diff --git "a/8bcc3ea5-392a-4acf-bec5-31fd61ad9244.json" "b/8bcc3ea5-392a-4acf-bec5-31fd61ad9244.json" new file mode 100644--- /dev/null +++ "b/8bcc3ea5-392a-4acf-bec5-31fd61ad9244.json" @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +{ + "interaction_id": "8bcc3ea5-392a-4acf-bec5-31fd61ad9244", + "search_results": [ + { + "page_name": "This 25-year-old sci-fi disaster movie is still lauded by scientists ...", + "page_url": "https://www.salon.com/2023/05/06/deep-impact-25-year-retrospective-science/", + "page_snippet": "Salon spoke with scientists who praised "Deep Impact" \u2014 and with others who helped make itThis would be fitting with the story's humanitarian genesis; \"Deep Impact\" was a natural outgrowth of Rubin being inspired by a 1964 Oscar-winning short documentary called \"To Be Alive!\" Watching it as a young man at that year's New York's World's Fair, Rubin recalled being deeply moved by the innovative multi-screen format which explored the commonalities of different human cultures in the United States, Europe, Africa and Asia. Its basic message: Being alive is a \"great joy\" and should be celebrated. \"'Deep Impact,' in my mind, had a bigger canvas at one point,\" Rubin recalled. However, that shot was taken out, and the one left in was just the actress T\u00e9a Leoni and her on-screen father standing and watching the comet. Rubin preferred the community shot: \"It was about people reaching out and touching and holding each other and knowing this was the end. It was existentially potent, and I wish it had stayed in the film \u2014 but unfortunately as a writer you don't control those things.\" This is not to say that Rubin isn't proud of \"Deep Impact.\" \"Deep Impact\" co-screenwriter Bruce Joel Rubin (whom film critic Roger Ebert called one of \"the brightest writers in Hollywood\") told Salon that he believes the movie and Freeman's performance helped \"pave the way for Barack Obama,\" America's first black president, to be elected a decade after the movie's release. This would be fitting with the story's humanitarian genesis; \"Deep Impact\" was a natural outgrowth of Rubin being inspired by a 1964 Oscar-winning short documentary called \"To Be Alive!\" Watching it as a young man at that year's New York's World's Fair, Rubin recalled being deeply moved by the innovative multi-screen format which explored the commonalities of different human cultures in the United States, Europe, Africa and Asia. Then again, any kind of long-term high regard for \"Deep Impact\" seemed improbable when it was first released in 1998, when most critics mocked the film's attempts to engage in thoughtful character studies. While some scientists and journalists stepped forward to offer more nuanced takes, the consensus view was to dismiss \"Deep Impact\" as little more than a melodramatic companion piece to \"Armageddon,\" a Michael Bay-directed, jock-minded asteroid movie that was released two months later (and which critics similarly savaged).", + "page_result": "\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n This 25-year-old sci-fi disaster movie is still lauded by scientists \u2014\u00a0here's why | Salon.com\n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n \n\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n
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This 25-year-old sci-fi disaster movie is still lauded by scientists \u2014\u00a0here's why

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Salon spoke with scientists who praised \"Deep Impact\" \u2014 and with others who helped make it

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By \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMatthew Rozsa\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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Published May 6, 2023 10:00AM (EDT)

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\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMorgan Freeman giving a speech at The White House in a scene from the film 'Deep Impact', 1998.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t(Paramount Pictures/Getty Images)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t
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In anticipation of the 25-year-anniversary of \"Deep Impact,\" Dr. Clark R. Chapman and his wife Y Chapman decided to rewatch the classic sci-fi disaster flick. Dr. Chapman is uniquely qualified to assess the movie's merits: \"Deep Impact\" is about a comet the size of Mount Everest that is heading on a collision course with Earth, and Chapman is a planetary scientist for the B612 Foundation, a nonprofit which protects Earth from comets, asteroids and other near-Earth Objects (NEOs).

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Perhaps unusual for a big-budget sci-fi flick, Dr. Chapman strongly approved of the film's science, and both he and Y \u2014\u00a0an environmental activist and artist who donates to the B612 Foundation \u2014 said that as a work of art they \"highly rate the movie's production and creativity. It treats a number of characters in sufficiently intimate detail that viewers get to 'know' them.\"

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\"'Deep Impact' has the best combination of reasonably correct science, good special effects, a dramatic story, and a look at what a comet strike would mean.\"

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The Chapmans are far from alone when it comes to scientists and artists who respect \"Deep Impact,\" although usually praise has been reserved for its scientific merits. Then again, any kind of long-term high regard for \"Deep Impact\" seemed improbable when it was first released in 1998, when most critics mocked the film's attempts to engage in thoughtful character studies. While some scientists and journalists stepped forward to offer more nuanced takes, the consensus view was to dismiss\u00a0\"Deep Impact\"\u00a0as little more than a melodramatic companion piece to \"Armageddon,\" a Michael Bay-directed, jock-minded asteroid movie that was released two months later (and which critics similarly savaged).

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\"Deep Impact,\" which was released on May 8, 1998, was directed by Mimi Leder (\"The Peacemaker\"), co-written by Bruce Joel Rubin (\"Ghost\") and Michael Tolkin (\"The Rapture\") and sported an all-star cast including Morgan Freeman, Robert Duvall,\u00a0T\u00e9a Leoni, Elijah Wood, Maximilian Schell,\u00a0Leelee Sobieski, Kurtwood Smith and even future \"Iron Man\" trilogy director Jon Favreau. After the deadly comet is discovered by astronomer Dr. Marcus Wolf (Charles Martin Smith) and high school student Leo Biederman (Wood), the movie follows three major plot threads: Duvall must lead a team of astronauts (including Favreau) to either destroy the comet or deflect its path away from Earth; Wood and Sobieski are ordinary civilians hoping to be selected to survive the comet's impact; and\u00a0Leoni is an ambitious MSNBC reporter named Jenny Lerner whose intrepidity leads her to stumble upon the comet's existence, thereby forcing President Tom Beck (Freeman) to inform the world in advance. Lerner also has a moving subplot about reconciling with her estranged father, played by Schell.

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Grossing nearly $350 million on an $80 million budget, \"Deep Impact\" was a financial success, although not as much of a blockbuster as \"Armageddon,\" which grossed $553 million on a $140 million budget. This is perhaps unfortunate, because while scientists tend to view \"Armageddon\" as horribly inaccurate in its physics (including many who spoke to Salon), scientists whom Salon spoke to had favorable feelings towards \"Deep Impact.\"\u00a0

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\"It's not hard to be more scientifically accurate than most sci-fi movies,\" explained Dr. Joshua Colwell, a planetary scientist and physics professor at the University of Central Florida. Colwell, who served as a \"comet advisor\" on \"Deep Impact,\" told Salon by email that the movie's \"director, producers, and writers made a decision to make the movie as realistic as possible while staying true to the story they were telling.\" This included having a large amount of time separate the discovery of the comet from the time of impact; giving the comet a realistic size (7 miles/11 kilometers wide), depicting the comet's features realistically; showing the impact realistically; and conveying the physics of the comet realistically. To the last point, that included conveying the astronaut's near weightlessness on the comet, and having the spacecraft itself tethered to the comet because of its low gravity.

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\"The movie depicts both an attempt to deflect the comet and also the creation of a subterranean 'ark' to house a large number of people to survive the catastrophic and long-lasting effects of the impact,\" Colwell observed. \"Both of these activities are plausible, but both require huge resources and a lot of time to put together.\"

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Emory University Physics Professor Dr. Sidney Perkowitz \u2014 whose famous\u00a0criticisms of the pseudoscience in the 2003 sci-fi movie \"The Core\"\u00a0catalyzed the creation of the Science and Entertainment Exchange, which works with Hollywood to encourage scientific accuracy \u2014 was not involved in making \"Deep Impact.\" Yet he also praised the movie as among the most accurate of the sci-fi sub-genre that he dubs \"Rocks from Space.\" In addition to \"Deep Impact\" and \"Armageddon,\" that sub-genre includes \"When Worlds Collide\" (1951), \"Meteor\" (1979), \"Don't Look Up\" (2021), and \"Moonfall\" (2022).

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\"'Deep Impact' has the best combination of reasonably correct science, good special effects, a dramatic story, and a look at what a comet strike would mean to people individually and world-wide,\" Perkowitz told Salon. \"I think that's the 'closest to reality' a sci-fi film can get.\"

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In particular, Perkowitz singled out how \"Deep Impact\"'s central save-the-world plot \u2014 the astronauts must explode nuclear devices from within the comet so that they can alter its course \u2014 was pretty close to the truth, at least based on what was known at the time.

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Want more health and science stories in your inbox? Subscribe to\u00a0Salon's weekly newsletter The Vulgar Scientist.

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\"'Deep Impact' has the best combination of reasonably correct science, good special effects, a dramatic story, and a look at what a comet strike would mean to people individually and world-wide. I think that's the 'closest to reality' a sci-fi film can get.\"

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\"Most of the films I've listed imagine that nuclear weapons could deflect or destroy the incoming body,\" Perkowitz wrote to Salon. \"That's made explicit in 'Armageddon,' where a NASA scientist calculates that an H-bomb going off deep within the incoming asteroid would split it in two, with the pieces flying off on paths that would miss the Earth.\" Apparently this would not work in real life; as Perkowitz explains, a group of physics students calcuated in 2002 that a hydrogen bomb would yield two astroid chunks that were a mere 1,200 feet apart, meaning the asteroid of \"Armageddon\" would still have struck Earth.\u00a0

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\"'Deep Impact' partially corrects this,\" Perkowitz noted. \"The nuclear weapon splits the comet in two all right, but the smaller chunk lands in the Atlantic Ocean and raises a tsunami that devastates Manhattan.\"

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Perkowitz noted that the film still inaccurately shows the larger chunk of the comet being destroyed by a nuclear bomb, but gives it points for showing that those nukes could produce collateral damage, which is why NASA no longer advocates for them in this potential situation.

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\"In its DART mission last year it showed the feasibility of using a spacecraft to nudge a space rock off a harmful path,\" Perkowitz wrote. \"So 'Deep Impact' gets scientific points from me for correctly using the physics of nuclear weaponry. It also created an awe-inspiring CGI tsunami, which at the time I think was considered a big achievement.\"

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Dr. Chapman also praises \"Deep Impact\"'s scientific chops \u2014 and that's saying something given that he attended the first asteroid-impact scientific meeting in 1981, which was organized by Gene Shoemaker, another 'comet advisor' for this film.

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\"If some threat like this were to arise, 'Deep Impact' roughly depicts a plausible set of events,\" Chapman wrote to Salon.

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Chapman ticked off the (unrealistic) initial discovery of the comet by an amateur astronomer (the Virginia teenager Biederman), the follow up by a professional at Kitt Peak Observatory near Tucson, the involvement of NASA and high-ranking government officials going up to the president, the space expedition to implant nuclear devices, \"preparing alternative 'civil defense' measures (like constructing caves to try to preserve elements\u00a0of civilization if the deflection attempt fails)\" and the creation of the immense tsunami at the film's climax.

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\"No other impact-disaster film I have seen has portrayed such a realistic scenario; other kinds of sci-fi movies generally take place in the more distant future, often involving fanciful elements that are totally beyond today's realities,\" Chapman concluded. \"'Armageddon' is set in today's world but presents a much less believable story and a totally unrealistic picture of the oncoming celestial body\" \u2014 an asteroid in the case of \"Armageddon.\"

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\"No other impact-disaster film I have seen has portrayed such a realistic scenario... 'Armageddon' is set in today's world but presents a much less believable story.\"

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This does not mean that \"Deep Impact\" is without its inaccuracies. Perhaps the most notable one isn't so much a scientific error as it is a scientific improbability \u2014 namely, that the mathematical odds are overwhelmingly against an NEO-impact event occurring in our lifetimes.

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\"Such an impact is very, very, very improbable in the lifetime of anyone,\"\u00a0Dr. David Stevenson, a planetary scientist at the California Institute of Technology, wrote to Salon. \"It would be unwise to obsess over such events when there are things that happen much more often to be concerned about.\" Indeed, the average length of time between extinction-size asteroid strikes on Earth is tens or hundreds of millions of years. \"The time between impacts is probably almost a million times the lifetime of any particular individual, probably even much longer than the total survival time of the human species based on what we know about biological evolution,\" Stevenson added.

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Chapman echoed Stevenson on the low probability of an NEO collision in our lifetimes, and also pointed out other scientific errors in the film. At one point the filmmakers imply that the comet got \"bumped\" into Earth's orbit by other celestial bodies, but such collisions usually just create smaller fragments; orbital changes are generally caused by gravitational forces such as nearby planets. And a smaller quibble: the movie also purports in an early scene to show the double star Mizar and Alcor, but the photograph on screen is not of them. Similarly, a comet as bright as the one shown in that scene would have been discovered by other astronomers long before Wood's precocious teenage character does so.

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That is not all.

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\"I don't understand the attempt to use 'Titan missiles' just days before impact, to deflect the body; whatever they had in mind would never work without violating physics,\" Chapman noted, adding that bombs large enough to blow the comet into smaller boulders which can safely disintegrate in Earth's atmosphere would have been used much earlier in the film's story. Indeed, waiting until the last second could obviate the plan's entire purpose: \"It would have to be done much earlier or the debris would mainly strike the Earth with nearly equal E.L.E. consequences,\" Chapman explained, using the acronym for Extinction Level Event (which was invented by the filmmakers).

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\"President Beck's speech presaging the arrival of the wave... was taken very closely from my script notes provided shortly before the scene was shot.\"

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Of course, as Chapman repeatedly acknowledged, \"Deep Impact\" is first and foremost trying to entertain audiences. Here, the scientists who spoke with Salon were of one mind: The Chapmans praised the acting, cinematography and special effects, concluding that it deserved better reviews; Stevenson said it \"ranks high,\" in particular \"much higher than 'Armageddon'\"; Colwell gave it \"an enthusiastic thumbs up\" and recalled one of his students crying at the end; and Perkowitz argued that it\u00a0\"stands out for the human element it expresses, especially in two scenes: a group of people exiting their cars to watch as the smaller piece of the comet passes overhead, their faces showing that they understand what this means; and TV journalist Tea Leoni hugging her estranged father Maximillian Schell like a little girl seeking comfort, as the gargantuan tsunami towers over them before utterly destroying them.\"

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Indeed, by telling realistic human stories, \"Deep Impact\" further achieves something in the direction of authenticity: Trying to depict how a broad swath of humanity would respond to the literal extinction of our species. If nothing else, one hopes that people would be guided by a strong, confident and wise leader during that period \u2014 such as Freeman's character and the undeniable highlight of the movie, President Tom Beck.

