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https://interestory.ru/family-of-almeida-lost-their-young-tortoise-and-here-is-the-shocking-story-of-their-reunion/

Family of Almeida lost their young tortoise and here is the shocking story of their reunion after 30 years

["Family of Almeida lost their young tortoise and here is the shocking story of their reunion after 30 years\nFamily of Almeida lost their young tortoise and here is the shocking story of their reunion\nIn 1982, a family of Almeida in Rio de Janeiro lost their young tortoise pet.\nAt that time their house was under construction, and the family suspected that he just slipped through the gate. As there was a forest nearby, the owners thought that the turtle ran away there. For about thirty years, the disappearance of their pet was a mystery, until one day they got an unexpected surprise.", "Family of Almeida lost their young tortoise and here is the shocking story of their reunion after 30 years\nWhen the father of the family passed away, the children came back to clean the family house. There were lots of electronic equipments left untouched, it occupied a whole room and the second floor of the residence.So the family started to move them away and clean.", "Family of Almeida lost their young tortoise and here is the shocking story of their reunion after 30 years\nBut while Leandro Almeida, was again headed to the garbage container, a neighbor approached him and gave a shocking question. Was he going to throw out the tortoise that had been hiding in a box? Leandro turned white, he couldn\u2019t believe that their pet had survived, as she was lost so long ago.\nThe whole family was cheered with this surprise. Finally, their beloved pet Manuela returned to his home.", "Family of Almeida lost their young tortoise and here is the shocking story of their reunion after 30 years\nProfessor Jefferson Pires clarified that the tortoise managed to survive due to termites that were spread in furniture.\nThis was an amazing story of a well-adapting tortoise!"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.foxla.com/news/cops-mom-tossed-newborn-out-of-window

Mother charged in death of newborn thrown from window

["Mother charged in death of newborn thrown from window\nCops: Mom tossed newborn out of window\nNEW YORK (AP) -- A woman believed to have given birth in the bathroom of her boyfriend's apartment before tossing her newborn daughter to her death from a seventh-story window was being held without bail Wednesday on a murder charge, police and prosecutors said.", "Mother charged in death of newborn thrown from window\nJennifer Berry, 33, appeared in a Bronx courtroom late Tuesday and was also charged with manslaughter in the death of the girl. Officials said she concealed the final stage of her pregnancy from friends and family, telling some she miscarried much earlier on. The boyfriend, who was home when the baby plunged from the window, told police he did not know she was pregnant.\nThe attorney who represented Berry at her arraignment did not return a call seeking comment.", "Mother charged in death of newborn thrown from window\nBerry, who lives in Yonkers, initially denied to police that she was pregnant before saying she had given birth in the shower, authorities said. She said the newborn wasn't breathing when she threw the baby -- and the placenta -- from the window, police said.\nBut prosecutors say she knew the baby was alive when she threw her, umbilical cord still attached, into the alley below. The medical examiner said the baby died from blunt force trauma in the fall, meaning she was born alive.", "Mother charged in death of newborn thrown from window\nAssistant District Attorney Georgia Barker said the baby weighed 8 pounds -- the weight of a full-term newborn.\n\"There was air in the lungs. This was a healthy baby girl,\" Barker said in court, according to the Daily News of New York.\nThe baby was covered in blood when found by the superintendent's wife, who was cleaning. She was pronounced dead at the scene.", "Mother charged in death of newborn thrown from window\nBerry's boyfriend told police he was in another room when the baby was born. He told investigators he didn't realize that his girlfriend had given birth or that the baby had plunged from the window.\nThe city's Administration for Children's Services is investigating the circumstances that led to the baby's death, a spokesman said. Authorities said privacy laws prohibited the agency from commenting on whether child welfare investigators had interacted with the family before.", "Mother charged in death of newborn thrown from window\nBerry briefly worked for the child welfare agency from July 2007 until January 2008. The first three months were in classroom-style training, and the rest of the time was spent as a trainee and had limited interaction with families. It's not clear why she stopped working there.\nMan who killed 4-year-old with rock at age 13 granted parole"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www2.kenyon.edu/projects/margin/walt1.htm

Waldensians: A Brief History and Overview

["Waldensians: A Brief History and Overview\nWaldensians\n'Waldensianism was the most geographically widespread and the longest lived of all medieval popular heresies; most likely it was also the largest in terms of aggregate numbers of believers'. (The Dictionary of the Middle Ages, 508)", "Waldensians: A Brief History and Overview\nThe Waldensian movement began in western Europe during the late 12th century when Peter Valdez (also spelled Waldes), a merchant and wandering preacher, had an epiphany and resolved to dedicate himself to the aposlte life-style; that of poverty and preaching", "Waldensians: A Brief History and Overview\nValdez soon gained followers, who had no permanent dwellings and originally called themselves, plainly 'the poor.' Originally, the Church viewed them with distrust, because their devote life-style, evidenced by their conscious acceptance of poverty, tended to cast the clergy in a less than noble light. However, the church was able to accept them as such, if not for their dedication to preaching, which at the time was a practice reserved strictly for ordained church clergy", "Waldensians: A Brief History and Overview\nAt this time, the Bible was literally unknown to lay people, as it existed only in Latin, making it inaccessable to the majority of the populous. Thus, Valdez's most lasting contribution to the religious controversy during this period, was his successful efforts to create a translated version of the Bible into common language. This allowed for the Bible to be read and interpreted to a degree never before seen; and so too, served as the foundation for Waldensian belief, that of preaching.", "Waldensians: A Brief History and Overview\nIn 1179, Valdez and some of his followers met with Pope Alexander III before the Third Lateran Council in Rome, to face charges against them. The council scrutinized the Waldensian Biblical translations and subjected the representatives to theological questioning, in hopes of exposing them plainly as unworthy and unfit to preach", "Waldensians: A Brief History and Overview\nHowever, seeing the inherent good that the Waldensians might have for Christianity, Peope Alexander III ceded that they be allowed to preach, only if permission was recieved by local churches. This failed to stop Valdez or the Waldensians from continuing to practice and preach their views and interpretations of the translated Bible. In 1182, Valdez refused to cease his preaching when ordered to do so by the archbishop of Lyons", "Waldensians: A Brief History and Overview\nTwo years later, Pope Lucias III formally denounced the Waldensians as heretics, however, only on the grounds of their preaching and not for their doctrinal beliefs, which were undoubtedly orthadox at that point. Soon after being deemed heretics, the Waldensians became heretical in their beliefs, primarily over the church's association with wealth, divinity, and power; they rejected the authority of priests, as divine communicators with God, while chosing to base their own on individual merit", "Waldensians: A Brief History and Overview\nPope Gregory IX enacted a large scale fight against heretics in the 1230's, which was primarily aimed at Cathars, but also effectivly rooted out Waldensians in most Meditteranean urban areas by the 14th century. However, pockets of Waldensians remained in isolated rural areas until the end of the Middle Ages. Interestingly, St. Francis later adopted many of the values of the Waldensians, but he and his followers were allowed to preach and to remain within the Church.", "Waldensians: A Brief History and Overview\nReinarius Saccho, 'Of Sects of the Modern Heretics' 1254--a comprehensive list of heretical beliefs, and why they were antithetical to that of the church. From the Medieval Sourcebook.\nThe Conversion of Peter Waldo--taken from an chronicler's account, the story of Waldo (Valdez), a 'wicked userer' conversion to the Waldensians. From the Medieval Sourcebook.", "Waldensians: A Brief History and Overview\nThe 14th and 15th Centuries: The Church in Moral Crisis--examination of the Church in this era, and its reactions to heretical sects. From the Secular Web.\nThe Secular Web--extensive site containing essays on heresy and the church throughout the medieval period\nThe Waldensian Movement Form Waldo to the Reformation, by Dennis McCallum--comprehensive research paper which chronicles the movement", "Waldensians: A Brief History and Overview\nThe Library of God by Thomas W. Eland, 'Medieval Libraries in Their Cultural Context: A Critical Bibliographic Essay on the Literature of Written English'--Eland examines the impact of such a study on the nature of heresy and the construction of authority in medieval Europe\nBack to Heresy page"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://worldcrunch.com/world-affairs/and-if-yemen-is-lost

And If Yemen Is Lost?

["And If Yemen Is Lost?\nAnd If Yemen Is Lost?\nEditorial: Even before reaching the brink of civil war, Yemen was plagued by a long list of woes, from dire poverty to Islamist terrorists. If Yemen\u2019s neighbors don\u2019t step in to help, the country could slip into a Somalia-like state of chaos that can dest\nA recent evening in Sanaa, Yemen's capital city (Sallam)\nGeopolitics Sources LE MONDE", "And If Yemen Is Lost?\nIf you haven't yet, it is time to start worrying about Yemen. The country once referred to as Arabia Felix in contrast to Arabia Deserta to the north is a sum of unhappy handicaps rarely seen in the world \u2013 even before it began to inch toward civil war these past few months.\nA demographic time bomb, Yemen has seen its population double every 15 years \u2013 the country numbers about 25 million inhabitants today \u2013 without having the means necessary to properly provide for the people.", "And If Yemen Is Lost?\nOne of the world's poorest countries, Yemen is also a huge political conundrum. The hope surrounding the birth of Yemen in 1990 \u2013 when North Yemen merged with Marxist South Yemen, an exotic variant of Arab socialism \u2013 has long since evaporated.", "And If Yemen Is Lost?\nThe South has standing complaints that unification has turned out feeling more like an \"occupation\" by the North. But the North hasn't been spared either of serious difficulties. Since 2004, provinces along the border with Saudi Arabia have been plagued by a ruthless war led by the army against Islamist rebels.", "And If Yemen Is Lost?\nFor a long time, President Ali Abdallah Saleh, in power in the North since 1978, has managed to give the impression that no one but him was capable of solving these problems. He has also pronounced himself as the only obstacle to prevent terrorism, even as Saudi and Yemeni fighters affiliated with Al Qaeda gained control over significant swathes of the country.", "And If Yemen Is Lost?\nBut Saleh shares responsibility for each of these crises. He has, for example, played a part in pitting former \"Afghan\" jihad fighters against former Southern socialists; and he has been busy manipulating tribal networks by buying their allegiance, tactics that have never built a country.", "And If Yemen Is Lost?\nThe Yemeni president is thus personally responsible for some of his country's failures. Saleh is currently being treated in a Saudi Arabian hospital for injuries he suffered during a rocket attack on June 2 in Yemen's capital, Sanaa. The best thing for his country is that he finally accepts to step down from power.", "And If Yemen Is Lost?\nHe should do this, even if it is obvious that none of Saleh's most virulent enemies is better qualified than him to steer the country in the right direction. The members of the Al-Ahmar clan, which has taken up arms against the president, have been associated for much too long with the unhealthy syncretism between politics and business, part of Saleh's erroneous idea of meeting his people's expectations.", "And If Yemen Is Lost?\nThis is not to say that all hope is lost. Yemen is one of the few countries in the region where a certain form of political pluralism has been able to survive, and where its youth and civil society have clearly shown a desire to break away from the murky arrangements of the past.", "And If Yemen Is Lost?\nIt is this new desire that the rest of the world should strive to encourage. The region's rich oil monarchies should accept Yemen into their club, the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf. No one has anything to gain from the possibility that Yemen slips into chaos and becomes the next Somalia.\nRead the original article in French\nphoto - Sallam", "And If Yemen Is Lost?\nThis leading French daily newspaper Le Monde (\"The World\") was founded in December 1944 in the aftermath of World War II. Today, it is distributed in 120 countries. In late 2010, a trio formed by Pierre Berge, Xavier Niel and Matthieu Pigasse took a controlling 64.5% stake in the newspaper."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://adc.library.usyd.edu.au/view?docId=ozlit/xml-main-texts/fed0014.xml;chunk.id=Garr183;toc.id=Garr113;database=;collection=;brand=default

"The Issue of Paper Money and the Power of the Federal Parliament"

["The Issue of Paper Money and the Power of the Federal Parliament\nThe Federal Parliament has power to legalize or prohibit the issue of paper money. In this respect it has received a grant of power conspicuously more liberal than that which was intended, by the framers of the American Constitution, to be conceded to Congress. At the time when that Constitution was framed general apprehension was felt throughout the States at the dangerous strength acquired by the movement in favour of paper money", "The Issue of Paper Money and the Power of the Federal Parliament\nDuring the War of Independence, the drain on the financial resources of the country was very great, and consequently distress was wide-spread and deep-seated. (Fiske, Critical Period of American History, p. 67.) In order to raise supplies the Congress of the Confederation established an inconvertible paper currency. In 1780 the continental paper currency had become so discredited that it utterly collapsed", "The Issue of Paper Money and the Power of the Federal Parliament\nIn 1786, it is said, that as starving men dream of dainty banquets, so a craze for fictitious wealth, in the shape of paper money, ran like an epidemic through the country. (Critical Period of American History, p. 168.) \u201cSeveral States sought to apply the paper money remedy for public distress; each making the attempt in its own way. In seven States, at least, the \u2018rag-money party,\u2019 as it was called, dominated the legislatures. North Carolina issued a large amount of paper", "The Issue of Paper Money and the Power of the Federal Parliament\nIt was no sooner placed in circulation by the Government than the value of the paper dollar fell to seventy per cent. of its face value. In South Carolina, paper money was issued, but the planters and merchants refused to take it at its face value. In Georgia, paper money was made a legal tender, and refusal to accept it was declared an offence", "The Issue of Paper Money and the Power of the Federal Parliament\nIn Pennsylvania a guarded attempt was made to issue money in the shape of bills of credit, which, however, were not made legal tender for the payment of private debts, but the value of these bills soon fell 12 per cent. below par. In New York a million dollars were issued in bills of credit, which were made a legal tender, but their value similarly declined", "The Issue of Paper Money and the Power of the Federal Parliament\nA \u2018Rag-Money Bill\u2019 was passed in New Jersey, but the merchants of New York and Philadelphia, who traded with New Jersey, refused to accept the money, and it became worthless. In Rhode Island the paper money agitation reached a white heat. Half a million dollars were issued in scrip to be loaned to the farmers on the security of a mortgage of their land. The merchants refused to take the paper dollars at their face value", "The Issue of Paper Money and the Power of the Federal Parliament\nAn act was passed commanding everyone to take paper money, as equivalent for gold, under a penalty of 5000 dollars, and loss of the right of suffrage. The merchants thereupon shut up their shops. A terrible crisis followed. The unhappy little State was nicknamed \u2018Rogues Island.\u2019 The rag-money movement was happily defeated in Massachusetts. Shay's rebellion, in January, 1787, brought matters to a climax, and", "The Issue of Paper Money and the Power of the Federal Parliament\nConsequently, when the Federal Convention met in August, 1787, its members had a full knowledge of the dangers of a paper currency", "The Issue of Paper Money and the Power of the Federal Parliament\nWhen it was proposed to give the government of the Union power to borrow money and emit bills on the credit of the United States, Gouverneur Morris \u201crecited the history of paper emissions and the perseverance of the legislative assemblies in repeating them, though well aware of all their distressing effects, and drew the inference that, were the national legislature formed, and a war to break out, this ruinous expedient, if not guarded against, would be again resorted to", "The Issue of Paper Money and the Power of the Federal Parliament\nHe moved to strike out the power to emit bills on the credit of the United States.\u201d If the government of the Union had credit, he said, it could borrow money without bills; if it had no credit such bills would be unjust and useless. Other members expressed a mortal dread and hatred of paper money, and urged the necessity of disarming the central government of such a power; they regarded that as a favourable moment to shut and bar the door against paper money for ever", "The Issue of Paper Money and the Power of the Federal Parliament\nJames Wilson said \u201cpaper money could never succeed whilst its mischiefs were remembered, and so long as it could be resorted to it would discourage other resources.\u201d John Langdon \u201cwould rather reject the whole plan of Union than give the power.\u201d Accordingly, the authority to issue bills of credit that would be a legal tender was refused to the Federal Government by the votes of nine States against two", "The Issue of Paper Money and the Power of the Federal Parliament\n\u201cThus,\u201d wrote Madison \u201cthe pretext for a paper currency, and particularly for making bills a legal tender, either for public or private debts, was cut off.\u201d (Bancroft, Constit. Hist. ii. p. 134.)", "The Issue of Paper Money and the Power of the Federal Parliament\n\u201cThis is the interpretation of the clause, made at the time of its adoption alike by its authors and by its opponents, accepted by all the statesmen of that age, not open to dispute because too clear for argument, and never disputed so long as any one man who took part in framing the Constitution remained alive. History cannot name a man who has gained enduring honour by causing the issue of paper money.\u201d (Bancroft, Constit. Hist. ii. pp. 134\u20135\u20136.)", "The Issue of Paper Money and the Power of the Federal Parliament\n\u201cIn the plan of government concerted between the members from Connecticut, especially Sherman and Ellsworth, there was this further article: \u2018That the legislatures of the individual States ought not to possess a right to emit bills of credit for currency, or to make any tender laws for the payment or discharge of debts or contracts in any manner different from the agreement of the parties, or in any manner to obstruct or impede the recovery of debts, whereby the interests of foreigners or the citizens of any other State may be affected.\u2019 The committee of detail had reported: \u2018No State, without the consent of the legislature of the United States, shall emit bills of credit.\u2019 With a nobler and safer trust in the power of truth and right over opinions, Sherman, scorning compromise, cried out: \u2018This is the favourable crisis for crushing paper money,\u2019 and, joining Wilson, they two proposed to make the prohibition absolute", "The Issue of Paper Money and the Power of the Federal Parliament\nGorham feared that the absolute prohibition would rouse the most desperate opposition; but four northern States and four southern States, Maryland being divided, New Jersey absent, and Virginia alone in the negative, placed in the Constitution these unequivocal words: \u2018No State shall emit bills of credit.\u2019 The second part of the clause, \u2018No State shall make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts,\u2019 was accepted without a dissentient State", "The Issue of Paper Money and the Power of the Federal Parliament\nSo the adoption of the Constitution is to be the end for ever of paper money, whether issued by the several States or by the United States, if the Constitution shall be rightly interpreted and honestly obeyed.\u201d (Id. pp. 136\u20137.)", "The Issue of Paper Money and the Power of the Federal Parliament\nNever were the founders of a plan of government more resolved to deprive a legislative body of a legislative power than were the framers of the Constitution of the United States of America, in their determination not to clothe Congress with authority to issue paper money", "The Issue of Paper Money and the Power of the Federal Parliament\nAt the same time, they created a judicial tribunal to interpret and uphold that Constitution, and the time came when that tribunal decided, in solemn judgment, that the Constitution had de jure actually granted to Congress a power which its authors had openly denied it. On 25th February, 1862, during the financial strain of the civil war, Congress passed an Act making the United States treasury notes lawful money", "The Issue of Paper Money and the Power of the Federal Parliament\nIt was sought to justify this measure on the ground that Congress had power to coin money; that it had the power to borrow money on the credit of the United States; that it had power to declare and carry on war, and that to issue treasury notes and make them legal tender was a necessary incident of the combined power to coin and", "The Issue of Paper Money and the Power of the Federal Parliament\nborrow money and prosecute a war. The validity of this Act was tested in the Supreme Court, and a number of conflicting decisions were given thereon. In the case of Willard v. Tayloe, 1870, 8 Wall. 557, the Court, as then constituted, decided that the Act could not be constitutionally applied to contracts in existence prior thereto, and that a contract entered into before the Act must be paid in coin; in Hepburn v. Griswold, 1870, 8 Wall", "The Issue of Paper Money and the Power of the Federal Parliament\n603, it was decided that making bills of credit a legal tender was inconsistent with the spirit of the Constitution, and in violation of it.", "The Issue of Paper Money and the Power of the Federal Parliament\nThese decisions were afterwards revised and overruled by the Court, when differently constituted, which decided that the Act of Congress was valid. (Legal Tender Cases [1871], 12 Wall. 457.) It was there stated by the Court that the true rule of construction was to keep in view the object for which powers were granted. It was impossible to know what the non-enumerated powers are, and what is their nature and extent, without considering the purpose they were intended to subserve", "The Issue of Paper Money and the Power of the Federal Parliament\nThese purposes were left to the discretion of Congress, subject only to the restrictions that they be not prohibited, and be necessary and proper for the carrying into execution the enumerated powers. It is not indispensable to the existence of any power, claimed for the Federal Government, that it can be found specified in words in the Constitution, or clearly and directly traceable to some one of the specified powers", "The Issue of Paper Money and the Power of the Federal Parliament\nIts existence may be deduced from more than one of the substantive powers expressly defined, or from them all combined. It is allowable to group together any number of them, and infer from them all that the power claimed has been conferred. (Baker, Annot. Const. p. 15.)", "The Issue of Paper Money and the Power of the Federal Parliament\nIn time of peace (1878) an Act of Congress was passed authorizing the issue of treasury notes and making them a legal tender. The Act was sustained not on the ground that it was a war power, but on the ground that it was an inherent incident of the Federal authority, under the power to borrow money on the credit of the United States, and to issue circulating notes for the money borrowed", "The Issue of Paper Money and the Power of the Federal Parliament\nThe authority of Congress to define the quality and force of these notes, as currency, was as broad as the like power over metallic currency under the power to coin money and regulate the value thereof. Under the two powers, taken together, Congress was authorized to establish a national currency, either in coin or in paper, and to make that currency lawful money for all purposes, as regards the national government or individuals, and this whether in time of war or peace. (Juilliard v", "The Issue of Paper Money and the Power of the Federal Parliament\n\u201cTwo of its later acts are thought by some to have affected public confidence. One of these was the reversal, first in 1871, and again, upon broader but not inconsistent grounds, in 1884, of the decision given in 1870, which declared invalid the Act of Congress making government paper a legal tender for debts. The original decision of 1870 was rendered by a majority of five to three", "The Issue of Paper Money and the Power of the Federal Parliament\nThe Court afterwards changed by the creation of an additional judgeship, and by the appointment of a new member to fill a vacancy which occurred after the settlement, though before the delivery, of the first decision. Then the question was brought up again in a new case between different parties, and decided in the opposite sense (i.e., in favour of the power of Congress to pass legal tender Acts) by a majority of five to four", "The Issue of Paper Money and the Power of the Federal Parliament\nFinally, in 1884, another suit having brought up a point practically the same, though under a later statute passed by Congress, the Court determined with only one dissentient voice that the power existed", "The Issue of Paper Money and the Power of the Federal Parliament\nThis last decision excited some criticism, especially among the more conservative lawyers, because it seemed to remove restrictions hitherto supposed to exist on the authority of Congress, recognizing the right to establish a forced paper currency as an attribute of the sovereignty of the national government", "The Issue of Paper Money and the Power of the Federal Parliament\nBut be the decision right or wrong, a point on which high authorities are still divided, the reversal by the highest court in the land of its own previous decision may have tended to unsettle men's reliance on the stability of the law; while the manner of the earlier reversal, following as it did on the creation of a new judgeship and the appointment of two justices, both known to be in favour of the view which the majority of the court had just disapproved, disclosed a weak point in the constitution of the tribunal which may some day prove fatal to its usefulness.\u201d (Bryce, Amer", "The Issue of Paper Money and the Power of the Federal Parliament\nDEVELOPMENT OF IMPLIED POWERS.\u2014\u201cThe three lines along which this development of the implied power of the Government has chiefly progressed,\u201d says Bryce, \u201chave been those marked out by the three express powers of taxing and borrowing money, of regulating commerce, and of carrying on war. Each has produced a progeny of subsidiary powers, some of which in their turn have been surrounded by an unexpected offspring", "The Issue of Paper Money and the Power of the Federal Parliament\nThus from the taxing and borrowing powers there sprang the powers to charter a national bank and exempt its branches and its notes from taxation by a State (a serious restriction on State authority) to create a system of custom-houses and revenue cutters, to establish a tariff for the protection of native industry", "The Issue of Paper Money and the Power of the Federal Parliament\nThus the regulation of commerce has been construed to include legislation regarding every kind of transportation of goods and passengers, whether from abroad or from one State to another, regarding navigation, maritime and internal pilotage, maritime contracts, &c., together with the control of all navigable waters, the construction of all public works helpful to commerce between States or with foreign countries, the power to prohibit immigration, and finally a power to establish a railway commission and control all interstate traffic", "The Issue of Paper Money and the Power of the Federal Parliament\nThe war power proved itself even more elastic. The executive and the majority in Congress found themselves, during the War of Secession, obliged to stretch this power to cover many acts trenching on the ordinary rights of the States and of individuals, till there ensued something approaching a suspension of constitutional guarantees in favour of the Federal Government", "The Issue of Paper Money and the Power of the Federal Parliament\nThe courts have occasionally gone even further afield, and have professed to deduce certain powers of the legislature from the sovereignty inherent in the National government", "The Issue of Paper Money and the Power of the Federal Parliament\nIn its last decision on the legal tender question, a majority of the Supreme Court seems to have placed upon this ground, though with special reference to the section enabling Congress to borrow money, its affirmation of that competence of Congress to declare paper money a legal tender for debts, which the earlier decision of 1871 had referred to the war power", "The Issue of Paper Money and the Power of the Federal Parliament\nThis position evoked a controversy of wide scope, for the question, what sovereignty involves, is evidently at least as much a question of political as legal science, and may be pushed to great lengths upon considerations with which law proper has little to do.\u201d (Bryce, Amer. Com. I. pp. 371\u20132.)", "The Issue of Paper Money and the Power of the Federal Parliament\n51. (xiv.) Insurance184, other than State insurance185; also State insurance extending beyond the limits of the State concerned:\nHISTORICAL NOTE.\u2014This sub-section was first introduced in the Adelaide draft in the following form:\u2014\u201cInsurance, including State insurance extending beyond the limits of the State concerned.\u201d In Committee, it was amended by omitting the words \u201cincluding State insurance extending,\u201d &c. Mr. Walker opposed the exception of State insurance. (Conv. Deb., Adel., pp. 779\u201382.)", "The Issue of Paper Money and the Power of the Federal Parliament\nAt Sydney, a suggestion of the Legislative Council of New South Wales to insert \u201cAssurance and\u201d was negatived as unnecessary; and another suggestion by the same Chamber to omit the words \u201cexcluding State insurance,\u201d &c., was also negatived. A drafting amendment was subsequently made. (Conv. Deb., Syd., 1897, pp. 1075\u20136.)"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://superbook.org/BBE/LK/lk3.htm

