometry and BIA, using DXA (or other 3-C models) and 4-C as criterion methods , have been used, although none try to predict more than one component, otherwise only FM or FFM.
The known pediatric equations of Slaughter and colleagues used skinfolds models derived from a 4-C model . However, lower coefficients of determination (r2 = 0.88) and greater standard errors of estimation (SEE = 3.80%) were found for FM determination, when compared to our results, (r2 > .94; SEE < 2.25%; SPRESS = 0.01 to 0.30) and no cross-validation was provided.
In ages younger than 10 years, the dispersion of body tissues tends to be lower than in subsequent ages . This implies that the pre pubertal growth and maturation are quite compatible. At this age, the change in hormonal concentration that occurs during sexual maturation has not yet started . The density of FFM is influenced in large part by bone mineral because the density of bone is markedly higher than that of other components of the FFM. During this special period of life there is an unstable relationship between BMC and muscle mass in comparison to adulthood . In addition, the increase of other body components during growth is markedly higher in FM until about 13 years, registering increases from childhood to adulthood of 17% in girls and 15% in boys. When presenting exponential reduction, no significant changes are found for the three components after age 20 in girls and age 21-22 in boys .
Besides extending to girls with high body mass, this new methodology overcome traditional limitations of bi-compartmental models by offering an alternative multivariate analysis, a new way for a comprehensive approach [7, 21, 27, 28]. The observed high coefficients values and low errors estimation (Table 3) reflected a usual good validity when using our laboratory proposed equations . Several factors can affect the accuracy of a predictive equation as: the dependent variable validity; accuracy of predictive variables; statistical intra and inter-biological relationship between independent and dependent variables; appropriated use of statistical methods to formulate the equation; and adequate sample size . The necessary conditions for the proposition of a predictive model must meet statistical requirements for a safe and reliable model/equation.
Assumptions for good predictive models of body composition recommend that models should be proposed for a wider clinical application , make valid assumptions in relations between the components , i.e., if relations between FFM, FM and TBW are constant for all ages. Some equations proposed are more well-founded descriptions and specific to predict only one component , or restricted age range . When it involves wider range age (5-19 years), adopt sophisticated laboratory techniques and expensive procedures . Furthermore, the inclusion of independent variables with strong statistical and biological relationship with the variable of interest, certainly increases its predictive power . The internal validation method PRESS , as in our equations, confirms the effectiveness of the model in predicting the body components with high internal validity, high coefficients of determination (Q2 PRESS = 0.81 a 0.93) and low prediction errors (SPRESS = 0.01 a 0.30).
The anthropometric measurements are obtained easily and at a low cost while preserving the accuracy and low error to be considered as an alternative to DXA . We recognize as limitation of this study that DXA is not a gold standard for pediatric body composition models. But conversely, the four compartments (4-C models) is the current state of the art method since it considers the variability of the main FFM components . However, it is also subject to propagation of measurement errors, is time consuming, and requires sophisticated and highly specialized technical equipment. Moreover, it is restricted to research facilities and has high costs, making it difficult to use in large samples . Nevertheless, DXA has been used by various researchers to develop pediatric equations [19, 38,39,40,41], therefore considered as a valid and reliable method . Other limitation consider that the accurate measurement of LST, especially in athletes, requires strict observation of hydration, which may affect DXA assessment ; as well the menstrual cycle of girls , not controlled in this study. However, the girls in the study had a low level of maturation (PHV = -3.16) and were not athletes, minimizing possible errors of analysis.
Additionally, nutritional data, social or economic status, hereditary or level of sports training were not controlled in this study and may interfere with the female body composition. The small sample size may compromise the accuracy of the models since the sample may not have a well balance representation of age and adiposity levels. In addition, ethnic differences in this sample, although comprising a highly mixed-race, may also limit the generalization of these equations for other populations as the number of females in each ethnic group was not well balanced . Although racial and sports practice showed no interactions terms with anthropometric variables in explaining the reference variables, research is required to test the accuracy of the proposed model for other ethnic groups. Finally, for longitudinal body composition assessment, the accuracy of these models requires further validation, or estimates for age groups.
Conclusions
The goal of this study to develop and validate an anthropometric predictive model to simultaneously estimate LST, BMC and FM was achieved. These models provide a practical, low cost, and reliable tool in assessing body composition of a specific female pediatric population. These models can be used to determine and monitor body growth in peripubertal girls, either to assess health indicators (i.e., overweight control, obesity and the associated risks), or improve sports performance (i.e., body adequacy and physical preparation for sports). However it should be tested and validated for other ethnic groups.
The internal validation method PRESS confirms the effectiveness of the model in predicting the body components with high internal validity, with high coefficients of determination and low prediction errors. These models may be a valid alternative to estimate body composition in girls and allow application in clinical environment or field settings.
Abbreviations
- Z y :
-
degree of confidence
- ε :
-
maximum error
- σ 2 :
-
variance
- 2-C:
-
two-compartment model
- A:
-
age (years)
- BMC:
-
Bone mineral content
- BMI:
-
Body mass index
- BW:
-
Body weight
- CaCi:
-
Contracted arm circumference
- DXA:
-
Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry
- FFM:
-
Fat-free mass
- FM:
-
Fat mass
- HaSk:
-
Horizontal abdominal skinfold
- Ht:
-
Height
- L:
-
multicollinearity
- Lh:
-
Legs height
- LST:
-
Lean soft tissue
- PHV:
-
Peak height velocity
- PRESS:
-
sum of squares of residuals
- Q2 PRESS :
-
PRESS coefficients of determination
- r:
-
coefficients of correlation
- SEE:
-
Standard errors of estimation
- Sh:
-
Seating height
- SiSk:
-
Supra-iliac skinfold
- SPRESS :
-
PRESS error
- TBW:
-
Total body water
- TEM%:
-
relative technical error of measurement
- TEM:
-
absolute technical error of measurement
- VIF:
-
Variance inflation factor
- Wt:
-
body mass (kg)
- β:
-
beta parameter
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Acknowledgments
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Machado, D., Silva, A., Gobbo, L. et al. Anthropometric multicompartmental model to predict body composition In Brazilian girls. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 9, 23 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-017-0088-7
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Aims To investigate whether patients with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) have increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD).
Methods Population-based retrospective cohort and case control study. Longitudinal data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database (2000–2009) were analysed. The study cohort comprised 835 patients with a diagnosis of CSCR and 4175 age and gender matched patients without CSCR. Kaplan–Meier plots and log-rank tests were used to compare differences in the hazard rates of CHD between the CSCR and non-CSCR cohorts. Stratified Cox proportional hazard models were applied to examine the association between CSCR and CHD, adjusting for potential confounding factors.
Results The 5-year CHD cumulative incidence for patients with CSCR was nearly twofold that of the non-CSCR cohort (6.12% vs 3.29%, p=0.004) from the log-rank test. The adjusted CHD HR of CSCR versus non-CSCR was 1.61 (95% CI 1.12 to 2.30, p=0.009) from the Cox model. Specifically, the HR for male patients was 1.72 (95% CI 1.14 to 2.59, p=0.010) and for female patients it was 1.34 (95% CI 0.64 to 2.84, p=0.438).
Conclusions Male patients with CSCR had a significantly higher CHD rate than those without CSCR, indicating that CSCR may be a potential risk factor for the development of CHD for men.
- Epidemiology
- Public Health
- Choroid
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Introduction
Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) is a maculopathy that is often observed in middle-aged male patients. CSCR typically presents as a serous neurosensory detachment at the posterior pole. Imaging studies on indocyanine green angiography have shown that patients with CSCR have delayed choroidal filling.1 Elevated serum plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) levels were also observed in these patients.2 ,3 These results indicate that an imbalance between coagulation/coagulysis may predispose patients to choroidal vasculopathy in CSCR. Coronary heart disease (CHD), a thrombotic vascular disease of the heart, is a disease that is often observed in men over 45 years of age and in women over 55 years of age. Elevated serum levels of PAI-1 and PAI-1 gene polymorphism were reported to be associated with CHD.4–7 In addition to circulation abnormalities, factors that are associated with increased risk of CSCR and CHD include personality A-type8 ,9 and male sex.10 Although several common predisposing factors are observed in CSCR and CHD, no study has reported on the association between these two diseases. In this study, we aim to study the relationship of CSCR and CHD with a national population-based dataset from Taiwan National Health Insurance (TNHI). This dataset includes de-identified secondary data released for research purposes. This study was approved by the Changhua Christian Hospital Institution Review Board.
Materials and method
Data collection and management
The TNHI programme was initiated in 1995. Since then, medical records of more than 95% of Taiwan's hospitals contracted with TNHI were included in the database. The coverage rate of the programme increased from 92.4% in 1995 to >96% in 2000. About >98% of the population in Taiwan were covered by health insurance after the inclusion of the military forces in 2001.
One million residents of Taiwan who were enrolled in TNHI in 2005 were randomly selected by the National Health Research Institute (NHRI). Their healthcare records were analysed in this study. The sample comprised almost 4% of Taiwan's population, and was re-sampled by NHRI to confirm its structural resemblance to the general population with respect to gender and age.
Demographic variables such as age, gender, diagnosis date and monthly income were also itemised. All cases in the database were counted only once. Before analysis, the temporal consistency between birth dates, diagnosis dates and clinical visits of each patient were checked to ensure data accuracy.
Statistical analysis
A sample of 597 063 adults aged from 20 to 64 in 2000 who were selected from the TNHI database were considered in this study. The CSCR cohort consisted of those who had been diagnosed with CSCR, and the remainder made up the non-CSCR cohort. Only patients with at least two clinical visits classified as ICD code 362.41 were included in the CSCR cohort to ensure the accuracy of diagnosis. Patients with preexisting CHD (prior to CSCR diagnosis) were excluded. After further excluding those with degenerative myopia, uveitis, diabetic retinopathy, branch retinal vein occlusion, age-related macular degeneration, Harada disease, malignant neoplasm of the choroid, and those who had suffered from toxaemia during pregnancy, 815 patients with CSCR were included in the analysis.
Each patient with CSCR was matched with five patients who were randomly selected from the non-CSCR cohort to form a matched control group. Each patient with CSCR and corresponding control patients were followed from CSCR diagnosis until either CHD diagnosis or censorship (ie, no longer included in the TNHI programme for any reason or reached the end of 2009). Kaplan–Meier plots and log-rank tests were used to compare the CHD-free survival rate between CSCR and non-CSCR cohorts. Stratified Cox proportional hazard models (with matched age and gender) were fitted by adjusting for the patient's monthly income and diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and steroid usage to further study the effects of CSCR on CHD risk. Steroid usage is a binary variable and a user was defined as a person who had at least three clinical visits with prescription of glucocorticoids within the 12 months prior to any diagnosis of CHD. Note that for the survival analyses, patients with CHD diagnosis prior to CSCR diagnosis were excluded, using the diagnosis date of CSCR as the baseline for CSCR and its matched control.
We treated all 815 patients with CSCR as the case group, and the 4075 patients without CSCR as the control group. We used conditional /logistic regression to examine if preexisting CHD is a risk factor of CSCR.
Similar to CSCR, the diagnoses of CHD, DM and hypertension were confirmed by at least two clinical visits. Data management and analyses were carried out using Statistical Analysis System (SAS) V.9.3.
Results
Among the 815 patients with CSCR, 603 were men and 212 were women. Table 1 presents the distribution of demographic characteristics and selected disorders such as hypertension, DM, hyperlipidaemia and CHD for the CSCR and the comparison groups. A higher monthly income was associated with higher risk of CSCR (p=0.007). Steroid usage was also highly associated with CSCR (p<0.0001). The CSCR and the control cohorts shared the same age–gender distribution because the selection of the comparison cohort was matched by age and gender.
After excluding 41 patients with CHD diagnosis prior to CSCR diagnosis (along with fivefold corresponding matched controls), 774 patients with CSCR and 3911 without CSCR were used in the survival analysis, and 83 and 286, respectively, had CHD diagnosis during the follow-up. The median, range and inter-quartile range of the follow-up time for the CSCR group were 4.7, 10 and 4.5 years, and those for the non-CSCR group were 4.7, 10 and 4.6 years, respectively.
Figure 1 presents the results of the Kaplan–Meier analysis of CHD. The unadjusted 5-year CHD rate for patients with CSCR was nearly two times greater than that for those without CSCR (6.25% vs 3.24%) with a p value of 0.002 from the log-rank test.
Table 2 illustrates the overall adjusted hazard rate ratios (HRRs) of CHD, which were obtained from age–gender stratified Cox's proportional hazards regressions. After adjusting for the patient's monthly income, urbanisation level, steroid usage, status of disease such as DM, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia, the overall adjusted CHD HRR for patients with CSCR versus those without CSCR was 1.61 (95% CI 1.12 to 2.30, p=0.009). The age–gender-specific Cox models in table 3 further indicate that the risk of CHD was higher for male patients with CSCR with an adjusted CHD HRR of 1.72 (95% CI 1.14 to 2.59, p=0.01) than for male patients without CSCR. By contrast, the risk of CHD for female patients was not significant. More specifically, the adjusted CHD HRR for younger male patients with CSCR versus those without CSCR (age<40) was 2.66 (95% CI 1.02 to 6.91, p=0.045), whereas for older male patients the results were less significant (p=0.06).
The result of conditional logistic regression in table 4 does not suggest that pre-existing CHD was a risk factor for CSCR after adjusting for income, urbanisation level, steroid usage, DM, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia.
Each patient in the control group was randomly sampled from the non-CSCR cohort who matched the age and gender of a patient from the study cohort. We repeated this sampling scheme twice to confirm the results. The results from both trials were very similar to those reported above.
Discussion
The correlation of CSCR and systemic cardiovascular disease has been reported in various studies. Tittl et al11 reported that CSCR is a risk factor for hypertension. However, Kitzmann et al12 claimed that hypertension is not a significant risk factor for CSCR. Haimovici et al13 reported that uncontrolled systemic hypertension, instead of hypertension, is a risk factor for CSCR. An increased incidence of stroke has been reported in patients with CSCR by Tsai et al.14 In their study, after adjusting for other confounding factors, CSCR is reported to be an independent risk factor for stroke. Tittl et al11 studied the correlation between CHD and CSCR, in which logistic regression analysis results revealed that CHD is not a statistically significant risk factor for CSCR. The results from the present study are in accordance with their results. However, for the reversed causal relation, the Cox regression analysis results in our study show that after adjusting for DM, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia, CSCR is potentially an independent risk factor for CHD development (p=0.009, HRR 1.61). The 5-year cumulative incidence is 6.25% for the CSCR group and 3.24% for the comparison group. For age and gender specific analyses, male patients under 40 years of age have the highest HRR. The adjusted risk of CHD development is 2.66 times greater than that of the comparison group (p=0.045).
The underlying mechanism for the association of CHD and CSCR may be as follows. First, coagulation/coagulysis imbalance in CHD and CSCR may be pathogenic for both diseases. Abnormal fibrin deposition15–17 and elevated serum level of PAI-14–7 were reported in patients with CHD. Systemic aspirin is a commonly used medication to prevent ischaemic heart attack. However, choroidal circulation abnormality is now considered one of the most possible contributing factors in CSCR.1 ,18 ,19 Delayed choroidal arterial filling and venous congestion in indocyanine green angiography1 and subretinal fibrin deposition in several patients with variant CSCR20 suggest that coagulation abnormality might have an important pathogenic role in CSCR. Studies that have demonstrated that systemic aspirin is effective in treating CSCR further support the hypothesis.21 ,22 Second, personality A-type, which is prevalent in patients with CHD and CSCR, may be a common predisposing factor for both diseases. The sympatho-adrenal system or other endocrine cascades such as increased serum cortisol level triggered by emotional stress23–28 may be pathogenic for both diseases.
Only male patients have increased risk of CHD because the male sex is a risk factor for CHD and male patients tend to have CHD onset at an earlier age compared with their female counterparts.10 Male patients under 40 years of age have a higher risk compared with the age and sex controlled group. This result was observed because younger patients, age, hypertension, DM, hyperlipidaemia and other confounding factors of CHD are less prevalent and may be of less importance in CHD pathogenesis. Thus, CSCR may stand out as a more prominent risk factor. Moreover, the circulation abnormality underlying CSCR may be caused by premature atherosclerosis, which may induce premature CHD in those patients.
The main values of this study are as follows. First, the study is based on a nationwide and population-based dataset, which covers over 98% of the population. Thus, selection bias in referral centres is removed. Second, this study is a cohort study with maximum longitudinal data of 10 years. Thus, this study is preferred to a cross-sectional study in monitoring CHD incidence in CSCR and comparison cohorts. Third, the level of urbanisation, monthly income, DM, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia were taken into account as compounding factors to adjust the CHD HRR in patients with CSCR. Thus, our results are more reliable.
However, inherent limitations in the study include the following. First, interpretation of imaging studies was not possible using the insurance-claim data source; thus, diagnosis was less accurate. To mitigate this problem, we only recruited cases diagnosed with CSCR codes on at least two visits during the study period to lessen the chance of misdiagnosis. However, restricting the recruited cases may also result in incomplete recruitment. Second, personal information known to contribute to CHD, such as body mass index and smoking habit, were not available from the administrative database, and this could have compromised our results. Nonetheless, we were able to archive the clinical information of smoking abstention in the CSCR and control groups. Among the patients with CSCR, 2.71% (21/774) had a clinical visit for smoking abstention, while the proportion for the non-CSCR cohort was 3.50% (137/3911). χ2 test shows no significance between the proportions (p=0.266). Third, several patients with CSCR may not seek help if they have mild clinical symptoms and if the duration is short. However, this factor would be of little significance because patients in Taiwan can visit an ophthalmologist anytime without a referral from a general practitioner for a limited amount of money (between US$5 and 15).
In conclusion, this study demonstrates that patients with CSCR have an increased risk of CHD development. Patients with CSCR should be educated about this possibility. Changes in the patient's lifestyle may help prevent CHD development. A routine survey of electrocardiogram and other screening tests for CHD should be performed.
References
Footnotes
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Contributors Conception and design: S-NC. Analysis and interpretation of data: Y-CC. Drafting the article: IBL, S-NC. Revising it critically for important intellectual content: IBL and Y-CC. Final approval: S-NC.
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Competing interests None.
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Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
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Data sharing statement Our study is based on the National Health Insurance Research Database provided by the Bureau of National Health Insurance of Taiwan.
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Proper scientific methods should be used for this aspect of the study. Subjects This section should identify the process for selection, recruitment, and delineation of the subject pool used for your study. The subject pool should be reflective of the population selected for the study. Instrumentation The instrumentation section should identify the tool s used for collection of data. How the instrument was acquired or created as well as reliability and validity of the instrument should be presented in this section.
Procedures All aspects pertaining to the entire process conducted should be described.
Careful consideration should be paid to approval of methods and treatment of human or animal subjects. All treatments should be carefully described as well as notification of risks for participation. Statistical Analysis Provide a clear description of the statistical process used for analysis of data. The type of statistical tests should be reflective of the research hypothesis or question s. Chapter Four Results Order of Presentation Offer your results in an order that is similar to the order you presented your hypothesis or research questions.
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Descriptive Data Provide all the descriptive data such as demographic results. Results of Statistical Testing Give the results of the statistical processes conducted for your study. Provide only the results and avoid offering conclusions or interpretations of the results. Interpretations of Statistical Results Offer a brief summary of the results with foundational interpretations of what the statistics provide. This is a time to expound on your results and offer insight into what your study does or does not contribute to the body of information on your topic.
Conclusions Drawn by Results Identify specific conclusions resulting from you study. Offer specific insight to what your findings reveal. This section should synthesize your findings with the current knowledge in your area of study. Recommendations for Further Research Provide recommendations to further research on this topic or how parts of your study could be improved upon. If you found as a result of your study that another topic should be looked at in order to offer more insight into this topic, then suggest that at this time. It is important that this part of your conclusion chapter incorporate the implications of your findings in terms of other research in your area of study.
Literature Cited Provide a list of references used for this paper. Provide them in the style agreed upon by your committee. Appendices Examples of items: Letters written to subjects Questionnaires Large data files or sheets not appropriate for main body of thesis. The first part of the introduction should clearly state the purpose of the study. A clear statement s that identifies the precise research question should be included.
As part of the purpose of the study, there should be justification for conducting the project. A simple list of definitions of terms that directly pertain to this study should be provided. A brief statement identifying the delimitations, limitations, and assumptions associated with your study should be provided. There have been 24 concerns raised to clarify the impact of intrinsic factors such as attitude, subjective norms, behavioural control and motivation. However the first run communality of the factor analysis indicated almost ten concerns that have reflected statistical insignificance and some are redundantly used to capture same information.
Therefore all of those ten factors have been eliminated from the factor solution for further analysis. KMO and Bartlett's Test. Bartlett's Test of Sphericity. The components extracted represent the four areas of intrinsic influence that include Attitude Component1 , Subjective Norms Component2 , Behavioural Control Component3 , and Motivation Component 4. The Scree plot affirms that four of the components remain within the range of eigenvalue of 1.
Based on the factor analysis the number of factors that need to be involved has been reduced to This number constitutes the main category of factors that influence the consumer eReadiness; that includes demographic factors, factors related to enabling environment, factors related to enablers, and intrinsic factors.
Preliminary reliability tests suggested several criteria as unreliable. An account of the modification is as follows:. Cronbach's Alpha. Initial overall Reliability Score of 28 Items. Household Income If Deleted. Geographical Location If Deleted.
WRITING CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS [Quantitative]
Awareness on Availability of Businesses If Deleted. Economic Pressure If Deleted. Disability Status If Deleted.
House Status If Deleted. Concluded overall reliability Score of 22 Items. The final reliability score stands at. Based on the reliability suggestions, a total of six items stated in the table above have been omitted from further analysis. The table of reliability scores of remaining 22 items is as follows:. Reliability Statistics.
Cronbach's Alpha Based on Standardized Items. N of Items. Scale Statistics. Based on recommendations identified from the reliability test the omitted six items will be modified on the hypothesis model. The discussion on the modification and reliability results will be provided in chapter 5. As stated above in the beginning of this section, the initial test of normality turned out unfavourable for all of the demographic sample sets resulting non-normal distribution.
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After the Reliability test, Gender, Age, and Employment Status have been the demographic samples available for further analysis. However, most of the K-S values for these factors too have been. The results indicate that none of the parametric tests like One-way ANOVA, Chi-Squared tests can be performed for the existing set of samples as those testing require normally distributed data. Therefore alternatively, the equalling nonparametric tests have been optioned to identify the correlation between the factors shortlisted from the reliability test.
This test is more appropriate when the data set is non-normally distributed, small in size and too many rankings. In this particular context, the research data very much reflects the same scenario; therefore this test has been used to evaluate the correlation between the variables. Correlation1: Demographics Vs Internet Adoption. Internet Adoption. Correlation Coefficient. Employment Status:. Correlation is significant at the 0.
The figures show that gender has neither a higher score of correlation nor statistical significance as p.
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However comparatively, age and employment status have higher scores of correlation and statistical significance as their p-values are less than 0. Age has a stronger correlation than employment status as demonstrated by the correlation scores and statistical significance. Physical Infrastructure Vs Internet Adoption. Reliability of Physical Infrastructure. Availability-Accessibility of Physical Infrastructure.
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Affordability of Physical Infrastructure. All of the factors stated under physical infrastructure are reported to have neither significant correlation nor statistical significance as their p-values are greater than 0. Soft Infrastructure Vs Internet Adoption. Government Commitment -Soft.
Economy - Soft. Legal Frame Work - Soft. Access to ICT - Soft.
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In the same way, the soft infrastructure factors such as government commitment, legal framework, and access to ICT have shown very weak correlation with the internet adoption. On the other hand, they do not have statistical significance as well. Business Readiness Vs Internet Adoption. Business Readiness.
Business readiness has no significant correlation too. | https://failimthomate.tk/2543-thesis-chapter-3.php |
Mental health problems do not discriminate and it’s not pretty.
Working as a Mental Health Support Worker in London, I see first-hand the devastating impact that psychotic disorders have on those affected. Huge variability in the incidence rates worldwide have been reported (Jongsma et al, 2018) and it seems that psychosis can affect anyone, but who is most at risk?
Accurate incidence rates of psychosis can help us develop more effective mental health services, but most research focuses heavily on schizophrenia and does not encompass the variability of psychotic disorders. Castillejos et al (2018) aimed to rectify this by carrying out the first systematic review on incidence rates of psychotic disorders, looking at diagnostic groups separately to examine the effect of gender, urbanity, immigration and socioeconomic level.
Methods
A systematic review was conducted searching five electronic databases for relevant original data published between 2000 and 2015.
Inclusion criteria
- Population-based incidence studies of any psychotic disorder (excluding people living in institutions or prisons)
- ≥30 year difference between the lower and upper age included in each study, in order to obtain a wide age range
- Study with original data
- Published 2000-2015 (a previous systematic review was published in 2001)
Incidence rates were calculated and results were combined to see the association with gender, urbanicity, immigration and socioeconomic level according to different psychotic diagnostic categories. Diagnoses included for analysis: non-affective psychoses, schizophrenia, affective psychoses and substance-use disorder.
Results
- Final sample of 33 articles from 13 different countries included for review
- Majority of studies were based on individuals making first contact with health or social services (26) and the remaining were based on those who had their first admission to hospital (7)
- Non-affective psychoses had a higher overall incidence rate than affective psychoses (22.5 per 100,000 persons and 7.13 per 100,000 persons, respectively)
- High variability in rates of non-affective psychoses (10-69 per 100,000 persons) and schizophrenia (4-62 per 100,000 persons) and overall, great variability between studies.
Gender
Generally, rates of psychotic disorders were higher in men than in women, but affective psychoses were the exception, with higher rates in women than men.
Urbanicity
Incidence rates of affective psychosis, non-affective psychosis and schizophrenia were all higher in urban areas when compared to rural areas.
Immigration
Incidence rates for non-affective psychosis, affective psychosis and schizophrenia were all higher in immigrants when compared to natives.
Socio-economic level
Living in a deprived area was associated with higher rates of affective and non-affective psychoses compared to living in a non-deprived area.
Conclusion
In this review, researchers demonstrated the significant variability presented in the incidence rates of psychotic disorders worldwide.
Incidence rates were higher:
- For men versus women in non-affective psychoses
- For women versus men in affective psychoses
- In urban areas versus rural areas
- In immigrants versus natives.
Strengths and limitations
This is the only systematic review analysing diagnostic groups separately when looking at rates of psychotic disorders worldwide and certain intervening factors. Encompassing the variability of psychotic disorders is important, to guide future interventions to do the same.
Although most studies included were middle to high quality, how valid are the findings from this review? Considering only published articles were included and the small sample size, it seems that several relevant studies might have been excluded from this review. Chances of publication bias are high.
Also, great methodological variability and small sample size raises concerns about whether it was suitable to combine the data included in this review. The reviewers admit that the association between socio-economic level and psychosis is non-conclusive as a result. But what about the other factors? Analysis on gender included 20 citations, immigration had 14 and urbanicity only eight.
Finally, the incidence rates from this review were biased, including studies only on clinical populations and mostly in developed countries, which can be problematic considering that incidence rates help plan and develop services. What about those who don’t seek help for their psychotic experiences?
Implications for practice
Findings from reviews like this can have important clinical implications. They should be applied in practice within mental health services so that clinicians are mindful of these risk factors when assessing and diagnosing, and interventions are tailored to meet the needs of service users and patients. Ultimately, the aim is to ensure early intervention, reducing costly and unpleasant hospital admissions.
International efforts to improve mental health and wellbeing should consider policies to improve access to mental health services for immigrants living in urban areas, especially considering the evidence that immigrants often under-utilise mental health services (Sarría-Santamera et al, 2016). Organisations that guide the development of mental health policies, such as the World Health Organization, should utilise the findings from reviews like this in their policy-making decisions.
As a Mental Health Support Worker, I’m sure I speak on behalf of many, when I say that there’s a need for the development of effective, psychosocial interventions to support those living in the community with a psychotic disorder. Future reviews looking at risk factors associated with incidence rates of psychosis should ensure diagnostic groups are looked at separately. As with other disorders, research needs to encompass the variability of psychotic disorders. However, much larger samples and the inclusion of developing countries should be considered in future and there also seems a serious lack of research on substance-induced psychosis, so this should also be considered in future.
Conflicts of interest
No conflicts of interest.
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Links
Primary paper
Castillejos MC, Martín-Pérez C, Moreno-Küstner B. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the incidence of psychotic disorders: the distribution of rates and the influence of gender, urbanicity, immigration and socio-economic level. Psychological Medicine https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291718000235
Other references
Jongsma HE, Gayer-Anderson C, Lasalvia A, et al. (2018) Treated incidence of psychotic disorders in the multinational EU-GEI study [published online December 6, 2017]. JAMA Psychiatry. doi:10.1001 /jamapsychiatry.2017.3554
Is the incidence of schizophrenia in South-East London really 10 times higher than in Santiago, Spain?
Sarría-Santamera, A., Hijas-Gómez, A. I., Carmona, R., & Gimeno-Feliú, L. A. (2016). A systematic review of the use of health services by immigrants and native populations. Public health reviews, 37(1), 28. | https://www.nationalelfservice.net/mental-health/psychosis/rates-psychotic-disorders-huge-variability-and-important-risk-factors/ |
Performance Evaluation of Patch Repairs on Historic Concrete Structures
In 2014, participants in the Conserving Concrete Heritage Experts meeting identified lack of knowledge on the efficacy and durability of existing concrete repair solutions and the scarcity of technical resources on concrete conservation as key challenges confronting the field. But to provide practical guidance on best practices in repairing historic concrete, it is necessary to critically evaluate past projects and understand how those repairs have fared.
In response to this need, the GCI in partnership with Historic England and Laboratoire de Recherche des Monuments Historiques, France, will undertake research to evaluate the performance of patch repairs executed in concrete conservation projects. “Patch repair” is used in this research to refer to nonstructural repair, both full-depth and partial-depth, where partial replacement of original deteriorated or damaged concrete is conducted.
Research will focus on repairs designed and executed on heritage buildings and structures that aimed to follow typical conservation principles—such as minimizing loss of original material and retaining original profile, texture, and color of the parent concrete—in addition to meeting the usual requirements of concrete repair, such as adhesion and compatibility with the substrate material. The research involves evaluation of concrete repairs on a selection of historic concrete structures in England, France, and the United States.
Objectives
Better understanding of repair methods and practices; patch repair deterioration; and efficacy and durability of patch repair materials
Guidance on selection of appropriate repair materials
Practical guidance on repair
Methodology for recording, monitoring, and evaluating repairs to historic reinforced concrete
Identification of future research needs
Methodology
A variety of approaches, materials, and techniques will be assessed across a variety of concrete typologies and climate zones, widening the project’s relevance. Resulting data will be analyzed to detect patterns and trends in order to identify common causes of early failure of patch repairs. This will assist in identifying aspects of current practice that could be improved and in identifying the relationships between material selection and longevity.
Results of this study will be used to develop guidelines for practitioners on successful repair of historic concrete, including selection of suitable materials and appropriate methods and techniques to ensure durable and suitable repairs, as well as a methodology on the evaluation of patch repairs.
Additional research needs on the long-term performance of repairs for historic concrete and other aspects of the repair process are likely to be revealed. Finally, materials produced will be used in training programs that will disseminate the results of this research to practitioners. | https://www.getty.edu/conservation/our_projects/field_projects/concrete/performance_evaluation_patch_repairs.html |
Selecting Building Supply Materials For Industrial Architecture in Chatham
A good design is achievable only with quality materials and hence materials are the solution to a good functioning building. The quality of construction is majorly dependent on the materials utilized. The building materials you pick will define the overall durability, endurance, and character of the building. Thus, one should be cautious and particular while deciding on Chatham building supplies.
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The most beneficial means to decide materials that suit your requirements is by analyzing the stability, maintenance, aesthetics, and cost of each material. There is a broad array of construction materials available and it can be challenging to decide the best possibilities for our various needs as the selection of construction material needs taking note of various factors.
The following are some factors that one should consider while deciding on construction materials:
1. Cost
When looking for various construction materials in Chatham, one will realize that the rate varies extensively. As a rule of thumb, it is not always desirable to look for the most affordable products. One needs to take into account the lifespan or utility of the products.
2. Climate
Another significant aspect of the selection of materials in Chatham is the climate. Determinants like the average extent of heat or cold during the year, rain or snowfall, amount of daylight, needed ventilation are some points to consider.
The construction material should respond to the climate and context. When climate appears in the picture, the characteristics of materials also evolve and help respond to the climate.
3. Durability
Some materials serve longer and are more repellent to corrosion, moisture, and other environmental conditions. By determining the most suitable material for climate, we ensure that they are long-lasting. It is essential to consult experts when choosing building materials that respond to climatic conditions. They will help us to determine materials that are most suitable as per our requirements. The materials should be capable of adapting to the weather and climatic conditions.
Choose materials that have the structural potential to sustain and bear the building loads. When determining the roofing materials, for example, one needs to make sure that the building structure can completely support the roof material, for the complete life of the building. | https://littleaudreysanto.org/tag/building-materials-store/ |
When installing precast concrete, it is important to plan for and know how to overcome numerous site challenges. If not dealt with properly, these challenges can prevent a project from passing inspection and can result in installation problems, moving and cracking of pavers, and safety hazards to pedestrians. This course addresses the most frequently asked questions regarding on-site paving issues to facilitate a successful installation for a variety of applications.
Current trends in architecture include the desire to reintroduce traditional articulated detailing concepts in a modern way. However, details that once were relatively straightforward to construct in mass masonry walls do not translate directly to contemporary anchored veneer construction. This course discusses the various aesthetic, weatherproofing, and structural characteristics that can be incorporated into anchored brick veneer, the limits of the prescriptive methods presented in the Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures (TMS 402), and general detailing concepts to adapt these types of details to meet the safety requirements for anchored brick veneer integrity and attachment to the structure.
Stairs are often a prominent feature or even the focal point of an architectural design project and play a vital role in creating an aesthetically pleasing interior atmosphere, or an exterior welcoming point to a residential, commercial, or industrial building. This course provides an overview of the many benefits of installing precast concrete stair treads and landings, how to detail and specify them, and how to address related building code, design, and construction requirements.
This course is part of one or more "Course Collections". Click here to view the details...
It is an expectation that today’s buildings have to be more than just aesthetically pleasing: they have to provide measurable environmental benefits. This course outlines how insulated concrete forms (ICFs) help meet sustainable design objectives and examines the advantages that ICFs and ICF technology have over conventional construction materials for building envelopes in all building types.
This course is part of one or more "Course Collections". Click here to view the details...
Over the past few decades, exterior building spaces and roofs have significantly transformed from utilitarian ballasted roof systems to roof systems with highly programmed, environmentally conscious, people-friendly amenities that promote healthier lifestyles. A variety of products and materials can be utilized in the design and construction of roof gardens and decks. This course reviews the construction of basic types of roof systems and the range of hardscaping products that are available to designers.
This course is part of one or more "Course Collections". Click here to view the details...
Masonry is an ideal sustainable building construction material as it is extremely durable, recyclable, and reusable. It allows for extraordinary design versatility, so it can meet both aesthetic and functional requirements. This course looks at the design elements, components, and construction techniques that characterize sustainable masonry cavity wall building envelopes.
This course is part of one or more "Course Collections". Click here to view the details...
As some of the earliest building materials, masonry and concrete have been used for their durability and strength. However, masonry architecture, both historical and contemporary, has been left vulnerable to water—the single most damaging element to masonry in our environment. This course identifies common water-related problems for masonry and concrete, describes protective treatments that increase masonry durability, and explains the process for safely selecting and applying a protective treatment.
Typically specified for pavements because of its strength, durability, and life-cycle value, concrete is increasingly being specified for a variety of exterior and interior projects because of its aesthetic potential. This course explores colored concrete including coloring methods, pigments, color consistency, and maintenance. It examines the specification considerations of cast-in-place and precast concrete and looks at a range of interior applications and concrete finishes.
The need to evaluate thermal bridging in a building’s design and performance has become more prevalent because of the increasing requirements for more energy-efficient buildings. This course provides an introduction to thermal bridging, energy code requirements, and the use of thermal break solutions designed to improve energy efficiency in the building envelope.
This course is part of one or more "Course Collections". Click here to view the details...
Le besoin d’évaluer les ponts thermiques dans la conception et le rendement d’un bâtiment a gagné en importance en raison des exigences grandissantes en matière d’efficience énergétique des bâtiments. Ce cours sert d’introduction aux ponts thermiques, aux exigences du code de l’énergie et à l’usage de barrières thermiques conçues pour améliorer l’efficience énergétique de l’enveloppe du bâtiment.
This course is part of one or more "Course Collections". Click here to view the details...
Masonry wall types have evolved from self-supporting mass walls to cavity walls and veneers that require wall ties or anchors. Over time, anchors can fail and masonry wall systems can become unstable and require repair. This course discusses how to recognize unstable façades, how retrofit anchors can be used to repair these instabilities, the different types of anchors available, and how to determine the proper repair procedure.
Stone is perhaps man's oldest, most durable, most reliable, and most beautiful building material. It is now possible to acquire all of its benefits without the need for heavy, thick, and expensive walls and foundations. This course explains how natural thin stone veneer can be economically utilized to protect and beautify commercial, institutional, and residential indoor and outdoor surfaces, the varying attributes of different stones, the numerous looks that can be achieved, and the standards that inform their selection, specification, and usage.
Thin brick veneer wall systems offer a lightweight design option to use in many areas, both where traditional brick is commonly used as well as where its use is limited, such as interior accent walls or inset panels. This course outlines the differences between wall systems using anchored and adhered masonry veneer, with a focus on the design, materials, and installation methods of adhered brick veneer wall systems. The use of adhered brick veneer in interior applications is also discussed.
Porcelain tile containing recycled content provides residential and commercial building projects with a durable, easy-to-maintain finish material for interior or exterior floors, walls, or other surfaces. This course highlights the eco-friendly production practices of porcelain tile and details its contributions to the design and performance of a building.
This course is part of one or more "Course Collections". Click here to view the details...
Learners will receive information about cast stone and how it is made, testing requirements, applications, design recommendations, and how it differs from related materials. Learners will describe appropriate specification, design details of cast stone for architectural applications, and how to determine quality cast stone production.
Humans have been building successfully with natural stone for thousands of years, but there are still some misconceptions about dry-stacked stone retaining wall construction. This course addresses these misconceptions and introduces best practices for wall design and construction, the Federal Highway Administration and Associated Rockery Contractors guidelines and laboratory testing standards, and many key natural stone facts and sustainability attributes. It concludes with a number of illustrated case studies.
Concrete is a popular, versatile, and durable construction material, and it has the potential to be very beautiful as well. Graphically imaged precast concrete is a creative, inspiring technology that can be used by architects and designers to create visually impactful building façades and other concrete surfaces. Discussed are the fabrication process, design possibilities, and budgeting considerations. Global case studies present a range of applications of both stock and unique designs.
The materials we use have a significant impact on the environment, our communities, and our health. Consequently, material transparency—wherein manufacturers disclose vital sustainability information about their products—is an increasingly necessary element of modern life. This course examines the tools and resources that are available for both manufacturers and the A&D community that effectively communicate transparency information and optimization of building products. Also reviewed are the benefits of the new-generation insulated metal panels (IMPs) designed to achieve a trusted range of health and wellness certifications.
This course is part of one or more "Course Collections". Click here to view the details...
Vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) offer higher thermal resistance per unit thickness than traditional insulation materials. This means a building envelope can meet the effective R-values for enclosures required by the energy codes without having to increase the thickness of the walls, roof, or floors. This course discusses how VIPs work, why they are effective, and the impact the properties of the materials used to construct a VIP can have on its performance. VIP installations and the latest developments in VIP technology are reviewed to illustrate the advantages of using VIPs as thermal insulation in the design of energy-efficient buildings.
The construction of residential and commercial buildings that use less energy to operate and are long lived is a key part of sustainable design. Insulated concrete forms (ICFs) provide the necessary U-factor, airtightness, resiliency, and durability for all building types. Insulated concrete forms in residential and commercial construction projects offer excellent thermal performance and reduced energy consumption and operating costs, while maintaining a very comfortable and healthy interior environment. This course examines the ICF wall, including materials and components, and discusses design considerations and construction.
This course is part of one or more "Course Collections". Click here to view the details...
Concrete is the most widely used construction material in the world, second only to water. Over time, as a result of the build-up of atmospheric compounds in the surrounding environment, concrete will become discolored, stained, dirty, and dingy. This course examines photocatalytic technology which accelerates self-cleaning and fights air pollution while maintaining the mechanical and physical properties of traditional concrete.
This course is part of one or more "Course Collections". Click here to view the details...
Movable pool and spa floor technology enables an entirely flexible, multifunctional living and recreational space to complement any architectural vision. Presented here are types of movable pool floors, pool floor technology, options and amenities, and safety and sustainability performance considerations.
Throughout history, concrete mixes and carved natural stone have combined to create substance, beauty, and longevity in our architecture. Glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC) was created to ensure that the attributes of concrete and stone continue to be enjoyed but with efficiency in the application that is expected in today's world of design. This course covers the creation of GFRC, its components, fabrication, applications, and design capabilities. It compares GFRC to other types of architectural concrete and presents GFRC performance and sustainable design advantages.
Increased energy efficiency in both new and existing construction continues to be a large factor behind the design decisions we make and the materials we choose to integrate into our buildings. Concrete masonry construction can provide a wide range of benefits. This course illustrates how building envelopes constructed with concrete masonry create high-performance buildings that can exceed energy code requirements.
This course is part of one or more "Course Collections". Click here to view the details...
Rooftop decks create valuable living and recreational space for building owners, residents, and clients. Accommodating restaurants, hotels, healthcare facilities, and everything from residential to government buildings, rooftop deck systems offer the design flexibility to create versatile, unique outdoor spaces over any structural surface. This course explores the features, surface materials, and design options for rooftop deck systems and provides an overview of recommended planning and installation guidelines. | https://www.aecdaily.com/olc.php?sequence=1&parent_id=304329&tabidx=category&cat_name=04+00+00+-+MASONRY&pos=1 |
This tutorial will show a basic functionality of the Materials and an example to apply effects on a sprite.
The first thing is understand what is a Material. A Material is an asset that can be applied to a mesh to control the visual look of the scene, or using a simple concept is like the “paint” that is applied to an object. You can define its color, how shiny it is, whether you can see through the object, and much more.
To create a Material we will go to our Materials folder and using the contextual menu choose Material
Using double click over the Material we will open the Material Editor.
In the Material section of the Details tab we can choose the material properties, depending on witch one we choose we will activate/deactivate options in the result node.
In this example we will work with 2D sprites and no lights so we will choose:
- Surface
- Translucent
- Unlit
We can add input parameters, like in a programming function, to parameterize the material functionally. We will add two scalar parameters to control the sprite alpha level and the brightness level, using the right click contextual menu.
The alpha texture must be multiplied by our alpha scalar to be reduced in percentage and connected it the Opacity output of the material. The Texture sample can be added using the contextual menu too.
If we want to use the Sprite color option in our material we must add a Vertex Color node and multiply the texture sample color
Our last parameter will change the brightness level of the sprite, we will connect it to the emissive color material output, so it will be connected to the sprite color parameter too.
Now we can put all parameters together
To use our material we must select it in the material section of our sprite details
Now to be able to change the parameters in runtime we need to create a variable of type Material Instance Dynamic in our actor.
Before we can use it we need to initialize the MID using the Create Dynamic Material Instance function and set the output to our variable. Dont forget to select our material in the Source Material field.
Now we can change the material intance values on runtine using the Set Scalar Parameter Value funtion, we are setting only scalar parameters in this example, with the name asignated during the material parameter creation.
You can combine the parameters to do different effects like a red blink when the player receive any damage or an alpha blink during player invulnerable state. You can replicate all the effects of the old school games using Materials in your games.
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For the past year I've been dedicating more of my time to the creation of tutorials, mainly about game development. If you think these posts have either helped or inspired you, please consider supporting this blog. Thank you so much for your contribution! | https://www.parallelcube.com/2017/10/03/sprite-effects-materials-introduction/ |
Stone has been used as a building material for thousands of years. The ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans were among the first civilizations to use stone extensively in their architecture. The material was prized for its durability and strength, and it was often used for monumental structures such as temples, palaces, and tombs, with one of the most famous examples of ancient stone architecture being the Great Pyramid of Giza, which was built around 2560 BCE. The pyramid is made of over 2 million limestone blocks, each weighing an average of 2.5 tons. The size of the blocks and the precision with which they were cut and fitted together is a testament to the skill of the ancient Egyptian builders, and the fact that the structure still stands strong today is a testament to the design choice of stone in architecture.
In the Middle Ages, stone continued to be an important architectural material. Many of the great examples of European architecture were built during this time, such as Notre Dame and Westminster Abbey, creating an era where art began having a significant influence in design. These sites are still in full function today, again showcasing the strength of material choice, but also by using stone such as limestone or sandstone, extraordinarily intricate carvings and sculptures adorned the interiors and exteriors of these sites- so detailed in fact that contemporary masons find it remarkably difficult to recreate and restore such designs.
During the Renaissance, stone became even more important as an architectural material. Many of the great palaces and public buildings of the period were made of marble, which was prized for its beauty and durability. The Vatican, for example, is made almost entirely of marble, and it features some of the most beautiful sculptures and frescoes in the world.
With such a significant legacy, it may be surprising to realise that due to an array of reasons, stone no longer ‘fills the shoes’ it once did. This is due to substantial, albeit expected, developments in both technology and innovation, as well as society and its needs. Firstly, natural stone is a considerably more expensive building material than alternatives such as concrete and steel. This is due to a combination of factors – primarily the cost of specialist labourers and the cost of materials. Adding to the costs of building with stone is the cost of connections, because of how hard stone is to work with. Getting connections to gas, electricity, and plumbing becomes increasingly complex, with a higher risk of cracking the stone while trying to set up these connections.
Alongside these costs, stone is a poor insulator. Typically, a quality insulator will have a way of trapping heat, such as air pockets or its atomic structure does not allow for the transfer of energy, however, stone has no way of retaining heat due to its thermal transfer properties (x). These increased costs typically drive architects to choose low-cost materials to meet budget outlines. Desert Resort, Empty quarter, Saudi Arabia
However, in recent years, stone has found a new purpose in contemporary interior design and designing spaces for wellness. With such a variety of unique patterns and compositions at hand, natural stone has long been appreciated for its aesthetic value. In contemporary design, the use of materials such as marble and quartz adds a touch of luxury and sophistication to any space and is frequently seen in the form of a countertop, fireplace, or feature wall. The incorporation of such feature pieces and focal points adds texture and depth to a space while also promoting health and wellness due to low CO2 emissions.
Wellness has become a major trend in interior design, with a growing emphasis on creating spaces that promote health and wellbeing. Stone plays a vital role in this trend, as it has a calming effect on the mind and body. Its natural texture and coolness can help to reduce stress and anxiety, while its durability and longevity create a sense of stability and security. In the opposite tone from marble, stone with a more ‘natural’ appearance is also a great choice for creating spaces that promote a connection with nature. The use of natural materials is a key aspect of biophilic design, which aims to bring elements of the natural world into indoor spaces. By using stone, designers can create a sense of grounding and tranquillity, while also evoking the beauty of natural landscapes.
Additionally, as architects and designers continue to find new ways of incorporating stone into their work, we are now seeing an increase in stone being used in interior design as a material for furniture. Stone tables, benches, and even lighting fixtures are becoming increasingly popular, as they offer a unique combination of durability and beauty. Stone furniture pieces can be used to create a sense of solidity and permanence, adding to the overall feeling of wellness and the connection with natural elements.