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\"I was amused and pleased to read the Gizmodo article's praise for President Beck's speech presaging the arrival of the wave, because it was taken very closely from my script notes provided shortly before the scene was shot,\" Colwell recalled to Salon.

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\"Deep Impact\" co-screenwriter Bruce Joel Rubin (whom film critic Roger Ebert called one of \"the brightest writers in Hollywood\") told Salon that he believes the movie and Freeman's performance helped\u00a0\"pave the way for Barack Obama,\" America's first black president, to be elected a decade after the movie's release. This would be fitting with the story's humanitarian genesis; \"Deep Impact\" was a natural outgrowth of Rubin being inspired by a 1964 Oscar-winning short documentary called \"To Be Alive!\" Watching it as a young man at that year's New York's World's Fair, Rubin recalled being deeply moved by the innovative multi-screen format which explored the commonalities of different human cultures in the United States, Europe, Africa and Asia. Its basic message: Being alive is a \"great joy\" and should be celebrated.

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\"'Deep Impact,' in my mind, had a bigger canvas at one point,\" Rubin recalled. \"There were images of half of Brooklyn standing on the shore watching the comet hit.\" However, that shot was taken out, and the one left in was just the actress T\u00e9a\u00a0Leoni and her on-screen father standing and watching the comet.\u00a0Rubin preferred the community shot: \"It was about people reaching out and touching and holding each other and knowing this was the end. It was existentially potent, and I wish it had stayed in the film \u2014 but unfortunately as a writer you don't control those things.\"

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This is not to say that Rubin isn't proud of \"Deep Impact.\" Sometimes things he liked which were taken out later got put back in. While he had little say about the film's development after director Mimi Leder took over, Rubin's individual creative imprint is still all over the final movie \u2014 particularly its psychological complexity and progressive message.

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Yet even within that message, there is nuance. Back in the 1990s, the body politic was not nearly as polarized as it is today; and Americans had more faith in their institutions to help and save them. Hence, \"Deep Impact\" shows a world where human institutions work as they're supposed to. As far as disaster movies are concerned, there's something faintly optimistic about that premise (particularly in contrast with the bumbling governmental response depicted in \"Don't Look Up,\" its peer in the rocks-from-space genre).

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Indeed, in the \"Deep Impact\" cinematic universe, the\u00a0president is a good man who listens to scientists and offers sage advice; the news media tells the truth to the best of its ability; teachers pay attention to their students and encourage their intelligence; and the mass of humanity, instead of rioting and acting selfishly at the news of the comet's approach, for the most part remains civilized.

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\"I have grandchildren and I am very pained by the reality of what I've presented in 'Deep Impact,' whether it's a fictional comet on a collision course with the Earth or our own real mishandling of the planet we live on.\"

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Rubin was unsure if the movie was actually optimistic, though. He recalled\u00a0changes to the final scene of the film, in which Freeman's president eloquently declared, \"Cities fall, but they are rebuilt. And heroes die, but they are remembered. We honor them with every brick we lay, with every field we sow, with every child we comfort, and then teach to rejoice in what we have been re-given.\"

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\"Because the end was so depressing, the scene of Morgan Freeman's speech was added after the filming was over,\" Rubin recalled. \"They went back and said, 'There has to be an optimistic speech, a 'We will survive speech.' But that was not in the original movie. It was very, very dark.\"

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Then Rubin reflected on how, despite his attempt to make \"Deep Impact\" dark, the last 25 years of history show reality is even darker than fiction. That includes humanity's failure to address climate change, American leaders' bungling of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the increasing prevalence overall of pollution.

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\"My feeling is optimism kind of is all we have,\" Rubin told Salon. \"I hope it starts to generate some kind of action in the world today. But I have grandchildren and I am very pained by the reality of what I've presented in 'Deep Impact,' whether it's a fictional comet on a collision course with the Earth or our own real mishandling of the planet we live on.\"

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By Matthew Rozsa

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Matthew Rozsa is a staff writer at Salon. He received a Master's Degree in History from Rutgers-Newark in 2012 and was awarded a science journalism fellowship from the Metcalf Institute in 2022.

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HEAVEN AND EARTH ARE ABOUT TO COLLIDE

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\"Life will go on. We will prevail.\"

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\n\u2014 President Beck\n
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Deep Impact

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\nRelease Date: May 8, 1998\n

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When a comet headed on a collision course for Earth is discovered, world governments go into secret preparation to find a solution that may save life on the planet. Meanwhile, an ambitious journalist (T\u00e9a Leoni) pursing a story she believes points to a sex scandal in the President\u2019s cabinet, discovers what she thought was a woman (\u201cEllie\u201d), is in fact government code for an ELE (extinction level event). The U.S. President (Morgan Freeman) is leading an international contingent with what they hope might be a species saving offense: sending astronauts to plant nuclear charges in the comet to either destroy it or change its trajectory from that of our planet's orbit. And so the world sends their hopes up with the brave crew (led by Robert Duvall) of the spaceship Messiah, while bracing themselves for what could be the end of all human life.

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Executive producer Steven Spielberg hand-selected director Mimi Leder to helm Deep Impact\u00a0during post-production on her debut feature, The Peacemaker,\u00a0DreamWorks Pictures\u2019 first live-action film. At first Leder, not a fan of science fiction, demurred, until she reasoned that the film\u2019s story and breadth would allow her the chance to explore human drama on an epic scale, allowing her to focus on the relationships of the characters, families and communities torn apart by events that positively dwarf humanity, but cannot crush its collective spirit.

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To draw audiences into the story of the characters at the heart of Deep Impact, Leder cast such accomplished performers as Robert Duvall, Morgan Freeman (Amistad)\u00a0and Vanessa Redgrave, along with newer faces like T\u00e9a Leoni (Jurassic Park III), Jon Favreau (Cowboys & Aliens), Leelee Sobieski and Elijah Wood. Leder\u2019s mission to create an epic special effects-backed drama was joined by top-flight production collaborators including screenwriters Bruce Joel Rubin and Michael Tolkin, her Peacemaker\u00a0cinematographer Dietrich Lohmann and\u00a0production designer Leslie Dilley,\u00a0with special visual effects by Industrial Light and Magic (Jurassic Park) and an ofttimes tender, yet very tense score by composer James Horner (An American Tail).

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The film is dedicated to the memory of Dietrich Lohmann, who passed away soon after the production wrapped.

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About the Film

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About the Film

\nCAST\n
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  • ROBERT DUVALL,
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  • T\u00c9A LEONI,
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  • ELIJAH WOOD,
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  • VANESSA REDGRAVE,
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  • MAXIMILIAN SCHELL,
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  • JAMES CROMWELL,
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  • RON ELDARD,
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  • JON FAVREAU,
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  • LAURA INNES,
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  • MARY MCCORMACK,
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  • RICHARD SCHIFF,
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  • LEELEE SOBIESKI,
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  • BLAIR UNDERWOOD,
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  • MORGAN FREEMAN
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\nDIRECTOR\n
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  • MIMI LEDER
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\nSCREENWRITERS\n
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  • BRUCE JOEL RUBIN AND MICHAEL TOLKIN
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\nPRODUCERS\n
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  • RICHARD D. ZANUCK,
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  • DAVID BROWN,
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  • STEVEN SPIELBERG,
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  • WALTER PARKES,
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  • JOAN BRADSHAW
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\nCINEMATOGRAPHER\n
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  • DIETRICH LOHMANN
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\nPRODUCTION DESIGN\n
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  • LESLIE DILLEY
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\nCOSTUMES\n
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  • RUTH MYERS
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\nEDITORS\n
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  • DAVID ROSENBLOOM
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  • SCOTT FARRAR
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  • JAMES HORNER
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    \n\n\n", + "page_last_modified": "" + }, + { + "page_name": "This 25-year-old sci-fi disaster movie is still lauded by scientists ...", + "page_url": "https://www.salon.com/2023/05/06/deep-impact-25-year-retrospective-science/", + "page_snippet": "Salon spoke with scientists who praised "Deep Impact" \u2014 and with others who helped make itThis would be fitting with the story's humanitarian genesis; \"Deep Impact\" was a natural outgrowth of Rubin being inspired by a 1964 Oscar-winning short documentary called \"To Be Alive!\" Watching it as a young man at that year's New York's World's Fair, Rubin recalled being deeply moved by the innovative multi-screen format which explored the commonalities of different human cultures in the United States, Europe, Africa and Asia. Its basic message: Being alive is a \"great joy\" and should be celebrated. \"'Deep Impact,' in my mind, had a bigger canvas at one point,\" Rubin recalled. However, that shot was taken out, and the one left in was just the actress T\u00e9a Leoni and her on-screen father standing and watching the comet. Rubin preferred the community shot: \"It was about people reaching out and touching and holding each other and knowing this was the end. It was existentially potent, and I wish it had stayed in the film \u2014 but unfortunately as a writer you don't control those things.\" This is not to say that Rubin isn't proud of \"Deep Impact.\" \"Deep Impact\" co-screenwriter Bruce Joel Rubin (whom film critic Roger Ebert called one of \"the brightest writers in Hollywood\") told Salon that he believes the movie and Freeman's performance helped \"pave the way for Barack Obama,\" America's first black president, to be elected a decade after the movie's release. This would be fitting with the story's humanitarian genesis; \"Deep Impact\" was a natural outgrowth of Rubin being inspired by a 1964 Oscar-winning short documentary called \"To Be Alive!\" Watching it as a young man at that year's New York's World's Fair, Rubin recalled being deeply moved by the innovative multi-screen format which explored the commonalities of different human cultures in the United States, Europe, Africa and Asia. Then again, any kind of long-term high regard for \"Deep Impact\" seemed improbable when it was first released in 1998, when most critics mocked the film's attempts to engage in thoughtful character studies. While some scientists and journalists stepped forward to offer more nuanced takes, the consensus view was to dismiss \"Deep Impact\" as little more than a melodramatic companion piece to \"Armageddon,\" a Michael Bay-directed, jock-minded asteroid movie that was released two months later (and which critics similarly savaged).", + "page_result": "\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n This 25-year-old sci-fi disaster movie is still lauded by scientists \u2014\u00a0here's why | Salon.com\n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n \n\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n
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    This 25-year-old sci-fi disaster movie is still lauded by scientists \u2014\u00a0here's why

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    Salon spoke with scientists who praised \"Deep Impact\" \u2014 and with others who helped make it

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    By \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMatthew Rozsa\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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    Published May 6, 2023 10:00AM (EDT)

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    \n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMorgan Freeman giving a speech at The White House in a scene from the film 'Deep Impact', 1998.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t(Paramount Pictures/Getty Images)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t
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    In anticipation of the 25-year-anniversary of \"Deep Impact,\" Dr. Clark R. Chapman and his wife Y Chapman decided to rewatch the classic sci-fi disaster flick. Dr. Chapman is uniquely qualified to assess the movie's merits: \"Deep Impact\" is about a comet the size of Mount Everest that is heading on a collision course with Earth, and Chapman is a planetary scientist for the B612 Foundation, a nonprofit which protects Earth from comets, asteroids and other near-Earth Objects (NEOs).

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    Perhaps unusual for a big-budget sci-fi flick, Dr. Chapman strongly approved of the film's science, and both he and Y \u2014\u00a0an environmental activist and artist who donates to the B612 Foundation \u2014 said that as a work of art they \"highly rate the movie's production and creativity. It treats a number of characters in sufficiently intimate detail that viewers get to 'know' them.\"

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    \"'Deep Impact' has the best combination of reasonably correct science, good special effects, a dramatic story, and a look at what a comet strike would mean.\"

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    The Chapmans are far from alone when it comes to scientists and artists who respect \"Deep Impact,\" although usually praise has been reserved for its scientific merits. Then again, any kind of long-term high regard for \"Deep Impact\" seemed improbable when it was first released in 1998, when most critics mocked the film's attempts to engage in thoughtful character studies. While some scientists and journalists stepped forward to offer more nuanced takes, the consensus view was to dismiss\u00a0\"Deep Impact\"\u00a0as little more than a melodramatic companion piece to \"Armageddon,\" a Michael Bay-directed, jock-minded asteroid movie that was released two months later (and which critics similarly savaged).

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    \"Deep Impact,\" which was released on May 8, 1998, was directed by Mimi Leder (\"The Peacemaker\"), co-written by Bruce Joel Rubin (\"Ghost\") and Michael Tolkin (\"The Rapture\") and sported an all-star cast including Morgan Freeman, Robert Duvall,\u00a0T\u00e9a Leoni, Elijah Wood, Maximilian Schell,\u00a0Leelee Sobieski, Kurtwood Smith and even future \"Iron Man\" trilogy director Jon Favreau. After the deadly comet is discovered by astronomer Dr. Marcus Wolf (Charles Martin Smith) and high school student Leo Biederman (Wood), the movie follows three major plot threads: Duvall must lead a team of astronauts (including Favreau) to either destroy the comet or deflect its path away from Earth; Wood and Sobieski are ordinary civilians hoping to be selected to survive the comet's impact; and\u00a0Leoni is an ambitious MSNBC reporter named Jenny Lerner whose intrepidity leads her to stumble upon the comet's existence, thereby forcing President Tom Beck (Freeman) to inform the world in advance. Lerner also has a moving subplot about reconciling with her estranged father, played by Schell.

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    Grossing nearly $350 million on an $80 million budget, \"Deep Impact\" was a financial success, although not as much of a blockbuster as \"Armageddon,\" which grossed $553 million on a $140 million budget. This is perhaps unfortunate, because while scientists tend to view \"Armageddon\" as horribly inaccurate in its physics (including many who spoke to Salon), scientists whom Salon spoke to had favorable feelings towards \"Deep Impact.\"\u00a0

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    \"It's not hard to be more scientifically accurate than most sci-fi movies,\" explained Dr. Joshua Colwell, a planetary scientist and physics professor at the University of Central Florida. Colwell, who served as a \"comet advisor\" on \"Deep Impact,\" told Salon by email that the movie's \"director, producers, and writers made a decision to make the movie as realistic as possible while staying true to the story they were telling.\" This included having a large amount of time separate the discovery of the comet from the time of impact; giving the comet a realistic size (7 miles/11 kilometers wide), depicting the comet's features realistically; showing the impact realistically; and conveying the physics of the comet realistically. To the last point, that included conveying the astronaut's near weightlessness on the comet, and having the spacecraft itself tethered to the comet because of its low gravity.