Luke (BBE) - Chapter 3

["Luke (BBE) - Chapter 3\nNow in the fifteenth year of the rule of Tiberius Caesar, Pontius Pilate being ruler of Judaea, and Herod being king of Galilee, his brother Philip king of the country of Ituraea and Trachonitis, and Lysanias king of Abilene,\nWhen Annas and Caiaphas were high priests, the word of the Lord came to John, the son of Zacharias, in the waste land.\nAnd he came into all the country round about Jordan, preaching baptism as a sign of forgiveness of sin for those whose hearts were changed.", "Luke (BBE) - Chapter 3\nAs it says in the book of the words of Isaiah the prophet, The voice of one crying in the waste land, Make ready the way of the Lord, make his roads straight.\nEvery valley will be lifted up, and all the mountains and hills made low, and the twisted will be made straight, and the rough ways smooth;\nAnd all flesh will see the salvation of God.\nSo he said to the people who went out to him for baptism: You offspring of snakes, at whose word are you going in flight from the wrath to come?", "Luke (BBE) - Chapter 3\nMake clear by your acts that your hearts have been changed;\nand do not say to yourselves, We have Abraham for our father: for I say to you that God is able from these stones to make children of Abraham.\nAnd even now the axe is put to the root of the trees;\nand every tree which does not have good fruit will be cut down and put into the fire.\nAnd the people put questions to him, saying, What have we to do?\nAnd he made answer and said to them, He who has two coats, let him give to him who has not even one;", "Luke (BBE) - Chapter 3\nand he who has food, let him do the same.\nThen tax-farmers came to him for baptism and said to him, Master, what have we to do?\nAnd he said to them, Do not make an attempt to get more money than the right amount.\nAnd men of the army put questions to him, saying, And what have we to do?\nAnd he said to them, Do no violent acts to any man, and do not take anything without right, and let your payment be enough for you.", "Luke (BBE) - Chapter 3\nAnd while the people were waiting, and all men were questioning in their hearts about John, if he was the Christ or not,\nJohn made answer, saying to them all, Truly, I give you baptism with water, but one is coming who is greater than I, whose shoes I am not good enough to undo: he will give you baptism with the Holy Spirit, and with fire:\nIn whose hand is the instrument with which he will make clean his grain;", "Luke (BBE) - Chapter 3\nhe will put the good grain in his store, but the waste will be burned in the fire which will never be put out.\nAnd so comforting them with these and other words, he gave the good news to the people;\nBut Herod the king, because John had made a protest on account of Herodias, his brother's wife, and other evil things which Herod had done,\nDid this most evil thing of all, and had John shut up in prison.", "Luke (BBE) - Chapter 3\nNow it came about that when all the people had been given baptism, Jesus, having had baptism with them, was in prayer, when, the heaven being open,\nThe Holy Spirit came down in the form of a dove, and a voice came from heaven, saying, You are my dearly loved Son, with whom I am well pleased.\nAnd Jesus at this time was about thirty years old, being the son (as it seemed) of Joseph, the son of Heli,\nThe son of Matthat, the son of Levi, the son of Melchi, the son of Jannai, the son of Joseph,", "Luke (BBE) - Chapter 3\nThe son of Mattathias, the son of Amos, the son of Nahum, the son of Esli, the son of Naggai,\nThe son of Maath, the son of Mattathias, the son of Semein, the son of Josech, the son of Joda,\nThe son of Joanan, the son of Rhesa, the son of Zerubbabel, the son of Shealtiel, the son of Neri,\nThe son of Melchi, the son of Addi, the son of Cosam, the son of Elmadam, the son of Er,\nThe son of Jesus, the son of Eliezer, the son of Jorim, the son of Matthat, the son of Levi,", "Luke (BBE) - Chapter 3\nThe son of Symeon, the son of Judas, the son of Joseph, the son of Jonam, the son of Eliakim,\nThe son of Melea, the son of Menna, the son of Mattatha, the son of Nathan, the son of David,\nThe son of Jesse, the son of Obed, the son of Boaz, the son of Salmon, the son of Nahshon,\nThe son of Amminadab, the son of Arni, the son of Hezron, the son of Perez, the son of Judah,\nThe son of Jacob, the son of Isaac, the son of Abraham, the son of Terah, the son of Nahor,", "Luke (BBE) - Chapter 3\nThe son of Serug, the son of Reu, the son of Peleg, the son of Eber, the son of Shelah,\nThe son of Cainan, the son of Arphaxad, the son of Shem, the son of Noah, the son of Lamech,\nThe son of Methuselah, the son of Enoch, the son of Jared, the son of Mahalaleel, the son of Cainan,\nThe son of Enos, the son of Seth, the son of Adam, the son of God."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://media.csuchico.edu/tag/tagid/graphic%20poetry

Search for tag: "graphic poetry" Writer's Voice: Sean Hill Sean Hill Poet, Visiting Professor, University of Alaska-Fairbanks Born and raised in Milledgeville, Georgia, Sean Hill is the author of Dangerous Goods, awarded the Minnesota Book Award in Poetry

[",\u2026\ngraphic poetry\nprose poem"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.herkimer.edu/about/our-campus/veterans-memorial-park/

Herkimer County Veterans Memorial Park Honoring the sacrifice of community veterans and their families. Located at the north end of the Herkimer College campus at the entrance to Wehrum Stadium, the Veterans Memorial Park honors the men and women of Herki

["mer County who have served America honorably in the armed forces. Featuring a black granite wall engraved with the names of more than 650 veterans, the park stands as a reminder of the sacrifices and dedication of those who earned our freedom.", "\nVeterans included at the memorial\nCall (315) 867-1127 or email [email protected] for more information."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.uff.ufl.edu/giving-opportunities/007995-radiation-oncology-clinical-research-endowment/?appeal=GLSWQA3%3Fappeal%3DGLSWQA3?appeal=GLSWQA3?appeal=GLSWQA3

Radiation Oncology Clinical Research Endowment This fund was established in 2000 for the purpose of supporting teaching, research, and academic programs in the Department of Radiation Oncology in the College of Medicine.

[""]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://nb.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/memory-lesson/v/long-term-potentiation-and-synaptic-plasticity

Vitenskap Medisinske fag Eksekutivsystemer i hjernen Memory Long term potentiation and synaptic plasticity Vitenskap·Medisinske fag·Eksekutivsystemer i hjernen·Memory

["", "\nHow do you learn? This is a tougher question than it seems. You might know that you learn by studying, for example, but what changes occur in your brain when you read a chapter for the first time or when you test yourself on your knowledge", "\n? You probably realize that your brain doesn't just grow new cells to store your memories, otherwise our heads would just get bigger and bigger. What does happen is that connections between neurons strengthen. This is called long-term potentiation, or LTP and it's one example of synaptic plasticity, which is the ability of synapses to change their strength. Let's look at this process in more detail. Neurons communicate using electrochemical signals, that means a combination of electricity and chemicals", "\nWhen neurons communicate, they actually don't connect to each other directly, there's a junction in between called the synapse. So we have a pre-synaptic neuron, which is a neuron leading up to the synapse, and we have a post-synaptic neuron, which is the neuron immediately following the synapse", "\nWhen the pre-synaptic neuron is stimulated, it releases neurotransmitters, or special chemicals which then bind to receptors on the post-synaptic neuron, opening channels to allow ions such as sodium and calcium to flow in. All neurons have a surrounding membrane and the interior has a different electrical charge than the exterior of the membrane. This difference in charges is called the neuron's potential. The number of ions that flow into the post-synaptic neuron affect that difference", "\nThis is how we measure the strength of the synapse, by how much the post-synaptic neuron's potential changes as a result of pre-synaptic stimulation. With repeated stimulation, the same level of pre-synaptic stimulation converts into <i>greater</i> post-synaptic potential", "\nIn other words, after the pre-synaptic neuron gets a lot of practice firing and sending signals to a specific post-synaptic neuron, it gets <i>better</i> at sending those signals, and will get better at opening the channels to allow more ions in. When this happens, we say that the synapse strength is increasing. When this increased strength lasts for a long time, meaning anywhere from a few minutes to many months, it's called long term potentiation", "\nThis is thought to be the physiological mechanism by which learning occurs. As synapses are strengthened and they retain that strength, we're able to more easily recall previous experiences."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.nlrb.gov/news-outreach/graphs-data

The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) has counted millions of votes, investigated hundreds of thousands of unfair labor practice charges, and issued thousands of decisions. The numbers tell an important part of the Agency’s story. Making what we do ac

["cessible to the public is an important part of the NLRB\u2019s mission. In this section, you will find charts and tables that reflect the Agency\u2019s work, and downloadable data for your own analysis.", "\nOver time, this page will be updated and expanded, and we welcome your input. Please forward comments and suggestions to [email protected].\nGraphs & Tables"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.waldenu.edu/about/newsroom/news/2013/0219-anjali-forber-pratt-speak-at-residency

Dr. Anjali Forber-Pratt, World-Renowned Paralympian, to Speak at Walden University Academic Residency Dr. Anjali Forber-Pratt, World-Renowned Paralympian, to Speak at Walden University Academic ResidencyEmailPrintShare Author, advocate and inspirational s

["peaker will address students Saturday, Feb. 23, in Atlanta", "\nMinneapolis\u2014February 19, 2013\u2014World champion, Paralympian, advocate and author Dr. Anjali Forber-Pratt will speak to more than 500 doctoral students at Walden University\u2019s academic residency on Saturday, Feb. 23, at the Sheraton Atlanta. In her plenary address, \u201cDream. Drive. Do.,\u201d Dr. Forber-Pratt will share her inspirational story and explain why everyone has the potential to succeed. Adopted as an infant from Calcutta, India, Dr. Forber-Pratt was only in the U.S", "\nfor two months when she developed a neurological disorder that left her paralyzed from the waist down. She credits seeing wheelchair athletes compete in the Boston Marathon when she was 5 with inspiring her to see beyond her disability. At 9, she began wheelchair racing at the national level, earning two bronze medals at the 2008 Paralympic Games in Beijing and eventually setting a world record in the 200m", "\nAlthough at 14 she had to fight her school district for the right to a public education, today she holds a Ph.D. in human resource education. Co-author of an educational coloring book for children, Color. Learn & Play: All About Sports for Athletes With Physical Disabilities, Dr. Forber-Pratt frequently speaks to school-age audiences, encouraging both aspiring Paralympians and their classmates to see beyond limitations", "\nOutside the classroom, she is dedicated to transforming the way society perceives individuals with disabilities. Academic residencies at Walden, an accredited online university, support students\u2019 academic and professional goals by connecting them with individual faculty mentors, student support staff and hundreds of peers", "\nDuring academic residencies, students from select doctoral and master\u2019s degree programs have the opportunity to conceptualize and develop research that contributes to positive social change. Walden\u2019s plenary sessions are an integral part of the residencies and are led by speakers from around the world who share an array of experiences and viewpoints with the hope of inspiring debate and lively conversation", "\nThese sessions are intended to provide Walden students and faculty and staff members with the opportunity to hear perspectives on a variety of topics that are meaningful and relevant to their lives as scholars and practitioners. Visit www.WaldenU.edu/perspectives for an archive of past Walden speakers. About Walden University For more than 40 years, Walden University has supported working professionals in achieving their academic goals and making a greater impact in their professions and their communities", "\nToday, more than 46,500 students from all 50 states and more than 145 countries are pursuing their bachelor\u2019s, master\u2019s or doctoral degrees online at Walden. The university provides students with an engaging educational experience that connects them with expert faculty and peers around the world. Walden is the flagship online university in the Laureate International Universities network\u2014a global network of more than 65 campus-based and online universities in 29 countries", "\nWalden offers more than 75 degree programs with more than 345 specializations and concentrations. Areas of study include health sciences, counseling, human services, management, psychology, education, public health, nursing, public administration and information technology. For more information, visit www.WaldenU.edu. Walden University is accredited by The Higher Learning Commission and a member of the North Central Association, www.ncahlc.org. Accreditation"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.yale.edu/macmillan/globaljustice/hahn.html

GLOBAL JUSTICE PROGRAM at the Whitney and Betty MacMillan Center for International and Area Studies at Yale Academics Stand Against Poverty Poverty and Gender Equity Measurement Illicit Financial Flows Incentives for Global Health Henning Hahn, Global Jus

["tice Fellow\nHenning Hahn is an Associate Professor at the Center for Global Ethics at the University of Kassel and Visiting Fellow at the Global Justice Program in Yale for the year 2012/13. He is a founder member of", "\n\"Strukturanreize f\u00fcr globale Gesundheit\" and author of several books and articles on Global Justice, Responsibilities and Human Rights. In Yale, he will work on his book on Political Cosmopolitanism - a\nfeasible, Human-Rights-based theory of global justice.\n\u00a9Global Justice Program | The Whitney and Betty MacMillan Center for International and Area Studies at Yale | Yale University"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.vet.cornell.edu/news/Center.cfm

Archived Releases: 2011 Archived Releases: pre-2008 Cornell Veterinarian Named 2012 Outstanding Woman Veterinarian of the Year The Association for Women Veterinarians Foundation has named Sharon Center, DVM, Diplomate, ACVIM, the 2012 Outstanding Woman Ve

["terinarian of the Year. This award is presented to a female graduate of an accredited veterinary school to recognize special effort and achievement by a woman veterinarian in any area of veterinary medicine.", "\nCenter, a professor of medicine at Cornell\u2019s College of Veterinary Medicine, is widely recognized for her development of a practical, affordable assay that revolutionized the diagnosis of common liver diseases; her investigations into various diseases that affect the liver and biliary tract that have resulted in the recognition and characterization of novel disorders; her leadership in the innovative use of new drug therapies to manage liver disease; and her work to improve our understanding of feline hepatic lipidosis", "\nCenter received her veterinary degree from the University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine. She has delivered keynote addresses at eminent veterinary symposia worldwide and is a frequent speaker on hepatic diseases at regional, national, and international veterinary meetings due to her effective, informative teaching style. She also earned the Norden Distinguished Teacher award, presented to her by Cornell students", "\n\u201cDuring her more than 30 years of dedicated service to our profession, Dr. Center has made extraordinary contributions in the fields of veterinary research, education, and clinical practice,\u201d said Drs. John Randolph and Bud Tennant, Cornell professors and colleagues. \u201cHer impressive accomplishments have resulted in recognition, respect, and admiration from members of the veterinary profession throughout the world.\u201d Prospective Students |"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www2.eere.energy.gov/commercialization/news_detail.html?news_id=18029

Wind and Wildlife Interactions: A WPA Webinar December 21, 2011

["", "\nThis free webinar is part of the U.S. Department of Energy's Wind Powering America 2011 webinar series. This webinar provided an overview of wind turbine and wildlife issues, including a summary of research plans by the American Wind and Wildlife Institute, an update of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service wind regulations, and bat/wind turbine interactions.Audio and text versions of the webinar are available (WMV 27.7 MB) Download Windows Media Player. Time: 01:39:24. Text Version", "\nContacts | Web Site Policies | U.S. Department of Energy | USA.gov"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://news.delaware.gov/2018/07/25/expanding-broadband/

Expanding Access to High-Speed Broadband Department of Technology and Information | Governor John Carney | Kent County | News | Office of the Governor | Sussex County | The Economy | Date Posted: Wednesday, July 25, 2018 [AUGUST UPDATE: Click here to view

[" request for proposal]\nApplying for a job, or recruiting talented employees for your business. Taking a college course. Reading a book. Helping your kids with math homework.", "\nMore and more, these are tasks that Delawareans are completing online\u200a\u2014to further their education, acquire new skills, and compete in an economy that is evolving every day. My most important job as Governor is to make sure that Delaware has a strong, growing, and competitive economy. That\u2019s why, among other steps we\u2019re taking, it\u2019s so important for us to expand access to high-speed broadband service across our state\u200a-\u200aespecially in areas where service is spotty or unavailable today.", "\nOver the next two years, working with partners in the private sector, we plan to eliminate broadband deserts and ensure that every Delaware citizen and business has access to high-speed broadband service.\nDelaware has consistently been recognized for having among the fastest internet speeds in the country. Ensuring reliable access to the internet for even more Delawareans will help prepare our young people for the economy of the future, and it will help our existing workforce do their jobs even better.", "\n\u201cAs vice chair of the House Committee on Telecommunication Internet and Technology, I believe that every Delawarean should have equal access to high quality broadband,\u201d said Representative Trey Paradee, a Dover Democrat. \u201cI\u2019m proud of the efforts made in Delaware to expand broadband access throughout the state.\u201d", "\n\u201cConnectivity is the key. Many areas of our county have been under served by the major Internet players for many years,\u201d said Senator Brian Pettyjohn, a Georgetown Republican. \u201cBringing broadband access will help families, students, businesses, and our agricultural community compete in the modern world.\u201d\nJosh Wharton and Governor Carney", "\nOn Tuesday, during a tour of Delaware Electric Cooperative in Greenwood, we saw how important broadband access is to the delivery of electricity to customers across Kent and Sussex counties.", "\nJosh Wharton, a Delaware Electric Cooperative operations supervisor, shared one of his favorite stories. One night at 11:00 p.m., Josh received a call from another power company that had a fire on a power line. The company asked Josh to redirect power to 5,000 customers before their service was impacted. From his home in Gumboro, Josh used an iPad to guarantee those customers didn\u2019t lose power. How was that possible? A high-speed, remote internet connection.", "\nBusinesses need to reach their customers, and set up shop in locations that enable them to communicate efficiently. High-speed broadband is critical for companies of all sizes, and it\u2019s why we\u2019re working to ensure businesses have access to quality internet service statewide.\nWe also heard from R.C. Willin and Brent Willin of Willin Farms on how their fifth-generation family farm uses internet connectivity to make adjustments to planting, monitor equipment, and manage business operations.", "\nWe want all of Delaware\u2019s farms to have access to this type of technology. Expanding access to high-speed broadband is essential for Delaware\u2019s agriculture sector to remain competitive.\nHere\u2019s how we plan to expand high-speed broadband access in Delaware:", "\nIn August, we will release a request for proposals (RFP) to develop partnerships that will improve broadband availability in rural areas throughout Delaware by creating opportunity for the private sector to develop and offer that service. [AUGUST UPDATE: Click here to view RFP.] Through this RFP and subsequent partnerships, the State will focus on enabling service to homes and businesses where broadband service is not readily available, particularly in rural Kent and Sussex Counties.", "\nDelaware will also prioritize low-cost services for lower income families to enable them to take full advantage of the internet, meeting needs that range from applying for jobs to completing homework assignments.\nWe will make funds available through a rural broadband grant program to reduce barriers to market entry for private sector providers, and to further attract private investment.", "\nThis is about increasing opportunity for all Delawareans\u200a-\u200aand making sure that no one in our state is left behind because they don\u2019t have adequate access to technology.", "\nWe are building on earlier work across our state that has achieved results. Delaware has worked diligently to expand broadband access across the state for several years. Delaware Chief Information Officer James Collins has worked with school district leaders to upgrade digital infrastructure and dramatically increase internet speeds in 48 schools statewide\u200a-\u200amany in areas that are under-served.", "\nAs part of the Delaware Department of Technology and Information\u2019s Delaware Broadband Fund Phase Two initiative to promote fixed wireless broadband solutions and reach under-served populations in rural areas, Bloosurf launched a pilot project in the City of Seaford which offered free service to customers within 8 miles of the wireless access points.", "\nThat helped Delawareans like Kim Hopkins, a Seaford teacher, who previously had trouble grading papers, preparing lesson plans, and helping her children with their homework because of slow, spotty internet connection.\nWe have invested in increasing our fiber infrastructure, with the State\u2019s initial financial contribution, resulting in over $30 million in private investment and 700 miles of fiber.", "\nDelaware\u2019s existing broadband \u201cbackbone\u201d features high capacity fiber-optic lines that run the length of the state from Wilmington to Georgetown, and from Seaford to Lewes, improving internet reliability for consumers and increasing internet access speeds by as much as 10 times since 2009.", "\n\u201cWe live in an amazing time where technology provides us unprecedented access to information and the ability to collaborate\u200a-\u200ahigh-speed broadband is key to that connectivity. Without broadband, we wouldn\u2019t be talking about emerging technologies like the \u2018Internet of Things\u2019 or the many cloud-based services available because they wouldn\u2019t exist. It is imperative we continue the work to bridge the digital divide because access to technology levels the playing field", "\nIn today\u2019s connected world, broadband access is necessary for the success of our students, communities and businesses. Our hope is that high-speed broadband will become as accessible as electricity for all Delawareans.\u201d\u200a-\u200aDelaware Chief Information Officer James Collins", "\nThanks in large part to these efforts, Delaware continuously ranks at, or near, the top of broadband speed rankings across the nation. Yet, we still face the same challenges as many other states when it comes to access and affordability, especially in our rural areas where broadband deserts still exist.", "\nOver the next two years, we will directly confront this issue, eliminate those deserts, and make high-speed internet a reality for all Delawareans. That will help all Delawareans connect and compete in a new economy, and help move our entire state forward.\nRelated Topics: Broadband, DTI, governor, Governor Carney, Kent County, news, Sussex County, the economy"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/30/crosswords/chess/chess-the-year-in-review.html?n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/People/A/Anand,%20Viswanathan?ref=viswanathananand

Crosswords & Games The Year In Chess A Veteran Hangs on to His Title, but a Young Champion Is Dethroned By DYLAN LOEB McCLAIN Published: December 29, 2012 A changing of the guard was anticipated in the top ranks this year. It was the men’s champion, now 4

["3, whom many thought to be vulnerable. But it was the teenage women\u2019s champion who was dethroned. Position after 14 \u2026 Qf6; click to replay\nPosition after 39 g4; click to replay", "\nThe men\u2019s titleholder, Viswanathan Anand of India, successfully defended the championship in May in a grueling match against Boris Gelfand, an Israeli grandmaster. Still, there are signs that Anand\u2019s time at the top is coming to an end. Magnus Carlsen, 22, is now the world\u2019s top-ranked player, and he will have a record high rating when the next rankings are released on Tuesday", "\nOn the women\u2019s side, Hou Yifan \u2014 who became the youngest world champion when she won the title in 2010 at 16 \u2014 failed to defend her crown in November. Hou was eliminated in the second round of a championship tournament, and Anna Ushenina of Ukraine became one of the unlikeliest champions in history, with a ranking of just No. 37. But by winning the Women\u2019s Grand Prix, Hou did place herself in contention to recapture the title next year against Ushenina. Board Diplomacy Kirsan N", "\nIlyumzhinov, a Russian who is the president of the World Chess Federation, once again flew into a civil war zone when he visited President Bashar al-Assad of Syria in May. The goal, Mr. Ilyumzhinov said, was to promote chess in schools and to organize amateur matches at a Russian cultural center in the Syrian capital. It was an eerie echo of Ilyumzhinov\u2019s visit to Libya last year during the height of the war that toppled Col. Muammar el-Qaddafi", "\nCheating Scandals Nearly two years into an investigation, the World Chess Federation barred three top French players from the game for cheating. Accusations of similar conduct surfaced during the year, but no action has been taken. Games of the Year", "\n? The most important was Game 8 of the men\u2019s championship. Anand had lost Game 7 of the best-of-12 match and needed a win. In the diagram at left, Anand played 15 gh5, a move that Gelfand and two grandmasters who were doing commentary on the game had overlooked. The game ended after 15 ... Qf3 16 Kc2 Qh1 17 Qf2, and Gelfand resigned because the only way to save his queen would have been to play 17 ... Nc6, after which 18 dc6 Qc6 19 Bg2 Qd7 20 Nd5 would have given Anand a big advantage", "\nAnother intriguing match occurred in January at the Tata Steel tournament in the Netherlands. In the diagram above, Fabiano Caruana had a chance to save his game against Levon Aronian. He should have played 39 ... Ng4 but erred with 39 ... hg4, which allowed Aronian a nice attack. The game concluded 40 Qg3 Qe2 41 Qe5 d3 42 Rf6 Kh6 43 Rf7 Qe1 44 Kg2 Qe2 45 Kg3 Qe1 46 Kg4 Qg1 47 Kh3, and Caruana resigned", "\nA version of this article appeared in print on December 30, 2012, on page A17 of the New York edition with the headline: A Veteran Hangs On to His Title, But a Young Champion Is Dethroned.", "\nGet Free E-mail Alerts on These Topics\nWorld Chess Federation\nMiddle East and North Africa Unrest (2010- )"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.heritage-history.com/index.php?c=read&author=pratt&book=ahs1&story=explorers

American History Stories—Volume I

["American History Stories\u2014Volume I\nFront Matter Long Ago Early Discoveries Christopher Columbus The Voyage Other Great Explorers English Explorers Sir Francis Drake Sir Walter Raleigh The Colonies Plymouth Colony The Puritans The Dutch in America Other Colonies Customs in the Colonies The New England Primer Manner of Dress Pine-tree Shillings Education in the Colonies Salem Witchcraft Religious Troubles William Penn Indian Troubles King Philip's War French and Indian War George Washington How the Colonies Grew", "American History Stories\u2014Volume I\nAmerican History Stories\u2014Volume I - Mara L. Pratt\nOther Great Explorers\nBut if Columbus discovered America, how did it happen that the country was named America? It certainly seems as if Columbia would have been a better and more fitting title for it, and it would have been but fair to Columbus, after all he had borne, to have had his name remembered in naming the country.", "American History Stories\u2014Volume I\nBut people were not very careful in those days about being \"fair\" to anybody or anything; and so, when in 1497 Americus Vespucius made a voyage to the new world and on his return talked much of the great continent he had seen, and wrote a diary about it, people began speaking of this new world as the country of Americus Vespucius; by and by they called it America; and, since Columbus was not the man to whine at injustice, and Americus Vespucius did not seem to object to the honor conferred upon him, it soon became customary throughout Europe to speak of the new world as America.", "American History Stories\u2014Volume I\nSTATUE OF AMERICUS VESPUCIUS, (PORTICO OF THE UFFIZI)\nAmericus Vespucius made another voyage a few years later, and this time directing his course farther south, he came upon the continent of South America. He sailed along the coast for several thousand leagues, very carefully noting all changes in the soil, the climate, and even in the stars.", "American History Stories\u2014Volume I\n\"In these southern skies,\" reported he, \"there is a constellation never seen by us,\u2014a group of four bright stars arranged in the shape of a cross. One cannot imagine how strange these southern heavens look with this great central figure of four bright stars.\"", "American History Stories\u2014Volume I\nThe winds grew colder and colder as they sailed along. The nights were fifteen hours long. Before them lay a great, rocky, ice-bound coast. \"Let us return,\" begged the superstitious sailors; \"we must be nearing the land of perpetual cold and darkness and we shall all be caught in the great fields of ice and be frozen to death.\"", "American History Stories\u2014Volume I\nSo Americus turned his vessel homeward, glad and eager to tell of his discovery of the \"Land of the Southern Cross,\" and of the marvellous sights he had seen. All Europe rang with praises of the explorer. His writings were passed from one to another, and everybody talked about them; Americus Vespucius, and not Columbus, was now the hero of the hour.", "American History Stories\u2014Volume I\nBut during all these years the Spaniards had been sending over colonists, until now there were flourishing Spanish towns on those islands round about where Columbus had first landed. The Spanish had begun to be very cruel to the poor Indians, and the Indians were not slow to see that it was an unlucky day for them when the great white ships of Columbus came to their shores.", "American History Stories\u2014Volume I\nAbout twenty years after the landing of Columbus, Balboa came over with a small fleet on a voyage of discovery. A few years later Balboa helped to found a colony on the Isthmus of Panama, and was made its governor. He was very angry because the Spaniards treated the Indians so unjustly; and ordered that no man of his colony should treat them as the other settlers had done.", "American History Stories\u2014Volume I\nThe poor Indians, who had suffered so much from the Spaniards, were very glad to find these new comers so kind to them; and when they found that the great desire of Balboa was for gold, a chief sent him a large box full of the precious metal as a peace offering.", "American History Stories\u2014Volume I\nNo sooner, however, had Balboa opened the box, than the men all began quarreling over it, snarling and fighting each other like fierce dogs. The Indian chief, looking with scorn upon their greedy wrangle, said, \"Shame upon you, Christians! There is a land not far away where there is gold enough for all.\"\nBalboa and his men cared very little for the Indian's disgust, but began at once to beg him to lead them to this land of gold.", "American History Stories\u2014Volume I\nOne bright morning very soon after, they started toward a ridge of mountain land beyond which, so the Indian said, lay a great ocean and also the land of gold. Balboa, anxious to see this great ocean first, left his men on the side of the ridge and climbed to its top alone. There lay spread out before him, rolling and sparkling so peacefully, the great Pacific ocean, never seen before by a white man", "American History Stories\u2014Volume I\nSince I have told you about Balboa and the new ocean, I must tell you about the first voyage around the world. A Portuguese named Magellan started out from Spain with a large fleet, hoping to find a way through this new continent by which he might sail to the Spice Islands. He sailed directly across the Atlantic to America, and looked all up and down the coast for an opening to the other ocean.\nBALBOA DISCOVERS THE PACIFIC OCEAN", "American History Stories\u2014Volume I\nFinding there was none, he sailed down to the most southern point of South America, and after sailing around that point he came out into the new ocean. When he saw it first, it looked as it did when Balboa first saw it\u2014smiling and peaceful. On account of its calm, sunny appearance, he named it at once the \"Pacific,\" which means peaceful.", "American History Stories\u2014Volume I\nThey saw some very strange people as they sailed along the coast of South America, who, so Magellan's men said, were ten and twelve feet tall. These people were unusually tall, but it is not very likely that they were quite as tall as the men said. Sailors in those days liked to tell very big stories, I think, just as they do now.", "American History Stories\u2014Volume I\nThese natives of South America were as surprised to see the white men as the white men were to see them. The natives could not understand how such little men could make such big ships move; and they thought the boats must be the babies of the ships.", "American History Stories\u2014Volume I\nThey pulled from the ground, and gave to the white men to eat, something which Magellan and his men said looked like turnips and tasted like chestnuts. The sailors ate them eagerly without cooking, and carried some of them home to Spain as great curiosities. Do you guess what they were? Nothing but common potatoes, which are eaten now everywhere, but which then were only known to the natives of America.\nTHE WHITE MAN'S FIRST INTRODUCTION TO POTATOES", "American History Stories\u2014Volume I\nBut it was not curiosities nor even gold and silver that Magellan most desired to find. Like most of the explorers, including Columbus himself, he was in search of a short route to the East Indies. And as he sailed down the Atlantic coast, he hoped at every little bend in the shore to find himself able to steer his ship directly west towards the Indies", "American History Stories\u2014Volume I\nSo onward he sailed, till as we said, he finally reached the southern end of South America, passed through the Straits of Magellan\u2014as they were afterwards called\u2014and came into the Pacific. Here was another route to India, that was sure. But, unfortunately, it was not another but a shorter route the European merchants wanted. However, Magellan sailed straight across the new ocean as far as the Philippine Islands, meaning to return to Spain by the old route around Africa.", "American History Stories\u2014Volume I\nHe had five ships when he set out from Spain, but one of these had been lost while sailing down the Atlantic coast of South America. When he entered the straits the captain of another vessel, discouraged by the distance before him, turned and went back to Spain. With three ships then, Magellan crossed the Pacific. Then, at the Philippine Islands, two more ships were lost in battles with the natives, and he himself was killed", "American History Stories\u2014Volume I\nOnly one ship\u2014the Victoria\u2014with but eighteen men, and those sick and half starved, was able to make its way back to Spain to tell the story of the first voyage around the world."]