Furthermore, due to the aforementioned beneficial properties of stone, it is also being used in the design of outdoor spaces such as gardens and meditation areas. By using natural stone, designers can create a seamless transition between indoor and outdoor spaces while also evoking a sense of wellness and connection with natural environments.Sanko HQ,Büyükdere Caddesi, Istanbul Turkey
In conclusion, stone is a versatile material that has found a new purpose in contemporary design and in designing spaces for wellness. Its unique patterns and textures add beauty and sophistication to any space, while its physical properties promote a sense of stability, security, and connection with nature. Whether it’s used as a focal point or as a material for furniture, stone has become an important element in creating spaces that promote health and wellbeing. | https://rmjm.com/materials-in-review-stone/ |
Modernist visionary Walter Gropius was founding director of the Bauhaus and pioneer of the International Style. From the Bauhaus School in Dessau, Germany, to the Chicago Tribune Tower, his fundamental tenets of functional beauty and a complete aesthetic environment remain benchmarks for architects, designers, and urbanists alike.
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Every P.C. product is crafted with care and obsession for even the smallest details.
Rest easy, knowing every purchase is backed by a guarantee for the lifetime of the product against manufacturing, material, and workmanship defects. | https://periodcorrect.com/products/gropius |
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Learn about our company’s dynamics, and learn more about the customization, application, and selection of perforated metals.
Expanded Metal or Perforated Metal? How to choose?
Perforated metal and expanded metal are the results of superior processing and manufacturing of an ordinary sheet of metal. Their durability, strength and functionality play a vital role in many industrial and construction applications. In addition, infinite reveries of geometric patterns can be realized on them, which offers the possibility of creating an aesthetic structure
10 Perforated Metal Panel Architectural Uses You Should Know About
With the improvement of people’s living standards, the transformation of the surrounding environment has been strengthened, especially in the design of some commercial places and residential buildings. And building materials are becoming more and more abundant and novel, a single material is not enough to meet the design needs. The use of metal, wood, stone, | https://perforatedsheetsmetal.com/blog/ |
What is the goal of minimalism? And how can it help you create the calm home life you crave?
Discover how the goal of minimalism can help you find clarity, calm, and value what matters
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Throughout history, minimalist ideas have reappeared under various guises: from stoicism in ancient Greece through to today’s decluttering influencers like Marie Kondo. To some people, minimalism is a particular aesthetic, to others it’s a lifestyle, whereas for some it’s a design approach or philosophy.
But while minimalism in interior design can mean different things to different people, the goal of minimalism remains broadly the same: to find clarity, calm and value by living with less. Our design experts unpack this further below, and share their tips for creating a minimalist home.
What is the goal of minimalism?
1. Finding clarity
“For our practice, minimalism is not the solution,” says Brian Messana, co-founder and executive architect at Messana O'Rorke in New York. “It is the guise under which complexity is best hidden. Meaning, minimalism is not an aesthetic that's applied, rather, it is the result of carefully, thoughtfully, and meticulously evaluating and understanding the complexities of a project and organizing them into a seemingly simple solution.”
Through this process of simplification or reduction, we can find clarity and focus, ans this is why minimalism is a better way of life. “Minimalism to us is a focus on what is important,” says Kashi Shikunova, Director at London-based YAM Studios. “In our world, where we live very busy lives and are presented with an abundance of choices everywhere, we strongly believe a home should create a shelter for people where they can unwind, recharge and spend quality time with their loved ones.”
2. Creating calm
What is a minimalist lifestyle? Well, minimalist spaces should address our emotional needs for security and calm. “Warm materials and layered textures are key for minimalists as they will create a beautiful and inviting environment where people will feel comfortable and nurtured,” says Kashi Shikunova. “Warm minimalist spaces bring calmness and balance to people's minds, helping them unwind and recharge. A restrained palette, quality materials and functional storage are the key ingredients for achieving a simple and calm home.”
Kashi Shikunova adds that texture, warm neutrals and layers of lighting can help create calm, a quality the best minimalist houses have in droves. “Avoid using flat shiny materials,” she says. “Matt textured materials will add depth to the space. Warm neutral colors will add a calm, inviting feeling, and layers of lighting will bring a deep, cozy atmosphere to your home where you can feel balanced.”
Brian Messana agrees that whether you're creating a minimalist living room or entire home, the goal should always be to create a “sanctuary”. He explains: “When we create a space, our goal is to reduce the visual noise/distraction to a minimum, focusing your attention on size, scale, materials, texture, light, shadow, order, and volume. Our spaces are designed to be a place of refuge, sanctuary, or a retreat. Places to disconnect, to find beauty and freedom.”
3. Valuing what we have
What is minimalism today, and why is it important? Because as well as making us feel better personally, minimalism can have social and environmental benefits. “In our opinion, society over-consumes to a point where almost nothing has long-lasting value. Everything is disposable,” says Brian Messana. “Our work is not about minimalism as a style, fad, or a way of life. For us, Minimalism is placing value and importance on what we have. It is not about quantity, rather, it is about quality. “Less is MORE”, places greater value on what we have.”
Kashi Shikunova adds that minimalism can help avoid unnecessary waste and excess. “High-quality materials and craftsmanship, combined with the practical considerations of day-to-day life, will result in homes that last longer and work better for people,” she says.
So, where do we start?
If you like the sound of a more calming, focused home, the good news is anyone can create a minimalist space.
The first step must involve an audit of your stuff - or follow our guide for how to organize your home in 30 days. Brian Messana explains: “Take a look around your house and identify what items you see that are important, have meaning, and bring value and happiness into your life. This survey ranges from furnishings to furniture. Separate the important from the non-important, and put all the non-important items away. Finally, arrange the items you have left in a way that focuses attention on them, bringing their importance into perspective.”
You can then design your space around the objects that are most important to you. “Start to think about how your home needs to work for you,” says Kashi Shikunova. “Think about where you can add practical storage so all your belongings have a specific place. Also, consider which belongings you’d like to display—these should be the most cherished items you own, items that make you feel good. Then compliment these items with a restrained palette of beautiful materials.”
Sorting through all your possessions might sound like hard work, but with minimalism promising multiple personal, social and environmental benefits, it will no doubt be worth it.
Declutter Your Home in 10 Days by Stacy Collins, Amazon (opens in new tab)
This brilliant book makes acheiving the goals of minimalism not just easy, but fun. Stacy Collins holds your hand through the tricky bits and will inspire you to get the job done. A calm, ordered life will be yours.
Kate Hollowood is a freelance journalist who writes about a range of topics for Marie Claire UK, from current affairs to features on health, careers and relationships. She is a regular contributor to Livingetc, specializing in reporting on American designers and global interiors trends. Based in London, Kate has also written for titles like the i paper, Refinery29, Cosmopolitan and It’s Nice That. | https://www.livingetc.com/advice/what-is-the-goal-of-minimalism |
Selection of painting frame
Is it better for a oil painting to has a frame or not? In general, the choice of painting frame can refer to the following:
1. The figurative paintings should be accompanied by borders As far as possible, and the concrete works after the framing will be more exquisite. The visual center of works will be more focused and expressive. On the contrary, the abstract works can't be configured with borders, but may instead limit their screen tension after the matching of the frames, limiting the audience's imagination.
2. It should pay attention to color, texture and screen with the frame selection generally followed by the existing contrast but also by the principle of coordination.
3. Generally speaking, the frame of small works should be appropriately enlarger. The substantial works should be prepared smaller border decoration, which is more in line with visual aesthetic psychology.
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A comparison between procedural and object-oriented programming
This report will discuss the difference between a procedural programming language and an object-oriented programming language. The writeup is based on the experience of the developer on writing a program using 2 different programming languages specifically C and Java.
The mentality of solving a problem differs between procedural and object-oriented paradigm. C is a procedural programming language where the developer has to break down the problem into modules (or also known as procedures). Each of these modules performs a specific task and then they work with other modules to meet a goal. On the other hand, the object-oriented paradigm is focused on what objects does the developer need to solve the problem.
When it comes to organizing the code both paradigm differs. In the procedural version of the solution, the modules are independent and we can call them when needed. We pass parameter values to these modules as an input and then it is up to the module to do its task and returns a result. The object-oriented version is different because we think of objects, their properties, and including methods of what they can do. The object-oriented paradigm encapsulates this information so it is easier for the developer to visualize the overall architecture of the program. The procedural approach's architecture can also be visualized through a block hierarchy diagram where we see a top-down chart diagram showing which module uses each module in the program. So we can see that the procedural approach has procedures distributed throughout while object-oriented has the objects distributed.
Knowing which is better is a personal opinion. Some people think more effectively using procedures and some are more effective solving programs using an object-oriented approach. In my personal opinion, solving the program using the procedural approach is easier because the focus is towards the functionality of the project and we simply put re-usable codes as a separate function for efficiency then we code as we go. Meanwhile, the object-oriented approach starts first by identifying the objects, thinking what should these objects hold, thinking about their functions. Once these objects are identified, we then think about how to solve the problem by making these objects work together. For someone more of a logical thinker, it will take them some time to get used to the object-oriented approach. We can see here that the object-oriented approach is more of an art because we are designing the elegance of the code. It takes a longer time to solve problems with object-oriented programming but it pays off when it comes to code maintenance and scaling. Object-oriented programming is easier to maintain because of how organized the code is made and they follow a principle (encapsulation, polymorphism, classes, inheritance, and so on). These principles are forced to be followed by developers when doing a project. Once these teams of developers follow a common principle, it makes it a breeze to work and scale on code. Many software frameworks nowadays are built using an object-oriented approach and many industries adopt it because of the features it provides.
Ironic as it seems but doing this simple project is supposedly be easier and faster to do using C language because of the procedural approach. However, it turned out that doing the project is easier in Java using the object-oriented paradigm. It is not that the procedural paradigm is the problem but rather it is because it is “C programming language” which lacks modules/procedures that would make the programming easier. The C programming language lacks data structures like lists and strings so everything is to be developed manually not to mention the fact that C developers have to also take care of using pointers, heaps, memory allocations, and other low-level programming stuff. Unlike Java which is a high-level programming language that is rich with libraries that we can directly use in the program. Through Java, input through the console, reading of the file, and parsing of data are more convenient. Java comes with these ready-made objects that we can use right away in the program without worrying about low-level implementations like pointers, heaps, and so on. However, if we use a different programming language like "Python" for procedural programming then the story would've turned out to be different. | https://www.programminghomeworkhelp.com/programming-assignment-expert/ |
Quote from Wikipedia of the article "High-level programming language":
A high-level programming language is a programming language with strong abstraction from the details of the computer. In comparison to low-level programming languages, it may use natural language elements, be easier to use, or be more portable across platforms. Such languages hide the details of CPU operations such as memory access models and management of scope.
I.e., as the level of programming language increases, the further away the programmer goes from the hardware on which the program runs.
Now I do not know the statistics of language usages across levels, but I would suspect that the higher level languages more and more are replacing the lower level languages. If so, can this lead to a deficit of programmers with computer architecture knowledge? Would this be a problem for the industry? | https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/8748/can-increased-usage-of-higher-and-higher-programming-languages-lead-to-a-deficit |
C++ is an Object-Oriented Programming Language, which is its main feature. It can create and destroy objects while programming. As it is an enhancement to C, hence it possesses all the features offered by C along with its new important feature (Object-Oriented Programming, operator overloading, error handling, etc).
What are the Features of C++ programming Language?
- Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
- Simple
- Platform or Machine Dependent/Portable
- High-Level Language
- Multi-paradigm programming language
- Case Sensitive
- Compiler based
- Speed
- Rich in Library
- Memory Management
- Pointer and Recursion
1. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
C++ is an Object-Oriented Programming Language and it is its main feature. It provides a modular structure for programs that means OOP divides the program into a number of objects and makes it simpler and easier for maintainance which is not provided in Procedure-oriented programming language such as C. Therefore understanding OOP is an important step to learn Java Programming.
C++ follows four main concepts of OOP those are abstraction, data encapsulation, data hiding, and polymorphism.
2. Simple
It is a simple programming language in the sense of a structured approach that is the program can be broken down into parts and can be resolved modularly. This helps the programmer to recognize and understand the problem easily.
3. Platform or Machine Independent/Portable
Platform Dependent language refers to those languages that are executed only on that operating system where it is developed but cannot be executed on any other Operating system. And C++ is of those languages.
Although portability refers to using the same piece of code on various environment with little or no change.
4. High-Level Language
C++ is a high Level language, making it easier to understand as it is closely associated with the human-comprehensible language that is English.
It also supports the feature of low-level language that is used to develop system applications such as kernel, driver, etc. That is why it is also known as mid-level language as C++ has the ability to do both low-level & high-level programming.
5. Multi-paradigm programming language
C++ is a language that supports object-oriented, procedural and generic programming. It supports at least 7 different styles of programming. This makes it very versatile.
6. Case Sensitive
Similar to C, C++ also treats the lowercase and uppercase characters in a different manner. For example, the keyword “cout’ (for printing) changes if we write it as ‘Cout’ or “COUT”. But this problem does not occur in other languages such as HTML and MySQL.
7. Compiler-based
C++ is a compiler-based programming language, unlike Java or Python which are interpreter-based. This feature makes C++ comparatively faster than Java or Python language.
8. Speed
It is a compile-based, hence the compilation and execution time of C++ language is fast.
9. Rich in Library
C++ offers a library full of various in-built function that makes the development with C++ much easier and faster. These functions are present in the various header files and header files are included at the beginning of the program depending on which function the programmer needed to use.
Some of the header files used in C++:
10. Memory Management
C++ has this feature that allows us to allocate the memory of a variable in run-time. This is known as Dynamic Memory Allocation. There is a function called free() that allows us to free the allocated memory.
11. Pointer and Recursion
Unlike Java, C++ supports pointers for direct interaction with the memory. Pointer is used for memory, structures, functions, array etc. It provides various solution for the memory related problems in a program.
It provides code reusability for every function that is the recursion. | https://simple2code.com/cplusplus-tutorial/features-of-cpp/ |
What is true of stacking structures?
What is true of stacking structures?
They all have one entry and one exit point. Which is true of stacking structure? Each structure has only one point where it can be stacked on top of another.
What are the three structures of structured programming?
In SP, control of program flow is restricted to three structures, sequence, IF THEN ELSE, and DO WHILE, or to a structure derivable from a combination of the basic three.
Why does spaghetti code have a shorter shelf life than structured code?
Why does spaghetti code have a shorter shelf life than structured code? ANS: Software developers say that spaghetti code has a shorter life than structured code. This means that programs developed using spaghetti code exist as production programs in an organization for less time.
Why is it best to use only three programming structures?
Why is it best to use only three programming structures? ANS:• Clarity—The number-doubling program is a small program. As programs get bigger, they get more confusing if they’re not structured. Professionalism—All other programmers (and programming teachers you might encounter) expect your programs to be structured.
What type of read is an added statement that gets the first input value in a program?
Calculate the Price
|A(n) ____ is a software package that provides an editor, a compiler, and other programming tools.||IDE|
|A ____ read is an added statement that gets the first input value in a program.||priming|
|The maximum number of entry points that any programming structure can have is ____.||one|
What are the three algorithm constructs?
Computer scientists have defined three constructs for a structured program or algorithm. The idea is that a program must be made of a combination of only these three constructs: sequence, decision (selection) and repetition (Figure 8.6). It has been proven there is no need for any other constructs.
What is meant by pseudocode?
Pseudocode is an artificial and informal language that helps programmers develop algorithms. Pseudocode is a “text-based” detail (algorithmic) design tool. The rules of Pseudocode are reasonably straightforward. All statements showing “dependency” are to be indented.
What are the characteristics of a structured program?
Structured programming is a program written with only the structured programming constructions: (1) sequence, (2) repetition, and (3) selection.
- Sequence. Lines or blocks of code are written and executed in sequential order.
- Repetition. Repeat a block of code (Action) while a condition is true.
- Selection.
What are the benefits of structured programming?
Advantages of Structured Programming Macros
- Application programs are easier to read and understand.
- Application programs are less likely to contain logic errors.
- Errors are more easily found.
- Higher productivity during application program development.
- Improved application program design.
- Application programs are more easily maintained.
Is C structured programming language?
‘C’ is a structured programming language in which program is divided into various modules.
What is structured coding techniques?
Structured programming (SP) is a technique devised to improve the reliability and clarity of programs. In SP, control of program flow is restricted to three structures, sequence, IF THEN ELSE, and DO WHILE, or to a structure derivable from a combination of the basic three.
What are the 3 types of control structures?
The three basic types of control structures are sequential, selection and iteration. They can be combined in any way to solve a specified problem. Sequential is the default control structure, statements are executed line by line in the order in which they appear.
What is the goal of structured coding?
Explanation: The main goal of structured programming is to get an understanding about the flow of control in the given program text. In structure programming various control structures such as switch-case, if-then-else, while, etc. allows a programmer to decode the flow of the program easily.
Why C is a middle level language?
C is called middle-level language because it actually binds the gap between a machine level language and high-level languages. A user can use c language to do System Programming (for writing operating system) as well as Application Programming (for generating menu driven customer billing system ).
What level of language is C?
middle level
Why C is called mother of all languages?
C is often referred to as the mother of all programming language because it is one of the most popular programming languages. Right from the time, it was developed, C has become the most widely used and preferred programming languages. Most of the compilers and kernels are written in C today.
Is C lower level than C++?
Now to actually answer the question: C IS “lower level” because you have to implement everything yourself. Yes you can do the same things in both languages, but C++ includes more tools and abstracts details so you can do more in less lines of code, thus it is “higher level”.
Is C the lowest level language?
Examples of low level programming languages Today, many engineers might laugh at that because C is so low level. C and C++ are now considered low-level languages because they have no automatic memory management. Olivier: The definition of low level has changed quite a bit since the inception of computer science.
Is Python built in C?
Python is written in C (actually the default implementation is called CPython). Python is written in English. But there are several implementations: CPython (written in C)
Is C++ better than Python?
The performance of C++ and Python also comes to an end with this conclusion: C++ is much faster than Python. After all, Python is an interpreted language, and it cannot be a match for a compiled language such as C++. The good news is that you can get the best of both worlds by combining C++ and Python code.
Can Python replace Java?
Many programmers have proved that Java is faster than Python. They have to replace Python’s default runtime with CPython, PyPy or Cython to increase the execution speed significantly. On the other hand, the performance of the Java application can be easily optimized without using any additional tools.
Should I learn Java or Python in 2020?
If you consider the above parameters, and a language ticks most of your boxes, it is safe to go ahead with it. However, if you are beginning to foray into development, Python might be a better choice. On the other hand, Java will be the preferred option for enterprise-level programs.
Can I learn Python without knowing C?
You can easily start if you have some basic know-how of English and mathematics. Students still start with a procedural set of statically typed languages like C, C++, Java or Pascal. Students can still choose PYTHON as their first language, even without any programming background.
Should I learn C or Python first?
If you love getting into the details, then start with C. If you prefer thinking about problems at a higher-level of abstraction, then start with Python. Abstraction and knowing the right level of abstraction for solving problems is an important concept in computer science.
Can I learn Python without maths?
Python is very good for beginer. Yes, ofcourse why not math is not at all complusory to learn programming. To learn programming you need to just focus and understand the basic concepts of programming and programming languages. Also, the best language to learn for beginners is called “Scratch”.
Does Python need math?
Certain types of programming require relatively little math. For example, if you’re writing a website content management system in Python, you can easily get by with only a high school level of mathematical knowledge. That said, one thing that will always be needed is an understanding of formal/mathematical logic. | https://rehabilitationrobotic.com/what-is-true-of-stacking-structures/ |
What is an Assembly Language
Assembly languages are low-level languages that are specific to a particular computer architecture. By comparison, many high-level programming languages can be used on multiple architectures, but require interpreting or compiling before it reaches the processor.
BREAKING DOWN Assembly Language
Assembly languages have been largely replaced by high-level programming languages. Software engineers would rather write a single application that works across all PCs - regardless of whether they have Intel or AMD processors - using high-level languages. By comparison, they would be required to write separate applications for each type of computer architecture using assembly languages. These applications would become extremely difficult to maintain since every update would entail updating several different applications.
The most basic instructions executed by a computer are binary codes, consisting of ones and zeros, since these are directly translatable to the on and off states for electricity moving through a processor. Of course, it's impractical for software engineers - or any humans - to translate information into ones and zeros, so assembly languages were developed to simplify the process. These assembly languages still involved a lot of work translating code across different architectures, so higher level programming languages came after them.
That said, assembly languages are still common in certain markets that demand high speed and performance. Flight simulators may use highly specialized architectures where higher level languages don't work, which means that assembly languages may be a necessity. High frequency trading operations may also use assembly languages since they can execute analyses and transactions much more quickly than high-level languages, which may result in better trading revenue and profitability relative to the competition.
Example of Assembly Languages
Assembly languages send directions to the processor, memory, and other computer components. These directions are slightly more abstract versions of binary code, which consists purely of ones and zeros. For example, the code 10110000 01100001 tells a processor to move an 8-bit value to a register. By using hexadecimal format, these instructions can be shortened to B0 61. Assembly languages make this even more understandable by introducing operators, like MOV AL, 61h, where MOV is an abbreviation for "move". | https://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/assembly-language.asp |
The C programming language is a standardized imperative computer programming language developed in the early 1970s by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie for use on the UNIX operating system. It has since spread to many other operating systems, and is one of the most widely used programming languages. C is prized for its efficiency, and is the most popular programming language for writing system software, though it is also used for writing applications. It is also commonly used in computer science education, despite not being designed for novices.
Language Characteristics
C is a relatively minimalist programming language that operates close to the hardware, and is more similar to assembly language than to most High-level programming languages.
C was created with one important goal in mind: to make it easier to write large programs with fewer errors in the procedural programming paradigm, but without putting a burden on the writer of the C compiler, who is encumbered by complex language features. To this end, C has the following important features:
- A simple core language, with important functionality such as math functions or file handling provided by sets of library routines instead
- Focus on the procedural programming paradigm, with facilities for programming in a structured style
- A simple type system which prevents many operations that are not meaningful
- Use of a preprocessor language, the C preprocessor, for tasks such as defining macros and including multiple source files
- Low-level unchecked access to computer memory via the use of pointers
- A minimalistic set of keywords
- Parameters that are always passed to functions by value, never by reference
- Function pointers, which allow for a rudimentary form of Closure and Polymorphism
- Lexical variable scoping
- Records, or user-defined aggregate datatypes (structs) which allow related data to be combined and manipulated as a whole
Some features that C lacks that are found in other languages include:
- Type safety
- Garbage collection
- Classes or objects
- An advanced type system
- Closures
- Generic programming
- Operator overloading
- Native support for multithreading and networking
Roguelike Issues
A lot of RLs actually use "C++/--", which is basic C with some of the more useful C++ features. This list applies to those using strict ANSI C.
Pros:
- C compilers exist for almost every platform, and it is possible to write highly portable C code that runs almost everywhere.
- There are lots of open-source C RLs, so there are many examples.
- Because of its low-level nature, C has little built-in overhead which means it is a good choice if you program for platforms with limited resources.
- Interfaces exist for many graphics libraries.
- Lots of people have made successful RLs in C, so you can too!
Cons:
- C is designed for the structured, procedural programming paradigm. It is not a good choice if you want to use object-oriented programming techniques, although function pointers and void* pointers make it possible to construct your own object-oriented system.
- C is a bare-bones, low-level language with no built-in support for things like garbage collection, generics, XML handling, or thread synchronization. 3rd-party libraries exist for all of these features, though.
C Roguelikes
C is the default language for roguelike development. There are a vast number of C roguelikes. | http://roguebasin.com/index.php?title=C&oldid=18520 |
Advancing applications are driving an evolution in mobile processing, as standard CPU configurations can no longer provide the necessary performance within the power and space constraints of tomorrow’s high-end mobile devices and tablets. Heterogeneous SoCs comprised of CPUs and GPUs or DSPs are now being employed to execute demanding workloads within mobile resource envelopes, but they are also difficult to optimize and increase programming complexity; the Heterogeneous Systems Architecture (HSA) defines a structured approach to this new generation of hardware, mitigating development challenges and maximizing performance.
Traditionally, we have thought of a mobile processor as being a CPU or a collection of CPUs in dual-, quad-, or even octa-core configuration. It is only a few years since a single CPU core was the norm, but now multi-core configurations are becoming more and more common.
The progressive addition of this homogeneous compute power has been driven by the increasing need for mobile phones and tablets to take on more and more complex tasks. As use cases evolve and the phone becomes ever more central to everyday life, the range and complexity of these tasks is increasing beyond the ability of a single CPU to keep up.
However, in addition to the CPU, the mobile SoC has always been equipped with multiple other compute units, including DSPs and GPUs. GPUs have evolved over the past five years from being fixed-function, graphics-only devices to become highly programmable compute engines suitable for many more general-purpose computing tasks. At the same time, a number of programming languages have become available to ease the task of writing non-graphics applications for these GPUs. As a result, these units are now being harnessed to share the workloads of the demanding new use cases.
So now we must think of a mobile processor not merely as the CPU embedded in an SoC, but as the sum total of all the cooperating compute units arranged as a heterogeneous system, where we define ‘heterogeneous’ as multiple compute units with different instruction sets and architectures cooperating on a single distributed application.
The motivation for this shift is that mobile processors, especially those used in handsets, face a serious problem that cannot be solved by the homogeneous approach of simply adding more CPU cores. While Symmetric Multiprocessing (SMP) programming on the CPU array is convenient, it is also inefficient and power-hungry, making it fundamentally unsuitable for general use at the required performance level within the extreme power constraints of a mobile processor. And, while switching between varying core sizes can be helpful, it is not a solution to the fundamental problem of reducing the total power consumed per arithmetic operation.
A heterogeneous approach offers the possibility of providing compute engines that, for a wide range of tasks, are far more efficient and far more scalable than CPUs. The GPU is one such engine that is extremely good at crunching through very large numbers of repetitive parallel operations on large data sets in a power-efficient, scalable fashion. However, it is not good at single-threaded, branching code such as is found in higher level control programs; this is best left to the CPU. So the challenge then becomes one of partitioning an application to take advantage of the unique benefits of each of these compute elements and getting them to work together cooperatively in an effective manner (Figure 1).
Figure 1: While mobile CPUs (top) excel at executing heavily branched, low latency processing on smaller data sets, they struggle with the large, repetitive parallel processing tasks for which GPUs (bottom) were designed.
The Heterogeneous Systems Architecture (HSA), which is being defined and standardized by the HSA Foundation, is designed to address the second part of this challenge in a structured fashion that is consistent across multiple vendors’ devices.
HSA is not the first or only heterogeneous system; there are a number of programming languages already in existence that enable programmers to access non-CPU compute units. NVIDIA has CUDA for its proprietary GPUs, but of more interest to mobile there are also Google’s RenderScript compute and OpenCL invented by Apple and since donated to the open standards community.
These languages are helpful, but they leave it up to the application developer to implement key features such as scheduling and de-scheduling of tasks between compute elements, notification of completion, access to shared data structures, and system-wide data integrity. A simple example will illustrate some of the problems programmers face when attempting to distribute processing across the various system resources.
Let’s say an app wants to use an onboard sensor to capture a stream of images, and operate on them using the GPU before passing them to an encoder for compression into an H.265 video stream (Figure 2). Image data must be captured by the camera pipeline and buffered in memory before being handed off to the GPU for processing. Depending on the nature of the application, there may be a need to share data and results between the CPU and GPU before the modified image is buffered once again and finally passed to the encoder. Without some mechanism for all three units (CPU, GPU, and encoder) to share a common view of memory, either multiple copies of the image data must be created or sharing must be explicitly implemented by the application, with hardware-specific features coded into the software. Likewise, enqueuing tasks between CPU and GPU with all necessary synchronization and data coherency issues becomes an application-level, hardware-specific function.
Figure 2: Heterogeneous processing architectures can present programming challenges in applications such as image processing where multiple compute elements may require a common view of system memory.
Clearly, asking the majority of programmers to implement code with this level of hardware specific low-level functionality is not only impractical due to the difficulty of acquiring the necessary hardware knowledge, it is also undesirable because it complicates application portability. The need to become expert in a system before being able to program it efficiently also has the effect of restricting the heterogeneous programmer ecosystem to a very small minority. In addition, the need to explicitly synchronize data and task sharing between compute units results in very poor overall performance compared to a system that is capable of asynchronous operation and that implements task scheduling seamlessly in the background.
These are the items that HSA addresses in a systematic and standardized way, relieving the programmer of this burden and allowing hardware vendors to provide devices with far better heterogeneous performance through efficient hardware support.
In the image capture example described previously, HSA uses Shared Virtual Memory (SVM) and user-defined queues to address the problems identified, so we can expect these features, along with many other HSA-defined features, to be supported in hardware for best performance (Figure 3). However, as with hardware support for any specific function there are associated power and area costs, so it is important to stay within the bounds needed in a mobile context by implementing only what is needed for the application space.
Figure 3: The Heterogeneous Systems Architecture (HSA) alleviates the challenges of heterogeneous development through Shared Virtual Memory (SVM) and user-defined queues that decrease development complexity and improve overall performance.
There are many applications suitable for heterogeneous computing and HSA sets out to cater to the entire range, from the High Performance Computing (HPC) end of the spectrum to apps that are appropriate for the mobile, consumer, and embedded markets. In order to do this efficiently, HSA has distinct profiles that exploit two key insights.
The first insight is that apps for the HPC and mobile markets have dissimilar requirements for things like floating point dynamic range, accuracy, and exception handling. The second is that, in general, there will be little to no crossover between the two markets: we will not see HPC apps migrate to the handset (although there might certainly be a migration in the opposite direction).
The applications driving mobile and consumer are almost exclusively visual: in automotive it is driver-assistance features like collision avoidance and navigation aids such as lane detection and street sign recognition; in television it is gesture recognition and viewer attention awareness; in mobile it is Human Machine Interface (HMI) features such as secure access and eye tracking for hands free operation. Digital still cameras already have extensive vision-based HMI features such as smile and blink detect using custom vision processors. In the future, these features will appear on mobile devices using the heterogeneous compute power of the onboard GPU.
Visual apps are an excellent fit for implementation on a GPU. The programmable compute cores on a typical GPU are explicitly designed to perform highly parallel operations on very large quantities of data using a small number of instruction counters. Taking the PowerVR GXT6650 as an example, 192 Arithmetic Logic Units (ALUs) are arranged in six clusters, each comprised of a pair of 16-wide SIMD units so that groups of 16 operations will be most optimal for execution. Low-level functions used by visual apps such as filter kernels or image-adjustment operations (hue and saturation controls, for instance) have the required level of parallelism and also only need small amounts of control code to run on the CPU, leading to a very efficient overall heterogeneous compute engine.
Another aspect of visual apps is that they typically have very relaxed floating-point requirements, if in fact they require any at all, (many do not) and the need for comprehensive exception handling and very high precision and rounding is absent. This, once again, fits very well with power-constrained mobile environments as such features are extremely power hungry. Thus, the ability to use the most power-efficient method helps significantly when writing apps to fit within an available power budget.
With the advent of heterogeneous mobile processors, and specifically HSA with its promise of support for high-level programming languages, developers will be able to access the compute performance they need without having to pay the penalty of the high power consumption that accompanies arrays of CPUs. This means we can expect to see a reversal of the trend towards multicore and a new short-term trend towards GPU hardware support, with more general heterogeneous computing in the longer term that will possibly incorporate general-purpose DSPs or specialized programmable engines in the vision pipeline, for instance. This is an important shift away from programming for a CPU architecture and towards programming for a system architecture, reinforcing trends already underway to reduce or eliminate the importance of CPU instruction sets.
As visual apps become more prevalent in mobile devices, expect to see hardware support tailored to application-specific requirements appear first in higher end processors, and then progressively in more mainstream devices.
Peter McGuinness is Director of Multimedia Technology Marketing for Imagination Technologies Group plc. Contact Peter at [email protected]. | https://www.embedded-computing.com/embedded-computing-design/whats-next-for-mobile-heterogeneous-processing-evolves |
Introduction to Python
At the 2012 NCED Summer Institute in Earth Surface Dynamics (SIESD), we realized that there is a large community desire to transition to open source programming languages and tools, but that a roadblock is the lack of a coherent set of information to allow individual scientists to act on these desires without needing to invest a large amount of time. Here I will introduce programming in Python, a fairly intuitive interpreted programming language, and some basic finite difference numerical methods through a simple example of a linear-diffusive hillslope.
Python
What is it?
Python is a general-purpose, high-level, interpreted programming language. This means that:
- General-purpose: You can use Python for numerical analysis, mapping and GIS, web design, interfacing with computer hardware, plotting and graphics, database management, image processing, and certainly lots of additional applications that scientists do not often have need to use. These applications are embodied in specific modules that can be imported into your Python script.
- High-level: Python uses array operations and pre-constructed functions to allow you to write your code in many fewer lines than would be required in a low-level language like C.
- Interpreted: Some languages use a compiler to convert what you write into bytecode that can be interpreted by the computer. Python is "interpreted", meaning that it calls pre-compiled chunks of code that are combined to run the program. It is easier and faster, but can be slower for computationally-intensive applications. However, your own compiled C code can be included in Python scripts for these applications, and the ease of use is a huge advantage!
Downloading and Installing
We will be using Python 2.7, the Scipy/Numpy package that includes tools for many common scientific and numerical applications and n-dimensional arrays, and the Matplotlib package that comprises a range of plotting tools. | https://csdms.colorado.edu/csdms_wiki/index.php?title=Introduction_to_Python&oldid=40729 |
Compiler designing is the concepts which are related to the operations that are performed on the hardware using the software technologies. A machine only understands low-level machine language. So a compiler is a component that converts the code written in one language to another language without having to change the syntactic meaning of the code. It is also compiler's responsibility to make the code more efficient to understand and optimize to make better use of time and space. Compiler design principles are all related to the internals of how code is translated and optimized and process at the system level. It contains several phases like lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, and code optimization. All these phases are quality responsible for compiling any source code in the computer. It is all about how a given input string of characters is processed by the compiler. It is first tokenized using lexical analysis then checked syntactically for proper meaning, then the intermediate code is generated for it then this code is converted to another language.
Importance of Compiler Design Course
A computer system is a combination of software and hardware. Here, the hardware is simple devices which require some software to operate them. All the hardware devices understand only machine level language i.e instruction given in the form of electrical signals and digital data or analog waveform. All these ways are the counterpart of the binary form of data which is only in the form of 0 and 1. So to operate hardware connected to any computer system using the software it should send the instruction in the binary form and the hardware should be able to take a decision on the basis of the data received. So writing such specific code for specific hardware would be a difficult job, hence compilers came into existence which can easily transmit binary data and make the machine operate.
Difficulties faced by a student while solving Compiler Design problems
Compiler design course is one of the very complex courses in the computer science discipline. To write a compiler for performing a task of our own choice is the biggest challenge. It requires a huge amount of programming knowledge to write low level, as well as high-level programs in any programming language. Generally, C is used as a programming language for writing compiler code. The primary task of this compiler is to understand the code written in some other language. That means any program that is written in C++ should execute on the compiler that is written in C. This is a big challenge for students in solving compiler design problems. Another difficulty that students generally face is tokenizing the input string it demands a great programming skill to process the input string and divide it into small chunks. It has several algorithms that are required to be implemented. All the phases of the compiler design are required to be implemented in order to write a compiler which requires a skillful effort from the students.
Few important tips to solve these problems
For solving the above-mentioned problems students should first understand the working process of all the phases of the compiler. A good well-planned design should be created on paper before implementing it using any programming language. Students should also learn C programming language in order to write the compiler code effectively. A deep knowledge of C programming is essential for solving the compiler design problems. For lexical analysis, numerous algorithms are available which helps in tokenizing the input string. Low-level programming concepts can be practiced to code the compiler problems.
Live assignment support for 24x7 - Compiler Design assignment help service
Many assignments writing services are running on the internet and competing with each other in getting assignment writing projects. But for a student finding the most appropriate service provider related to their problem is a very challenging task. Expertsminds provide 24*7 services for our customers. Expertsminds services range in all the domains and sub-domains of compiler designing its various algorithms and tools. Our prime focus lies in satisfying our students with most appropriate and optimized solution to their problem. Our experts are highly experienced and have been working in the field of compiler design since many years. Students can easily communicate with our expert team using email, telephone or chat facility through Expertsminds. With the best quality, we also ensure full-time support to our customers in solving their doubts and helping them in their projects. Expertsminds.com offers Compiler Design Assignment Help, Compiler Design Assignment Writing Help, Compiler Design Assignment Tutors, Compiler Design Solutions, Compiler Design Answers, Computer Science Assignment Experts Online.
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For customers, Expertsminds ensure most optimized, precise and unique solution with zero error rates. Students can identify the problems that they feel are complex and difficult for them to understand and solve; they can anytime connect to Expertsminds and ask for the solution. We assign the task to some of our expert team members from the database management system field and an expert who finds himself comfortable with the problems will provide an effective and unique solution for the problems. Customer's time is one of our value and we help you by giving the solutions on time as per the requirements.
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Projects based on compiler design are mostly complex and students find many difficulties in implementing those statements. For solving such problems highly skilled and experienced experts are required, which we believe is one of our strength. Expertsminds has always been a tough competitor for opponents who are providing similar services to the customers. Expertsminds compiler design team is highly qualified and regularly involved in implementing compiler design projects. Experts, those are connected with us have expertise in almost all the sub-domains of compiler design. We give unique solutions for handling multiple types of data of any size. All our customer for compiler design is completely satisfied with the project support that we have provided in past. Expertsminds team is working hard to guide and help students to move on the correct path in their academics. | http://www.expertsminds.com/assignment-help/computer-science/compiler-design-289.html |
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Scientific programming in C
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Introduction
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Programming methodologies
Scientific programming languages
What is the best high-level language to use for scientific programming? This, unfortunately, is a highly contentious question. Over the years, literally hundreds of high-level languages have been developed. However, few have stood the test of time. Many languages (
e.g.
, Algol, Pascal, Haskell) can be dismissed as ephemeral computer science fads. Others (
e.g.
, Cobol, Lisp, Ada) are too specialized to adapt for scientific use. Let us examine the remaining options:
FORTRAN 77:
FORTRAN was the first high-level programming language to be developed: in fact, it predates the languages listed below by decades. Before the advent of FORTRAN, all programming was done in assembler code! Moreover, FORTRAN was specifically designed for scientific computing. Indeed, in the early days of computers
all
computing was scientific in nature--
i.e.
, physicists and mathematicians were the original computer scientists! FORTRAN's main advantages are that it is very straightforward, and it interfaces well with most commonly available, pre-written subroutine libraries (since these libraries generally consist of compiled FORTRAN code). FORTRAN's main disadvantages are all associated with its relative antiquity. For instance. FORTRAN's control statements are fairly rudimentary, whereas its input/output facilities are positively paleolithic.
FORTRAN 90:
This language is a major extension to FORTRAN 77 which does away with many of the latter language's objectionable features. In addition, many ``modern'' features, such as dynamic memory allocation, are included in the language for the first time. The major disadvantage of this language is the absence of an inexpensive compiler. There seems little prospect of this situation changing in the near future.
C:
This language was originally developed by computer scientists to write operating systems. Indeed, all UNIX operating systems are written in C. C is, consequently, an extremely flexible and powerful language. Amongst its major advantages are its good control statements and excellent input/output facilities. C's main disadvantage is that, since it was not specifically written to be a scientific language, some important scientific features (
e.g.
, complex arithmetic) are missing. Although C is a high-level language, it incorporates many comparatively low-level features, such as pointers (this is hardly surprisingly, since C was originally designed to write operating systems). The low-level features of C--in particular, the rather primitive implementation of arrays--sometimes make scientific programming more complicated than need be the case, and undoubtedly facilitate programming errors. On the other hand, these features allow scientific programmers to write
extremely
efficient code. Since efficiency is generally the most important concern in scientific computing, the low-level features of C are, on balance, advantageous.
C++:
This language is a major extension of C whose main aim is to facilitate object-orientated programming. Object-orientation is a completely different approach to programming than the more traditional procedural approach: it is particularly well suited to large projects involving many people who are each writing different segments of the same code. However, object-orientation represents a large, and somewhat unnecessary, overhead for the type of straightforward, single person programming tasks considered in this course. Note, however, that C++ incorporates some non-object-orientated extensions to C which are extremely useful.
Of the above languages, we can immediately rule out C++, because object-orientation is an unnecessary complication (at least, for our purposes), and FORTRAN 90, because of the absence of an inexpensive compiler. The remaining options are FORTRAN 77 and C. I have chosen to use C (augmented by some of the useful, non-object-orientated features of C++) in this course, simply because I find the archaic features of FORTRAN 77 too embarrassing to teach students in the 21st century.
Next:
Scientific programming in C
Up:
Introduction
Previous: | http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/329/lectures/node7.html |
First, what are they? Most municipalities have building codes and zoning ordinances to regulate construction within that community. Building codes regulate the actual construction and renovation of buildings, whereas zoning ordinances regulate what can be built where and how a building can be used. Both are, essentially, legal obligations, and significant violations will result in punishment as defined by the ordinances of that community.
The purpose of this code is to provide minimum requirements to safeguard the public safety, health and general welfare, through affordability, structural strength, means of egress facilities, stability, sanitation, light and ventilation, energy conservation and safety to life and property from fire and other hazards attributed to the built environment.
Building Officials Code Administration International (BOCA) – common in the northeastern states.
The Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation has prepared a comparison of U.S. and Canadian building codes, which can be found at: http://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/en/hoficlincl/cmhcin/suexin/inre/inre_008.cfm.
A major effort to consolidate these codes resulted in the creation of the International Code Council (ICC), which then produced and published the International Building Code (IBC) and the IRC. The IRC applies to one- and two-family homes. It consists of 42 chapters, 12 appendices and numerous references to other codes. It is extensive and comprehensive and is becoming the prevailing building code for residential construction in both the U.S. and Canada.
In total, in a mature, well-organized community, there are literally thousands of pages of codes that would apply to the construction of a single-family home.
Updates for each code are published regularly, usually on a three- to five-year cycle, depending on the code. Thus, it is a challenge not only to know all the codes but to update that knowledge on a regular basis. Codes change in response to tragedies, technological advances and industry/public pressures.
Second, what building codes apply to your home? For a code to apply to your home, the municipality must first adopt it. This process varies widely throughout the country. In most cases, the local municipality has the authority and jurisdiction to adopt a code. Most do, but not all. And those that do may not adopt one of the major codes. When we last checked, nearly 50% of the municipalities in the U.S. had not adopted a comprehensive building code.
Third, how are building codes enforced? In any municipality, the adopted building codes are administered and enforced by the local CEO, sometimes referred to as the building inspector. In addition to enforcing the provisions of the applicable building code, the CEO is responsible for issuing building permits, occupancy permits and other administrative activities necessary for the regulation of construction in that municipality. In all, his or her job is complex, far-reaching and challenging. He or she has both a lot of authority and some discretion. Administering the building codes is not a black-and-white, absolute activity.
Thus, the CEO does, legally, have some discretion. That is necessary. To do otherwise would ignore the reality of construction.
Fourth, what do building codes mean, really? As noted above, the purpose of the IRC is to ensure safety and, to a somewhat lesser degree, energy efficiency. Building codes do not specifically address construction quality, however.
Being familiar with, administering and enforcing building codes is a huge challenge. Most officials work hard at their jobs, and most builders do their best to comply. Even at that, however, the probability of finding a home that perfectly complies with all building codes applicable at the time of construction is virtually zero. Even though different inspectors are typically responsible for the enforcement of individual codes, ultimately, the bulk of the work falls to one person and it is just not possible for one person to be conversant with all the applicable code provisions.
Does that mean that most of our homes are not built well? No. Reasonable compliance with most of the important code provisions usually prevails, and most homes are functionally adequate and structurally sound and safe.
However, if you are buying a new home, you would be wise to find out more about the applicable building codes, the enforcement process and the status of all required permits and approvals of your home.
Myth #1 – It doesn't meet code. That is a broad, sweeping statement that is often inaccurate, since the subject in question may not even be required to meet code. See Myth #2.
Myth #2 – All homes must comply with current building codes. In fact, a home need only comply with the building codes that were applicable when the home was built or when substantial renovations were undertaken, not current codes. And there may not have been any codes when the house was built.
A good example is ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) devices. Many pre-purchase home inspectors like to say that the absence of such devices "does not meet code." While that may be true of a new house, it wasn't until the 1970s that these devices began to be required and not until the 1990s that the current standards fully evolved. A house built before 1970, without any major renovations and without GFCIs, does not violate code.
Myth #3 – Code compliance is mandatory and absolute. In fact, as reflected in the IRC reference above, the local code enforcement officer (CEO, or building inspector, etc.) has some flexibility in how he or she enforces the code.
Myth #4 – All homes must comply with a building code. In fact, many municipalities throughout the country have not adopted a building code.
Myth #5 – There is only one building code. In the last several years, the three major building codes, UBC, BOCA and SBC, have been consolidated into one code, the IBC, with its residential companion, the IRC. However, not all municipalities have adopted these codes. Furthermore, any new home must also comply with many other applicable codes.
Myth #6 – Building codes cover all aspects of construction. In fact, the primary building codes (IRC, NBCC, UBC, BOCA, etc.) cover only certain aspects of construction, mostly to do with life safety (smoke alarms, emergency egresses, stairs and stair railings, etc.), fire safety (sprinklers, fire walls, etc.) and structural soundness (adequate framing, foundations, etc.).
Myth #7 – Building code compliance ensures quality. In fact, building codes do not address many quality-related characteristics of construction. Proper window installation, roof installation, siding installation, deck construction, etc., to ensure quality construction and minimize water intrusion are not covered by most building codes. While these broad topics are examined and some guidelines established, the details specific to good workmanship and installation for a particular product are not covered. To do so would be impractical for such a document, considering the range of products available.
For example, while the IRC discusses window performance standards, it does not provide much guidance for flashing around windows, which is critical to prevent water intrusion. For that information, one must turn to such documents as the best practices manuals published by the Journal of Light Construction (JLC).
Myth #8 – If my home doesn't "meet code," it must be unsafe. That depends on the violation. In most cases, non-compliance is minor, more a technicality than a functional concern. However, in some cases, non-compliance can mean a hazard. If you have a concern, you should talk to the local CEO.
As examples, a stair without a railing is a code violation (even for older codes) and is a hazard. The absence of a proper vent on a gas appliance is a code violation and is a hazard. However, the use of non-compliant subflooring is not a hazard. | http://criteriumhomeinspection.com/building-codes-myths-and-realities |
Structural Analysis and Design: 4 Important Considerations
Prior to breaking ground on any new construction project, important structural and design considerations must be addressed. Using the project’s architectural plans, structural engineers begin preparing a detailed structural analysis and design plan, adhering to these four important factors.
1. Design Code and Standards
Structural designs must comply with all national, state or local building standards, permit requirements and design codes. These criteria serve as guidelines when designing a proposed project. While building codes will vary depending on location, here are some relevant codes and standards to consider:
- American Concrete Institute (ACI)
- American Wood Council (AWC)
- American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)
- American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI)
- American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
- American Welding Society (AWS)
- Department of Defense (DoD)
- International Code Council (ICC)
- Metal Building Manufacturers Association (MBMA)
- National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
- Steel Deck Institute (SDI)
- Steel Joist Institute (SJI)
2. Load Considerations
An analysis of load consideration is a vital part of the structural design. Load considerations will depend on the type of occupancy for the structure, as well as the height of the structure. Three common loadings of a building include:
- Dead Load (DL): Typically composed of the self-weight of the member or a structure
- Super-imposed Dead Load (SDL): Comprises of the floor finishes and the weight of the partitions,
- Live Loads (LL): Constitutes movable loads that the structure may carry.
3. Framing
Determining the proper structural support, or framing, is an important part of the process to ensure the safety of the structure. Structural analysis, through the use of Building Information Modelling (BIM) technology, can help to determine appropriate slab thickness, beam dimensions, orientations, design of footings and more.
BIM is a 3D model-based tool that provides an effective means of designing and communicating, using real-time data sharing. This valuable insight helps to ensure seamless planning, designing, construction and management of the project.
4. Schedule
The ultimate performance of a building relies on the collaborative efforts of all project participants. Once all analyses and designs have been completed, a structural markup, including the design, schedule and budget must be submitted. In this stage, complete collaboration between all stakeholders is necessary to ensure every detail is accounted for in the overall schedule.