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    \"The movie depicts both an attempt to deflect the comet and also the creation of a subterranean 'ark' to house a large number of people to survive the catastrophic and long-lasting effects of the impact,\" Colwell observed. \"Both of these activities are plausible, but both require huge resources and a lot of time to put together.\"

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    Emory University Physics Professor Dr. Sidney Perkowitz \u2014 whose famous\u00a0criticisms of the pseudoscience in the 2003 sci-fi movie \"The Core\"\u00a0catalyzed the creation of the Science and Entertainment Exchange, which works with Hollywood to encourage scientific accuracy \u2014 was not involved in making \"Deep Impact.\" Yet he also praised the movie as among the most accurate of the sci-fi sub-genre that he dubs \"Rocks from Space.\" In addition to \"Deep Impact\" and \"Armageddon,\" that sub-genre includes \"When Worlds Collide\" (1951), \"Meteor\" (1979), \"Don't Look Up\" (2021), and \"Moonfall\" (2022).

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    \"'Deep Impact' has the best combination of reasonably correct science, good special effects, a dramatic story, and a look at what a comet strike would mean to people individually and world-wide,\" Perkowitz told Salon. \"I think that's the 'closest to reality' a sci-fi film can get.\"

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    In particular, Perkowitz singled out how \"Deep Impact\"'s central save-the-world plot \u2014 the astronauts must explode nuclear devices from within the comet so that they can alter its course \u2014 was pretty close to the truth, at least based on what was known at the time.

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    Want more health and science stories in your inbox? Subscribe to\u00a0Salon's weekly newsletter The Vulgar Scientist.

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    \"'Deep Impact' has the best combination of reasonably correct science, good special effects, a dramatic story, and a look at what a comet strike would mean to people individually and world-wide. I think that's the 'closest to reality' a sci-fi film can get.\"

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    \"Most of the films I've listed imagine that nuclear weapons could deflect or destroy the incoming body,\" Perkowitz wrote to Salon. \"That's made explicit in 'Armageddon,' where a NASA scientist calculates that an H-bomb going off deep within the incoming asteroid would split it in two, with the pieces flying off on paths that would miss the Earth.\" Apparently this would not work in real life; as Perkowitz explains, a group of physics students calcuated in 2002 that a hydrogen bomb would yield two astroid chunks that were a mere 1,200 feet apart, meaning the asteroid of \"Armageddon\" would still have struck Earth.\u00a0

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    \"'Deep Impact' partially corrects this,\" Perkowitz noted. \"The nuclear weapon splits the comet in two all right, but the smaller chunk lands in the Atlantic Ocean and raises a tsunami that devastates Manhattan.\"

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    Perkowitz noted that the film still inaccurately shows the larger chunk of the comet being destroyed by a nuclear bomb, but gives it points for showing that those nukes could produce collateral damage, which is why NASA no longer advocates for them in this potential situation.

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    \"In its DART mission last year it showed the feasibility of using a spacecraft to nudge a space rock off a harmful path,\" Perkowitz wrote. \"So 'Deep Impact' gets scientific points from me for correctly using the physics of nuclear weaponry. It also created an awe-inspiring CGI tsunami, which at the time I think was considered a big achievement.\"

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    Dr. Chapman also praises \"Deep Impact\"'s scientific chops \u2014 and that's saying something given that he attended the first asteroid-impact scientific meeting in 1981, which was organized by Gene Shoemaker, another 'comet advisor' for this film.

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    \"If some threat like this were to arise, 'Deep Impact' roughly depicts a plausible set of events,\" Chapman wrote to Salon.

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    Chapman ticked off the (unrealistic) initial discovery of the comet by an amateur astronomer (the Virginia teenager Biederman), the follow up by a professional at Kitt Peak Observatory near Tucson, the involvement of NASA and high-ranking government officials going up to the president, the space expedition to implant nuclear devices, \"preparing alternative 'civil defense' measures (like constructing caves to try to preserve elements\u00a0of civilization if the deflection attempt fails)\" and the creation of the immense tsunami at the film's climax.

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    \"No other impact-disaster film I have seen has portrayed such a realistic scenario; other kinds of sci-fi movies generally take place in the more distant future, often involving fanciful elements that are totally beyond today's realities,\" Chapman concluded. \"'Armageddon' is set in today's world but presents a much less believable story and a totally unrealistic picture of the oncoming celestial body\" \u2014 an asteroid in the case of \"Armageddon.\"

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    \"No other impact-disaster film I have seen has portrayed such a realistic scenario... 'Armageddon' is set in today's world but presents a much less believable story.\"

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    This does not mean that \"Deep Impact\" is without its inaccuracies. Perhaps the most notable one isn't so much a scientific error as it is a scientific improbability \u2014 namely, that the mathematical odds are overwhelmingly against an NEO-impact event occurring in our lifetimes.

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    \"Such an impact is very, very, very improbable in the lifetime of anyone,\"\u00a0Dr. David Stevenson, a planetary scientist at the California Institute of Technology, wrote to Salon. \"It would be unwise to obsess over such events when there are things that happen much more often to be concerned about.\" Indeed, the average length of time between extinction-size asteroid strikes on Earth is tens or hundreds of millions of years. \"The time between impacts is probably almost a million times the lifetime of any particular individual, probably even much longer than the total survival time of the human species based on what we know about biological evolution,\" Stevenson added.

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    Chapman echoed Stevenson on the low probability of an NEO collision in our lifetimes, and also pointed out other scientific errors in the film. At one point the filmmakers imply that the comet got \"bumped\" into Earth's orbit by other celestial bodies, but such collisions usually just create smaller fragments; orbital changes are generally caused by gravitational forces such as nearby planets. And a smaller quibble: the movie also purports in an early scene to show the double star Mizar and Alcor, but the photograph on screen is not of them. Similarly, a comet as bright as the one shown in that scene would have been discovered by other astronomers long before Wood's precocious teenage character does so.

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    That is not all.

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    \"I don't understand the attempt to use 'Titan missiles' just days before impact, to deflect the body; whatever they had in mind would never work without violating physics,\" Chapman noted, adding that bombs large enough to blow the comet into smaller boulders which can safely disintegrate in Earth's atmosphere would have been used much earlier in the film's story. Indeed, waiting until the last second could obviate the plan's entire purpose: \"It would have to be done much earlier or the debris would mainly strike the Earth with nearly equal E.L.E. consequences,\" Chapman explained, using the acronym for Extinction Level Event (which was invented by the filmmakers).

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    \"President Beck's speech presaging the arrival of the wave... was taken very closely from my script notes provided shortly before the scene was shot.\"

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    Of course, as Chapman repeatedly acknowledged, \"Deep Impact\" is first and foremost trying to entertain audiences. Here, the scientists who spoke with Salon were of one mind: The Chapmans praised the acting, cinematography and special effects, concluding that it deserved better reviews; Stevenson said it \"ranks high,\" in particular \"much higher than 'Armageddon'\"; Colwell gave it \"an enthusiastic thumbs up\" and recalled one of his students crying at the end; and Perkowitz argued that it\u00a0\"stands out for the human element it expresses, especially in two scenes: a group of people exiting their cars to watch as the smaller piece of the comet passes overhead, their faces showing that they understand what this means; and TV journalist Tea Leoni hugging her estranged father Maximillian Schell like a little girl seeking comfort, as the gargantuan tsunami towers over them before utterly destroying them.\"

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    Indeed, by telling realistic human stories, \"Deep Impact\" further achieves something in the direction of authenticity: Trying to depict how a broad swath of humanity would respond to the literal extinction of our species. If nothing else, one hopes that people would be guided by a strong, confident and wise leader during that period \u2014 such as Freeman's character and the undeniable highlight of the movie, President Tom Beck.

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    \"I was amused and pleased to read the Gizmodo article's praise for President Beck's speech presaging the arrival of the wave, because it was taken very closely from my script notes provided shortly before the scene was shot,\" Colwell recalled to Salon.

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    \"Deep Impact\" co-screenwriter Bruce Joel Rubin (whom film critic Roger Ebert called one of \"the brightest writers in Hollywood\") told Salon that he believes the movie and Freeman's performance helped\u00a0\"pave the way for Barack Obama,\" America's first black president, to be elected a decade after the movie's release. This would be fitting with the story's humanitarian genesis; \"Deep Impact\" was a natural outgrowth of Rubin being inspired by a 1964 Oscar-winning short documentary called \"To Be Alive!\" Watching it as a young man at that year's New York's World's Fair, Rubin recalled being deeply moved by the innovative multi-screen format which explored the commonalities of different human cultures in the United States, Europe, Africa and Asia. Its basic message: Being alive is a \"great joy\" and should be celebrated.

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    \"'Deep Impact,' in my mind, had a bigger canvas at one point,\" Rubin recalled. \"There were images of half of Brooklyn standing on the shore watching the comet hit.\" However, that shot was taken out, and the one left in was just the actress T\u00e9a\u00a0Leoni and her on-screen father standing and watching the comet.\u00a0Rubin preferred the community shot: \"It was about people reaching out and touching and holding each other and knowing this was the end. It was existentially potent, and I wish it had stayed in the film \u2014 but unfortunately as a writer you don't control those things.\"

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    This is not to say that Rubin isn't proud of \"Deep Impact.\" Sometimes things he liked which were taken out later got put back in. While he had little say about the film's development after director Mimi Leder took over, Rubin's individual creative imprint is still all over the final movie \u2014 particularly its psychological complexity and progressive message.

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    Yet even within that message, there is nuance. Back in the 1990s, the body politic was not nearly as polarized as it is today; and Americans had more faith in their institutions to help and save them. Hence, \"Deep Impact\" shows a world where human institutions work as they're supposed to. As far as disaster movies are concerned, there's something faintly optimistic about that premise (particularly in contrast with the bumbling governmental response depicted in \"Don't Look Up,\" its peer in the rocks-from-space genre).

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    Indeed, in the \"Deep Impact\" cinematic universe, the\u00a0president is a good man who listens to scientists and offers sage advice; the news media tells the truth to the best of its ability; teachers pay attention to their students and encourage their intelligence; and the mass of humanity, instead of rioting and acting selfishly at the news of the comet's approach, for the most part remains civilized.

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    \"I have grandchildren and I am very pained by the reality of what I've presented in 'Deep Impact,' whether it's a fictional comet on a collision course with the Earth or our own real mishandling of the planet we live on.\"

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    Rubin was unsure if the movie was actually optimistic, though. He recalled\u00a0changes to the final scene of the film, in which Freeman's president eloquently declared, \"Cities fall, but they are rebuilt. And heroes die, but they are remembered. We honor them with every brick we lay, with every field we sow, with every child we comfort, and then teach to rejoice in what we have been re-given.\"

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    \"Because the end was so depressing, the scene of Morgan Freeman's speech was added after the filming was over,\" Rubin recalled. \"They went back and said, 'There has to be an optimistic speech, a 'We will survive speech.' But that was not in the original movie. It was very, very dark.\"

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    Then Rubin reflected on how, despite his attempt to make \"Deep Impact\" dark, the last 25 years of history show reality is even darker than fiction. That includes humanity's failure to address climate change, American leaders' bungling of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the increasing prevalence overall of pollution.

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    \"My feeling is optimism kind of is all we have,\" Rubin told Salon. \"I hope it starts to generate some kind of action in the world today. But I have grandchildren and I am very pained by the reality of what I've presented in 'Deep Impact,' whether it's a fictional comet on a collision course with the Earth or our own real mishandling of the planet we live on.\"

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    By Matthew Rozsa

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    Matthew Rozsa is a staff writer at Salon. He received a Master's Degree in History from Rutgers-Newark in 2012 and was awarded a science journalism fellowship from the Metcalf Institute in 2022.

    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMORE FROM Matthew Rozsa\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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    Related Topics ------------------------------------------

    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAsteroid\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tComet\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDeep Dive\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDeep Impact\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tExtinction\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tExtinction Level Event\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMorgan Freeman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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    \nDeep Impact \n (1998)\n \n

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    Full Cast & Crew

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    \n\n Directed by \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
    \n Mimi Leder\n
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    Writing Credits\n(WGA)  \n

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    \n Bruce Joel Rubin\n ...\n (written by) and\n
    \n Michael Tolkin\n ...\n (written by)\n
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    \n \n Cast\n (in credits order)\n verified as complete \n  \n