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7958, null]], \"rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score\": [[0, 7958, 0.82397342]], \"rps_doc_books_importance\": [[0, 7958, 534.35958593]], \"rps_doc_openwebtext_importance\": [[0, 7958, 222.02075899]], \"rps_doc_wikipedia_importance\": [[0, 7958, 112.55267454]], \"rps_doc_num_sentences\": [[0, 7958, 56.0]]}"}

RedPajama-Data-V2

https://adc.library.usyd.edu.au/view?docId=law/xml-main-texts/p00087.xml;chunk.id=d652e28748;toc.id=LEVI7;database=ozlaw;collection=law;brand=ozlaw

"Promoting Long-Term Saving: A Policy Reflecting Notions of Thrift"

["Promoting Long-Term Saving: A Policy Reflecting Notions of Thrift\n21.4. The Committee has, in Chapter 3, expressed the view that neutrality should be the general aim when economic efficiency is at issue and that, as far as possible, considerations of tax liability ought not to be allowed to influence the manner in which a person conducts his affairs. But in so far as certain inherent features of the tax system tend to make for non-neutrality in the overall operation of that system, some deliberately contrived offsetting correction may be warranted.", "Promoting Long-Term Saving: A Policy Reflecting Notions of Thrift\n21.5. One such feature, of particular relevance in the context of the present chapter, concerns the taxing of income. As already pointed out in Chapter 3, a tax on income falls on the component saved as well as on the component immediately consumed; and when income is subsequently earned on the component saved, that too bears tax", "Promoting Long-Term Saving: A Policy Reflecting Notions of Thrift\nIn the result, the effective rate of return on saving is less than it otherwise would be and the balance of advantage between consuming income immediately and saving it to consume later is shifted towards the former. Bias of this kind against saving is an inherent feature of income tax: it could be wholly eliminated only by abandoning income tax altogether and substituting an expenditure tax along the lines suggested by Lord Kaldor", "Promoting Long-Term Saving: A Policy Reflecting Notions of Thrift\nThe Committee is not prepared to go this far; though if greater reliance is placed on indirect taxes and less on income tax, which is the Committee's proposed long-run objective, the general bias against saving will in time diminish. In the meanwhile, however, special provisions in the income tax law must be relied upon to correct the bias.", "Promoting Long-Term Saving: A Policy Reflecting Notions of Thrift\n21.6. Traditionally the law, in its special provisions, has gone beyond merely correcting the bias against saving. These provisions clearly reflect a policy of promoting long-term saving in the private sector. The policy reflects notions of thrift intended, among other things, to relieve the State of some of the heavy financial burden of providing for old age. It also reflects the need to foster a healthy capital market", "Promoting Long-Term Saving: A Policy Reflecting Notions of Thrift\nThe Committee does not see its role as enabling it to question the policy of promoting long-term saving, even were it minded to do so. It is concerned, nevertheless, to make an assessment of the existing law, or any alternative law, directed to promoting saving and to judge its effectiveness to this end as well as its fairness.", "Promoting Long-Term Saving: A Policy Reflecting Notions of Thrift\n21.7. Clearly superannuation and life insurance are structured so that they can offer the assurance that saving undertaken through them is long term. In this respect they are the avenues of private saving most deserving of tax assistance.", "Promoting Long-Term Saving: A Policy Reflecting Notions of Thrift\n21.8. While the Committee can thus see some justification for an approach that will result in the deferral of tax and some relief from tax on such long-term saving, it can find little justification in theory for a system that permits exemption from tax altogether", "Promoting Long-Term Saving: A Policy Reflecting Notions of Thrift\nIf contributions to superannuation funds are to be an allowable deduction at the time they are made, and the income of such funds is to be exempt from tax, then the virtual exemption from tax of the whole benefit payable at retirement is debatable. If some relief from tax is to be given in relation to life insurance premiums, and it is not practicable to tax the policy proceeds, the levying of some tax on the investment income earned by the premiums is seen to be appropriate.", "Promoting Long-Term Saving: A Policy Reflecting Notions of Thrift\n21.9. Finally, and most importantly, it must be borne in mind that the matters with which the Committee is here dealing involve long-term commitments entered into by taxpayers on the basis of the existing taxation structure. It would be unfair to such persons if a significantly different taxation structure were to be introduced without adequate and reasonable transitional arrangements", "Promoting Long-Term Saving: A Policy Reflecting Notions of Thrift\nHaving regard to the importance of life insurance and superannuation funds in the Australian capital markets, it would be an unwise step to make recommendations likely to force such institutions abruptly to slacken the pace of new investment or even to liquidate a large portion of their existing holdings. The deleterious effect of such action on the Australian economy would outweigh any gains in equity in the treatment of taxpayers that recommendations of this kind might bring."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.bart.gov/news/articles/2005/news20050926

Section of Coliseum Station parking lot will be closed Tuesday, September 27 A small section of the Coliseum Station parking lot bordered by 71st Avenue and Snell Street will be closed beginning at 4 a.m. on Tuesday, September 27, 2005. The parking lot is

[" being used for the ceremonial signing of an agreement that will one day lead to a transit village near the Coliseum station.\nThe parking lot should be reopened in the early afternoon.", "\nBART asks for your cooperation in not parking in the designated lot. BART police officers will cordon off the designated lot at 4 a.m. on Tuesday."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.uopeople.edu/programs/ed/degrees/master-of-education-med/curriculum/

M.Ed. Curriculum - Online Master of Education in Cooperation with the International Baccalaureate M.Ed. Curriculum There are four components to the M.Ed. in Advanced Teaching program: Specialization Core Courses Specialization Elective Courses List of Cou

["rses Offered\nLearning Theory and Implications for Instruction", "\nThis course will examine the major theories and models for understanding how students learn. Attention will be given to the cognitive, affective, sensory/psychomotor, and sociological domains and implications for learning through differing modalities. Contributions of neuroscience to understanding child and adolescent research are explored, and structural barriers to learning such as stereotype threat are discussed", "\nStudents will gain insights into the interplay of learner characteristics, prior knowledge and experiences, the medium of instruction, and cultural influences that construct learning environments, and understand that learning is contextual, with no single theory universally applying to every student in every situation.", "\nThis course introduces the major curricular models and analyzes their design and development, implementation, and evaluation. The role of technology and disciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches are considered, and teaching through inquiry and for conceptual understanding are explored. Strategies for planning, conducting and evaluating curricula are covered, and the practical problems teachers face in making curricular decisions are discussed", "\nThe course will also examine the influence of legislative, local and global socio-political forces, and the value systems of central stakeholders on planning and curriculum choices.", "\nThis course will focus on the role of classroom organization and behavior management in developing positive teaching and learning environments. The impact of the physical environment, transitions, procedures, norms and expectations on managing behavior will be discussed. Developing communication and social skills and fostering a collaborative relationship between the teacher and students will be examined", "\nAlternative approaches to managing routine and disruptive discipline problems while also creating learning spaces where students are willing to take risks and learn from mistakes will be considered.", "\nThis course will consider the myriad of ways in which students in a single classroom can differ and how it can impede learning. The characteristics and implications of physical and sensory disabilities and health impairments; cognitive, emotional and psychological differences; and racial/ethnic, gender, cultural, socio-economic and linguistic variability will be discussed. External and internal forces driving instructional adaptation and their implications for teachers will be covered.\nEDUC 5210 3", "\nThis course will consider formal and informal classroom assessments and their use for guiding curricular decisions, differentiating instruction, fostering student achievement, and improving teacher performance. The nature and purpose of different types of assessment (e.g., classroom, diagnostic, placement, problem-solving, formative, and summative) will be discussed", "\nTest construction and designing teacher-made assessments that are authentic and non-discriminatory are addressed, along with the importance of fair, consistent and transparent grading practices; developing and using rubrics and checklists; and providing useful student feedback. Implications of on-screen testing and the use of e-assessments for creating authentic and media-rich assessment tasks will be discussed.", "\nThis course will focus on creating an equitable learning environment that sensitively approaches differences and embraces inclusive practices. Emphasis will be on considering decisions about curriculum, instructional materials, learning activities, and student groupings in the multicultural, multilingual classroom", "\nThe use of adaptive technology, learning analytics and personalized learning, and compensatory and remedial methods to support students with academic and/or behavioral difficulties will be discussed, and frameworks for facilitating inclusive education and teaching for variability, such as Universal Design for Learning, will be covered.", "\nThis course will focus on exploring the global competence that students need to need to thrive in today\u2019s increasingly interconnected and rapidly-changing world. It will focus on creating learning environments and opportunities that value the world as the broadest context for learning, ensuring that students are exposed to real world questions and concerns both within and beyond their local contexts", "\nThere will be consideration of ways that teachers can foster student awareness of and engagement with global issues, develop open-mindedness to the perspectives of others, and encourage reflection on their role as active and engaged global citizens. There will also be discussion of how language acquisition and multilingualism can provide particularly rich opportunities for the development of intercultural understanding and of an appreciation of different languages, cultures and worldviews.", "\nEducation in Context: History, Philosophy and Sociology", "\nThis course will examine the role of education across time and in different places in the world, and the social and political influences that shaped the goals and structure of today\u2019s diverse educational systems. The contributions of classical and modern thinkers and their impact on contemporary education and on the role and function of the teacher will be explored", "\nAnalysis of globalization on education and the nature of differing educational systems and values will provide a context for reflecting on one\u2019s own philosophy of education.", "\nThis course will focus on models of practitioner research and modes of inquiry appropriate to applied research and will provide insights into the uses and limitations of these approaches and tools. Human subject rules and regulations and the ethics of school-based research will be discussed. Students will identify a topic for investigation and develop an applied research proposal", "\nThe proposal will frame the question, discuss the rationale for the question, include a review of the literature on the topic, and describe the planned data collection and analysis activities.", "\nThis course will consider child development, in particular the K-8 school-aged population, from the biological/physical, cognitive, emotional, and social perspectives and their interrelatedness in children from birth to early adolescence. Major theories of development and factors that enhance growth and development will be compared and evaluated, with special emphasis on implications for educational practice", "\nThe interconnected worlds that children inhabit in school, at home and in the broader community will be examined.", "\nInstructional Techniques for the Elementary and Middle School Classroom (Specialization Core)", "\nThis course will focus on building a repertoire of developmentally appropriate pedagogical strategies that support student learning and acknowledge the diversity of students\u2019 prior knowledge. Relevant approaches and strategies that support and facilitate students\u2019 efforts to engage in inquiry-based learning, actively construct meaning from the world around them, and build connections between previous learning and currently learning will be emphasized", "\nDelivery of intellectually challenging and inclusive instruction in the elementary and middle school with special attention to the development of conceptual understanding and skills is highlighted. When and how to employ teacher-led/whole group activities, small/cooperative learning groups, independent learning, and the role of technology will also be covered.", "\nAdvanced Practices for Teaching Elementary and Middle School Literacy (Elective)", "\nThis course covers the cognitive foundations and curricular implications for the teaching of reading and language arts in elementary grades with an emphasis on understanding the theoretical and research bases for classroom practice. The theory and practice of writing and its development are explored, and the racial, social, cultural, and linguistic implications for the development of literacy are examined", "\nThe specific genres of children\u2019s literature are discussed, and the increasing role of technology in mediating literacy is considered.", "\nAdvanced Practices for Teaching the STEM Fields at the Elementary and Middle School Levels (Elective)", "\nThis course focuses on the mathematical and scientific concepts taught in the elementary and middle school, with an emphasis on research on the teaching and learning of mathematics and the theoretical and empirical foundations of the teaching and learning of science. Attention will be given to how students acquire mathematical understandings and to how different groups experience mathematics instruction", "\nMethods for teaching the scientific method, doing laboratory work as inquiry-based learning, and exploring the relationship of science, technology and society will be discussed. Use of technology in teaching discrete areas of science (life, physical, earth) as well as in an integrated science approach will be covered.", "\nThis course will consider adolescent development from biological/physical, psychological, emotional, cognitive and social perspectives, and provide insights into the rapid changes that occur during the adolescent period. Topics include adolescent thinking and brain development, social-emotional and moral development, gender and sexual identity, and ethnic, racial, and cultural identity. These are explored from a cross-cultural perspective and provide insights into differences seen in school settings", "\nThe multiple worlds that adolescents inhabit and the influence and importance of peers, friendships and social media are examined. The role of non-cognitive skills in school success and the fostering of academic identity are discussed.", "\nInstructional Techniques for the Secondary School Classroom (Specialization Core)", "\nThis course will examine the intersection of curricular relevance, teaching style, and instructional techniques on academic attitudes and learning in the secondary school classroom. When and how to employ teacher-led/whole-group activities, small/cooperative learning groups, and independent learning will be covered, along with the role of technology, particularly as it relates to concept of active learning", "\nIt will focus on collaborative, inquiry-based, student-centered teaching and project-based learning, with students actively involved in their own knowledge acquisition.", "\nAdvanced Practices for Teaching Literature and Writing at the Secondary Level (Elective)", "\nThis course will explore adolescent literature and the variety of formats in which it exists. Attention will be given to writing across the curriculum and teaching students to write for various subject areas. How students comprehend content material and socio-cultural influences on reading, reading/writing relationships, and assessment of content reading will be addressed. Ways to teach students to critically read and create media will be discussed", "\nResearch on writing and its implications for methods of teaching writing and responding to and evaluating student writing will be explored.", "\nAdvanced Practices for Teaching the STEM Fields at the Secondary Level (Elective)\nThis course will review current research in STEM education. Emphasis will be on the methods for teaching computer programming and the use of technology in the teaching of science, mathematics and pre-collegiate engineering.\nApplied Professional Inquiry", "\nDuring their last term of study, students conduct the planned data collection and analysis activities contained in their applied research proposal and prepare a written report that describes and interprets the results of their research. Implications for new instructional practices and further professional development are considered. Students also present their Research and Practice Portfolio demonstrating evidence of development and growth over the course of the program.\nEDUC 5470; final term of study 3", "\nIB Internship\nStudents who meet the selection requirements will have the opportunity in their last term of study to integrate theoretical knowledge and professional practice and refine their own philosophy of teaching under the tutelage of outstanding teachers skilled in the methodology of the International Baccalaureate schools. They simultaneously enroll in EDUC 5910 Applied Professional Inquiry and conduct their applied research project in the internship setting.\nThe M.Ed. Program Specializations:", "\nStudents must choose to specialize in either:\nElementary/Middle School Education, or\nStudents in either specialization will be required to complete two (2) core specialization courses, and one (1) elective course as part of the 13 required courses. Students may choose to complete both specializations. In this case, students will be required to complete all 6 specialization courses, which increases the program requirements to a minimum of 16 courses.", "\nSpecializations Students must choose to specialize in either Elementary and Middle School Level teaching, or Secondary level teaching.\nStudents in either specialization will be required to complete two (2) core specialization courses, and one (1) elective course as part of the 13 required courses.", "\nStudents may choose to specialize in both Elementary and Middle School Level Teaching and Secondary Level Teaching, and in this case will be required to take all required courses from each specialization track (two (2) specialization core courses and one (1) elective from each track), leading to a minimum of 16 required courses.\nM.Ed. \u2013 Advanced Teaching at the Elementary and Middle School Level (grades K-8):", "\nStudents wishing to focus on advanced teaching at the elementary and middle school level complete the following program of study.\nSpecialization Core Courses (2 courses required)\nEDUC 5410 Child Development\nEDUC 5270 Instructional Techniques for the Elementary and Middle School Classroom.\nElectives (1 course required)\nEDUC 5271 Advanced Practices for Teaching Elementary and Middle School Literacy\nEDUC 5272 Advanced Practices for Teaching the STEM Fields at the Elementary and Middle School Levels", "\nM.Ed. \u2013 Advanced Teaching at the Secondary Level (grades 6-12):\nStudents wishing to focus on advanced teaching at the secondary level complete the following program of study.\nSpecialization Core Courses (2 courses required) `\nEDUC 5420 Adolescent Development\nEDUC 5280 Instructional Techniques for the Secondary School Classroom.\nEDUC 5281 Advanced Practices for Teaching Literature and Writing at the Secondary Level\nEDUC 5282 Advanced Practices for Teaching the STEM Fields at the Secondary Level Levels", "\nWhile our internship is not mandatory; those who take the internship must complete a total of 42 credits if enrolled in one specialization, or 51 credits if enrolled in both specializations. Students who do not take the internship will be required to take a total of 39 credits if enrolled in one specialization, or 48 credits if enrolled in both specializations.\nCourses >\nCatalog >\nAcademic Year >\nApplication Process >"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.hauraki-dc.govt.nz/this-week-in-print/2019/june/14/public-notice/

Temporary Road Closure Pursuant to the Section 11(e) of the Tenth Schedule of the Local Government Act 1974, notice is hereby given that for the purpose of a slip repair, the following road will be closed to ordinary vehicular traffic for the period indic

["ated below. During the period of closure provision will be made for ordinary vehicular traffic, which would otherwise use the road, to use alternative routes.\nDate of closure: 4 days between 17 June 2019 and 22 June 2019.\nTime of closure: 10.00am to 5.00pm.", "\nRoad to close: Ohinewai Road, Kaihere \u2013 from 363 to Matahuru Rd.\nAlternative provision for ordinary vehicular traffic will be made with signs, cones and barriers to redirect traffic on detour.\nIt will be an offence under the above regulations for any person otherwise than under authority of an authorised permit to use the road for ordinary vehicular traffic during the period of closure.\nL D Cavers"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.edupristine.com/blog/artificial-intelligence

EduPristine>Blog>What is Artificial Intelligence? November 13 2019 Written By: zzz EduPristine

["", "\nArtificial Intelligence is developing a system that imitates the human Intelligence or conduct processes in the day to day life or in an organization. Artificial Intelligence system is based on the principle of learning, reasoning, and self-correction. Learning takes place when the machine acquires information from a defined set of data and operates according to the information fed in the system", "\nReasoning and self-correction are the outcomes of the learning process where the machine decides how to respond to a particular action without any human intervention.", "\nSome of the applications of Artificial Intelligence are:", "\nArtificial Intelligence system can be a weak Artificial Intelligence system or a strong Artificial Intelligence system. The Weak Artificial Intelligence system is also called a Narrow Artificial Intelligence system and is defined as a system that is particularly designed and trained for a specific pre-determined task. This type of Artificial Intelligence includes the speech recognition system like the personal assistants E.g. Apple\u2019s Siri, Microsoft\u2019s Cortana, Google\u2019s Alexa.", "\nOn the other hand, Strong Artificial Intelligence system is designed to work with generalized human cognitive abilities. Strong Artificial Intelligence system is trained to act and react like a human and are trained accordingly. Machine learning plays an important role in the Strong Artificial Intelligence System as the machine analyses and reasons the actions it performs. Strong Artificial Intelligence is also called Artificial General Intelligence.\nTypes of Artificial Intelligence Systems:", "\nArtificial Intelligence systems are categorized into 4 types by Arend Hintze. Arend Hintze is an assistant professor for integrative biology, computer science, and engineering at Michigan State University. Some types of Artificial Intelligence systems can be seen in the market today, while some still need to be explored.\nReactive Machines:", "\nThis type of Artificial Intelligence system is designed to perform a particular task and focusses on the output. The system is not designed to be trained through machine learning, but pre-determined set of rules are fed in the system to perform the desired task. The system responds according to the rules fed in the system and the system can only be used for that specific task.", "\nOne of the examples of the Reactive Machine is the Deep Blue chess program. The system was designed by IBM to identify and predict the elements and moves in a chess game. The system does not have any memory or past data to analyze and make decisions accordingly. The system only analyses the moves that are possible in the present, during the game. As per the programming rules set, the system analyses its moves and the opponent\u2019s moves and proceeds in the game of chess.\nLimited Memory system:", "\nUnlike the reactive system, this system has memory to store in the information and can use their recent experiences to respond or take future decisions. As the name suggests, the system has a limited memory or temporary memory which means the instances or experiences are not saved permanently in the system. One of the examples of the limited memory system is self-driving cars", "\nThe observation in this type of system can be stored for a short period which is predetermined, or the duration of the memory is based on a set of rules.", "\nTheory of Mind:\nThis type of system is based on the psychological aspects which includes an understanding of the beliefs, intentions, actions, reactions and other things that impact the decision of an individual. Such kind of system has not been developed yet.\nSelf-Awareness:", "\nThis type of Artificial Intelligence system is more about identifying and analyzing the senses. The Self Awareness Artificial Intelligence systems is a being on its own with a preset and well-defined character. They can sense emotions and are aware of what they feel and their current state of mind. This kind of Artificial Intelligence system is not in existence yet.\nApplication of Artificial Intelligence technology:", "\nThis is one of the basic applications of AI technology which includes developing a system that performs the repetitive and sequential tasks performed by humans. Automation can be of different types and as the task or process becomes more complex a more advanced version or level of the AI technology is used.\nNatural Language Processing (NLP):", "\nThis technology is concerned with the processing of human language and taking actions accordingly. One of the examples is the spam detection. Spam detection is done by analyzing the subject line and the text body of the email. If the Natural language processing (NLP) system detects malicious, fraudulent or harmful content, the mail is marked as spam and is sent to the junk folder", "\nThe Natural language processing (NLP) system includes text translation, speech recognition, sentiment analysis and the analysis is based on the machine learning process.", "\nRobotics:\nWe all have seen smart machines in the form of robots in the movies that conduct processes and tasks by themselves, or Robots that act as a digital or artificial human with a sense of Self being. In reality we do have robots to help humans with the tasks that are not feasible or are difficult to be conducted regularly. These robots are programmed to conduct the task as per the defined rules and learn with the experiences and encounters.\nSelf-driving cars:", "\nSelf-driving cars are Artificial Intelligence-based systems that use techniques like computer vision, image recognition, and deep learning. These systems have limited memory and preset functionality that is required for that particular purpose.\nMachine Vision:\nMachine vision is used to capture and analyze visual information. This can be done using a camera or digital signal processing. One of the application of machine vision is signature identification.", "\nMachine Learning is training the system to learn from the past experiences and take future decisions accordingly without any human intervention. Initially, huge data or information if fed into the system for the machine to read and analyze the instances. Once the machine analyses the data it is tested in a closed environment. The machine is trained to make decisions based on the data fed in and with events and experiences learn from those instances.\nMachine learning can be of various types as follows:", "\nSupervised learning:\nIn this type of learning the data sets are labeled. Labeling helps in detecting patterns which can be used to label new data sets.\nUnsupervised learning:\nIn this type of learning the data sets aren\u2019t labeled. The data is sorted according to similarities or differences.\nReinforcement learning:\nIn this type of machine learning, the data sets aren\u2019t labeled. This learning is based on the feedback given to the AI system after performing actions.", "\nPrevious FRM Tutorial: Neutral or Non-directional Strategies\u201d\nNext Introduction to Operational Risks\nAI Artificial Intelligence FRM machine learning\nThe best business Analysts skills\nWhat is CPA? What will be the Career as a CPA\nWhat is Investment Banking"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/tag/cats-in-cages/

cats in cages April 6, 2020 | Kara Jamie Norton Here's what two journalists, who've documented the captive tiger tourism industry for years, had to say about Netflix's Tiger King: Murder, Mayhem and Madness. Sharon Guynup (SG) is a journalist who has spen

["t years reporting on the illegal wildlife trade in Asia. Sharon\u2019s investigation for National Geographic into wildlife trafficking from ...\n\u00a9 2020 WNET. All rights reserved.\nPBS is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/press/enforcement/20130114a.htm

> 2013 Enforcement Actions Release Date: January 14, 2013 For immediate release

["", "\nThe Federal Reserve Board on Monday issued two consent Cease and Desist Orders against JPMorgan Chase & Co., New York, New York (JPMC), a registered bank holding company. The first order requires JPMC to take corrective action to continue ongoing enhancements to its risk-management program and its finance and internal audit functions, particularly in regard to JPMC's Chief Investment Office (CIO)", "\nThe Board's order follows the disclosure of significant losses in a large synthetic credit portfolio that was managed by the CIO. The second order requires JPMC to take corrective action to enhance its program for compliance with the Bank Secrecy Act and other anti-money laundering requirements at JPMC's various subsidiaries.", "\nThe Office of the Comptroller of the Currency on Monday issued two similar Consent Orders against JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., Columbus, Ohio.\nAttachment (27 KB PDF)\nAttachment 2 (29 KB PDF)\n2013 Enforcement Actions\nLast update: January 14, 2013 Home"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.ukfestivalguides.com/artists/shooter-jennings/

Shooter Jennings - Bio, Albums, Photos - UK Festival Guides

["Shooter Jennings - Bio, Albums, Photos - UK Festival Guides\nShooter Jennings (born Waylon Albright Jennings in 1979, ) is an American country music singer, the only child of Waylon Jennings and Jessi Colter. His middle name comes from his father's drummer, Richie Albright. His father nicknamed him \"Shooter\" after he urinated on a nurse shortly after birth (as the elder Jennings wrote in his 1996 autobiography).", "Shooter Jennings - Bio, Albums, Photos - UK Festival Guides\nShooter Jennings lived his first few years in a crib on his parents' tour bus. By age five, he was playing drums. Between tours, he took piano lessons. He started playing guitar at fourteen and sometimes played in his father's band. He and his father recorded a few things together when they happened to have some microphones set up and the tape recorder plugged in. At age sixteen, Jennings discovered rock 'n' roll.", "Shooter Jennings - Bio, Albums, Photos - UK Festival Guides\nAs an adult, Jennings left Nashville, Tennessee to seek his fortunes in Los Angeles. He assembled and performed with Stargunn, a southern rock band whose sound he described as Lynyrd Skynyrd mutating into Guns N' Roses. Stargunn performed at local clubs for six years, built a rabid following and earned praise from the local music press. But the Hollywood party scene eventually began to bother him. He says, \"I was posing as a rocker\u2014a country guy trying to be something he wasn't.\"", "Shooter Jennings - Bio, Albums, Photos - UK Festival Guides\nOn March 30, 2003, Jennings dissolved Stargunn and moved to New York City to spend time with his girlfriend and sort out what he wanted to do next. An unexpected gig at the House of Blues a few weeks later revived his creativity. He returned to Los Angeles to form another band, the 357s. After six weeks in the studio, he completed his first solo album, Put the O Back in Country. Universal South released the album in early 2005.", "Shooter Jennings - Bio, Albums, Photos - UK Festival Guides\nJennings portrayed his father in the Johnny Cash biopic, Walk the Line. He is the host of Shooter Jennings' Electric Rodeo, a two-hour weekly music show on Sirius Satellite Radio's Outlaw Country channel. He currently dates Drea de Matteo. Shooter Jennings' second solo album \"Electric Rodeo\" was released on April 04, 2006.\nCountry Alt-country Southern rock\nBlack Deer Festival 2020\nRamblin' Man Fair 2015"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.cliftonvilleprimary.co.uk/news/detail/remembrance-day/

Remembrance Day | Cliftonville Primary & Pre-School

["Remembrance Day | Cliftonville Primary & Pre-School\nChildren from Cliftonville Primary School have been learning about the importance of Remembrance Day and chose to raise money for the Royal British Legion. Members of the Key Stage 2 School Council sold poppies to staff and children around the school as well as selling other poppy appeal merchandise, such as snap bands and reflectors, after school on the playground. The School Council also decided that they would like to lay a remembrance wreath at the local war memorial to pay their respects", "Remembrance Day | Cliftonville Primary & Pre-School\nA School Council representative from each year group was voted for and on the afternoon of Friday 10th November, these six children walked to the war memorial at Trinity Gardens and held their own Remembrance Ceremony. Each child played a part \u2013 whether it was reading a poem, a prayer or laying the wreath. They also held a two minute silence. All the children involved showed respect and maturity and were a credit to the school."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesMiddEast/CanaanArk01.htm

Did Noah Really Build an Ark?