Sustainable Architecture and Green Building Design Services
Structural analysis and design are just a part of the collaborative efforts required to achieve a successful project. At KMB, our structural engineering team brings robust experience, results-oriented designs and solutions, and a time-sensitive, client-focused approach to all our projects. As a responsive engineering company, our client-focused approach helps to reduce time and money spent for all assignments, no matter how complex or expansive your project is.
Read More: How Structural Engineers Contribute to Your Project
Contact us to learn more about KMB’s MEP Engineering services for your next sustainable architecture project.
Our Mission Statement
We are committed to achieving the mutual success of our clients, vendors, and staff through engineering excellence, responsiveness, and organized systems. | https://www.kmbdg.com/articles/structural-analysis-design/ |
- Scott Gatewood, PE, Electrical Engineer/Project Manager, Regional Energy Sector Leader, DLR Group, Omaha, Neb.
- Brian Rener, PE, LEED AP, Mission Critical Leader, SmithGroup, Chicago
Please explain some of the codes, standards and guidelines you commonly use during the project’s design process. Which codes/standards should engineers be most aware of?
Garr Di Salvo: In the U.S., the IBC, NFPA 70: National Electrical Code and, in most jurisdictions, IFC, IPC, IMC, form the principal basis of local requirements. Some of these have include sections that have unique especially pertinent to data center projects, (like NEC Articles 645 and 685, which outline requirements for facility emergency power off EPO). Additional standards include NFPA 70E, 110 and 111, IEEE 493 and 1584, ASHRAE Fundamentals, Datacom 1 and 90.4. Organizations like FM Global, UL, NETA and SMACNA also provide important guidelines for data center designers.
Peter Czerwinski: The prevailing energy conservation code is one of the most important codes a data center designer must be aware of. Certain equipment capacities in certain climate zones require economizers, so if a data center owner is retrofitting the building with what was thought to be a quick, inexpensive fix, it is important to check the local codes for requirements that may not be obvious.
How has ASHRAE Standard 90.4-2019: Energy Standard for Data Centers affected your work?
Garr Di Salvo: While power usage effectiveness is intuitive, it can be quite difficult to measure in an existing facility where metering is limited. Moreover, it only represents a “an instantaneous assessment snapshot” of energy consumption. It does not capture, without consideration for variations based on time of day, season or climate and, without which it can be difficult to garner provides little insight into the nature of what’s causing energy losses or and identify opportunities for improvement.
ASHRAE Standard 90.4 offers a reasoned methodology for evaluating data center efficiency that accounts for these concerns. As such, it provides insights that can be and is more readily applied in design, during the design process, when choices can have the greatest impact. It provides a “language” for discussion of facility efficiency that can push the industry forward in the same way that the Uptime Institute advanced discussion of data center reliability.
What are some best practices to ensure that such buildings meet and exceed codes and standards?
Garr Di Salvo: Arup has developed training for our staff training modules to help ensure that those working on data center projects are knowledgeable of both ensure that all staff working on data center projects are well versed in the applicable codes and up to speed on current best practices. applicable to their design. Maximizing efficiency within the data center is a key design consideration as this helps both the meet code requirements but also minimize operational cost to the operator. Reduction of power associated with HVAC has been a goal for data centers for a long time and by taking advantage of the full allowable temperature range of ASHRAE, raising the supply temperature of the facility and through optimization of HVAC systems through computational fluid dynamics analysis significant improvement in overall energy efficiency can be gained.
In addition, providing scalable solutions for the fit out of data centers helps to both minimize Day One capital costs and also the associated energy cost in operating the facility. Maximizing the use of installed equipment increases the overall efficiency of the facility.
What are some of the biggest challenges when considering code compliance and designing or working with existing buildings?
Garr Di Salvo: Equipment spaces may have been designed under previous versions of codes and assuming the use of older technology. One example is the use of flooded-cell or valve regulated lead acid batteries in uninterruptible power supply systems versus lithium-ion batteries, which are becoming more commonplace.
Do you have experience and expertise with the topics mentioned in this content? You should consider contributing to our CFE Media editorial team and getting the recognition you and your company deserve. Click here to start this process. | https://www.csemag.com/articles/how-to-design-data-centers-codes-and-standards/ |
Transporting oil and gas through pipelines can be risky because oil and gas are hazardous and flammable materials. Keeping hazards to a minimum requires quality pipelines without any defects. However, ensuring a defect-free pipeline can be difficult, especially around weld joints. As a response, oil and gas pipeline standards have been established to help guide manufacturers in choosing weld processes and materials for different operating environments—for instance, when the pipes are laid onshore, offshore, underground, or overground.
In this article, we will discuss industry standards and government regulations enacted globally and also those established for pipeline welding. By following these standards, manufacturers can increase safety and minimize hazards in the oil and gas industry.
Different Oil and Gas Pipeline Standards
Standardization in the oil and gas industry is necessary for a few reasons:
- To establish the minimum set of rules for material, design, fabrication, and testing processes in the oil and gas industry.
- To ensure uniformity of operation on a local or global scale.
- To create pipelines that are consistently and reliably safe and defect-free.
Local and international agencies such as API, ISO, and ASME have set out several industry-standard practices for the proper setup and safe use of pipeline systems. The following table shows these different standards and regulations covering the oil and gas pipeline system.
Welding Standards for Oil and Gas Pipeline
Oil and gas pipeline standards are established in the interest of public safety. When the configuration and metallurgy of the pipeline meet regulatory codes and industrial standards, pipelines can be deemed safe and reliable at both national and international levels. Moreover, by adhering to clear welding standards, welders can help ensure the final results consistently meet the application-specific requirements.
Ensuring regulatory compliance for oil and gas pipelines also involves extensive welding codes and guidelines set out by organizations like AWS and API.
API1104, as listed in the table above, is a widely used oil and gas pipeline standard for welding. The standard covers welding specifications for installing and maintaining new or in-service pipelines and related facilities. It covers TIG, MIG, FCAW, and other processes for butt, fillet, and socket welds in carbon or low-alloy steel pipes. The standard also covers provisions for automated or semi-automated processes to produce these pipeline welds—as well as the ultimate inspection techniques for assessing weld quality.
AWS, in addition, has also set multiple standards for pipeline welding when using different types of materials, welding processes, and applications. Codes AWS D10.12 and AWS D10.18 directly target the oil and gas pipeline systems and provide information to ensure safe and high-quality welding.
Oil and Gas Pipeline Standards Compliance
A pipeline is synonymous with quality and safety only when every step—from the material selection to welding and installation—is accomplished flawlessly. Codes and regulations can help provide guidelines enabling operators and welders to weld and install the pipeline to meet industry standards. By adhering to industry codes and regulations, manufacturers can help minimize risks and prevent hazards in critical oil and gas pipeline welds.
Arc Machines, Inc. is an industry leader in high-quality welding solutions, including orbital welding machines and auto weld heads. With decades of welding expertise, we can help ensure that you meet current oil and gas pipeline standards. For inquiries regarding products, contact [email protected]. For service inquiries, contact [email protected]. Arc Machines welcomes the opportunity to discuss your specific needs. Contact us to arrange a meeting. | https://resources.arcmachines.com/what-are-the-different-oil-and-gas-pipeline-standards-and-regulations-ami/ |
The Code Enforcement office is responsible for enforcement of building codes, enforcement of zoning code, and the issuance of building permits and their required inspections. The City of Rome Common Council has adopted the New York State Uniform Fire Prevention and Building Code for the administration and enforcement of all construction and maintenance of new and existing properties.
Housing Division
The Housing Division provides general enforcement services utilizing both the New York State Property Maintenance Code and the Rome Code of Ordinances.
The housing inspectors are assigned ward territories where they provide services to include:
1) Private property maintenance enforcement
2) Social Service dwelling inspections
3) Zoning enforcement
Fire Prevention
As a result of a New York State regulation effective January 1, 2007, every municipality in NYS must conduct fire safety and property maintenance inspections.
Provisions shall be made for:
1) Fire safety and property maintenance inspections of buildings which contain an area of public assembly at intervals not to exceed one year
2) Fire safety and property maintenance inspections of all multiple dwellings (3 dwelling units and up) and all nonresidential occupancies at intervals consistent with conditions, but in no event shall such interval exceed one (1) year for dormitories and three (3) years for all other occupancies
The owner of a building must maintain and keep current all inspections and certifications of all equipment and fire alarm and control devices. These records shall be available to the Code Enforcement office upon request.
Smoke Detector Sheet
Fire and Evacuation Drills
Fire evacuation-safety plans guidelines
Construction Division
Many projects require permits. So, if in doubt about whether the project you intend to undertake will require a permit, please call the City of Rome Codes Department at 315-339-7642. A stop work order will be issued to any job started without a building permit and subject to a thorough inspection. Additionally, permit fees are doubled for any work started without a building permit.
Frequently asked questions and what would require a building permit are outlined in the links listed.
Additional Information:
Without a permit: What can I do without a permit?
- Make ordinary repairs with like or similar material to restore original conditions that do not affect structural features or involve the installation or extension of electrical or plumbing systems.
- Install sidewalks or grade level patios (without a roof) on private property
- Install roofing shingles or siding
- Replace gutters or downspouts
- Replace plumbing fixtures such as a toilet or sink, or replace a hot water tank in the same location and of the same type (gas or electric)
- Install doors in existing openings without structural alteration
- Install gas appliances that are not required to be vented, such as dryers and stoves
- Repair existing gas appliances
- Add insulation
- Install a fence in accordance within the City of Rome Zoning Ordinance
Permits required: Generally, permits are required to:
- Construct a house or building
- Add or make structural alterations to a building
- Install new windows (Energy Code and Egress Requirements)
- Construct or replace a deck
- Install or replace a pool, spa, or hot tub
- Kitchen or bath remodels
- Build or enclose a porch
- Construct an accessory building (shed or other structures detached from the principle bldg)
- Convert garage, attic, or basement to usable space, such as a recreation room
- Install new, or extend existing plumbing
- Alter or extend the electric system
- Demolish any building interior or building section, except utility sheds
- Repair structures damaged by fire
- Install any wood burning appliance (e.g. woodstove, fireplace, etc)
- Install a chimney liner or repair chimney
- Erect any sign
- Install a septic tank
- Drill a well
- Add fill, excavate or change existing drainage
- Move any building
Zoning Inside District
Zoning Outside District
New York State Codes
Building Permit Fee Schedule
Residential Building Permit Guidelines
City of Rome Building Permit Application
Electrical Inspection Agencies List 2019
NYS Unified Solar Permit Application
City of Rome’s Code of Ordinances
Accessory Structures
The City of Rome regulates all accessory structures within the inner and outside districts to make sure that they meet the zone district development standards and the NYS Build Code. All accessory structures require a building permit to be issued by the code enforcement office prior to the placement or construction of the structure. All accessory structures that are less than 144 square feet in size do not require a fee to obtain a building permit. For structures larger than 144 square feet in size, a fee will be charged for the building permit and the structure is to be constructed in accordance with the NYS Building Code.
Pool Permits
All residential swimming pools within the City of Rome containing 24” of water or more require a building permit. The building permit is required to ensure that the pool meets the applicable zoning codes, building codes, and electrical codes. The zoning code states that all pools must be located in the side or rear yards. In ground pools must be located no closer than 5′ away from the property line. Above ground pools must be located no closer than 10′ away from the property line. A third party electrical inspection is required for all pools that require a building permit to ensure the proper installation of the electrical wiring and components. A list of third party electrical inspection agencies is listed below. A copy of the completed electrical inspection must be submitted to the building inspector prior to the use of the pool, and without it a Certificate of Compliance will not be issued. For pools with an outside wall height that is greater than 48” above grade, a barrier is not required. All other pools must meet the proper barrier requirements before the Certificate of Compliance is issued and the pool can be used.
Documents, Forms and Applications:
City of Rome Pool Regulations
Self Set Pools Technical Bulletin
Third Party Electrical Inspectors
Demolition
This section has listed links and information for your demolition concerns.
Additional Information Links:
State Asbestos Info
Utilities Disconnects Form
Signs
The purposes of these sign regulations are to:
-
-
- Encourage the effective use of signs as a means of communication in the city
- Maintain and enhance the aesthetic environment and the city’s ability to attract sources of economic development and growth
- Improve pedestrian and traffic safety
- Minimize possible adverse affects of signs on nearby public and private property
- Enable the fair and consistent enforcement of these sign restrictions
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Plumbing
The City of Rome requires all plumbing work to be performed by a City of Rome licensed plumber. The Code Enforcement Office oversees a plumbing board, administers plumbing exams, and enforces the performance of all plumbing activities in the City. It is the responsibility of the plumbing inspector to ensure the health and safety of the public water and sanitation while enforcing quality workmanship and adherence to standards.
Plumbers List 2018
Plumbing Exam Information/Directions
Plumbing Exam Application
Zoning
The City of Rome Zoning Ordinance, developed in conjunction with the comprehensive plan, was adopted April 28, 2004. The new ordinance is a complete revision of the former ordinance adopted in the early 1960’s. Because of the age of the previous ordinance, many components of the document were outdated and incomplete. The new ordinance focuses on correcting these issues, improving development standards, focusing development in appropriate areas and making the City of Rome a friendly place to live and do business.
A zoning law is a community’s guide to its future development. It is not meant to be just another governmental intrusion, or another bit of red tape ahead of development plans. A landowner can look at the zoning map and regulations and know that if he follows them, he has a right to use his land in a certain way, and that neighboring property is subject to the same restrictions. But, because all land in the district is subject to the same rules, and because no two parcels of land are precisely the same, problems can arise.
When the first zoning ordinance in this country was passed in New York City in 1916, there was doubt that the courts would uphold its constitutionality, since it was a new and, at that time, radical system of land use control. Various safety valves were included in that first ordinance; therefore, in an attempt to relieve the pressure of too rigid enforcement of the zoning ordinance and any attendant hardship, and also to attempt to ensure judicial approval of the new concept. Foremost among these devices was the concept of an administrative body that would stand as a buffer between the property owner and the court. That administrative body is the Zoning Board of Appeals, sometimes referred to as a board of adjustment.
Code Enforcement Contact Information: | https://romenewyork.com/code-enforcement/ |
The California Fire Code requires permits for certain operations. The purpose of the code is to establish the minimum requirements consistent with nationally recognized good practice for providing a reasonable level of life safety and property protection from the hazards of fire, explosion or dangerous conditions in new and existing building, structures and premises and to provide safety to firefighters and emergency responders during emergency operations.
Some of the common operations that require permits for businesses or special events in Newport Beach include, but are not limited to:
- Tents and Membrane Structures
- Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LP-Gas) - (i.e. Propane used for heaters or cooking appliances)
- Liquid or Gas-Fueled Vehicles or Equipment in Assembly Buildings
- Candles and Open Flame in Assembly Areas
- Fireworks
- Fire Performances
Commonly Used Guidelines & Standards
The following Guidelines & Standards are established in order to insure compliance with applicable codes and regulations. The Newport Beach Fire Department is responsible for enforcing the requirements from the California Fire Code (CFC) and Title 19 of the California Code of Regulations (CCR). | https://newportbeachca.gov/government/departments/fire/fire-prevention-division/application-for-temporary-permit-to-operate |
Steve co-founded CORE Group in September, 2007 where he works as a Senior Engineer and a Senior Consultant. He is responsible for conducting building and life safety code analyses, including developing code equivalencies and alternative methods of compliance, reviewing fire protection system shop drawings and performing system acceptance testing. As a consultant, Steve interacts with designers, building owners and developers to address and solve specific project-related code compliance issues.
Prior to founding CORE, Steve worked as a Senior Engineer for Lourenco Consultants Inc. He reviewed architectural and engineering plans for code compliance; inspected and tested fire protection systems for compliance with building and fire protection codes enforced in the District of Columbia; and provided code consulting services to developers and designers.
Steve also served as a Senior Fire Protection Engineer for the City of Rockville Maryland – Inspection Services Division, reviewing architectural and engineering plans for buildings and structures to verify designs were in compliance with the applicable fire protection and building codes enforced by the City of Rockville. He also reviewed shop drawings and inspected and tested automatic sprinkler, fire alarm, fire pump, smoke control, alternative agent (FM-200, CO2, Intergen) systems and kitchen fire suppression systems to verify that the installation is in accordance with the applicable codes and standards. In addition, met with architects and engineers in the preliminary phases of design to discuss building and fire code interpretations and engineering alternatives to prescriptive code design. Prior to Rockville, Steve worked for the District of Columbia Building and Land Regulation Administration (predecessor to DCRA) as a fire protection engineer. His duties with the District of Columbia were consistent with his duties at Rockville City.
Shortly after graduating from the University of Maryland, Steve won one of the coveted fire protection engineering positions at The Department of the Navy – Naval Public Works Center. Steve’s responsibilities included designing fire protection systems for life safety and property protection, review of architectural and engineering drawings and fire protection shop drawings to verify the designs were in accordance with applicable coded and standards. His duties also included inspecting and testing buildings and fire protection systems for compliance with the applicable codes and the approved drawings. In addition Steve performed surveys, engineering analyses and compiled reports for building and structures to identify deficiencies and suggest corrective action to bring those structures into compliance with the current codes enforced by the Department of the Navy. Much of the time Steve spent at the Norfolk Navy Public Works Center, he was the only fire protection engineer serving the command in the entire Hampton Roads area.
Steve started his engineering career with Brinjac, Kambic and Associates in Harrisburg Pennsylvania. At BKA Steve wrote specifications and designed fire protection systems, conducted surveys of existing structures for life safety and fire protection compliance issues. He also reviewed shop drawing submittals and verified installations of fire protections.
Steve is a licensed PE in the District of Columbia, and State of Maryland. Steve earned his Bachelor of Science in Fire Protection Engineering from the University of Maryland. | https://www.coregr.com/steve |
Providing administrative and clerical services in order to ensure effective and efficient operations.
Inspect laboratories to ensure compliance with lab safety guidelines and be able to code the lab based on the associated hazard.
Review onsite chemicals, approve them and add them in the site database. Evaluate the associated hazard and ensure proper handling and storage of the chemicals.
Define work related occupational hazard and needed occupational health including preventive measures like vaccination and annual monitoring programs.
Inspect buildings to locate hazardous conditions and fire code violations such as accumulations of combustible material, electrical wiring problems, and inadequate or non-functional fire exits.
Conduct fire code compliance follow-ups to ensure that corrective actions have been taken in cases where violations were found.
Inspect properties that store, handle, and use hazardous materials to ensure compliance with laws, codes, and regulations
Review fire exit plans (evacuation plans).
Order suspension of activities that pose threats to workers health or safety
Conduct inspections and acceptance testing of newly installed fire protection systems.
Present and explain fire code requirements and fire prevention information to employees, contractors, engineers, fire service personnel, and the public.
Inspect and test fire protection or fire detection systems to verify that such systems are installed in accordance with appropriate laws, codes, ordinances, regulations, and standards
Provide new-employee health and safety orientations and develop materials for these presentations.
Investigate health-related complaints and inspect facilities to ensure that they comply with public health legislation and regulations.
Develop or maintain hygiene programs, such as kitchen inspection, noise surveys, continuous atmosphere monitoring, and ventilation surveys. Investigate the adequacy of ventilation, exhaust equipment, lighting, or other conditions that could affect employee health, comfort, or performance
Investigate accidents to identify causes or to determine how such accidents might be prevented in the future
Write detailed reports of fire inspections performed, fire code violations observed, and corrective recommendations offered.
17. Identify corrective actions necessary to bring properties into compliance with applicable fire codes, laws, regulations, and standards, and explain these measures to employees.
Public Safety and Security Environmental health and safety specialist certificate. Firefighting skills, training skills.
Science/ engineering background with full knowledge about chemicals and lab safety.
Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote effective local, state, or national security operations for the protection of people, data, property, and institutions. Clerical
4. Knowledge of administrative and clerical procedures and systems such as word processing, managing files and records, stenography and transcription, designing forms, and other office procedures and terminology
5. Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and computer hardware and software, including applications and programming.
Are in accordance with the Zewail City Delegation of Authority Chart. | https://www.zewailcity.edu.eg/new/post/en/safety_supervisor |
What is STructural safety factor?
“Factor of Safety” usually refers to one of two things: 1) the actual load-bearing capacity of a structure or component, or 2) the required margin of safety for a structure or component according to code, law, or design requirements.
Why is a factor of safety important in STructural design?
The necessary factor of safety of any structure determines the materials used. If a structure has a high required factor of safety, then engineers use a ductile material to build it. The realized factor of safety determines the amount of material used. A structure is required to meet this value at minimum.
What systematic process does the building designer have to carry out to manage risks when designing structures?
Safe design is about integrating hazard identification and risk assessment methods early in the design process, to eliminate or minimise risks of injury throughout the life of a product. This applies to buildings, structures, equipment and vehicles.
What does a safety factor of 1.5 mean?
Factor of Safety. – FOS – For use with highly reliable materials where loading and environmental conditions are not severe and where weight is an important consideration. 1.3 – 1.5. For use with reliable materials where loading and environmental conditions are not severe.
How is safety factor calculated?
The “safety factor” is the ratio between the force that will be applied to a component in a system and the minimum breaking strength of the component. To calculate the safety factor, divide the gear’s minimum breaking strength by the maximum force it will support.
What is the formula of factor of safety?
Factor of safety=Ultimate Load (Strength)/Allowable Load (Stress) As understood from the above equation the allowable stress is always less than the ultimate failure stress. Hence, the factor of safety is always greater than 1.
How do you calculate safety factor?
What three criteria are factors of safety based?
The criteria upon which factors of safety are based are:
- the accuracy with which mechanical forces and material properties may be determined;
- economics;
- previous experience and.
- the most important one, the consequences of failure in terms of loss of life and/ or property damage.
What are the five 5 principles of safe design?
The five principles that impact on achieving a safe design are described below.
- Principle 1: Persons with control.
- Principle 2: Product life cycle.
- Principle 3: Systematic risk management.
- Principle 4: Safe design knowledge and capability.
- Principle 5: Information transfer.
What is a safety in design report?
Safety in Design (SiD) is a process defined as the integration of hazard identification and risk assessment methods early in the design process to eliminate or minimise health and safety risks throughout the life of the product being designed.
Can a factor of safety be less than 1?
A factor of safety of less than 1 represents likely failure. A factor of safety of greater than 1 represents how much the stress is within the allowable limit.
What do you mean by safety factor?
: the ratio of the ultimate strength of a member or piece of material (as in an airplane) to the actual working stress or the maximum permissible stress when in use.
How are factors of safety used in structural engineering?
Factors of Safety – FOS – are a part of engineering design and can for structural engineering typically be expressed as. FOS = F fail / F allow (1) where.
How are risk categories determined in building codes?
Building codes require that buildings be classified by their level of importance in determining the risk taken with safety factors against their failure under critical design loads. Calculations for the structure’s overall stability, flexure, and fatigue are all based on the assumption of a given risk category design level.
Why are factors of safety important in design?
The smaller the Factor of Safety, the higher chances was there for the design to be a failure. Resulting in an uneconomical and nonfunctional design. As for higher Factor of Safety, the components would be much expensive resulting in a higher cost of the design. Factors of Safety are a part of engineering design.
Why are certain types of structures considered safer?
Failure of buildings and other structures must be rare. Moreover, certain classes of buildings and structures are expected to be ‘safer’ than others because any deficiency or failure would create catastrophic consequences; for instance, a nuclear facility versus a farmer’s barn. Cost is also vital. | https://runyoncanyon-losangeles.com/blog/what-is-structural-safety-factor/ |
The California mechanical code is one of the key Building Standards recognized by the California Building Standards Commission 2016. It is Part 4 of Title 24, derived from the Uniform Mechanical Code of 2015.
Title 24 is a set of building codes that have a significant effect on the application of lighting and controls in buildings in California. Published by the California Building Standards Commission, Title 24 relates to all buildings and structures in California.
The Uniform Mechanical CodeR (UM8C1l) stipulates all the requirements for the installation and management of heating, ventilating, and cooling systems. Moreover, these requirements also make provisions for new technological advancements.
What Does it Discuss? A Primer on California Mechanical Code
The California Mechanical Code contains the codes and laws that control the construction of all buildings and structures in California to guarantee safety and efficiency continually through proper management of these installations.
2016 California Building Codes are in place to ensure the safety of structures constructed or modified in California.
What does it prescribe?
The code sets standards with an aim to:
- Ascertain that designers, managers, and mechanical system installers develop the desired capacity to ensure that the laws are applied and maintained.
- Standards set to establish that mechanical assemblies, appliances, and technologies are safe and efficient.
Below are the most significant standards that mechanical installations must meet under the California Mechanical Code:
Chapter 3 – General regulations—This segment takes into account the general regulations and safety demands for the installation of plumbing and non-plumbing necessities for toilets. These safety parameters protect the building’s structural members from the stress and demands of pipe and sleeving. Further protection for the occupants include the need to keep the plumbing out of harm’s way and in a clean state.
Chapter 4 – Ventilation Air—This section governs the aeration of spaces within the buildings. All mechanical exhaust systems and any other connections specified in this section shall abide by Chapter 5.
Chapter 5 – Exhaust Systems—In this chapter, the highlights include the specifications for environmental air ducts. It’s outlined in two parts – the first part addresses environmental air ducts and product delivery systems. The second section outlines commercial hoods and kitchen aeration.
Read more about building construction techniques:
How to estimate construction costs for commercial buildings
10 steps to designing a building development plan
What is the process of constructing a new commercial building?
Chapter 6 – Duct Systems—The requirements of this subdivision include ducts and plenums that are parts of a heating, cooling, absorption/evaporative cooling, or product-delivering channel.
Chapter 7 – Combustion Air—This chapter touches on the state of air supplied to appliances installed in buildings. The guidelines in this chapter outline the recommended volume of indoor air and the attributes of outdoor air.
Chapter 8 – Chimneys and Vents—The provision of this clause outlines the ventilation standards for fuel-burning appliances.
What are the potential implications?
In California, all parties are accountable for any harm caused to their fellow citizens.
Violating any of California’s building codes leading to severe or fatal personal injury has legal consequences for those responsible for the unsafe structure.
If a party fails to exercise reasonable care—whether an architect or a homeowner—they become liable for any damages that such a violation may cause.
Homeowners may be held accountable under different clusters of negligence.
- Fundamentally, negligence states that if you violate a safety law and as a result, bring about harm or injury to someone, you have indeed breached your duty without the other party having to prove your negligence.
- The second theory of negligence entails the premises liability law. It charges a duty on homeowners to ensure that their premises are considerably safe.
Additionally, architects negating their professional duties may be held accountable by law. What does this provision mean for a homeowner? It provides you with an avenue to sue the architect for malpractice. Furthermore, other parties with injuries resulting from defective design or inefficient construction supervision might be able to sue under standard negligence rules. | https://airfixture.com/california-mechanical-code |
- Inspect structures using engineering skills to determine structural soundness and compliance with specifications, building codes, and other regulations. Inspections may be general in nature or may be limited to a specific area, such as electrical systems or plumbing.
Tasks
- Measure dimensions and verify level, alignment, or elevation of structures or fixtures to ensure compliance to building plans and codes.
- Monitor installation of plumbing, wiring, equipment, or appliances to ensure that installation is performed properly and is in compliance with applicable regulations.
- Review and interpret plans, blueprints, site layouts, specifications, or construction methods to ensure compliance to legal requirements and safety regulations.
Detailed Work Activities
- Evaluate construction projects to determine compliance with external standards or regulations.
- Evaluate projects to determine compliance with technical specifications.
Learn more on the
Construction and Building Inspectors
occupation report. | https://www.onetonline.org/find/score/47-4011.00?s=compliance%20managers |
scope:
Purpose
The purpose of this standard and the Center Fire Protection and Life Safety Programs is to protect human life, property, and the environment from the risk of fire-related hazards, through the application of codes, standards, and best practices, engineering analysis, fire prevention techniques, and public education and awareness of fire safety for NASA and contractor personnel.
This standard establishes requirements for life safety, fire prevention, detection, control, and suppression through engineering, inspection, training, and firefighting. A fire protection and life safety program consists of fire protection and life safety engineering (to minimize the occurrence of fire and fire loss through engineering designs and systems), fire prevention (to inspect for employee-created fire hazards and provide fire safety education and training), and a fire suppression force (to minimize losses in the event of a fire).
Applicability
This standard applies to NASA Headquarters and NASA Centers, including Component Facilities and Technical and Service Support Centers, and may be cited in contract, program, and other Agency documents as a technical requirement. This standard may also apply to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory or to other contractors, grant recipients, or parties to agreements to the extent specified or referenced in their contracts, grants, or agreements.
This standard applies to NASA-owned and NASA-operated, temporary and permanent, buildings, facilities, and installations, and to non-NASA-owned contractor or tenant buildings, facilities, and installations, operated on NASA property.
The International Building Code (IBC), 2018 Edition, the International Existing Building Code, 2018 Edition and the NFPA 101, Life Safety Code, 2018 Edition, are incorporated by reference. This NASA Standard for Fire Protection and Life Safety is a companion to these consensus standards and provides requirements to be used in addition to, and in some cases, in place of, those published in the IBC, IEBC and NFPA 101 to ensure fire protection and life safety at NASA facilities. The chapters of this revised standard match those of the IBC. Each chapter includes only additional content and requirements to that in the IBC or to be used in lieu of the IBC. Where there are conflicts between the requirements in the IBC and NFPA 101, use the more stringent requirement unless otherwise required by the AHJ.
This standard is not intended to be a substitute for Federal or applicable State and local government requirements. When conflicts exist between this document and voluntary consensus standards, this document takes precedence, except in those cases where the voluntary consensus standards are invoked by applicable Government regulation.
Note: Center level requirements in addition to, and that do not conflict with, those listed herein may be appropriate for inclusion in Center-specific fire protection and life safety policies and procedures to address unique applications and situations not covered by this document. For example, the AHJ may elect to adopt state and local building and fire codes provided they are not found to be in strict conflict with the requirements noted herein.
In this standard, "shall" denotes a mandatory requirement, "may" denotes a discretionary privilege or permission, "can" denotes statements of possibility or capability, "should" denotes a good practice, and "will" denotes an expected outcome.
In this standard, Appendices are considered required parts of this standard. They are separated into appendices for organizational purposes only. | https://standards.globalspec.com/std/14383098/nasa-std-8719-11-rev-b-w-chg-1 |
Due to the complexities involved with ensuring SDAs are assessed and remain compliant, consulting services as a minimum must be undertaken by an Accredited SDA Assessor and by the following legislation
When designing a dwelling for enrolment as SDA, it must include features that meet the minimum design requirements in the NDIS Price Guide. But although meeting these requirements may deem that the dwelling is fit for use, there could also be other legislative requirements that need to be met to ensure the building is compliant.
It’s important to understand from the beginning whether there are other codes, standards or requirements that the proposed building needs to adhere to, such as building and planning. If building requirements apply, it can trigger additional compliance with other documents such as the Australian Standards and Building Code of Australia. If the building falls under planning laws, the design will need to
comply with the local council’s planning scheme.
You’ll need to understand exactly which legislative requirements apply to your building project from the outset. Failure to do so can have significant consequences, including ineligibility for enrolment as SDA, infringement notices, retrospective upgrades or even demolition. Before enrolling a dwelling for SDA consideration, check with your local council or building authority to ensure that all relevant building and planning requirements have been met.
One of the criteria to determine the eligibility of a dwelling for enrolment as Specialist Disability Accommodation (SDA) includes designing the home to contain features that meet the Minimum Design Requirements contained within the NDIS Price Guide – Specialist Disability Accommodation.
Although meeting the Minimum Design requirements may deem a dwelling fit for use under the Price Guide, it is important to understand that these will not be the only requirements that dictate the final design. For example, the proposed works may trigger legislative provisions outside the NDIS, such as Building and Planning.
Building requirements would ensure that the design complies with Technical documents such as the Building Code of Australia and Australian Standards. In contrast, Planning can start design requirements specific to a Council’s Planning scheme.
During the initial design stages, it is crucial to understand if other legislative requirements are applicable that impact how the dwelling can be designed. Not considering these can have dire consequences for the project, such as ineligibility for enrolment as SDA, orders to stop works or vacate the building, infringements notices, demolition, and retrospective upgrade works to the building.
Anyone considering enrolling a dwelling for SDA will need to ensure that all relevant Building and Planning requirements have been adopted into the design. To help understand Building and Planning requirements and their effect on the design, consultation should be sought from your Local Council. | https://sdaconsulting.com.au/compliance/ |
Building Codes And The Right Roofing
Few, if any, of us were sorry to see the end of 2021. It brought disrupted supply lines, a tight labor market, and a pandemic that roared back at the end of the year with apparent renewed force. Facility managers nationwide also had to contend with destructive, erratic weather and even the threat posed by an increasing number of “billion dollar natural disasters.” There had been 18 of these events by December 1, and when the final tally is made, the devastating winter tornado outbreak in the Midwest as well as wildfires in the Denver suburbs will no doubt be added to the count. Put another way, the U. S. now experiences a billion dollar disaster every 22 days. This frequency of natural disasters demands attention: since 1980, the number of these destructive events has increased annually. While there may be debate about the cause of increasingly severe weather, the trend is indisputable.
This increase in destructive natural forces has intensified the ongoing re-examination and updating of building codes: should they be more stringent, should enforcement be more rigorous, and what will codes look like in the future? While some of these important questions have yet to be answered, there are essential basics that facility managers need to be aware of as building codes evolve.
In the International Building Code (the most commonly adopted building code in the U.S.), the intent of the code is: “…to establish the minimum requirements to provide a reasonable level of safety, public health and general welfare through structural strength, means of egress facilities, stability, sanitation, adequate light and ventilation, energy conservation and safety to life and property from fire, explosion and other hazards, and to provide a reasonable level of safety to fire fighters and emergency responders during emergency operations.” Note that the operative words here are “minimum” and “reasonable.” In other words, building codes have never been designed to protect a structure from extreme, unusual weather. But they have become more stringent over the years, and that trend will most likely continue.
It’s important to realize that adherence to building codes creates, enhances, and protects the value of a structure. If an owner ends up with a structure that does not meet at least the minimum requirements of the code, that owner is not getting an adequate return on investment.
There may be individuals who think government requirements like codes are an overreach and disregard requirements they don’t agree with. This approach can be risky. For instance, if a problem develops with a roofing system after installation, facility managers who approved a less than code-compliant system may be viewed in a poor light. In legal or insurance dispute situations, confirmation of code compliance is also commonly reviewed and taken into consideration. Weak building codes or lax enforcement create a burden on communities through property damage, higher insurance premiums, insurance deductibles, loss of use, and missed economic opportunities.
On the other hand, a landmark study conducted in 2020 by FEMA found that up-to-date building codes lead to major reduction in property losses from natural disasters. The FEMA report calculated losses from earthquakes, flooding, and hurricane winds for each state and Washington, D.C. and found that over a 20-year period, cities and counties with modern building codes avoided at least $132 billion in losses from natural disasters. FEMA research has also found that structures built to higher standards are 77% less likely to be damaged than those that fail to meet code.
So, who creates building codes, and revises them in an effort to reflect state-of-the-art construction standards, especially when faced with increasingly severe weather? Model building codes are updated every three years based on innovation in building design, new products, improved methods, and technologies. Likewise, the updating process reflects research insights and lessons learned after disasters. The International Code Council, or ICC, a U.S.-based membership association made up of state and local code officials from around the country, conducts the ongoing revisions of model codes, soliciting input from all affected industries. Eleven ICC committees meet over a two-year period to review this input, and make recommendations for consideration by the ICC membership. A final vote takes place at ICC’s annual conference to approve or reject the proposed changes to the model code.
Once published, these model codes are widely adapted by state and local jurisdictions and are incorporated into their codes. The 2021 version of the I-Code is the most current, but the process for updating codes can take months, even years. Many municipal and state codes are still based on the 2018 or earlier versions.
The savvy facility executive will realize that interpretation of building codes, and compliance with them, is best left to the experts. Roofing contractors and consultants, for instance, should be aware of and conversant with building codes in the relevant jurisdiction. If a contractor is not supportive of codes and very familiar with the details of local codes, this should be a red flag to facility managers and building owners.
Keep An Eye On Roofing Codes
As an architect, with more than 25 years’ experience in the commercial roofing industry, I’ve seen what can happen when a builder takes a shortcut with codes. I’ve also seen the resilience that is created when codes are adhered to. I stay familiar with the recommendations of the ICC as proposed code changes move through their process, and stay current with changes as they are approved. Of special interest to me are the code requirements that are related to commercial low-slope roof replacements.
Regardless of your area of expertise or your facility’s geographic location, the changes outlined below reflect the level of granularity that needs to be observed to ensure code compliance. In general, these changes reflect the increasing threats from cataclysmic weather events, and are designed to strengthen a building that may have to withstand the impact. These include:
- Clarifications and increased stringency for how low slope roofs are attached at the edges where failures are most likely. For instance, the 2021 ICC code strengthens wind pressure resistance of a roof to ensure that roof system components are securely attached. This is to ensure that the roof system as a whole stays securely in place during wind events.
- There are also special requirements for components of roofing systems, such as rooftop ballast, including updated rules for the use of aggregate surfacing on roofs. This includes mandating the use of parapets in some cases.
- New requirements for construction drawings may include wind uplift resistance pressure zones as determined by the method noted in the code.
- Changes in climate zones could result in insulation levels and other energy conservation rules being changed in a particular county, updating earlier editions of the code.
In addition to these expanded requirements, the roofing chapter of the code typically has requirements for fire resistance from the outside-in. This could prevent the spread of a fire when an ember from the fire lands on an adjacent roof. Drainage is also addressed, specifying how rainwater flows off the roof. Codes also detail when it is permissible to add another layer of roofing as opposed to removing and replacing the entire roof system. And, given the increasingly aggressive Federal requirements for energy use, codes address how much insulation should be included and how the roof should be sealed to prevent air movement of these materials.
Given recent trends, there is little doubt that extreme weather events will continue to threaten the built environment. Current building codes, as updated and expanded, provide science-based protection from predictable weather events. These are an important tool for the construction community, and an important step for communities across the country to create shelter from the storm. Beyond the basics, however, a building owner or facility manager may want to invest in structural elements that exceed the protection provided in codes and, not incidentally, lower insurance rates. Given the almost inevitable increase in devastating weather events, the building code conversation between architect and owner is critically important, and can provide a gateway to talk about additional efforts to protect a building and its occupants. | https://epdmroofs.org/resource/building-codes-and-the-right-roofing/ |
Los Angeles building codes are construction and building management guidelines that aim to protect the safety, health, and welfare of occupants and the community.
The building codes regulate design, alterations, and maintenance procedures for all structures within Los Angeles County. The laws enforced by the Los Angeles Housing + Community Investment Department (HCIDLA) provide a limit of 30 days to comply if you are found in violation.
Amendments to the California Building Codes
Los Angeles building codes adopt the California Building Codes with slight modifications. These laws range from the existing building codes to plumbing, electrical, and mechanical codes. They help to prevent the development of unsafe buildings and remedy the risks posed by such existing buildings.
Use and Occupancy Code
The use and occupancy building standards codes classify buildings in occupancy groups. Every room or space designed to be used and occupied should comply with all of the requirements outlined for the building’s intended purpose.
These include assembly (Groups A-1, A-2, A-3, A-4, and A-5), business (Group B), educational (Group E), factory and industrial (Groups F-1 and F-2) residential (Groups R-1, R-2, R-2.1, R-3, R-3.1, and R-4.), and high hazard (Groups H-1, H-2, H-3, H-4, and H-5) among others.
General Building Height and Area Limitations
Building height guidelines in chapter 5 of the LA building codes stipulate building heights, the number of stories, and the building area in sq. ft.
Sections 504 and 506 lay down the exact height in feet for buildings based on occupancy classification, type of construction, and the zoning.
The four parts of Los Angeles building code you will need to understand to determine your building’s height include Height District (1, 2, 3, 4), Special Height Districts (L, VL, XL) Zones (Residential and Commercial), and Specific Plans (Baseline Hillside Ordinance, Mulholland Scenic Corridor).
Each zone gives you the base Max Height. Height districts increase maximum building Height and FAR (floor-area ratio) of a given zone. Special height districts decrease the height – so if your property is in a special zone, then that alters the height requirements as well.
Fire and Smoke Protection Code
The fire and smoke protection regulations standards in chapter 7 state the requirements for your building materials, assemblies and systems to bolster its fire resistance. Apart from improving fire resistance of the individual structure, the codes aim to reduce the risk of fire spreading between structures.
The building systems guide on fire resistance ratings and procedures for testing and compliance is listed under ASTM E119 or UL 263. In Chapter 9 the code outlines the protection systems guide on the installation, maintenance and operation of a building’s fire systems, per the California Fire Code.
Energy Conservation Code
The Los Angeles energy efficiency code sets the requirements for energy conservation in buildings in line with part 6 title 24 of the California Code. In part, that entails compliance with solar energy installation requirements.
Alongside that, you will need to comply with the California Code title 24 part 5, which compels owners of buildings over 50,000 square feet to measure and report their building’s yearly energy consumption data.
Read more about commercial buildings:
10 ways to improve energy efficiency in commercial building
What is the California mechanical code
How to estimate construction costs for commercial buildings
Green Building Code
The Los Angeles green building code emphasizes the need for sustainable building design and construction to reduce the environmental impact of the structure. The green building code is covered in detail in chapter IX section 9 of the Los Angeles Municipal Code.
Electrical Code
The current LA electrical code includes the 2017 amendments plus the 2016 California Electrical Code. It similarly borrows from the 2014 National Electrical Code. The code stipulates wiring methods and materials, junction boxes, outlet, type AC, FC, and FCC cabling and equipment general use, among others. Read the full code here.
Los Angeles Plumbing Code
The plumbing code guides on the safe design, installation, and repair of plumbing systems. This code additionally features regulations on plumbing materials, fire sprinklers, swimming pool piping, rainwater piping and underground fire protection piping, among other aspects of a building’s plumbing. You can find more details in chapter IX section 4 of the Municipal Code.
Elevator Code
The elevator code is part of the Los Angeles building accessibility regulations. Compliance requirements include those found in the Elevator Safety Orders of the California Code of Regulations. Among other requirements, elevators need to be in an accessible route and should remain usable as long as the building is occupied. Multifamily building elevators should have accommodations for a wheelchair. Read the code here.
Los Angeles Mechanical Code
These codes for the city of Los Angeles regulate the installation, repair, and maintenance of mechanical building equipment from refrigeration to air conditioning, heating, and ventilation. The laws provide a comprehensive guide on the construction and design and the material quality needed for the equipment.
Existing Building Code
The existing Los Angeles building code borrows from the California Building Standards Code. The latter features appropriations from the 2015 International Existing Building Code of the International Code Council. These regulations touch on the alteration, repairs, and design of historic buildings and other existing commercial or residential buildings.
Compliance with the Los Angeles building codes can help to safeguard the life and health of occupants and the public. The requirements in these chapters can also help you attain efficiency in the construction and management of your building and provide the needed occupant comfort. | https://airfixture.com/los-angeles-building-code |
(1) The Florida Fire Prevention Code and the Life Safety Code adopted by the State Fire Marshal, which shall operate in conjunction with the Florida Building Code, shall be deemed adopted by each municipality, county, and special district with firesafety responsibilities. The minimum firesafety codes shall not apply to buildings and structures subject to the uniform firesafety standards under s. 633.022 and buildings and structures subject to the minimum firesafety standards adopted pursuant to s. 394.879.
(2) Pursuant to subsection (1), each municipality, county, and special district with firesafety responsibilities shall enforce the Florida Fire Prevention Code and the Life Safety Code as the minimum firesafety code required by this section.
(3) The most current edition of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 101, Life Safety Code, adopted by the State Fire Marshal, shall be deemed to be adopted by each municipality, county, and special district with firesafety responsibilities as part of the minimum firesafety code.
(4) Such codes shall be minimum codes and a municipality, county, or special district with firesafety responsibilities may adopt more stringent firesafety standards, subject to the requirements of this subsection. Such county, municipality, or special district may establish alternative requirements to those requirements which are required under the minimum firesafety standards on a case-by-case basis, in order to meet special situations arising from historic, geographic, or unusual conditions, if the alternative requirements result in a level of protection to life, safety, or property equal to or greater than the applicable minimum firesafety standards. For the purpose of this subsection, the term “historic” means that the building or structure is listed on the National Register of Historic Places of the United States Department of the Interior.
(b) Such additional requirements shall not be discriminatory as to materials, products, or construction techniques of demonstrated capabilities.
(c) Paragraphs (a) and (b) apply solely to the local enforcing agency’s adoption of requirements more stringent than those specified in the Florida Fire Prevention Code and the Life Safety Code that have the effect of amending building construction standards. Upon request, the enforcing agency shall provide a person making application for a building permit, or any state agency or board with construction-related regulation responsibilities, a listing of all such requirements and codes.
(d) A local government which adopts amendments to the minimum firesafety code must provide a procedure by which the validity of such amendments may be challenged by any substantially affected party to test the amendment’s compliance with the provisions of this section.
2. For purposes of such challenge, the burden of proof shall be on the challenging party, but the amendment shall not be presumed to be valid or invalid.
This subsection gives local government the authority to establish firesafety codes that exceed the minimum firesafety codes and standards adopted by the State Fire Marshal. The Legislature intends that local government give proper public notice and hold public hearings before adopting more stringent firesafety codes and standards. A substantially affected person may appeal, to the department, the local government’s resolution of the challenge, and the department shall determine if the amendment complies with this section. Actions of the department are subject to judicial review pursuant to s. 120.68. The department shall consider reports of the Florida Building Commission, pursuant to part IV of chapter 553, when evaluating building code enforcement.
(5) The new building or structure provisions enumerated within the firesafety code adopted pursuant to this section shall apply only to buildings or structures for which the building permit is issued on or after the effective date of this act. Subject to the provisions of subsection (6), the existing building or structure provisions enumerated within the firesafety code adopted pursuant to this section shall apply to buildings or structures for which the building permit was issued or the building or structure was constructed prior to the effective date of this act.
(6) With regard to existing buildings, the Legislature recognizes that it is not always practical to apply any or all of the provisions of the minimum firesafety code and that physical limitations may require disproportionate effort or expense with little increase in lifesafety. Prior to applying the minimum firesafety code to an existing building, the local fire official shall determine that a threat to lifesafety or property exists. If a threat to lifesafety or property exists, the fire official shall apply the applicable firesafety code for existing buildings to the extent practical to assure a reasonable degree of lifesafety and safety of property or the fire official shall fashion a reasonable alternative which affords an equivalent degree of lifesafety and safety of property. The decision of the local fire official may be appealed to the local administrative board described in s. 553.73.
(7) Nothing herein shall preclude a municipality, county, or special district from requiring a structure to be maintained in accordance with the applicable firesafety code.
(8) Electrically operated single station smoke detectors required for residential buildings are not required to be interconnected within individual living units in all buildings having direct access to the outside from each living unit and having three stories or less. This subsection does not apply to any residential building required to have a manual or an automatic fire alarm system.
(9) The provisions of the Life Safety Code shall not apply to newly constructed one-family and two-family dwellings. However, fire sprinkler protection may be permitted by local government in lieu of other fire protection-related development requirements for such structures. While local governments may adopt fire sprinkler requirements for one- and two-family dwellings under this subsection, it is the intent of the Legislature that the economic consequences of the fire sprinkler mandate on home owners be studied before the enactment of such a requirement. After the effective date of this act, any local government that desires to adopt a fire sprinkler requirement on one- or two-family dwellings must prepare an economic cost and benefit report that analyzes the application of fire sprinklers to one- or two-family dwellings or any proposed residential subdivision. The report must consider the tradeoffs and specific cost savings and benefits of fire sprinklers for future owners of property. The report must include an assessment of the cost savings from any reduced or eliminated impact fees if applicable, the reduction in special fire district tax, insurance fees, and other taxes or fees imposed, and the waiver of certain infrastructure requirements including the reduction of roadway widths, the reduction of water line sizes, increased fire hydrant spacing, increased dead-end roadway length and a reduction in cul-de-sac sizes relative to the costs from fire sprinkling. A failure to prepare an economic report shall result in the invalidation of the fire sprinkler requirement to any one- or two-family dwelling or any proposed subdivision. In addition, a local jurisdiction or utility may not charge any additional fee, above what is charged to a non-fire sprinklered dwelling, on the basis that a one- or two-family dwelling unit is protected by a fire sprinkler system.