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    \n \n Aleksandr Baluev\n \n ...\n \n Mikhail Tulchinsky \n \n \n (as Alexander Baluev)\n \n \n
    \n \n Caitlin Fein\n \n ...\n \n Caitlin Stanley \n \n
    \n \n Amanda Fein\n \n ...\n \n Caitlin Stanley \n \n
    \n\"Joe \n Joe Urla\n \n ...\n \n Ira Moskatel \n \n \n (as Joseph Urla)\n \n \n
    \n \n Una Damon\n \n ...\n \n Marianne Duclos \n \n
    \n \n Mark Moses\n \n ...\n \n Tim Urbanski \n \n
    \n \n Derek de Lint\n \n ...\n \n Theo Van Sertema \n \n
    \n\"Charles \n Charles Dumas\n \n ...\n \n Jeff Worth \n \n
    \n \n Suzy Nakamura\n \n ...\n \n Jenny's Assistant \n \n
    \n \n Alimi Ballard\n \n ...\n \n Bobby Rhue \n \n
    \n \n Charles Martin Smith\n \n ...\n \n Dr. Marcus Wolf \n \n
    \n\"Katie \n Katie Hagan\n \n ...\n \n Jane Biederman \n \n
    \n \n Denise Crosby\n \n ...\n \n Vicky Hotchner \n \n
    \n\"Frank \n Frank Whiteman\n \n ...\n \n Priest \n \n
    \n \n Jason Dohring\n \n ...\n \n Jason \n \n
    \n\"Jasmine \n Jasmine Harrison\n \n ...\n \n Kid \n \n
    \n\"Rahi \n Rahi Azizi\n \n ...\n \n Student \n \n
    \n \n Hannah Leder\n \n ...\n \n Holly Rittenhouse \n \n \n (as a different name)\n \n \n
    \n \n Tucker Smallwood\n \n ...\n \n Ivan Brodsky \n \n
    \n \n Merrin Dungey\n \n ...\n \n Sheila Bradley \n \n
    \n \n Kimberly Huie\n \n ...\n \n Wendy Mogel \n \n
    \n\"William \n William Fair\n \n ...\n \n Grey Man \n \n
    \n \n Francis X. McCarthy\n \n ...\n \n General Scott \n \n
    \n \n Ellen Bry\n \n ...\n \n Stofsky \n \n
    \n \n Lisa Ann Grant\n \n ...\n \n Reporter \n \n
    \n\"Leslie \n Leslie Dilley\n \n ...\n \n Waiter \n \n
    \n \n Concetta Tomei\n \n ...\n \n Patricia Ruiz \n \n
    \n \n Mike O'Malley\n \n ...\n \n Mike Perry \n \n
    \n \n Kurtwood Smith\n \n ...\n \n Otis Hefter \n \n
    \n \n Gerry Griffin\n \n ...\n \n NASA Official \n \n
    \n \n Charlie Hartsock\n \n ...\n \n David Baker \n \n
    \n \n Jennifer Jostyn\n \n ...\n \n Mariette Monash \n \n
    \n \n Don Handfield\n \n ...\n \n Dwight Tanner \n \n
    \n\"Jason \n Jason Frasca\n \n ...\n \n Steve Tanner \n \n
    \n \n Cynthia Ettinger\n \n ...\n \n Pretty Woman \n \n
    \n\"Benjamin \n Benjamin Stralka\n \n ...\n \n Little Boy \n \n
    \n\"Stephanie \n Stephanie Patton\n \n ...\n \n Brittany Baker \n \n
    \n \n Michael Winters\n \n ...\n \n NASA Guy \n \n
    \n \n John Ducey\n \n ...\n \n Young Lieutenant \n \n
    \n \n Christopher Darga\n \n ...\n \n Section Leader \n \n
    \n\"Joshua \n Joshua Colwell\n \n ...\n \n CAPCOM \n \n
    \n\"Cornelius \n Cornelius Lewis\n \n ...\n \n Bus Sergeant \n \n
    \n\"Kevin \n Kevin LaRosa\n \n ...\n \n Pilot \n \n \n (as Kevin La Rosa)\n \n \n
    Rest of cast listed alphabetically:
    \n\"Janette \n Janette Andrade\n \n ...\n \n Injured Student \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n \n Ethan Aronoff\n \n ...\n \n NY Tourist \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n \n James E. Ash\n \n ...\n \n Police Officer \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n\"Matt \n Matt Bennett\n \n ...\n \n Backpacker \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n\"Len \n Len Berdick\n \n ...\n \n Fleeing Pedestrian \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n \n Eric Bruno Borgman\n \n ...\n \n Flood Victim \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n \n W. Earl Brown\n \n ...\n \n McCloud \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n \n Cullen G. Chambers\n \n ...\n \n Father \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n \n Charles Rahi Chun\n \n ...\n \n MSNBC Anchor \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n\"Chris \n Chris Clover\n \n ...\n \n Guy in Car \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n \n Devron Conrad\n \n ...\n \n Presidential Staffer \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n\"Daphney \n Daphney Damaraux\n \n ...\n \n Presidential Staffer \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n\"Billy \n Billy Driver\n \n ...\n \n Student \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n\"Michael \n Michael Eskridge\n \n ...\n \n Ark Dweller \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n \n Pamela Fischer\n \n ...\n \n Pedestrian \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n \n Shannon Frank\n \n ...\n \n Refugee \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n \n Sommer Garcia\n \n ...\n \n Student \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n \n Philip M. Gardiner\n \n ...\n \n Flood Victim \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n \n Bob Glouberman\n \n ...\n \n Prompter Techie \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n\"Carmen \n Carmen J. Gray\n \n ...\n \n Simon's Mother \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n \n Betty Hankins\n \n ...\n \n Presidential Staffer \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n \n Phil Hawn\n \n ...\n \n Refugee Climbing Fence \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n \n James Hunter\n \n ...\n \n Refugee \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n\"Arden \n Arden James\n \n ...\n \n Refugee \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n\"Spencer \n Spencer Kayden\n \n ...\n \n Fleeing Pedestrian \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n\"Gregg \n Gregg Kovan\n \n ...\n \n NASA Technician \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n\"Jason \n Jason Lamey\n \n ...\n \n Extra \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n\"Jeff \n Jeff Lawrence\n \n ...\n \n Presidential Staffer \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n \n Renee McClellan\n \n ...\n \n Military Soldier \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n\"Paul \n Paul McMichael\n \n ...\n \n Student \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n \n Jody Millard\n \n ...\n \n Soldier \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n \n George F. Miller\n \n ...\n \n Fleeing Pedestrian Landing Next to Guy on Bench \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n\"Joseph \n Joseph Ashton Montgomery\n \n ...\n \n Astronomy Club Member \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n\"Richard \n Richard M. Newkirk\n \n ...\n \n MSNBC Staffer \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n\"Philip \n Philip Ng\n \n ...\n \n Times Square Attendee \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n\"Greg \n Greg Orren\n \n ...\n \n Fleeing Resident \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n \n Richard Penn\n \n ...\n \n White House Press Conference Reporter \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n \n Heather Rattray\n \n ...\n \n White House Press Conference Reporter \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n \n Rachel Reedy\n \n ...\n \n Pedestrian \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n\"Raul \n Raul Reformina\n \n ...\n \n MSNBC Technician \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n \n Mic Rodgers\n \n ...\n \n Secret Service Agent \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n\"Leo \n Leo Rogstad\n \n ...\n \n Backpacker \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n \n Thomas Rosales Jr.\n \n ...\n \n Refugee \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n\"Fran \n Fran Severini\n \n ...\n \n Mrs. Partenza \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n\"Walter \n Walter Smith\n \n ...\n \n White House Press Conference Reporter \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n \n Robin J. Stafford\n \n ...\n \n Times Square Attendee \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n \n Nick Stellate\n \n ...\n \n Cyclist \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n\"Darryl \n Darryl D. Stewart\n \n ...\n \n White House News Coordinator \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n\"Roberta \n Roberta Storm\n \n ...\n \n White House Press Conference Reporter \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n \n Tai\n \n ...\n \n Elephant \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n \n Michael Wajacs\n \n ...\n \n Reporter \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n \n Eric Alan Wendell\n \n ...\n \n Fleeing Pedestrian \n \n \n (uncredited)\n \n \n
    \n Produced by \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
    \n Joan Bradshaw\n ...\n executive producer\n
    \n David Brown\n ...\n producer\n
    \n D. Scott Easton\n ...\n associate producer\n
    \n Walter F. Parkes\n ...\n executive producer (as Walter Parkes)\n
    \n Steven Spielberg\n ...\n executive producer\n
    \n Richard D. Zanuck\n ...\n producer\n
    \n Music by \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
    \n James Horner\n
    \n Cinematography by \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
    \n Dietrich Lohmann\n
    \n Editing by \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
    \n Paul Cichocki\n
    \n David Rosenbloom\n
    \n Casting By \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
    \n Allison Jones\n
    \n Production Design by \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
    \n Leslie Dilley\n
    \n Art Direction by \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
    \n Dennis Bradford\n
    \n Gary Kosko\n
    \n Andrew Neskoromny\n
    \n Thomas Valentine\n ...\n (as Tom Valentine)\n
    \n Set Decoration by \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
    \n Peg Cummings\n
    \n Costume Design by \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
    \n Ruth Myers\n
    \n Makeup Department \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
    \n Gary Archer\n ...\n dental prosthetics\n
    \n John M. Elliott Jr.\n ...\n makeup department head\n
    \n Barbara Lacy\n ...\n makeup artist\n
    \n Waldo Sanchez\n ...\n department head hair stylist\n
    \n Production Management \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
    \n D. Scott Easton\n ...\n unit production manager\n
    \n Brad Goodman\n ...\n post-production supervisor\n
    \n Cherylanne Martin\n ...\n unit production manager: second unit\n
    \n Peter M. Tobyansen\n ...\n production supervisor\n
    \n Second Unit Director or Assistant Director \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
    \n Paula Case\n ...\n second second assistant director (as Paula J. Harris)\n
    \n K.C. Colwell\n ...\n first assistant director\n
    \n E.J. Foerster\n ...\n second unit director\n
    \n Cara Giallanza\n ...\n first assistant director: second unit, Los Angeles\n
    \n Basil Grillo\n ...\n additional second second assistant director (as Basil Bryant Grillo)\n
    \n Derek E. Johansen\n ...\n second assistant director: second unit, Los Angeles (as Derek Johansen)\n
    \n Dana J. Kuznetzkoff\n ...\n first assistant director: New York (as Dana Kuznetzkoff)\n
    \n Ronan O'Connor\n ...\n DGA trainee: New York\n
    \n Tom Priestley Jr.\n ...\n second unit director: Los Angeles\n
    \n Darin Rivetti\n ...\n key second assistant director\n
    \n Robert Rooy\n ...\n first assistant director: Washington DC\n
    \n Alison C. Rosa\n ...\n second assistant director: Washington D.C. (as Alison Rosa)\n
    \n Lisa M. Rowe\n ...\n second assistant director: New York (as Lisa Rowe)\n
    \n Glen Trotiner\n ...\n second assistant director: New York\n
    \n Mark Vargo\n ...\n second unit director\n
    \n Wainani Young-Tomich\n ...\n additional second assistant director: crowd scenes\n
    \n Michele 'Shelley' Ziegler\n ...\n first assistant director: second unit (as Michele Ziegler)\n
    \n Michael Reichman\n ...\n additional second assistant director: New York (uncredited)\n
    \n Art Department \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
    \n Kim Bailey\n ...\n technical designer\n
    \n Todd Bennett\n ...\n plaster foreman\n
    \n Jeff Brown\n ...\n greensman\n
    \n Richard K. Buoen\n ...\n storyboard artist\n
    \n Carl Catanese\n ...\n set buyer: Washington, DC\n
    \n Randy L. Childs\n ...\n propmaker foreman\n
    \n Gene 'Hap' Cooper\n ...\n sculptor ganag boss\n
    \n Shannon Curfman\n ...\n set dresser\n
    \n Steven DeSantis\n ...\n stage foreman\n
    \n C\u00e9sar D\u00edez \u00c1lava\n ...\n assistant property master\n
    \n David French\n ...\n sculptor\n
    \n Daniel J. Gillooly\n ...\n greens coordinator\n
    \n Batia Grafka\n ...\n property master\n
    \n Michael D. Harrell\n ...\n assistant property master\n
    \n Michael Anthony Jackson\n ...\n storyboard artist\n
    \n Philip Keller\n ...\n storyboard artist\n
    \n Heather Kelton\n ...\n art department production assistant (as Heather Smith)\n
    \n Kristina Kilpe\n ...\n set dresser: Washington DC\n
    \n David Lowery\n ...\n storyboard artist\n
    \n Josh Lusby\n ...\n set designer\n
    \n Mark A. Mancinelli\n ...\n plasterer gang boss\n
    \n Masako Masuda\n ...\n assistant art director\n
    \n Richard F. Mays\n ...\n set designer\n
    \n Frank McEldowney\n ...\n greensperson\n
    \n David L. McGuire\n ...\n set dresser\n
    \n Ed Miarecki\n ...\n senior model maker\n
    \n Scott Nifong\n ...\n property master: second unit\n
    \n John E. Ovington\n ...\n Camera Scenic: Washington D.C.\n
    \n Kris Peck\n ...\n assistant property master\n
    \n Raymond Prado\n ...\n storyboard artist\n
    \n Dennis Riewerts\n ...\n draper\n
    \n Richard Robinson\n ...\n propmaker\n
    \n Eric Rosenberg\n ...\n assistant art director\n
    \n Mark Sakamoto\n ...\n co-leadman\n
    \n Paul Sonski\n ...\n assistant art director\n
    \n Tommy Tomlinson\n ...\n property master\n
    \n Suzan Torres\n ...\n set designer\n
    \n Gary Tuers\n ...\n props\n
    \n Robert Van Dyke\n ...\n general foreman\n
    \n Cuitlahuac Morales Velazquez\n ...\n sculptor\n
    \n John Villarino\n ...\n construction coordinator\n
    \n Mike Villarino\n ...\n construction general foreman\n
    \n Thomas R. Wagner\n ...\n property assistant\n
    \n Robb W. Ward\n ...\n construction foreman: Washington D.C.\n
    \n Tim Wilcox\n ...\n digital illustrator\n
    \n Dean Wolcott\n ...\n set designer\n
    \n Donna Cihak Hansen\n ...\n set dresser (uncredited)\n
    \n Eric Hunsaker\n ...\n set dresser (uncredited)\n
    \n Sound Department \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
    \n Christopher S. Aud\n ...\n sound effects editor (as Christopher Aud)\n
    \n Anna Behlmer\n ...\n re-recording mixer\n
    \n John Voss Bonds Jr.\n ...\n sound effects editor (as John V. Bonds Jr.)\n
    \n Raul A. Bruce\n ...\n boom operator\n
    \n Timothy A. Cleveland\n ...\n sound effects editor (as Tim Cleveland)\n
    \n Noyan Cosarer\n ...\n re-recording mixer (Turkish version)\n
    \n Jeffrey Cranford\n ...\n second assistant sound editor (as Jeff Cranford)\n
    \n Joe Dorn\n ...\n adr supervisor\n
    \n John P. Fasal\n ...\n special sound designer (as John Paul Fasal)\n
    \n Patrick J. Foley\n ...\n dialogue editor / sound editor\n
    \n Ginger Geary\n ...\n foley artist\n
    \n Eric Gotthelf\n ...\n foley mixer\n
    \n Todd Harris\n ...\n second assistant sound editor\n
    \n J. Paul Huntsman\n ...\n supervising sound editor\n
    \n Robert Jackson\n ...\n boom operator: additional photography\n
    \n Greg LaPlante\n ...\n digital mastering\n
    \n Kimberly Ellen Lowe\n ...\n adr editor (as Kimberly Lowe Voigt)\n
    \n Mark L. Mangino\n ...\n dialogue editor / sound effects editor\n
    \n Mark Hopkins McNabb\n ...\n sound\n
    \n Andy Nelson\n ...\n re-recording mixer\n
    \n George Nemzer\n ...\n sound effects editor\n
    \n Walter Newman\n ...\n supervising sound editor\n
    \n Jayme S. Parker\n ...\n sound effects editor (as Jayme Parker)\n
    \n Tom Perry\n ...\n re-recording mixer\n
    \n Jonathan Phillips\n ...\n second assistant sound editor\n
    \n John F. Reynolds\n ...\n dialogue editor\n
    \n Philip Rogers\n ...\n sound recordist\n
    \n Jeff Rosen\n ...\n foley supervisor (as Jeffrey Rosen)\n
    \n Andrew Somers\n ...\n adr editor / dialogue editor (as Andy Somers)\n
    \n Fabiola Stevenson\n ...\n Dialogue Recording Supervisor (Castilian version)\n
    \n David Werntz\n ...\n second assistant sound editor\n
    \n Joe White\n ...\n sound\n
    \n Robb Wilson\n ...\n sound assistant (as R. Robb Wilson)\n
    \n Christian Banas\n ...\n Audio Description Narrator (uncredited)\n
    \n Vikram Biswas\n ...\n post-production sound (uncredited)\n
    \n David Raines\n ...\n additional sound re-recording mixer (uncredited)\n
    \n John Soukup\n ...\n optical sound recordist (uncredited)\n
    \n Special Effects by \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
    \n Thomas Brown\n ...\n special effects technician (as Thomas H. Brown)\n
    \n Steve Bunyea\n ...\n special effects\n
    \n Darrell Burgess\n ...\n wire effects\n
    \n Danny Cadow\n ...\n wire effects technician\n
    \n Cornellius Carroll\n ...\n wire effects (as Cornelius Carroll)\n
    \n Ron Ciesielski\n ...\n special effects technician\n
    \n Donald D. Coleman\n ...\n special effects technician\n
    \n Steve J. Costello\n ...\n special effects technician\n
    \n Kim Derry\n ...\n special effects technician\n
    \n Donald Elliott\n ...\n special effects foreman (as Donald R. Elliott)\n
    \n Tom Firestone\n ...\n visual effects assistant\n
    \n Robert Harman\n ...\n wire effects coordinator\n
    \n Thomas R. Homsher\n ...\n special effects foreman\n
    \n Donald Krause\n ...\n special effects technician\n
    \n Michael Lantieri\n ...\n special effects coordinator\n
    \n Joe Love\n ...\n special effects technician\n
    \n Matt McDonnell\n ...\n special effects technician (as Matthew J. McDonnell)\n
    \n Fred O'Connor\n ...\n special effects crew\n
    \n Dan Ossello\n ...\n special effects technician\n
    \n John Ossello\n ...\n special effects technician\n
    \n Tom Pahk\n ...\n special effects rigger (as Thomas Pahk) / special effects technician\n