["Did Noah Really Build an Ark?\nFeatures: British Isles Europe Middle East Africa Far East Prehistory King Lists: British Isles Europe Middle East Africa Far East Americas\nDonate add-in\nDid Noah Really Build an Ark?\nby Jeremy Bowen, 19 March 2004. Updated 12 January 2018\nIn the Old Testament, God tells Noah he has to build an ark and load a pair of every kind of animal before a great flood engulfs the world. The story is widely regarded as a myth, but could it actually be true?", "Did Noah Really Build an Ark?\nThe story of Noah and his ark is one which sticks in the minds of children and never gets forgotten. God warned Noah - the only good man left in a world full of corruption and violence - to prepare for a great flood. With his sons he built a great ark and the animals marched in two by two. By the time the rain started to fall, Noah was ready. The ark was a refuge until the waters went down, leaving Noah and his menagerie high and dry on Mount Ararat.", "Did Noah Really Build an Ark?\nThere are many problems with the story. If it is taken literally, it would have taken a total of thirty-five years for Noah and his family to load two of every animal on the planet. In addition, a flood that engulfed the world would have left a signature for geologists to spot - and yet none has been found.", "Did Noah Really Build an Ark?\nBut it is possible to build a much more credible version of the story based on a different reading of the Old Testament, by using ancient Babylonian sources which predate the Book of Genesis, and on archaeology and science.\nBroken apart", "Did Noah Really Build an Ark?\nThe traditional shape of Noah's Ark comes from the imaginations of nineteenth century artists. It would have been about 137 metres long (450 feet), and experts say it would have broken apart. What's more, even if such a feat of marine engineering had been possible, there are about thirty million species of animals in the world. For so many creatures, an entire fleet of enormous arks would have been needed.", "Did Noah Really Build an Ark?\nGeologists have also proved that there is not enough water in the world to cover all the continents, then or now. But just because the details of this familiar story do not add up, should we turn our backs on Noah and the ark? Instead, we have to forget the idea that such a huge boat carrying all known animals existed, that it came to rest on Mount Ararat in modern-day Turkey, and that a flood covered the entire planet.\nFOLLOWING PAGES:\nIsraeli Caves & Bar Kochba Coins\nHerod's Grisly Death is Examined", "Did Noah Really Build an Ark?\nTestament: Early Israel\nRULERS OF MESOPOTAMIA:\nMesopotamian States\nNeo-Babylonian Empire\nIsraelites\nAn artist's impression of the ark shows a design which would have broken apart", "Did Noah Really Build an Ark?\nIn 1851, British archaeologists discovered hundreds of clay tablets whilst digging in ancient Babylon (now in Iraq). It was twenty years later that British Museum assistant George Smith became the first person to read them. He found the story of Gilgamesh, which bore strong similarities to that of Noah. Gilgamesh was visited by the leading gods, who decided that there would be a great deluge, told him to make a boat, and carry in it the seed of all living things. [1]", "Did Noah Really Build an Ark?\nFurther Babylonian texts were discovered, showing that the story first emerged in Mesopotamia. In the 1930s, conclusive evidence was found of a huge flood in the area about five thousand years ago - the timeframe for the story of Noah. [2]\nTrading centres", "Did Noah Really Build an Ark?\nWhat we know of the culture of what is now Iraq provides the first glimpse of the real-life historical figure behind the myth. Noah may have been king of a city called Shuruppak. He would have had a kilt, a shaven head, and eye make-up, like the figures portrayed in artworks created in what was then known as Sumer. The epic of Gilgamesh says this Sumerian Noah had silver and gold, then the currency of wealthy merchants, suggesting that he was a businessman.", "Did Noah Really Build an Ark?\nCould this story have provided the inspiration for the holy men who wrote the Book of Genesis around the middle of the first millennium BC, while the Israelites were captives in Babylonia?", "Did Noah Really Build an Ark?\nInstead of building an ark to survive a great flood, he is more likely to have built boats to trade goods such as beer, grain, and animals. All of the big trading centres of the era were on the River Euphrates, and it was cheaper to move goods by water than on land. Sumerians were able to build barges about six metres in length (twenty feet), and marine archaeologists have not found remains or inscriptions of larger vessels.", "Did Noah Really Build an Ark?\nBut they believe that the technology existed to have built a series of barges and use them like pontoons on which a much larger boat, or ark, could have been constructed.\nParts of the Euphrates were only navigable at certain times of the year, when the waters were deep enough for large boats. Noah was likely to have waited for the melt waters to arrive in June and July and, if these had combined with a tropical storm, the river could have flooded the Mesopotamian plain.", "Did Noah Really Build an Ark?\nThe Sumerian flood story includes a depiction of a large vessel which is packed with various objects and, presumably, animals, clearly showing a basis for the later Old Testament flood story of Noah and the ark\nLoading thirty million species of animal would have taken thirty-five years", "Did Noah Really Build an Ark?\n[1] The Sumerian myth of Ziusudra exists in a single copy, the fragmentary Eridu Genesis. It tells how the god Enki warns Ziusudra, king (or prince, or noble) of Shuruppak, that the gods will destroy mankind with a flood. See Kings After the Flood for full details.\n[2] More specific dating for this Sumerian flood event, which was probably on a par with the two twenty-first century floods of Somerset in England, place it between 2900-2750 BC, based on deposits found in several Sumerian city sites.", "Did Noah Really Build an Ark?\nThe currents in the area would not have taken him towards Mount Ararat, but out into the Persian Gulf. Life would have been difficult, but he and his family could have survived on the animals and beer on board. One Babylonian text suggests that the ark came to rest on what is now the island of Bahrain, providing a very different yet plausible end to the adventure.", "Did Noah Really Build an Ark?\nThe writers of the Book of Genesis may already have known something of the story through their Mesopotamian ancestry - the early Israelites migrated from the city of Ur under the leadership of the father of Abraham - but being back in Babylon as part of the Israelite captivity they would certainly have received a refresher course.", "Did Noah Really Build an Ark?\nWhen they did, how could they fail to recognise its moral power, that if humankind falls short of God's laws, there's a dreadful price to pay. Behind that moral message lies one of the world's greatest stories. And behind that story can be glimpsed a real man, a real boat, and a real adventure.", "Did Noah Really Build an Ark?\nImages and text copyright \u00a9 BBC or affiliates. Reproduction is made on a 'fair dealing' basis for the purpose of disseminating relevant information to a specific audience. No breach of copyright is intended or inferred.\nHelp with Sharing\nYou will need to enable JavaScript on your browser to use Email or Share. See the help page.\nContact us Terms of use About Archives Help with King Lists Help Pages"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40309-015-0078-5

The changing nature of city tourism and its possible implications for the future of cities Kerstin Bock

["", "\nCity tourism is one of the fastest growing travel segments worldwide [18] and the changing nature of city tourism becomes increasingly apparent in many cities. Facilitated by mobile access to information, tourists are increasingly seeking, finding and consuming \u2018local experiences\u2019 and the boundaries between tourists and residents become increasingly blurred", "\nWhile the impact of the proliferation of information and communication technologies (ICTs) on the travel industry as well as on tourist behaviour and the travel experience has been widely acknowledged (Egger J Hosp Tour Technol 4(2): 119\u2013133, 2013), (McCabe et al. Tour Manage Perspect 4: 36\u201344, 2012), (Stamboulis and Skayannis Tour Manage 24: 35\u201343, 2003), [35, 40], (Ye et al", "\nComput Hum Behav 27: 634\u2013639, 2011), the implications of this new type of tourism for future urban development have received little attention (F\u00fcller and Michel Int J Urban Regional 38(4): 1304\u20131318, 2014). This paper aims to better understand the underlying causes of the changing nature of city tourism and how this change could impact the future development of cities", "\nIt is argued that in addition to the proliferation of ICTs, the phenomena of experiential travel and social acceleration have contributed to the rise in popularity of city tourism as well as to a change in tourist behaviour. Possible implications for the future development of cities resulting from this new type of tourism, as well as approaches to solving those challenges, are discussed", "\nIt becomes clear that an interdisciplinary approach will be required in order to fully understand the challenges posed by city tourism as well as to develop and implement strategies for a successful integration of tourism into future urban development.", "\nCity tourism Tourist behaviour Experiential travel Social acceleration Information and communication technologies (ICTs) Urban development", "\nAlthough cities and their development have without doubt been increasingly shaped by tourism in the past decades, discussions of the links between city tourism and its impact on a city\u2019s development remain scarce. City tourism is one of the fastest growing travel segments worldwide [18] and the impacts of the changing nature of city tourism become increasingly apparent in many cities", "\nThe proliferation of information and communication technologies (ICTs) has had a significant impact on the travel industry, as well as on tourist behaviour, and is also transforming the nature of travel and the actual tourist experience [9, 22].", "\nWhile the general impact of ICTs on the travel industry and tourist behaviour has been widely acknowledged [9, 19, 30, 35, 40, 41], an understanding of the impact of ICTs on the nature of city tourism, and consequently on urban transformation and the future development of cities, has received little attention [13]. As travel experiences become increasingly dominated by ICTs, a change in travel behaviour can be observed in cities around the world", "\nTherefore, the aim of this paper is to examine the changing nature of city tourism, as well as the underlying causes of this change, by means of a literature review. Moreover, possible consequences of this phenomenon for the future development of cities will be delineated.", "\nThe first part of this paper provides a brief overview of the growth of city tourism and discusses possible reasons for the popularity of this type of tourism. Then, the changing nature of city tourism will be explored by focusing on the effects of the proliferation of ICTs on travel behaviour as well as on the phenomena of experiential travel and social acceleration", "\nBased on these considerations, some of the challenges that city tourism and the changing tourist behaviour pose to the future of cities, and possible implications, will be discussed. This is followed by an outlook for the future of city tourism as well as by exploring possible approaches to solving challenges resulting from this new type of tourism.", "\nMore than half of the world\u2019s population lives in cities today and by 2030 an estimated five billion people will live in urban areas. As vibrant epicentres of culture and commerce, some of the world\u2019s greatest tourism destinations are cities, attracting a growing number of visitors every year [37]. According to the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), city tourism - also referred to as urban tourism - is considered as \u201ctrips taken by travellers to cities or places of high population density", "\nThe duration of these trips is usually short (one to 3 days)\u2026\u201d [UNWTO, 2012, cited in: 36:8][36].", "\nWhile total international tourist arrivals are increasing year on year, different trends regarding different segments and types of trips can be observed. According to Euromonitor International [12], international tourist arrivals have increased by 4.8 % in 2013, while the world\u2019s 100 leading cities in terms of international tourist arrivals have experienced a growth of 5.4 % in the same year", "\nAlthough these growth figures include different trip purposes, including business trips, a rise in city tourism can also be observed when looking at holiday segments. While sun & beach holidays have grown by 31 % over the last 5 year period (representing 29 % of all holiday trips), the segment of touring holidays has grown by 28 % (to reach a 23 % share). The city trips segment, however, has increased by 72 % during the past 5 years to reach a share of 21 % [18]", "\nIn some countries, city trips have already overtaken sun & beach holidays as the most popular type of holidays. For example, 42 % of British people took a city break holiday in 2014, compared to 38 % who went on a sun & beach holiday in the same year [1].", "\nIn order to understand the implications for the future of cities, it is important to also look at the development of city trips from a city\u2019s perspective. Using Barcelona and Berlin as examples, the enormous growth some cities have experienced in terms of tourist arrivals since 1990 can be illustrated. Arrivals in hotels and similar accommodation establishments in the city area of Barcelona have grown from 1.7 million in 1990 to 7.5 million in 2013", "\nIn the city area of Berlin, arrivals in all paid forms of accommodation establishments have increased from 2.8 million in 1990 to 11.3 million in 2013 [32]. What implications this growth already has on cities today, and what they might be in the future, will be discussed in more detail later. In the following section, some of the reasons for the popularity of city tourism will be explored.", "\nWhat makes city tourism distinct from other types of tourism is that cities have a high density of diverse cultural offerings in a relatively small area, attracting different types of tourists. Moreover, most attractions and amenities tourists are drawn to have not been primarily intended for tourists, which often leads to an interaction between tourists and locals", "\nAs these characteristics of city tourism are not new, the question that arises is why the popularity of city tourism has drastically increased in recent years.", "\nA number of factors may have contributed to the rising popularity of city tourism. Firstly, urbanisation is believed to reinforce the trend towards city tourism as people living in cities are more likely to associate with cities and the more they are inclined to visit other cities [37]", "\nSecondly, without doubt the proliferation of low cost carriers has had a major impact on the popularity of city trips, mainly due to the fact that they made flights more affordable to the masses, but also because they expanded and improved flight networks, thus offering more city destination options and making them more accessible from a growing number of departure points than in the past, considerably decreasing travel times", "\nAs a consequence, this development has made a wide range of cities available to tourists at lower costs [8]. Thirdly, as the proportion of the population taking several trips per year continues to grow, there is a tendency towards an increasing number of shorter holidays rather than just one main holiday per year [8, 17, 34]", "\nFourthly, due to the increasing availability and penetration of internet based services during the travel cycle, information can easily be accessed, and the ease of making bookings online, and retrieve a wide range of information while in a destination, has greatly facilitated city tourism", "\nAs the biggest proportion in terms of the booking value of a city trip usually consists of the two elements transport and accommodation, it is relatively easy and not as risky to book online as, for example, a multi-country trip, a round trip or even a beach holiday where the hotel is not easily accessible from the airport by public transport", "\nMoreover, as will be discussed in more detail later, the proliferation of ICTs, and in particular of mobile technologies, increasingly empowers consumers to create and plan further components of their city trip while in the destination. Due to the density of cultural offerings, the amount of options to choose from in a city surpasses those of other destination types. Finally, peoples\u2019 perceptions of cities as tourist destinations has been changing", "\nNowadays, travellers no longer regard a city merely as an entry, exit, or transit point, but as a destination in its own right [8].", "\nThe changing nature of city tourism\nThe proliferation of ICTs", "\nIn our increasingly mobile and connected world, devices connected to the internet, and increasingly mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets, are omnipresent. In terms of both product sales and broadband subscriptions, mobile devices are now outperforming PCs [28]. According to Ericsson [10], approximately 90 % of the world\u2019s population will be covered by mobile broadband networks by 2020. Global mobile subscriptions are growing by around 5 % year on year", "\nBy 2020, smartphone subscriptions are forecast to have more than doubled and 70 % of the world\u2019s population will own a smartphone [10]. As a result, mobile devices are set to play an increasingly important role in travel in the years to come [28].", "\nIn the past, ICTs have not only revolutionised the travel industry itself but also the role of consumers, who have acquired greater power thanks to the array of information available and the choices offered by the internet. However, the inexorable rise of the mobile channel and smartphones has triggered a new stage in this development, which is not only expected to have a major impact on the travel industry but also a significant impact on the travel behaviour", "\nWhile in the past travellers used ICTs for pre-travel and post-travel arrangements, there has been a general shift to using mobile technologies during the travel experience as many travellers are nowadays connected to the internet during all stages of the travel cycle [11, 20, 42].", "\nSmartphone applications provide a wide range of information, such as destination tour guides, language assistants, restaurant and bar finders, information on local transportation, events, etc. Moreover, users interact with each other via social media and provide reviews on places, local attractions, restaurants and bars as well as on accommodation, which in turn are read by tourists deciding on their own travel plans and things to do while in the destination", "\nThis results in the mobile internet changing tourists\u2019 behaviour as they are now able to find what they require and when they require it through their mobile devices [6, 19, 23]. More easily available information increases the number and types of experience options a tourist can choose from in a shorter period of time.", "\nWhile it has to be acknowledged that access to free Wi-Fi is still limited in some destinations, there is a rapid development towards mobile contract providers offering cheaper internet allowances for travellers on the one hand and cheaper or free internet access in hotels, cafes, and even throughout some cities on the other. At the same time, more elaborated apps are being developed for offline use", "\nFor example, Google is planning to offer new offline features that will allow navigating around a city in offline mode. Moreover, through Google\u2019s new context-aware service, Now on Tap, tourists will be able to build a temporary offline library with all relevant data and information they would need for a day, for example of where they want to travel and what they are planning to visit", "\nThe data download can be completed while the mobile device is connected to free Wi-Fi, for example at the airport, accommodation and other Wi-Fi zones and hotspots and thus, expensive internet fees can be avoided [24]. According to Tripadvisor [34], 74 % of global travellers surveyed regarded free in-room Wi-Fi as the most influential amenity when booking accommodation", "\nFurthermore, 87 % of global travellers use mobile devices while travelling, with 61 % of global travellers using social media while on holidays [33]. With a rapid expansion of the availability of free or cheap Wi-Fi access, the use of mobile internet devices by travellers is set to further increase in the future.", "\nNowadays, travellers are increasingly in search for rich and memorable experiences that create value for them and engage them in a personal way. There are two major developments which can currently be observed with regard to the travel experience. The first one is the traditional experience economy being increasingly replaced by the concept of experience co-creation, meaning that consumers are becoming more active in co-creating their experiences", "\nThe second one, a more recent development, is that experiences become increasingly dominated by ICTs. As a result of travellers becoming more empowered through the use of technologies during their travels, they themselves can now become the main actor in co-creating richer experiences and additional value [21, 29].", "\nTravel is increasingly about how travellers experience destinations viscerally and how experiences change them and their understanding of places. They want to feel inspired by places and their encounters with locals - and they want individual experiences that are entirely their own. This phenomenon is commonly referred to as \u2018Experiential Travel\u2019 and is arguably the most significant, systemic trend in global travel", "\nThe term typically encompasses the notion of a more immersive, authentic and local and/or active travel experience. While it could be argued that travel is inherently experiential, the significance in this context is the shift towards the mainstream. An increasing number of people want to travel on a deeper emotional and more personal level and are turning their backs on pre-arranged package holidays [21, 29].", "\nOne reason for the development of this trend might be the sameness of many mainstream travel experiences. Another reason, according to Wong, the founder and CEO of Vayable, an online sharing portal that pairs travellers with its network of local citizens around the globe offering to experience their destination like a local, is the fact that technology, while connecting individuals online, has ironically left people isolated and given individuals a real need for human connection [29]", "\nWhile these are plausible reasons for this change in tourist behaviour, it is suggested here that another explanation might lie in the acceleration of society as described by the sociologist Hartmut Rosa [25, 26, 27]. In fact, social acceleration may not only explain the shift towards experiential travel and the increased use of internet devices while travelling, but might also offer an explanation for the enormous popularity of city tourism.", "\nRosa differentiates between three categories of acceleration: technological acceleration, the acceleration of social change, and the acceleration of the pace of life. Technological acceleration is \u201cthe speeding up of intentional, goal-directed processes of transport, communication, and production\u201d [26:6]. While technological acceleration could be classified as acceleration processes within society, acceleration of social change can be described as acceleration of society itself", "\nThe acceleration of social change is what Rosa describes as the \u201ccontraction of the present (Gegenwartsschrumpfung)\u201d [26:7], the present being the time-span for which \u201cthe horizons of experience and expectation coincide\u201d [26:7]. Social beliefs and actions have an increasingly shorter period of validity; social change is for example reflected in the stability of social institutions and practices as well as in personal relationships", "\nFinally, the acceleration of the pace of life, which occurs despite the expectation that technological progress increases an individual\u2019s free time, can be defined as the \u201cincrease of episodes of action and/or experiences per unit of time as a result of a scarcity of time resources\u201d [27:221].", "\nThese three categories of acceleration can be understood as an acceleration cycle: Technological acceleration is almost inevitably linked to a whole range of changes in social practices and communication structures. For example, the internet has not only speeded-up communication processes but also triggered new economic and communicative structures, establishing new patterns of social interaction and thus, driving social change", "\nIn a society where accelerated rates of social change affect all spheres of life, individuals develop a feeling of standing on a \u2018slippery slope\u2019, a phenomenon that is well known from the realm of capitalist production. Pausing and resting means becoming out-dated and old-fashioned in one\u2019s knowledge and experience. Therefore, in order to avoid the loss of potentially valuable options, individuals feel forced to keep up with the speed of change they experience in their social and technological environment", "\nThis social change again leads to an acceleration of the pace of life, which in turn calls for technological acceleration to speed up processes in a repeated attempt to save time [26].", "\nThis acceleration circle that can be observed in Western societies is inextricably linked with the culturally dominant idea of the \u2018good life\u2019, according to which life should be conceived as the last opportunity, and one\u2019s time span on earth should be used as intensively and comprehensively as possible", "\nAccording to this modern ideal, the \u2018good life\u2019 is the full life (erf\u00fclltes Leben), and one should aspire to enjoy as much as possible of what the world has to offer by realising as many options as possibly realisable - or as Rosa states:", "\n\u201c[t]he idea of the fulfilled life no longer supposes a \u2018higher life\u2019 waiting for us after death, but rather consists in realizing as many options as possible from the vast possibilities the world has to offer. To taste life in all its heights and depths and in its full complexity becomes a central aspiration of modern man\u201d [26:13, italics in original].", "\nThe acceleration of life can be seen as an attempt to realise as many options as possible in our lifetime. Yet, due to the acceleration cycle\u2019s self-propelling dynamic, this aim can never be fulfilled. For example, the internet not only speeds up communication and information processes, but it also vastly increases our options", "\nWe could possibly find more relevant, better or more interesting information if we kept on looking on other websites that might better serve our purpose than merely on the one website we visited in the first place. Consequently, the proportion of realised world options to potentially realisable options decreases; technological acceleration leads to increasing time scarcity [26]", "\nMoreover, Rosa suggests that as the number of experiences in a given period of time increases, the depth of individual experiences might decrease, which in turn might lead to individuals looking for more \u2018extreme\u2019 experiences [25].", "\nLooking at city tourism through the lens of social acceleration, this type of holiday is arguably the most suitable holiday type when pursuing the \u2018good life\u2019 due to the high density and vast number of possible realisable options a city has to offer", "\nICTs, and especially mobile devices, serve as technological accelerators, through which an increasing number of options can be realised, albeit increasing the rate of potential options at greater speed and thus, decreasing the proportion of realised \u2018city options\u2019 to potentially realisable options a city has to offer", "\nAs the number of experience episodes increases and the depth of those individual experience episodes decreases, as suggested by Rosa, travellers might look for a different quality of their experiences. The phenomenon of experiential travel might be the manifestation of this search for a different quality of experiences, for a quest for more \u2018extreme\u2019 experiences - from one extreme of being a tourist to another extreme of living like a local for a short period of time.", "\nTherefore, it could be suggested that social acceleration could be regarded as both cause and effect of the changing nature of city tourism; a cause because the progress and proliferation of technology might enhance the need for human connection and meaningful experiences while increasing the potential options of experience episodes; and an effect because as a result of these phenomena, the attractiveness of cities as destinations increases due to the multitude of options paired with the opportunity of immersing oneself in meaningful and local experiences for a short period of time", "\nWhile ICTs could be regarded as facilitators of this change, social acceleration may be a useful framework to understand and analyse the underlying causes as well as the qualitative shift of tourist behaviour, and may even be useful to anticipate tourists\u2019 future needs and behaviours.", "\nPossible implications for the future of cities\nChallenges and possible implications of city tourism", "\nThe boundaries between tourists and locals become increasingly blurred. This is because on the one hand the borders between tourists and residents become more difficult to define due to globalisation and changing developments related to the way people work and live. These changes result for example in a rise of long working holidays, medium-term business travel, commuting between two countries, and similar phenomena [14]", "\nOn the other hand the blurring of boundaries occurs because tourists are increasingly blending in with the local population. While in the past tourists mainly frequented tourist hot spots and officially designated tourist attractions, they are increasingly seeking \u2018authentic and local experiences\u2019, exploring ordinary but lively and diverse neighbourhoods and visiting cafes, bars and markets that were previously almost exclusively frequented by locals", "\nThis results in an interest in the same amenities, entertainment and retail infrastructure that city residents preferably consume. However, as leisure tourists are often not constrained on sleeping hours or spending power to the same extent as local residents, conflicts between tourists and residents increasingly occur in neighbourhoods that, in the past, have not been on the (analogue) tourist map", "\nCauses of conflicts are for example nightly partying tourist crowds in residential areas as well as the transformation of affordable local pubs, grocery stores and markets into hyped, high-priced locations that become unaffordable to many local residents [13]", "\nMoreover, this kind of development can slowly lead to residential areas losing their unique identity and character due to businesses increasingly adapting their offerings to the lucrative tourist demand, but can also pose development opportunities for deprived areas.", "\nDue to the proliferation of ICTs, the information divide between tourists and locals is slowly dissolving", "\nWhile in the past residents almost exclusively shared and exchanged information about new restaurants, unique shops, grocery stores and markets as well as about meet-ups and other events through word-of-mouth (offline) with friends, family and other residents, and tourists did not have access to this kind of information, nowadays there is almost a complete information transparency, no longer making any difference between tourist and local resident.", "\nThe quest for the authentic is not solely limited to tourist activities but also increasingly affects accommodation choices. Companies providing online platforms that permit the large-scale rental of apartments, rooms and entire properties from one individual to another have become hugely successful in recent years", "\nOften referred to as sharing economy or collaborative consumption, in more general terms this concept involves individuals temporarily renting, or getting access to, goods or services offered by other individuals (peer-to-peer sharing). This new way of sharing and reaching a global audience has been facilitated by the Web 2.0 technology [3, 15]. Arguably one of the most prominent - and most successful - companies of the sharing economy is Airbnb", "\nAs of August 2015, Airbnb had more than 1.5 million listings in more than 190 countries, and more than 40 million guests had booked their stay through the booking platform [2], which highlights the business concept\u2019s huge popularity amongst travellers, and even amongst an increasing number of business travellers. It is estimated that Airbnb already accounts for a similar number of room nights as some major hotel brands [15]", "\nAccording to Airbnb\u2019s CEO, the company\u2019s goal is to deliver local experiences to its customers, accessible through the internet, and increasingly through mobile devices. In early 2012, Airbnb announced its acquisition of NabeWise, and a few months later the acquisition of Localmind. While NabeWise offers travellers staying with Airbnb information about nearby businesses, Localmind provides information on what is happening in local neighbourhoods", "\nIn the same year, Airbnb introduced a new \u2018Neighbourhoods\u2019 feature on its website, which is essentially a travel guide that includes advice from hosts and other Airbnb users, helping users of the website and app to decide where to stay and what to visit in order to experience a city \u2018like a local\u2019 [16, 31].", "\nThe company\u2019s enormous success not only highlights changing tourist preferences, but has also implications for cities, their residents and businesses. Not only will traditional accommodation establishments and other businesses be affected by an increasing competition from the sharing economy, but the sharing economy is also increasingly causing fears of gentrification, and particularly of rising rents and property prices, amongst local residents", "\nWhile there is little evidence to what degree the sharing economy, and tourism in general, is accelerating gentrification processes, in some cities tourists have been blamed for waves of gentrification processes by local residents. In recent years, this resentment towards tourists has become particularly evident in the cities of Barcelona and Berlin", "\nMany of the problems and challenges faced by both cities and their residents are summarised in the documentaries Bye Bye Barcelona [4] and Welcome Goodbye [39]. From these documentaries it also becomes evident that often a negatively biased view of tourism exists among city residents", "\nWhat also becomes clear from having watched these documentaries as well as from having reviewed the literature and having attended presentations and seminars about the topic is that there is a lack of solutions from politicians, tourism businesses and city planners to these challenges.", "\nAccording to UNWTO projections, international tourist arrivals worldwide are expected to rise from 1.1 billion in 2014 to 1.4 billion by 2020 and to 1.8 billion by the year 2030 [38]. By 2030, an estimated five billion people will live in urban areas [37]", "\nGiven these two projections and the notion that people who live in cities are more likely to take city trips than people who live outside urban areas, it is very likely that city tourism is going to experience a sharp growth in the future, adding millions of tourists to a growing urban population", "\nDue to the changing nature of city tourism, these tourists are increasingly looking for the same or similar experiences and amenities as local residents and are using to a large extent the same resources as cities\u2019 inhabitants. Therefore, when developing future city plans or city visions, it is important to acknowledge the importance of tourism and to integrate tourism into those plans.", "\nThere are going to be enormous challenges to be solved, and if these are not going to be taken seriously by politicians and city planners, a deterioration of the quality of life in many cities might be the inevitable consequence. Already today, the balance between tourists\u2019 and locals\u2019 needs in certain cities - or parts of cities - is not given anymore. For example, in Venice and Barcelona, many parts of the city have undergone a process that could be described as \u2018museumisation\u2019", "\nThose parts of the city are being enjoyed and consumed by tourists but can usually not be enjoyed by locals any longer. Due to the changing nature of city tourism as previously discussed, this process of museumisation could be amplified to affect more city locations, that have not been designated or apparent tourist areas in the past, in a shorter period of time than ever before.", "\nAs technological developments have facilitated a change in tourist behaviour, technology could also be part of the solution to some challenges city tourism poses to the future of cities. For example, the concept of smart cities - also sometimes referred to as urban informatics - uses ICTs to improve the understanding of peoples\u2019 needs", "\nWhile the primary goal of smart city projects is to better manage resources and improve residents\u2019 quality of life, smart cities could better manage tourist flows in the future than cities that are not making use of big data in order to plan and manage tourism. This could offer new opportunities to governments and city planners and online data could be used as a digital reflection of physical spaces", "\nFor example, the use of GPS information could assist in determining which areas of a city are visited primarily by tourists or locals. Furthermore, city and tourism planners could analyse which places are the most popular - or becoming increasingly popular - by looking at the places\u2019 geotagged information and photos and thus, develop a better understanding of what people appreciate about certain places", "\nThis information could also be used to understand and influence behavioural patterns and tourist flows in a city and to spread tourist flows to certain parts of a city [5, 42]", "\nIn order for these strategies to be successful, it is of paramount importance to involve the local population and businesses, develop an understanding of the importance of keeping tourist streams in balance to avoid a negative impact on the quality of life of residents, and to clearly communicate the benefits that tourism contributes to cities and their residents; not only from a general economic point of view and its export value but also by indirectly supporting the quality of life of locals, for example through the creation of a more diverse cultural offer, improved public transport, regeneration projects, etc", "\nIt would go beyond the scope of this paper to explore these options in more detail but it is worth noting that one of the cities introducing new technologies to investigate how to make tourist flows more predictable and manageable is Amsterdam. The city is working on a project aimed at spreading tourist streams to areas that have not typically been visited by tourists in the past by involving the local population, businesses and authorities", "\nIt will be interesting to follow this development and to see if Amsterdam could be a model for tourist cities in the future - and other cities should follow soon as long-term planning is of vital importance. For example, with projects like the deviation of visitor streams it might take between 8 and 12 years until changes become visible [7]", "\nGiven the importance of solving the challenges discussed in this paper, research into urban development should try to better understand new developments in tourism in order to be able to plan for cities of the future.", "\nThe aim of this paper was to examine the changing nature of travel behaviour in cities, as well as causes of this change, and to delineate possible consequences of this phenomenon for the future development of cities. For this purpose, possible causes of a change in tourist behaviour have been explored, mainly by examining the proliferation of ICTs as well as the phenomenon of experiential travel", "\nMoreover, it was discussed if social acceleration could offer an additional explanation for the underlying causes of the rising popularity and changing nature of city tourism. While ICTs could be considered as facilitators of a change in tourist behaviour, the phenomenon of social acceleration may be a useful framework to understand the underlying causes as well as the qualitative shift of tourist behaviour, and may even be useful to anticipate future tourist behaviour.", "\nIt became clear that due to a change in tourist behaviour, the boundaries between tourists and residents become more and more blurred. Facilitated by mobile access to information while travelling, tourists are increasingly seeking, and finding, more authentic experiences and are looking for ways to experience cities like locals do; they increasingly want to live like a local for the duration of their trip", "\nThis has several implications for cities and is going to become even more important as the segment of city tourism is set to significantly increase in the future. While in the academic literature little attention has been paid to the challenges that many cities will have to face in the future, some city and tourism authorities have started to recognise these, and to develop solutions.", "\nDue to the limited scope of this paper, various aspects related to this field of research could not be fully examined and pose a limitation to discussing this topic to a greater extent. The following examples are merely a fraction of topics that should be addressed in the future in order to gain a better understanding of the subject.", "\nFirstly, it would be important to gain a better understanding of views and attitudes of local residents towards tourists and of how those views are changing over time in different cities. More research is also required into how residents can successfully be involved in tourism planning projects and how an awareness of tourism\u2019s benefits can positively influence locals\u2019 attitudes", "\nSecondly, a better understanding of the extent to which tourism contributes to the process of gentrification is required but also an understanding of how tourism can be used to develop deprived areas and enhance the quality of life for residents", "\nThirdly, a detailed understanding of why tourists are drawn to certain areas and locations and not to others, how meanings of places are being created and are changing over time, and of the role of technology during these processes would be important for future research. Fourthly, differences in tourist behaviour, for example by global region, age, income, etc. should be looked at in greater detail", "\nIf links between behavioural patterns and other variables could be established, this might help to better anticipate tourist behaviour in the future. 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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/features/satellites/archive/map_anisotropy.html