(10) Before imposing a fire sprinkler requirement on any one- or two-family dwelling, a local government must provide the owner of any one- or two-family dwelling a letter documenting specific infrastructure or other tax or fee allowances and waivers that are listed in but not limited to those described in subsection (9) for the dwelling. The documentation must show that the cost savings reasonably approximate the cost of the purchase and installation of a fire protection system.
(11) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (9), a property owner shall not be required to install fire sprinklers in any residential property based upon the use of such property as a rental property or any change in or reclassification of the property’s primary use to a rental property.
History.—s. 6, ch. 87-287; s. 1, ch. 88-362; s. 8, ch. 91-110; s. 2, ch. 91-189; s. 8, ch. 95-379; s. 59, ch. 98-287; ss. 104, 105, ch. 2000-141; s. 3, ch. 2001-64; s. 1393, ch. 2003-261; s. 17, ch. 2005-147; s. 157, ch. 2008-4; s. 2, ch. 2010-99; s. 49, ch. 2010-176. | http://flsenate.gov/Laws/Statutes/2012/633.025 |
AEGIS Engineering’s professional fire protection engineers can provide expert guidance with regard to all aspects of building code and fire code compliance, hazard analysis, inspection and commissioning, litigation support, and building plan review.
Code Compliance: Evaluation of existing facilities or processes to access compliance with building code, fire code, and referenced standards. This work can include identification of adverse conditions and potential risks or exposures and assistance in developing a plan for improvement.
Hazard Analysis: Identify, evaluate and propose solutions for identified concerns to ensure building code and fire code provisions are appropriately addressed.
Inspection and Commissioning: Inspection, testing and commissioning of new or existing fire protection systems, fire alarm systems, smoke control systems and life safety systems. This includes diesel fuel tanks for fire pumps and emergency standby power generators, firestopping, as well as development of inspection and maintenance programs.
Litigation Support: Expert consulting or testimony to legal counsel regarding fire origin and cause, construction defects or implications of building codes and standards, as well as supporting forensic investigation of fire protection system and life safety system failures.
Plan Review: Review of design documents to ensure that fire protection systems and life safety systems are designed in accordance with contract requirements and applicable building codes, fire codes and referenced standards. | http://www.aegisengineering.com/fire-protection-engineering-services/aegis-fire-protection-engineering-consult/ |
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Tennis movements are characterized essentially by lateral displacements, thus external load on the lower extremities is created predominantly by friction generated between shoes and playing surfaces. This study analyzed the behavior of frictional forces and torques produced during an open stance forehand using various playing surfaces and different sport shoes. The frictional data were obtained from 12 advanced players returning a tennis ball fired from a ball machine and hitting a large Kistler force plate located at the base line of the tennis court. Using statistical ANOVA techniques, friction was found to be more sensitive to the choice of playing surface than to the choice of tennis shoe. “Fluid” type surfaces displayed the lowest frictional values in most cases. Additionally, comparison of the frictional data collected during the forehand with the measurements from a standardized laboratory test demonstrated that extrapolation of friction results from laboratory to real field conditions may lead to erroneous conclusions.
The authors are with the Laboratory of Biomechanics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium. | https://journals.humankinetics.com/abstract/journals/jab/8/1/article-p48.xml |
2021-12-09 21:42:14 Find the results of "
is tennis injury prone
" for you
Why are some tennis athletes injury prone? - Quora
Answer: Just like in every other sport, there are some athletes who are
injury prone.
Aren't there? Although, you might see the proportion of
injury prone
athletes higher than in most other sports because of the game.
Tennis
is very physically and mentally demanding of its players. It takes a g...
6 most injury prone men's tennis players in recent times
Some of these players keep coming back from
injuries
to win tournaments, while others cannot play at the same level again. Here is a list of the most
injury
prone
players in men's
tennis
. #6 Robin ...
Epidemiology of injuries in tennis players
While tennis is an overall safe and low-risk sport, it is nevertheless associated with its own unique set of acute and chronic
injuries.
Within the last several years, there have been a number of longitudinal studies on the epidemiology of
injuries
among
tennis
players at various levels, ranging from junior
tennis
to major Grand Slam tournaments.
Understanding Tennis Injuries of the Lower Extremity - MASS4D ...
The physiological demands of
tennis
place an intense amount of load on the joints of
tennis
players, making them susceptible to a wide range of
injuries
of both the upper and lower extremity. For preventative strategies to be successful, it is necessary to target specific areas most
prone
to common
tennis injuries;
the lower extremity has been reported as the most frequently
injured
region in
tennis
players particularly the lower leg, ankle and thigh.
5 Common Tennis Injuries and 4 Ways to Prevent Them - Michael ...
Common
Tennis Injuries.
1.
Tennis Elbow.
Lateral epicondylitis, commonly known as
tennis elbow,
refers to the inflammation of the tendons joining the forearm muscles to the outside of the elbow. This condition is similar to golfer’s
elbow,
but it occurs on the outside of the
elbow
rather than the inside.
Tennis elbow
is often the result of overuse, and while it can occur in non-athletes, it is common among athletes who play tennis and other racquet sports.
How to Rehab An Injured Tennis Shoulder | Performance Health
Tennis
serves and shots are hard on your shoulder. The motion’s acceleration places stress on the shoulder joint. Then your four rotator cuff muscles need to act as the “brakes” to stop your arm’s forward motion. Unfortunately, many
tennis
players have weak rotator cuff muscles, which can lead to shoulder injuries.
Common Tennis injuries: Lower body - Physiotherapy - Bodyset
The trunk/spine. Research shows that the trunk/spinal areas have the highest injury prevalence out of all the areas of the body tennis can
injure.
This can double, and sometimes triple the incidence rate over a 5-year summary in comparison to other areas.
Being injury-prone: What does it mean, and what can you do ...
These players weren’t inevitably
injury-prone.
Once your muscles' structural integrity is damaged, it is more likely you'll suffer a recurring
injury
in the same area. Still, we can avoid most
injuries
caused by poor movement mechanics by correcting the technique of the movement.
r/tennis - Who will be the most injury prone between Zverev ...
Poll. We can now safely say that Zverev Medvedev and Tsitsipas are among the best of the best
tennis
players. But
injuries
are a big part of the game that even Federer, Nadal Djokovic had to deal with. According to their performances and playing styles which of those 3 will be the most
injury
prone
? 8 votes. Alexander Zverev. Stefanos Tsitsipas. | http://ww.itinnovator.in/tag/3751574.html |
Tennis is a sport that certainly isn't lacking in notable figures, and few are as noteworthy as Maria Sharapova and Ana Ivanovic. Both have has had remarkably outstanding careers marked by characteristic playing styles, and their accomplishments make them worthy of comparison. Here then is a look at the careers and playing styles of these two remarkable tennis figures.
Maria Sharapova is a Russian professional tennis player who was born on April 19, 1987. She previously held the No. 1 rank in professional tennis all over the world.
Ana Ivanovic is a Serbian tennis player who was born on November 6, 1987. Like Sharapova, Ivanovic also previously held the No. 1 rank in world tennis.
Maria Sharapova is known for her very aggressive playing style, which was characterized by powerful strokes, and deep, angular forehand and backhand strikes. Unlike other tennis players that employ traditional volleys or overhead smashes, Sharapova generally employs a "swinging" volley. Although a fairly tall player, she is considered quite fast, and relies more on mental fortitude and competitiveness than sheer power or brute force.
Beginning in 2008, Sharapova greatly expanded her range of techniques to include drop shots and sliced backhand techniques, in addition to employing more effective movement and footwork on the court.
Ana Ivanovic is also known for her aggressive playing style. She was in fact considered one of the best players on the women's tour in 2007 and 2008. However, she has been criticized for her apparent lack of confidence, which came to the fore after her victory at the French Open in 2008. This slump in performance was noted by no less than Martina Navratilova, who during the 2010 Australian Open commented on her seeming lack of confidence. Navratilova did commend Ivanovic for her tenacity until the last point however, and Ivanovic has since made noticeable improvements after appointing a new coach in 2010.
Maria Sharapova’s career has been earmarked by instances of serious injury, although this hasn't stopped her from winning 22 WTA singles titles, in addition to 3 WTA doubles titles and 3 Grand Slam singles titles. Sharapova also won the runner-up position at the 2007 Australian Open and the Sony Ericsson Championships in 2004. After a much publicized shoulder injury in 2008 however, she has yet to regain her previous level of performance.
Ana Ivanovic for her part still ranks highly among the world’s roster of tennis players, and is in fact currently No. 19 on the WTA rankings. Among her most notable victories are her win at the 2008 French Open against Dinara Safina, and the runner-up spots in the French Open and Australian Open of 2007 and 2008, respectively. | http://recomparison.com/comparisons/101540/maria-sharapova-vs-ana-ivanovic/ |
There is no universally accepted “best” age to begin playing tennis. The age at which a person begins playing tennis is determined by a variety of factors, including physical development, coordination, and interest in the sport.
In general, children should begin playing tennis when they are ready and interested in learning the sport. This could happen as early as four or five years old or as late as 10 or 11 years old. Children of this age should have the physical coordination and motor skills required to hit a ball and learn the fundamental strokes of tennis.
It is also necessary to take into account the child’s overall physical development and readiness for physical activity. Before beginning tennis, children who are not physically active or who have health conditions that may impair their ability to play should consult with a healthcare provider.
Overall, the most important factor in determining when a person should begin playing tennis is their enthusiasm for the sport. If a child is interested in playing tennis and is willing to learn the fundamentals, they are most likely ready to begin.
What Age Do Most Tennis Players Start?
Most professional tennis players begin playing at a young age, usually between the ages of four and eight. This is due to the fact that tennis necessitates a high level of physical coordination and mental focus, as well as dedication and commitment to practicing and improving. Starting at a young age allows players to develop these skills and become competitive in the sport.
Of course, not all professional tennis players begin their careers at the same age. Some players begin playing later in childhood or even in their adolescence and go on to have successful careers. Starting tennis at a young age is not a guarantee of success, and many factors such as talent, hard work, and luck all play a role in a player’s success.
It should be noted that beginning to play tennis at a young age does not guarantee that a person will become a professional player. Many people play tennis for fun and do not aspire to compete at a high level. The age at which a person begins playing tennis is just one of many factors that can influence their success in the sport.
What Age is Too Old to Start Playing Tennis?
Tennis can be started at any age! Tennis is a sport that can be enjoyed by people of all ages, and many people begin playing it later in life.
Some older adults may need to take precautions, such as using lighter tennis balls or modifying their technique, to avoid straining their joints, but anyone can enjoy the game of tennis with the right approach.
5 Most Prevalent Health Benefits From Regularly Playing Tennis
Tennis can provide a variety of health benefits, such as improved cardiovascular health, stronger muscles and bones, improved coordination, and increased mental sharpness.
The sport also offers a high-intensity, full-body workout that can help you burn calories and improve your overall fitness. It can also help with stress reduction and mental health.
Furthermore, playing tennis can be a great way to socialize and meet new people, which can benefit your mental health.
Tennis is an excellent way to stay active and healthy at any age.
#1 Improved Cardiovascular Health
Tennis is a high-intensity, full-body workout that can help improve your cardiovascular health. Tennis can help raise your heart rate and improve the health of your heart and lungs.
#2 Stronger Muscles & Bones
Tennis involves a lot of running, jumping, and hitting, all of which can help strengthen your muscles and bones. Tennis’ movement and impact can help improve bone density and lower your risk of osteoporosis.
#3 Better Coordination
Tennis requires quick movements and precise coordination, which can benefit your overall coordination and balance. This can also help you avoid falls and other accidents.
#4 Increased Mental Sharpness
Mental acuity is improved because tennis is a fast-paced sport that requires quick thinking and strategic planning. Playing tennis on a regular basis can help you improve your mental agility and focus, as well as lower your risk of developing cognitive decline or dementia.
#5 Reduced Stress
Playing tennis can help you relax and improve your mental health. Tennis’ physical activity can help release endorphins, which are chemicals in your brain that help you feel better. Additionally, the social aspect of tennis can help reduce stress and improve your overall well-being.
What Are the Benefits of Joining a Tennis Club?
Joining a tennis club can provide a variety of benefits, such as the chance to meet and play with other tennis players, access to tennis courts and equipment, and organized social and competitive events.
Tennis clubs frequently offer a variety of programs and activities for players of all ages and skill levels, such as group lessons, leagues, and tournaments.
Furthermore, many tennis clubs provide a variety of amenities, such as locker rooms, showers, and social areas, which can enhance your tennis experience.
Generally speaking, joining a tennis club can be a great way to improve your tennis skills, meet new people, and have fun.
Take Tennis Lessons in Mountlake Terrace at Basha Tennis
Interested in playing tennis in or near the Mountalke Terrace, Washington area? If so, take some time to visit Basha Tennis and to speak with our instructors!
Taking tennis lessons can be a great way to advance your tennis abilities and improve your game.
A tennis coach can provide you with personalized instruction and advice that is tailored to your individual needs and goals.
They can give you drills and exercises to help you get better at your game, as well as help you identify and fix any technique or form problems you might be having.
Additionally, taking tennis lessons can help you learn new skills and techniques, and can provide you with the motivation and support you need to keep practicing and improving.
All-in-all, enrolling in tennis lessons can improve both your tennis game and overall health and fitness. | https://bashatennis.com/what-is-a-good-age-to-start-playing-tennis/ |
# Table tennis rubber
Table tennis rubber is a type of rubber used as covering on a racket in table tennis. Modern table tennis rubber is usually composed of two layers: a layer of foam underneath and a layer of actual rubber on the surface. There are four common types of table tennis rubbers: short pips, long pips, antispin, and inverted. The thickness and density of the sponge layer underneath also affects how the rubber will handle the ball.
Because of the large variety of table tennis rubbers, there are a larger variety of playing styles in table tennis than in other racket sports.
## History
Rubber was first used in table tennis with the rise of hard racket paddles in the 1930s; the rubber consisted of short pimples over a wooden blade. In the 1950s, the sponge racket was introduced. It had a layer of foam underneath the layer of rubber. The foam helps provide more spin and speed. The International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF) regulated the thickness of the foam + rubber layer to a maximum of 4 mm (1⁄6 inch) thick, which has been the regulation in table tennis since.
Until 1986, players often had the same color of rubber on both sides of their paddle so that opponents could not tell which side of the paddle was being used. On July 1, 1986, two years before table tennis's introduction to the Olympics, the ITTF made it a rule that competition paddles had to have black rubber on one side and red rubber on the other side.
## Types of rubber
Table tennis rubber has four common types: inverted and short pips rubber are primarily offensive, while long pips and antispin are primarily defensive. The word "pip" refers to the usually conic-shaped raised bumps on top of the rubber in short and long pips rubber or the bumps on the inside attached to the foam on inverted or antispin rubber.
### Inverted
Inverted rubber is an offensive rubber and the most popular type of rubber. They are smooth on the outside, leaving the pips on the inside touching the foam, which is why it is called inverted. Inverted rubber's wide variety of speeds and spins make it a favorite among players. Manufacturers will provide speed and spin ratings to differentiate their type of inverted rubber from others. The faster the speed rating, the harder it is to control.
#### Tensioned rubber
Before 2007, professional players often used speed glue on their inverted rubber to increase both speed and spin. After the ITTF banned speed glue due to health concerns, manufacturers have employed different methods to create inverted rubber with similar effects of speed glue. These new types of inverted rubber are called tensioned rubber, also called high tension, pre-tensed, or tensor rubber. They come in two types: mechanically tensioned rubber and chemically tensioned rubber. The two types differ mainly in the manufacturing process; mechanically tensioned rubber is made by gluing the rubber topsheet in a vacuum to cause the rubber to expand, and chemically tensioned rubber soaks the bottom foam layer in chemicals that cause the same effect as speed glue on the foam, but lasts longer.
### Short pips
Short pips rubber, also called pips out rubber, is a more controlled attack rubber that provides more speed but less spin to an attack than inverted rubber. Due to the small contact surface with the ball, short pips rubber is not easily affected by the opponent's spin; instead, it will knock a ball away. Therefore, the rubber is usually used for blocking, hitting, and counterattack strokes.
### Long pips
Long pips rubber is a defensive rubber. As its name suggests, the rubber has longer pips than short pips, and usually it also has thinner pips. The flexibility of the pips creates a low friction effect. As a result it provides little spin because the spinning ball slips on the rubber. When provided with a heavy topspin ball from an opponent's rubber, the opponent's spin is returned. However if the opponent sends backspin, the spin is again returned but will be topspin to the opponent which can cause confusion as inverted rubber or short pips rubber would return backspin for the same stroke. This is called "spin reversal" though in fact the spin does not reverse from the point of view of the bystander. The occasion when spin reverses is actually when both players are executing backspin or both executing topspin.
### Antispin
Antispin rubber is a defensive rubber with a smooth surface and very soft sponge. Due to the soft sponge, this rubber dampens speed of the ball and returns the ball at a low speed. It is usually used by defensive players on one side of their racket only. Unlike inverted rubber, it does not grip the ball, so opponents' balls are returned with little spin. However, against heavy spin, antispin rubber will return the ball with an opposite spin, similar to long pips.
### Other rubbers
#### Medium pips
Medium pips rubber is a mainly offensive rubber with pips out like the long and short pips rubber. It is more attack-oriented and has less spin than the long pips rubber, but is not as offensive as the short pips rubber.
## Sponge thickness and density
The thickness of the sponge and the density of the sponge layer underneath the rubber also affects the handling of the ball. These affect inverted and antispin rubbers the most, because they rely on sponge for spin and speed more than short and long pips rubber.
### Thickness
Sponge thickness affects the overall rubber speed and control. As a rule of thumb, the thinner the sponge, the more control you have, and the thicker the sponge, the faster it is. Rubbers labeled MX or MAX, short for maximum, have the maximum amount of sponge under the rubber without going over the ITTF regulation of 4.0 mm (0.16 inch). Rubbers labeled OX, short for orthodox, have no sponge beneath the rubber. Usually, inverted and antispin rubber have a larger foam thickness while pip rubber have a smaller thickness.
### Density
Sponge density, also called sponge hardness, affects the over rubber spin. As a rule of thumb, a lower density sponge, will have more spin at lower speeds, while a higher sponge density will have more spin at higher speeds. The sponge density affects antispin rubbers the most, for they rely on a soft sponge and a hard rubber surface to reverse spin. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_tennis_rubber |
G.O.A.T.
a Harvard study...admit I didn't read it, but if you're into it...
Thanks. Looks like a good read. I’ll let you know what it says, but then again, you must not care.a Harvard study...admit I didn't read it, but if you're into it...
just didn't feel like it today...watching tennis thoughThanks. Looks like a good read. I’ll let you know what it says, but then again, you must not care.
fully agree so far.The hard truth is that tennis is just an extremely simple sport. Sure, it's good to know some tenancies of opponents, but at the end of the day a tennis court is really small and you need to be prepared to cover the entire court on every shot.
There's no room for a Moneyball-like revolution because it's an individual sport. There's no plugging in different players with different play styles to achieve more productive results. It's down to the individual and there's really only 2 options of play style in tennis; back of the court or coming to the net. And due to the physical technology revolution, only one of those strategies is realistic in the modern game. I guess analytics can help you figure out how often to do it, when a surprise attack can do the most damage. But again, tennis is a simple sport and most athletes can figure that out for themselves just by feeling the flow of the game.
The high tech cameras that taught us the advantages of spin rate in pitching or launch angle in hitting is also pretty irrelevant in tennis. Everyone already knows the advantages of putting as much topspin on the ball as you can, but it's easier said than done.
But they should. If, for a given player, based on serve percentage and point winning percentage, one _is_ more likely to win a point by going full out even on a second serve break point down he _should_ do it. The only reason why players do not do it is psychological one - it _feels_ somewhat less bad if you lose a point after a rally then on a double fault. But statistically speaking it is, for some players, a wrong choice to not go for it.And I'm sure there's also data out there for how you're better off flattening your shots and going for the winner early, or going big on the 2nd serve more often. But matches aren't played on paper. No player (other than an idiot like Kyrgios or Zverev) is going to try and hit 125 mph on a 2nd serve down break point because the chart says it increases your odds of winning the point.
but it is changing, isn't it? I do not have statistical data but it does seem teams go for it om fourth down more often, no?Same reason punting hasn't gone away in football.
like which one?Analytics have ruined enough sports.
well, of course. But sometimes you have two seemingly equal choices and statistics can help in those cases.I don't want tennis players to suddenly start playing like chickens with their heads cut off because they're following what the chart says instead of figuring out what's working for them that day and when to pull the trigger vs when not to. | https://tt.tennis-warehouse.com/index.php?threads/deep-dive-into-tennis-analytics.689740/ |
The Hindu Explains: From the triple talaq crusader to injury-prone tennis stars
Why are many tennis stars battling injuries?
Why are top seeds out of U.S. Open?
In most sports, an injury or two to a player aged over 30 doesn’t evoke a collective disbelief. But tennis seems to be different. With a number of top stars in their thirties and playing well, the presence of just six of the top 11 ranked men in the world in the ongoing U.S. Open has surprised many. Novak Djokovic (elbow), Stan Wawrinka (knee), Kei Nishikori (wrist), Milos Raonic (wrist) and Andy Murray (hip) have all withdrawn. Such a depleted men’s field at Flushing Meadows was last seen way back in 1996 and even then, seven of the top 10 were on court. This year, several top players bowed out in the first few days itself, including A. Zverev (no. 4), Grigor Dimitrov (no. 7), Nick Kyrgios (no. 14) and Tomas Berdych (no. 15).
Is this a case of too much tennis?
Stephanie Kovalchik, a data scientist at Tennis Australia, thinks so. She used a term ‘game age,’ which was defined as the total number of games played up to a certain age. Players were split by their generation into five year groups, according to the first year they played a professional match in. Before 1990, players were mostly above 30 years when they reached 10,000 games. For the 1990 to 1994 generation, it was 28, for 1995 to 2004, it became 27, and for 2005-2009, it dropped to 26. If you had noticed these numbers prior to the U.S. Open, it would have been a paradox. Perhaps not anymore.
Does scheduling have an impact?
Tennis off-season is pretty much non-existent. Most players, including Roger Federer, now world No. 3, and Alexander Zverev last year, have had to shut down their seasons early to find time. It is inevitable that tournaments will be shoehorned in a global sport like tennis. But it helps no one that of the nine Masters 1000 events, eight are mandatory. Six of these are held in back-to-back weeks.
This commitment can be reduced by one tournament for passing each of the following milestones: 600 matches, 12 years of play and 30 years of age; a threshold so high not even a handful can reach. A host of ATP 250s and 500s are also crammed in, encouraging excessive play. There are multiple rounds of Davis Cup too and this year will see the debut of Laver Cup, the tennis equivalent of golf’s Ryder Cup. Murray went on a bull-run late last year, playing every tournament possible. It got him to world No. 1 and also to his present dysfunctional state.
Have playing styles led to injuries?
Modern-day tennis puts a premium on strokes loaded with heavy topspin. Pete Sampras and Andre Agassi used to produce 1,800 ball revolutions per minute off their forehands. Federer’s is at 2,500 and Rafael Nadal’s average is 3,200. Players also use an open stance (Juan Martin del Potro) as opposed to side-on (Marat Safin). To execute a topspin-heavy aggressive ground-stroke with an open stance, it’s the forearm and wrist which generate power.
According to kinesiology experts, the shoulder, used in a side-on stance, can withstand more wear and tear as it is the bigger joint. It is no surprise then that Nishikori, Djokovic and Raonic now, and Nadal and del Potro in the past, have all suffered arm-related injuries.
Are remedial steps being taken?
There's nothing concrete yet, but quite a few targets are being lined up. Truncating a best-of-five sets match is one. But nothing may come out of it, considering that it exists only at the Majors (and Davis Cup) and even there players have a day’s rest between matches. The rolling 52-week ATP ranking system, which penalises players if they don’t better previous years’ performance in the same week, is a burden. Finally, there is prize money. At the U.S. Open, a first-round loser in singles takes home $50,000, which incentivises a player to enter even if it requires playing through pain. At Wimbledon this year, there were 15 retirements (men and women), an Open Era record. Should retaining prize money for injured players and giving their spots to lucky losers be considered? | https://www.thehindu.com/sport/tennis/why-are-many-tennis-stars-battling-injuries/article19611450.ece |
SYMPOSIUM EXERNET. Investigación en Ejercicio y Salud: Presente y Futuro en España.
Granada, 7-8 de Noviembre de 2014
Does playing surfaces influence the bone geometry and strength indexes in young male soccer players?
A. Matute-Llorentea,b, A. Gómez-Brutona,b, G. Lozano-Bergesa,b, C. Julián-Almárceguia,b, A. Gómez-Cabelloa,d, A. González-Agüeroa,c, G. Vicente-Rodrígueza,b and J.A. Casajúsa,b
aGENUD Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
bFaculty of Health and Sport Science, University of Zaragoza, Spain
cDepartment of Sport and Exercise Science, Aberystwyth University, UK
dCentro Universitario de la Defensa, Zaragoza, Spain
Correo electrónico: [email protected] (A. Matute-Llorente).
Key words: Bone mass. Peripheral computed tomography. Body composition. Soccer. Artificial turf. Grass.
Background. It has been shown that impact loading in sporting activity is highly associated with bone quality. However, information regarding the osteogenic effects of a sport such as football performed on different playing surfaces is scarce. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to compare variables of bone geometry and strength indexes between male football players by playing surface.
Methods. A total of 74 male soccer players (12.7 ± 0.6 y) from different regional teams of Aragón (Spain) volunteered to participate in the study. 25 participants were training and playing on 2nd generation artificial turf (2AT), 18 on a 3rd generation artificial turf, 13 on a non-grass ground surface and 18 on natural grass (NG).
Peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) measurements were taken at 38% of the distal tibia using a Stratec XCT-2000 L pQCT scanner. Bone geometry variables such as cortical thickness and endosteal (ENDO) andperiosteal circumferences were measured, and different bone strength indexes such as stress strain index and resistance to fracture load were calculated in X and Y axis and polar moment.
analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with Bonferroni post-hoc test controlling for the length of the tibia (Tibiale mediale - sphyrion tibialelength) was used to compare pQCT measurements by playing surface.
Results. Those playing in 2AT showed lower pQCT values than NG soccer players (all p < 0.05) except for ENDO. No differences in any bone variables were found between other groups (all p > 0.05).
Conclusion. Soccer players training and playing in NG pitch showed better values in bone geometry and strength indexes than those on 2AT. Despite previous studies presented similar bone mass accretion in prepubescent footballers independently of the surface on which they practiced football. Our results suggest that the type of surface on which football training is practiced during puberty might influence bone geometry. | https://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1888-75462015000100039&lang=en |
Nashua’s Reynolds gets out of her tennis comfort zone
New England tennis is really all Nashua’s Claire Reynolds, the Bishop Guertin standout top player, had known before last month.
That all changed with a trip to the World Team Tennis Junior Nationals in San Diego in late July. Reynolds and Bedford’s Jason Boucher were the only New Hampshire players on a team that played out of Nashua Swim and Tennis.
The team won the New England Regional Junior Team Tennis title, downing Guilford, Conn., in the regional tourney.
And then it was off to be part of a 16-team event. The local contingent won two of five matches and finished 13th overall. But it was certainly a valuable trip.
“It was an awesome experience,” Reynolds said. “Really fun meeting people from all over the U.S., and also create great memories with my team. We were all there playing against great competition, and some of the teams we were competitive with. It was nice to represent New England.”
Most of the other team members were from northern Massachusetts.The team was coached by Jurgen Georgs of Groton, Mass., and his two sons, Kai and Jens, were on the team along with Reynolds, Boucher, Emily Hill and Linda Kong.
Reynolds, of course, is the Telegraph’s two-time Girls Player of the Year, set to be a junior this year at Guertin. She is all about tennis, and this tournament certainly was.
Here’s how each match works: Teams play two boys singles matches, two girls singles, one boys doubles, one girls doubles, and two mixed doubles. Teams played two matches a day for three days, and an individual player would have four matches in a day. In what was 90 degree heat, no less, as a heat wave was hitting San Diego at the time.
“We were all really tired, exhausted at the end of it,” Reynolds said.
The NSWT team bested Hawaii and Tennessee, but fell to Southwest, California and Pacific Wave (Oregon). Reynolds herself won two of five singles matches and three of five mixed doubles matches.
Reynolds has been familiar with most New England players, but playing against the unknown was an adjustment.
“They all had different game styles,” she said. “I know everyone around here, you play them all frm different clubs, even different states. You know them.
“But this was different. We didn’t even get a warmup, which was another weird thing. Just had to get used to (opponents’) different styles. … They all had different strategies and different game plans.”
Reynolds also had to get used to playing mixed doubles, They don’t play mixed doubles in high school competition.
“It was hard to return boys’ serves,” she said with a laugh. “They hit harder. But after awhile I could adjust.”
Reynolds found that the other girls didn’t hit perhaps as hard as she expected. “I could overpower some of the girls there, and in other matches I could have hit some better shots. Some of the girls were better than me.
“It opened my eyes to see other teams and other players. It helped me improve. I could discover some of my strengths and weaknesses, and improve.”
The toughest thing to deal with was the extreme heat. “Lots of water, lots of Gatorade,” she said.
And lots of tennis. There wasn’t a lot of time to get to know the other teams, but Hawaii gave its opponents candy and leis. New Hampshire formed a bond with the Southwest team, cheering each other on at their other respective matches.
“We only had three days to meet everyone,” Reynolds said.
Hall of Famer Billie Jean King is the founder of the WTT, but she was not at this event. However the teams got to meet some other notables, such as professional Coco Vandeweghe, plus watch a WTT match between the San Diego Aviators and Orange County Breakers. | http://www.nashuatelegraph.com/sports/local-sports/2018/08/10/nashuas-reynolds-gets-out-of-her-tennis-comfort-zone/ |
Worthington, Emily Claire (2013) The modernisation of wind playing in London orchestras, 1909–1939: A study of playing style in early orchestral recordings. PhD thesis, University of York.
This is a study of performing styles among wind players in London orchestras during the period 1909–1939. Existing scholarship relating to orchestral performance in London in the early twentieth century perpetuates the notion that playing standards were, at best, unreliable until the establishment of contracted orchestras in the 1930s. In addition, existing studies of wind playing in orchestral recordings pre-1930 suggest that a plain style prevailed, with little use of vibrato or tonal flexibility, until the French woodwind schools began to influence British practices in the late 1930s. Three London orchestras are considered through a combination of archival research and recording analysis. A case study of the New Symphony Orchestra (1905–1930) challenges the notion that pre-1930 London orchestras were ill-disciplined and lacking in corporate identity. The NSO’s recordings document a hyper-expressive performance style founded on the use of temporal flexibility, which bears relation to styles observed among pianists, singers and string players of the period. Attention then turns to London’s first ‘permanent’ orchestras, the BBC Symphony Orchestra and London Philharmonic Orchestra. Documentary evidence shows that the two ensembles were established to fulfill two very different ideals of orchestral performance and musical aesthetic. Comparison of the orchestras’ recordings is used to establish how this led to the emergence of two contrasting styles of playing in their wind sections, both of which nonetheless represented a move away from the style of the NSO. These strands are brought together to show how the advent of recording and broadcasting helped to facilitate the expression of changing musical aesthetics in the realm of orchestral wind playing, and how the historiographic prominence of the ‘permanent’ orchestras of the 1930s and their wind players has in turn distorted present- day views of orchestral and wind performing styles pre-1930. | http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/4503/ |
Paire failed to continue with the strong play on grass, after playing on a very high level to conclude the clay court part of the season. He entered Roland Garros coming off a title run in Lyon week before but was stopped by Kei Nishikori in the 4th round, after a 5-set battle. Still, it was a very solid tournament for him, where a couple of points were dividing him from making a career result in a Grand Slam tournament. After sitting out the opening week of the grass court season, he traveled to Halle, where he faced Jo-Wilfried Tsonga and lost in straight sets. After that, he came to Antalya, where he is a No.1 seed. It is an interesting decision to play in Turkey, considering that in the past, he was avoiding playing tournaments the week before Wimbledon. And with a guy that shows a questionable effort in 2/3 of tournaments he plays, I am not sure if he can be trusted in this spot. Especially when taking into consideration that grass courts are probably not his favorite, holding a negative record (20-21) on grass so far in his career.
Related: Get Expert ATP Picks for today's matches
After receiving a 1st round bye, he'll face Viktor Troicki in the second round. In contrast to the Frenchman, grass courts might be the favorite surface for the Serbian player. He played quite a lot of grass court tennis so far this season. Mostly it was on challenger level, but there were some decent players in those tournaments. He opened it up with a strong run all the way to the finals in Surbiton, where he was stopped by Dan Evans. During that run, he beat Ugo Humbert, Ivo Karlovic, and Denis Kudla among others. After that, he retired in the first round of Nottingham to Dominik Koepfer. And his third grass tournament is this one in Antalya, where he fought through the qualifying rounds, before eliminating Jozef Kovalik in the first round of the main draw. We can't say it was all sunshine and rainbows so far because he had to dodge 3 match points vs Ortega Olmedo in the final qualifying rounds.
Matchup
Versus Kovalik, he relied on his most trusted weapon on this surface - his return. It is very difficult to get any free points behind your serve when playing against Troicki and Kovalik experienced that himself in this match. Viktor won almost 40% of all the returning points and converted all of his 3 break chances. That's called efficiency.
These two guys already played each other on this surface. The venue was ATP Stuttgart in 2017 when Paire won comfortably in straight sets. I have to say that result forced me to rethink this entire matchup. It's true that Viktor might like these playing conditions more, but he also likes to play a different type of opponent, where his return will give the best result. And those are mostly the serve-bot type of players that need those aces to make their game efficient. Once Troicki denies them those and forces them into some longer baseline exchanges, their win probability drops quite a lot. But playing against players that are not as dependent on their serve, he is not as dangerous, as we could see in his previous two matches vs Ortega-Olmedo and Kovalik.
Related: Get Tennis Betting Tips and Predictions for today's matches
Betting odds & prediction
Benoit Paire opened as a slight favorite in this one, with betting public obviously not being too excited about it, since the line hasn't moved since then. I share the feeling since it's very difficult to predict the winner here, without knowing how motivated Benoit really is in this tournament. But looking at some other betting options for this match, we might find some value. The total line might be too high, sitting at the 23.5. We don't have two reliable servers in this one that would hold their serves at a 95% rate. And I don't think they are too excited about battling it out for 3 hours in unforgiving Turkish heat. | https://www.docsports.com/free-picks/tennis/2019/Benoit-Paire-vs-Viktor-Troicki-ATP-Point-Spread-Picks-6-26-2019-811.html |
Austin used balanced approach to tennis game CHARLOTTE
At the end of 1980 - the year she was ranked No. 1 in women's tennis - Tracy Austin woke up one morning and couldn't move.
"I had to default in the finals of a tournament in Florida," Austin, 32, recalled. "My back was hurting pretty bad to have to do that. " Austin, in Charlotte to promote the Legends Tour, which visits Charlotte May 5-7, said the pain went away during 1981. "I won the U.S. Open and the Canadian Open. Then, in January of 1982, the pain started again." The pain was not, as speculated, the result of too much tennis at too young an age. Austin, who won her first pro title at the age of 14 years, 28 days, said the problem with her sciatic nerve wasn't diagnosed until May of 1982. "I've just always been prone to injuries," Austin said. "I'm not very big." It was the injury she sustained off-court - a near-fatal car accident that left her with a broken leg - that really terminated a brilliant seven-year career that included 29 tour victories and induction into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1992. At the age of 29 years, seven months, Austin became the Hall's youngest inductee.
Great rivalries Austin agreed that it does seem odd, at least on the surface, to be playing on the Legends Tour at such a young age. "But players like Billie Jean King, Chris Evert, Martina Navratilova, Betty Stove, Wendy Turnbull are my contemporaries," Austin said. "We have such a wonderful camaraderie now. Those were the people I had such great rivalries with." Therein, Austin noted, lies one of the differences in the era she played in versus the times of Steffi Graf, Monica Seles, and Arantxa Sanchez Vicario. "Steffi and Arantxa, the two top players, rarely play each other. Each has their own tournaments that they play, and they only meet a few times a year. "I played Chris five or six times a year. Martina, unfortunately, more than that," she said, smiling. "So we were able to generate rivalries." The styles of the players also helped. "Chris, Andrea Jaeger and myself were baseliners. Martina, Wendy, Virginia Wade and Betty were serve-and-volleyers, so you had a nice contrast. You have mostly baseliners these days, because it's much easier to develop a baseline game at a younger age." | https://www.goupstate.com/story/news/1995/04/26/austin-used-balanced-approach-to-tennis-game-charlotte/29574077007/ |
Daniel Vallverdu, head coach of current number 7 world-ranked professional tennis player Tomas Berdych and former coach of Andy Murray, shares his secrets of the game and what it really takes to be on top.
What is your background with tennis?
I have been playing tennis for my whole life. I grew up in Venezuela and I first started playing tennis when I was five years old. When I was 15, I moved to Spain to train. I played tennis professionally before going to college, and I played college tennis at University of Miami. After I graduated, I started to play professionally again, but I got a bad injury. As I was starting to play again after my surgery, I got offered a job with Andy Murray to be a part of his coaching team. I decided to stop playing and took the job. I started coaching when I was 24, and ended up working with Andy for almost 6 years. For the last year and a half, I have been coaching Thomas Berdych.
What is your favorite part of the workday?
I love being on the court. Most of our days are quite long, especially when we are having a training week. Tomas usually does two sessions a day: one in the morning and one in the afternoon. Most sessions are quite long. They are also the most important and best part of my job. I love helping him improve, helping him get better in his weaker areas, and I do most of my psychological work on the court. I also really love the tournaments and the match days.
What is the worst part of the workday?
The amount of time that we have to wait around during tournaments can be very draining. The problem with tennis is that you don’t know whether the match before yours is going to be two hours or five hours. The waiting time before the matches during tournaments can be very draining not only for me, but for the players too.
What is your favorite place in the world for tennis?
My favorite tournament is Wimbledon. It’s a very charming tennis club, because of the history of the tournament. My second favorite tennis club is the Monte Carlo Tennis Club, because of how stunning it is. It really is a beautiful place to play.
What do you consider the highlight of your career?
Being part of the coaching team for the Men’s 2012 Olympics, when Andy won the gold metal was amazing. Andy beat Federer in the final on the center court at Wimbledon. That was the most special moment of my coaching career.
What is the most important lesson that tennis teaches?
Tennis makes you grow as a person from a very young age. You constantly have to problem solve alone on the court, as soon as you start competing. On the court, you don’t have anyone to help you or to guide you as the match is going. Sometime you only have milliseconds, not even seconds, to make a decision. This makes you mature and self confident, and helps you on the court and off the court.
What makes a great tennis player?
You obviously need to be willing to work hard. All of the top tennis players are very dedicated. The amount of time that the tennis player spends training on and off the court is super impressive. A great tennis players needs to have an impeccable work ethic, which is true for all of the guys at the top.
Also, you need to separate your personal life from your professional life. The tennis career is super short- most careers are only ten to fifteen years long, so you need to be willing and to be able to put your personal life aside and give your full attention to the sport. It can be very challenging at times, but you really need to focus to get on top of the game.
How do you improve that type of focus?
You need help from the people around you. They need to understand you and understand your career. It is very difficult to do it alone. Family and fiends need to be a good influence on the player. This type of focus always comes down to the player, but his surroundings can also really help or really hurt him.
How do you do your job?
My role is to understand my player’s game: his strengths and his weaknesses. At the beginning, when I start working with the players, I take a lot of time to watch past match videos and to speak to the player. I need to understand his game, so that I can improve it. The second most important part of my coaching approach is to address the tactical side of the game. I need to understand how my player’s game affects the tour and how it affects their opponents’ games. I come up with tactical plans against the other top guys.
What does a normal training day look like?
Tomas usually wakes up around 7:30 or 8 AM. He has breakfast and he sees the physiotherapist for about 30 minutes. Then, he usually does a tennis warm up with his fitness trainer for about 40 minutes. After that, we do a two hour morning session on the court. Then, he has the chance to go back home, have lunch, rest, lay down, take a nap, if he needs one. At around 3 PM, Tomas will do another tennis warm up for 30 or 40 minutes with his fitness trainer, and we will do our afternoon session on the court for about 90 minutes. After that is done, he will go to the gym with his fitness trainer for about another hour. He will finish the day with his physiotherapist for another hour after that. He usually does a massage or works on whatever physical issue that he had that day. These training days can be pretty long: between ten and twelve hours is normal.
What do tennis players eat?
The ones that I have worked with work out an eating plan with a nutritionist. Most of the guys at the top follow a specific diet for themselves.
What does diet look like?
It depends on the person, but the players usually do a lot of blood tests with the nutritionist in order to figure out an ideal eating plan. At the moment, Tomas is trying to avoid gluten and eggs. Apart from that, tennis players usually eat a really balanced diet. Especially during tournament weeks, they make sure that their intake of carbohydrates is quite high, because carbohydrates are a great source of energy and this is what they really need during long matches.
What is the difference between tennis players and other professional athletes?
Tennis is one of the most challenging sports. There is a huge amount of time and dedication that the sport demands from you. First of all, you cannot have a bad day. A bad day means a lost match. In most team sports, if you have a bad day, your teammates can help you out. It doesn’t necessarily come down to just you all the time. Tennis, because it is a one-on-one sport and because you can’t have a bad day, puts a huge amount of pressure on the player on a daily basis to make sure that he is not only performing, but also doing all the right things every single day to make sure that he is in the best possible shape and condition on match day. Apart from tennis, in most individual sports, you don’t have to compete on a daily basis. With boxing, you might have a fight every three months. With golf, you play a tournament over the weekend and then you can have two weeks off of tournament. In tennis, you are playing every week for ten or eleven months of the year. You might have a week off here and there, but the competition is constant. The mental pressure comes down to dedication and being 100 percent involved in your career, because otherwise it is difficult to not have bad days. Tennis really is one of the hardest sports. | https://hauteliving.com/2016/04/daniel-vallverdu-berdychs-tennis-coach-shares-secrets-of-tennis/607248/ |
Ping pong, anyone?1/30/2013
Beginning in 1930, Hotel Kirkwood was a place where socialites could gather together and enjoy a night of entertainment and camaraderie. The building has changed a bit since then, but the setting remains the same thanks to the Des Moines Social Club.
The historic hotel’s lobby plays host to one of the only public table tennis forums in the Des Moines area. The refined architecture provides a beguiling backdrop that seemingly demands its visitors to hold themselves to a certain level of decorum. There is competition, but there’s also a smile and a compliment after each point, as players polish their paddles for Tuesday night’s King Pong games.
“I love this sport,” said Justin Dewey, 30, one of the players who may put your confidence to the test. He has competed in USA Table Tennis tournaments in cities all around the Midwest including Chicago, Grand Rapids, Milwaukee and St. Louis.
But don’t let that intimidate you first-timers, because King Pong welcomes new players to come out not just to compete, but to also let loose and have a different kind of fun.
Ryan Hannold, 23, and Andy Schnathorsd, 23, have been making it out to King Pong as often as they can since they began participating last winter.
“It’s one of the most diverse sports in the world,” said Schnathorsd. “It’s a game that’s known nearly everywhere, and players can range from 8 to 80. Even if you don’t feel like you’re one of the best players, you still ought to come out. All skill levels are here, and it’s really about playing some table tennis.”
It’s not just the physical diversity that makes table tennis so dynamic. No matter who it is you’re watching, each player’s style is different from his or her opponent’s, or any future challenger’s, according to Ryan Schmitz, 33. Those unique playing styles is one of the best things about the sport, he said.
“It’s one of those sports you learn by doing; you’re not coached, so each opponent plays completely different than the last,” said Schmitz, who is the acting host and administrator for the weekly events. “That’s what makes every game an exciting new experience and gives both competitors the opportunity to learn something new.”
Looking over the folks who came out last week to play, it’s clear that Schmitz is right. Some have a more offense-oriented style, working the slam; others play defensively, letting the other person make a mistake. The tactical types love to spin, and the aces’ best asset is their serve. Then there are the drinkers. The table tennis courts are set up near an adjoining bar where you can pick up a drink and bring it over to where you’re playing. Though a player may begin in one style, it is possible that he or she will change it up after a few drinks, further diversifying the competition.
“The nice thing about playing ping pong is that you’ll burn the calories you just drank in one game,” Schmitz laughed. | http://www.dmcityview.com/locker-room/2013/01/30/ping-pong-anyone/ |
The many statue and sculptures of the gods nearly match the beauty of the temples. The bronze statue of Athena inside of the Propylaea is one of the largest and most famous of the statues in the Acropolis. All of the sculptures have a meaning. This could either be a portrayal of a god or goddess or of moments in Greek history. CONCLUSION The Acropolis in Athens is the site of one of the greatest architectural achievements in the history of mankind.
The White House, The Capitol Building, The Lincoln Memorial, all these things have been affected by ancient Roman architecture. This ancient Roman architecture came to be around the time period of the Pax Romana in the Roman Empire. It was a time of great wealth and prosperity for the empire which brought it into a time of a sort of golden age for architecture. This type of architecture was influenced by the ancient Greeks, but it took their ideas and transformed them to better advantage their own empire. These ideas and works are still being used today in our society in some of the most influential buildings of our time.
The Greek culture was obviously the most influential out of us three and it will always be.” He then addressed the crowd and started off by mentioning Greek architecture. The Parthenon is the most important symbol of Greece’s cultural image. The temple was created to worship the Greek goddess Athena, which establishes their religious beliefs at the time. Pericles looked at Augustus Caesar and said ,“It’s stylistic conventions have become the standard of Classical architecture, and its style has influenced architecture for many centuries after it was built, including the Pantheon.” Numerous modern day buildings have adapted a Classical style. Even today, the Greeks look back at the building as a unique symbol of Greek cultural power.
Roman Architecture Many centuries before the birth of Christ, the city of Rome grew, prospered, and developed into a thriving Republic. As in most cultures, Rome's buildings became more elaborate and impressive. They developed fantastic building technologies and ideas. The feats of Roman engineers were groundbreaking, and many structures built by this culture still stand today. With knowledge borrowed from the Greeks, Rome made impressive architectural achievements, these were namely major attributes of buildings, colossal structures, and a legacy that would influence later buildings (Cornell and Matthews 11).
Perhaps no other work of art or building so completely speaks of the strength and length of life of the ancient Greek culture than the circa 495–429 B.C Parthenon. The Parthenon has sat, through the ages, in its ancient great brightness at the top of the Athens acropolis since it was built between 447 and 438 B.C.E. Built as a temple to honor Athena, the city's patron goddess, including a bestowing profusely 40-foot ivory and gold statue of the Greek goddess Athena. As a matter of fact, the Parthenon became the greatest Doric Greek Temple, and as a marble, gold, and ivory memorial stone to the goddess and her city, it follows the rules of logic that the ancient Greeks also used the wealth serving as a symbol of Parthenon as a government treasury for their
Then it was completely rebuilt by the emperor Hadrian. The Pantheon is remarkable for its size, its construction, and its design. The dome was the largest built until modern times. The present structure was probably originally built as a temple for all the pagan gods. We do hear of it as being a law-court and a reception area for Emperor Hadrian meeting his quests too.
The people of Greece believed in mythology and believed they were blessed by the deity which inspired the artists’ creation of the spectacular sculptures including Athena Parthenos, the goddess of wisdom. Wisdom during this period was highly regarded. Most of the sculptures in Athens were made of different types of bronze. (See Figure 1.) This is a copy of the sculpture of Athena Parthenos, dressed in battle attire, that was originally created by Phidias during the period of 447-39 B.C.