    \n John Palmer\n ...\n special effects project supervisor: WonderWorks\n
    \n Brick Price\n ...\n special effects sets (as WonderWorks Inc.)\n
    \n Robin Reilly\n ...\n special effects technician\n
    \n Douglas Retzler\n ...\n special effects assistant\n
    \n Steve Sanders\n ...\n shop supervisor\n
    \n Jordan Snowhook\n ...\n special effects technician\n
    \n Gregory C. Tippie\n ...\n special effects foreman: second unit, Los Angeles (as Gregory Tippie)\n
    \n Brian Tipton\n ...\n special effects technician / special effects: second unit\n
    \n Tom Tokunaga\n ...\n special effects technician\n
    \n Paul Vigil\n ...\n special effects technician / wire effects\n
    \n Chris L. Ward\n ...\n special effects technician\n
    \n Mike Wever\n ...\n wire effects technician\n
    \n Roger Willis\n ...\n wire effects\n
    \n Visual Effects by \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
    \n Alia Agha\n ...\n 3D camera matchmove artist: ILM\n
    \n Kipp Aldrich\n ...\n camera and video engineering: ILM\n
    \n Philip Edward Alexy\n ...\n technical animator: ILM (as Philip Alexy)\n
    \n Nicolas Anastassiou\n ...\n CG technical support: ILM (as Nicholas Anastassiou)\n
    \n Adrienne Anderson\n ...\n visual effects coordinator: ILM\n
    \n Leah Anton\n ...\n digital effects artist: ILM\n
    \n Joel Aron\n ...\n CG sequence supervisor: ILM\n
    \n Okan Ataman\n ...\n sabre artist: ILM\n
    \n Al Bailey\n ...\n digital paint and roto artist: ILM\n
    \n Katharine Baird\n ...\n digital paint and roto artist: ILM\n
    \n Michael Baltazar\n ...\n CG technical support: ILM\n
    \n Eran Barnea\n ...\n digital effects artist: ILM\n
    \n Michael Bauer\n ...\n cg supervisor: ILM\n
    \n Carol Bauman\n ...\n chief model maker: ILM\n
    \n Randall K. Bean\n ...\n film scanning: ILM\n
    \n Donna Ashley Beard\n ...\n viewpainter artist: ILM (as Donna Beard)\n
    \n Jeffrey Benedict\n ...\n digital effects artist: ILM\n
    \n David Benson\n ...\n software development: ILM\n
    \n Charles J. Berg\n ...\n digital artist\n
    \n Ken Beyer\n ...\n production engineering: ILM\n
    \n Andrea Biklian\n ...\n negative line-up: ILM\n
    \n Stacy Board\n ...\n digital effects coordinator: Pacific Title/Mirage Digital (as Stacey Board)\n
    \n Rod G. Bogart\n ...\n software development: ILM\n
    \n Dan Bogle\n ...\n digital wire removal\n
    \n Barbara A. Bordo\n ...\n digital paint & roto artist\n
    \n Brian Brecht\n ...\n CG staff: ILM\n
    \n Barbara Brennan\n ...\n digital effects artist: ILM\n
    \n Jeff Brewer\n ...\n model maker: ILM\n
    \n Billy Brooks\n ...\n digital effects artist: ILM (as William J. Brooks)\n
    \n Jill Brooks\n ...\n visual effects associate producer: ILM\n
    \n Phil Brotherton\n ...\n model maker: ILM\n
    \n Donald S. Butler\n ...\n digital effects artist: ILM\n
    \n D. Walt Cameron\n ...\n digital artist\n
    \n Lanny Cermak\n ...\n 3D camera matchmove artist: ILM\n
    \n Amelia Chenoweth\n ...\n digital effects artist: ILM\n
    \n Terry Chostner\n ...\n 3D camera matchmove artist: ILM\n
    \n Ian Christie\n ...\n digital effects artist: ILM\n
    \n Brent O. Coert\n ...\n display graphics office coordinator\n
    \n Brian Conlon\n ...\n sabre artist: ILM\n
    \n Caitlin Content\n ...\n sabre artist: ILM\n
    \n Marc Cooper\n ...\n digital effects artist: ILM\n
    \n Catherine Craig\n ...\n viewpainter artist: ILM\n
    \n Gregory Creaser\n ...\n digital imaging: Pacific Title\n
    \n C. Marie Davis\n ...\n visual effects executive producer: CIS Hollywood\n
    \n Fon Davis\n ...\n model maker: ILM\n
    \n Michael Degtjarewsky\n ...\n digital artist: Pacific Title/Mirage Digital\n
    \n Mitch Deoudes\n ...\n CG wave development: ILM\n
    \n Lindy DeQuattro\n ...\n digital artist (as Lindy Wilson) / digital effects artist: ILM (as Lindy Wilson)\n
    \n Lisa Drostova\n ...\n digital paint and roto artist: ILM\n
    \n Alex Drought\n ...\n digital non-linear engineer\n
    \n John Duncan\n ...\n model maker: ILM\n
    \n Greg Dunn\n ...\n production engineering: ILM\n
    \n Russell Earl\n ...\n digital effects technical director: ILM\n
    \n Timothy Eaton\n ...\n visual effects editor: ILM (as Tim Eaton)\n
    \n Selwyn Eddy\n ...\n 3d camera matchmove artist: ILM (as Selwyn Eddy III)\n
    \n Robert M. Edwards\n ...\n model maker: ILM\n
    \n Kate Elsen\n ...\n digital paint and roto artist: ILM\n
    \n Chrissie England\n ...\n senior staff: ILM\n
    \n Raul Essig\n ...\n digital effects artist: ILM\n
    \n Michael Fallavollita\n ...\n visual effects liaison\n
    \n Scott Farrar\n ...\n visual effects supervisor: ILM\n
    \n Jon Foreman\n ...\n model maker: ILM\n
    \n George Gambetta\n ...\n film scanning: ILM\n
    \n Joe Gareri\n ...\n visual effects executive producer: Pacific Title/Mirage Digital\n
    \n Larry Gaynor\n ...\n digital artist: CIS Hollywood\n
    \n Brian Gee\n ...\n digital effects technical assistant\n
    \n Bill George\n ...\n visual effects co-supervisor: ILM\n
    \n Brian Gernand\n ...\n model project supervisor: ILM\n
    \n Eileen Godoy\n ...\n production coordinator: CIS Hollywood\n
    \n Jeremy Goldman\n ...\n digital effects artist: ILM\n
    \n Gary Goldstein\n ...\n digital artist: CIS Hollywood\n
    \n Eli Golub\n ...\n technocrane\n
    \n John Goodson\n ...\n model maker: ILM\n
    \n Lydia Greenfield\n ...\n digital plate restoration technician: ILM\n
    \n Timothy Greenwood\n ...\n projectionist: ILM\n
    \n Bill Grinder\n ...\n camera and video engineering: ILM\n
    \n Michael J. Halsted\n ...\n lead matchmove artist: ILM (as Michael Halsted)\n
    \n Jason Hanel\n ...\n digital effects coordinator: Pacific Title/Mirage Digital\n
    \n Pablo Helman\n ...\n sabre supervisor: ILM\n
    \n Shannon Henry\n ...\n CG staff: ILM\n
    \n Geoff Heron\n ...\n practical effects supervisor: ILM\n
    \n Jeff Heusser\n ...\n digital compositing supervisor: CIS Hollywood\n
    \n David Hisanaga\n ...\n digital effects artist: ILM\n
    \n David Horsley\n ...\n digital effects artist: ILM\n
    \n Christopher Horvath\n ...\n digital effects artist: ILM\n
    \n Peg Hunter\n ...\n digital effects artist: ILM\n
    \n Jason Ivimey\n ...\n technical animator: ILM\n
    \n Jiri Jacknowitz\n ...\n digital paint and roto artist: ILM\n
    \n Alex Jaeger\n ...\n visual effects art director: concept design/animatics, ILM\n
    \n Patrick Jarvis\n ...\n digital paint and roto artist: ILM\n
    \n Doug Jones\n ...\n negative cutter: ILM\n
    \n Ken Jones\n ...\n visual effects supervisor: CIS Hollywood (as Dr. Ken Jones)\n
    \n Florian Kainz\n ...\n software development: ILM\n
    \n Samson Kao\n ...\n digital effects artist: ILM\n
    \n Sandra Ford Karpman\n ...\n digital effects artist: ILM\n
    \n Louis Katz\n ...\n conceptual and animatic artist: ILM\n
    \n Pam Kaye\n ...\n production accountant: ILM\n
    \n Ira Keeler\n ...\n model maker: ILM\n
    \n Greg Killmaster\n ...\n CG sequence supervisor: ILM\n
    \n Jeff King\n ...\n production engineering: ILM\n
    \n Ed Kramer\n ...\n digital effects artist: ILM\n
    \n Tom Lamb\n ...\n digital artist: Pacific Title/Mirage Digital\n
    \n Hayden Landis\n ...\n digital effects artist: ILM\n
    \n Kimberly Lashbrook\n ...\n CG resource assistant: ILM\n
    \n Jennifer Law-Stump\n ...\n digital effects artist: Pacific Title Digital\n
    \n Angela Leaper\n ...\n video editor: ILM\n
    \n Janice Lew\n ...\n digital effects artist: ILM\n
    \n Janet Lewin\n ...\n visual effects coordinator: ILM\n
    \n James Lim\n ...\n negative line-up: ILM\n
    \n Jonathan Litt\n ...\n technical assistant: ILM\n
    \n Craig Lyn\n ...\n digital modeler: ILM\n
    \n Greg Maloney\n ...\n digital effects artist: ILM\n
    \n Jeff Mann\n ...\n senior staff: ILM\n
    \n Tom Martinek\n ...\n sequence supervisor: ILM\n
    \n Stuart T. Maschwitz\n ...\n digital effects artist: ILM\n
    \n Bill Mather\n ...\n digital matte artist: ILM\n
    \n Erik Mattson\n ...\n CG sequence supervisor: ILM\n
    \n Ken McGaugh\n ...\n CG wave development: ILM\n
    \n Rich McKay\n ...\n visual effects camera assistant: ILM\n
    \n Scott McNamara\n ...\n model maker: ILM\n
    \n Gary Meyer\n ...\n camera and video engineering: ILM\n
    \n Carl Miller\n ...\n visual effects camera assistant: ILM\n
    \n Richard Miller\n ...\n sculptor\n
    \n Kristen Millette\n ...\n CG technical support: ILM\n
    \n Bill Millsap\n ...\n model maker (as William Millsap)\n
    \n Todd Mitchell\n ...\n film scanning: ILM\n
    \n Suzanne Mitus-Uribe\n ...\n digital compositor: CIS Hollywood\n
    \n Steven Moder\n ...\n digital non-linear engineer\n
    \n Terry Molatore\n ...\n lead digital paint & roto artist: ILM\n
    \n Tim Morgan\n ...\n gaffer: ILM\n
    \n Jim Morris\n ...\n general manager: ILM\n
    \n Katie Morris\n ...\n digital paint and roto artist: ILM\n
    \n Danny Mudgett\n ...\n digital compositor: CIS Hollywood\n
    \n Daryl Munton\n ...\n digital effects artist: ILM\n
    \n Patrick Neary\n ...\n digital effects artist: ILM\n
    \n Paula Nederman\n ...\n visual effects production assistant: ILM\n
    \n Marla Newall\n ...\n 3D camera matchmove artist: ILM (as Marla Selhorn)\n
    \n Ben Nichols\n ...\n model maker\n
    \n Steve Nichols\n ...\n technical animator: ILM\n
    \n David Norris\n ...\n Wescam camera operator: ILM\n
    \n Gregory Oehler\n ...\n digital compositor: CIS Hollywood\n
    \n Michael Olague\n ...\n gaffer: ILM\n
    \n Khatsho John Orfali\n ...\n digital effects artist: ILM\n
    \n Lauren Page\n ...\n model maker: ILM\n
    \n Peter G. Parise\n ...\n display graphics compositor\n
    \n Eddie Pasquarello\n ...\n digital effects artist: ILM\n
    \n Alan Peterson\n ...\n model maker: ILM\n
    \n Patrick Phillips\n ...\n technical supervisor: Pacific Title/Mirage Digital\n
    \n Joshua Pines\n ...\n film scanning and recording supervisor: ILM (as Josh Pines)\n
    \n Cliff Plumer\n ...\n CG staff: ILM\n
    \n Brian Pope\n ...\n pre-visualization artist\n
    \n Bruce Powell\n ...\n digital effects artist: ILM\n
    \n Tony Precado\n ...\n model maker: ILM\n
    \n Tony Preciado\n ...\n model maker: ILM\n
    \n Henry Preston\n ...\n CG sequence supervisor: ILM\n
    \n Scott Prior\n ...\n digital effects artist: ILM\n
    \n Kevin Rafferty\n ...\n CG Pre-Production Supervisor: ILM\n
    \n Denise Ream\n ...\n visual effects producer\n
    \n Rick Rische\n ...\n digital matte artist: ILM\n
    \n Sandy Ritts\n ...\n digital paint and roto artist: ILM\n
    \n Elsa Rodriguez\n ...\n digital paint and roto artist: ILM\n
    \n Amanda Ronai-Dahle\n ...\n digital effects artist: ILM\n
    \n Mark Santora\n ...\n model maker\n
    \n Olivier Sarda\n ...\n digital artist: Pacific Title/Mirage Digital\n
    \n Frederic Schmidt\n ...\n digital effects artist: ILM\n
    \n M. Zachary Sherman\n ...\n digital artist\n
    \n H.B. Siegel\n ...\n senior staff: ILM\n
    \n Kenneth Smith\n ...\n digital timing supervisor: ILM\n
    \n Kim Smith\n ...\n model maker: ILM (as R. Kim Smith)\n
    \n Jason H. Snell\n ...\n digital plate restoration technician: ILM\n
    \n Ben Snow\n ...\n cg supervisor: ILM\n
    \n Tony Sommers\n ...\n viewpainter artist: ILM\n
    \n David Sosalla\n ...\n digital effects supervisor: Pacific Title/Mirage Digital\n
    \n Michael Steffe\n ...\n model maker: ILM\n
    \n Doug Sutton\n ...\n CG wave development: ILM\n
    \n Pat Sweeney\n ...\n miniatures director of photography: ILM (as Patrick Sweeney)\n
    \n Joe Takai\n ...\n production engineering supervisor\n
    \n Catherine Tate\n ...\n sabre artist: ILM\n
    \n Paul Theren\n ...\n digital modeler: ILM\n
    \n Vince Tilker\n ...\n camera and video engineering: ILM\n
    \n Vincent Toscano\n ...\n software development: ILM\n
    \n Christopher Townsend\n ...\n digital effects artist: ILM\n
    \n Hans Uhlig\n ...\n digital effects artist: ILM\n
    \n John Walker\n ...\n digital effects artist: ILM\n
    \n Andy Wang\n ...\n digital effects artist: ILM\n
    \n R.D. Wegener\n ...\n 3D camera matchmove artist: ILM\n
    \n Jeff Wells\n ...\n digital effects artist: Pacific Title Digital\n
    \n Erin West\n ...\n digital paint and roto artist: ILM\n
    \n Andy White\n ...\n digital effects artist: ILM\n
    \n Harrison Zanuck\n ...\n visual effects plate coordinator\n
    \n Rita E. Zimmerman\n ...\n sabre artist: ILM (as Rita Zimmerman)\n
    \n Christopher DeAngelis\n ...\n visual effects editor: EFilm (uncredited)\n
    \n Chris Simmons\n ...\n digital artist (uncredited)\n
    \n Stunts \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
    \n M. James Arnett\n ...\n stunt coordinator\n
    \n Seth Arnett\n ...\n stunts\n
    \n Keith Campbell\n ...\n stunts\n
    \n Charles Croughwell\n ...\n stunt coordinator\n
    \n Hollis Hill\n ...\n stunts\n
    \n Kevin L. Jackson\n ...\n stunts (as Kevin Jackson)\n
    \n Cinda-Lin James\n ...\n stunts (as Cinda James)\n
    \n Tom Morga\n ...\n stunts\n
    \n Pat Romano\n ...\n assistant stunt coordinator (as Patrick Romano)\n
    \n Matthew Taylor\n ...\n stunts\n
    \n Brian Avery\n ...\n stunts (uncredited)\n
    \n Joni Avery\n ...\n stunts (uncredited)\n
    \n John Branagan\n ...\n stunts (uncredited)\n
    \n Charles Button\n ...\n stunts (uncredited)\n
    \n John Cenatiempo\n ...\n stunts (uncredited)\n
    \n Doc D. Charbonneau\n ...\n stunts (uncredited)\n
    \n Danny Downey\n ...\n stunt double: Elijah Wood (uncredited)\n
    \n Debbie Evans\n ...\n motorcycle stunts (uncredited)\n
    \n Jeff Galpin\n ...\n stunts (uncredited)\n
    \n Leigh Hennessy\n ...\n stunt double: LeeLee Sobieski (uncredited)\n
    \n Cinda-Lin James\n ...\n stunt double: Tea Leoni (uncredited)\n
    \n Hubie Kerns Jr.\n ...\n stunts (uncredited)\n
    \n Jennifer Lamb\n ...\n stunts (uncredited)\n
    \n Kevin LaRosa\n ...\n stunts (uncredited)\n
    \n Rob McCabe\n ...\n stunts (uncredited)\n
    \n William Morts\n ...\n stunts (uncredited)\n
    \n Denney Pierce\n ...\n stunts (uncredited)\n
    \n Joey Preston\n ...\n stunts (uncredited)\n
    \n Mic Rodgers\n ...\n stunts (uncredited)\n
    \n Jimmy Romano\n ...\n stunts (uncredited)\n
    \n Thomas Rosales Jr.\n ...\n stunts (uncredited)\n
    \n James Ryan\n ...\n stunts (uncredited)\n
    \n George A. Sack Jr.\n ...\n stunts (uncredited)\n
    \n Danny Scalf\n ...\n precision driver (uncredited)\n
    \n Scott Sproule\n ...\n utility stunts (uncredited)\n
    \n Matthew Taylor\n ...\n stunt double: Ron Eldard (uncredited)\n
    \n Camera and Electrical Department \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
    \n Eric S. Adamson\n ...\n electrician\n
    \n Rebecca Allen\n ...\n video engineer\n
    \n Eric Anderson\n ...\n camera operator: video camera\n
    \n Myles Aronowitz\n ...\n still photographer\n
    \n Rocky Babcock\n ...\n libra head operator\n
    \n Nico Bally\n ...\n grip\n
    \n John C. Barber\n ...\n grip: Washington D.C.\n
    \n James Barker\n ...\n electrician\n
    \n Kevin A. Barnes\n ...\n electrician (as Kevin Barnes)\n
    \n Guy Norman Bee\n ...\n Steadicam operator / camera operator\n
    \n Mindy Bee\n ...\n second assistant camera: \"c\" camera\n
    \n Ben Betts\n ...\n video engineer\n
    \n Walter Bithell\n ...\n best boy electric (as Walt Bithell)\n
    \n Josh Bleibtreu\n ...\n camera operator: second unit, Los Angeles / director of photography: mountain unit\n
    \n Mike Bonnaud\n ...\n gaffer: second unit\n
    \n Chris Bothwell\n ...\n electrician\n
    \n Don Burgess\n ...\n additional camera operator / additional photographer\n
    \n Brian Carmichael\n ...\n key video assist operator / video assist operator\n
    \n Joe Chess\n ...\n additional camera operator\n
    \n Joseph V. Cicio\n ...\n camera operator: second unit\n
    \n Cheli Clayton-Samaras\n ...\n camera loader (as Cheli Clayton)\n
    \n Jack Coffen\n ...\n gaffer: New York\n
    \n John T. Connor\n ...\n assistant camera: \"b\" camera\n
    \n Roger Donegan\n ...\n video assist operator\n
    \n Danny Eccleston\n ...\n gaffer\n
    \n David Elmore\n ...\n assistant camera: effects unit\n
    \n Danny Falkengren\n ...\n grip\n
    \n Mike Fay\n ...\n best boy grip\n
    \n Scott Febbo\n ...\n grip\n
    \n Richard Foreman Jr.\n ...\n still photographer: additional photography\n
    \n Tammy Fouts\n ...\n assistant camera: second unit\n
    \n James Frederick\n ...\n lighting technician\n
    \n Chris Funk\n ...\n rigging electrician\n
    \n Anthony Gaudioz\n ...\n camera operator: second unit, Los Angeles\n
    \n Thomas Giordano\n ...\n additional video assist operator\n
    \n Tim Gordon\n ...\n electrician\n
    \n Mark Gutterud\n ...\n assistant camera\n
    \n Eric Halberstadt\n ...\n assistant camera\n
    \n Chris Hammond\n ...\n electrician: New York\n
    \n Robert Ikeda\n ...\n grip (as Bobby Ikeda)\n
    \n Mai Iskander\n ...\n assistant camera\n
    \n Mauriece Jacks Jr.\n ...\n video assist operator\n
    \n Jerry Kim\n ...\n rigging grip\n
    \n George Lozano Jr.\n ...\n rigging electrician\n
    \n Larry Markart\n ...\n key video engineer\n
    \n Dave McAllister\n ...\n grip\n
    \n Parker Meyer\n ...\n film loader: mountain unit\n
    \n Dave Mikutsky\n ...\n electrician: Washington D.C.\n
    \n Luis Moreno\n ...\n electrician\n
    \n David Musselman\n ...\n rigging electrician\n
    \n Alexandre Naufel\n ...\n set lighting\n
    \n Max Neal\n ...\n assistant camera\n
    \n Kevin Nenonen\n ...\n electrician\n
    \n Evan A. Nesbitt\n ...\n additional camera assistant: second unit\n
    \n Ben Ormand\n ...\n second assistant camera: \"a\" camera\n
    \n Eric Parker\n ...\n electrical rigging technician\n
    \n Tom Priestley Jr.\n ...\n director of photography: Los Angeles second unit\n
    \n Andrew Priestley\n ...\n first assistant camera: \"a\" camera, second unit\n
    \n Mark Proscia\n ...\n electrician: New York\n
    \n Tony Rivetti\n ...\n first assistant camera: \"a\" camera / steadicam: additional photography\n