WMAP Exhibit The Foggy Universe (The origin of the Microwave Background) The Anisotropy of the Microwave Background Testing Inflation Theory The Shape of the Universe Weighing the Universe: Dark Matter and Dark Energy Formation of Structure How Old is the

[" Universe?\nWhat is the fate of the Universe?\nNASA Releases Stunning Images of Our Infant Universe\nWMAP Home Page\nCMB Anisotropy (WMAP Special Exhibit)\nOld Light, But New to Us...", "\nNow let's examine the nature of this microwave background. Because this light was released everywhere at once, it is all around us. This light was created by a very unique event, so fortunately it has a very specific energy distribution that makes it easy to identify, similar to a fingerprint. That is, it is easy to see once you know what you're looking for.", "\nThe cosmic microwave background was actually discovered by accident in 1964 by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson of Bell Laboratories. They were trying to eliminate static interfering with radio experiments. They tuned out local radio stations and even built pigeon traps to rid themselves of birds nesting in and around their radio receiver, because the pigeon droppings were a strong source of static.", "\nDespite their best efforts, Penzias and Wilson couldn't eliminate a constant low-level noise. They came to realize (after a good deal of iteration with cosmologists at Princeton University) that this noise has been lingering for 10 billion to 15 billion years, predicted by the Big Bang theory. They won the 1978 Nobel Prize for it.", "\nCOBE was the first satellite to study the cosmic microwave fossil. In 1992, COBE found that there were slight temperature differences in this evenly spread blanket of light. The Universe has cooled down considerably since its early days. Even with the multitude of stars, the microwave background only averages 2.78 degrees above absolute zero. The temperature differences are less than ten-thousandth of degree from region to region.\nThe temperature variations in the cosmic microwave background", "\nas detected across the sky by COBE.\nWhat do these temperature differences mean? The temperature differences, or fluctuations, we see today point back to density differences in the early Universe. Certain regions were denser and hotter than other regions, however slight. But you have no doubt heard the expression \"give an inch and they'll take a mile.\" The slight differences in density were the seeds that grew into galaxies and galaxy clusters.", "\nThrough the force of gravity, dense regions pulled in more and more matter, even as the Universe expanded. The more massive they became, the more matter they could attract through gravity. Less dense regions did not grow. It's the old story of the rich get richer. Those early, dense regions accumulated enough matter to form stars and galaxies. Less dense regions evolved into modern regions of seemingly empty space, called voids.", "\nThe precise temperature fluctuations in the microwave background from region to region speak specifically about how this modern structure formed. The development depended on the shape of the Universe and the type and amount of matter and forces that exist. Different shapes and different amounts of matter would leave their marks as different temperature fluctuations from region to region.", "\nCOBE had a resolution of about 7\u00b0, just enough to provide a fuzzy picture of the temperature fluctuations. WMAP has a resolution of 0.2\u00b0 (about 35 times better), enabling scientists to study the microwave background at the smallest angular scales.\nThe temperature variation in the microwave background as seen by WMAP after 7 years.\nPage Last Updated: 28-Oct-2014"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.congress.gov/member/frederica-wilson/W000808?pageSize=25&Congress=113+%282013-2014%29&subject=Transportation+and+Public+Works&q=%7B%22type%22%3A%22joint-resolutions%22%7D

Home > Members > Representative Frederica S. Wilson Representative Frederica S. Wilson (1942 - )In Congress 2011 - Present | Florida 24 House: 113th-115th (2013-Present) Florida 17 House: 112th (2011-2013) https://wilson.house.gov/ Legislation Sponsored o

["r Cosponsored by Frederica S. Wilson\nJoint Resolutions (H.J.Res. or S.J.Res.)\nJOINT RESOLUTION", "\n1. H.J.Res.120 \u2014 115th Congress (2017-2018) Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States limiting the pardon power of the President. Sponsor: Rep. Cohen, Steve [D-TN-9] (Introduced 10/31/2017) Cosponsors: (11) Committees: House - Judiciary Latest Action: 11/02/2017 Sponsor introductory remarks on measure. (All Actions) Tracker:", "\n2. H.J.Res.95 \u2014 115th Congress (2017-2018) Expressing support for designation of September 2017 as \"Gospel Music Heritage Month\" and honoring gospel music for its valuable and longstanding contributions to the culture of the United States. Sponsor: Rep. Jackson Lee, Sheila [D-TX-18] (Introduced 04/06/2017) Cosponsors: (9) Committees: House - Oversight and Government Reform Latest Action: House - 04/06/2017 Referred to the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform. (All Actions) Tracker:", "\n3. H.J.Res.53 \u2014 115th Congress (2017-2018) Removing the deadline for the ratification of the equal rights amendment. Sponsor: Rep. Speier, Jackie [D-CA-14] (Introduced 01/31/2017) Cosponsors: (167) Committees: House - Judiciary Latest Action: House - 02/08/2017 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution and Civil Justice. (All Actions) Tracker:", "\n4. H.J.Res.33 \u2014 115th Congress (2017-2018) Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States relative to equal rights for men and women. Sponsor: Rep. Maloney, Carolyn B. [D-NY-12] (Introduced 01/24/2017) Cosponsors: (169) Committees: House - Judiciary Latest Action: House - 02/06/2017 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution and Civil Justice. (All Actions) Tracker:", "\n5. H.J.Res.31 \u2014 115th Congress (2017-2018) Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States relating to contributions and expenditures intended to affect elections. Sponsor: Rep. Deutch, Theodore E. [D-FL-22] (Introduced 01/24/2017) Cosponsors: (139) Committees: House - Judiciary Latest Action: House - 02/06/2017 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution and Civil Justice. (All Actions) Tracker:", "\n8. H.J.Res.47 \u2014 114th Congress (2015-2016) Supporting the establishment of a Presidential Youth Council. Sponsor: Rep. Larson, John B. [D-CT-1] (Introduced 04/23/2015) Cosponsors: (58) Committees: House - Education and the Workforce Latest Action: House - 04/23/2015 Referred to the House Committee on Education and the Workforce. (All Actions) Tracker:", "\n9. H.J.Res.25 \u2014 114th Congress (2015-2016) Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States regarding the right to vote. Sponsor: Rep. Pocan, Mark [D-WI-2] (Introduced 01/21/2015) Cosponsors: (40) Committees: House - Judiciary Latest Action: House - 02/02/2015 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution and Civil Justice. (All Actions) Tracker:", "\n10. H.J.Res.22 \u2014 114th Congress (2015-2016) Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States relating to contributions and expenditures intended to affect elections. Sponsor: Rep. Deutch, Theodore E. [D-FL-21] (Introduced 01/20/2015) Cosponsors: (162) Committees: House - Judiciary Latest Action: House - 02/02/2015 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution and Civil Justice. (All Actions) Tracker:", "\n11. H.J.Res.119 \u2014 113th Congress (2013-2014) Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States relating to contributions and expenditures intended to affect elections. Sponsor: Rep. Deutch, Theodore E. [D-FL-21] (Introduced 07/14/2014) Cosponsors: (129) Committees: House - Judiciary Latest Action: House - 09/02/2014 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution and Civil Justice. (All Actions) Tracker:", "\n12. H.J.Res.113 \u2014 113th Congress (2013-2014) Removing the deadline for the ratification of the equal rights amendment. Sponsor: Rep. Speier, Jackie [D-CA-14] (Introduced 03/27/2014) Cosponsors: (147) Committees: House - Judiciary Latest Action: House - 04/16/2014 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution and Civil Justice. (All Actions) Tracker:", "\n13. H.J.Res.105 \u2014 113th Congress (2013-2014) Conferring honorary citizenship of the United States on Bernardo de G\u00e1lvez y Madrid, Viscount of Galveston and Count of G\u00e1lvez. Sponsor: Rep. Miller, Jeff [R-FL-1] (Introduced 01/09/2014) Cosponsors: (30) Committees: House - Judiciary Latest Action: 12/16/2014 Became Public Law No: 113-229. (TXT | PDF) (All Actions) Tracker:", "\nArray ( [actionDate] => 2014-07-28 [displayText] => Passed/agreed to in House: On motion to suspend the rules and pass the resolution Agreed to by voice vote.(text: CR H6874) [externalActionCode] => 8000 [description] => Passed House )", "\n14. H.J.Res.56 \u2014 113th Congress (2013-2014) Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States relative to equal rights for men and women. Sponsor: Rep. Maloney, Carolyn B. [D-NY-12] (Introduced 08/01/2013) Cosponsors: (176) Committees: House - Judiciary Latest Action: House - 09/13/2013 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution and Civil Justice. (All Actions) Tracker:", "\n15. H.J.Res.43 \u2014 113th Congress (2013-2014) Removing the deadline for the ratification of the equal rights amendment. Sponsor: Rep. Andrews, Robert E. [D-NJ-1] (Introduced 05/09/2013) Cosponsors: (105) Committees: House - Judiciary Latest Action: House - 03/12/2014 Ms. Speier asked unanimous consent that she be considered the first sponsor of H.J. Res", "\n43, removing the deadline for the ratification of the equal rights amendment, a bill originally introduced by Representative Robert Andrews of New Jersey, for the purposes of... (All Actions) Tracker:", "\n16. H.J.Res.34 \u2014 113th Congress (2013-2014) Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to restore the rights of the American people that were taken away by the Supreme Court's decision in the Citizens United case and related decisions, to protect the integrity of our elections, and to limit the corrosive influence of money in our democratic process. Sponsor: Rep. Deutch, Theodore E", "\n[D-FL-21] (Introduced 03/12/2013) Cosponsors: (75) Committees: House - Judiciary Latest Action: House - 04/08/2013 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution And Civil Justice. (All Actions) Tracker:", "\n17. H.J.Res.119 \u2014 112th Congress (2011-2012) Expressing support for designation of September 2012 as \"Gospel Music Heritage Month\" and honoring gospel music for its valuable and longstanding contributions to the culture of the United States. Sponsor: Rep. Jackson Lee, Sheila [D-TX-18] (Introduced 09/13/2012) Cosponsors: (31) Committees: House - Oversight and Government Reform Latest Action: House - 09/13/2012 Referred to the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform. (All Actions) Tracker:", "\n18. H.J.Res.111 \u2014 112th Congress (2011-2012) Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States relating to the authority of Congress and the States to regulate contributions and expenditures in political campaigns and to enact public financing systems for such campaigns. Sponsor: Rep. Schiff, Adam B. [D-CA-29] (Introduced 06/18/2012) Cosponsors: (17) Committees: House - Judiciary Latest Action: House - 06/28/2012 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution. (All Actions) Tracker:", "\n19. H.J.Res.90 \u2014 112th Congress (2011-2012) Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to expressly exclude for-profit corporations from the rights given to natural persons by the Constitution of the United States, prohibit corporate spending in all elections, and affirm the authority of Congress and the States to regulate corporations and to regulate and set limits on all election contributions and expenditures. Sponsor: Rep. Deutch, Theodore E", "\n[D-FL-19] (Introduced 11/18/2011) Cosponsors: (55) Committees: House - Judiciary Latest Action: House - 12/02/2011 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution. (All Actions) Tracker:", "\n20. H.J.Res.88 \u2014 112th Congress (2011-2012) Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to clarify the authority of Congress and the States to regulate corporations, limited liability companies or other corporate entities established by the laws of any state, the United States, or any foreign state. Sponsor: Rep. McGovern, James P", "\n[D-MA-3] (Introduced 11/15/2011) Cosponsors: (31) Committees: House - Judiciary Latest Action: House - 12/02/2011 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution. (All Actions) Tracker:", "\n21. H.J.Res.69 \u2014 112th Congress (2011-2012) Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States relative to equal rights for men and women. Sponsor: Rep. Maloney, Carolyn B. [D-NY-14] (Introduced 06/22/2011) Cosponsors: (186) Committees: House - Judiciary Latest Action: House - 06/22/2011 Referred to the House Committee on the Judiciary. (All Actions) Tracker:", "\n22. H.J.Res.47 \u2014 112th Congress (2011-2012) Removing the deadline for the ratification of the equal rights amendment. Sponsor: Rep. Baldwin, Tammy [D-WI-2] (Introduced 03/08/2011) Cosponsors: (56) Committees: House - Judiciary Latest Action: House - 03/21/2011 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution. (All Actions) Tracker:", "\n23. H.J.Res.28 \u2014 112th Congress (2011-2012) Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States regarding the right to vote. Sponsor: Rep. Jackson, Jesse L., Jr. [D-IL-2] (Introduced 02/14/2011) Cosponsors: (51) Committees: House - Judiciary Latest Action: House - 02/28/2011 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution. (All Actions) Tracker:\nBills (H.R. or S.) [1,532]\nCrime and Law Enforcement [1]"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://abc7.com/archive/9008497/

LA Sheriff named Sheriff of the Year

["LA Sheriff named Sheriff of the Year\nLA Sheriff Lee Baca named Sheriff of the Year\nIn announcing the recognition, the National Sheriff's Association cited Baca's record for providing educational opportunities for jail inmates and his efforts to reach out to various religious groups in the community. It also noted that Baca commands the largest sheriff's office in the nation and has relatively low crime rates in the areas the department patrols.", "LA Sheriff named Sheriff of the Year\nSheriff's spokesman Steve Whitmore says Baca is the most progressive sheriff in the nation, and the honor is deserved.\n\"It's an amazing thing when the leader of an organization is recognized for the hard work that he or she has put in to any agency,\" Whitmore said. \"But this is done as a team ... That's why the sheriff keeps saying that this award belongs to the men and women of the sheriff's department.\"\nBut the ACLU was surprised by the honor.", "LA Sheriff named Sheriff of the Year\n\"It's astonishing. In the last year, it's been publicly disclosed that the FBI is doing a massive investigation into conditions in deputy on inmate abuse in the jails,\" said Peter Eliasberg of the ACLU. \"The board of supervisors appointed a blue ribbon jail commission which found that there has been a persistent pattern of illegal activity in beating of inmates in the jails over many years. And said, simply put, there has been a failure of leadership from Sheriff Baca and his high commanders.\"", "LA Sheriff named Sheriff of the Year\nSheriff's officials say even before problems in the jails became public, the sheriff had already begun to make corrections.\n\"The county jail system, which is the largest jail system in the nation, is the safest and most secure it's ever been,\" Whitmore said.\nACLU officials say they have recognized the sheriff has made some positive steps particularly in the jails.", "LA Sheriff named Sheriff of the Year\n\"Finally, after all of these years of bringing all of these problems to his attention, it is true that the force numbers and the violence numbers in the jails are going down, but those changes ... need to be made permanent,\" Eliasberg said.\nThere are about 2,700 members in the National Sheriff's Association."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.richmondtx.gov/Home/Components/Calendar/Event/4274/19?curdate=3-28-2018

Food Truck LUNCH Friday with RedBeard's Texican Grill Food Truck Date: 03/23/2018 11:00 AM - 2:00 PM 03/23/2018 11:00 AM 03/23/2018 2:00 PM Location: Richmond Central Fire Station 200 Houston St RedBeard's Texican Grill Food Truck AND Carri's Sno Balls wi

["ll be parked at the Richmond Fire Department on Friday, March 23rd from 11 am to 2 pm for Food Truck Lunch Friday. Check them out on facebook https://www.facebook.com/redbeardstexicangrill/ and https://www.facebook.com/CarrisSnoBalls/.", "\nKnown for their burgers and tacos, RedBeard's has been serving up good food in Ft. Bend County for some time. Visit City of Richmond Facebook page https://www.facebook.com/City-of-Richmond-Texas-130729237031277/ to receive updates. Come on out to the Fire Department and join us for lunch!"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://repository.arizona.edu/handle/10150/254839

Tree-Ring Research Tree-Ring Bulletin, Volume 02 (1935-1936) Tree-Ring Bulletin, Vol. 2, No. 2 (1935) The Photography of FA-21 trb-02-02-012-016.pdf Davis, H. Faurest Dendrochronology Copyright © Tree-Ring Society. All rights reserved.