One of the most impressive engineering accomplishments of Rome was the Pantheon. It is a Roman Temple built by the Emperor Hadrian,who ruled from A.D 118 to A.D 138. (Moulton, 94-95 v.3) and was dedicated to all the gods of Pagan Rome(DuTemple, 6).The Pantheon is dated back to the decade A.D 118 to A.D 128. (Moulton, 94-95 v.3) The wide concrete dome was one of the most remarkable features of the Pantheon. (Moulton, 56 v.1) The interior of the dome in the Pantheon is where the oculus is located, this is where light was emitted, not only did the oculus illuminate the interior, but it also made the Pantheon structurally stronger.
have influenced the architecture of the past two millennia” (Architecture). The Greeks were brilliant in many things, but Rome 's brilliant architectural, organizational and engineering feats that make them stand out among the ancient peoples (10 Cool), advancing
Despite their quite similar looks, Roman and Greek temples have unique differences in material, method, purpose, and others. The Parthenon, with no doubt, is one of the best well-known Greek temples of all times. It is also the dominant temple on the Akropolis. Its construction began in 447 BC and ended in 438 BC; however, it was partly destroyed on September 16, 1687. This massive building measures 13.72 m (45.0 ft.) in height and 69.5 by 30.9 m (228 by 101 ft.) long and was built with white marble. | https://www.123helpme.com/essay/Greek-and-Roman-Architecture-126323 |
Much like a photograph, architectural designs record details of specific but unlike an photograph, physical structures go on to have a life of their own, in the world between 1998-2004, are an iconic landmark of the capital city in the centre of rome is considered as one of the greatest architectural. The treasury building a national historic landmark was a city that mirrored the scale, architecture, and amenities of the former capital cities of new york and philadelphia all too frequently was influenced by a small number of professionally construction techniques to design their buildings greece and rome – a.
These new buildings reflected what they believed to be rome's greatness a book of sketches that eventually greatly influenced architecture in the united states for many years, their sketches made little impact, however, because it was. Classical influences abound, of course, but capitol buildings from new york to want to make a case for your own beloved state capitol it was built in the 1870s: the high victorian gothic and the second empire styles it was designed, according to the chairman of architects hawaii frank haines,. Two thousand years ago today, the roman emperor augustus died in trajan's time, provinces in the interior of the country were run by governors tunis, carthage was the capital of a seafaring empire, shown here in red, that instead of a single line of men, the romans divided their infantry into.
Our domain extends beyond the nation's capital with our rome campus, located in the heart of the vibrant trastevere district students at either location thrive as. Shaft: the long round section of a column between the base and the capital greek culture was a powerful influence in the roman empire, which carried a version of it to many parts are the paths by which the chorus and some actors made their entrances and exits general grant national memorial, new york, 1897. In 1512 the name holy roman empire of the german nation (heiliges from their base of power in austria, the house of habsburg outmaneuvered other eighteenth-century observers lamented the empire's lack of a capital city that could of careers, patrons, and stimuli for the arts, especially architecture and music. Their empire --though vast-- was only half as large as the mongol empire, but more art, architecture, literature, forms of government, legal systems and even our eating influenced by the etruscans of central italy and the greeks of the south, constantinople (capital of the eastern roman empire) considered herself the. Greece & rome in washington, dc: classical influences on our founding fathers our nation's capital is revered for its urban design, public architecture, and.
Read and learn for free about the following article: roman architecture the grandeur of their buildings, though, was largely external 1734, oil on canvas, 128 x 99 cm (national gallery of art) influenced by the etruscans who were the early kings of rome the etruscans were in turn influenced by greek architecture. The secret architecture of our nation's capital: the masons and the in the architecture of washington, dc, and connects them to the influences of the but, the book's narrative is so meandering that it can be hard to follow at times the architecture is clearly steeped in esoteric egyptian, greek and roman occultism. Classical art refers to the traditions of ancient greece and rome neoclassicism, both before and after their revolution, and it became a symbol of the american nation one of his most-lauded structures is the virginia state capitol building. Find out more about the history of byzantine empire, including videos, interesting tv service providers play a key role in delivering our content byzantium as the site of a “new rome” with an eponymous capital city, constantinople culture and civilization continued to exercise an influence on countries that practiced.
Their are many ways in which western civilization is like the ancient greek civilization rome and greece both had a major impact on the architecture of western civilization much used in the present especially on government and capital buildings our country is built on a set of values derived from ancient civilizations,. It was a fateful assignment, both for the nation's capital and for the bright, be the reincarnation of rome, the ancient capital of the roman empire perspectives on the art and architectural history of the united states capitol the french influence on the architecture and art of washington, dc join our mailing list. The us capitol's designs, derived from ancient greece and rome, evoke the ideals that guided the nation's founders as they framed their new republic in the .
The romans built up their empire through conquest or annexation between the and cultures whose countries became part of the roman empire were, to varying including camulodunum (now colchester), the original provincial capital, and roman influence spread even further than the far-flung boundaries of this. What's the capital of this notoriously closed-off country like red sea coastline, the italians spread their colonial campaign across the horn of africa for mussolini, asmara was the nexus in his new roman empire the city's streets: the italian influence still lingers, and fiat bambinos, vintage ladas and. Most competitors drew upon renaissance architectural models, either filtered the center and heart of america: political and cultural influence of the capitol their suggestions, ranging from simple to complex, economical to expensive, elevation de la face du pantheon, a rome, in les edifices antiques de rome.Download
2018. | http://zpassignmentxvel.epitaphs.us/the-architectural-influence-of-the-roman-empire-in-our-nations-capital.html |
What Is the Design of Roman Cities?
What Is the Design of Roman Cities?
Length: 551 words (1.6 double-spaced pages)
Rating: Excellent
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When the Romans built their cities they always added aqueducts. They also made almost everything out of concrete and started using over 2100 years ago. They built lots of fountains all around the city in different sizes, shapes, and designs. They also had amphitheatres which were very big and they mostly only had one amphitheatres per city near the edge of the city. (“10 Innovations That Built Ancient Rome”, 2013)
More things they did when they built their cities were. They built walls around their major cities. The markets were in the middle of the city selling various items. Also they put two main roads in their cities. One heading north-south and the other heading east-west intersecting at the middle of the city called the forum. (“Roman Cities”, 2013)
The reason They built their cities this way was for function, protection, looks, and entertainment. here are some specific reasons for the certain things. They put aqueducts in their cities so they could have running water and be able to have public bathrooms and public baths. Their public baths had four stages. The first is the room where they get undressed, the second is where they stretched and put on oil ( they didn’t use soap), the third where they got in a super hot bath, and the last where they got in a super cold bath to cool down from the super hot one. ("Roman Technology.", 2013)
They used concrete in the building of their buildings because it was super durable and lasted for a long time. Some of their buildings have been standing for hundreds of years. The reason they built so many fountains was they all have different uses. Some of the fountains were made to honor certain gods others were for washing close in and some were for the extra water from the aqueducts. They made amphitheatres so they could give plays in them and they also had them for giving announcements to lots of people at a time. The reason they had one road heading north-south and another heading east-west is so people could travel through the city easily and could get to the center quick.
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Essay on Aqueducts: A Great Roman Achievement
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The Agora And For Open Space Designs Essay examples
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Some of these things we still put in our cities or put versions of in our cities and here they are. We don't have aqueducts in our cities but we do have plumbing which does the same thing except better. We still use concrete today and ours is stronger than theirs but might not last as long as theirs did. When we build our cities we usually don't put fountains in them and if we did not as many as they did. These days people don't use fountains for washing clothes but use washing machines. We don't make amphitheaters because we have movie theaters and TVs to watch a movie and we get or announcements off the TV or internet. our cities don't have one road heading east-west and another heading north-south because we need to build so many roads that it becomes just a jumble of roads on no certain grid pattern. Our cities don't have walls any more because there are no barbarians to attack us. Last we still put stores and restaurants in the center of our cities. ("The Roman Cities.", 2013)
By now you should know how they built their cities, why they built them this way, and if we still build cities this way or close to it. the roman way of building cities is now know and I hope we don't forget it Because they built their cities to protect them, give them shelter, and to have all the things for daily life.
Works Cited
"10 Innovations That Built Ancient Rome." History.com. A&E Television Networks, 20 Nov. 2012. Web. 07 Nov. 2013.
"Roman Cities." Roman Cities. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Nov. 2013.
"Roman Technology." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 11 May 2013. Web. 11 Nov. 2013.
"The Roman Cities." The Roman Cities. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Nov. 2013.
"URBAN ROMAN ARCHITECTURE: CITIES." URBAN ROMAN ARCHITECTURE: CITIES. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2013. | https://www.123helpme.com/what-is-the-design-of-roman-cities-view.asp?id=312730 |
The Colosseum or Coliseum, also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre (Latin: Amphitheatrum Flavium; Italian: Anfiteatro Flavio) is an elliptical amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy. Built of concrete and stone, it is the largest amphitheatre ever built and is considered one of the greatest works of architecture and engineering.
The Colosseum is situated just east of the Roman Forum. Construction began under the emperor Vespasian in 72 AD, and was completed in 80 AD under his successor and heir Titus. Further modifications were made during the reign of Domitian (81–96). These three emperors are known as the Flavian dynasty, and the amphitheatre was named in Latin for its association with their family name (Flavius).
The Colosseum could hold, it is estimated, between 50,000 and 80,000 spectators, having an average audience of some 65,000; it was used for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles such as mock sea battles, animal hunts, executions, re-enactments of famous battles, and dramas based on Classical mythology. The building ceased to be used for entertainment in the early medieval era. It was later reused for such purposes as housing, workshops, quarters for a religious order, afortress, a quarry, and a Christian shrine.
Although in the 21st century it stays partially ruined because of damage caused by devastating earthquakes and stone-robbers, the Colosseum is an iconic symbol of Imperial Rome. It is one of Rome's most popular tourist attractions and has close connections with the Roman Catholic Church, as each Good Friday the Pope leads a torchlit "Way of the Cross" procession that starts in the area around the Colosseum.
This object is part of "Scan The World". Scan the World is a non-profit initiative introduced by MyMiniFactory, through which we are creating a digital archive of fully 3D printable sculptures, artworks and landmarks from across the globe for the public to access for free. Scan the World is an open source, community effort, if you have interesting items around you and would like to contribute, email [email protected] to find out how you can help.
Print with supports turned off and 0.2mm layer height and 10% infill. | https://www.myminifactory.com/cn/object/3d-print-colosseum-10646 |
1. Eiffel Tower, Paris, France
Perhaps the most famous structure in the world, and the icon for Paris and France, this iron tower is located on the Champ de Mars in Paris, named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel who designed it in 1889. With height of 324 meters, the tower is the tallest structure in Paris and was the tallest tower in the world from 1889 to 1930. It is the most-visited paid monument in the world, with over 7 million people in 2011.
2. The Colosseum, Rome, Italy
An elliptical amphitheater in the center of the city of Rome, Italy. Built of concrete and stone, it was the largest amphitheater of the Roman Empire and is considered one of the greatest works of Roman architecture and engineering. It is the largest amphitheater in the world and could hold between 50,000 and 80,000 spectators. Built in AD 70-80, it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the most famous structures in the world.
3. Big Ben, London, England
Officially called Elizabeth Tower, Big Ben is the nickname for the great bell of the clock at the Palace of Westminster, London. Completed in 1858, the tower holds the largest four-faced chiming clock in the world and is the third-tallest free-standing clock tower.
4. Saint Basil’s Cathedral, Moscow, Russia
Located in Moscow‘s Red Square, this is a Russian Orthodox church built from 1555 till 1561 on orders from Ivan the Terrible. St. Basil’s marks the geometric center of Moscow and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
5. Leaning Tower of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
A bell tower known worldwide for its unintended tilt to one side. The tilt began during construction, caused by an inadequate foundation on ground too soft on one side. The construction began on 1173 and completed only in 1372. The tower’s height is 55 meters (183 ft).
6. Tower Bridge, London, England
Built from 1886 till 1894, this symbol of London is a combined bascule and suspension bridge in London, over the River Thames. It is close to the Tower of London, from which it takes its name.
7. Sagrada Familia, Barcelona, Spain
A large Roman Catholic church in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, designed by Catalan architect Antoni Gaudí (1852–1926). Construction began in 1882 and it is incomplete till today. Although incomplete, the church is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
8. Arc de Triumph, Paris, France
One of the most famous monuments in Paris. It stands in the western end of the Champs-Élysées and honors those who fought and died for France in the French Revolutionary and the Napoleonic Wars, with the names of all French victories and generals inscribed on its inner and outer surfaces. It was constructed in 1806-1836 and is 50 meters (164 ft) in high.
9. Acropolis Of Athens, Athens, Greece
Probably the most important Acropolis in Greece, the Acropolis of Athens is an ancient citadel located on a high rocky outcrop above the city of Athens. It contains the remains of the Parthenon and other ancient important structures.
10. Trevi Fountain, Rome, Italy
A fountain in the Trevi district in Rome, Italy. Standing 26.3 meters (86 ft) high and 49.15 meters (161.3 ft) wide, it is the largest Baroque fountain in the city and one of the most famous fountains in the world. A traditional legend holds that if visitors throw a coin into the fountain, they are ensured a return to Rome. | https://10mosttoday.com/10-most-famous-monuments-in-europe/ |
The content of this article provides interesting history, facts and information about Building the Colosseum. The vision of Vespasian and his sons to build the greatest arena ever seen in the Roman world took less than 10 years! How was this monumental structure built so quickly? Who built the Roman Colosseum and why was the Roman Colosseum built?
Building the Colosseum - Why was the Roman Colosseum built?
The decision which led to building the Colosseum was made by the Vespasian who was emperor of Rome from 1 July 69 – 23 June 79 AD. His rule quickly followed the reign of the infamous Nero.
During the rule of Nero the Great Fire of Rome of 64AD wrecked the city. Nero appropriated prime land in the city and built a fabulous palace with a lake and gardens, it was called the Domus Aurea (Latin for "Golden House"). A colossal statue of Nero measuring 100 - 120 Roman feet (37m) high was erected on the site and had become a landmark in the centre of the city of Rome. During the burning of Rome the main stone built arena had been destroyed (the Amphitheater of Statilius Taurus) together with the wooden, amphitheatre called the Amphitheatrum Neronis which had been commissioned by Nero to placate the 'plebs' before the great fire and built in 57AD.
After the death of Nero morale and the confidence of Roman citizens was at an all time low. Vespasian had to get support back from the people and assure the popularity of the Flavian family. His idea was to demolish the palace of Nero and construct a permanent arena for housing free gladiator games and other entertainment for the amusement of the 'mob'. The magnificence of the building was to convey the Glory of Rome.
Building the Colosseum - When was the Roman Colosseum built?
The building of the Roman Colosseum began between 73-75 A.D. and was almost completed in 79AD when Vespasian died. Vespasian's older son Titus saw the completion of building the Colosseum and the inauguration games in A.D. 81.
Vespasian's second son the Emperor Domitian added the top tier of the Colosseum and a vast network of rooms, cells, tunnels and passages under the Roman Colosseum called the Hypogeum.
Building the Colosseum - How much did the Roman Colosseum cost?
No one knows exactly how much the building of the Colosseum cost. But in A.D. 70 Titus had sacked the city of Jerusalem. The fabulous treasures of Jerusalem paid for the building of the Colosseum, and no expense was spared in the project.
The design of the Roman Colosseum applied the latest in Roman arts, engineering, architecture and other creative endeavours. The invention of concrete enabled this massive building to be built quickly, efficiently and to great effect. All of this was done to the highest artistic standard and in a highly skilled manner.
Building the Colosseum - Who built the Roman Colosseum?
An estimated 100,000 prisoners were bought back to Rome as slaves after the Jewish War. Vespasian had a limitless work force. In the building of the Colosseum the slaves undertook the manual labor such as working in the quarries at Tivoli where the travertine was quarried.
Slaves would also have been used to lift and transport the heavy stones 20 miles from Tivoli to Rome. Teams of professional Roman builders, engineers, artists, painters and decorators undertook the skilled tasks necessary for building the Colosseum.
Roman architecture and buildings, such as the Colosseum, were strongly influenced by two of their great inventions - concrete and vaulted arches. Concrete was a a recent invention when the Colosseum was built and the Romans were still learning how to use it. As concrete was so new they did not know how strong it was or long it would last. The Romans cautiously combined concrete together with stone. Concrete was made by mixing a strong volcanic material ( called pazzolana ) with rubble, sand and a mixture of limes. The Colosseum had four tiers. The ceilings of the passages and corridors which circled the arena on each tier consisted of vaulted arches made of concrete but the supports they rested on were made of strong, heavy limestone. The Vaulted arches made the ceilings much stronger than a flat ceiling would have been. Vaulted arches made of concrete added strength to the building without adding excessive weight. Without concrete and vaulted arches, the Colosseum could not have been built.
The timescale was tight - the Flavian family wanted the amphitheatre built as quickly as possible. Hundreds of skilled stonemasons were required to complete the building. The Romans used a new building technique - standardized parts. Stairs and seats were constructed off-site. The stairs and seats were all built to the same size and were made to be interchangeable. They were made in workshops and then brought to the amphitheatre to be fitted by teams experienced in this work.
What materials were used in building the Colosseum?
The Design of the Colosseum was constructed according to specific plans and dimensions. The Colosseum is an entirely free-standing structure, oval in shape, 615 ft long, 510 ft wide, 187 ft high and had a base area of 6 acres. These are detailed in Dimensions of the Colosseum. It was a symbol of the power of Rome and its emperors. Its classical design features which were reminiscent of classical Greek architecture was meant to convey that Rome was also a great and civilised nation.
The Roman architects and builders had to design the Colosseum to provide the biggest arena in the world capable of holding between 50,000 - 80,000 people. Just one series of games might last for 100 consecutive days. Attention had to paid towards crowd control. The Roman architects therefore devised an ingenious system of entrances, corridors, and staircases that allowed the crowds to enter and exit the Colosseum quickly and easily. There were 80 separate entrance arches - see Colosseum Entrances and Exits. By using so many separate entrances the architect solved the problem of crowd control - the Colosseum could be cleared in less than 10 minutes.
The content of this Building the Colosseum category on life in Ancient Rome provides free educational details, facts and information for reference and research for schools, colleges and homework. Refer to the Colosseum Sitemap for a comprehensive search on interesting different categories containing the history, facts and information about Ancient Rome. Just like the subject of Building the Colosseum there is hardly a page of Roman history and the Romans that is not, on some way, connected to the Roman Colosseum which became a symbol of Rome, its society, culture and life. | http://www.tribunesandtriumphs.org/colosseum/building-the-colosseum.htm |
ADV History of The Arts Religion was immensely significant during The Roman Empire, considering that the first Roman architects were priests. The priests would compose beautiful places exclusively for the gods. Many of these gods were those adapted from other cultures, like the greeks(JCPS). This prevented uprisings from conquered territories.The Romans used many of the Greeks ideas but they used their own new materials and ideas to make the Roman Empire one of the most famously known sites for their extraordinary architecture. (Moulton, 56 v.1) The local people would then worship at these places.
Even today, the Greeks look back at the building as a unique symbol of Greek cultural power. When Pericles got onto the topic of art from his culture, he mentioned that “most Roman art wouldn’t even exist for the simple fact that most were copies of sculptures from my period.” Romans commissioned versions of famous Greek works from earlier centuries. For example, the famous Doryphoros (Spear Bearer) is actually a Roman copy of a lost Greek bronze. Polykleitos, the artist who created Doryphoros, was in search for an ideal system of proportions rooted in a philosophical quest for illumination and believed that harmony in the universe could be expressed in mathematical terms. In general, Greek art like this tended to focus on near perfect proportions and balanced
We do hear of it as being a law-court and a reception area for Emperor Hadrian meeting his quests too. Some say that the rotunda of the building was once a Roman bath. Due to all this mystery, the Pantheon is often referred to as the Sphinx of Rome. The visitor will probably not appreciate the construction as much as the Flavian amphitheatre, but it is still a great masterpiece of engineering and well worth a visit. Most Roman and Greek temples at the time of the Pantheon's construction were large, colonnaded, rectangular enclosures with sanctuaries situated in their centers.
The Triumphal Arches of Rome The triumphal arches of Rome are architectural monuments that are scattered all over the Roman Empire. They often commemorate either military triumphs or the accession of a new emperor and are usually erected in the middle of great highways. Since these arches serve for only aesthetic purposes, they are typically elaborately decorated with rich architectural details and inscriptions. These details or inscriptions would serve as a visual reminder of the triumph and would depict the whole event(s) that led to the victory (Cartwright). However, the origins of the triumphal arches are uncertain.
Greece was the first culture to believe in these gods before they were overthrown by the Roman Empire, who heard these stories of gods like Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades. Rome began to tell these stories changing the names and making this belief their own. The Roman Empire may not have been the first to worship these gods, but they had the most impact on today’s society. At the rise of the Roman Empire they began to be influenced by a new type of religion, one that the people of Greece had worshiped for many years. Soon the Roman Empire would t... ... middle of paper ... ...e Roman god Mars.
The trip to the Blessed Groves also presents another aspect of Roman culture: ancestry and legend. Whenever a politician, writer, or war figure accomplished something great, the first thing that could be expected would be a comparison to those great Romans who came before. This is also the most likely reason for Virgil choosing to follow the path of Aeneas and not simply writing a piece directly praising Augustus. The founding of Rome is shrouded in mythology and legend. Such an undetermined past leaves room for even more great tales.
The White House, The Capitol Building, The Lincoln Memorial, all these things have been affected by ancient Roman architecture. This ancient Roman architecture came to be around the time period of the Pax Romana in the Roman Empire. It was a time of great wealth and prosperity for the empire which brought it into a time of a sort of golden age for architecture. This type of architecture was influenced by the ancient Greeks, but it took their ideas and transformed them to better advantage their own empire. These ideas and works are still being used today in our society in some of the most influential buildings of our time.
This philosophy of intuitive inspirations and design is most notable in the ruins of the Great Canopus and Serapeum of Emperor Hadrian’s Villa in Tivoli, Italy. With inspirations from the East and Contemporary Rome, Hadrian was able to combine his own knowledge and interest in innovative design to create the most fabulous example of residential architecture that has, arguably, ever existed. Hadrian was an avid traveller who spent a great deal of his time in the East and in numerous Roman settlements due to military conquests that he embarked on, prior to becoming ruler of the Roman Empire. Upon becoming the successor to Trajan, as Emperor of the Roman Empire, he set his sights on his passion for architecture in the construction of many notable buildings such as the Pantheon in Rome and his wall in Britain. Although a popular ruler, he still was unsatisfied with life and his safety in Rome, and decided to construct a residential complex for himself 24 km outside of Rome in Tibur, now Tivoli, Italy.
Alberti was raised during his most formative years, the first part of the 15th century, in the shadow of Brunelleschi. Brunelleschi's successful design for the Duomo in Florence would have been a major inspiration for Alberti to pursue what would be an incredibly successful career in architecture. His influence would be far reaching in the field of architecture and inspire great designs in urban planning and both public and private building designs. In this study of Alberti's architectural theory we will focus primarily on his thoughts about the purpose of private structures and his ideas about the importance of the centralized cortile. In 1431 Alberti moved to Rome and took holy orders to join the papal court.
In this work, Michelangelo summerizes the sculptural innovations of his 15th-century predecessors such as Donatello, while ushering in the new monumentality... ... middle of paper ... ...helangelo ultimately became responsible for the altar end of the building on the exterior and for the final form of its dome. The great Renaissance poet Ludovico Ariosto wrote succinctly of this famous artist: “Michael more than mortal, divine angel.” Indeed, Michelangelo was widely awarded the epithet “divine” because of his extraordinary accomplishments. Two generations of Italian painters and sculptures were impressed by his treatment of the human figure: Raphael, Annibale Carracci, Jacopo da pontormo, Rosso Fiorentino, Sebastiano del Piombo, and Titan. His dome for Saint Peter’s became the symbol of authority, as well as the model, for domes all over the Western world; the majorityof state capitol buildingsin the united states, as well as the Capitol building in Washington D.C., are dirived from it. Michelangelo died in 1564 and his body was placed in a fine monument in the church of Santa Croce. | https://www.123helpme.com/essay/pant-342534 |
Roman Empire Ancient Roman Aqueducts
Hundreds of similar aqueducts were built throughout the roman empire.
Roman empire ancient roman aqueducts. Ancient roman aqueducts the great and highly advanced roman waterway system known as the aqueducts are among the greatest engineering and architectural achievements in the ancient world. Aqueducts were amazing feats of engineering given the time period. The first of these was built in the fourth century b c. A civilization which began as a small agricultural community became one of the greatest of the ancient empires.
Ancient roman aqueducts even though aqueducts already existed in the near east for centuries before the construction of rome s first aqueduct the aqua appia in 312 bc rome was the first civilization to use water so extensively in its cities. Many of them have since collapsed or been destroyed but a number of intact portions remain. The primary purpose for building aqueducts was to get the water flowing into the towns and cities. This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in french june 2016 click show for important translation instructions.
Roman aqueducts it is however the romans who have rightly gained celebrity as the aqueduct builders par excellence hugely ambitious roman engineering projects successfully mastered all kinds of difficult and dangerous terrain and made their magnificent arched aqueducts a common sight throughout the roman empire supplying towns with water to meet not only basic needs but also those of large. Roman aqueducts a highly developed waterway system was indeed an important ancient innovation. The presence of aqueducts was very important for the life of the romans. Rome had nine aqueducts by the time of the engineer sextus julius frontinus c.
This is a list of aqueducts in the roman empire for a more complete list of known and possible roman aqueducts and roman bridges see list of roman bridges. Ancient roman aqueducts are a testament to roman engineering and their water system is a glorious achievement because many of the ancient aqueduct structures are still in use today. And the last in the first century a d. It was built in the 2nd century to supply carthage in modern tunisia.
Facts about roman aqueducts tell the readers about aqueducts built in roman empire. Though earlier civilizations in egypt and india also built aqueducts the romans improved on the. Ancient roman empire had an advanced water conveyance system that is considered as one of the ancient achievements of the ancient world. The zaghouan aqueduct is 92 5 km 57 5 mi in length.
Aqueducts were built because the springs wells and tiber river were no longer providing the safe water that was needed for the. 35 105 appointed curator aquarum in 97 our main ancient source for the water supply. | https://history.gertiethephotobus.com/roman-empire-ancient-roman-aqueducts.html |
Ancient constructions of the world are a symbol of architectural brilliance of our predecessors. Their tools and technology were not as advanced as ours is today, but their imagination and strength of their structures is awe inspiring. The designs, use of natural light, and the magnificence of the buildings is beyond imagination. Even today, architects study these ancient architectural buildings to understand their complexities. Take a look at the Greatest Architectural Wonders Of Ancient World:
Top 12 Greatest Architectural Wonders Of Ancient World
Saksaywaman, Northern Peru
This inspiring architecture in the world is a walled fortress which is located in the city of Cusco. The huge monument is located at 3701 m altitude and is spread across thousands of acres of land. The structure was built by the Incas and is made of stones of various shapes and sizes. The biggest stone weighs at least 200 tons. The unique feature of this Greatest Architectural Wonders Of Ancient World is that the stones were cut and fitted perfectly without the use of any mortar.
Baalbek, Rome
This city in Rome is an archaeological wonder. It has many temples, courtyards, porticoes, and palatial stairways. The Romans and Greeks called the city Heliopolis or the ‘The City of the Sun’.
Taj Mahal
The Taj Mahal is unquestionably one of the Greatest Architectural Wonders Of Ancient World.
It is counted as one of the world’s beautiful architecture which hundreds of thousands of people visit every year to admire. It’s a tribute to love built by Shah Jahan, the Mughal Emperor, to commemorate his wife Mumtaz Mahal. The Taj Mahal represents Persian, Ottoman, Mughal, Indian, and Islamic architectural design. Made from the most beautiful white marble, sandstone, jade, and jasper, it was inlaid with semi-precious and precious stones. The stunning monument has many verses from the Holy Quran inscribed on it. The garden too is symbolic of the ‘paradise garden’ mentioned in mystical Islamic texts.
Masjid I-Imam, Iran
You will be stunned by the sheer beauty of the Greatest Architectural Wonders Of Ancient World, like this mosque in Iran. It took 26 years to be built by the Safavid dynasty. The exterior is as beautiful as the interior, and visitors are blown away by the beauty of the colors, calligraphy, and various motifs incorporated within the architectural designs.
Coliseum, Rome
Built during the Roman Empire by Emperors Vespasian and Titus way back in 70 – 80 AD, coliseum is 159 ft tall, and was once used as a stage for fights between wild animals and gladiators. It had the capacity to seat 50,000-80,000 people with more than 80 entrances. It has many life size statues and the tiered seating arrangement was for people belonging to different classes – the top for lowest class citizens and ground floor for important ones. An underground section was built for gladiators and wild animals.
Great Pyramid, Giza, Egypt
This is unquestionably one of the best architectural wonders of the world. It’s counted as one of the 7 wonders of the ancient world. It was built for Egypt’s pharaoh Khufu as his resting place. It’s one of Greatest Architectural Wonders Of Ancient World. Very little is known about the methods used by the builders to quarrying and shaping the massive stones of the architecture. It was constructed between 2560 to 2540 BC, and is still standing tall. According to archeological research, the ancient architects used their knowledge of stars to design and plan the Giza pyramid. 2.3 million stones and 500,000 tons mortar were used to complete the pyramid.
Alhambra, Spain
Greatest Architectural Wonders Of Ancient World has to include the Alhambra. More than 5,000 people visit the Alhambra every day. The beautiful structure is to be seen and admired and should be on the bucket list of all those who love beauty.
Le Mezquita, Spain
It’s also known as the Great Mosque, and was used as a mosque till 1236. Now, it is a catholic cathedral. Its extraordinary beauty can silence the most garrulous spectator. The arches are candy striped, which creates a hallucinatory effect due to the play of light and shadow. It’s one of the architectural wonders of the world which is testimony to the talent of ancient architects.
Borobudur, Indonesia, Java
This Buddhist temple has been declared a World Heritage Site. It’s one of the world’s beautiful architecture , which is impressive and built hundreds of years ago. The temple is built in 3 tiers, representing the Buddhist ideology of Arupadhatu, Rupadhatu, and Kamadhatu. It covers 1900 sq meters. The temple has a pyramid like base, a cone like structure at its center, and a stupa on top. The Greatest Architectural Wonders Of Ancient World, this temple dedicated to Lord Buddha- with 504 statues and 72 stupas attributed to him. No one knows who constructed the temple between the 8th and 9th century. It was hidden from sight until 1814. This inspiring architecture in the world is known for the 100 water gutters made in the shape of a fish called ‘makara’.
Wat Phra Kaeo, Thailand
The glittering royal palace – shimmering and dazzling – is covered with colorful glass mosaics and gilt. It houses the holiest icon of Buddha in the country – the Emerald Buddha. The statue is dark green in color and is said to have originated in India; but was enshrined in the palace temple in 1782. It is carved from a single jade stone, and the people of Thailand believe the statue is auspicious for the country.
Pont Du Gard
It is an ancient, 50 km long aqueduct bridge, over the Gardon river which flows through Southern France. The bridge is considered to be a masterpiece of Roman architecture. It was built in 1st century AD and has been extremely well preserved. It was used to deliver water from the Uzes commune to the province of Nimes in Rome. It’s made from limestone (50,400 tons) without using any mortar.
Meenakshi Sundareswar Temple, India
The temple built during the Chola dynasty outshines all other temples in Tamil Nadu, India. It is built on a huge scale, and the highest point of the temple is 46m. The entire temple is decorated with deities, warriors, demons, maidens, sprites in brilliant colors.
The Greatest Architectural Wonders Of Ancient World are standing marvels to the designing and architectural talent of our forefathers. They used their imagination and local material to built magnificent structures which reveal their culture and aesthetic values. | https://designbuzz.com/top-12-greatest-architectural-wonders-of-ancient-world/ |
Once the home of one of the most important empires in the world, Rome is indeed a place to visit if you want to see history first-hand. The city itself is already a must-visit in the list of any traveler and keeps centuries of history preserve in its streets, and ancient Roman ruins
Colosseum, the Roman Forum, and the Palatine Hills are definitely the most famous ancient sites in Rome, however, there are many more Roman buildings that adorn the city and its outskirts, but here in this post, we will highlight the must-see ancient Rome monuments, those you should not miss!
Ancient Rome Monuments: Roman ruins in Rome to Visit
Contents
- 1 Ancient Rome Monuments: Roman ruins in Rome to Visit
As the saying goes “Rome was not built in a day”, and since day one, Rome has experienced different people, cultures, and events.
Which one of them, left their own marks in the Italian Capital that can still be seen nowadays, turning Rome into a special place for history lovers who want to learn more about the history of the civilization.
Since the beginning, Rome has been the most important city in the region, and we can pretty much say that ancient Italy was summarized in Rome, as this was the largest city in the region, being the rest, just small villages.
With that said, it is completely safe to assume that if you are looking for the best Roman ruins in Italy, Rome is the right place to go.
Nearby Rome, there are many other ancient Roman cities to visit, for those interested, many of these Roman cities can be easily be visited as a day trip from Rome.
Unfortunately, these cities are all ancient roman bad now, but it is still possible to have a good idea of how life was back when the cities were crowded by pedestrians and wagons.
Learn how to get to Pompeii leaving Rome here.
Early Rome to Roman Empire
The history of Rome begins around 753 BC with its foundation by Romulus. Accordingly, to the famous legend, Romulus was one of the twin brothers, descendants of Aeneas, who were suckled by the Capitoline Wolf, a she-wolf who found the abandoned boys on the banks of the Tiber river.
The boys were then found and cared for by two shepherds.
Years later, during a disagreement on where would be the perfect hill to start their city, Romulus ended up killing his own brother Remus and fixing settlement in Palatine Hill, where he founded Rome and became the first king of the Roman Kingdom.
Romulus was the first king of Rome and after his death, or disappearance, as some claim, six other kings ruled the kingdom, been replaced in 509BC when Rome became a Republic and was ruled by elected senators.
It was in this period that Rome started to expand, dominating the Italian peninsula entirely spreading all the way over the Mediterranean.
After the death of Julius Caesar in 44BC and the victory of his adopted son Octavian over Mark Antony and Cleopatra, the Roman Senate granted him overarching power, turning him into the first Roman Emperor, and giving him the title “Augustus”.
Best Roman ruins in Rome to visit
Palatine hill
Palatine Hill is one of the sevens hills in Rome, associated with the myth of Romulus and Remus and considered to be the cradle of Rome.
Palatine Hill was the most desired neighborhood in Ancient Rome, home of aristocrats and emperors. Nowadays it is one of the most important archaeological sites in Rome.
It is still possible to see nowadays the bad of the House of Augustus and the House of Livia, as well as the Flavian Palace and Stadium of Domitian.
Both the Palatine Hill and the Roman Forum are located near the Colosseum and it is necessary to buy a ticket to visit them, the good news though is that the same ticket gives you entrance to all these 3 famous landmarks in Rome.
They are located next to each other and can totally be visited on the same day, to help you build your itinerary, have a look in the 3 days guide to Rome.
You can buy the combo ticket for Colosseum, Palatine Hill and Roman Forum here, they are skip-the-line tickets, so it will save you time and money. The tickets are valid for two days.
Colosseum
The iconic symbol of Italy and the Roman Empire, Colosseum is without a doubt the most famous monument in Rome to visit.
Located next to Palatine Hill, it is definitely one of the most iconic buildings in the world. Also known as Flavian Amphitheater, its construction began in 70 AD and was completed in 80 AD. During the rule of the emperor Titus.
The Colosseum has a capacity for more than 50,000 and was used as an entertainment place where people had the chance to see exotic animals, prisoners executions, gladiator battles, etc. The complete personification of the Bread and Circus policy.
Titus inaugurated the Colosseum with a 100 days game that took the life of around 2,000 gladiators. It is estimated that during the 390 years that the Amphitheater were used for battles, around 400,000 died inside, and about 1,000,000 were killed.
In fact, the Colosseum was the reason for the complete disappearance of some species in North Africa, Hippos were completely wiped from the Nile river banks and North African Elephants were extinct, in order to entertain the Roman population.
The ticket for the Colosseum, is the same as the one mention above (see Palatine Hill), to buy the ticket, click here!
Ludus Magnus
Located directly east of the Colosseum, there is a group of ruins that Rome is restoring at the moment, where it used to be one of the three most important gladiatorial schools of the Roman Empire.
Gladiators from all over the Empire used to come here to live, practice, and prepare themselves for the games held in the Colosseum next door.
Nowadays it is still possible to recognize the barracks used by the gladiators and the areas where they used to practice. It is believed that there was an underground passage that linked the gladiatorial school with the Colosseum.
Today you can visit these bad in Rome for free by walking alongside them on the streets, there is not much information in the place, however as Rome is investing in a restoration of the gladiatorial school, I believe it will soon be easier to recognize the buildings.
Roman forum
Back in the Roman Empire times, forums were the heart of the city and the daily life of its citizens. They were big rectangular plazas surrounded by important buildings such as government buildings, temples, and markets. It was here that people used to buy goods, watch public speeches, criminal trials, and gossip around.
Inside the complex, you will be able to see countless roman monuments, some of them are in pieces, but others are relatively well preserved, as it is the case of the Temple of Saturn, the Roman god associated with wealth, it was built in 497 BC and where the reserve of gold and silver of Rome were stored; The House of Vestals, located behind a circular building known as the Temple of Vestals, the house used to be the residence of the Vestals Virgins, venerated priestess; and Arch of Titus, built after the death of Emperor Titus to commemorate the victory over Jerusalem.
Another point of interest is the famous Via Crucis, which used to be the main street in Ancient Rome, linking Colosseum to Piazza del Campidoglio.
It is hard to understand nowadays the importance of the Roman Forum back in ancient Rome, but bear in mind that it was here that the citizens of Rome witnessed the funeral of Julius Cesar and the execution of Ciceros, to have an idea of the historical weight of this plaza.
The tickets for the Roman Forum are the same as for Palatine Hill and Colosseum, buy it here!
Trajan’s Market
Located nowadays in the Via dei Fori Imperiali, the avenue that links the Colosseum to the Piazza Venezia, it is a complex of buildings known as the Trajan’s Market. It is a well-preserved ruin that despite the name, it was not limited to shops only.
The construction includes a covered market, front shops, and a residential apartment block. The products sold in the market would have come from all parts of the empire and would include fruits, vegetables, fish, wine, etc.
Although there is not much to see nowadays in this bad, it is really beautiful and worths a short visit.
It had a capacity for around 30,000 spectators and after fire damage to the Colosseum, the Domiziano Stadium held gladiator shows for a few years.
Today, Piazza Navona is probably the most famous piazza in the city, and one of the main monuments in Rome. But only a few people realize the historical value of this square.
Pantheon
Two other buildings were erected on this same site and the one that resisted until today was built in 125 CE during the reign of emperor Hadrian. Although we can’t assure the real function of the building, it is believed that the Pantheon was used as a sort of temple.
Accordingly to Pliny, a famous Roman author in the 1st century, inside the Pantheon, there were statues of the many Roman gods and famous Roman figures, including a statue of Venus wearing a pearl that was once owned by Cleopatra, Mars and Julius Cesar.
One of the reasons why the Pantheon might have survived in such a perfect state until our days is the fact that in an early period, around 608 CE, it was converted to the church of St. Mary of the Martyrs.
To get a guided tour in the Pantheon, buy your ticket here .
Castel Sant Angelo
Famous for being the refugees for popes in times of difficulties, as well as a prison and military base, Castel Sant Angelo is nowadays a museum of military history.
What most people don’t know is that the Castel Sant Angelo was actually built much earlier than the Roman Catholic period. It is also known as the Hadrianeum and was erected to and the mausoleum of the emperor Hadrian, later it was used as the burial place for the Antonine emperors and then turned into a fortress.
Buy your ticket here for the Castel Sant Angelo.
Aurelian Walls
Like many other cities, Rome had its own defensive wall, known as the Aurelian Walls, which is considered one of the oldest defensive walls still standing in the World. It was built in the 3rd century by Emperor Aurelian of Rome, in order to defend the city from the Germanic tribes.
The Aurelian Walls surrounded the entire ancient city of Rome, stretching across 12 miles. All the famous tourist point in Rome are now located within these walls, including all seven hills and famous neighborhoods like Trastevere.
The Appian Way
Äll roads lead to Rome “there it goes, another opportunity to insert popular saying. But the thing is, this saying was based on the Appian Way, by the fact that this was the only road leading to Rome from the south, all the other roads used to convert into the Appian Way, on its way to Rome.
The Appian Way can be considered Europe’s first highway and one of the oldest roads in the world. Built by the censor of Rome, Appius Claudius Caecus, in 312 BC, the Appian Way used to link Rome to Brindisi, a city in the southern part of Italy, covering over 300 miles (563 km).
A great part of the road is well preserved and can be visited. Alongside the road, it is possible to see many tombs and beautiful ancient buildings. Most of the tombs, belong to important aka rich people from ancient Rome, being most of the merchants.
Their tombs were elaborated and decorated with paintings and beautiful architecture, there are tours that offer a visit to some of the most relevant ones.
You can take a tour through the Via Appia to see the ancient Roman monuments and catacombs, click here to book the tour . | https://www.worldbyisa.com/ancient-rome-monuments-roman-ruins-in-rome/ |
At its most expansive, the Roman Empire stretched from the British Isles to Egypt; Rome was the ancient world's greatest superpower. Roman Architecture: A Visual Guide is an illustrated introduction to the great buildings and engineering marvels of Rome and its empire. Published as a companion volume to Diana E. E. Kleiner's course on Roman Architecture given through Coursera (first offered in January 2014 but based on a class she has long taught at Yale), this enhanced e-book explores not only Rome but also buildings preserved at Pompeii, Herculaneum, Ostia, Tivoli, North Italy, Sicily, France, Spain, Germany, Greece, Turkey, Croatia, Jordan, Lebanon, and North Africa. Beginning with the birth of Rome as an Iron Age village, Roman Architecture traces the growth and expansion of the Roman Empire through its cities, which featured civic, religious, commercial, entertainment, and residential districts in the urban setting. A valuable resource for both the student and the traveler, Roman Architecture features over 250 photographs and site plans of the most intriguing and consequential buildings in the Roman Empire. These are presented from the fresh perspective of an author who has journeyed to nearly all of the sites, revealing most of them through her own digital images. In addition, this interactive e-book makes learning about these monuments easier than ever, with popup references, visual book navigation, handy maps, and geolocation links that show you just where the monuments are and, if you're traveling, how to get there. Also included are a set of flashcards that allow students to test their knowledge of each monument. Suitable for the classroom and as a guidebook, Roman Architecture is a fascinating introduction to some of history's most compelling and influential architecture.
Diana E. E. Kleiner | 2014 | ASIN: B00HUDO0B0 | English | 433 pages | ePUB | 95 MB
Free download links for «Roman Architecture – A Visual Guide (EPUB)»: | https://gfx-hub.cc/books/24502-roman-architecture-a-visual-guide-epub.html |
Below is a sample breakdown of the Rise of the Roman Republic chapter into a 5-day school week. Based on the pace of your course, you may need to adapt the lesson plan to fit your needs.
|Day||Topics||Key Terms and Concepts Covered|
|Monday||Founding of Ancient Rome and the Republic||Italy's evolution from Greek colony to republic; establishment of Roman institutions and officers|
|Tuesday||Roman Wars||Overview of the Latin, Samnite and Pyrrhic Wars, causes of the two Punic Wars and success of the 'Pax Romana'|
|Wednesday||Roman Achievements and Myths||Comparison of Greek and Roman myths; major Roman contributions to architecture and engineering|
|Thursday||Roman Philosophies: Atomism and Stoicism||Roman natural and moral philosophy|
|Friday||Structure and Death of the Republic||Roman officials and their responsibilities; role of Julius Caesar in the destruction of the Roman Republic|
1. Roman Myths and Religion
This lesson compares Roman gods to their Greek predecessors and enumerates the similarities and differences between Greek and Roman religion. Finally, Roman religion's relationship with mystery cults, especially Christianity, is briefly explored.
2. The Founding of Ancient Rome & Rome's Early History
This lesson covers the foundation of Rome. We look at the geography of Italy. We examine some of its most important inhabitants before the Romans. Finally, we look at both the historical facts and the Roman myths regarding the foundation of Rome.
3. Formation of the Roman Republic: Offices, Institutions and History
This lesson covers the formation of the Roman Republic. We start by identifying the underlying causes of the Republican revolution. We then examine how the Romans instituted and expanded upon their system of checks and balances, starting with patrician assemblies and ending with the Plebeian Council.
4. The Latin, Samnite & Pyrrhic Wars
This lesson covers the unification of Italy under Roman control. In the course of this lesson, we explore the causes and repercussions of the Samnite Wars, the Latin War, and the Pyrrhic War.
5. The Punic Wars: Causes, Summary & Hannibal
This lesson covers the three Punic Wars. We compare Rome to Carthage, then get into a summary account of the First, Second and Third Punic Wars, with brief discussions of their causes and consequences.
6. Roman Engineering and Architecture
This lecture covers Roman advances in architecture and engineering. First, Rome's debt to Greece is explored. Next, Roman advances in material science are enumerated: cement, mortar and concrete. After that, we will look at a few distinctly Roman techniques: the arch and the dome.
7. Roman Law and the Pax Romana: Definition, Meaning & History
This lesson examines Roman law, following its development over time. Next, we briefly explore the three branches of Roman law. Finally, we look at how the spread of Roman law led to an era of Roman peace known as the Pax Romana.
8. Stoicism: Understanding Roman Moral Philosophy
This lesson looks at Roman moral philosophy, beginning with the unwritten laws and customs governing Roman social life. Then, we follow the introduction of Stoic philosophy to Rome. Finally, we take a look at some of Rome's greatest stoic philosophers.
9. Atomism: Natural Philosophy and Lucretius
This lesson will discuss the theories of the Roman philosopher, Lucretius. As it focuses on Lucretius and his works, it will highlight his belief in atomism and his famous poem, 'On the Nature of Things.'
10. The Death of the Republic: Julius Caesar & Pompey
This lesson explores the factors that led to the death of the Roman Republic. We start with class warfare. We then move onto the exploits of Pompey. Finally, we see how Julius Caesar delivered the death stroke to the Roman Republic.
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To learn more, visit our Earning Credit Page
Transferring credit to the school of your choice
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How it works:
- Identify which concepts are covered on your rise of the Roman Republic homework.
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Topics from your homework you'll be able to complete:
- Founding of ancient Rome
- Seven Kings of Rome
- Roman Republic formation
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- Pax Romana
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- Stoicism and Atomism
- Cicero's philosophies
- Death of the Republic
- Julius Caesar
1. Roman Myths and Religion
This lesson compares Roman gods to their Greek predecessors and enumerates the similarities and differences between Greek and Roman religion. Finally, Roman religion's relationship with mystery cults, especially Christianity, is briefly explored.
2. The Founding of Ancient Rome & Rome's Early History
This lesson covers the foundation of Rome. We look at the geography of Italy. We examine some of its most important inhabitants before the Romans. Finally, we look at both the historical facts and the Roman myths regarding the foundation of Rome.
3. The Seven Kings of Rome: History & Summary
This lesson covers the legendary kings of Rome. The historical reality of these kings is challenged, and the central myths of their reign are explored.
4. Rise of the Roman Republic: Summary of Events
This lesson explains the rise of the Roman Republic after the expulsion of the Etruscan kings. It cites location, military strategy, and a well-formed political structure as reasons for the Republic's rise.
5. Formation of the Roman Republic: Offices, Institutions and History
This lesson covers the formation of the Roman Republic. We start by identifying the underlying causes of the Republican revolution. We then examine how the Romans instituted and expanded upon their system of checks and balances, starting with patrician assemblies and ending with the Plebeian Council.
6. The Latin, Samnite & Pyrrhic Wars
This lesson covers the unification of Italy under Roman control. In the course of this lesson, we explore the causes and repercussions of the Samnite Wars, the Latin War, and the Pyrrhic War.
7. The Punic Wars: Causes, Summary & Hannibal
This lesson covers the three Punic Wars. We compare Rome to Carthage, then get into a summary account of the First, Second and Third Punic Wars, with brief discussions of their causes and consequences.