    \n Steve Robertson\n ...\n dolly grip\n
    \n Tim Ryan\n ...\n key grip\n
    \n Don Spiro\n ...\n electrician\n
    \n Scott E. Steele\n ...\n additional camera operator\n
    \n Arthur Szefer\n ...\n assistant camera\n
    \n Jorge S\u00e1nchez\n ...\n assistant camera / first assistant camera: \"a\" camera\n
    \n Daniel E. Teaze\n ...\n second assistant camera: second unit\n
    \n David Terpin\n ...\n assistant chief rigging technician\n
    \n Jon R. Tower\n ...\n chief lighting technician: second unit\n
    \n Joseph F. Valentine\n ...\n camera operator: second unit, Los Angeles\n
    \n Mark Vargo\n ...\n camera operator: second unit / director of photography: Washington second unit\n
    \n Chris Walters\n ...\n electrician: Washington D.C.\n
    \n Chris Weigand\n ...\n rigging electrician\n
    \n Keith Weiner\n ...\n electrician: Washington D.C.\n
    \n James D. Wickman\n ...\n dolly grip: \"b\" camera / grip\n
    \n Stefan Wilking\n ...\n rigging electrician\n
    \n Daniel Windels\n ...\n electrician\n
    \n Steven J. Winslow\n ...\n assistant camera: Wescam / camera technician\n
    \n Steve Wong\n ...\n first assistant camera\n
    \n Robert Daniel\n ...\n studio technical support and services (uncredited)\n
    \n Steven G. Fracol\n ...\n additional camera operator (uncredited)\n
    \n Steven J. Mikolas\n ...\n video assist (uncredited)\n
    \n Phil Pastuhov\n ...\n aerial director of photography (uncredited)\n
    \n Dylan Rush\n ...\n additional rigging best boy (uncredited)\n
    \n Giovanni Zelko\n ...\n rigging electrician (uncredited)\n
    \n Casting Department \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
    \n Judith Bouley\n ...\n casting: Washington D.C.\n
    \n Ben Diskin\n ...\n adr voice casting\n
    \n Barbara Harris\n ...\n adr voice casting\n
    \n Debbie Sheridan\n ...\n extras casting associate\n
    \n Kimberly Skyrme\n ...\n extras casting\n
    \n Ashley Stepp\n ...\n extras casting\n
    \n Wendy Washbrook\n ...\n casting assistant\n
    \n Jane Wheeler\n ...\n adr voice casting\n
    \n Costume and Wardrobe Department \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
    \n Marsha Bozeman\n ...\n set costumer\n
    \n Brian Dott\n ...\n costume fabricator\n
    \n Kevin P. Faherty\n ...\n costumer: new york\n
    \n Lisa Halperin\n ...\n set costumer\n
    \n Michelle Kurpaska\n ...\n costume supervisor\n
    \n Anthony J. Lipin\n ...\n costumer\n
    \n Tony Lipin\n ...\n costumer\n
    \n Boyd Miles\n ...\n costumer: Washington D.C.\n
    \n Bob Moore Jr.\n ...\n set costumer\n
    \n Wanda Price\n ...\n seamstress\n
    \n John M. 'Jack' Wright\n ...\n costumer\n
    \n Elizabeth Abate\n ...\n costumer (uncredited)\n
    \n Clark Acton\n ...\n Lead EVA Space Suit Technician (uncredited)\n
    \n William Iversen\n ...\n EVA Space Suit Technician (uncredited)\n
    \n Randy Pike\n ...\n special costume fabricator: spacesuits (uncredited)\n
    \n Editorial Department \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
    \n Ken Blackwell\n ...\n assistant editor\n
    \n Andy Cohen\n ...\n post-production assistant\n
    \n Martin Cohen\n ...\n post-production executive\n
    \n Michael Healey\n ...\n colorist\n
    \n Scott Janush\n ...\n first assistant editor\n
    \n Jim Passon\n ...\n color timer\n
    \n Richmond Riedel\n ...\n assistant editor\n
    \n Karen Snyder\n ...\n video playback editor (uncredited)\n
    \n Location Management \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
    \n Kate Beall\n ...\n location scout (as Kathleen Beall)\n
    \n Patrick Burn\n ...\n assistant location manager\n
    \n Brian Glazen\n ...\n location assistant\n
    \n Michael Haro\n ...\n supervising location manager\n
    \n George Herthel\n ...\n location manager\n
    \n Jonathan Jones\n ...\n location assistant\n
    \n Jennifer Brandon King\n ...\n assistant location manager\n
    \n Paul Lucero\n ...\n assistant location manager\n
    \n Joseph Martin\n ...\n assistant location manager: Washington D.C.\n
    \n Stuart Neumann\n ...\n location manager: Washington D.C.\n
    \n Peggy Pridemore\n ...\n location manager: Washington D.C.\n
    \n Bryan Thomas\n ...\n location manager: New York, prep only\n
    \n Kelly Harris\n ...\n location scout (uncredited)\n
    \n John Marston\n ...\n location projectionist: Washington D.C. (uncredited)\n
    \n Music Department \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
    \n David Arnold\n ...\n executive charge of music\n
    \n Andy Bass\n ...\n music assistant engineer\n
    \n Bob Bornstein\n ...\n music preparation\n
    \n Sandy De Crescent\n ...\n orchestra contractor\n
    \n Nancy Fogarty\n ...\n assistant music editor\n
    \n Jason Graves\n ...\n orchestrator\n
    \n Jim Henrikson\n ...\n supervising music editor\n
    \n James Horner\n ...\n orchestrator\n
    \n David Marquette\n ...\n music assistant engineer\n
    \n Barbara McDermott\n ...\n assistant music editor\n
    \n John Ottman\n ...\n conductor / executive in charge of music: Paramount Pictures\n
    \n Joe E. Rand\n ...\n music editor\n
    \n J.A.C. Redford\n ...\n additional orchestrator\n
    \n Simon Rhodes\n ...\n score mixer / score recordist\n
    \n Bob Sanders\n ...\n musician: trombone (uncredited)\n
    \n Eun-Mee Ahn\n ...\n musician: violin (uncredited)\n
    \n Steve Becknell\n ...\n musician: french horn (uncredited)\n
    \n Bill Booth\n ...\n musician: trombone (uncredited)\n
    \n Tom Boyd\n ...\n musician: oboe soloist (uncredited) / oboe soloist (uncredited)\n
    \n Julie Butchko\n ...\n music clearance (uncredited)\n
    \n Wade Culbreath\n ...\n musician: percussion (uncredited)\n
    \n David Duke\n ...\n musician: french horn (uncredited)\n
    \n Jon Robert Hall\n ...\n singer (uncredited)\n
    \n Scottie Haskell\n ...\n score vocalist (uncredited)\n
    \n The Hollywood Studio Symphony\n ...\n music performed by (uncredited)\n
    \n James Horner\n ...\n conductor (uncredited) / music producer (uncredited)\n
    \n Alan Kaplan\n ...\n musician: trombone (uncredited)\n
    \n Dan Kelley\n ...\n musician: french horn (uncredited)\n
    \n Edie Lehmann Boddicker\n ...\n singer (uncredited)\n
    \n Andy Malloy\n ...\n musician: trombone (uncredited)\n
    \n Todd Miller\n ...\n musician: french horn (uncredited)\n
    \n Tim Morrison\n ...\n musician: trumpet (uncredited)\n
    \n Brian O'Connor\n ...\n musician: french horn (uncredited)\n
    \n Bryan Pezzone\n ...\n musician: piano (uncredited)\n
    \n John Reynolds\n ...\n musician: french horn (uncredited)\n
    \n Simon Rhodes\n ...\n music producer (uncredited)\n
    \n James Sawyer\n ...\n musician: trombone (uncredited)\n
    \n Hugh Seenan\n ...\n musician: french horn (uncredited)\n
    \n Jim Self\n ...\n musician: tuba (uncredited)\n
    \n Kurt Snyder\n ...\n musician: french horn (uncredited)\n
    \n Sally Stevens\n ...\n singer/vocal contractor (uncredited)\n
    \n George Thatcher\n ...\n musician: trombone (uncredited)\n
    \n James Thatcher\n ...\n musician: French horn (uncredited)\n
    \n Richard Todd\n ...\n musician: french horn (uncredited)\n
    \n Sebastian Toettcher\n ...\n musician: cello (uncredited)\n
    \n Louise Di Tullio\n ...\n musician: flute (uncredited)\n
    \n Dave Washburn\n ...\n musician: trumpet (uncredited)\n
    \n Script and Continuity Department \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
    \n Faith Conroy\n ...\n script supervisor\n
    \n Larry Leahy\n ...\n script coordinator\n
    \n John Wells\n ...\n script revisions (uncredited)\n
    \n Transportation Department \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
    \n Edward Cook\n ...\n driver\n
    \n Robert Gaskill\n ...\n driver: Mr. Freeman\n
    \n Maylon Houston\n ...\n transportation captain\n
    \n Kathryn Moll\n ...\n driver\n
    \n Robert Neilson\n ...\n transportation coordinator\n
    \n Ron Poniewaz\n ...\n crew driver (as Ron Poniewaz Jr.)\n
    \n Robert James Rauer\n ...\n transportation (as Robert Rauer)\n
    \n Shaun Ryan\n ...\n production driver\n
    \n George Zimmerman\n ...\n driver\n
    \n John R. Dove\n ...\n driver (uncredited)\n
    \n Lawrence Dove\n ...\n driver (uncredited)\n
    \n Additional Crew \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
    \n Nick 13\n ...\n loop group (as Nick Jones-Murray)\n
    \n Geoff Abadee\n ...\n logistics\n
    \n Daniel Ahearn\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Wendy Altman-Cohen\n ...\n principal eyewear\n
    \n Melissa Altro\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n David Andriole\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Lauren Annis\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Ian Axness\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Jenni Barber\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Ivan Bekey\n ...\n consultant\n
    \n David Berry\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Marissa N. Blanchard\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Tonya Bowen\n ...\n display graphics coordinator/producer\n
    \n Michael Brandon\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Chris Britton\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Brianne Brozey\n ...\n loop group (as Brianne Siddall Brozey)\n
    \n Kelly Burek\n ...\n accounting clerk\n
    \n Griffin Burns\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Jesse Cadotte\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Danny Cadow\n ...\n flying effects technician\n
    \n Joe Cappelletti\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Cornellius Carroll\n ...\n flying effects technician\n
    \n Todd Carroll\n ...\n production assistant\n
    \n Al Cerullo\n ...\n helicopter pilot\n
    \n Cristina Christian\n ...\n accounting clerk\n
    \n Lara Cody\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n David Cohen\n ...\n mold shop supervisor\n
    \n Patrick Collins\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Joshua Colwell\n ...\n comet advisor\n
    \n Craig Comstock\n ...\n production assistant\n
    \n Jan Cosby\n ...\n second assistant accountant\n
    \n Carlos P. Cunha\n ...\n production assistant\n
    \n Dena Davis\n ...\n loop group (as Dena R. Davis)\n
    \n Jeff Davis\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Jeff Bryan Davis\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Rebecca Davis\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Marlena De Fabrizio\n ...\n production assistant\n
    \n Tom DeLonge\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Andr\u00e9 Devantier\n ...\n chef\n
    \n Priscilla Star Diaz\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Cody Dorkin\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Katherine Dorrer\n ...\n office production assistant\n
    \n Lori Keith Douglas\n ...\n production coordinator\n
    \n Terri Douglas\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Pam Ellington\n ...\n first assistant production accountant\n
    \n Morenike Joela Evans\n ...\n production assistant (as Morenike Efuntade)\n
    \n Danielle Fenati\n ...\n production assistant\n
    \n Jay Field\n ...\n project officer / technical advisor: military\n
    \n Stuart Fink\n ...\n unit publicist\n
    \n Quinton Flynn\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Toby Gallo\n ...\n systems administrator\n
    \n Michael Garrity\n ...\n assistant: Ms. Leder\n
    \n Holly Gauthier-Frankel\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Marc C. Geschwind\n ...\n photo double-jon favreau\n
    \n Don Gillespie\n ...\n co-first assistant accountant\n
    \n Leland Grossman\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Kim Mai Guest\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Peter Hansen\n ...\n caterer: pastry chef\n
    \n Robert Harman\n ...\n flying effects supervisor\n
    \n Jeffrey C. Hawkins\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n David Hayter\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Joshua C. Hersko\n ...\n production assistant\n
    \n Daren Hicks\n ...\n production coordinator\n
    \n Kate Higgins\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Alexandra Hoffman\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Susannah Hoffmann\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Jamey Hopper\n ...\n office production assistant\n
    \n Lori Ikeda\n ...\n payroll accountant\n
    \n Harry A. Jarvis III\n ...\n display graphics coordinator (as Harry Jarvis)\n
    \n Ali Johnston\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Tudor Jones\n ...\n production assistant\n
    \n Andrea Jones-Rooy\n ...\n production assistant\n
    \n Dylan Kasch\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Ken Kaufman\n ...\n production assistant\n
    \n Seth Kearsley\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n John Latenser V\n ...\n assistant production coordinator: Washington D.C.\n
    \n Remy Le Boeuf\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Laurel Lefkow\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Matthew Lemche\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Nicolette Little\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Elsie Lovelock\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Chris Luchini\n ...\n science advisor\n
    \n Jennifer P. Luther\n ...\n second assistant accountant\n
    \n Bert Maatta\n ...\n technical advisor\n
    \n Lewis Macleod\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Barbara Mamabolo\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Todd A. Marks\n ...\n display graphics supervisor (as Todd Aron Marks)\n
    \n Gail Martin-Sheridan\n ...\n production accountant\n
    \n Rob McCabe\n ...\n photo double / stand-in\n
    \n Michael J. McCarthy\n ...\n second unit craft services\n
    \n Erin Meehan\n ...\n production assistant\n
    \n Bob Merrick\n ...\n production secretary\n
    \n Daman Mills\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Phil J. Minsky\n ...\n caterer and chef\n
    \n Steven R. Molen\n ...\n production executive\n
    \n John Sanford Moore\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Tegan Moss\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Duane Murray\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Annelise Nolting\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Phill Norman\n ...\n title designer\n
    \n Peter Oldring\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Nicole Orth-Pallavicini\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Peter G. Parise\n ...\n display graphics compositor\n
    \n Chandler Parker\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Shannon Petska\n ...\n production assistant\n
    \n Bryan Pezzone\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Quentin Pierre\n ...\n assistant: Mr. Freeman\n
    \n Matt Redman\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Bill Richards\n ...\n helicopter pilot\n
    \n Kane Ritchotte\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Jonathan Roumie\n ...\n production assistant\n
    \n David Saltzman\n ...\n Assistant to Bruce Joel Rubin\n
    \n Tony Sampson\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Ward Saxton\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Lauren Schaffel\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Carolyn Shoemaker\n ...\n comet advisor\n
    \n Eugene Shoemaker\n ...\n comet advisor\n
    \n Ken Slater\n ...\n display graphics consultant\n
    \n Matthew D. Smith\n ...\n production assistant: additional photography\n
    \n Phil Smith\n ...\n animal trainer\n
    \n Todd Soley\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Seth St. Laurent\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Jorma Starratt\n ...\n production assistant\n
    \n Michael Sucsy\n ...\n production assistant\n
    \n Laura Tiz\n ...\n assistant accountant\n
    \n Corbett Tuck\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Josh Uhler\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Lee Unkrich\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Nelson Vasquez\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n David Walker\n ...\n consultant: space technology\n
    \n C. Ransom Walrod\n ...\n marine coordinator\n
    \n Robin Weekes\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Adam Welsh\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Jane Wheeler\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Kali Whitehurst\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Kent Williams\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Mick Wingert\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Dave Wittenberg\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Lora Witty\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Alex L. Worman\n ...\n epk interviewer\n
    \n Michael Yarmush\n ...\n loop group\n
    \n Dean Zanuck\n ...\n production executive\n
    \n Kurt Zelnak\n ...\n travel coordinator\n
    \n Lisa Zusmer DelPrete\n ...\n executive producer assistant (as Lisa Zusmer)\n
    \n Stephanie Ahn\n ...\n production assistant (uncredited)\n
    \n Martha R. Cotton\n ...\n consultant (uncredited)\n
    \n Elissa Ewalt\n ...\n production assistant: Washington D.C. (uncredited)\n
    \n Terri Farley-Teruel\n ...\n production services (uncredited)\n
    \n Christopher Gilman\n ...\n space suit fabricator (uncredited)\n
    \n Jack E. Herman\n ...\n extras set coordinator: Edwards AFB (uncredited)\n
    \n Cory C. Myler\n ...\n assistant: Mr. Parkes (uncredited)\n
    \n Ron Ostrow\n ...\n video researcher (uncredited)\n
    \n Jennifer Pearlman\n ...\n key production assistant (uncredited)\n
    \n Spike Seldin\n ...\n production executive (uncredited)\n
    \n Thanks \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
    \n Alex Humphrey\n ...\n thanks\n
    \n Dietrich Lohmann\n ...\n in memory of\n
    \n Philip M. Strub\n ...\n special thanks\n
    \n\n
    \n
    \n\n\n\n
    \n