["", "\nThis item is part of the Tree-Ring Research (formerly Tree-Ring Bulletin) archive. It was digitized from a physical copy provided by the Laboratory of Tree-Ring research at The University of Arizona. For more information about this peer-reviewed scholarly journal, please email the Editor of Tree-Ring Research at [email protected].\nTree-Ring Society\nTree-Ring Bulletin\nDavis, H.F. 1935. The photography of FA-21. Tree-Ring Bulletin 2(2):12-16\nhttp://www.treeringsociety.org"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://jpkc.fudan.edu.cn/s/63/t/376/19/62/info6498.htm

上海市精品课程——宪法学 意大利宪法（英文） Adopted on: 22 Dec 1947 } { Effective since: 1 Jan 1948 } { ICL Document Status: 23 May 2003 } { Editors Note:

["", "\nThe first ICL edition has been based on a translation provided by the Italian Embassy in London. Thanks to Prof. Carlo Fusaro and the help of Dr Federico Signorini and Dr Ignazio Castellucci, we have since replaced the former ICL edition with a new translation. The new text takes into consideration the translation of the 1948 version provided by the Italian Embassy in London, the translation of the 1990 version by C", "\nNeenan published by the House of Representatives in Rome, and the translation of amendments by Bernard DeLury, published in 1994 by Oceana Publications. However, the ICL edition is a new translation and not based on any of those documents", "\nIt follows the specific standards of ICL documents: all terms are in American rather than British english (i.e., councilor, defense, favor, fulfill, harbor, labor, misdemeanor, organization), paragraphs are numbered and articles carry a descriptive titel for easier identification within the table of contents", "\nFurthermore, some technical terms (House of Representatives for the Chamber of deputies, Senate for Senate of the Republic, President for President of the Republic, Prime Minister for President of the Council of Ministers, Regional Cabinet for Junta, Justices for Judges of the Constitutional Court) are harmonized between the constitutions of different countries to facilitate easier comparisons once the ICL search engine is running again.", "\nThe ICL edition has been consolidated up to and including all amendments until the status date (above). Transitory and final provisions have not been included into this translation. Most recent changes include Art. 51 (1), 56 (2)-(4), 57 (1) (2) (3) & (4), 114 through 132. However, please note the following rules regarding the application of specific provisions:", "\n(a) According to Art. 10 of the Constitutional law of 18 October 2001, no. 3, the provisions of the newly amended Title V of the Constitution also applies to the five Regions with special Statutes adopted by constitutional law, as long as these provisions provide for wider powers than those which have been assigned to them until now.", "\n(b) According to Art. 11 of the Constitutional law of 18 October 2001, no. 3, the Chambers have to change their respective Standing Orders to allow representatives from the Regions and the other local public bodies to take part in the proceedings of the Parliamentary Commission for regional affairs, whenever it discusses bills that contain fundamental principles pertaining to concurrent legislative powers, as laid down in Article 117 (3), or exercise financial autonomy, as laid down in Article 119. }", "\n[Part 0] Fundamental Principles\nArticle 1 [Form of State]\n(1) Italy is a democratic republic based on labor.\n(2) The sovereignty belongs to the people who exercise it in the forms and limits of the constitution.\nArticle 2 [Human Rights]\nThe republic recognizes and guarantees the inviolable human rights, be it as an individual or in social groups expressing their personality, and it ensures the performance of the unalterable duty to political, economic, and social solidarity.\nArticle 3 [Equality]", "\n(1) All citizens have equal social status and are equal before the law, without regard to their sex, race, language, religion, political opinions, and personal or social conditions.\n(2) It is the duty of the republic to remove all economic and social obstacles that, by limiting the freedom and equality of citizens, prevent full individual development and the participation of all workers in the political, economic, and social organization of the country.\nArticle 4 [Work]", "\n(1) The republic recognizes the right of all citizens to work and promotes conditions to fulfill this right.\n(2) According to capability and choice, every citizen has the duty to undertake an activity or a function that will contribute to the material and moral progress of society.\nArticle 5 [Local Autonomy]", "\nThe republic, one and indivisible, recognizes and promotes local autonomy; it fully applies administrative decentralization of state services and adopts principles and methods of legislation meeting the requirements of autonomy and decentralization.\nArticle 6 [Linguistic Minorities]\nThe republic protects linguistic minorities by special laws.\nArticle 7 [Relation between State and Church]\n(1) State and catholic church are, each within their own reign, independent and sovereign.", "\n(2) Their relationship is regulated by the lateran pacts. Amendments to these pacts which are accepted by both parties do not require the procedure of constitutional amendments.\nArticle 8 [Religion]\n(1) Religious denominations are equally free before the law.\n(2) Denominations other than catholicism have the right to organize themselves according to their own by-laws, provided they do not conflict with the italian legal system.", "\n(3) Their relationship with the state is regulated by law, based on agreements with their representatives.\nArticle 9 [Research and Culture]\n(1) The republic promotes cultural development and scientific and technical research.\n(2) It safeguards natural beauty and the historical and artistic heritage of the nation.\nArticle 10 [International Law]\n(1) The legal system of italy conforms to the generally recognized principles of international law.", "\n(2) Legal regulation of the status of foreigners conforms to international rules and treaties.\n(3) Foreigners who are, in their own country, denied the actual exercise of those democratic freedoms guaranteed by the italian constitution, are entitled to the right to asylum under those conditions provided by law.\n(4) Foreigners may not be extradited for political offences.\nArticle 11 [Repudiation of War]", "\nItaly repudiates war as an instrument offending the liberty of the peoples and as a means for settling international disputes; it agrees to limitations of sovereignty where they are necessary to allow for a legal system of peace and justice between nations, provided the principle of reciprocity is guaranteed; it promotes and encourages international organizations furthering such ends.\nArticle 12 [Flag]", "\nThe flag of the republic is the italian tricolor: green, white, and red, in three vertical bands of equal dimensions.\nPart I Rights and Duties of Citizens\nTitle I Civil Rights\nArticle 13 [Personal Liberty]\n(1) Personal liberty is inviolable.\n(2) No one may be detained, inspected, or searched nor otherwise restricted in personal liberty except by order of the judiciary stating a reason and only in such cases and in such manner as provided by law.", "\n(3) As an exception, under the conditions of necessity and urgency strictly defined by law, the police may take provisional measures that must be reported within 48 hours to the judiciary and, if they are not ratified within another 48 hours, are considered revoked and remain without effect.\n(4) Acts of physical and moral violence against persons subjected to restrictions of personal liberty are to be punished.\n(5) The law establishes the maximum duration of preventive detention.", "\nArticle 14 [Personal Domicile]\n(1) Personal domicile is inviolable.\n(2) No ones domicile may be inspected, searched, or seized save in cases and in the manner laid down by law conforming to the guarantee of personal liberty.\n(3) Verifications and inspections for public health and safety, or for economic and fiscal purposes are defined by law.\nArticle 15 [Freedom of Correspondence]\n(1) Liberty and secrecy of correspondence and other forms of communication are inviolable.", "\n(2) Limitations may only be imposed by judicial decision stating the reasons and in accordance with guarantees defined by law.\nArticle 16 [Freedom of Movement]\n(1) Every citizen has the right to reside and travel freely in any part of the national territory except for limitations provided by general laws protecting health or security. No restriction may be imposed for political reasons.\n(2) Every citizen is free to leave the territory of the republic and return to it except for obligations defined by law.", "\nArticle 17 [Right of Assembly]\n(1) All citizens have the right to assemble peaceably and unarmed.\n(2) For meetings, including those held in places to which the general public has access, no previous notice is required.\n(3) For meetings held in public places previous notice must be given to the authorities, who may prohibit them only on the ground of proven risks to security or public safety.\nArticle 18 [Freedom of Association]", "\n(1) Citizens have the right freely and without authorization to form associations for those aims not forbidden by criminal law.\n(2) Secret associations and associations pursuing political aims by military organization, even if only indirectly, are forbidden.\nArticle 19 [Freedom of Religion]\nEveryone is entitled to freely profess religious beliefs in any form, individually or with others, to promote them, and to celebrate rites in public or in private, provided they are not offensive to public morality.", "\nArticle 20 [Religious Associations]\nFor associations or institutions, their religious character or religious or confessional aims do not justify special limitations or fiscal burdens regarding their establishment, legal capacity, or activities.\nArticle 21 [Freedom of Communication]\n(1) Everyone has the right to freely express thoughts in speech, writing, and by other communication.\n(2) The press may not be controlled by authorization or submitted to censorship.", "\n(3) Seizure is permitted only by judicial order stating the reason and only for offences expressly determined by the press law or for violation of the obligation to identify the persons responsible for such offences.", "\n(4) In cases of absolute urgency where immediate judicial intervention is impossible, periodicals may be seized by the judicial police, who must immediately and in no case later than 24 hours report the matter to the judiciary. If the measure is not validated by the judiciary within another 24 hours, it is considered revoked and has no effect.\n(5) The law may, by general provision, order the disclosure of financial sources of periodical publications.", "\n(6) Publications, performances, and other exhibits offensive to public morality are prohibited. Measures of prevention and repression against violations are provided by law.\nArticle 22 [Citizenship and Name]\nNobody may be deprived of legal capacity, citizenship, or name for political reasons.\nArticle 23 [Personal Services]\nNobody may be forced to perform personal service or payment without legal provision.\nArticle 24 [Right to be Heard in Court]", "\n(1) Everyone may bring cases before a court of law in order to protect their rights under civil and administrative law.\n(2) Defense is an inviolable right at every stage and instance of legal proceedings.\n(3) The poor are entitled by law to proper means for action or defense in all courts.\n(4) The law defines the conditions and forms for reparation in the case of judicial errors.\nArticle 25 [Defendants Rights]\n(1) No case may be removed from a court, but must be heard as provided by law.", "\n(2) No punishment is allowed except provided by a law already in force when the offence has been committed.\n(3) Security measures against persons are only allowed as provided by law.\nArticle 26 [Extradition]\n(1) A citizen may be extradited only as expressly provided by international conventions.\n(2) In any case, extradition may not be permitted for political offences.\nArticle 27 [Rights of the Accused]\n1) Criminal responsibility is personal.\n(2) The defendant may not be considered guilty until sentenced.", "\n(3) Punishments may not contradict humanity and must aim at re-educating the convicted.\n(4) Death penalty is prohibited except by military law in time of war.\nArticle 28 [Responsibility of Public Officials]\nState officials and employees of other public bodies are directly responsible under criminal, civil, and administrative law for acts committed in violation of rights. Civil liability extends to the state and public bodies.\nTitle II Ethical and Social Relations\nArticle 29 [Marriage]", "\n(1) The familty is recognized by the republic as a natural association founded on marriage.\n(2) Marriage entails moral and legal equality of the spouses within legally defined limits to protect the unity of the family.\nArticle 30 [Parental Duties and Rights]\n(1) Parents have the duty and right to support, instruct, and educate their children, including those born out of wedlock.\n(2) The law provides for the fulfillment of those duties should the parents prove incapable.", "\n(3) Full legal and social protection for children born out of wedlock is guaranteed by law, consistent with the rights of other family members.\n(4) Rules and limits to determine paternity are set by law.\nArticle 31 [Family]\n(1) The republic furthers family formation and the fulfillment of related tasks by means of economic and other provisions with special regard to large families.\n(2) The republic protects maternity, infancy, and youth; it supports and encourages institutions needed for this purpose.", "\nArticle 32 [Health]\n(1) The republic protects individual health as a basic right and in the public interest; it provides free medical care to the poor.\n(2) Nobody may be forcefully submitted to medical treatment except as regulated by law. That law may in no case violate the limits imposed by the respect for the human being.\nArticle 33 [Freedom of Arts, Science and Teaching]\n(1) The arts and sciences as well as their teaching are free.", "\n(2) The republic adopts general norms for education and establishes public schools of all kinds and grades\n(3) Public and private bodies have the right to establish schools and educational institutes without financial obligations to the state.\n(4) The law defining rights and obligations of those private schools requesting recognition has to guarantee full liberty to them and equal treatment with pupils of public schools.", "\n(5) Exams are defined for admission to various types and grades of schools, as final course exams, and for professional qualification.\n(6) Institutions of higher learning, universities, and academies have the autonomy to establish by-laws within the limits of state law.\nArticle 34 [Education]\n(1) Schools are open to everyone.\n(2) Primary education, given for at least eight years, is compulsory and free of tuition.", "\n(3) Pupils of ability and merit, even if lacking financial resources, have the right to attain the highest grades of studies.\n(4) The republic furthers the realization of this right by scholarships, allowances to families, and other provisions, to be assigned through competitive examinations.\nTitle III Economic Relations\nArticle 35 [Labor]\n(1) The republic protects labor in all its forms.\n(2) It provides for the training and professional enhancement of workers.", "\n(3) It promotes and encourages international treaties and institutions aiming to assert and regulate labor rights.\n(4) It recognizes the freedom to emigrate, except for legal limitations for the common good, and protects italian labor abroad.\nArticle 36 [Wages]\n(1) Workers are entitled to remuneration commensurate with the quantity and quality of their work, and in any case sufficient to ensure to them and their families a free and honorable existence.", "\n(2) The law establishes limits to the length of the working day.\n(3) Workers are entitled to a weekly day of rest and to annual paid holidays; they cannot relinquish this right.\nArticle 37 [Equality of Women at Work]\n(1) Working women are entitled to equal rights and, for comparable jobs, equal pay as men. Working conditions habe to be such as to allow women to fulfill their essential family duties and ensure an adequate protection of mothers and children.\n(2) The law defines a minimal age for paid labor.", "\n(3) The republic establishes special measures protecting juvenile labor and guarantees equal pay for comparable work.\nArticle 38 [Welfare]\n(1) All citizens unable to work and lacking the resources necessary for their existence are entitled to private and social assistance.\n(2) Workers are entitled to adequate insurance for their needs in case of accident, illness, disability, old age, and involuntary unemployment.\n(3) Disabled and handicapped persons are entitled to education and vocational training.", "\n(4) These responsibilities are entrusted to public bodies and institutions established or supplemented by the state.\n(5) Private welfare work is free.\nArticle 39 [Trade Unions]\n(1) The organization of trade unions is free.\n(2) No obligation may be imposed on trade unions except the duty to register at local or central offices as provided by law.\n(3) Trade unions are only registered on condition that their by-laws lead to internal organization of democratic character.", "\n(4) Registered trade unions are legal persons. Being represented in proportion to their registered members, they may jointly enter into collective labor contracts which are mandatory for all who belong to the respective industry of these contracts.\nArticle 40 [Right to Strike]\nThe right to strike is exercised according to the law.\nArticle 41 [Freedom of Enterprise]\n(1) Private economic enterprise is free.", "\n(2) It may not be carried out against the common good or in a way that may harm public security, liberty, or human dignity.\n(3) The law determines appropriate planning and controls so that public and private economic activities may be directed and coordinated towards social ends.\nArticle 42 [Property]\n(1) Property is public or private. Economic goods may belong to the state, to public bodies, or to private persons.", "\n(2) Private ownership is recognized and guaranteed by laws determining the manner of acquisition and enjoymend and its limits, in order to ensure its social function and to make it accessible to all.\n(3) Private property, in cases determined by law and with compensation, may be expropriated for reasons of common interest.\n(4) The law establishes the rules of legitimate and testamentary succession and its limits and the states right to the heritage.\nArticle 43 [Expropriation]", "\nTo the end of the general good, the law may reserve establishment or transfer, by expropriation with compensation, to the state, public bodies, or workers or consumer communities, specific enterprises or categories of enterprises of primary common interest for essential public services or energy sources, or act as monopolies in the preeminate public interest.\nArticle 44 [Land]", "\n(1) For the purpose of ensuring rational utilization of land and establishing equitable social relations, the law imposes obligations on and limitations to private ownership of land, defines its limits depending on the regions and the various agricultural areas, encourages and imposes land cultivation, transformation of large estates, and the reorganization of productive units; it assists small and medium sized farms.\n(2) The law favors mountainous areas.\nArticle 45 [Cooperatives and Handicrafts]", "\n(1) The republic recognizes the social function of cooperation for mutual benefit free of private speculation. The law promotes and encourages its implementation with suitable provisions and ensures its character and purposes through proper controls.\n(2) The law protects and promotes the development of handicrafts.\nArticle 46 [Workers Participation]", "\nIn order to achieve the economic and social enhancement of labor and in accordance with the requirements of production, the republic recognizes the right of workers to collaborate, within the forms and limits defined by law, in the management of companies.\nArticle 47 [Savings]\n(1) The republic encourages and protects savings in all its forms, regulates, coordinates and controls the provision of credit.", "\n(2) It favors access savings for the purchase of homes, for worker-owned farms, and for direct or indirect investment in shares of the countrys large productive enterprises.\nTitle IV Political Rights\nArticle 48 [Voting Rights]\n(1) All citizens, men or women, who have attained their majority are entitled to vote.\n(2) Voting is personal, equal, free, and secret. Its exercise is a civic duty.", "\n(3) The law defines the conditions under which the citizens residing abroad effectively exercise their electoral right. To this end, a constituency of italians abroad is established for the election of the Chambers, to which a fixed number of seats is assigned by constitutional law in accordance with criteria determined by law.\n(4) The right to vote may not be limited except for incapacity, as a consequence of an irrevocable criminal sentence, or in cases of moral unworthiness established by law.", "\nArticle 49 [Political Parties]\nAll citizens have the right to freely associate in political parties in order to contribute by democratic methods to determine national policy.\nArticle 50 [Petitions]\nAll citizens may address petitions to the Chambers demanding legislative measures or presenting general needs.\nArticle 51 [Public Offices]", "\n(1) Citizens of one or the other sex are eligible for public office and for elective positions under equal conditions, according to the rules established by law. To this end, the republic adopts specific measures in order to promote equal chances for men and women.\n(2) The law may, regarding their right to be selected for public positions and elective offices, grant to those italians who do not belong to the republic the same opportunities as citizens.", "\n(3) Anyone elected to public office is entitled to the time necessary for the fulfillment of the respective duties while keeping his or her job.\nArticle 52 [Military Service]\n(1) The defense of the fatherland is the sacred duty of every citizen.\n(2) Military service is compulsory within the limits and under the terms of the law. The fulfillment of military duties may not prejudice a citizens position as an employee, nor the exercise of his political rights.", "\n(3) The rules about armed forces must conform to the democratic spirit of the republic.\nArticle 53 [Taxation]\n(1) Everyone has to contribute to public expenditure in proportion to their capacity.\n(2) The tax system has to conform to the principle of progression.\nArticle 54 [Loyalty to the Constitution]\n(1) All citizens have the duty to be loyal to the republic and to observe the constitution and the laws.", "\n(2) Citizens entrusted with public functions must perform them with discipline and honor, and take an oath of office where required by law.\nPart II Organization of the Republic\nTitle I Parliament\nSection I The Two Chambers\nArticle 55 [Parliament]\n(1) The parliament consists of the House of Representatives and the senate.\n(2) The parliament holds joint session only in cases defined by the constitution.\nArticle 56 [The House of Representatives]", "\n(1) The house of representatives is elected by universal and direct suffrage.\n(2) The number of representatives is six hundred and thirty, of which twelve are elected by the constituency of italians abroad.\n(3) Eligible are voters who have reached the age of twenty-five on election day.", "\n(4) Having set aside the seats assigned to the constituency of italians abroad, the distribution of seats among the constituencies is calculated by dividing the population of the last general census by six hundred and eighteen, and distributing the seats in proportion to the population of each constituency, based on the quotients and the largest remainders.\nArticle 57 [The Senate]\n(1) The senate is elected on a regional basis except for the seats assigned to the constituency of italians abroad.", "\n(2) Three hundred and fifteen senators are elected, of which six are elected by the constituency of italians abroad.\n(3) No Region shall have fewer than seven senators; Molise has two senators and the Aosta Valley one.\n(4) Having set aside the seats assigned to the constituency of italiens abroad, the distribution of seats among the regions is calculated proportionally to the population of the last general census, based on the quotients and the largest remainders.\nArticle 58 [Elections for the Senate]", "\n(1) Senators are elected universally and directly by voters older than twenty-five years.\n(2) Voters older than forty years are eligible to the senate.\nArticle 59 [Senators for Life]\n(1) Anyone who was president of the republic is a senator for life unless waiving this privilege.\n(2) The president may appoint as senators for life five citizens who have brought honor to the nation through their exceptional accomplishments in the social, scientific, artistic, and literary fields.\nArticle 60 [Term]", "\n(1) The house of representatives and the senate are elected for five years.\n(2) The term of each chamber may not be extended except by law and only in the case of war.\nArticle 61 [Reelections]\n(1) The reelection of new chambers must take place within seventy days from the dissolution of the previous ones. The first session has to be take place no later than twenty days after elections.\n(2) The previous chambers retain their powers until the new chambers meet.\nArticle 62 [Sessions]", "\n(1) Sessions commence on the first days of february and october that are no holidays.\n(2) Each chamber may be summoned in extraordinary session on the initiative of its speaker, the president of the republic, or of one third of its members.\n(3) If a chamber is summoned for an extraordinary session, the other chamber also convenes.\nArticle 63 [Speaker]\n(1) Each chamber elect a speaker and members of the speakers office from among its members.", "\n(2) The speaker and the speakers office of the house of representatives preside when the parliament convenes in joint session.\nArticle 64 [Rules of Procedures]\n(1) Each Chamber adopt its rules of procedure by a majority of its members.\n(2) Sessions are public, but the chambers or the parliament in joint session may decide to sit in private.", "\n(3) Decisions of the chambers and of the parliament require the presence of a majority of the members and the consent of a majority of those present, notwichtstanding special majorities required by the constitution.\n(4) Government members, even if not members of the chambers, have the right to attend sessions and are required to be present if summoned. They have to be heard on their request.\nArticle 65 [Ineligibility and Incompatibility]", "\n(1) Conditions of ineligibility or incompatibility with the office of deputy or senator are defined by law.\n(2) Nobody may be a member of both chambers at the same time.\nArticle 66 [Qualifications for Admission]\nEach chamber decide about the electoral admissibility of its members and about instances of ineligibility and incompatibility.\nArticle 67 [Free mandate]\nMembers of parliament represent the nation; they are free from imperative mandate.\nArticle 68 [Indemnity, Immunity]", "\n(1) Members of parliament may not be called to answer for opinions expressed or votes cast in the exercise of their office.\n(2) Members of parliament may not be subjected to searches of their person or homeshall without prior authorization by their chamber, nor arrested or otherwise deprived of personal freedom, nor kept in a state of detention, except on an irrevocable conviction or caught in the act of a crime for which arrest is mandatory.", "\n(3) The same authorization is required to subject members of parliament to any form of interception of their conversations or communications, and in order to seize their mail or correspondence.\nArticle 69 [Allowance]\nMembers of parliament receive an allowance defined by law.\nSection II Lawmaking\nArticle 70 [Legislative Power]\nLegislative power is exercised jointly by the chambers.\nArticle 71 [Initiative]", "\n(1) The right to initiatives belongs to the government, to each member of the chambers, and to those organs and bodies assigned by constitutional law.\n(2) The people may introduce public initiatives consisting of a bill drafted in articles and supported by at least 50,000 voters.\nArticle 72 [Legislative Proceedings]\n(1) Every bill introduced to one of the chambers is first examined by a committee as defined by the rules of procedures and then adopted by the chamber article by article and with a final vote.", "\n(2) The rules of procedure establish an abbreviated procedure for bills declared urgent.", "\n(3) They may also establish when and how the examination and approval of bills may be delegated to committees, including standing committees, composed in a way reflecting the relative size of groups in parliament. In such cases, a bill must be submitted to the full chamber if the government, one-tenth of the chambers members, or one-fifth of the committee so demand, or it must be submitted to the committee for a final vote preceded only by statements of vote", "\nThe rules of procedure define the manner in which the committees deliberation is made public.", "\n(4) The ordinary procedure for the deliberation and decisionmaking by each chamber has to be followed for bills on constitutional or electoral matter and for those delegating legislative power or authorizing the ratification of international treaties or approving the budgets and the final balance.\nArticle 73 [Promulgation]\n(1) Laws are promulgated by the president within a month after having been adopted.", "\n(2) If each chamber declares a bill urgent with a majority of its members, it has to be promulgated within the time set in the bill.\n(3) Laws have to be published immediately after they were promulgated; they enter into force on the fifteenth day after their publication unless the laws establish a different time.\nArticle 74 [Request for New Deliberation]\n(1) Before promulgation, the president may ask for further deliberation by message to the chambers giving the reasons for such request.", "\n(2) The law has to be promulgated if the chambers adopt the bill once more.\nArticle 75 [Referendum]\n(1) When requested by 500,000 voters or by five regional councils, a popular referendum decides on total or partial repeal of a law or other acts with legal force.\n(2) No such referenda are allowed for tax or budget laws, amnesties, pardons, or ratification of international treaties.\n(3) Citizens entitled to vote for the house of representatives may also participate in a referendum.", "\n(4) The referendum succeeds if a majority of those eligible have participated and if the proposal has received a majority of the valid votes.\n(5) The law establishes procedures for referenda.\nArticle 76 [Delegation of Legislative Power]\nLegislative power may not be delegated to the government unless parliament specifies principles and criteria of guidance, and only for limited time and well-specified subjects.\nArticle 77 [Law Decrees]", "\n(1) The government may not issue decrees with the force of law unless empowered by a proper delegation of the chambers.\n(2) As an exception by necessity and urgency, government may issue provisional measures with the force of law and submits them on the same day to the chambers for confirmation; if the chambers are not in session, they have to be summoned for that purpose within five days.", "\n(3) Legal decrees lose effect at the date of issue if they are not confirmed within sixty days of their publication. However, chambers may sanction rights and obligations arising out of decrees are not confirmed.\nArticle 78 [State of War]\nChambers are competent to declare war and assign the necessary powers to government.\nArticle 79 [Amnesty and Pardon]", "\n(1) Amnesties and pardons may be granted by a law which must be adopted both article by article and in its entirety by two thirds of the members of each chamber.\n(2) A law granting amnesty or pardon has to establish time limits for its enforcement.\n(3) In no instance may amnesty or pardon be extended to offences committed after the bill has been introduced.\nArticle 80 [Ratification of Treaties]", "\nChambers ratify by law international treaties which are of political nature, provide for arbitration or judicial regulation, imply modifications of the territory, impose financial burdens, or result in modifications of the laws.\nArticle 81 [Budgets]\n(1) For each year, chambers are voting the budget and final balance submitted by the government.\n(2) Temporary execution of the budget may not be granted except by law and for periods of no more than four months altogether.", "\n(3) In the budget law, no new taxes or expenditures may be adopted.\n(4) All other laws implying new or additional expenditures must define the means to cover them.\nArticle 82 [Inquiries]\n(1) A chamber may start inquiries into matters of public interest.\n(2) It therefore appoints a committee composed of its members in proportion to the size of the groups in parliament. The committee of enquiry investigates and examines the matters carrying the same powers and limitations as the judiciary.", "\nTitle II The President of the Republic\nArticle 83 [Election of the President]\n(1) The president is elected in joint session of parliament.\n(2) Three delegates from every region, elected by the regional councils in a way guaranteeing minority representation, participate in the election. The Aosta Valley is represented by one delegate.\n(3) Presidential elections, conducted by secret ballot, require a two-thirds majority of the assembly. After the third ballot a majority of the members is sufficient.", "\nArticle 84 [Eligibility, Incompatibility, Allowance]\n(1) Any citizen over fifty years enjoying civil and political rights is eligible for president.\n(2) The presidency is incompatible with any other office.\n(3) Remunerations and endowments of the president are defined by law.\nArticle 85 [Presidential Term]\n(1) The presidential term is seven years.", "\n(2) For the election of a new president, the speaker of the house of representatives summons parliament in joint session with regional delegates thirty days before the end of term.\n(3) If the parliament is dissolved within three months of end of term, the new chambers elect the president within fifteen days of their first meeting. Meanwhile, the former president continues to be in power.\nArticle 86 [Substitute of the President]", "\n(1) If the president is unable to perform his duties, they are carried out by the speaker of the senate.\n(2) In the case of permanent inability, death, or resignation of the president, the speaker of the house of representatives calls presidential elections within fifteen days unless more time is needed because the chambers are dissolved or their term is expiring within three months.\nArticle 87 [Presidential Duties]\n(1) The president is head of state and represents the unity of the nation.", "\n(2) The president may send messages to parliament.\n(3) He calls parliamentary elections and sets the date of their first meeting.\n(4) He authorizes the governments legislative initiatives.\n(5) He promulgates laws and issues decrees with the force of law as well as government regulations.\n(6) He call a referendum when provided for by the constitution.\n(7) He appoints state officials as provided by the laws.", "\n(8) He accredits and receives diplomatic representatives, ratifies international treaties once they are authorized by parliament, provided parliamentary approval is necessary.\n(9) He is the commander of the armed forces and chairman of the supreme defense council constituted by law; he declares war according to the decision of the parliament.\n(10) He chairs the superior council of the judiciary.\n(11) He has the power to grant pardons and commute punishments.\n(12) He confers the honors of the republic.", "\nArticle 88 [Dissolution of the Chambers]\n(1) The president may dissolve one or both chambers after having consulted their speakers.\n(2) He may not exercise this power during the last six months of his term, provided this period does not coincide partly or entirely with the last six months of the term of chambers.\nArticle 89 [Countersignature]\n(1) Acts of the president are void unless countersigned by the ministers who are responsible for and submitting it.", "\n(2) Acts with the force of law and other acts as defined by law also need to be countersigned by the prime minister.\nArticle 90 [Presidential Indemnity]\n(1) The president may not be held responsible for exercising his duties, except for high treason and attempts to overthrow the constitution.\n(2) In these cases, he must be impeached by parliament in joint session by a majority of its members.\nArticle 91 [Oath of Loyalty]", "\nThe president, prior to taking office, has to swear before parliament in joint session an oath of allegiance to the republic and the constitution.\nTitle III The Government\nSection I The Council of Ministers\nArticle 92 [Executive Power]\n(1) The government of the republic consists of the prime minister and the ministers jointly constituting the council of ministers.\n(2) The president appoints the prime minister and, on his advice, the ministers.\nArticle 93 [Oath]", "\nThe prime minister and the ministers, prior to taking office, are sworn in by the president.\nArticle 94 [Vote of Confidence]\n(1) Government has to enjoy the confidence of both chambers.\n(2) Confidence is granted or withdrawn by each chamber on a reasoned motion by vote using a roll-call.\n(3) The government has to appear before each chamber no later than ten days after its appointment to get a vote of confidence.\n(4) The rejection of a government proposal by a chamber does not force government resignation.", "\n(5) The request for a vote of no-confidence requires the signatures of at least one-tenth of the members of either chamber and is not debated until three days after it has been filed.\nArticle 95 [Responsibilities]\n(1) The prime minister conducts and is responsible for the general policy of the government. He ensures the unity of general political and administrative policies, promoting and coordinating the activities of the ministers.", "\n(2) The ministers are jointly responsible for decisions of the council of ministers and individually for those of their ministries.\n(3) Rules concerning the role of the prime minister and the number, responsibilities and organization of the ministries are determined by law.\nArticle 96 [Ministerial Offences]", "\nThe prime minister and ministers, even if no longer in office, are subject to ordinary courts for offences committed in the exercise of their duties only in those cases authorized by the senate or the house of representatives according to procedures defined by constitutional law.\nSection II Public Administration\n(1) The organization of public offices is determined by law ensuring the proper and fair operation of public affairs.", "\n(2) Areas of competence, duties, and responsibilities of public officials must be defined in regulations on public offices.\n(3) Appointments for public administration are determinde by public competition unless otherwise specified by law.\nArticle 98 [Independence of Officials]\n(1) The duty of public officials is only to service the Nation.\n(2) Officials who are members of parliament may not be promoted except for seniority.", "\n(3) The right to become a registered member of political parties may be limited by law for members of the judiciary, professional members of the armed forces on active duty, police officials and officers, and diplomatic and consular representatives abroad.\nSection III Auxiliary Institutions\nArticle 99 [National Council of Economy and Labor]", "\n(1) As defined by law, the national council of economy and labor is composed of experts and representatives of several trades considering their quantitative and qualitative importance.\n(2) The council offers advice to parliament and government for matters and purposes defined by law.\n(3) The council has the right to initiate legislation and to contribute to economic and social laws following the principles and observing the limits defined by law.\nArticle 100 [Council of State]", "\n(1) The council of state gives advice on legal-administrative matters and ensures justice in the operation of the public administration.\n(2) The office of the state auditor exercises preventive control of the government and subsequent control of the state budget. It participates, in the cases and forms defined by law, in the fiscal control of those bodies to which the state normally contributes. It reports the results of its audits directly to the chambers.", "\n(3) The law ensures the independence of these two institutions and their members from government interference.\nTitle IV The Judiciary\nSection I Organization of the Judiciary\nArticle 101 [Administration of Justice]\n(1) The justice is administered in the name of the people.\n(2) Judges are only subject to the law.\nArticle 102 [Judges]\n(1) Judicial functions are exclusively exercised by ordinary courts regulated by norms about the organization of the judiciary.", "\n(2) There may not exist extraordinary or special judges. Only specialized sections for specific matters may be established within the ordinary courts; qualified citizens who are not members of the judiciary may take part.\n(3) The law regulates the cases and forms of direct participation of the people in the administration of justice.\nArticle 103 [Council of State, Court of Accounts, Military Tribunals]", "\n(1) The council of state and other administrative courts have jurisdiction over lawful claims under administrative law and over civil-law claims against the public administration in matters defined by law.\n(2) The court of accounts has jurisdiction over public accounts and other matters specified by law.\n(3) Military courts in time of war have jurisdiction according to the law. In time of peace they only have jurisdiction over military offences committed by members of the armed forces.", "\nArticle 104 [Independent Judiciary, Superior Council of the Judiciary]\n(1) The judiciary constitutes an autonomous and independent branch of government not subject to any other.\n(2) The superior council of the judiciary is chaired by the president.\n(3) The first president and the general public prosecutor of the court of cassation are members by law.", "\n(4) Other members are elected with two-thirds majority by all ordinary judges belonging to the different categories, and one-third by parliament in joint session, from among full professors of law and lawyers with at least fifteen years of practice.\n(5) The council elects a vice-chairman from among the members designated by parliament.\n(6) The elected members have a term of for four years and may not be immediately re-elected.", "\n(7) They are not allowed, while in office, to be registered as members of the legal profession, nor become members of parliament or of a regional council.\nArticle 105 [Powers of the Superior Council]\nThe superior council of the judiciary, as defined by organizational law, has the exclusive competence to appoint, assign, move, promote, and discipline members of the judiciary.\nArticle 106 [Appointment of Members of the Judiciary]\n(1) Appointment to the judiciary is based on competitive examinations.", "\n(2) The law on the organization of the judiciary may provide for honorary magistrates, possibly by election, to perform the duties of single judges.\n(3) By proposal of the superior council of the judiciary, full professors of law as well as lawyers with at least fifteen years practice and registered for practice in higher courts, may be appointed to the court of cassation for exceptional merits.\nArticle 107 [Disciplinary Action]", "\n(1) Members of the judiciary may not be removed from office. They may not be dismissed, suspended, or moved to other jurisdictions or functions except either by decision of the superior council of the judiciary for reasons and with opportunity of defense as defined by the organizational law, or by their own consent.\n(2) The minister of justice may initiate disciplinary action.\n(3) Judges may only be distinguished by function.", "\n(4) The public prosecutor enjoys the guarantees defined by the organizational law.\nArticle 108 [Laws on the Organization of the Judiciary]\n(1) The organization of the judiciary and every judicial authority are defined by law.\n(2) The law has to protect the independence of judges, of special courts, of the public prosecutors attached to them, and of all those not belonging to the judiciary who participate in the administration of justice.\nArticle 109 [Judicial Police]", "\nThe judiciary directly commands the judicial police.\nArticle 110 [Minister of Justice]\nNotwithstanding the powers of the superior council of the judiciary, organization and operation of the administration of justice are vested in the minister of justice.\nSection II Rules on Jurisdiction\nArticle 111 [Legal Proceedings]\n(1) Justice must be administered by fair trials defined by law.", "\n(2) Trials are based on equal confrontation of the parties before an independent and impartial judge. The law has to define reasonable time limits for the proceedings.", "\n(3) In criminal trials, the law provides for timely and confidential information of the accused regarding the nature and reasons of charges brought against them; they are granted the time and means for their defense; they have the right to question those who testify against them or to have them questioned; those who may testify in favor of the accused must be summoned and examined under the same conditions granted to the prosecution; any evidence in favor of the accused must be acknowledged; the accused may rely on the help of an interpreter if they do not understand or speak the language of the proceedings.", "\n(4) In criminal trials, evidence may only be established according to the principle of confrontation between parties. No defendant may be proven guilty on the basis of testimony given by witnesses who freely and purposely avoided cross-examination by the defense.\n(5) The law defines in which cases evidence may be established without confrontation between the parties, either by consent of the defendants or as an effect of proven misdemeanor.\n(6) Reasons must be stated for all judicial decisions.", "\n(7) Aainst sentences and measures concerning personal freedom delivered by the ordinary or special courts, appeals to the curt of cssation are always allowed regarding violations of the law. These provisions may be waived only in the case of sentences pronounced by military courts in time of war.\n(8) Against decisions of the council of state and of the court of accounts, appeals to the court of cassation are only admissible for reasons of jurisdiction.\nArticle 112 [Criminal Proceedings]", "\nThe public prosecutor has the duty to initiate criminal proceedings.\nArticle 113 [Judicial Review]\n(1) Against a decision taken by the public administration before an ordinary or administrative court, legal action is always admissible to protect ones own rights under civil or administrative law.\n(2) Such judicial protection may not be excluded or limited to specific forms of action or to specific categories of claims.", "\n(3) The law defines which jurisdictional organs may annul decisions of the public administration, in which cases and with which effects.\nTitle V Regions, Provinces, Municipalities\nArticle 114 [Municipalities, Provinces, Metropolitan Cities, Regions, State]\n(1) The republic consists of municipalities, provinces, metropolitan cities, regions, and the state.", "\n(2) Municipalities, provinces, metropolitan cities, and regions are autonomous entities with their own statutes, powers, and functions according to the principles defined in the constitution.\n(3) Rome is the capital of the republic. State law regulates its legal status.\nArticle 115 [Regions]\n{ abolished }\nArticle 116 [Special Forms of Autonomy]", "\n(1) According to their special statutes adopted by constitutional law, particular forms and conditions of autonomy are enjoyed by Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Sardinia, Sicily, Southern Trentino, and the Aosta Valley.\n(2) The region Southern Trentino consists of the autonomous provinces Trento and Bolzano.", "\n(3) Upon the initiative of the region concerned, after consultation of local administrations, state law may assign further particular forms and conditions of autonomy to other regions according to the principles laid down in Art. 119; such forms and conditions shall concern the matters specified in Art 117(3) as well as the matters listed in paragraph 2 of the same article under the letters l) - with regard to the organization of the offices of the justices of the peace only -, n), and s)", "\nThe law, based on an agreement between the state and the region concerned, needs the approval of the chambers with a majority of their members.", "\nArticle 117 [State and Regional Legislative Power]\n(1) Legislative power belongs to the state and the regions in accordance with the constitution and within the limits set by european union law and international obligations.\n(2) The state has exclusive legislative power in the following matters:\na) foreign policy and international relations of the state; relations of the state with the european union; right of asylum and legal status of the citizens of states not belonging to the european union;", "\nb) immigration;\nc) relations between the republic and religious denominations;\nd) defense and armed forces; state security; weapons, ammunitions and explosives;\ne) money, protection of savings, financial markets; protection of competition; currency system; state taxation system and accounting; equalization of regional financial resources;\nf) state organs and their electoral laws; state referenda; election of the european parliament;", "\ng) organization and administration of the state and of national public bodies;\nh) law, order and security, aside from the local administrative police;\ni) citizenship, registry of personal status and registry of residence;\nl) jurisdiction and procedural laws; civil and criminal law; administrative tribunals;\nm) determination of the basic standards of welfare related to those civil and social rights that must be guaranteed in the entire national territory;\nn) general rules on education;\no) social security;", "\np) electoral legislation, local government and fundamental functions of municipalities, provinces and metropolitan cities;\nq) customs, protection of national boundaries and international prophylactic measures;\nr) weights, units of measurement and time standards; coordination of the informative, statistical and information-technology aspects of the data of the state, regional and local administrations; intellectual property;\ns) protection of the environment, of the ecosystem and of the cultural heritage.", "\n(3) The following matters are subject to concurrent legislation of both the state and regions: international and european union relations of the regions; foreign trade; protection and safety of labor; education, without infringement of the autonomy of schools and other institutions, and with the exception of vocational training; professions; scientific and technological research and support for innovation in the productive sectors; health protection; food; sports regulations; disaster relief service; land-use regulation and planning; harbors and civil airports; major transportation and navigation networks; regulation of media and communication; production, transportation and national distribution of energy; complementary and integrative pensions systems; harmonization of the budgetary rules of the public sector and coordination of the public finance and the taxation system; promotion of the environmental and cultural heritage, and promotion and organization of cultural activities; savings banks, rural", "\nsector and coordination of the public finance and the taxation system; promotion of the environmental and cultural heritage, and promotion and organization of cultural activities; savings banks, rural co-operative banks, regional banks; regional institutions for credit to agriculture and land development.", "\nIn matters of concurrent legislation, the regions have legislative power except for fundamental principles which are reserved to state law.\n(4) The regions have exclusive legislative power with respect to any matters not expressly reserved to state law.", "\n(5) Regarding the matters that lie within their field of competence, the regions and the autonomous provinces of Trento and Bolzano participate in any decisions about the formation of community law. The regions and autonomous provinces also provide for the implementation and execution of international obligations and of the acts of the european union in observance of procedures set by state law", "\nstate law establishes procedures for the state to act in substitution of the regions whenever those should fail to fulfill their responsibilities in this respect.", "\n(6) The power to issue by-laws is vested in the state regarding all matters where it has exclusive legislative power, insofar as it does not devolve such power to the regions. The power to issue by-laws is vested in the regions in any other matters. Municipalities, provinces and metropolitan cities have regulatory power with respect to the organization and the fulfillment of the functions assigned to them.", "\n(7) Regional laws have to remove all obstacles which prevent the full equality of men and women in social, cultural, and economic life, and promote equal access of men and women to elective offices.\n(8) Regional laws has to ratify agreements reached by a region with another region aimed at the better exercise of their functions, including the establishment of joint institutions.", "\n(9) Within its field of competence the region may establish agreements with foreign states and understandings with territorial entities that belong to a foreign state, in the cases and forms provided for by state law.\nArticle 118 [Administrative Functions]", "\n(1) Administrative functions belong to the municipalities except when they are conferred to provinces, metropolitan cities, regions, or the state in order to guarantee uniform practice; the assignment is based on the principles of subsidiarity, differentiation and adequacy.\n(2) Municipalities, provinces and metropolitan cities have their own administrative functions and, in addition, those conferred to them by the law of the state or the region according to their respective fields of competence.", "\n(3) State law provides for forms of coordination between the state and the regions in the matters referred to in letters b) and h) of Art. 117(2); it also provides for forms of understanding and coordination in the matter of the protection of the cultural heritage.", "\n(4) State, regions, metropolitan cities, provinces and municipalities support autonomous initiatives promoted by citizens, individually or in associations, in order to carry out activities of general interest; this is based on the principle of subsidiarity.\nArticle 119 [Financial Autonomy]\n(1) Municipalities, provinces, metropolitan cities and regions have financial autonomy regarding revenues and expenditures.", "\n(2) Municipalities, orovinces, metropolitan cities and regions have autonomous resources. They establish and implement their own taxes and revenues, in harmony with the constitution and in accordance with the principles of coordination of the public finances and the taxation system. They receive a share of the proceeds of state taxes related to their territory.", "\n(3) The law of the state establishes an equalization fund to the benefit of areas where the fiscal capacity per inhabitant is reduced, with no restrictions as to the allocation of its proceeds, (4) The funds deriving from the sources mentioned in the previous paragraphs have to enable municipalities, provinces, metropolitan cities and regions to finance in full the functions attributed to them.", "\n(5) In order to promote economic development, social cohesion, and solidarity, to remove economic and social inequalities, to foster the actual exercise of human rights, to pursue ends other than those pertaining to the exercise of their ordinary functions, the state may allocate additional resources or carry out special actions to the benefit of certain municipalities, provinces, metropolitan cities and regions.", "\n(6) Municipalities, provinces, metropolitan cities and regions have their own assets, assigned to them according to general principles established by state law. They may only contract loans in order to finance investment expenditure. State guarantees on such loans are excluded.\nArticle 120 [Free Circulation and Substitution Clause]", "\n(1) Regions may not charge import or export duties, nor duties on transit between regions, nor adopt provisions which may hinder in any way the free movements of persons and goods between regions, nor limit the right to work in any part of the national territory.", "\n(2) The Government may act as a substitute for regional, metropolitan city, provincial, or municipal authorities whenever those should violate international rules or treaties or community law, whenever there is a serious danger for the public safety and security, and whenever such substitution is required in order to safeguard the legal or economic unity of the nation, and particularly in order to safeguard the basic standards of welfare related to civil and social rights, irrespective of the boundaries of the local governments", "\nThe law defines appropriate procedures in order to guarantee that substitution powers are exercised within the limits set by the principles of subsidiarity and fair cooperation.", "\nArticle 121 [Regional Organs]\n(1) Regional organs are: the regional council, the regional cabinet and its president.\n(2) The regional council exercises the legislative powers granted to the region and all other functions conferred on it by the constitution and by law. It may propose bills to the chambers.\n(3) The regional cabinet is the executive authority of the region.", "\n(4) The president of the regional cabinet represents the region; he conducts and is responsible for the general policy of the regional cabinet; he promulgates regional laws and regulations; he conducts the administrative functions delegated to the region by the state in accordance with the instructions of central government.\nArticle 122 [Regional Form of Government]", "\n(1) The electoral system, the cases of ineligibility and incompatibility of the president and other members of the regional cabinet and the regional council are defined by the laws of the region within the limits of the fundamental principles determined by a state law also specifying the term of elected organs.", "\n(2) Nobody may be at the same time a member of a regional council or a regional cabinet and of either chamber of parliament or of another regional council or another regional cabinet or of the european parliament.\n(3) The regional council elects from its own members a president and a presidents office.\n(4) Regional councilors may not be made liable for opinions expressed or votes cast in the exercise of their functions.", "\n(5) The president of the regional cabinet, unless provided differently by regional statute, is elected by universal and direct suffrage. The elected president appoints and dismisses the members of the regional cabinet.\nArticle 123 [Regional Statutes]", "\n(1) Every Region must have a statute determining the form of government and the fundamental principles of the organization and the functioning of the region in accordance with the constitution. The statute defines the exercise of initiative and of referendum on regional laws and regional administrative decisions and the publication of regional laws and regulations.", "\n(2) The statutes is adopted and amended by the regional council by a law approved twice by a majority of its members; votes being taken within an interval of no less than two months. This law must not be submitted to the governments commissioner. Within thirty days of its publication, the central government may challenge the constitutionality of a regional statute before the constitutional court.", "\n(3) The statute has to be submitted to a popular referendum when, within three months of its publication, a request is made by one fiftieth of the electors of the region or by one fifth of the members of the regional council. The statute submitted to referendum may not be promulgated unless approved by a majority of valid votes.\n(4) The statute of every region has to provide for a council of local governments, which function as a body for consultations between the region and local authorities.", "\nArticle 124 [Government Commissioner]\nArticle 125 [Control of Legitimacy]\nArticle 126 [Dissolution of the Regional Council and Dismissal of the president]", "\n(1) By means of a decree of the president stating the reasons for it, the dissolution of the regional council and the dismissal of the president of the regional cabinet may be ordered when they have acted against the constitution or when they have committed serious violations of the law. The dissolution and the dismissal may also be ordered for reasons of national security", "\nThe decree is adopted after consulting a commission for regional affairs composed of senators and deputies and formed according to the law of the republic.", "\n(2) The regional council may express its non-confidence in the president of the cabinet by a motion for which reasons must be stated; it must be signed by at least one fifth of its members, voted by roll-call, and approved by a majority of its members. The motion may be debated no earlier than three days after it has been filed.", "\n(3) The vote of no-confidence against the president of the regional cabinet elected by universal and direct suffrage, as well as the removal, the permanent impediment, the death or the resignation of the president entail the resignation of the cabinet and the dissolution of the council. The same consequences follow from simultaneous resignation of a majority of the members of the council.\nArticle 127 [Constitutionality of Law]", "\n(1) Whenever the government regards a regional law as exceeding the powers of the region, it may raise the question of its constitutionality before the constitutional court within sixty days of the publication of the law.", "\n(2) Whenever a region regards a state law, another act of the state having the force of law, or a law of another region as infringing on its own sphere of powers, it may raise the question of its constitutionality before the constitutional court within sixty days of the publication of said law or act.\nArticle 128 [Provincial and Municipal Autonomy]\nArticle 129 [Decentralization]\nArticle 130 [Legitimacy of Provincial and Municipal Decisions]\nArticle 131 [List of Regions]", "\nThe following regions are instituted: Piemonte; Aosta Valley; Lombardia; Southern Trentino; Veneto; Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Liguria; Emilia-Romagna; Toscana; Umbria; Marche; Lazio; Abruzzo; Molise; Campania; Puglia; Basilicata; Calabria; Sicily; Sardinia.\nArticle 132 [Regional Boundaries]", "\n(1) By means of a constitutional act and after consulting the regional councils, existing regions may be merged or new regions created, provided the population of any new region is at least one million, when it is so requested by as many municipal councils as represent at least one third of the population involved, and when the proposal has been approved by the majority of the involved population in a referendum.", "\n(2) With the assent of a majority of the people of the province or provinces concerned, and of the municipality or municipalities concerned, expressed by means of a referendum, after consulting the regional council, a state law may allow provinces and municipalities which request it to be detached from one region and assigned to another.\nArticle 133 [Provincial and Municipal Boundaries]", "\n(1) Provincial boundaries may be changed and new provinces created within the area of a region by laws of the republic following a request of municipalities and after consulting the region.\n(2) Each Region, after consulting the population involved, may within its own territory and by its own acts establish new municipalities and modify their boundaries and names.\nTitle VI Constitutional Guarantees\nSection I The Constitutional Court\nArticle 134 [Jurisdiction]\nThe constitutional court decides:", "\n- disputes concerning the constitutionality of laws and acts with the force of law adopted by state or regions;\n- conflicts arising over the allocation of powers between branches of government within the state, between the state and the regions, and between regions;\n- on accusations raised against the president in accordance with the constitution.\nArticle 135 [Composition]", "\n(1) The constitutional court consists of fifteen justices; one third being appointed by the president, one third by parliament in joint session, and one third by ordinary and administrative supreme courts.\n(2) Justices are chosen from among magistrates including those in retirement, from among supreme ordinary and administrative courts, from among university full professors of law, and from among lawyers with at least twenty years of practice.", "\n(3) Justices are appointed for nine years, their term beginning the day they are sworn in and with no re-appointment.\n(4) At the end of this term justices have to leave office and may no longer exercise its functions.\n(5) The court elects from among its members and according to rules established by law its president who shall remain in office for three years and may be re-elected, but not exceed the ordinary term of justices.", "\n(6) The office of justice is incompatible with membership in parliament or in a regional council, with the exercise of the legal profession, or with any other position and office defined by law.", "\n(7) When sitting to decide on a case of impeachment against the president, the court consists of sixteen additional members, who are drawn by lot from a list of citizens elected by parliament every nine years, from among those possessing the qualifications for election to the senate, by the same procedures as for the appointment of the ordinary justices.\nArticle 136 [Unconstitutional Laws]", "\n(1) When the court declares a law or an act with the force of law unconstitutional, the norm ceases to have effect from the day following the publication of the decision.\n(2) The decision of the court is published and reported to parliament and to the regional councils involved for them to take appropriate measures in constitutional forms where necessary.\nArticle 137 [Conditions and Terms]", "\n(1) A constitutional law establishes the conditions, forms, and terms for challenging the constitutionality of a law and guarantees the independence of the justices.\n(2) An ordinary law defines all other rules necessary for the establishment and functioning of the court.\n(3) Decisions of the constitutional court may not be appealed.\nSection II Amendments to the Constitution. Constitutional Laws\nArticle 138 [Procedure for Constitutional Amendment]", "\n(1) Law amending the constitution and other constitutional acts are adopted by each of the two chambers twice within no less than three months and need the approval of a majority of the members of each chamber in the second voting.", "\n(2) Such laws are afterwards submitted to popular referendum when, within three months of their publication, a request is made by one fifth of the members of either chamber, by 500,000 electors, or by five regional councils. The law submitted to referendum is not promulgated if it does not receive the majority of valid votes.\n(3) No referendum may be held if the law has been approved by each chamber in the second vote with a majority of two thirds of its members.", "\nArticle 139 [Limit to Constitutional Amendments]\nThe republican form of the state may not be changed by way of constitutional amendment."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://ehea.hyperion.education.gouv.fr/cid105142/qualifications-frameworks-and-quality-assurance-in-recognition.html