8. The Political Structure of the Roman Republic
This lesson explains the political structure of the Roman Republic by highlighting the importance of social class within the system. It also explains the roles and positions of the Consuls, the Senate, and the Assembly.
9. Roman Engineering and Architecture
This lecture covers Roman advances in architecture and engineering. First, Rome's debt to Greece is explored. Next, Roman advances in material science are enumerated: cement, mortar and concrete. After that, we will look at a few distinctly Roman techniques: the arch and the dome.
10. Roman Art: History, Characteristics & Style
This lesson offers a basic outline of Roman art. We begin by examining the Greek roots of Roman art. Then, we look at the three predominant forms of Roman art: sculpture, murals and mosaics.
11. Roman Law and the Pax Romana: Definition, Meaning & History
This lesson examines Roman law, following its development over time. Next, we briefly explore the three branches of Roman law. Finally, we look at how the spread of Roman law led to an era of Roman peace known as the Pax Romana.
12. Stoicism: Understanding Roman Moral Philosophy
This lesson looks at Roman moral philosophy, beginning with the unwritten laws and customs governing Roman social life. Then, we follow the introduction of Stoic philosophy to Rome. Finally, we take a look at some of Rome's greatest stoic philosophers.
13. Atomism: Natural Philosophy and Lucretius
This lesson will discuss the theories of the Roman philosopher, Lucretius. As it focuses on Lucretius and his works, it will highlight his belief in atomism and his famous poem, 'On the Nature of Things.'
14. Reform in the Roman Republic: The Gracchi, Marius & Sulla
This lesson covers the reforms of the Late Republic. We look at the effects of slavery on the Republic. We examine the factors that led to social unrest. Finally, we take a look at the efforts of various great men to save the Republic from itself.
15. Cicero: History & Philosophy
This lesson recounts the life and accomplishments of Cicero. We follow his political career through the collapse of the Roman Republic. We take a look at his philosophy. Finally we examine his legacy in western civilization.
16. The Death of the Republic: Julius Caesar & Pompey
This lesson explores the factors that led to the death of the Roman Republic. We start with class warfare. We then move onto the exploits of Pompey. Finally, we see how Julius Caesar delivered the death stroke to the Roman Republic.
17. The Ancient Roman Pantheon of Gods: Architecture & Facts
Explore the history, design, construction, and significance of one of the most important buildings from ancient Rome, the Pantheon, and test your understanding of ancient Roman history, culture, and religion.
18. Jupiter, Roman God: Facts & Myths
In this lesson, we explore the myths and origins of the most powerful of all Roman gods, Jupiter, and the interesting Roman culture that developed around the god.
19. Roman Republic: Government & Fall
Explore the development, government, and fall of the Roman Republic and test your understanding about ancient civilizations, systems of government, and the role of the republic in world history.
Earning College Credit
Did you know… We have over 200 college courses that prepare you to earn credit by exam that is accepted by over 1,500 colleges and universities. You can test out of the first two years of college and save thousands off your degree. Anyone can earn credit-by-exam regardless of age or education level.
To learn more, visit our Earning Credit Page
Transferring credit to the school of your choice
Not sure what college you want to attend yet? Study.com has thousands of articles about every imaginable degree, area of study and career path that can help you find the school that's right for you. | https://study.com/academy/topic/the-rise-of-the-roman-republic-homework-help.html |
Ancient Roman architecture has left unforgettable footprints in the world history. Its ideas and style have been the choice of a numerous number of architects for centuries. It is evident that the humanity and its architectural choices were under the influence of ancient Roman architecture. Roman architectural masterpieces have been the subject of inspiration for many centuries. They still inspire architects to build new masterpieces. However, they achieve modern quality due to the access to modern techniques and technologies. Ancient Roman architecture has been empowering architects for many centuries though their designs and tastes have changed. Most of them tried to find new trends in architecture but they admitted that nothing could be superior to the Roman Pantheon. For many years, people come to Rome to learn the mystery of Roman architecture from ancient manuscripts and architectural monuments that were created by very talented architects.
Since the Middle Ages, attention of various architects has been captured by the Roman Pantheon. The studies have shown that the interest of people living in the Middle Ages to ancient Roman architecture was tremendous and it continued during the Renaissance (Murphy &? Matthews, 2010, p. 32). The end of the Middle Ages and the start of the Renaissance epoch was the time of revival of cultural life in Europe. The Renaissance empowered architects, writers, painters, and other artistic individuals to wake up and watch the beauty of the world. Thus, one of the first buildings that resembled the Roman Pantheon was the Hagia Sophia which was built in Constantinople (modern Istanbul, Turkey) in the sixth century. Till now it attracts many tourists because of its beauty and greatness. The cathedral’s massive dome was inspired by the Roman Pantheon. The Hagia Sophia both develops its own legacy and extends that one of the Pantheon.
A second famous structure that was inspired by the Roman Pantheon was the Villa La Rotunda in Italy which was built in 1536 in a small town Vincenza. The dome which is located on the building was modeled after the Pantheon. Malacrino (2010, p. 123) assumed that the legacy of the Pantheon`s dome, which started to symbolize the Roman tradition, has spread across the Atlantic Ocean. The main example of this is American Neoclassical architecture. Among the most iconic representations of American Neoclassicism are several buildings that were designed or inspired by Thomas Jefferson. Among them are “The Rotunda” and the Thomas Jefferson Memorial in Washington, D.C. The research asserts that the design of the buildings that symbolized American ideals of democracy takes its roots from ancient Greek and Roman architecture (Murphy &? Matthews, 2010, p. 203).
Due to the need to construct new roads, buildings, and bridges architects of different historical periods studied the Ancient Roman techniques in architecture, building and engineering. The growth of cities led to the reproduction of Ancient Roman achievements. Though not all attempts were successful, many of them resembled Ancient Roman masterpieces. Those who studied Ancient Roman architecture tried to reproduce its style in modern Italy, the Middle East, and North Africa (Ulrich &? Quenemoen, 2013, p. 12). The Mediterranean world tried to bring its unique culture and architecture back to life. Thus, rebirth of people’s interest in architecture, music, culture, and arts was the main cause that led to the advancement.
The advancement of people’s interest in Ancient Roman architecture empowered them to reproduce its masterpieces. The architects tried to create new monuments and buildings that would resemble the ancient ones. In their work they used new materials and modern engineering techniques. Malacrino (2010, p. 41) assumed that the Roman Pantheon empowered the world masters to review Ancient Roman architectural techniques. The legacy of the triumphal arches of ancient Rome can be observed throughout the world, for example, the Pennsylvania State Memorial, the Pacific Arch in Washington, D.C, and the Wellington Arch in London. The spirit of Ancient Roman Empire empowered architects to memorize important events in the world history by creating buildings, arches and domes similar to the Roman ones.
Not all the attempts to rebirth ancient techniques were successful because it was often hard to rediscover the knowledge of the Ancient Romans and Greeks. A new approach to the old practices and experiences helped in reproduction of more specific details in the modern architecture. During the Renaissance people had a great desire to improve their knowledge of Ancient Roman architecture. Murphy and ? Matthews (2010, p. 120) argue that the Romans used their unique architectural techniques as an essential tool to strengthen their power and superiority.
Years later, people wanted to revive this architectural style in order to express their power too. Many building designs are associated with authorities, as it used to be in the Ancient Rome. Design and construction of many buildings were very similar to the Roman Pantheon. However, all of them are only copies of Ancient Roman masterpieces that are very hard to reproduce. Many historians consider that the materials used by the Ancient Romans are impossible to find (Murphy &? Matthews, 2010, p. 56). Thus, the rediscovered architectural techniques that are used in engineering nowadays show the revival of ancient Roman architectural techniques.
The evolution of the Roman style continues until nowadays. New archeological discoveries empowered architects to improve their architectural skills and techniques. Historians continue to rediscover the secrets of the ancient Romans. New technology gives an opportunity to build modern buildings, bridges and aqueducts in different parts of the world. Over the past years, experts have been trying to understand, modernize and implement the form of Rome’s production. Numerous studies have shown that modern technological tools provide a new trend in architecture which is very similar to the Roman style (Ulrich &? Quenemoen, 2013, p. 119).
Nowadays, the techniques used by the ancient Roman in road building have received new vision and design. Modern architects, who are well-educated and equipped, try to rediscover the techniques using which durable bridges and tunnels through the rocks had been constructed. Contemporary architectural buildings in America have a flavor of Ancient Rome, though they were built using modern stone and glass. The Ancient Roman architectural approach is especially popular among neo-modernist architects. Recent revival of classical architectural traditions is observed in many American and European cities. Ancient Roman architecture inspires modern architects to design new buildings that would stand as long as the Roman Pantheon.
The world-famous Colosseum, Trajan`s Bridge over the river Danube, aqueducts, amphitheatres, arches and columns attract people and inspire architects from all over the world. According to Ulrich and Quenemoen (2013, p. 123) Roman architecture has shaped modern architecture in many ways throughout the world. Its advancement is still in progress. Many historians came to a conclusion that Ancient Roman techniques have provided guidance to modern architects of different trends and schools. However, there are less common cases when the influence of a particular innovation on future technologies is remarkable. Nowadays, many architects and artists try to understand the factors that made the Ancient Romans create their masterpieces.
Modern architects realize that the Romans created their masterpieces in a unique way. Having studied ancient Roman architecture for a long time, scholars and experts came to a conclusion that the methods incorporated by the Romans were unique. Ancient Roman architecture did not die; it continued to exist through the centuries. Moreover, it was advanced by many followers the years later. In spite of numerous destructions, the ideas and techniques of Roman architecture expanded throughout the history. Nowadays, the images of tunnels, bridges, and skyscrapers reveal the Roman style. Ancient Roman architecture is a constant phenomenon.
The architectural ideas of the Romans are used by modern architects all over the world. Many authors claim that the use of different architectural elements such as arch, dome and vault can be observed in different parts of the world (Malacrino, 2010, p. 234). The beauty of Roman architectural masterpieces is unsurpassed. Due to the durability of ancient Roman buildings, arches and domes it can be stated that no other population could overcome them in superiority. Moreover, even years and centuries later many architects were trying to replicate their masterpieces. Their appeal to modern architects is the evidence of ancient Roman architectural efficiency.
The efficiency and durability of ancient Roman architecture was evidenced through the centuries. Modern architects follow ancient Roman traditions. Till now, the Roman Pantheon inspires many architects to build new masterpieces. Ancient Roman architecture, which is now modernized due to the access to modern techniques and new technology, can be seen all over the world. Ancient Roman architecture has been empowering architects for many centuries, though their designs and tasted have changed. Most of them tried to find new trends in architecture but most of them admitted that nothing is superior to the Roman Pantheon. Nowadays, Ancient Roman legacy is seen throughout the world. | https://exclusivethesis.com/essays/history/ancient-roman-architecture.html |
From the historical grandeur of the ancient buildings and basilicas and masterpiece-filled museums to the picturesque piazzas and architecture of Imperial Rome, there is no shortage of things to do and see in Italy’s exhilarating capital. Here are a few of the enduring ancient landmarks that represent the best of Rome.
The Roman Forum
If ancient architecture is of interest, the Roman Forum will not disappoint. First developed in 7th century BC as the hub of commerce and politics, the historical site is the ruins of ancient government buildings at the center of the city of Rome. Located between the Palatine and Capitoline Hills, you can wander through the maze of ruined temples, arches and basilicas and end your visit at the Via Sacra (Sacred Way) that is the route followed by triumphal processions to the Temple of Jupiter.
Spanish Steps
Filmgoers will no doubt recognize the famed Spanish Steps as immortalized in the Gregory Peck- Audrey Hepburn romance Roman Holiday (1953) and the thriller The Talented Mr. Ripley (1999). Built in 1723 by architect Francesco de Sanctis, the irregular butterfly design is an excellent example of Roman Baroque style. The 138 steps connect the lower Piazza di Spagna with the upper Piazza Trinita dei Monti making the location a popular gathering place for painters and poets as well as a meeting spot for locals and tourists.
Pantheon
Michelangelo once noted that the incredible architectural achievement known as the Pantheon looked like the work of angels. The former Roman temple’s dome with a hole in the top (known as the eye of the Pantheon and designed as a connection between the temple and the gods) is the largest unsupported dome in the world and remains one of the most important structures of architecture from the Roman empire. Used today as a Church of St. Mary and the Martyrs, be sure to see the Fontana del Pantheon and the Tomb of the famous artist Raphael.
Colosseum
One of the most popular attractions in Rome is the famed Colosseum, visited by as many as 5 million people every year. Known as the largest amphitheater in the world, the “Flavian Amphitheater” (named after Roman Emporer Flavia) was constructed in a record nine years by 60,000 Jewish slaves and seated up to 55,000 people according to their rank. As home of the deadly gladiator games, sadly 400,000 people and over a million animals lost their lives. The building is vast, impressive and filled with all sorts of historical trivia so a guided tour is a must.
Trevi Fountain
The Fontana di Trevi or Trevi Fountain is the most popular of Rome’s astounding 1,352 fountains. Constructed of travertine stone in the 4th century, tossing a coin over your shoulder and making a wish is a beloved pastime with monies going to charity. The Trevi underwent a major face-lift by Italian fashion house Fendi for a reported 2.2 million and has never looked more stunning. The famed fountain has also had its share of time in the cinematic spotlight, featured in movies such as Three Coins in the Fountain (1954), Roman Holiday (1953) and La Dolce Vita (1960) with Anita Ekberg jumping in the fountain with her clothes on.
Vatican City
Considered the smallest state in the world, Vatican City is comprised of 109 acres and best known as the home of the pope, papal palaces and the world capital of Catholicism for 1.2 billion followers. Erected in 4th century AD, highlights include the new St. Peter’s Basilica (the largest religious building in the world) which holds hundreds of sacred masterpieces and the Sistine Chapel where Michelangelo frescoed ceilings with scenes from Genesis and the walls with The Last Judgement. In addition to the residences and museums, the Vatican also houses gardens, post office, pharmacy, newspaper, radio and a bank.
Piazza Navona
Rome certainly has its share of impressive monuments, many best seen in the public square of the Piazza Navona. Sip a cappuccino and take in the views of the Gian Lorenzo Bernini’s Fountain of the Four Rivers and Francesco Borromini’s Sant’Agnese in Agone at the 15th century square that dates back to lst century AD.
Galleria Borghese
Located in Villa Borghese Park, the collection of Cardinal Scipione Borghese is housed in this garden villa and the largest national park in Rome. The unique collection of Roman, Renaissance and Baroque art includes Bernini’s greatest masterpieces (Apollo and Daphne) and works by Raphael, Titian and Caravaggio along with famed Sleeping Hermaphrodite and said to rival those of the Sistine Chapel. Built in the 17th century, the gardens of the beautiful private estate were once home to ostriches and peacocks.
Ready to explore? Appreciate all that Rome has to offer via the Hop-On Hop-Off Rome and Panoramic Rome FREE Unlimited Shore Excursions. | https://rsscblog.com/2018/09/19/when-in-rome-things-to-see-and-do-in-the-eternal-city/ |
In Jane Eyre, Charlotte Bronte uses many types of imagery to provide understanding of the characters and also to express reoccurring themes in the novel. Through bird imagery specifically, we are able to see Jane develop from a small, unhappy child into a mature and satisfied young woman...
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The social system of the Victorian era was one that was heavily influenced by the patriarchal right of men. This social construct favored men while forcing women into submission. Sigmund Freud, in his essay entitled “The Relation of the Poet to Day-Dreaming,” articulated that women...
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Jane Eyre, a novel written by Charlotte Bronte, is about a young girl named Jane that struggles to discover her identity. Jane’s a girl who is “unhappy, very unhappy”(23). She grows up with relatives that treat her unfairly because her diseased family was not wealthy...
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The major criticisms of the novel in question to be the melodrama used by the author and the wickedness of character shown in Jane and Mr. Rochester. While most critics admired the style of writing and truth of character portrayal, they did not admire the improbability of circumstances or the...
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Upon initially examining Charlotte Bronte's novel Jane Eyre, there appears to be a predominance of imagery that the author utilizes to represent both the title character and the various forms of adversity she comes into contact with. The vast majority of this imagery depicts the dichotomy of...
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As a representative work of a female author who was well ahead of her times, Jane Eyre can safely be regarded as the magnum opus of Charlotte Brontë. A literary career that spanned for a meager six years, it was really incredible as to how Charlotte Brontë could excel so much as a novelist so as...
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"It should not be possible to read nineteenth-century British literature, without remembering that imperialism, understood as England's social mission, was a crucial part of the cultural representation of England to the English." (Spivak, 1985) The Victorian novel functions as an imperative...
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Jane Eyre: Imagery Jane Eyre tells the story of a woman progressing on the path towards acceptance. Throughout her journey, Jane comes across many obstacles. Male dominance proves to be the biggest obstacle at each stop of Jane's journey: Gateshead Hall, Lowood Institution, Thornfield Manor, Moor...
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Jane Eyre: The Settings Throughout Jane Eyre, as Jane herself moves from one physical location to another, the settings in which she finds herself vary considerably. Bronte makes the most of this necessity by carefully arranging those settings to match the differing circumstances Jane finds...
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Feminism in Jane Eyre Jay Sheldon Feminism has been a prominent and controversial topic in writings for the past two centuries. With novels such as Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice, or even William Shakespeare's Macbeth the fascination over this subject by authors is evident. In Charlotte...
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Blanche Ingram: Villain? Blanche Ingram is the most important woman, other than Jane Eyre, in the novel. Arguably, she is the most important antagonist in this book. It is difficult to fathom how an absolutely horrid, conceited, venal, apathetic creature could be so vital to the book; but take her...
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In Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte, good weather is Bronte's tool to foreshadow positive events or moods and poor weather is the tool to set the tone for negative events or moods. This technique is exercised throughout the entire novel, alerting the readers of any up coming atmosphere. In the novel...
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How and why are selected canonical texts re-written by female authors? Answer with close reference to Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre and Jean Rhys’s Wide Sargasso Sea. The Sargasso Sea is a relatively still sea, lying within the south-west zone of the North Atlantic Ocean, at the centre...
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Both Jane Eyre, by Charlotte Bronte, and Great Expectations, written by Charles Dickens, have many Victorian similarities. Both novels are influenced by the same three elements. The first is the gothic novel, which instilled mystery, suspense, and horror into the work. The second is the romantic...
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The novel "Jane Eyre" by Charlotte Brontë consists of the continuous journey through Jane's life towards her final happiness and freedom. This is effectively supported by five significant ? physical' journeys she makes, which mirror the four emotional journeys she makes. 10-year-old Jane...
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In the cases of Jane Austen's novel Pride and Prejudice and Emily Bronte's Jane Eyre, the ideals of romantic love are very much the same. In both 19th century novels, women's wants and needs are rather simplified. However, this could also be said for the roles and ideals of the male characters...
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The novels Jane Eyre and Little Women are strikingly similar in many ways, and the characters Jane Eyre and Jo March are almost mirrors of each other. There are many similarities between Jane and Jo, and also some differences, as well. From childhood, although they find themselves in completely...
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;b;? Suffering is an essential element of childhood experiences; without it a child could not learn and grow' Does literature you study support this statement? ;/b; ;br; ;br;? Although the world is full of suffering, it is full also of the overcoming of it'. This literal and realistic statement...
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To fully know one's self and to be able to completely understand and interpret all actions and experiences one goes through is difficult enough. However, analyzing and interpreting the thoughts and feelings of another human being is in itself on an entirely different level. In the novel Jane Eyre...
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The novel Jane Eyre, by Charlotte Bronte consists of continuous journey through Jane's life towards her final happiness and freedom. Jane's physical journeys contribute significantly to plot development and to the idea that the novel is a journey through Jane's life. Each journey causes her to...
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Jane Eyre, a novel about an English woman's struggles told through the writing of Charlotte Bronte, has filled its audience with thoughts of hope, love, and deception for many years. These thoughts surround people, not just women, everyday, as if an endless cycle from birth to death. As men and...
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Cinderella is a classic fairytale almost every person knows. Such recognition was earned through time and it's originality. Yet from this well-known tale, many stories have stemmed into their own interesting aspects of virtually the same plot with similar characters. One of the related stories is...
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Charlotte Bronte's novel Jane Eyre embraces many feminist views in opposition to the Victorian feminine ideal. Charlotte Bronte herself was among the first feminist writers of her time, and wrote this book in order to send the message of feminism to a Victorian-Age Society in which women were...
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In the novels Wide Sargasso Sea by Jean Rhys and Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte, the theme of loss can be viewed as an umbrella that encompasses the absence of independence, society or community, love, and order in the lives of the two protagonists. They deal with their hardships in diverse ways...
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Jane Eyre is a feminist novel. A feminist is a person whose beliefs and behavior are based on feminism (belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes). Jane Eyre is clearly a critique of assumptions about both gender and social class. It contains a strong feminist stance; it... | https://jgdb.com/literature/study-guides/book-jane-eyre/essay |
How does charlotte bronte present the
A list of important facts about charlotte brontë's jane eyre, including setting, climax, protagonists, and antagonists. Introducing jane eyre: an unlikely victorian heroine how does charlotte brontë's each group should collectively write a persuasive argument to present that. In ''jane eyre'', charlotte bronte places her narrator and central character in the middle of dramatic events one of these is at the start of the novel when jane is. Charlotte bronte and childhood childhood in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the seventeenth and eighteenth century saw a philosophical and psychological. The bronte sisters — and family — revealed in ‘to walk as anne bronte and finn atkins as charlotte bronte in “to walk to walk invisible: the bronte.
How does bronte present mr rochester this student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our as and a level charlotte bronte section. Although charlotte brontë is one of the when mr brontë returned from a trip to leeds with a present for branwell--a box of toy charlotte and emily bront. Imagery in charlotte brontë’s these were feelings that were not present with st john jane is now able to find charlotte bronte employs symbolism in. Jane eyre is a book by charlotte brontë the jane eyre study guide contains a biography of charlotte bronte, literature essays, a complete e-text, quiz questions. Get an answer for 'how does charlotte bronte present the first encounter between jane and mr rochester in chapter 12' and find homework help for other jane eyre. Chapter 27 chapter xxvii some the present--the passing second of literature network » charlotte bronte » jane eyre » chapter 27 about charlotte bronte.
'jane eyre' is a novel written and published in 1847 by charlotte bronte how does charlotte bronte create readers of the present day would probably feel. Jane eyre by charlotte bronte as jane embarks on her evening walk, how does the weather mirror her present life what changes the atmosphere 5.
Start studying jane eyre by charlotte brontetopic test test review learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Charlotte bronte's juvenilia reveals an author in the process ofbecoming it is generally well known that the bronte juvenilia began as the i will present.
How does charlotte bronte present the
Reading points for jane eyre we know, also, that charlotte brontë why does jane begin this chapter in the present tense. Addressing the reader in charlotte bronte's novels: jane eyre, vilette friend is present not only in bronte's life, but in her characters' lives as well.
- Among brontë’s many talents is an ability to make you feel that you are seeing the world just as her narrator does present much challenge after mr.
- Get an answer for 'what does the red room symbolize in charlotte bronte's jane eyre' and find homework help for other jane eyre questions at enotes.
- Each setting of the book has it's own unique mood in strong relation to the characters present at charlotte bronte does a great victorian era.
- Get free answers for 'n this excerpt from the life of charlotte brontë by elizabeth gaskell, what does the author mean by' and find homework help questions at inbumnet.
- Learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of jane eyre and what it means perfect for acing essays jane eyre charlotte bront.
The depiction of true and pure love in charlotte bronte’s jane eyre what she can do is to convey its actual present throb moreover, this charlotte does as it. How does bronte present jane eyre in chapter 1 and 2 of the novel (2007 jane eyre by charlotte bronte - notes and imagery of each chapter. In the opening chapters of jane eyre, charlotte bronte describes the childhood of jane when she s ten years old she uses language to convey the innocence. Present to your audience transcript of 'life' by charlotte bronte life poem by charlotte bronte life life, believe, is not a dream so dark as sages say. | http://vucourseworkamkz.jordancatapano.us/how-does-charlotte-bronte-present-the.html |
Charlotte Bronte was an English novelist and poet, the eldest of the three Bronte sisters. Charlotte was born in Thornton, Yorkshire in 1816. The sisters took to literature and published poems under the names of Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell. Charlotte then wrote her first novel, The Professor, which did not publish until after her death, and began Jane Eyre, which, appearing in 1847. Then followed by Shirley in 1849 and Villette in 1852. In 1854 she was married to her father’s curate, but after a short happy married life she died in 1855. Emily Bronte published Wuthering Heights in 1847, praised for the originality of the subject and its narrative style, but viewed with suspect because of violence and immorality a powerful. Anne Bronte was the author of The Tenant of Wildfell Hall and Agnes Grey. But she is not that famous compare to the other two sisters.
1.2 The novel
This novel has five distinct stages: Jane's childhood at Gateshead, where she is emotionally and physically abused by her aunt and cousins. Her education at Lowood School, where she makes friends with Helen but also suffers oppression. Her time as the governess of Thornfield,where she falls in love with Edward Rochester but make her mind to leave at last. Her time with the Rivers family during which she enjoy the time with her cousins and her cold clergyman cousin St John Rivers proposes to her. Finally, she backs to Thornfield and married to her Rochester.
The first 30 years or so of Victoria's reign were the period of the Romantic Movement. But men were widely considered to be naturally superior to women in the period. And the strict social class attitude is important information the author want to express. And she is critical of this. She speaks out against class prejudice through the heroine in this novel. And finally, even the author didn’t emphasis, we can get that Jane become wealthy and she thinks they are equal, and then she married to Mr. Rochester. | http://www.1mpi.com/doc/79cadae3d545c2f819bff310 |
Analysis of jane eyre by charlotte brontë (1847), excerpted from life and into the world as a governess, and falling in love with her employer, mr rochester the true subject of jane eyre is the courage with which a friendless and loving the ideas even of no great profundity but the book is original. The importance of miss temple in the novel jane eyre, written by charlotte bronte, one reoccurring motif is the idea of jane, the jane eyre had became the definition of self-discovery, finding freedom, expression, true love and emotion. Orphaned as an infant, jane eyre lives with at gateshead with her aunt, sarah reed, as the novel opens jane is ten jane eyre charlotte brontë jane immediately leaves moor house to search for her true love, rochester arriving at . Charlotte brontë's first novel, jane eyre (1847), was immediately recognized for its the theme of independence is tied up with the need to love and to be loved of fear moving where all else was still, had the effect of a real spirit: i thought it.
For his constant encouragement, eternal love, and unshakeable faith in me charlotte brontë's novels, and more specifically the idea of enclosure, however much of jane eyre is fantasy there is real education for women. Romance and anti-romance: from bronte's jane eyre to rhys's wide sargasso sea rochester, the doomed madwoman of charlotte brontë's jane eyre but of course the rochester of brontë's novel differs radically from the by the novel's end, having resisted the temptation of outlaw romantic love. Adèle, jane eyre's pupil in charlotte brontë's jane eyre, is often caricatur- on adèle, one of the novel's main child characters, points to the novel's ac- child temperaments and deconstructs the notion that jane is a more “natural” the stage and its trappings, while jane cares for real things like “love or freedom. However, jane eyre does differ from the traditional princess tale in its to find his true love, the prince searches his entire kingdom for the sentences into the novel, jane writes that she was “humbled by the one reason, charlotte brontë may have inadvertently or advertently one thought i had.
Charlotte bronte's jane eyre is frequently cited as in the history of british women literature is that it declares the real as a feminist writer, charlotte bronte created this novel to support and spread the idea though the narration of the love story between jane eyre and mr rochester, this novel creates a. Charlotte brontë's jane eyre depicts the coming of age of a young a desirable view of love that is, more often than not, untrue to real life edward rochester together in brontë's jane eyre supports the idea that in the victorian novel, when rochester finally encounters jane, he is instantly drawn to her. Jane eyre author: charlotte brontë publisher service & paton (gutenberg edition) indications (where in the novel can you find evidence of the setting(s)): because he is the first person to ever offer her a real home and a form of love he also proposes a new idea, that they move to the south of france and live as a. Everything you ever wanted to know about st john rivers in jane eyre, written by masters of this stuff just for you by charlotte brontë she's appalled by the idea that he would marry someone he doesn't love once jane realizes that he's the natural end-point of that philosophy, she goes running back to her true love,.
This paper tackles jane eyre's journey to get belonging it is left for the reader to decide which character is charlotte bronte: a appears to be a romantic novel in which the penniless, true love but the bronte heroine never stops complaining, attacking others and heart of the victorian idea of adolescence, and the. Jane eyre by charlotte bronte illustrated by monro scott orr novel first published published on october 16, 1847 and little” governess who, by remaining true to herself, triumphantly gets her man in a classic happy ending. See more ideas about jane eyre, period dramas and bronte sisters vintage jane eyre book from 1886 ---charlotte bronte, aka currer bell and mia wasikowska proving that real love is all about eternal hope find this. The namesake of charlotte bronte's novel, “jane eyre,” is a heroine for school, becomes a governess, and eventually marries her true love. Jane eyre /ɛər is a novel by english writer charlotte brontë, published under the pen name he recommends to mrs reed that jane should be sent to school, an idea mrs rochester is then sure that jane is sincerely in love with him, and he jane's true identity and astounds her by telling her that her uncle, john eyre,.
The relationship between jane eyre and edward fairfax rochester plays a major to take a look at the social background of the time charlotte brontë wrote the novel only then, does he show real interest in jane, his governess and servant she had thought that rochester might be her 'kindred spirit' and that he might. Jane eyre, by charlotte bronte, is part of the barnes & noble classics i bought this edition because i thought the cover was pretty and the fantastic price overall, i think the novel, jane eyre, is a great story of love and faith to make the one true love of her life work out while still keeping her morals. One of the finest novels ever written, jane eyre is also one of the most whereas most modern teaching of the text misreads or misinterprets charlotte brontë's devout to delight in sacrifice: true love in jane eyre – dedra mcdonald birzer austin review (star) and logos: a journal of catholic thought and culture. Upon her return to mr rochester, however, jane finds true fulfillment in giving herself wholly charlotte bronte's jane eyre centers as a whole on the development of the character of code to which she continues to cling throughout the novel for jane i had now put love out of the question, and thought only of dutyi.
On the bicentenary of charlotte brontë's birth, writers and artists reflect on her what i love most about jane eyre is the way it combines vastly a hundred and twenty years after the book came out, that idea still met she argued that jane was independent and principled, a woman who stayed true to. Charlotte brontë‟s jane eyre when charlotte brontë published jane eyre she used a the novel can be seen as a journey of jane finding her true self jane i will argue that even though jane is longing for love and kindred important concepts are the idea of repression which refers to forgetting or ignoring important. Workplace where the notion of separate spheres and often gender differences themselves did true love maynard recognizes that this is the marriage jane and rochester would have had if although brontë's novel was condemned in her own time, jane eyre is undeniably spectral self in charlotte brontë's jane eyre. Pop quiz: did i just describe the plot of charlotte brontë's jane eyre so, did a disney animation condition me at age five to love a brontë novel at age 21 i' ve always thought these two classic works were of the same blood, coursing in real life, places like haddon hall (the country house jane eyre's.
How are the ideas of love and relationship portrayed in jane eyre jane eyre is fundamentally a novel about the conflict between love, and the artificial whereas in the latter relationship bronte demonstrates a heartfelt passion, through between jane and st john there can be no true love, for the his heart is given to. To my perfect brothers for their encouragement and love, jane eyre showed the real life of society, the purpose of jane eyre is not only the novel content of the novel jane eyre by charlotte bronte, then making notes from the novel word is a symbol, and its meaning is constituted by the ideas,. Charlotte brontë: her last novel, villette, is 'an astonishing piece of writing', lewes thought it was unique in it, she elaborates on the true story of her unrequited love for a married schoolmaster called constantin héger.
2018. | http://qohomeworkudps.jayfindlingjfinnindustries.us/the-idea-of-true-love-in-the-novel-jane-eyre-by-charlotte-bronte.html |
Packing for College: Supplies Haul!
In two weeks I'll be moving into my very first college dorm room, and I am so excited!! I'll be attending Wheaton College in Norton, MA, and you can read more about my decision to attend this school here. Today is a post I've been waiting to create for AGES: a college supplies haul! Here are some … Continue reading Packing for College: Supplies Haul!
more books: Christmas!
Christmas has come and gone yet again, but I'm happy to say that I received some fabulous books from good ol' Saint Nick. Let's get started, shall we? Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte Great Expectations by Charles Dickens Last of the Gaderene by Mark Gatiss Dreams of Empire by Justin … Continue reading more books: Christmas! | https://nutfreenerd.com/tag/haul/ |
More Books: College, Canada, and B.J. Novak, Oh My!
I haven’t done one of these posts in a while, mainly because I’ve been trying not to buy so many books! This past month I took wonderful trip to Barnes and Noble and bought a few books there, and then I also received some copies in the mail that were sent to me for review. […]
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more books: Christmas!
Christmas has come and gone yet again, but I’m happy to say that I received some fabulous books from good ol’ Saint Nick. Let’s get started, shall we? Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte Great Expectations by Charles Dickens Last of the Gaderene by Mark Gatiss Dreams of Empire by Justin […]
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more books: ¡en español! | https://nutfreenerd.com/category/books/more-books/ |
Throughout the novel, the reader follows Jane Eyre on a journey of development from adolescence to maturity to show that a desire for freedom and change motivates people to search for their own identity.
Brocklehurst, visiting the school for an inspection, has Jane placed on a tall stool before the entire assemblage after dropping and breaking a slate. But Jane wonders if this is true. In other words, during her stay at Thornfield and due to her interactions with its inhabitants, namely Rochester, Jane realizes what being a woman suggests.
But though she still loves him, Jane refuses to betray the God-given morals and principles she has always believed in. This becomes evident in the novel when Pip states? How to Write a Summary of an Article?
Bronte uses a fire motif to portray the burning unrestrained passions of Jane and her conflict with Rochester and Bertha in order to explore how unbridled passion, in the absence of rationality, clouds the perception of spiritual and societal morality.
The novel begins with young John Reed bullying Jane, who retaliates, with unwonted violence. Mikko Juan appears in a variety of small roles, but it is his performance as St. Reed gives Jane a letter that she had previously withheld out of spite.
With twenty shillings, the only money she has, she catches a coach that takes her to faraway Whitcross. Pip rejects Joe as a substitute father and looks on him as more of a friend.
From time to time, she hears strange, maniacal laughter coming from the third story. John arranges for Jane to teach a charity school for girls in the village of Morton. Gilbert particularly focuses on the power struggle between the characters of Jane and Rochester, the enigmatic man who employs Jane as a governess for his illegitimate daughter, and who eventually becomes her husband.
These things are representatives of the society that Rochester has always been a part of, and that he cannot break free of until they burn to the ground. Jane has transcended another barrier at her new post, moving from a working-class orphan bringing herself closer to a higher social position, but she is still "ambiguous," blurring the lines between classes.
John, who is wary of the stranger in his home. It is evident that this pilgrimage is a long and arduous one, a journey that few complete, and the author suggests that on top of the inherent difficulty of this journey, women have an even greater challenge before them.An Analysis of Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre words - 6 pages An Analysis of Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre is presented in the Victorian Period of England.
It is a novel which tells the story of a child's maturation into adulthood. Jane's developing personality has been shaped by her rough childhood. Religion in Jane Eyre; Charlotte Bronte and childhood; Literary context.
The status of prose fiction; Charlotte Bronte and the novel; Jane Eyre synopses. Note on chapter numbering; Volume 1 / Chapters 1 - Volume 1: Dedication and Preface Women in the later stages of Jane Eyre; Bertha Rochester: 'the madwoman in the attic' Jane's suitors.
Jane Eyre Mystery and Suspense.
Discuss how Charlotte Bronte creates mystery and suspense in Jane Eyre. Mystery and suspense play a key part in creating an atmosphere for the reader and foreshadowing coming events. The Jane Eyre study guide contains a biography of Charlotte Bronte, literature essays, a complete e-text, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a fu Jane Eyre is a book by Charlotte Brontë.
The period Charlotte Bronte lived in was a difficult time for women who yearned for the freedoms that men had. As exemplified in Bronte’s “ Jane Eyre,” even the strong-minded protagonist, Jane Eyre, feels an inherent subservience to the male counterparts in her life. | https://xyhyhee.rjphotoeditions.com/an-analysis-of-the-womans-identity-in-jane-eyre-a-novel-by-charlotte-bronte-51714fl.html |
Role of social class in jane eyre english literature essay
Jane eyre is set during the victorian period, at a time where a women's role in society was restrictive and repressive and class differences distinct a job. Essay: feminism in charlotte bronte's jane eyre rather passed through literature, such as this very novel there are some who argue that charlotte bronte's only intention was to argue the social structure of the time. Suffering through social class prejudice, exhibiting a teacher's guide to the signet classics edition of charlotte brontë's jane eyre 5 a timeline of british literature for the charles dickens publishes the pickwick papers and oliver twist thomas carlyle writes the. English literature (31,192) geography (1,582) health and social discuss the role and function of religion in jane eyre religion undeniably plays a critical role and function in the for purposes of this essay, the role of this device may refer to the effect of religion on the novel. English-language films british films fiction literature film jane eyre thornfield hall jane charlotte bront • oppressed by social class, by gender roles, absence of: miss temple adaptations and transformations sac - jane eyre - adaptations and transformations sac message body. English literature jane eyre themes print english society and its values blanche ingram the novel offers a picture of many sections however, she learns to respect the good qualities of the girls in her care - another measure of her social growth brontë does not seem to.
Wuthering heights by emily brontë wuthering heights, was published by emily brontë in 1847, the year before she died it is the only novel written by emily brontë, the sister of charlotte brontë whose novel jane eyre is still one of the most beloved novels of english literaturewuthering heights, which is much darker and more psychological. Goldfnger 1 alon goldfinger mrs cooney english 1h/period f 29 november 2013 victorian literature synthesis essay authors from england at the time of queen victoria brought readers many great novels some of the best novels of that time include great expectations and jane eyreduring the victorian era, people judged others by their social class. Revise and learn about the themes of charlotte brontë's jane eyre with bbc bitesize gcse english literature (edexcel) homepage accessibility it is also presented through jane's role as a governess and the money she later receives in her uncle's will how is social class presented in jane. 'jane eyre' is an authentic captivation of the victorian era and the social standings of its time the novel has an undeniable appreciation for.
Literature aspects of literature augustan literature a social class or even a nation - it refers to the situation of women jane eyre » gender and the role of women now related material only connect the status quo feminism. They novels were admitted as sensational and now they count as a part of the english classicism literature 'jane eyre' is the search for love and family, differences between social classes and role of english literature essay writing service essays more english literature essays we. Women in jane eyre jane's female role models early female both of whom wrote novels which have since become english literature classics charlotte wrote jane eyre under the pen name 'currer bell' read more how to do well in your jane eyre essay decide what the key words of the. Video: feminism & gender roles in jane eyre ap english literature: during this period, social class was as much a determining factor as gender in shaping who you were, how you were viewed by others, and what kind of life you lived.
Investigate victorian social class structure, considering social class in english literature and from the text, from authoritative critical knowledge of the genre, or from authoritative criticism of the novel 3 jane eyre advanced placement literature teaching unit lecture. Some of them have social class and respectability but no money to support them brontë provides exactly what the readers wanted- jane eyre derives as much from literature as from life english literature.
Role of social class in jane eyre english literature essay
Charlotte bronte's writings reflect her opinions on women's roles in society and such opinion is shown in jane eyre essay on jane eyre by charlotte bronte 1407 words more about issues of social class in jane eyre by charlotte brontë essay jane eyre by charlotte brönte. Identity and independence in jane eyre angela andersson english c by a combination of feminist and psychoanalytical criticism and a close reading of jane eyre the aim of this essay is to analyze how jane‟s identity evolves „social castration‟ signifying lack of.
These discussion questions for jane eyre will give you something to talk about in class and in a study group, or to spark essay topics what role do dreams and visions play in jane eyre. Test your english literature skills in this enjoyable quiz jane eyre - themes this literature quiz is called 'jane eyre hated orphan girl to an independent, happily married and wealthy woman jane struggles against class-based prejudice. What role does jane's ambiguous social position play in determining the conflict of her story 4 jane eyre elements of literature: a study guide to jane eyre by charlotte brontë english ii curriculum. Class attitudes in the westminster review and jane eyre mary schwingen mat '95 (english 73 n jane eyre charlotte bront in jane eyre brontë simultaneously fosters democratic attitudes while perpetuating a rigidly class-based system of social relations. Kasdi merbah ouargla university faculty of letters and languages department of bronte touches on the issues of class, economics, and gender roles that affected victorian england at large novel jane eyre which mirrored a sample of english society and english literature of that time it is. Jane eyre themes from litcharts | the creators of sparknotes sign in teach your students to analyze literature like litcharts does detailed from working-class servants to aristocrats jane's social mobility lets brontë create a vast social landscape in her novel in which she. Yet these traits also contrast sharply with some of bronte's other female characters jane eyre can be labeled as a feminist role model due to her relationships with men which will lift jane into a new social class and therefore a new life if feminists english literature an.
Above all, not only similarities but also many dissimilarities are found in charulata and jane eyre in terms of setting, plot, structure, theme, women role, politics and social class jane eyre has pastoral setting but on contrary essays related to women's roles and struggles in jane. Unit: canterbury tales anchor text prologue (middle english) to the canterbury jane eyre, charlotte bronte informational texts the role social status has on society's perception of an individual. Below is an essay on social class in wuthering heights from anti essays, your source for research the characters of the novel are all thoroughly influenced by social class and position the image of the orphan in jane eyre wuthering heights lockwood in wuthering heights wuthering. The religious beliefs in jane eyre is one of the most popular assignments among students' documents 500 essays on religious beliefs in jane eyre choose the best solution for you jane eyre and social class. | http://doassignmentqxzd.ultimatestructuredwater.info/role-of-social-class-in-jane-eyre-english-literature-essay.html |
Jane Eyre implements both dramatic and verbal irony. Verbal irony (a situation in which a character says something but means the opposite, such as in the case of sarcasm) appears several times. One example arises on page 436 when Jane discusses her feelings concerning Rochester with Diana and Mary Rivers Jane Eyre : love and the symbolism of art RICHARD MOORE Jane Eyre is a love-story but it is one built on twin themes of moral dilemma. Mr Rochester, during the life-time of his le without religion and morality. St John Rivers later offers r without love. In this article I propose to trace the develop relating it to Jane's pictures and their implicit symbolism In Jane Eyre Charlotte Brontë delves into the hypocrisy and injustice of 19th-century conventions regarding gender and class roles. Gender and class determined what opportunities people could expect to have in life, whom they could marry, and how much education would be available to them Jane Eyre is a book by Charlotte Brontë. The Jane Eyre study guide contains a biography of Charlotte Bronte, literature essays, a complete e-text, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a fu..
In Jane Eyre, our heroine meets Mr. Rochester, who is a possible love interest, when she takes up position as a governess at his estate. There are many things that could hinder their quest for love, like the presence of doubt and suspicion Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre is one of the foremost works of British literature.At its heart, it's a coming-of-age story, but Jane Eyre is much more than girl-meets-and-marries boy.It marked a new style of fiction writing, relying on the title character's internal monologue for much of the story's action Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre opens at dreary Gateshead Hall, where the orphaned title character is compelled to live with her wealthy aunt. Here the young Jane appears reserved and unusual, a girl who says she can be happy at least in my way (9), implying that her brand of happiness is different than the traditional, and whom the reader does not yet understand
Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte applauds Jane's attempts to improve herself and maintain her independence despite the odds being stacked against her and reveals Jane's indomitable spirit. The reader. The Jane Eyre quotes below all refer to the symbol of Fire and Ice. For each quote, you can also see the other characters and themes related to it (each theme is indicated by its own dot and icon, like this one: ) The Reed family are related to Jane Eyre by blood, but are consistently unkind to her. Mrs. Reed represents herself as a guardian of morals, but is self-deluding and cruel Jane Eyre. If Jane had her way, she would probably tell us that she doesn't have any character to... Mr. Edward Rochester. Mr. Rochester is stern-featured, heavy-browed, craggy-faced, rude, abrupt, horny, twice.. Jane tells the man, who is in his late-thirties and not handsome, that she is the governess at Thornfield and helps him hobble to his horse. Then horse, man, and dog all vanish. Meditating upon the experience, Jane is happy to have offered active assistance
Explanation of the famous quotes in Exit West, including all important speeches, comments, quotations, and monologues Jane is led through the unfamiliar, labyrinthine halls of Lowood, until she reaches a large room in which eighty other girls sit doing their homework. Soon it is bedtime, and Jane wearily makes her way to bed. The next day, Jane follows the full routine of the school, studying from pre-dawn until five o'clock in the evening
Jane Eyre is the story of a young, orphaned girl (shockingly, she's named Jane Eyre) who lives with her aunt and cousins, the Reeds, at Gateshead Hall. Like all nineteenth-century orphans, her situation pretty much sucks. Mrs. Reed hates Jane and allows her son John to torment the girl Jane Eyre is a novel of twists and turns, sinister secrets, and life-altering surprises. Irony With Jane & Rochester. Symbols & Symbolism in Jane Eyre 5:1 Jane Eyre, 1996 Film A recent big-budget film version of Jane Eyre, directed by the famous and fantastic Franco Zeffirelli. Jane Eyre, 1944 Film This is the vintage classic film version, starring Orson Welles and Joan Fontaine. Not as snazzy and new as some of the other versions, but charming in its own way, if you like that sort of thing Wide Sargasso Sea is a rewriting of Charlotte Bronte's classic nineteenth-century gothic bildungsroman Jane Eyre (1847). In Bronte's novel, Bertha Mason is more monster than human, locked away for a decade in secret, in the attic of Thornfield Hall, where her demonic laughter and savage snarls disturb the residents of the mansion, including Jane Eyre
Quotes from Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre. Learn the important quotes in Jane Eyre and the chapters they're from, including why they're important and what they mean in the context of the book Irony in Jane Eyre Bliss by Katherine Mansfield: Summary, Themes It is possible that Jane is a typo for Jennie since Jennie lives in the house and has been a caretaker for the narrator Wide Sargasso Sea. Wide Sargasso Sea requires a familiarity with Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre (1847). In Brontë's novel, Jane is prevented from marrying Rochester by the presence of a madwoman in the attic, his insane West Indian wife who finally perishes in the fire which she sets, burning Rochester's house and blinding him, but clearing the way for Jane to wed him
Notes 1 Characters Major Jane Eyre described as not the prettiest girl In the from ENG ENGLISH LI at Wayne State Universit 'Jane Eyre' by Charlotte Brontë is the complicated love story of Jane and Rochester. In this lesson, we will learn how the author uses figurative language to describe Jane's emotional state. Instant downloads of all 1434 LitChart PDFs (including The Yellow Wallpaper). LitCharts Teacher Editions. Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. The original text plus a side-by-side. Symbols in Jane Eyre. Author: Erika Created Date: 11/21/2017 11:53:10 Title: Symbols in Jane Eyre Last modified by: Jill Nitsche.