    See also

    \n

    \n \nRelease Dates\n | \nOfficial Sites\n | \nCompany Credits\n | \nFilming & Production\n | \nTechnical Specs\n

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    \n\nDeep Impact
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    \n\n\n\n\n \n \n\n", + "page_last_modified": "" + }, + { + "page_name": "Deep Impact (film) - Wikipedia", + "page_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Impact_(film)", + "page_snippet": "The origins of Deep Impact started in the late 1970s when producers Richard Zanuck and David Brown approached Paramount Pictures proposing a remake of the 1951 film When Worlds Collide. Although several screenplay drafts were completed, the producers were not completely happy with any of them ...The origins of Deep Impact started in the late 1970s when producers Richard Zanuck and David Brown approached Paramount Pictures proposing a remake of the 1951 film When Worlds Collide. Although several screenplay drafts were completed, the producers were not completely happy with any of them and the project remained in \"development hell\" for many years. However, Spielberg had already bought the film rights to the 1993 novel The Hammer of God by Arthur C. Clarke, which dealt with a similar theme of an asteroid on a collision course for Earth and humanity's attempts to prevent its own extinction. Spielberg planned to produce and direct The Hammer of God himself for his then-fledgling DreamWorks studio, but opted to merge the two projects with Zanuck and Brown, and they commissioned a screenplay for what would become Deep Impact. Spielberg planned to produce and direct The Hammer of God himself for his then-fledgling DreamWorks studio, but opted to merge the two projects with Zanuck and Brown, and they commissioned a screenplay for what would become Deep Impact. In 1995, the forthcoming film was announced in industry publications as \"Screenplay by Bruce Joel Rubin, based on the film When Worlds Collide and The Hammer of God by Arthur C Clarke\" though ultimately, following a subsequent redraft by Michael Tolkin, neither source work would be credited in the final film. Spielberg still planned to direct Deep Impact himself, but commitments to his 1997 film Amistad prevented him from doing so in time, particularly as Touchstone Pictures had just announced their own similarly-themed film Armageddon, also to be released in summer 1998. Deep Impact is a 1998 American science fiction disaster film directed by Mimi Leder, written by Bruce Joel Rubin and Michael Tolkin, and starring Robert Duvall, T\u00e9a Leoni, Elijah Wood, Vanessa Redgrave, Maximilian Schell, and Morgan Freeman. Steven Spielberg served as an executive producer of this film. It was released by Paramount Pictures in North America and by DreamWorks Pictures internationally on May 8, 1998. The film depicts the attempts to prepare for and destroy a 7-mile (11 km) wide comet set to collide with Earth and cause a mass extinction.", + "page_result": "\n\n\n\nDeep Impact (film) - Wikipedia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJump to content\n
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    Deep Impact (film)

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    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    \n\t\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t
    1998 science fiction film directed by Mimi Leder
    \n
    Deep Impact
    Theatrical release poster
    Directed byMimi Leder
    Written byBruce Joel Rubin
    Michael Tolkin
    Produced byDavid Brown
    Richard D. Zanuck
    Starring
    CinematographyDietrich Lohmann
    Edited byPaul Cichocki
    David Rosenbloom
    Music byJames Horner
    Production
    companies
    Distributed byParamount Pictures
    (North America)
    DreamWorks Pictures
    (through United International Pictures; International)
    Release date
    \n
    • May 8, 1998 (1998-05-08)
    \n
    Running time
    121 minutes
    CountryUnited States
    LanguageEnglish
    Budget$80 million[1]
    Box office$349.5 million[2]
    \n