Page: http://ehea.hyperion.education.gouv.fr/cid105142/qualifications-frameworks-and-quality-assurance-in-recognition.html The Role of National Qualifications Framework's and Quality Assurance in Recognition Other relevant event Trakošćan, Croatia 11/12/2

["013", "\nThe Croatian Ministry of Science, Education and Sports and European Quality Assurance Register for Higher Education (EQAR) jointly organized the International Seminar on the Role of National Qualifications Frameworks and Quality Assurance in Recognition which took place on December 11, 2013 in Trako\u0161\u0107an, Croatia.", "\nReferring to some of the Bucharest Communiqu\u00e9 priorities and building on the conclusions from the QA Seminar held in July 2013 in Biograd na Moru, Croatia, this Seminar will address two specific issues:\nways of establishing an efficient framework for enabling the work of foreign EQAR-registered agencies;\nexternal quality assurance as a reference point for recognition, together with national qualifications frameworks referenced to the EQF and QF-EHEA.", "\nBased on case studies and practical examples, participants will be invited to engage in in-depth discussions on how to build on existing experiences and steps to be taken in their systems.", "\nThe Seminar was organised as an activity under the peer learning and peer review initiative proposed within the Bologna Follow-Up Group work programme with the aim of exploring possibilities of establishing an effective framework for enabling the work of foreign-registered EQAR agencies", "\nThe use of external quality assurance as a reference point for recognition, along with the national qualifications frameworks referenced to the EQF (European Qualifications Framework) and the QF - EHEA (Qualifications of the European Higher Education Area) was addressed. The seminar raised a lot of interest and gathered participants from 17 countries.", "\nRead more, download the report and the presentations on the Croatian Ministry of Science, Education and Sports website\nRead more, download the report and the presentations on the EQAR website\nWorking Group on Structural Reforms 2012-2015 - Meeting 4 Exchanging Practices on RPL - Learning from Nordic-Baltic Experiences"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://jwilson.coe.uga.edu/EMAT6680Fa05/Tucker/NewTools5/tools.html

Collaborative Effort by Some interesting tools Lucia Zapata and Claudette Tucker Triangle Centers Centroid : the center of mass of a triangle centroid and circumcircle: This tool constructs the centroid and the circumcircle of a given triangle Orthocenter

[": The point of intersection of the three altitudes of a triangle\nCircumcenter: The circumcenter is the center of a triangle's circumcircle. It can be found as the intersection of the perpendicular bisectors.", "\nCircumcircle: is the circle that passes through all vertices of a triangle and contains the entire figure in its interior\nIncenter: is the center of the incircle for a given triangle. It can be found as the intersection of angle bisectors, and it is the interior point for which distances to the sides of the triangle are equal. It has trilinear coor\nincenter and incircle: The largest possible circle that can be drawn interior to a plane figure", "\nTriangle centers: triangle's orthocenter, centroid, and circumcenter\nEuler line: The line segment that passes through a triangle's orthocenter, centroid, and circumcenter. These three points are collinear for any triangle. In addition, the distance from the orthocenter to the centroid is twice the distance from the circumcenter to the centroid.", "\nNine-point circle: Also called Euler's circle or the Feuerbach circle, is the circle that passes through the perpendicular feet, and dropped from the vertices of any reference triangle on the sides opposite them. Euler showed that it also passes through the midpoints of the sides of the triangle. By Feuerbach's theorem, the nine-point circle also passes through the midpoints of the segments that join the vertices and the orthocenter . These points are commonly referred to as the Euler points.", "\nMid point segment: This tool constructs the midpoint of a segment\nTrisection of a segment\nMedial triangle: the triangle constructed using the midpoints of each side of a given triangle\nequilateral triangle: A triangle with three congruent sides\nSquare A rectangle with all four sides of equal length. Formally, a square is a quadrilateral with four congruent sides and four congruent angles\npentagon given radios\nRegular Hexagon: A polygon for which all sides are congruent and all angles are congruent."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://williamsgj.people.cofc.edu/Meteorology/index.html