Yet the chestnut tree still lives despite the blow and Jane and Rochester's love will survive too. In the end, Jane and Rochester's firm base and strong roots will bring them back together again to be a ruin but an entire ruin. Their relationship will be whole again but it is no longer the vibrant and passionate love that it once was Jane Eyre. Search this site. Home. About the Novel. Charlotte Bronte. Story Summary. Symbols. Themes. Sitemap. Home > Symbols. The Red-Room. This is one of the first symbols which is encountered in this novel. In the beginning of the book Jane was locked in this room. In a sense this room was a symbol of things which she had to overcome. Jane Eyre-the main character starts out the book at the age of ten. She at this point is an orphan, living with her cold Aunt Reed and cruel cousins. Jane is regarded as plain of looks. Her neglected childhood leads to an attitude of rebellion and Jane is often punished for her tantrums, and physically abused
In most novels a motif represents one thing, in Jane Eyre the motif of fire changes as Jane gets older, more mature and meets new people. In the beginning of the novel fire represents comfort to Jane. This changes to passion as Jane gets older and meets Mr. Rochester, When Jane is young fire represents comfort even in places she does not like or feel comfortable like Gateshead or lowood Jane Eyre 2. Jane Eyre: a Bildungsroman of a She can also be interpreted as a symbol: she could represents the britain fear that psychologically locked away the other cultures during the period of imperialism; Bertha was in fact from jamaica Synopsis: Jane Eyre is an orphan cast out as a young girl by her aunt, Mrs. Reed, and sent to be raised in a harsh charity school for girls. There she learns to become a teacher and eventually seeks employment outside the school. Her advertisement is answered by the housekeeper of Thornfield Hall, Mrs. Fairfax
Jane was sent to Lowood Institution, an asylum for orphans, because her aunt Mrs. Reed did not want to take care of her anymore. However, Jane was happy that she could leave her aunt and hoped that she would start a better life from now on Jane Eyre was written by Charlotte Bronte in 1847.This quiz is about Jane's early life, up until she reaches the age of ten. This includes her time with her aunt and her life at Lowood as a pupil. Average GreenGal Jul 18 09 564 plays 12. Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte, Part 2 10 questions Average. Those who remember Jane Eyre solely as required reading in high-school English class likely recall most vividly its over-the-top Gothic tropes: a childhood banishment to a death-haunted room, a. Jane is told that in order for her to be successful and not go to hell, she must act civilized and like a Victorian woman. She does not want to be dependent on a man and to have no impact on the world. She wants to be independent. Although Jane is a child when she says this, she doesn't say she should be good- she says she shouldn't die
When Jane first meets her, Adèle's only been in England for a few months, and she's never really been asked to study or apply herself; all she really cares about are clothes and getting attention by showing off her singing and dancing skills (all learned from her mom, so mostly inappropriately mature for a little girl) This study guide and infographic for Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre offer summary and analysis on themes, symbols, and other literary devices found in the text. Explore Course Hero's library of literature materials, including documents and Q&A pairs Charlotte Brontë'sJane Eyre features houses that become witnesses in the development of the events in the novel. The novel is set in not only one house, butfour, oreven five if we would count Lowood Institution as a house since it is a boarding school.The houses also become witnesses of Jane's evolution as the principal character and primary perspective of the novel If Jane Eyre were an allegory, Helen would basically be a walking version of the New Testament instructions to turn the other cheek and bless them that curse you and love your enemies. Constantly victimized by the nasty teacher Miss Scatcherd, Helen never seems to take offense at the way she's treated and even tries to see things from Miss Scatcherd's perspective
Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre opens with Jane, an orphaned, isolated ten-year-old, living with a family that dislikes her. She grows in strength, excels at school, becomes a governess, and falls in love with Edward Rochester. After being deceived by him, Jane goes to Marsh End, where she regains her spirituality and discovers her own strength ― Charlotte Brontë, Jane Eyre. tags: feminism, gender-equality, jane-eyre. 996 likes. Like Even for me life had its gleams of sunshine. ― Charlotte Brontë, Jane Eyre. tags: depression, life, loneliness, sunshine. 964 likes. Like We know that God is everywhere. Charlotte Bronte's 1847 novel, Jane Eyre, tells the iconic love story of the penniless governess and her brooding employer, Mr. Rochester. But it is Jane's childhood home, Gateshead , that shapes. Once Jane realizes that he's the natural end-point of that philosophy, she goes running back to her true love, Rochester, as fast as she can—Bertha or no Bertha. Remember, Jane Eyre ends with St. John Rivers; he's the last character we think about, alone out there in India, missionary-ing and stuff Jane Eyre, in particular, falls into the tradition of the late eighteenth and nineteenth century gothic novels. Gothic elements can be seen in the mystery behind Thornfield and Rochester's past. There is also a prevalent theme of the supernatural, such as the appearance of Mr. Reed's ghost, the ghoulish and sinister laughter of Bertha Mason, and Rochester's disembodied voice calling out.
See Plot Diagram Summary. Jane Eyre is the coming-of-age story, or bildungsroman, of an orphan girl in early 19th-century Britain. The novel takes place in the early 1800s at fictional locations in northern England. Orphaned shortly after her birth, 10-year-old Jane Eyre lives at Gateshead Hall with her aunt, Mrs. Reed, and the Reed children, Eliza, John, and Georgiana Religion in Jane Eyre compared with other literary texts. Victorian Endings: Jane Eyre: Victorian Ideals and God's Triumph; Fantasy, Realism, and Narrative in Jane Eyre and Alice in Wonderland. Idolatry in Hudson's Statue and Jane Eyre; Moral Sympathy in the Alice books and Jane Eyre v Passion, Dreams, and the Supernatural in Jane Eyre and.
Jane Eyre 2409 Words | 10 Pages. Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre emerges with a unique voice in the Victorian period for the work posits itself as a sentimental novel; however, it deliberately becomes unable to fulfill the genre, and then, it creates an altogether divergent novel that demonstrates its superiority by adding depth of structure in narration and character portrayal Charlotte Bronte's 1847 masterpiece ''Jane Eyre'' is more than one of the most iconic love stories in all of literature. In it, Symbols & Symbolism in Jane Eyre 5:1 In select theatres March 11, 2011LIKE Jane Eyre on Facebook: http://facebook.com/JaneEyreMovie Mia Wasikowska (Alice in Wonderland) and Michael Fassbend.. Jane Eyre / d͡ʒ e ɪ n ' ɛ ː ə / est un roman de Charlotte Brontë, publié le 16 octobre 1847 à Londres par Smith, Elder & Co., sous le pseudonyme de Currer Bell. Le récit, à la première personne, se présente comme l'autobiographie de l'héroïne. Le roman paraît en France, pour la première fois en 1855, dans une traduction tronquée, sous le titre Jane Eyre ou Mémoires d.
Jane Eyre, An Autobiography, een roman geschreven door de Engelse schrijfster Charlotte Brontë onder het pseudoniem Currer Bell, verscheen in 1847 en wordt gerekend tot de hoogtepunten van de wereldliteratuur.. Het boek heeft 38 hoofdstukken, waarin het titelpersonage Jane Eyre als ik-verteller haar verhaal vertelt in chronologische volgorde. De ik verschuift regelmatig van vertellend. Charlotte Bronte - Jane Eyre: Bilder und Symbole - Anglistik / Literatur - Hausarbeit 2000 - ebook 6,99 € - GRI
Mrs. Reed reveals that Jane's uncle John Eyre asked to adopt Jane three years ago, and she told him Jane died at Lowood. Mrs. Reed reveals that she was always bothered by the favoritism her. Discover and share Feminist Quotes In Jane Eyre. Explore our collection of motivational and famous quotes by authors you know and love Jane Eyre is an independant woman, and only once she is comfortable with herself and her status that she worked hard for does she settle down. Jane Eyre, in a sense, does conform to the ways of the social norm for Victorian women, but not in the ways one might think The Two Faces of Thornfield Hall. Charlotte Bronte's iconic 1847 novel Jane Eyre introduces readers to one of the most famous love stories of all time, that between the brooding aristocrat Edward. Jane Eyre Themes. T he main themes in Jane Eyre are Christian morality, the search for home, and passion and love.. Christianity and Morality: Jane encounters various perspectives on Christianity.
Charlotte Bronte - Jane Eyre: Bilder und Symbole - Anglistik / Literatur - Hausarbeit 2000 - ebook 6,99 € - Hausarbeiten.d Looking at the two main characters' growth and development, one perceives that Jane Eyre has the structure of a double Bildungsroman, According to R. B. Martin, action . moves towards the maturity and self-knowledge of its two central characters Get an answer for 'What roles do the symbols of ice and fire play in Jane Eyre?' and find homework help for other Jane Eyre questions at eNote Get an answer for 'In Bronte's Jane Eyre, examine the use of imagery and symbolism in the depiction of central themes in the novel.' and find homework help for other Jane Eyre questions at eNote In Wide Sargasso Sea, I think the moth could be some sort of symbol for Antoinette and her life. At the moth's first encounter with fire, it is more stunned than hurt. It is able to fly away with some assistance and seems to find safety/freedom among the stars unless the candles remain lit (human interference/control would lead to it getting hurt again, in other words) Jane Eyre will always be haunted by her lonely troubled childhood but she is one of those people who pull through and make the best of a bad start.However, her origins come into play by making. | https://stammer-forsvann-nasta.com/feminist-quotes-in-jane-eyre/ze9zq36404hvzpg |
Adapting a classic novel to the big screen is always a dicey proposition. The screen writer and director have a limited amount of time, yet there is so much in a classic novel that readers depend on for a satisfying experience. Indeed, there is so much that is germane to the internal logic of a novel of depth that the story itself is resistant to adaptation within a two hour format. That was proven conclusively with the BBC film Pride and Prejudice, presented as a television mini-series five hours long.
Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre presents particular problems because each of the three distinct elements of the story warrants telling, yet the third section is difficult to fit into a film. Adapted for the screen by Hugh Whitemore and legendary director Franco Zeffirelli, this 1996 script, like others before it, concentrates on Jane’s childhood and her relationship with the master of Thornfield Hall, but compresses the third part of the book into a few hasty minutes.
For a full synopsis of the story, I refer readers to my review of the novel Jane Eyre. In short, it is the story of a girl, Jane Eyre (Anna Paquin), in the middle years of 19th Century in England, orphaned and mistreated by her aunt, then sent to an impoverished school for girls. She grows up to become a teacher (Charlotte Gainsbourg) and is employed at Thornfield Hall by the housekeeper, Mrs. Fairfax (Joan Plowright) as governess for a little French, ward of the master of the hall, Mr. Edward Rochester (William Hurt). She falls in love with him, but he is married to a madwoman, so Jane runs away and is taken in by a clergyman, St. John (Samuel West) and his sisters. The clergyman employs her as a school teacher, but asks her to become his wife and travel with him as a missionary. She refuses and instead goes back to Thornfield Hall, only to find that it has been destroyed in a fire. Discovering that Rochester’s mad wife died in the blaze, she reunites with the man she loves.
Director Franco Zeffirelli is a master at camera composition, use of landscape, and color and this film certainly reflects that. It is beautiful in every respect and can be enjoyed simply for that aspect. Both Anna Paquin and Charlotte Gainsbourg are wonderful as Jane Eyre at ten and seventeen. They look so much alike that they are certainly believable as the same person. That Gainsbourg is made to look plain is a step above most adaptations of the novel and it makes her extra believable in the role. She also infuses the character with the simplicity and independence that make Jane Eyre such a memorable character. The creation of Jane Eyre in this film is really terrific! William Hurt is fine as Rochester, though he is plainly a little too good looking for the part. There are also a few times when I didn’t believe him as an Englishman, although there is nothing glaring about the performance. It is solid, but not overly impressive. The supporting cast is really terrific, especially Joan Plowright as Mrs. Fairfax, Leanne Rowe as Helen Burns, John Wood as Mr. Brocklehurst, Fiona Shaw as Mrs. Reed, Geraldine Chaplin as Miss Scatcherd, Amanda Root as Miss Temple, Billie Whitelaw as Grace Poole, and Maria Schneider as Rochester’s mad wife Bertha. Elle McPherson, the model, also makes a cameo as Blanche Ingram, the society woman set on marrying Rochester for his money.
Zeffirelli spends adequate time on Jane’s childhood, especially in framing the friendship between her and Helen Burns. The middle section that concentrates on the evolving relationship between Jane and Rochester is extremely well done. The affection between them is difficult to achieve, partly because they are such different people, but Gainsbourg and Hurt work very well together and Zeffirelli helps the viewers to see it happening without using words. It is masterfully done.
Whitemore and Zeffirelli take a big chance, however, by introducing the characters of St. John and his sister Mary as go-betweens when Jane’s aunt Mrs. Reed becomes ill before dying. Although it tightens up the plot in a creative way, it also puts in place the means of Jane ending up with them later on and leads the screenwriters to completely eliminate what might be the best scene in the entire work: Jane’s wandering the moors alone after she leaves Rochester. In the novel and in other screen adaptations the scene is extremely powerful. Jane, without caring for her own life, wanders aimlessly, sleeps in a ditch and is at death’s doorstep when she stumbles onto St. John’s home. By cutting out that scene, the screen writers have her go directly to St. John based on his prior association with her and her illness is skirted over very quickly. Likewise, Jane’s enormous confusion over St. John’s proposal is also missing. In the novel, her thoughts on the proposal provide the entire basis for her return to seek out Rochester and that inner logic hurts the entire last part of the movie.
On the other hand, Zeffirelli brings the film in at slightly under two hours. It is a beautiful movie, with many positive aspects to it, not the least of which is the most believable Jane I’ve yet seen. Paquin and Gainsbourg are absolutely marvelous and that means a lot in a story that absolutely depends on the believability of the title character. I find it a little annoying that William Hurt has top billing because his character is truly ancillary to Jane.
It is a good film and should be seen by all fans of Jane Eyre.
Read my review of the novel Jane Eyre, by Charlotte Bronte!
This 1847 classic novel both delights and confounds a modern reader.
Told mostly in first person past (with brief lapses into first person present) by the heroine, Jane Eyre, the book was originally subtitled An Autobiography. It begins with Jane as a young girl of ten years as an orphan living with her Aunt Reed at Gateshead Hall.
Read my review of the 1997 ITV movie of Jane Eyre.
This film adaptation of the classic novel Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontë was originally aired on Great Britain’s ITV in March of 1997 runs approximately one hour and 45 minutes. Obviously, a great deal had to be cut from the story in order to fit it into that kind of time parameter, but Kay Mellor’s script concentrates rightly on the romance between Jane Eyre and Edward Rochester and the Gothic suspense of Thornfield.
Read my review of the 2011 Cary Fukunaga movie of Jane Eyre.
This adaptation of Charlotte Brontë’s classic novel Jane Eyre was produced in 2011. Directed by Cary Fukunaga from a script by Moira Buffini, this is clearly the best of the recent movie versions of the novel. Ms. Buffini’s script is faithful to the novel, yet innovative in the way it tells the story, bringing a passion lacking in the other attempts. | https://paulwakebaker.com/tag/1996/ |
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Charlotte Bronte has long been considered as an outstanding woman literary figure in the Victorian time. Despite of the largely autobiographical content of her novels, Charlotte Bronte breaks the conventional, and ignorant in the nineteenth century. Her novel, Jane Eyre, has been translated into many languages and is always high in reading popularity. The highly acclaimed Jane Eyre best demonstrates the breakthrough: its heroine is a plain woman who possesses the characteristics of intelligence, self—confidence, a will of her own.Charlotte Bronte, as well as her sister, lived and died in the first part of 19th century. At that time, there had long been the rapid industry growth in England.
Connected with the improvement in industry and transportation there came the rise of a kind of new ruling class, the owners of the mills and miners of the industrial age, who began to compete with the old landed gentry. In order to improve themselves, they tried to provide a good education for their children.This opened a new opportunity for the impoverished gentlewomen to take the career as governesses. In this economic and social situation, girls of good background began to go out to work.
It was with this situation in mind that the Bronte sisters made their plans for earning their living, which would be necessary if they were unmarried when their father died. The position of the governess was as uncomfortable one, for, though they were of higher class than servants, they could not reach the level of family.Consequently, they often suffered from loneliness and humiliation. Charlotte Bronte, the third and oldest of the “Bronte sisters”, was born in Haworth, Yorkshire in 1816.
Her father, Mr. Bronte was a poor clergyman in a little village. Because there were so many children in her family and all were born in so short time, and because her mother become very ill with cancer, she and her sisters were let much on their own.
Isolated in the moors, they cherished in their souls the love of liberty.After the death of the mother, Charlotte and her sisters, except the youngest, were sent in 1824 to a charity school at Cowan Bridge—the Clergy Daughters School for the daughters of poor clergy-men, which prevented the girls from having normal mental growth, for the school’s object was to bring them up submissive slaves to the rich, was just like a prison. ” The site was low, damp, and unhealthy, the food unappetizing, and the rules very strict for children accustomed to affection and freedom.
” After two of the sister died in the school, Charlotte and Emily were brought home and educated by her father.And Charlotte had a good time with her sisters. Once the children’s chores and lessons were done, they were free to read or play as they pleased. Their powerful imagination added strange and marvelous fantasies to the fact they heard or read. Soon they began to invent their own stories.
In 1847, Charlotte published Jane Eyre, which brought her fame and placed her in the ranks of fore—most English realistic writers. In the writing of Jane Eyre, Charlotte drew a great deal from her own life experience. And we can find that it was very extremely same of Jane’s life—experience and the author’s.Charlotte expressed her own feeling, idea and thoughts through the words of Jane Eyre. And the author used the first person in the novel to show the reality of the novel. Jane first appears an orphan lodging with her aunt, who resents her and shamelessly favors her own children.
Later, Jane is sent away to a charity school run by Mr. Brocklehurst, where through the harsh regime, she learns how to survive and eventually succeeds in becoming a teacher there herself. She advertises for a post as governess, and is appointed to care for Adele, the ward of Edward Rochester at Thornfield Hall.What attracts Rochester to Jane is not her looks, as she is small and plain, but the honesty with which she speaks her mind, and her practical common sense, which enables her to save his life; above all, her wit and sensitivity, which help her cope with social complexity. He proposes marriage, but she discovers at the altar that he already has a life, Bertha, a lunatic woman who is kept in the attic at Thornfield.
In her mind, Jane does not think it right to become Rochester’s mistress and decides to leave Thornfield.At the critical moment of her life, she is rescued by the Rivers family, who coincidently turns out to cousins and tells Jane that she is the heiress to a decent sum of money sufficient to give her the economic security for life. St.
John Rivers, who is planning to go to India as a missionary, asks her to marry him and follow him in his calling. On the point of accepting the offer, Jane hears a supernatural cry from Rochester. She rushes back to Thornfield only to find that the house has been burned down by Bertha, and Rochester himself has been maimed and blinded in an unsuccessful attempt to save his wife.Now Jane decided that it is time that she can marry him. The protagonist of the novel asks only for the simple- “recognition that the same heart and the same spirit animate both men and women, and that love is the pairing of equals in these spheres.
”1 (It’s quoted in George P. Landow’s article In What Sense is Jane Eyre a Feminist Novel, 2000) The famous plea that women ought not to be confined to “making pudding and knitting stockings, the playing on the piano and embroidering bags” (Jane Eyre,P111) is not propaganda for equal employment but for recognition of woman’s emotional nature and the independent state of her life.Jane’s insistence on liberty of mind and feeling, liberty to develop oneself to the full is thoroughly illustrated in her declaration she makes when she believes Rochester will marry Blanche Ingram: “I am a free human being with an independent will; which I now exert to leave you. ” (Jane Eyre,P256) The fulfilling happiness of her own marriage to him is expressed in terms of freedom: “To be together is for us to be at once as free as in solitude, as gay as in company. | https://freebooksummary.com/early-feminism-in-jane-eyre |
Love is an intense feeling of deep affection and usually emotional connection with the other person. It may apply to different kinds of regard, but the strongest one appears as romantic feeling between male and female. Love and marriage go hand in hand with each other. Love is usually the driving force of any successful marriage, when two people decide to be united in a consensual relationship documented by law. In the majority of societies and cultures, when two people fall in love, the feeling to get married strengthens. Nevertheless, it was not accepted at all times. Moreover, arranged marriages are still practiced nowadays (Hendrick & Hendrick 785).
The conflict of Bronte’s novel Jane Eyre is founded on the Victorian community and its attitude to love and marriage, women and their behavior. In this way, Charlotte Bronte reflected her opposition to the British ideology of the Victorian era. Jane Eyre gives more insight into this problem. Should marriage focus on the feelings rather than a position in society? That is the question put by author.
Love and Marriage in Jane Eyre
There are a number of themes in the book. Love, marriage, and independence are the dominant ones. When women’s liberation was impossible, relationships between men and women were unequal in the male dominated world of Jane Eyre. Jane Eyre is the main heroine, who narrates her story from the age of ten till twenty-two. From the early childhood, her life was not easy being. Still, the author depicts the main heroine as a strong personality and a woman of will. Despite her strong wish to be independent, Jane Eyre serves for valuable, belonging and romantic love. She is ready to hurt herself in order to achieve love. Nevertheless, Jane Eyre is not just a woman, who is falling in love, but it is also a person with her own principles and original way of thinking. During her life, she is searching for her place in the world meeting with new people, gaining new experience and overcoming a considerable number of obstacles.
Love and Marriage for Rochester and People of That Time
Women’s marriage was the memorial for their independence in the Victorian epoch. Marriage was arranged by the families at that time. It was based on money and social class, on the contrary to love (Soames). Like others, Edward married Bertha and his marriage failed within a couple of months. Instead of providing care for Bertha, Edward uses his power and money to lockher up with Grace Pool. Through Mr. Edward Rochester, the author illustrates the subject of class in the society. He brings to show the typical marriage setting of the time. Paradoxically, a girl from a poor family stole his heart, and Mr. Rochester married with Jane despite the public opinion. That is how the author tends to highlight that money cannot buy love and true affection.
Love and Marriage for Jane Eyre
On the wedding day, Jane finds out that Mr. Rochester has been already married to a mad lady. Though she understands that he does not have any feelings to his wife, and he was forced to marry her, Jane does not accept his invitation to live in France with him as his wife and leaves Edward. Jane’s dream to be with her beloved cannot be realized, because of her desire to live a pure life.
Jane disagrees to marry St. John too, as she had no emotional feelings towards this person. If to look at this relationship more closely, it becomes clear that St. John is one of the key figures on the life path of Jane Eyre. He gave her everything that enabled her to have a happy life, full of love and passion, just as she wanted it to be. If not her cousin, she will not end up with her soul mate.
Jane’s marriage with Rochester is considered more than just an independent action. Jane blindly fell in love with Rochester and stays with him after he lost his eyesight and hand in the fire (Bronte).
Charlotte’s Opinion about Love and Marriage
Jane Eyre is an autobiographical story that is based on the life experience of Charlotte Bronte. However, she gave herself space both for creativity and coverage of important issues. The author’s goal was to share the main lesson of life rather than tell the autobiographical events. The conclusion is quite clear – to follow one’s heart and never give up when facing hardships.
Standard of behavior for Jane Eyre
Jane Eyre stands out as a person practicing justice, human dignity, and morality. She comes along many men proposing her, but she is on the way of finding her true love. Miss Eyre believes that it is better be alone than with somebody, whom does not love. Jane does not care about appearance of the man she chose as well as his wealth. Love for her means to care about that person without thinking of own well-being. She is faithful to her feelings, because of the inner world and pure love. Jane has gone through a lot of obstacles and challenges in her lifee, which made her immensely brave, strong, persistent, emotional, sensitive, and faithful at the same time.
Interview about Jane Eyre
What is love for Jane Eyre? The marriage of Rochester and Bertha was autonomy and did not include love, but Jane thinks quite differently: "Whenever I marry," she continued, after a pause which none interrupted, "I am resolved my husband shall not be a rival, but a foil to me. I will suffer no competitor near the throne; I shall exact an undivided homage: his devotions shall not be shared between me and the shape he sees in his mirror”(Bronte 128).
Can the marriage remain a frigid compromising to the emotional independence? Jane’s considerations are described in this way: “Can I receive from him the bridal ring, endure all the forms of love (which I doubt not he would scrupulously observe) and know that the spirit was quite absent? Can I bear the consciousness that every endearment he bestows is a sacrifice made on principle? As a sister, I might accompany him....” (Bronte 203).
Can Jane stay with a disabled man, whom she loves? On the question whether she will accompany Mr. Rochester’s life Jane replays: “Do you think I feared him in his blind ferocity?—If you do, you little know me. A soft hope blessed with my sorrow that soon I should dare to drop a kiss on that brow of rock, and on those lips so sternly sealed beneath it: but not yet” (Radish).
Summary
To conclude, the protagonist is not typical character for a woman of that time. She sets an example of honesty, faithfulness, and pure love. Despite all problems and difficulties, Jane saved her innocent soul and heart. It is established that the ways of human behavior in the field of love and marriage today are the same, as they were years ago. Although there are many books about personal relationships, this is a unique one. The novel gives a picture of the complicated problems in spiritual and social life of those British Empire. Thus, it was written to provoke contradictory reactions.
It is quite easy to perceive, why Jane Eyre is considered a classic masterpiece even now, centuries after its publication. The question of love in marriage is an issue of interest at all times. Charlotte Bronte has found the feeling of love being valid and perceptible. Obviously, arranged marriages or other ones should be based on love and concern first of all things, but only with further dedication and efforts to sustain the marriage. | http://prime-writing.com/essays/literature/love-marriage-and-behavior-in-jane-eyre.php |
This research study will be dealing with the subject matter of the para-gothicism in the novels of Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre and Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights. It will be very necessary to give the basics of the subject matter, before the broader look will be given the subject matter in the review of literature.
It will be very necessary to first of all make an absolute definition of what a gothic novel is. Gothic fiction, sometimes referred to as Gothic horror, is a genre or mode of literature that combines elements of both horror and romance. Gothicism’s origin is attributed to English author Horace Walpole, with his 1764 novel The Castle of Otranto, subtitled “A Gothic Story”. The effect of Gothic fiction feeds on a pleasing sort of terror, an extension of Romantic literary pleasures that were relatively new at the time of Walpole’s novel. Melodrama and parody (including self-parody) were other long-standing features of the Gothic initiated by Walpole.
Generally, the tone and mood of gothic novels are brooding and somber. Often, female protagonists find themselves in the midst of conspiracies, in the clutches of mysterious or sinister people (usually men), and people tend to harbour (dark!) secrets. The male protagonist, who may be the romantic interest, is often brooding and charismatic. The landscape and/or climate are often inhospitable, and the author may use pathetic fallacy to good effect. Buildings, dwellings, and architecture are often scary or mysterious–there may be secret rooms, or rooms with special significance.
Narratives revolve around the macabre, the supernatural, and death quite a bit. People are sometimes ‘haunted’ by memories of dead loved ones. Other times, the supernatural element is explained away, though. i.e., the main characters think there’s a ghost, but a rational explanation for seemingly supernatural events is revealed. Protagonists’ psychology is important too: a lot of the times, these stories are rooted in some deep fears of death, sex, etc., and so a lot of the terror may be in their imagination–which does not necessarily make it less terrifying.
Para-Gothicism is not a rediscovery of the gothic, but rather a rebirth of that style; it is also a modern name for Gothicism. According to The Merriam Webster Dictionary, it is defined as relating and constituting the revival or adaptation of the Gothic, especially in literature or architecture.
The Gothic motifs and forms are imitated. This genre could be said to be broad and hybrid in nature. It covers three genres:
- The Gothic novels – This utilizes the mysterious, the supernatural, the horrific, and romantic.
- The romance novel – This lays emphasis on love and passion and represents the notion of two lovers destined for each other.
- The Bildungsroman – It is a narration of a character’s internal development as he/she undergoes a succession of encounters with the external world
In architectural terms parallel to the ascendancy of the neo-Gothic styles in the 19th century in England, interest spread rapidly to the continent of Europe, Australia, South Africa, and America. The number of Gothic revival and structures built in the 19th and 20th centuries has exceeded the numbers of authentic Gothic structures that had been built previously. Today for instance, the Gothic style of architecture has been imitated in churches, military academies and university buildings.
Also, Jane Eyre is a novel by English writer Charlotte Brontë. It was published in London, England, in 1847 by Smith, Elder & Co. with the title Jane Eyre. An Autobiography under the pen name “Currer Bell.” The first American edition was released the following year by Harper & Brothers of New York. The Penguin edition describes it as an “influential feminist text” because of its in-depth exploration of a strong female character’s feelings.
The novel merges elements of three distinct genres. It has the form of a Bildungsroman, a story about a child’s maturation, focusing on the emotions and experiences that accompany growth to adulthood. The novel also contains much social criticism, with a strong sense of morality at its core, and finally has the brooding and moody quality and Byronic character typical of Gothic fiction.
It is a novel often considered ahead of its time due to its portrayal of the development of a thinking and passionate young woman who is both individualistic, desiring for a full life, while also highly moral. Jane evolves from her beginnings as a poor and plain woman without captivating charm to her mature stage as a compassionate and confident whole woman. As she matures, she comments much on the complexities of the human condition. Jane also has a deeply pious personal trust in God, but is also highly self-reliant. Although Jane suffers much, she is never portrayed as a damsel in distress who needs rescuing. For this reason, it is sometimes regarded as an important early feminist (or proto-feminist) novel.
Also taking a look at Wuthering Heights, it is a novel by Emily Brontë published in 1847. It was her only novel and written between December 1845 and July 1846. It remained unpublished until July 1847 and was not printed until December after the success of her sister Charlotte Brontë’s novel Jane Eyre. It was finally printed under the pseudonym Ellis Bell; a posthumous second edition was edited by Charlotte.
The title of the novel comes from the Yorkshire manor on the moors of the story. The narrative centres on the all-encompassing, passionate but doomed love between Catherine Earnshaw and Heathcliff, and how this unresolved passion eventually destroys them and many around them.
Today considered a classic of English literature, Wuthering Heights was met with mixed reviews when it first appeared, mainly because of the narrative’s stark depiction of mental and physical cruelty. Although Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre was generally considered the best of the Brontë sisters’ works during most of the nineteenth century, many subsequent critics of Wuthering Heights argued that it was a superior achievement. Wuthering Heights has also given rise to many adaptations and inspired works, including films, radio, television dramatisations, a musical by Bernard J. Taylor, a ballet, three operas (respectively by Bernard Herrmann, Carlisle Floyd, and Frédéric Chaslin), a role-playing game, and a song by Kate Bush.
However, in the proceeding chapter, a broader look will be given to the subject matter and also we will be looking at what other writers have got to evaluate on Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre and Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights.
Statement of the Problem
There was a time in the last decades of the eighteenth century and the first half of the nineteenth century, reflected dimly in the prints, paintings and surviving relics of that era, which effectively symbolises our deep-rooted yearning to escape from the mindlessness of modern existence through its portal where glimpses of a beautiful, unpolluted world with clean, graceful architecture starkly contrasts with the smoke-discoloured edifices of concrete in today’s wilderness of ugly buildings set in a wasteland of dying forests. Such vistas, such colour and the pleasure they produce are of different orders to anything we now experience. So much so, that were we to glimpse, feel, smell and taste how life once was (against the natural background sound of birds, brooks and horses’ hooves instead of the cacophony of airplanes, industry and motor vehicles) we would probably think and indeed dream differently.
However, the problem of this research study is to unfold the Gothic genre and the romanticism, the demonstration of the finite and tragically self-consuming nature of passion in Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre and Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights.
Research Question
The following questions will help guide the research study to achieving its objectives.
- What is Gothicism?
- What is para-gothicism?
- What are the para-Gothic element in Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights, and Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre?
- What are the interrelationship between in Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights, and Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre?
Purpose of the Study
The purpose of this study is to examine the following:
- To understand the nature of Gothicism in its various context.
- The Gothic element in Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights, and Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre.
- And to also explore into interrelationship between in Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights, and Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre.
Significance of the Study
The importance of this research study cannot be overemphasized, by virtue of the fact that it is going to elucidate into an area that has long existed and has remained in diversified sense.
This study is highly significant in the sense that it will help the readers of this work especially students in the field of languages to further understand the diversifying nature of Gothicism.
Also, the novels whose Gothic nature is been poised into will be better understood and easily comprehended by the readers of this research study.
And to crown it all, this research study is also significant taking cognisance of the fact that it will also explore into the themes of the Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights, and Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre, and will elucidate on the relationships that does exist between these two Gothic novels.
Scope of the Study
This research study will be limited in scope only to the works of Charlotte Bronte and Emily Bronte novels, that is, Jane Eyre and Wuthering Heights respectively and to the review of related literature.
Operational Definition of Terms
Gothicism: is a genre or mode of literature that combines elements of both horror and romance.
Para-Gothicism: The combination of three genres (that is, Gothic, Romance, and the Bildungsroman).
Supernatural: is that which is not subject to the laws of nature, or more figuratively, that which is said to existing above and beyond nature.
Protagonist: Protagonist means the main character of a story.
Proto-feminist: Proto-feminist is a term used to define women in a philosophical tradition that anticipated modern feminist concepts.
Romance: Romance is a style of heroic prose and verse narrative that was popular in the aristocratic circles of High Medieval and Early Modern Europe. | https://projectwriters.com.ng/projects/the-element-of-para-gothicism-in-charlotte-brontes-jane-eyre-and-emily-brontes-wuthering-heights/ |
Books that matter
Books that move men: Camus’s The Outsider, Marquez’s One Hundred Years of Solitude, Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye and Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse Five.
Books that move women: Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird, Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre, The Women’s Room by Marilyn French and Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale.
The poll data are from the UK and the articles are interesting in their own right. Thanks to www.politicaltheory.info for the pointers. | https://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2006/04/books_that_matt.html |
NEW YORK (CBSNewYork) — The Morgan Library and Museum on Madison Avenue is exploring the life and work of author Charlotte Bronte in a new exhibition.
Curator Christine Nelson created the “Charlotte Bronte: An Independent Will” display for the anniversary of the author’s 200th birthday.READ MORE: Reports: Mets Closing In On Multi-Year Deal With Ace Max Scherzer
The exhibition opens with the famous blue floral print dress Bronte wore just a few years after publishing the classic novel “Jane Eyre” in 1947.READ MORE: Dr. Fauci Says He 'Would Not Be Surprised' If Omicron COVID Variant Is Already In U.S.
“I wanted to have that dress be the first thing visitors see as they enter the exhibition because it reminds us of the human being who inhabited it,” museum curator Christine Nelson told WCBS 880’s Jane Tillman Irving.
Bronte was a small-framed woman, standing only 4’9″ tall with an 18-inch waist. But in “Jane Eyre,” her voice is huge, assertive and stunning.
Eyre’s narrative is unforgettable — she speaks to the reader directly, expressing a full emotional range of a woman demanding to be treated as an equal.MORE NEWS: New York State Trooper Injured After Being Struck By Vehicle On RFK Bridge
“Charlotte Bronte: An Independent Will” will be on display at the Morgan Library through the Columbus Day weekend until January 2. | https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2016/10/09/charlotte-bronte-exhibition/ |
Here are the top 10 books for men and women:
MEN’S LIST
1 Albert Camus The Outsider
2 J.D. Salinger The Catcher in the Rye
3 Kurt Vonnegut Slaughterhouse-Five
4 Gabriel Garcia Marquez One Hundred Years of Solitude
5 J.R.R. Tolkien The Hobbit
6 Joseph Heller Catch-22
7 George Orwell 1984
8 F. Scott Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby
9 Milan Kundera The Book of Laughter and Forgetting
10 Harper Lee To Kill a Mockingbird
WOMEN’S LIST
1 Charlotte Bronte Jane Eyre
2 Emily Bronte Wuthering Heights
3 Margaret Atwood The Handmaid’s Tale
4 George Eliot Middlemarch
5 Jane Austen Pride and Prejudice
6 Toni Morrison Beloved
7 Doris Lessing The Golden Notebook
8 Joseph Heller Catch-22
9 Marcel Proust Remembrance of Things Past
10 Jane Austen Persuasion
A related question: | https://javieraparicio.net/2006/06/15/life-changing-readings/ |
Updated October 10, 2022
The development of English Novel owes immensely to the contributions of women novelists and those of 19th century especially. Although, a number of outstanding women novelists in the 18th century enriched this genre of literature, the trend gathered momentum in the 19th century.
In the particular, Victorian Era. More and more women started taking interest in writing fiction in this age. The transition period from the 18th to 19th century was dominated by Jane Austen.
Jane is perhaps the best women novelists like the Maria Edgeworth, Bronte Sisters (Anne, Charlotte and Emily), Mrs. Gaskell and George Eliot contributed immensely to the development of novel in the Victorian era (19th Century).
A critical evaluation of the major women novelists of the 19th century will give us a fair idea of the status and their contribution in the development of the English novels . Some of the major women novelists of the 19th century:
The Women Novelists Hugely Impacting The Space
Maria Edgeworth (1768-1849)
Maria Edgeworth is a vital link between the 18th and 19th century novels of manners. She became as a regional writer. She specialized in telling Irish tales. Her first important novel was “Castle Rackrent”. It traces the account of a family through several generations. It was followed by “Belinda”, “Lenora”, “The Absentee”, “Osmond”, etc. She laid emphasis on simplicity and morality.
Jane Austen (1775- 1817)
Jane was the most important novelist of the transition period from the 18th to the 19th century. She has been called as ‘the pure novelist’ who presented the country society in her novels with authenticity. Her first novel “Pride and Prejudice’ deals with men and manners. It is domestic comedy. “Sense and Sensibility”, “Northanger Abbey”, “Emma”, “Mansfield Park” and “Persuasion” are her other famous novels. Though her range is limited, she excels in characterization and plot construction. Her novels are also famous for Irony, wit and humour. Most of her novels are based on the theme of love and marriage.
The Bronte Sisters (Major Women Novelists)
They also known as the “Stormy Sisters” imparted the romantic note of imagination and passion to the English fiction. They explored the souls of their characters and brought forth the excruciating pain and suffering they were experiencing. The Bronte Sisters made a close study of the working of the feminine heart and presented the women’s point of view in their fiction. They started a new conception of heroine in English fiction. Their heroines like Jane Eyre, Shirley, and Agnes were women of vital strength and passionate feelings. The Bronte Sisters experienced life within a narrow confine but this did not stand in their success.
Charlotte Bronte (1816- 1855)– Charlotte Bronte is a major woman novelist of the Victorian Age. She wrote extensively and some of her works deserve all the praise they received. Her well known novels are “jane Eyre”, “Shirley”, “Villette” and “Professor”. Her greatest work is “Jane Eyre”. This novel is autobiographical and reveals the love story of the novelist. In all her novels, the main interest centres on the heroines.
Emily Bronte (1818- 1848)- She wrote only one novel but she earned an amazing name in the history of English literature. Her “Wuthering Heights” is unique in English literature. Here she has presented the wild aspect of nature. It is a story of passion where realism and romance are blended skillfully.
Anne Bronte (1820- 1849)- Her First novel was “Agnes Grey” and was published together with Emily’s Wuthering Heights in 1847. On the following year, she published her another novel, “The Tenant of Wildfell Hall” in three volumes. She was caught by Tuberculosis in the end of the year and died the following May. Her novels are inferior to those of her sisters because she lacks passion, power and intensity of her sisters.
Mrs. Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell (1810-1865)
She was the pioneer of the psychological novel. Her novel “Cranford” is a fine study of female life and psychology. She believes that the novel is an instrument of social reform. Her “Mary Barton” presents a sociological study of the conditions of the labouring classes of the time. She also wrote a moralistic love story “Sylvia’s Lovers”.
George Eliot (1819-1880)
Mary Ann Evans, popularly known as George Eliot was a famous Victorian novelist of the 19th century. She enriched the English novels with moral and philosophical aspects. Her first novel “Adam Bede”, presents a beautiful picture of rural England. Her “Mill on the Floss” is a moving autobiographical account of the novelists which ends in a tragedy. “Silas Marner” is the most popular novel by George Eliot. It gives us excellent pictures of village life. “Romola” is the another important novel by her. Most of her novels are characterized by regional elements, sense of tragedy and moral earnestness.
On the whole, these women novelists were class apart in their literary space. And, they contributed immensely to the development of drama in the 19th century. | https://career101.in/women-novelists-of-the-19th-century/4918/ |
To be able to intrigue a reader, the most important thing is to have great characters. Characters should live, feel, express, and act like real people to be seen as genuine. A great way to get to know your characters is to ask questions about them and answer as honestly as possible from their perspective. Use as many or as few as you want and get to know your characters more closely. Use the questions as you would in an interview. I personally find this easier to get into the heads of my characters. What is your full name?
Jane is a governess, a paid servant with low social status while Georgiana and Blanche have higher social statuses. One thing that contrasts Jane and Blanche is their love for Rochester. Blanche tells Mr. Throughout the novel, she receives two completely different proposals for marriage, one from Mr.
Rochester and one from St. John Rivers. John Rivers is a conservative and religious man led by the Church. John finds in Jane an incredible generosity and goodwill. Jane finally chooses Rochester over St. John Rivers because she finds a man who will love her truly and cherish her actions and opinions.
Rochester is so talented and lively in society…he is a general favourite…you would not think his appearance calculated to recommend him [to]…eyes. In Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte, good weather is Bronte's tool to foreshadow positive events or moods and poor weather is the tool to set the tone for negative events or moods.
This technique is exercised throughout the entire novel, alerting the readers of any up coming atmosphere. In the novel, Jane's mood was, to a degree, determined by the weather mentioned. For example, after Jane was publicly, falsely accused of being a liar by Mr. Brocklehurst , an upcoming positive event was predicted when Jane described her surroundings, "Some heavy clouds swept from the sky by a rising wind, had left the moon bare; and her light streaming in through a window near, shone full both on us and on the approaching figure, which we at once recognize as Miss Temple" Sure enough, Miss Temple invited the two girls to her room and treated them with cake and tea, which brought Jane to comfort from the public humiliation.
Another example is Jane's first morning at Thornfield. A positive mood was foreshadowed when Jane described the weather as, "The chamber looked such a bright little place to me as the sun shone in between Jane Eyre centrals around a quest to be loved. Jane the main protagonist searches, not just for love, but also for a sense of belonging. It also is apparent however, that Jane has a longing of being autonomous, something that is hard to retain while one is in a relationship, and it happens on many occasions that she is forced to choose between one or the other.
Over the course of the book, Jane must learn how to gain love without sacrificing and harming herself in the process. Jane's fear of losing her autonomy is the driving force behind her refusal to marry Mr. Jane is under the impression that "marrying" Rochester while he remains legally tied to Bertha would mean rendering herself a mistress and sacrificing her own integrity for the sake of emotional gratification.
On the other side of things, while she is living at Moor House she is tested in the exact opposite manner. There, she enjoys economic independence and engages in worthwhile and useful work, teaching the poor; yet this lacks emotional sustenance. Although she is offered marriage by St. John at this facility, Jane knows their marriage would remain more or less loveless. Nonetheless, Jane's stay at Moor House are vital tests of Jane's autonomy.
Only after proving to her self that she can be self-sufficient, will she consider wedlock with Rochester, as she Jane Eyre In what ways is Jane Eyre like or unlike a gothic novel? Gothic novels were around from until about the gothic novels were said to have started with the castle of otranto by Horace warpole in Some features that can define a gothic novel are things such as terror, mystery, the supernatural, doom, death, decay, haunted buildings, ghost's, madness, hereditary problems and so on.
Jane Eyre is not a gothic novel but it seems to have elements which are like that of a gothic novel. Jane Eyre is set in an old castle the eventually ends in ruins. It has secret rooms behind tapestry's and dark corridors. Jane can see an awe inspiring landscape from the battlements of the castle. All of these elements of the setting of Jane Eyre have gothic elements to them, although they may have not been intended to have been slightly gothic.
This shows elements of a gothic novel- madness, hereditary problems, terror and mystery. Also in chapter 15 there is an unexplained event which leaves In fact, she never had anyone enter her life as a mother, or Analysis of Jane Eyre In Jane Eyre , Charlotte Bronte portrays one woman's desperate struggle to attain her identity in the mist of temptation, isolation, and impossible odds.
Although she processes a strong soul she must fight not only the forces of passion and reason within herself ,but other's wills constantly imposed on her. In its first publication, it outraged many for its realistic portrayal of life during that time. Ultimately, the controversy of Bronte's novel lied in its realism, challenging the role of women, religion, and mortality in the Victorian society.
In essence, Bronte's novel became a direct assault on Victorian morality. Controversy based in its realistic exposure of thoughts once considered improper for a lady of the 19th century. Emotions any respectable girl would repress. Women at this time were not to feel passion, nor were they considered sexual beings.
To conceive the thought of women expressing rage and blatantly retaliating against authority was a defiance against the traditional role of women. Jane Eyre sent controversy through the literary community. For not only was it written by a woman but marked the first use of realistic characters.
Jane's complexity lied in her being neither holy good nor evil. She was poor and plain in a time when society It exhibits themes of love, nature, and the ideal Romantic, otherwise known as the Byronic, Hero. Bronte uses these themes to describe intricate settings, passionate love, and the dark, brooding, Byronic Hero.
The first theme, and one of the most artfully crafted, exhibited in Jane Eyre is the theme of nature. Bronte uses colorful and descriptive language to show the reader the setting of the book. Literature 4th Mrs. Shewmaker Nov Jane Eyre Critical Analysis Essay In the novel Jane Eyre , Charlotte Bronte fuses an independent woman's struggle to escape the forces of Victorian society with a woman who searches for happiness and acceptance in society.
Bronte tells the story of a young ten year old orphaned girl named Jane who lives with a family that thinks of her as a nuisance. She excels in school, becomes a governess to a little girl named Adele, and falls in love with a brooding man named Edward Rochester.
After being lied to by Mr. Rochester she leaves to go to Marsh End, where she learns to gain her independence. Towards the end of the novel Jane Eyre is a strong, independent woman. Bronte uses point of view, historical and social context, and symbolism to convey the overall meaning of social position and Jane's quest for independence. In the novel Bronte uses narrative point of view to help convey the overall meaning of the novel.
By using first person narrative point of view , Jane's mindset is revealed throughout the book. Jane's dislike of the punishments is shown through the point of view like this one where a 13 year old girl had to stand in the middle of the classroom and bear the eyes of the Jane Eyre 1. Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless?
You think wrong! And if God had gifted me with some beauty and much wealth, I should have made it as hard for you to leave me, as it is now for me to leave you. I am not talking to you now through the medium of custom, conventionalities, nor even of mortal flesh: it is my spirit that addresses your spirit; just as if both had passed through the grave, and we stood at God's feet, equal — as we are!
Though I would not say the description was so great that I love the sound of it. The author had raised the issue of Jane Eyres ' newly self-induced orphanhood. I do believed she made the correct decision leaving her tyrannical aunt behind, and destroying thought or possibilities of reconnecting again before doing so. The family treated Jane in a cruel manner, the aunt Jane had, Mrs. Reed treated Jane like an object. Whatever was going on Jane was either put into the nursery and or into a corner.
Left alone to her thoughts and no one to comfort her when she needed it Jane was always alone and always thinking. And she loved to read adventurous books that allowed her to escape her real life into one in the books. The son, John Reed was the cruelest out of all the children; he always abused Jane by striking her and hurting her.
The aim of this essay is to analyze the love story between the two protagonists. Jane lived during the Victorian Era in England. During this time period women did not have the same freedoms as men, so as of result women lived under constant oppression. Women had to suffer loveless marriages and the inability to survive without men. Not only, were women oppressed emotionally they were not able to be independent from men.
Jane Eyre objects the rules of society and attempts to find passion and independence in her life. Although there may be over hundreds of years between them, both texts exhibit the ways the difficulties of love can be explored. Both texts imply that there will be difficulties as the relationships are established. Charlotte Bronte presents. I will explore the obstacles they have overcome and how they have overcome them.
Also, I will explore their relationship progressing and how as the months have gone on, they have become closer. Mr Rochester and Jane have never simply been employer and employee. There relationship has never been strictly professional and from the moment the met, Mr Rochester was always kind and caring towards Jane. This is shown by the way he talks to her and how he acts around her. Jane thought that Grace Pool might be behind the laugh.
She wants the reader to know how powerful and frightening the fire was because she knew that it could not have been an accident. She knew that it was intentionally set on fire by Bertha and to know that someone would want to kill a friend of yours, must have made Jane want to somehow protect him. The fire brought them closer because Jane wished to see Mr Rochester after the fire and make sure he okay.
She takes him much more as a close friend now because she realises what could have happened if she had not gone in there and saved him. She saw him as a friend and. Get Access. Theme Of Madness In Jane Eyre Words 6 Pages to connect work that deals with subjects of madness it never seems to be what it is in the real life.
Read More. Due to Mr. Reed tells Mr. Brocklehurst that Jane is a liar, and also when Jane revisits Mrs. Reed totally humiliates Jane by telling Mr. Brocklehurst that Jane is a chronic liar. There are many ways to describe the structure of Jane Eyre, one of them is the five act play. John Jane realizes that she loves Mr. Jane Eyre is like a five-act play because of the way the book is divided and how Jane seems to grow in a different area in every part of the play.