    Deep Impact is a 1998 American science fiction disaster film[3] directed by Mimi Leder, written by Bruce Joel Rubin and Michael Tolkin, and starring Robert Duvall, T\u00e9a Leoni, Elijah Wood, Vanessa Redgrave, Maximilian Schell, and Morgan Freeman. Steven Spielberg served as an executive producer of this film. It was released by Paramount Pictures in North America and by DreamWorks Pictures internationally on May 8, 1998. The film depicts the attempts to prepare for and destroy a 7-mile (11 km) wide comet set to collide with Earth and cause a mass extinction.\n

    Deep Impact was released in the same summer as the similarly themed Armageddon, which fared better at the box office, while astronomers described Deep Impact as being more accurate.[4][5] Both films were similarly received by critics, with Armageddon scoring 43% and Deep Impact scoring 45% on Rotten Tomatoes. Deep Impact grossed over $349.5 million worldwide on an $80 million production budget, becoming the sixth highest-grossing film of 1998.\n

    It was the final film by cinematographer Dietrich Lohmann, who died before the film's release.[6]\n

    \n\n

    Plot[edit]

    \n

    In May 1998, at a star party in Virginia, teenage amateur astronomer Leo Biederman observes an unidentified object in the night sky. He sends a picture to astronomer Dr. Marcus Wolf, who realizes it is a comet on collision course with Earth. Wolf dies in a car crash while racing to raise the alarm.\n

    A year later, MSNBC journalist Jenny Lerner investigates Secretary of the Treasury Alan Rittenhouse over his connection with \"Ellie\", whom she assumes to be a mistress; she is confused when she finds him and his family loading a boat with large amounts of food and other survival gear. She is apprehended by the FBI and taken to meet President Tom Beck, who persuades her not to share the story in return for a prominent role in the press conference he will arrange. She subsequently discovers that \"Ellie\" is actually an acronym\u2014E.L.E.\u2014which stands for \"extinction-level event\". Two days later, Beck announces that the comet Wolf\u2013Biederman is on course to impact the Earth in roughly one year and could cause humanity's extinction. He reveals that the United States and Russia have been constructing the Messiah in orbit, a spacecraft to transport a team to alter the comet's path with nuclear bombs.\n

    The Messiah launches a short time later with a crew of five American astronauts and one Russian cosmonaut. They land on the comet's outer-most layer and drill the nuclear bombs deep beneath its surface, but the comet shifts into the sunlight. Consequently, one astronaut is blinded and another propelled into space by an explosive release of gas. The remaining crew escape the comet and detonate the bombs. However, rather than deflect the comet, the bombs split it in two. Beck announces the mission's failure in a television address, and that both pieces\u2014the larger now named Wolf and the smaller named Biederman\u2014are still headed for Earth. Wolf is on a collision course with western Canada, and its impact is expected to fill the atmosphere with dust, blocking all sunlight for two years and creating an impact winter that will kill all life on the planet's surface.\n

    Martial law is imposed and a lottery selects 800,000 Americans to join 200,000 pre-selected individuals in underground shelters in Missouri's limestone bluffs. Lerner is pre-selected, as are the Biederman family as gratitude for discovering the comet, though Leo's girlfriend Sarah and her family are not selected. Lerner's mother, upon learning most senior citizens are ineligible for the lottery, commits ritual suicide. Leo marries Sarah in a vain attempt to save her family; while this saves Sarah, her family are still not selected, and she refuses to go without them. A last-ditch effort to deflect the comets with ICBMs fails. Upon arrival at the shelter, Leo eschews his safety and leaves to find Sarah. He reaches her on the freeway and takes her and her baby brother to higher ground while her parents remain. Lerner gives up her seat on an evacuation helicopter to a colleague and her young daughter, instead traveling to a beach where she reconciles with her estranged father.\n

    The Biederman fragment hits the Atlantic Ocean near Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, creating a megatsunami that destroys much of the East Coast of the United States, reaching the Ohio River Valley, and also hitting Europe and Africa. Millions are killed, including Sarah\u2019s parents, Lerner, and her father. Leo, Sarah, and her baby brother survive after making it to the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains. The crew of Messiah, now dangerously low on both life-support and remaining propellant fuel, decide to sacrifice themselves to destroy the larger Wolf fragment by flying deep inside it and detonating their remaining nuclear bombs. They say goodbye to their loved ones by video call and execute their plan. Wolf is blown into smaller pieces which burn up harmlessly in the Earth's atmosphere, averting further catastrophe.\n

    After the waters recede, President Beck speaks to a large crowd at an under-construction replacement United States Capitol, encouraging them to remember those lost as they begin to rebuild.\n

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    Cast[edit]

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    \n
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    Production[edit]

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    The origins of Deep Impact started in the late 1970s when producers Richard Zanuck and David Brown approached Paramount Pictures proposing a remake of the 1951 film When Worlds Collide.[7] Although several screenplay drafts were completed, the producers were not completely happy with any of them and the project remained in \"development hell\" for many years. In the mid-1990s, they approached director Steven Spielberg, with whom they had made the 1975 blockbuster Jaws, to discuss their long-planned project.[7] However, Spielberg had already bought the film rights to the 1993 novel The Hammer of God by Arthur C. Clarke, which dealt with a similar theme of an asteroid on a collision course for Earth and humanity's attempts to prevent its own extinction. Spielberg planned to produce and direct The Hammer of God himself for his then-fledgling DreamWorks studio, but opted to merge the two projects with Zanuck and Brown, and they commissioned a screenplay for what would become Deep Impact.[7]\n

    In 1995, the forthcoming film was announced in industry publications as \"Screenplay by Bruce Joel Rubin, based on the film When Worlds Collide and The Hammer of God by Arthur C Clarke\"[8] though ultimately, following a subsequent redraft by Michael Tolkin, neither source work would be credited in the final film. Spielberg still planned to direct Deep Impact himself, but commitments to his 1997 film Amistad prevented him from doing so in time, particularly as Touchstone Pictures had just announced their own similarly-themed film Armageddon, also to be released in summer 1998.[7] Not wanting to wait, the producers opted to hire Mimi Leder to direct Deep Impact, with Spielberg acting as executive producer.[7] Leder was unaware of the other film being made. \u201cI couldn\u2019t believe it. And the press was trying to pit us against each other. That didn\u2019t feel good. Both films have great value and, fortunately, they both succeeded tremendously.\" Clarke's novel was used as part of the film's publicity campaign both before and after the film's release[9][10][11][12] and he was disgruntled about not being credited on the film.[13][14]\n

    Jenny Lerner, the character played by T\u00e9a Leoni, was originally intended to work for CNN. CNN rejected this because it would be \"inappropriate\". MSNBC agreed to be featured in the movie instead, seeing it as a way to gain exposure for the then newly created network.[15]\n

    Director Mimi Leder later explained that she would have liked to travel to other countries to incorporate additional perspectives, but due to a strict filming schedule and a comparatively low budget, the idea was scratched.[16] Visual effects supervisor Scott Farrar felt that coverage of worldwide events would have distracted and detracted from the main characters' stories.[16]\n

    A number of scientists worked as science consultants for the film including astronomers Gene Shoemaker, Carolyn Shoemaker, Josh Colwell and Chris Luchini, former astronaut David Walker, and the former director of the NASA's Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Gerry Griffin.[17]\n

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    Soundtrack[edit]

    \n
    Deep Impact \u2013 Music from the Motion Picture
    Soundtrack album by
    ReleasedMay 5, 1998
    Recorded1997\u20131998
    GenreFilm score
    Length77:12
    LabelSony Classical
    James Horner chronology
    \n\n\n\n\n\n
    Titanic
    (1997)\n
    Deep Impact \u2013 Music from the Motion Picture
    (1998)\n
    The Mask of Zorro
    (1998)\n
    \n

    The music for the film was composed and conducted by James Horner.\n

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    Release[edit]

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    Theatrical[edit]

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    The film was released by Paramount Pictures on May 8, 1998.\n

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    Home media[edit]

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    Deep Impact was released on VHS on October 20, 1998, LaserDisc on November 3 and DVD on December 15.[18]\n

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    Reception[edit]

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    Box office[edit]

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    Deep Impact debuted at the North American box office with $41 million in ticket sales. It managed to cross over Twister, scoring the tenth-highest opening weekend of all time.[19] For a decade, the film held the record for having the biggest opening weekend for a female-directed film until it was taken by Twilight in 2008.[20] The film grossed $140 million in North America and an additional $209 million worldwide for a total gross of $349 million. Despite competition in the summer of 1998 from the similar Armageddon, both films were widely successful, with Deep Impact being the higher opener of the two, while Armageddon was the most profitable overall.[2]\n

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    Critical reception[edit]

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    Deep Impact had a mixed critical reception. Based on 94 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes, 45% of critics enjoyed the film, with an average rating of 5.8/10. The website's critical consensus reads, \"A tidal wave of melodrama sinks Deep Impact's chance at being the memorable disaster flick it aspires to be.\"[21] Metacritic gave a score of 40 out of 100 based on 20 reviews, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\".[22] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"B\" on an A+ to F scale.[23]\n

    Elvis Mitchell of The New York Times said that the film \"has a more brooding, thoughtful tone than this genre usually calls for\",[24] while Rita Kempley and Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post criticized what they saw as unemotional performances and a lack of tension.[25][26]\n

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    Accolades[edit]

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    At the 1998 Stinkers Bad Movie Awards, the film was nominated for Worst Supporting Actress for Leoni (lost to Lacey Chabert for Lost in Space) and Worst Screenplay For A Film Grossing More Than $100 Million (Using Hollywood Math) (lost to Godzilla).[27]\n

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    See also[edit]

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    References[edit]

    \n
    \n
      \n
    1. ^ \"Deep Impact\". The Numbers. Nash Information Services. Archived from the original on February 14, 2013. Retrieved February 1, 2013.\n
    2. \n
    3. ^ a b \"Deep Impact\". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on January 1, 2013. Retrieved February 1, 2013.\n
    4. \n
    5. ^ Stweart, Bhob. \"Deep Impact\". Allmovie. RhythmOne. Archived from the original on December 19, 2013. Retrieved August 12, 2012.\n
    6. \n
    7. ^ \"Disaster Movies\". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on June 12, 2004. Retrieved March 23, 2008.\n
    8. \n
    9. ^ Plait, Phil (February 17, 2000). \"Hollywood Does the Universe Wrong\". Space.com. TechMedia Network. Archived from the original on October 12, 2010.\n
    10. \n
    11. ^ Oliver, Myrna (November 20, 1997). \"Dietrich Lohmann; Widely Praised Cinematographer\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved August 18, 2015.\n
    12. \n
    13. ^ a b c d e Shapiro, Mark (May 1998). \"When Worlds Collide Anew (On Location for Deep Impact...)\". Starlog. New York, US: Starlog Group, Inc. Retrieved July 15, 2017.\n
    14. \n
    15. ^ \"Deep Impact\". The Film Journal. Pubsun Corporation. 98 (1\u20136). 1995. Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved July 14, 2017.\n
    16. \n
    17. ^ \"Arthur C's Pool Of Knowledge\". Saga Magazine. Saga plc. 1997. Archived from the original on August 10, 2017. Retrieved July 14, 2017.\n
    18. \n
    19. ^ \"Deep Impact - Full Cast and Credits - 1998\". Hollywood.com. Archived from the original on August 10, 2017. Retrieved June 25, 2018.\n
    20. \n
    21. ^ TV Guide Film and Video Companion 2005. Barnes & Noble. 2004. p. 232. ISBN 978-0760761045.\n
    22. \n
    23. ^ Grant, Edmund (1999). The Motion Picture Guide 1999 Annual. Cinebooks. p. 94. ISBN 978-0933997431.\n
    24. \n
    25. ^ Coker, John L. III (September 1999). \"A Visit with Arthur C.Clarke\". Locus. Locus Publications. Archived from the original on May 10, 2008. Retrieved May 14, 2008.\n
    26. \n
    27. ^ United States House Science Subcommittee on Space (1998). The threat and the opportunity of asteroids and other near-earth objects (Report). Vol. 4. United States Government Publishing Office. Archived from the original on July 12, 2021. Retrieved July 14, 2017.\n
    28. \n
    29. ^ \"MSNBC gets role in Deep Impact after CNN declines\". HighBeam Research. Cengage. Associated Press. April 30, 1998. Retrieved June 25, 2018.[dead link]\n
    30. \n
    31. ^ a b Leder, Mimi and Farrar, Scott. Audio commentary. Deep Impact DVD. Universal Studios, 2004.\n
    32. \n
    33. ^ Kirby, David A. (2011). Lab Coats in Hollywood: Science, Scientists, and Cinema. MIT Press. ISBN 9780262014786. Archived from the original on 2021-07-12. Retrieved 2020-09-23.\n
    34. \n
    35. ^ \"'Mercury Rising' and 'Deep Rising' due on video\". The Kansas City Star. September 11, 1998. p. 106. Archived from the original on April 8, 2023. Retrieved April 8, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. \"Open\n
    36. \n
    37. ^ \"'Deep Impact' Shoots to Top on Its First Weekend\". Los Angeles Times. 12 May 1998. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.\n
    38. \n
    39. ^ Larry Carroll (2008-11-24). \"'Twilight' Tuesday Finale: Director Catherine Hardwicke Raves About Film's Success \u2014 'Unbelievable!'\". MTV. Archived from the original on 2010-08-07. Retrieved 2010-07-10.\n
    40. \n
    41. ^ \"Deep Impact (1998)\". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Archived from the original on April 6, 2017. Retrieved May 8, 2023.\n
    42. \n
    43. ^ \"Deep Impact Reviews\". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on January 17, 2018. Retrieved June 25, 2018.\n
    44. \n
    45. ^ \"Home\". CinemaScore. Archived from the original on 2022-04-13. Retrieved 2023-08-25.\n
    46. \n
    47. ^ Maslin, Janet (May 8, 1998). \"Movie Review \u2014 Deep Impact\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 24, 2002. Retrieved November 10, 2012.\n
    48. \n
    49. ^ Kempley, Rita (March 8, 2000). \"'Deep Impact': C'mon Comet!\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 9, 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2009.\n
    50. \n
    51. ^ O'Sullivan, Michael (March 8, 2000). \"High Profile, Low 'Impact'\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 9, 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2009.\n
    52. \n
    53. ^ \"The Worst of 1998 Winners\". Archived from the original on October 13, 1999. Retrieved September 8, 2019.\n
    54. \n
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    External links[edit]

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