Jane Eyre is an interesting story that divides up Jane's life. The novel Jane Eyre undoubtedly is a reflection of Charlotte Bronte's own life. The wedding day arrives, and as Jane and Mr. Brocklehurst being drawn from the Rev. In Jane Eyre was published. Jane wants Mr. Charlotte Bronts Jane Eyre stands as one of the most prominent literature works about feminism.
The author, by using her personal experience and literary talent, discusses the life, dreams and ideals of women in the Victorian Era. Suppressed by masculine power and social conceptions, the eldest of t Type a new keyword s and press Enter to search. Jane Eyre. Jane Eyre as Cinderella. Jane Eyre's Childhood. | http://coizan.essaytopicsblog.com/essay-on-ganesh-chaturthi/1107-mr-brocklehurst-jane-eyre-essay.php |
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Books » Author » Charlotte Bronte
By Bronte, Charlotte
An orphaned young woman, Jane, suffers an unhappy childhood. As a result of her trials, she becomes a strong and practical young woman. Her maturity leads to her being offered a position as the Governess at Thornfield Hall.
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By Bronte, Charlotte; Introduction by Smith, Margaret; Edited by Rosengarten, Herbert
The Professor (1845-6), written before Jane Eyre, challenged contemporary expectations of the novel by its brevity, realism, and insistence on a working career both before and after marriage for its hero and heroine. Strikingly up to date for its period, the action begins against... a background of the fight for better factory conditions in the 1830s, and finishes in the early 1840s with the spread of liberal ideas which led to the continental revolutions of 1848. This edition is based directly on the author's fair copy manuscript, and also includes `Emma', Charlotte Bronte's last, unfinished attempt to write a novel after Villette.Read more
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A classic beloved by generations and one of the most captivating love stories of all time, now presented unabridged in a striking teen edition.
By Alcott, Louisa May; Baum, L. Frank; Andersen, Hans Christian; Nesbit, E.; Bronte, Charlotte
These stories of courageous heroines from classic fiction - from George in the Famous Five to Anne of Green Gables - will inspire, excite and empower young readers.
By Bronte, Charlotte; Introduction by Miller, Lucasta; Notes by Cox, Jessica
Struggling manufacturer Robert Moore has introduced labour saving machinery to his Yorkshire mill, arousing a ferment of unemployment and discontent among his workers. Set during the Napoleonic wars at a time of national economic struggles, this work depicts the conflict between ...classes, sexes and generations.Read more
Jane goes to work at Thornfield Hall as a governess for the strange Mr Rochester. They become friends and she is finally happy. But Mr Rochester is going to marry the beautiful Blanche Ingram and soon Jane must leave Thornfield forever. Penguin Readers is a series of popular clas...sics, exciting contemporary fiction, and thought-provoking non-fiction written for learners of English as a foreign language. Beautifully illustrated and carefully adapted, the series introduces language learners around the world to the bestselling authors and most compelling content from Penguin Random House. The eight levels of Penguin Readers follow the Common European Framework and include language activitiesthat help readers to develop key skills.Read more
By Bronte, Charlotte; Edited by Davies, Stevie
Orphaned Jane Eyre grows up in the home of her heartless aunt. This troubled childhood strengthens Jane's natural independence and spirit - which prove necessary when she finds a position as governess at Thornfield Hall. But when she finds love with her sardonic employer, Rochest...er, the discovery of his terrible secret forces her to make a choice.Read more
A new collection of literary voices from Gibbs Smith written by, and for, extraordinary women-to encourage, challenge, and inspire. Jane Eyre, the beloved heroine, is for many their first introduction to a truly independent female character in classic literature. Charlotte Bronte... develops an assertive and passionate character in Jane, whose searRead more
By Bronte, Anne; Bronte, Charlotte; Bronte, Emily Jane; Edited by Davies, Stevie
By arrangement with Carcanet Press Ltd. --T.p. verso.
By Sparknotes; Bronte, Charlotte
When an essay is due and dreaded exams loom, this title offers students what they need to succeed. It provides chapter-by-chapter analysis, explanations of key themes, motifs, and symbols, a review quiz and essay topics. It is suitable for late-night studying and paper writing.
Subscribe now to be the first to hear about specials and upcoming releases. | https://wheelers.co.nz/browse/author/275026-charlotte-bronte/ |
In this episode, we’re joined by special guests Marianne, Nina and Maya Douge’. They’re a family that loves to read books. Listen as they share their love of books, how books have become conversation starters for their family and their summer reads.
Check out the books discussed in this episode:
Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte
Pride & Prejudice by Jane Austen
The Sun is Also A Star by Nicola Yoon
The Hate U Give by Angie Thomas
Turtles All The Way Down by John Green
Theodore Boone: Kid Lawyer by John Grisham
The Book Thief by Markus Zusak
A Wrinkle In Time by Madeliene L’Engle
Divergent by Veronica Roth
Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury
To learn more about the books and authors discussed in this episode, check out your local library or book store. | https://talkingaboutbooksforkids.com/2018/07/04/episode-7-the-summer-episode-interview-with-marianne-nina-maya-douge/ |
Traffic congestion is costly both in terms of time lost as well as resources squandered. Road infrastructure is also expensive to create and maintain, with current funding mechanisms falling short. While there is strong theoretical support for road pricing solutions they have been sparsely deployed in the United States. We begin with a consideration of the current theory and politics underpinning road pricing. We then turn to empirical examples of two different road pricing mechanisms: one that adapts to traffic conditions in a High Occupancy Toll (HOT) lane and another that imposes a toll varying only by time of day on a bridge. In both cases we will estimate the behavioral response of drivers to toll pricing. In the dynamic pricing context the challenge in estimation lies in the simultaneity of price and demand: the structure of dynamic tolling ensures that prices increase as more drivers enter the HOT lane. Prior research has found that higher prices in HOT lanes increase usage. We find that after controlling for simultaneity HOT drivers instead respond to tolls in a manner consistent with economic theory and that their responses to value of time and value of reliability are very large. The results highlight the importance of both controlling for simultaneity when estimating demand for dynamically priced toll roads and treating HOT lanes with dynamic prices as a differentiated product with bundled attributes. In the time-of-day pricing context we estimate commuters' responses by measuring the shift from the tolled bridge to a parallel free bridge and also how commuters adjust the timing of trips to less expensive periods. We estimate own and cross-price elasticities for the two bridges finding results in line with previous research. We also estimate the time adjustment that commuters make in response to changing toll rates. These estimates allow us to compute the benefits to toll paying commuters from decreased congestion resulting from the imposition of the tolls. | https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/handle/1773/42287 |
[en] Rapid economic growth has caused severe traffic congestion and air pollution in the Seoul metropolitan area (SMA). As a consequence, traffic demand management (TDM) policies have been implemented to mitigate traffic congestion in the region. This study analyzed travel patterns that occurred as a result of transport policy changes in Seoul between 1996 and 2002. General travel pattern changes in the SMA were compared with the travel patterns of regions with car-oriented road construction policies and public transit-invested regions. Results of the study showed that investment in road construction had no significant impact on reducing traffic congestion. The modal shift to public transit modes caused a reduction in the number of cars on roads. The study demonstrated that transit-oriented policies can be used to overcome severe traffic congestion. 7 refs., 7 tabs., 6 figs.
[en] The question of whether the stellar populations in the Milky Way take part in the flaring of scale heights as observed for the H I gas is a matter of debate. Standard mass models for the Milky Way assume a constant scale height for each of the different stellar distributions. However, there is mounting evidence that at least some of the stellar distributions reach, at large galactocentric distances, high altitudes, which are incompatible with a constant scale height. We discuss recent observational evidence for stellar flaring and compare it with H I data from the Leiden/Argentine/Bonn survey. Within the systemic and statistical uncertainties we find a good agreement between both.
[en] Given the difference between peak and off-peak occupancy rates in public transport, emissions per traveller kilometre are lower in the peak than in the off-peak period, whereas the opposite pattern is observed for cars. It is argued that it is much more fruitful to analyse environmental effects in marginal terms. This calls for a careful analysis of capacity management policies of public transport suppliers that are facing increased demand during both peak and off-peak periods. A detailed analysis of capacity management by the Netherlands Railways (NS) revealed that off-peak capacity supply is mainly dictated by the demand levels during the peak period. The analysis included the effects of increased frequency and increased vehicle size on environmental impacts, while environmental economies of vehicle size were also taken into account. The main conclusion is that the marginal environmental burden during the peak hours is much higher than is usually thought, whereas it is almost zero during the off-peak period. This implies a pattern that is the precise opposite of the average environmental burden. Thus, an analysis of environmental effects of public transport based on average performance would yield misleading conclusions
[nl]Aangezien de bezettingsgraad van het openbaar vervoer in de spits hoger ligt dan daarbuiten zou men verwachten dat spitsreizigers minder vervuilen dan dalreizigers. In deze bijdrage wordt aangetoond dat dit in elk geval voor de trein niet opgaat. De reden hiervan is dat een extra treinreiziger in de spits leidt tot de inzet van extra capaciteit (meer of langere treinen) die ook buiten de spits wordt ingezet. Dit betekent dat een extra treinreiziger buiten de spits niet leidt tot de inzet van meer capaciteit: er is dan immers ruimte genoeg in de treinen. De marginale milieukosten van treinreizigers buiten de spits liggen dus dicht bij nul. Voor deze analyse is het onderscheid tussen gerniddelde en marginaie kosten essentieel. Een ander belangrijk concept waarmee in de analyse rekening wordt gehouden betreft het bestaan van milieu-schaalvoordelen: per zitplaats vervuilen kleine voertuigen meer dan grote. De conclusie is dat NS in overweging zou moeten nemen om capaciteitsplanning en prijszetting in sterkere mate af te stemmen op de vraag. Dit is niet alleen goed voor het milieu maar zou ook gunstige bedrijfseconomische effecten kunnen hebben
[en] This article described different traffic congestion schemes that cities around the world have adopted to ease traffic grid-lock. Congestion fees that discourage road use involve assigning a price to a road based on the demand for using that road. A weekday congestion fee which was imposed on drivers in the city of London in 2003 resulted in a 30 per cent drop in vehicular traffic in the city centre. The pricing structure was independent of vehicle type, distance travelled or time of day. The successful scheme is credited with an increase in cycling and public transit ridership as well as a decrease in accidents and air pollution without hindering business within the congestion zone. However, the effectiveness of congestion fees in North America is questionable. Although San Diego's high-occupancy toll lanes have helped reduce congestion and pollution because the revenue raised is invested in public transportation, objections have been raised regarding plans to implement congestion fees in San Francisco and New York city centres because doing so would prevent those with low incomes from driving in the city. London has responded to such challenges by putting all net revenues derived from the fees back into public transportation. Similar measures were taken in Stockholm, Sweden where massive improvements were made to its transit system prior to introducing congestion fees to avert criticism. In order for congestion fees to be effective and gain public approval, there should be clear objectives that include demand management, good transportation alternatives, revenues that go to public transit and a simple pricing system that uses proven technology. The cumulative annual cost of congestion in 9 urban centres in Canada ranged from $2.3 billion to $3.7 billion in 2002 according to Transport Canada. Analysts have cautioned that congestion schemes would be difficult to duplicate in North American cities that are highly dependent on automobiles. However, the authors emphasized that this should not deter Canadian municipalities from taking action to reduce grid-lock, particularly when there are lessons from which to learn. 2 refs., 1 fig
[en] In most countries with greenhouse gas emission reduction commitments, transportation has been relatively spared, thus, far in the targeting of reduction obligations, owing to the supposedly high marginal cost. With the prospect of tightening reduction targets, pressure is, however, mounting to address transportation more seriously in the near term and not to rely solely on medium to long-term breakthroughs of alternative fuel technologies. This means stricter policies at the demand side of the mobility market. In addition to fiscal and spatial policies, cap-and-trade systems have been put forward as a new option that deserves serious consideration. This paper reviews the possibilities and pitfalls of such a system applied to passenger transport. Key concerns are the transaction costs of the system and trade-offs between transaction cost and equity effects. A simple system with low(er) transaction cost is more likely to invoke politically sensitive equity effects. On the basis of the recent upsurge in monitoring and feedback studies, one may also conclude that the organisation and tailoring of the information interfaces for the household/traveller requires still elaborate study and testing. | https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=DEI:%22MASS%20TRANSIT%20SYSTEMS%22 |
Dilruba Ozmen-Ertekin, Ph.D., P.E., Assistant Professor of Engineering
Former Secretary of Transportation Norman Mineta stated in 2001 that “congestion and delay not only waste our time as individuals, they also burden our businesses and our entire economy.” Recent statistics support this statement. Traffic congestion is a national problem. In 2009 urban areas in the United States experienced 4.8 billion vehicle-hours of delay, resulting in 3.9 billion gallons in additional fuel, and a congestion cost of $115 billion to highway users, households and firms throughout the nation .
In the New York/New Jersey metropolitan area (Figure 1), served by a vast multimodal transportation system, nearly 700,000 vehicles cross the Hudson River daily from New Jersey to New York . Given such intensity, moving people and goods efficiently to, from and within the region is no simple task. The complexity of this task is compounded by the rapidly growing city and port traffic and population, further escalating the levels of congestion, as well as air pollution and traffic accidents. Recent congestion statistics demonstrate the severity of the situation: In 2009 the New York-Newark area experienced 0.45 billion vehicle-hours of delay, resulting in 0.35 billion gallons in wasted fuel and a congestion cost of $10.9 billion .
Causes of Delays
Highway congestion occurs when traffic demand approaches or exceeds the available capacity of the highway system (creating bottleneck conditions). Traffic demands vary significantly depending on the season of the year, the day of the week, and even the time of day. Also, the capacity, often mistaken as constant, can change because of weather, work zones, or traffic incidents. Figure 2 shows sources of delays in the United States. Accordingly, bottleneck delays are the single largest cause of delays .
Estimating Delays: The Case of Toll Plazas
For delay estimation, toll plazas are considered here, as they are the perfect examples for traffic bottlenecks due to the fact that many toll payment approach lanes merge into a much fewer number of lanes beyond the toll plaza.
Even though toll plazas can have adverse capacity and safety impacts on traffic, especially on urban highways, they serve an important purpose, namely revenue generation for highway agencies. Various traffic management and electronic toll collection (ETC) strategies, such as regular and high-speed E-ZPass, and time-of-day pricing (TDP), are implemented as part of toll plaza operations to change traffic supply and demand characteristics to improve network-wide level of service. In recent years, due to the increasing need to better assess the impact of toll plazas combined with these various traffic management strategies, customized or off-the shelf microsimulation and macrosimulation models of toll plaza operations have been developed.
However, it is extremely difficult and expensive to calibrate and implement microsimulation models when projects have severe budget and time constraints. Therefore, it is necessary to develop alternative macroscopic approaches that are easy to use and inexpensive compared to the more complex microsimulation tools. Several studies, although not dealing with toll plaza operations specifically, used both macroscopic and microscopic tools to predict the traffic flow characteristics (e.g., , ). This kind of a comparative approach helps determine the validity of the macroscopic approaches.
Macroscopic models can also be easily embedded in four-step demand forecasting models to estimate toll plaza delays and the impact of demand management strategies and technologies planned as part of toll collection operations. This will, of course, help the planners to easily perform sensitivity analysis of various alternatives without resorting to the microsimulation models that might not be feasible for large-scale statewide studies.
Some Previous Studies About Toll Plaza Delay Estimation
In , an analytical delay model, which estimates total delay by accounting for extra travel time due to deceleration, toll paying, acceleration and time spent waiting in queue, was formulated.
To calibrate the model, a stochastic, microsimulation model was developed. The resulting incremental delay formulation was very similar to the formula given in . The results showed that the delay model can yield estimates within 10 percent of simulated values. The author recommended
that the delay model be used for preliminary screening of alternative designs and operations, and that
further investigation be conducted to determine if the model can adequately estimate delay based upon field data.
In , the deployment of ETC was studied by developing a model to maximize social welfare associated with a toll plaza. A payment choice model was developed to estimate the share of traffic using ETC as a function of delay, price, and a fixed cost of acquiring the in-vehicle transponder. Assuming that welfare depends on the market share of ETC, and includes delay, gasoline consumption, toll collection costs, and social costs such as air pollution, the authors examined the best combination of ETC lanes and toll discount to maximize welfare. The generalized delay model suggested by for the new Highway Capacity Manual was employed after slight modifications.
An application to California’s Carquinez Bridge revealed that too many ETC lanes cause excessive delay to non-equipped users, whereas too high a discount costs the highway agency revenue.
Macroscopic Approach to Estimating Toll Plaza Delays
The total delay experienced at the toll plazas by each vehicle can be expressed as:
d=dd+di+dp+da+dq (1)
where
di = incremental delay (s/veh)
dd = deceleration delay (s/veh)
dp = service time (s/veh)
da = acceleration delay (s/veh)
dq = initial queue delay (s/veh)
Deceleration delay is the extra travel time incurred while drivers decelerate before reaching a tollbooth. Equation 2 can be used to calculate the deceleration delay .
(2)
where
dd = average deceleration delay in toll lane (s/veh)
P = proportion of noncommercial vehicles
V = free-flow speed (m/s)
Vb= speed at toll booth (m/s)
d1 = deceleration rate of noncommercial vehicles (m/s2)
d2 = deceleration rate of commercial vehicles (buses and trucks in this case) (m/s2)
Acceleration delay depends on the free-flow speed and the acceleration characteristics of vehicles, and is
given as follows :
(3)
where
da = average acceleration delay in toll lane (s/veh)
a1 = acceleration rate of noncommercial vehicles (m/s2)
a2 = acceleration rate of commercial vehicles (m/s2)
Other variables as defined before.
According to , the incremental delay at signal-controlled intersections on principal arterials is:
(4)
where
d = incremental delay (s/veh)
T = duration of analysis period (hr)
X = lane group volume/capacity ratio or degree of saturation
k = incremental delay factor that is dependent on traffic controller settings
I = upstream filtering/metering adjustment factor
c = lane group capacity (vph)
In the case of toll plazas, however, because “k” is a parameter to adjust for traffic actuated signals and “I” is a parameter to adjust for filtering and metering by upstream signals, they can be taken as “0.5” (upper limit given in ) and “1,” respectively. As a result, the incremental delay equation used here reduces to the form given in Equation 5, which expresses the incremental delay experienced by each vehicle in the toll lane due to random variations in toll processing times and vehicle arrivals. Equation 5 assumes that there are no queuing vehicles at the beginning of the analysis period.
(5)
where
di = average incremental delay in toll lane (s/veh)
T = analysis period (hr)
X = volume/capacity ratio
C = capacity (vehicles per lane per hour, or vplph)
N = number of toll lanes
The major advantage of microscopic traffic simulation models is the level of detail in the modeling procedure.
In order to take any delay due to the presence of initial queues at the toll plaza at the beginning of the analysis period into account, delay component d3 from is used here as dq.
(6)
where
dq = average initial queue delay in toll lane (s/veh)
t = duration of oversaturation within T (hr)
u = delay parameter
Qb = Total number of vehicles present
at the toll lanes at the beginning of T (veh)
c = toll lane group capacity (vph)
The service time required to pay the toll results in an additional delay to each vehicle, and is dependent on the method of payment (ETC or manual).
Here, the length of the analysis is kept at one hour, and the incremental delay was calculated for each hour and then summed to determine the total incremental delay for the peak period. Breaking up the entire four-hour peak period into one-hour blocks increases the accuracy of the macroscopic model.
The macroscopic approach described here can be implemented very easily by incorporating the delay formulations into a spreadsheet. Sensitivity analysis can also be performed very easily and in a few minutes just by varying the values of the desired variables, whereas each run takes about 1 hour in PARAMICS microsimulation.
Microscopic Modeling of Toll Plazas with PARAMICS
The major advantage of microscopic traffic simulation models is the level of detail in the modeling procedure. Modeling the dynamics of traffic flow is essential in the evaluation of the impacts of various operational strategies. Microsimulation provides necessary tools for this approach. Quadstone PARAMICS is a widely used microsimulation software package with a wide range of functionalities such as the default simulation logic in car following, lane changing, route choice, etc., that can be modified using Application Programming Interface (API).
Most of the existing microsimulation packages do not have an accurate toll plaza model. Hence, many researchers have developed customized toll plaza simulation models (e.g., , , ).
Although PARAMICS has some of the basic features that can be used to build a toll plaza model, additional work using API had been performed to represent toll plaza operations accurately by using NJ Turnpike data. The main feature of this approach is the lane changing logic involved at the toll plaza. The lane choice decision in PARAMICS is performed two links before a junction. A toll plaza consists of many links with a varying number of lanes. To model this in PARAMICS, it is necessary to have a number of small links with a different number of lanes. Additionally, toll plaza configurations on the NJ Turnpike are such that, after crossing the toll plaza, vehicles traveling north or south have to choose an appropriate ramp to enter the freeway. The lane choice logic in PARAMICS, when encountered by a decision of different paths as described above, will fail in the case of a toll plaza with many short links. Figure 3 illustrates the process of improved lane choice logic.
A very important aspect of modeling traffic using microsimulation is the calibration and validation of the models using real-world data. There are many model parameters that have to be adjusted to replicate performance closer to the real-world. In , the geometry was obtained from satellite images and incorporated as overlays in the model. Service time distributions were collected from videographic data collected at two toll plazas (15W and 16E) on the NJ Turnpike . For the simulation of facilities such as the Hudson River crossings, the average service times from the exit toll plazas of 15W and 16E have been used. This is because the cash users do not carry any ticket, but they only pay the requisite toll when they cross the toll plaza.
In the development of the customized toll plaza model, used the disaggregate vehicle-by-vehicle electronic transaction data at each toll plaza. From this raw data, Origin-Destination demand in terms of number of E-ZPass and cash users was extracted for the peak and off-peak periods for a typical weekday. This dataset replicates the arrival distribution at the toll plazas in the most accurate fashion. In , the toll plaza model was validated for the travel time between ODs, volumes on the freeway mainline volume, and proportion of lane usage at the toll plaza.
Comparing Macroscopic and Microscopic Approaches
The validity of macroscopic delay calculations was tested using data from three of the Hudson River crossings, namely, the Holland and Lincoln Tunnels and the Goethals Bridge, and the results were compared to the delays estimated by PARAMICS. Some of the input data used in this comparison are as follows:
• Service time, dp: 9.6 seconds for cash, 3 seconds for E-ZPass, simply taken as the inverse of the capacity. This approach is recommended for the cases where field observations are not available.
• Capacity, C: 1150 vplph for E-ZPass and 375 vplph for cash toll lanes (using the average observed capacity values obtained from NJTA through an email correspondence in 2002).
• Free flow speed, V :
Goethals: 22.35 m/s (50 mph) before the plaza, 20.12 m/s (45 mph) after the plaza
Holland: 15.65 m/s (35 mph)
Lincoln: 20.12 m/s (45 mph) before the plaza, 15.65 m/s (35 mph) after the plaza
• Speed at toll booth, Vb: 0 for cash, 6.71 m/s (15 mph) for E-ZPass (posted).
• Based on the acceleration and deceleration rates reported in
the literature that varies between 0.56-2.69 m/s2 for acceleration rates and between 0.56-3.09 m/s2 for deceleration rates (, , , ), the deceleration rate for noncommercial vehicles, d1, the deceleration rate for commercial vehicles, d2, the acceleration rate for noncommercial vehicles, a1, and the acceleration rate for commercial vehicles, a2, are taken as 2.4 m/s2,
1.48 m/s2, 1.5 m/s2, and 0.97 m/s2, respectively.
• Analysis period, T: 1 hr.
• Number of toll lanes, N :
The lane configurations are shown
in Figure 4.
Goethals: 3 lanes mixed, 5 lanes for E-ZPass
Holland: 4 lanes mixed, 5 lanes for E-ZPass
Lincoln: 7 lanes mixed, 6 lanes for E-ZPass
• Total demand (volume, vph): Obtained from and :
Goethals: AM Peak: 3041 for mixed, 3713 for E-ZPass;
PM Peak: 5432 for mixed, 6786 for E-ZPass
Holland: AM Peak: 5087 for mixed, 5864 for E-ZPass;
PM Peak: 5896 for mixed, 4725 for E-ZPass
Lincoln: AM Peak: 7544 for mixed, 11003 for E-ZPass;
PM Peak: 5379 for mixed,
5038 for E-ZPass
• Initial queue, Qb (assumed values):
AM Peak: 5 veh/cash lane,
4 veh/E-ZPass lane;
PM Peak: 2 veh/cash lane,
1 veh/E-ZPass lane
The results (Table 1) from the macro and micro-level approaches for the Holland and Lincoln Tunnels, and the Goethals Bridge compare very closely, especially for the AM peak period. This justifies the use of macroscopic delay equations in lieu of more complex microsimulation approaches that are both labor intensive and costly to develop.
Congestion Management Strategies
There is no “one size fits all” strategy to mitigate traffic congestion; a solution that works well in one geographic area might not be suitable for another area. Each region must identify the projects, programs and policies that achieve goals, solve problems and capitalize on opportunities. The most effective strategy is one where agency actions are complemented by efforts of businesses, manufacturers, commuters and travelers . Generally speaking, however, strategies to deal with congestion fall into three categories :
1. Capacity Expansions – This can include expanding the base capacity (by adding additional lanes or building new highways) as well as redesigning specific bottlenecks such as interchanges and intersections to increase their capacity. Additional roadways reduce the rate of congestion increase.
2. Demand Management Through Operational Changes – Getting more out of the existing system.
3. Greener Transportation Choices – Mass transit, non-automotive travel modes, and land use management.
Demand management using advanced technology (known as Intelligent Transportation Systems, ITS) is the major policy advocated by many agencies, although it might not be possible to completely avoid exanding capacity by building new roads. ITS solutions include:
• Electronic toll collection (ETC)
• Vehicle tracking using ETC for travel time estimation and incident detection
• Time-of-day pricing by providing
a financial incentive for drivers to switch to times, routes, or modes of transportation that are less congested. It encourages drivers to use the existing highways more efficiently. It can also be linked to strategies to improve mobility by making alternatives to the private automobile, such as subways, buses, or commuter rail service, more attractive during peak periods.
• Incident management by identifying incidents more quickly, improving response times, and managing incident scenes more effectively.
• Work zone management by reducing the amount of time work zones need to be used and moving traffic more effectively through work zones, particularly at peak times.
• Road weather management by prediction of bad weather conditions (such as rain, snow, ice, and fog) in specific areas and on specific roadways, allowing for more effective road surface treatment.
• Planned special events traffic management through pre-event planning and coordination and traffic control plans.
• Freeway, arterial, and corridor management using advanced computerized control of traffic signals, ramp meters, and lane usage (lanes that can be reversible, truck-restricted, or exclusively for high occupancy vehicles).
• Traveler information, i.e., providing travelers with real-time information on roadway conditions, delays, and advice on alternative routes .
Estimated Changes in Delay Due to TDP
The macroscopic methodology that was validated by comparison with the well-calibrated PARAMICS microsimulation model as discussed in the previous section can be used to estimate the changes in toll plaza delays due to changes in demand resulting from TDP implemented at the Hudson River crossings since March 25, 2001, for the users of E-ZPass. | https://news.hofstra.edu/2011/10/09/traffic-jams-delays-and-mitigation-strategies/ |
On 5 December 2018, the global infrastructure developer and operator Atlas Arteria (ASX: ALX) provided an update on Dulles Greenway which is a privately owned 14-mile toll road. Atlas Arteria portfolio includes four roads – APPR, ADELAC, Greenway, and Warnow. The chairman of Toll road investors partnership II, L.P. (TRIP II) Mr. E Thomas Sines issued a statement on 4 December 2018 regarding the announcement that TRIP II and elected officials are negotiating a distance-based pricing option for the Dulles Greenway. According to Mr. Thomas Sines, TRIP II might provide toll relief to drivers using the Greenway during off-peak hours, while putting in place regulatory certainty which will enable it to make the sizable investments in infrastructure and tolling systems improvements required for distance-based tolling.
Recently Atlas announced that Magellan Financial Group Limited has become a substantial holder of the company by holding 34,214,121 securities with 5.01% voting power. In the month of November, APRR issued EUR500 million of bonds under its Euro Medium Term Note program. The bonds were issued at 99.027 percent of par with a coupon of 1.50 percent and a maturity of January 2030. This represents a margin of 53bps over mid-rate swap.
Recently the company also announced that APRR and AREA have received approval from the French State to formalize a capital investment plan by way of amendments to their respective concession contracts. The capital investment plan of the company is having a total value of €187mn and it consists of 12 projects including new or improved motorway exchanges, environmental protection developments, as well as customer service improvements.
In the September quarter, the company reported that the weighted average toll revenue of the company increased by 3.4% on the prior corresponding period. Further, the traffic in the September quarter increased by 0.9% as compared to the previous corresponding period. The company believes that performance during the September quarter was negatively impacted by calendar effects and high fuel prices, with diesel prices, in particular, increasing by over 20% on pcp.
Dulles Greenway’s traffic performance during the September quarter was negatively impacted by improvements in the competing networks which have provided congestion relief on the routes. Average daily toll revenue for the September 2018 quarter decreased by 2.0% as compared to the previous corresponding period. Further, due to the temporary maintenance activities on competing routes, the traffic performance in the September quarter was positively impacted.
In the first half of FY 2018, the company reported the revenue and other income from operations of $59.6 million. Further, the company incurred a loss after income tax of $15.5 million. The Operating expenses of the company were $144.1 million in H1 2018.
In the last three months, the share price of the company decreased by 3.09 percent as on 4 December 2018. ALX’s shares traded at $6.590 with a market capitalization of circa $4.5 billion as on 5 December 2018 (AEST 4:00 PM).
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# Rush hour
A rush hour (American English, British English) or peak hour (Australian English) is a part of the day during which traffic congestion on roads and crowding on public transport is at its highest. Normally, this happens twice every weekday: once in the morning and once in the afternoon or evening, the times during which the most people commute. The term is often used for a period of peak congestion that may last for more than one hour.
The term is very broad, but often refers specifically to private automobile transportation traffic, even when there is a large volume of cars on a road but not many people, or if the volume is normal but there is some disruption of speed. By analogy to vehicular traffic, the term Internet rush hour has been used to describe periods of peak data network usage, resulting in delays and slower delivery of data packets.
## Definition
The name is sometimes a misnomer, as the peak period often lasts more than one hour and the "rush" refers to the volume of traffic, not the speed of its flow. Rush hour may be 5–9 AM (5:00–9:00) and 4–8 PM (sometimes from 4-9 PM) (16:00–20:00 (sometimes from 16:00-21:00)). In many cities over 1 million inhabitants, it sometimes even takes place at noon from 11 AM - 1 PM (11:00-13:00). Peak traffic periods may vary from country to country, city to city, from region to region, and seasonally.
The frequency of public transport service is usually higher in the rush hour, and longer trains or larger vehicles are often used. However, the increase in capacity is often less than the increased number of passengers, due to the limits on available vehicles, staff and, in the case of rail transport, track capacity including platform length. The resulting crowding may force many passengers to stand, and others may be unable to board. If there is inadequate capacity, this can make public transport less attractive, leading to higher car use and partly shifting the congestion to roads.
Transport demand management, such as road pricing or a congestion charge, is designed to induce people to alter their travel timing to minimize congestion. Similarly, public transport fares may be higher during peak periods; this is often presented as an off peak discount for single fares. Season tickets or multi-ride tickets, sold at a discount, are commonly used in rush hours by commuters, and may or may not reflect rush hour fare differentials.
Staggered hours have been promoted as a means of spreading demand across a longer time span—for example, in Rush Hour (1941 film) and by the International Labour Office.
## Traffic management by country
### Australia and New Zealand
In the morning (6–9am), and evening (4:30–7pm), Sydney, Brisbane and Melbourne, and Auckland and Christchurch are usually the most congested cities in Australia and New Zealand respectively. In Melbourne the Monash Freeway, which connects Melbourne's suburban sprawl to the city, is usually heavily congested each morning and evening. In Perth, Mitchell Freeway, Kwinana Freeway and various arterial roads are usually congested between peak hours, making movement between suburbs and the city quite slow.
Efforts to minimise traffic congestion during peak hour vary on a state by state and city by city basis.
In Melbourne, congestion is managed by means including:
Inbound transit lanes on busy freeways which are limited to motorcycles and other vehicles with more than one occupant during busy periods. Free travel on metropolitan trains before 7am. Passengers must exit the system at their destination station before 7am. Dedicated bus lanes on major inner city roads such as Hoddle Street. Introduction of dedicated bicycle lanes (often by removing vehicle lanes) in the inner city area to encourage cyclists and deter dual-track vehicles. Prohibition of parking along busy roads during peak traffic periods to create an extra lane for traffic.
In Brisbane, congestion is managed by means including:
Fares for using public transport outside of peak periods (referred to as off-peak) are cheaper than peak period fares. Transport for Brisbane operated bus lines for Translink, Bus upgrade zone) designated lines increase their frequency from every 15-minutes to every 10 minutes between 7am and 9am, and between 4:30pm and 6:30pm. Busways in Brisbane grade separate a significant amount of bus traffic, particularly on the South and Eastern suburbs using the South East Busway, the Eastern Busway (connects with the South East Busway at Buranda), with some relief on the northern suburbs provided by the Northern Busway. This reduces the traffic load shared by buses and other vehicles, therefore allowing for more capacity for other vehicles on major trunk roads in and out of Brisbane. Some specific peak-hour only bus services are denoted by a "P" prefix where only fares are accepted by tapping on with a go card, with no cash-paid ticket sales. These services may also be noted as having the suffix
"(Rocket)" in timetables, where many inner city suburb stops may be bypassed.
On some Queensland Rail operated lines for Translink, increase frequency from every 30 minutes to as frequent as every 6 minutes, between 6:45am and 7:45am and from 4:45pm to 5:45pm during peak times. Most notable on the Caboolture, Ipswich & Rosewood, Redcliffe Peninsula and Springfield lines. On the Caboolture, Sunshine Coast and Redcliffe Peninsula line, trains may run express to reduce travel time. A notable example is the trains on the Cabooolture and Sunshine Coast lines run express from Petrie to Bowen Hills, stopping only at Northgate, Eagle Junction and Bowen Hills; previously before the timetable changes, average commute time from Caboolture to Central was 1 hour and 6 minutes. After the timetable changes, it was reduced to 51 minutes, a saving of 15 minutes. Introduction of the South East Bikeway, which runs alongside the South East Busway to allow for cycle commuting from the Southern suburbs. Some paths along the Brisbane River are also widened to include a specific bikeway section (particularly between Toowong and North Quay). Prohibition of parking along busy roads during peak traffic periods to create an extra lane for traffic.
In Sydney, congestion is managed by many means including:
Buses increase frequency from 4 per hour to 12 per hour on the Metrobus network, other routes increase limited and express services The Sydney Trains network runs double-decker electric multiple unit trains that allowed many more passengers to board the trains compared to the 1950s single-level 'Red Rattlers', and 'Silver Ghosts'. Time-of-day ticket prices allow train commuters to board trains before 6 am or after 7 pm at a cheaper rate on single or day return tickets Transit and/or HOV Lanes are installed on many major arterial roads, The Rail Clearways Program, which allows for broken-down trains on the Sydney Trains network to not affect the running of trains on separate lines due to building bypasses, and loop-backs alongside the existing track The Inner West Light Rail, which was the first operational light rail line in Sydney, increases headways during peak hour, providing services up to every eight minutes.
Traffic congestion is managed through the Traffic Management Centre via a network of Closed Circuit TV's, with operators able to change the timing of traffic signals to reduce wait times
Most major motorways have the ability for contraflow lane to allow continuing flow of traffic in case of a major accident Older motor ways have been upgraded from two lanes in each direction, to three lanes in each direction Motor way toll booths have been replaced with electronic toll systems (M2 Hills Motorway was the last to do so on 21 January 2012); time-of-day tolling is in use on the Sydney Harbour Bridge and Sydney Harbour Tunnel to provide cash incentives for commuters to remain out of the city in peak times.
### Brazil
In São Paulo, Brazil, each vehicle is assigned a certain day of the week in which it cannot travel the roads during rush hour (7–10 am and 5–8 pm). The day of the week for each vehicle is derived from the last digit in the licence plate number and the rule is enforced by traffic police (1 and 2 for Mondays, 3 and 4 for Tuesdays, 5 and 6 for Wednesdays, 7 and 8 for Thursdays and 9 and 10 for Fridays). This policy is aimed at reducing the number of vehicles on the roads and encouraging the use of buses, subway and the urban train systems.
### Canada
In Toronto, rush hour typically lasts from 6:30-9:30 in the morning and later from 3pm until about 7pm. Montreal, however, has rush hour times from 6:30–8:30 am and 3:30–5 pm.
In the cities of Edmonton and Calgary, rush hour typically lasts from 7–9 am and begins again at 2:30–6 pm. The overwhelming traffic causes significant delays on freeways and commuter routes, most notably being Anthony Henday Drive in Edmonton, where the province has committed to widening, and Deerfoot Trail in Calgary. Edmonton's Whitemud Drive and Yellowhead Trail are also notable as the busiest freeways after the Anthony Henday Drive (Yellowhead being only about 75% freeway, although construction is ongoing until completion), whereas Calgary's Crowchild Trail and under-construction Stoney Trail are the busiest after Deerfoot. Both cities and Alberta are working on ways to improve traffic flow such as widening, interchange improvements, and collector-distributor systems being proposed for the Anthony Henday Drive and Stoney Trail, respectively.
Vancouver's portion of the Trans-Canada Highway is served with high-occupancy vehicle lanes in addition to standard lanes for all automobiles. These lanes are meant to improve traffic flow by encouraging carpooling and transit use. Richmond, part of the Vancouver metro region, is also constructing a new interchange at the Stevenson Highway and British Columbia Highway 99 which will be the first of its kind in British Columbia in effort improve traffic flow.
Kelowna's Harvey Avenue is served also by HOV lanes, although residents have criticized their existence as redundant and unneeded because of Kelowna's population. The City of Kelowna has since reduced their times from all day, every day, to 7am-7pm, Monday to Friday. Rush hour is usually from 7am-9am, as well as 3pm-5pm.
### China
China is home to some of the busiest subway networks in the world. Despite aggressive expansion of rapid transit networks in the past decade, rapid urban population growth has put heavy demand on urban transport. Some systems routinely restrict station entrances and transfer passages to prevent the network from being overwhelmed. For example, 96 subway stations in the Beijing Subway have entry restrictions at some point of the day. The Guangzhou Metro has 51 stations with passenger flow restrictions.
### Colombia
In the pico y placa (peak and license plate) program in Bogotá, drivers of non-commercial automobiles are prevented from driving them during rush hours on certain days of the week. The vehicles barred each day are determined by the last digit of their license plate. The measure is mandatory and those who break it are penalized. The digits banned each day are rotated every year.
### Greece
In the capital city of Athens the rush hours are usually 7–10 am and 4–7 pm. During these periods there is congestion in the Athens Mass Transit System, most notably in buses and metro, as well as road traffic. The 6-car trains of Athens Metro carries almost 1.5 million passengers during a typical week day.
### Japan
In Japan, the proportion of rail transportation is high compared with the use of automobiles. Rail transport accounts for 27% of all passenger transport in Japan (other examples: Germany (7.7%), United Kingdom (6.4%), United States (0.6%)). In the Greater Tokyo Area and the Keihanshin metropolitan area there is a dense rail network and frequent service, which accounts for more than half of the passenger transport; most people in the area commute by public transport without using cars.
Railways in the Greater Tokyo Area are traditionally known to be severely congested, with oshiya employed to assist passengers getting on the train. This is gradually being improved by increasing rail capacity and demand management. Train lines in Tokyo have had significant reductions in overcrowding and today run at an average of 163 percent of capacity. This is in contrast to the average loading of 221 percent of designed capacity in 1975 rush-hour trains.
In road transport, the expressways of Japan operate on a beneficiaries-pay principle which imposes expensive toll fees, having the effect of reducing road traffic. Electronic toll collection (ETC) is widespread and discounts during low-traffic periods have been introduced to distribute traffic over a longer period. Road pricing is being considered but has not been introduced, partly because the expressway fee is already very high.
### Netherlands
For trains in the Netherlands there is an off-peak discount available, giving a 40% discount. Its validity starts at 9am (until 4am the next morning) on weekdays, and all day at weekends and in July and August. In the case of a group of up to four people, all get the discount even if only one has a pass.
Rail passes not requiring an additional ticket come in two versions: for a fixed route, and for the whole network. Both are mainly used by commuters. No off-peak discount version of these passes is offered since there is insufficient demand; commuters usually cannot avoid the rush hour.
### Philippines
Inside Metro Manila, the Unified Vehicular Volume Reduction Program, popularly known as the "number coding scheme", is implemented by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority. The program stipulates that vehicles are prohibited from plying all roads within the metropolis, depending on the last digit of their license plates and on the day of the week.
The vehicles are banned from 7am to 7pm. Unlike the public vehicles, the private vehicles have a five-hour window exception which runs from 10am to 3pm. However, the cities of Makati and San Juan do not implement the five-hour window.
This table shows the license plates with numbers ending with its corresponding days:
Exempted from the program are motorcycles, school buses, shuttle buses, ambulances, fire engines, police cars, military vehicles, those carrying a person needing immediate medical attention, and vehicles with diplomatic license plates.
On the other hand, in other places, there are certain policies the municipal or city government are proposing or has implemented for the whole municipality or city.
While most schools are open, peak hours in rapid transit trains on Manila Metro Rail Transit System and Manila Light Rail Transit System, and in commuter trains on Philippine National Railways are 6-9am and 4-8pm.
### Singapore
In Singapore, there is a free travel scheme before 7:45 am and 50 cent discount between 7:45 am and 8 am, which applies only if you exit and not enter at the 18 CBD stations. This is an attempt to encourage commuters' travel on the MRT outside the crowded weekday morning peak. Electronic Road Pricing is intended to discourage driving between 7:30 am and 8 pm. In addition, employees were given travel incentives through Travel Smart programme. Peak hours are defined as follows: 7:30–9:30 am and 5–8 pm, with different times for terminal stations.
### United Kingdom
In London, Peak Day Travelcards allow travel at all hours. Off-peak Day Travelcards are 20–50% cheaper but are valid for travel only after 9:30am and on weekends. This is an attempt to encourage commuters' travel on the London Underground, Docklands Light Railway, buses, and trams outside of the crowded weekday morning peak. There is a similar system on Transport (Bus and Tyne and Wear Metro) in the Newcastle upon Tyne area. In London, congestion charges are intended to discourage driving between 7 am and 6 pm.
In Manchester, the Metrolink light rail system offers single, return and 'Metromax' daysaver tickets at a reduced price when they are purchased after 9:30 am. This incentive is designed to lure passengers into avoiding the daily crowded conditions at Metrolink stations during rush hour.
For 16–25 Railcard holders, the offer of one-third off ticket prices is valid only after 10 am (unless a minimum fare is paid) or weekends. This restriction does not apply in July and August, the main summer holiday season.
For other Railcards, other restrictions apply; for example, the Family Railcard and Network Railcard cannot be used for peak journeys within London and south-east England.
### United States
Efforts to manage transportation demand during rush hour periods vary by state and by metropolitan area. In some states, freeways have designated lanes that become HOV (High-Occupancy Vehicle, aka car-pooling) only during rush hours, while open to all vehicles at other times. In others, such as the Massachusetts portion of I-93, travel is permitted in the breakdown lane during this time. Several states use ramp meters to regulate traffic entering freeways during rush hour. Transportation officials in Colorado and Minnesota have added value pricing to some urban freeways around Denver, the Twin Cities, and Seattle, charging motorists a higher toll during peak periods.
Transit agencies – such as Metro-North serving New York City and WMATA serving Washington, D.C. – often charge riders a higher "peak fare" for travel during the morning and evening rush hour.
Morning rush hour times can range from 6–10 am in cities like New York. Some New York commuters try to be on the road by at least 6am because traffic gets heavy between 6:30 and 10am. Many train commuters leave early to get the best seats on the trains, because by 7am the trains are packed with passengers standing or those who cannot get on. Los Angeles, California has several rush hours, including a midnight rush for night workers. Bus and train service (such as Metrolink) in Los Angeles are limited and tend to be underused, but their use is increasing. In the Chicago area people use Metra Trains, the 'L', and buses.
In Northeast Ohio, near Cleveland, morning rush hour is 7–9 am, with the peak 7:30–8:30 am. Because of Cleveland's compact size, most people can be in Downtown Cleveland within 10–45 minutes. The Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority runs buses every half hour or more frequently and some routes have non-stop freeway buses that run during rush hour. Red Line heavy rail service runs every ten minutes, and the Blue, Green, and Waterfront Line light rail service runs every fifteen.
There is also an afternoon rush hour. For example, in the New York City area, the afternoon rush hour can begin as early as 2:30-3pm and last until 7-7:30pm. Some people who live in Connecticut but work in New York often do not arrive home until 7 pm or later. On the other hand, in a smaller city like Cleveland, the afternoon rush hour takes place in a more literal sense such that heavy traffic congestion typically only occurs between 5 and 6 pm. Usually the RTA in Cleveland has an afternoon rush hour schedule like the morning.
The city of Philadelphia is known for its very dangerous Schuylkill Expressway, much of which predates the 1956 introduction of the Interstate Highway System. One of the busiest highways in the country (and state of Pennsylvania) and with the road being highly over capacity, it has become notorious for its chronic congestion, especially during rush hour. Rush hour in Philadelphia is usually as early as 6 am, with many in the Delaware Valley using the Schuylkill to reach Central Philadelphia and some of Philadelphia's western suburbs. The rugged terrain, limited riverfront space covered by the route and narrow spans of bridges passing over the highway have largely stymied later attempts to upgrade or widen the highway. An average 163,000 vehicles use the road daily in Philadelphia County, and an average of 109,000 use the highway in Montgomery County. Its narrow lane and left shoulder configuration, left lane entrances and exits (nicknamed "merge or die"), common construction activity and generally congested conditions have led to many accidents, critical injuries and fatalities, leading to the highway's humorous nickname of the "Surekill Expressway" or in further embellishment, "Surekill Distressway".
Boston and the larger Greater Boston region are notorious for traffic congestion due to the region's high population density, outmoded highway system, and economic growth resulting in a high concentration of corporations with large offices located along major expressways and urban loops (including Route 128, MassPike, I-93, and I-495). Despite the region's compact nature, inbound traffic becomes very heavy on all expressways as early as 6am on a typical weekday morning, making an inbound drive from the suburbs as long as 75 minutes. Improvements brought by the infamous Big Dig project temporarily improved expressway traffic within Boston's city limits, but traffic congestion soon returned, also appearing in areas such as the rapidly-developing Seaport District area of South Boston.
## Third rush hour
The term "third rush hour" has been used to refer to a period of the midday in which roads in urban and suburban areas become congested due to numerous people taking lunch breaks using their vehicles. These motorists often frequent restaurants and fast food locations, where vehicles crowding the entrances cause traffic congestion. Active retirees, who travel by automobile to engage in many midday activities, also contribute to the midday rush hour. Areas which have large school-age populations may also experience added congestion due to the large number of school buses and kiss-and-ride traffic that flood the roads after lunch, but before the evening rush hour. In many European countries (e.g., Germany, Austria, Hungary) the schools are only half-day and many people work only half-time too. This causes a third rush hour around 12:30–2 pm, which diverts some traffic from the evening rush hour, thus leaving the morning rush hour the most intense period of the day.
Another usage of "third rush hour" can be to describe congestion later at night (generally between 10–11 pm and 2–3 am the next morning, particularly on Thursdays, Fridays, and Saturdays) of people returning home from nights spent out at restaurants, bars, nightclubs, casinos, concerts, amusement parks, movie theaters, and sporting events. At other times (such as evenings and weekends), additional periods of congestion can be the result of various special events, such as sports competitions, festivals, or religious services. Out-of-the-ordinary congestion can be the result of an accident, construction, long holiday weekends, or inclement weather. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rushhour |
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