Meteorology BA Operational Meteorology Program Atmospheric Physics Program Department of Physics and Astronomy Physics Department Student Handbook Careers in Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics Weather Analysis Links For Incoming Students Meteorology and

["Atmospheric Physics Program", "\nThe College of Charleston's Program in Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics is unique in the state of South Carolina. We offer a BA degree in meteorology with two concentrations in operational meteorology and in atmospheric physics.", "\nOur BA is unique in that we serve an audience that is not well served across the nation. Our BA degree (along with the minor) is designed to serve non-traditional meteorology careers in environmental science, business, education, law, teaching, and other fields. Hence, the BA degree is well-suited for double majors, teachers/educators, and other individuals who would like to apply their meteorological education to non-traditional fields.", "\nOur concentration in operational meteorology not only meets but exceeds all recommended American Meteorological Society guidelines for undergraduate students. In the operational meteorology concentration, students learn the basics of weather analysis and forecasting and how to communicate meteorological information to the public.", "\nFurthermore, we are one of the only undergraduate institutions in the United States with a program in Atmospheric Physics. With the growing demand to understand the science of climate change along with the interdisciplinary nature of modern atmospheric science research, there is growing demand for programs which integrate atmospheric science and traditional physics", "\nOur program in Atmospheric Physics has been designed to help meet this challenge by preparing undergraduates for graduate study in atmospheric physics.", "\nOur program offers both a demanding curriculum (grounded in physics, mathematics, and atmospheric science) and a wide variety of opportunities for students to broaden their interests based on the research interests of our faculty. Furthermore, because of our low student-to-faculty ratio, students benefit from working closely with a very dedicated and professional faculty. To learn more about our programs in meteorology and atmospheric physics, we encourage you to explore our website", "\nIf you have any additional questions, please contact Dr. Gabriel J. Williams, Jr. at [email protected]", "\nCurrent Weather in the Lowcountry\nCurrent Weather in the U.S."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://fitchburgwi.gov/Calendar.aspx?EID=6348&month=9&year=2018&day=14&calType=0

Agora Pavilion 5511 East Cheryl Parkway https://fitchburgmarket.wordpress.com/ Fitchburg Center Farmers Market - Fall Fest

["", "\nThis community market, launched in 1998, has been steadily growing in size, diversity and following ever since. Located under the iconic Agora Pavilion, shoppers can stroll through the abundance of each season\u2019s color and vibrancy. Visit with neighbors and friends while enjoying the beautiful prairie and pond setting. The market draws an average of 25 vendors from all over Southern Wisconsin selling everything from produce to flowers to baked goods and more", "\nWatch for special events on the third Thursday of each month featuring local charities, demonstrations and live music."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.neilpearsonrarebooks.com/just-in/the-bitter-tears-of-petra-von-kant-and-blood-on-the-neck-of-the-cat-detail

The Bitter Tears of Petra Von Kant and Blood On The Neck Of The Cat

["The Bitter Tears of Petra Von Kant and Blood On The Neck Of The Cat\n[trans. VIVIS, Anthony] FASSBINDER, Rainer Werner\nThe Bitter Tears Of Petra Von Kant and Blood On The Neck Of The Cat\nLondon: Amber Lane Press, 1984\nSmall 8vo, pp. 102. Original green laminated stiff paper wrappers. A fine, unread copy.", "The Bitter Tears of Petra Von Kant and Blood On The Neck Of The Cat\nFirst English-language edition, INSCRIBED BY THE TRANSLATOR: 'To Michael and Karin with best wishes and thanks from Anthony. Nov. 84'. The recipient was Michael Henshaw, a London-based accountant of the period with many clients in the world of the performing arts including, presumably, Anthony Vivis.", "The Bitter Tears of Petra Von Kant and Blood On The Neck Of The Cat\nFassbinder was predominantly known as a film-maker: radical, gay, outspoken, Fassbinder wasn't the only voice in the New German Cinema of the 1970s, but he was certainly one of the noisiest. He was also hyper-prolific: he wrote, produced, directed and acted in a blizzard of plays and films, and his IMDB listing reads like the CV of a man who lived to be ninety, and who never retired. In fact he died in 1982 as a result of his prodigious intake of cocaine and barbiturates, at the age of thirty-seven.", "The Bitter Tears of Petra Von Kant and Blood On The Neck Of The Cat\nThe Bitter Tears Of Petra Von Kant began life as a stage play, receiving its premiere in Frankfurt in 1971. The following year Fassbinder adapted the text and directed it for the screen: the film version starred one of his long-time collaborators, Hanna Schygulla. Fassbinder directed the stage premiere of Blood On The Neck Of The Cat, in Nuremberg in 1971.\nA scarce book, especially inscribed.\nKeywords: Rainer Werner FASSBINDER\""]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.wbaa.org/npr-news/2021-09-24/japans-outspoken-u-s-educated-vaccine-minister-wants-to-be-the-next-prime-minister

Japan's Outspoken, U.S.-Educated Vaccine Minister Wants To Be The Next Prime Minister

["Japan's Outspoken, U.S.-Educated Vaccine Minister Wants To Be The Next Prime Minister\nJapan's Outspoken, U.S.-Educated Vaccine Minister Wants To Be The Next Prime Minister\nYoshikazu Tsuno\nTaro Kono, a candidate of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party and currently the minister in charge of vaccinations, delivers a speech in Tokyo on Sept. 17.", "Japan's Outspoken, U.S.-Educated Vaccine Minister Wants To Be The Next Prime Minister\nSEOUL \u2014 The race to become Japan's next leader looks like a tossup. In the nearly half-century that Tokyo-based journalist Hiroshi Izumi has been covering party politics and elections, \"This is the first time that we cannot predict the result until the ballot box will be opened,\" he says.", "Japan's Outspoken, U.S.-Educated Vaccine Minister Wants To Be The Next Prime Minister\nThe ballot box he's talking about is for choosing the country's next prime minister next week. The Liberal Democratic Party has been in power for all but two short periods since its inception in 1955, and is holding its leadership election on Sept. 29. Whoever emerges as its leader will effectively become the next prime minister. General elections will follow in November.", "Japan's Outspoken, U.S.-Educated Vaccine Minister Wants To Be The Next Prime Minister\nThe LDP is essentially a coalition of factions advocating a range of policies. These factions are headed by senior men, mostly in their 70s and 80s, who generally do not look kindly upon rebels who challenge the status quo.", "Japan's Outspoken, U.S.-Educated Vaccine Minister Wants To Be The Next Prime Minister\nBut one of the party's strongest candidates has a reputation as an outspoken reformer and political maverick. In fact, if the winner could be judged just from opinion polls and media attention, Taro Kono would be the odds-on favorite. Kono, 58, is an English-speaking, eight-term LDP lawmaker and currently serves as the minister in charge of Japan's vaccine rollout, which he has sped up.\nBut his party may not be inclined to make a prime minister of him.", "Japan's Outspoken, U.S.-Educated Vaccine Minister Wants To Be The Next Prime Minister\n\"The party will not give mavericks positions of power unless, frankly, they're scared witless,\" observes Ellis Krauss, a Japan expert at the University of California, San Diego. And the LDP has good reason to be nervous, he adds, with the party at risk of losing seats in November's general election.", "Japan's Outspoken, U.S.-Educated Vaccine Minister Wants To Be The Next Prime Minister\nThe prospect of defeat for LDP lawmakers forced the effective resignation of outgoing Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga, announced earlier this month, after less than a year in office. Suga became a political liability to his party. He is an unpopular leader, blamed for bungling the government's response to COVID-19 \u2014 he tried to promote domestic tourism and pushed through the Tokyo Olympics during the pandemic despite widespread opposition \u2014 and for being a tone-deaf and wooden communicator.", "Japan's Outspoken, U.S.-Educated Vaccine Minister Wants To Be The Next Prime Minister\nA growing number of scandals and gaffes by LDP leaders have drawn criticism that the party is led by a gerontocracy that acts with virtual impunity, thanks to its decades-long political dominance.\n\"The young generation of Japan is really turned off, and Suga did nothing to stop that trend,\" says Krauss. \"And they need something to inspire them, even a little.\"\nKono has been an outspoken critic of government policies", "Japan's Outspoken, U.S.-Educated Vaccine Minister Wants To Be The Next Prime Minister\nAmong the four men and women vying to succeed Suga, Kono is seen by many as the candidate with the strongest reformist credentials. He is also one of Japan's most popular politicians on Twitter, with a total of more than 2.4 followers on his Japanese and English accounts.\nKono has been a strong advocate for the U.S.-Japan alliance and a critic of what he sees as China's \"revisionism.\"\n\"He would, I think, get along great with the U.S.,\" says Krauss.", "Japan's Outspoken, U.S.-Educated Vaccine Minister Wants To Be The Next Prime Minister\nOne thing Kono is not, though, is an upstart. He comes from a family of prominent politicians.\n\"Both his grandfather and his father missed being prime minister by one step,\" notes Hiroshi Izumi. \"Becoming prime minister is a wish cherished by three generations of the Kono family.\"\nKono graduated from Georgetown University in 1986 and worked for U.S. Senators Alan Cranston of California and Richard Shelby of Alabama.", "Japan's Outspoken, U.S.-Educated Vaccine Minister Wants To Be The Next Prime Minister\nIn his own career as a lawmaker, Kono became known for his liberal views on social policy and his blunt criticism of government policy.", "Japan's Outspoken, U.S.-Educated Vaccine Minister Wants To Be The Next Prime Minister\nInterviewed by NPR in 2009 about Japan's practice of allowing foreigners to work in factories under the pretense that they are ethnic Japanese, and therefore different from other foreign workers, \"It's, uh, bull****,\" he scoffed. Japanese law prohibits foreigners from taking unskilled jobs in Japan, but descendants of Japanese immigrants to South America are granted an exception. \"We just wanted the cheap labor,\" Kono said, \"but we don't want to open our market to the foreign countries.\"", "Japan's Outspoken, U.S.-Educated Vaccine Minister Wants To Be The Next Prime Minister\nFollowing the Fukushima nuclear power plant disaster in 2011, Kono took aim at Japan's powerful nuclear power lobby.\n\"We've been depending on the nuclear energy so much,\" he lamented. \"It's not the policy choice. It's because of those bureaucrats and the power company and the politician got some vested interest in promoting nuclear.\"", "Japan's Outspoken, U.S.-Educated Vaccine Minister Wants To Be The Next Prime Minister\nFrom 2012 to last year, when Kono held a series of cabinet positions including foreign minister and defense minister under former Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, Kono toned down his rhetoric and softened his stance on some issues, Krauss says. For example, Kono now says that Japanese nuclear power plants that shut down after the Fukushima meltdown can be restarted so that Japan can go carbon-neutral by 2050.", "Japan's Outspoken, U.S.-Educated Vaccine Minister Wants To Be The Next Prime Minister\n\"He really is a maverick, and he has been one his whole career,\" Krauss says. \"But he's a maverick who's willing to compromise, in order to achieve what he wants.\"\nIn the current campaign season, Kono has backpedaled on previous comments that he is open to allowing women to becoming emperor, an idea that's anathema to many conservatives in his party. He is still in favor of same-sex marriage and allowing married couples to use separate surnames, neither of which Japanese law permits.", "Japan's Outspoken, U.S.-Educated Vaccine Minister Wants To Be The Next Prime Minister\nInternal squabbles may derail Kono's ascent\nWhile these views may prove popular with the public, Kono faces a reformer's dilemma: he must seek the backing of the very power brokers whom the reforms could threaten.\nSo far, Izumi says, Kono has not even got the backing of his own faction boss, Taro Aso, a former prime minister and current deputy prime minister who has not shown a clear preference for any one candidate.", "Japan's Outspoken, U.S.-Educated Vaccine Minister Wants To Be The Next Prime Minister\nWhat concerns the party leaders is the possibility that Kono will try to dismantle their vested economic interests, Izumi says.\nAs a lawmaker, Kono has railed against the cozy relationships between Japanese politicians and business lobbies, and between media and advertisers.\n\"More than 40% of LDP members join the party as members of industry associations,\" Izumi explains. \"They represent interest groups. And the scariest thing for them is Mr. Kono doing whatever he wants.\"", "Japan's Outspoken, U.S.-Educated Vaccine Minister Wants To Be The Next Prime Minister\nDuring the campaign, Kono has also advocated sweeping reforms of Japan's social security system, guaranteeing minimum pension income to poor seniors who cannot afford to pay insurance premiums. This stands in contrast with Suga's insistence that Japanese practice \"self-reliance\" instead of relying on public support.", "Japan's Outspoken, U.S.-Educated Vaccine Minister Wants To Be The Next Prime Minister\nIf Kono becomes prime minister and then tries to break up vested interests, party members could rebel against him, Izumi warns. In that case, Kono could find himself the latest in a series of \"revolving door\" leaders, who \u2014 like his predecessor \u2014 are forced to quit after one term.\nChie Kobayashi contributed to this report in Tokyo.\nNPR News NPR"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.longshoresoldiers.com/2010/11/history-of-13th-major-port-part-1.html

History of the 13th Major Port

["History of the 13th Major Port\nDuring WWII the 13th Major Port was in charge of seaport operations. In England it oversaw the supply work in preparation of the Normandy invasion. In Antwerp, Belgium the 13th managed the American port operations while under continuous bombardment by German V-weapons (this is discussed in my book). In 1946 an official history was published for members of the unit. I have copied portions of this history below:\nThe 13th Port: 1943\u20131946", "History of the 13th Major Port\nHeadquarters and Headquarters Company 13th Port was activated on January 25h 1943 and moved to Fort Hamilton, NY where Colonel Walter D. McCord assumed command on February 17th and started organizing and training it.\nThe Port was organized on the Table of Organization of a Major Port for duty overseas. Scarcely had training begun when it was decided in Washington to send the 13th to Churchill, Canada to unload supplies there during the short season it was possible to navigate the Hudson Bay.", "History of the 13th Major Port\nThis was done and, in June 1943 advance detachments of the 13th had actually left for Churchill when a change in the overall picture made it unnecessary to send a Port to Hudson Bay.\nAgain the Port was reorganized, and this time its personnel was expanded, and training was concentrated on fitting it for operation in the European theater.", "History of the 13th Major Port\nIt sailed for England on 29 December, 1943 arriving some 10 days alter, and immediately went to Plymouth, England. [the 13th also operated in English ports of Totnes, Truro, Hayle, Falmouth, and Fowey.]\nIt left Plymouth in Octobers, 1944 having done an exceedingly creditable job in helping to launch the invasion of \"Fortress Europe\" and in supplying the troops there during the \"build-up\" and the \"break-through\" stages of the Normandy Battle.", "History of the 13th Major Port\nFrom Plymouth it went to Antwerp, Belgium, where, with the British it opened and operated the immense Port of Antwerp, supplying the sinews of war to all the American armies facing the Germans, except the 7th Army which was supplied through Marseilles.\nAfter V-E Day, the 13th helped outload personnel and supplies in connection with Redeployment. After V-J Day in September 1945, redeployment became outright demobilization, and the 13th Port self-demobilized in the fall of 1946.", "History of the 13th Major Port\nDuring its operations it served under five Port Commanders. Each contributed his bit to make the history of the \"lucky 13th\" interesting and distinctive.", "History of the 13th Major Port\nColonel Walter D. McCord - was in command in the States and some time in England.Colonel Curtis A. Noble - was in command while in England.Colonel Doswell Gullatt - was commander of the 5th Engineer Special Brigade on Omaha Beach. Gullatt took command when the 13th arrived in Antwerp.Colonel Edward C. Forsythe - was commander of the 5th Major Port in Antwerp. At the end of the war when the 5th was deactivated Forsythe took command of the 13th.Colonel Fredric L. Knudsen, Jr. - took command after V-E Day", "History of the 13th Major Port\nWhen the 13th Port trained in the United States it knew that Army regulations wisely made a Port an exempt station, directly under the War Department, and provided that an overseas Port would be directly under the Theater Commanders.\nWhen we landed in England we found the facts of life were different. There old cumbersome systems were in full force and effect. The Ports were under Districts. Districts were under Headquarters, Service of Supply, and it was under the Theater Commander!", "History of the 13th Major Port\nThe many layers of Command through which communications must pass between a Port and the Theater agency concerned caused delay and added to difficulties of operation, as many of the intervening layers of command had little idea of the composition, functions, and operation of a Port.", "History of the 13th Major Port\nDespite the handicaps inherent in this intricate set-up, and the prevailing obsession to break up all service units and \"remold them nearer to the hearts desire\" of the SOS, the 13th Port remained intact as an operating unit, and performed creditably at Plymouth, Fowey, Falmouth, Totnes, Truro, and Hayle", "History of the 13th Major Port\nIts members on detached service were located all through South England during the preparations for and launching of the Normandy invasion and the build up following, and did excellent work throughout the whole period.", "History of the 13th Major Port\nThis is part 1 of a series of articles I posted about the 13th. Read Part 2.\nLabels: 13th Port history\nI was a member of the 13th Port serving under Lt Col Perry Euchner in the Inspector General department. Returned to the States in December 1946.\nRavenoville, Normandy Then & Now\nYanks Guide to Foreign Country USA\nIllustrated Album of Marvin Newman\nWTEN TV interview with my grandfather\nAmerican Locomotive Company demolition in Schenectady\nVeterans Day Book Signing in East Greenbush, NY"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1883/may/31/second-reading

Second Reading: LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY (ADDITIONAL POWERS) BILL.

["Second Reading: LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY (ADDITIONAL POWERS) BILL.\nHANSARD 1803\u20132005 \u2192 1880s \u2192 1883 \u2192 May 1883 \u2192 31 May 1883 \u2192 Lords Sitting \u2192 LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY (ADDITIONAL POWERS) BILL.\nSECOND READING.\nHL Deb 31 May 1883 vol 279 cc1265-73 1265\n\u00a7 Order of the Day for the Second Beading read.\n\u00a7 Moved, \"That the Bill be now read 2a.\"\n\u00a7 LORD MOUNT-TEMPLE", "Second Reading: LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY (ADDITIONAL POWERS) BILL.\n, in rising to move\u2014 That it be an instruction to the Committee to which the Bill is referred that the Railway Company shall not be empowered to appropriate a larger portion of the Parochial Burial Ground of St. James' than is proved to be absolutely required for the neeessary convenience of the travelling public, by means of the enlargement of the railway station and of the substitution of a new street in lieu of the existing street which is to be absorbed in the process of the enlargement of the station", "Second Reading: LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY (ADDITIONAL POWERS) BILL.\nsaid, the question he desired to raise was one of policy and principle, and therefore it ought to be raised in the House. Committees often considered it their duty to restrict their attention to a decision on the conflicting claims of parties pecuniarily interested, and not to enter upon public policy", "Second Reading: LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY (ADDITIONAL POWERS) BILL.\nThe Bill was an Omnibus Bill, containing many provisions to which there was no objection, and therefore he did not move its rejection; but he asked the House to express its opinion on the two clauses relating to the burial ground. An open space in London ought not to be sacrificed unnecessarily; and the Metropolitan Board of Works desired to take charge of this burial ground, and to maintain it as a place of public recreation, as they had done in the case of seven or eight other burial grounds", "Second Reading: LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY (ADDITIONAL POWERS) BILL.\nThe Railway Company sought to take two portions, and one of them they did not require, for their counsel admitted that one acre given to them by this Bill was not necessary for the enlargement of the station; and they proposed to utilize it for stabling and the storage of omnibuses, and for the parcel post, and this space might be taken from private property instead of from the recreation of the public", "Second Reading: LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY (ADDITIONAL POWERS) BILL.\nIt would be necessary for the Company to cart away 17,000 remains, and many of the relatives of those interred had petitioned their Lordships, praying that desecration might not be permitted. There would be no desecration of any part handed over to the Metropolitan Board, as there had been 1266 no desecration in any of the other burial grounds handed over to them. The trustees sought to escape from their statutory obligation to maintain this open space for ever", "Second Reading: LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY (ADDITIONAL POWERS) BILL.\nThe House would disregard its duty if it sanctioned this breach of trust. As a matter of policy, he contended that their Lordships ought not to allow any of these parochial burial grounds to be desecrated without proof of the clearest necessity. The noble Lord concluded by moving the Instruction.", "Second Reading: LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY (ADDITIONAL POWERS) BILL.\nsaid, his noble Friend entirely misapprehended the wishes of the London and North-Western Railway Company on this point. No one was more desirous to increase the lung power of the Metropolis than they were. In the present case, however, there were other considerations besides that of open spaces. That part of London which was situate near Euston was not badly off for open spaces. Regent's Park was only half-a-mile away", "Second Reading: LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY (ADDITIONAL POWERS) BILL.\nPrimrose Hill was under a mile, and there was a churchyard which might be easily converted into an open space. There were several other open spaces all round the neighbourhood. Therefore, he did not think his noble Friend's remarks were quite appropriate to this particular graveyard. They all knew what an inconvenience it was for railway stations to be overcrowded", "Second Reading: LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY (ADDITIONAL POWERS) BILL.\nThis proposed change would give ample space for increasing the accommodation of the station; and, now that the Government intended to introduce a new system of Parcels Post, it was most necessary and desirable that there should be more space. At present the limited space was not only an inconvenience, but also a great source of danger. It was a curious fact that nobody ever thought of converting this old graveyard into an open space until the Railway Company obtained a slice of it", "Second Reading: LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY (ADDITIONAL POWERS) BILL.\nThe Company only wished to take about two acres and a-half, leaving two acres and a-half which would be available for garden ground, and most useful for the Temperance Hospital that was close to the place. He hoped their Lordships would vote for the Bill on its merits. An hon", "Second Reading: LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY (ADDITIONAL POWERS) BILL.\nFriend of his, when asked why he had voted against the second reading of the Bill in the House of Commons, said\u2014\"Because the London and North-Western Company have behaved very badly to me,\" 1267 Asked further in what way they had behaved badly to him, he replied\u2014\"They weighed my luggage.\" That showed him how reasonable much of the opposition to the Bill was", "Second Reading: LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY (ADDITIONAL POWERS) BILL.\nHe trusted that their Lordships would, on consideration, view the matter in the same light as he (the Duke of Sutherland) did, and commit the Bill as it stood; for surely five Peers could be found to do justice on all sides without any Instruction from their Lordships.", "Second Reading: LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY (ADDITIONAL POWERS) BILL.\nsaid, he agreed with the noble Duke in hoping that the House would vote on the merits of the question, but was unable to concur with his view of the case. Why was the Company asking for land which they did not originally require", "Second Reading: LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY (ADDITIONAL POWERS) BILL.\n? At first they only asked for a very small portion of the burial ground. The Trustees of St. James's Parish, seeing their way to make a good thing out of the space, insisted on the Company taking two-thirds and paying the sum of \u00a315,000 for it, which would be devoted to ecclesiastical purposes in the Parish of St. James's. On the showing of the Railway Company themselves, the quantity of land proposed to be given to them was unnecessary for the station", "Second Reading: LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY (ADDITIONAL POWERS) BILL.\nThis was pre-eminently a question for the consideration of their Lordships' House, as this populous and very poor neighbourhood was practically voiceless in regard to it. In the division which took place in the House of Commons there were no fewer than 50 Railway Directors in the majority, and only four in the minority. It was only natural that Railway Directors should be somewhat prejudiced in favour of Railway Companies, and should exaggerate the advantages conferred by them on the public", "Second Reading: LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY (ADDITIONAL POWERS) BILL.\nsaid, he objected to the question being referred to a Parliamentary Committee, as it was one of principle, which could be discussed more satisfactorily by their Lordships than by a Committee. Besides, there was great danger that interests adverse to the Railway Company would not be adequately presented to the Committee by counsel. The Company would have the best counsel on their side, while the poor population, whose welfare was in danger of being sacrificed, would pro- 1268 bably be unrepresented", "Second Reading: LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY (ADDITIONAL POWERS) BILL.\nMany years ago he had served on a Committee of the House of Commons, which inquired into the conduct of its Private Business; and the evidence then showed conclusively that, though Parliamentary Committees generally decided justly between the contending parties, the public interest in different places, if there were no rich persons sufficiently affected by the proposed Bill to make it worth their while to pay counsel, was apt to suffer in consequence.", "Second Reading: LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY (ADDITIONAL POWERS) BILL.\nsaid, he hoped the House would agree to the Motion of the noble Lord. A certain question of public policy was involved. He objected to giving the Company any portion of the land at all, and would have supported still more cordially a proposal that none of the land should be acquired by the Railway, but that the Railway should buy even at a higher price whatever land they needed", "Second Reading: LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY (ADDITIONAL POWERS) BILL.\nHe should certainly vote for a proposal which should give the Company exactly the quantity of land required for their undertaking and no more. He supported the Motion, first, because the London and North - Western Railway Company did not want the whole of the land; and, secondly, because the Parish of St. James's had no local interest in the matter, and the parish affected was a poor and crowded one which greatly needed open spaces", "Second Reading: LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY (ADDITIONAL POWERS) BILL.\nTHE EARL OF CAMPERDOWN\nsupported the Motion. It was doubtful whether the vicar and churchwardens of St. James's had the power of selling the land. They had buried 15,000 persons in the churchyard, and the burial fees had been paid. Thus it was not clear to whom the land belonged, as many of those whose relatives were buried in it might have bought the fee simple of the graves. He hoped their Lordships would pay particular attention to the 13th clause.\nLORD COLVILLE OF CULROSS", "Second Reading: LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY (ADDITIONAL POWERS) BILL.\nsaid, he trusted that their Lordships would treat the measure as they were accustomed to treat similar measures coming before them, and send the Bill to a Committee of the House without any Instruction. It was hardly complimentary to their Lordships to give such 1269 an Instruction to a Committee. It was said that the Company were buying more land than was actually required. But it should be borne in mind that since the contract was entered into new obligations had been imposed on Railway Companies", "Second Reading: LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY (ADDITIONAL POWERS) BILL.\nThe Parcels Post system would come into operation in August next, and a large and important service would have then to be discharged by the Company. He hoped the Bill would not be met in the spirit in which a Member of the House of Commons had approached it", "Second Reading: LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY (ADDITIONAL POWERS) BILL.\nA noble Lord, a Member of the House of Commons, related at a railway charity dinner the other day that he met a Member in the Lobby who said he was going to vote against \"Forbes and his blowholes.\" He was then informed that the Bill did not relate to the Metropolitan or District Railway at all. But the hon. Member replied that he should vote against it \"because Railway Companies wanted sitting upon.\" He hoped the House would treat the Bill in the ordinary manner in which such Bills were treated", "Second Reading: LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY (ADDITIONAL POWERS) BILL.\nThe Open Spaces Committee never contemplated putting this ground in a condition for the use of the public; whereas the Railway Company had, by the promotion of this Bill, brought about an open space which would be utilized for the public benefit.", "Second Reading: LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY (ADDITIONAL POWERS) BILL.\nsaid, that the Trustees of St. James's had no wish to disturb the dead, and were not desirous of selling the burial ground; but the Railway Company were promoting this Bill to enable them to purchase it; and, if so, the parish to which it belonged would seem to have the first right to profit by the proceeding. The ground in question seemed to be one of the last places which ought to be chosen for a playground. It was damp, and the Trustees never could drain it properly", "Second Reading: LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY (ADDITIONAL POWERS) BILL.\nOn all sides was a larger number of open places, squares, and crescents than can be found in most parts of London. On the other hand, the Parish of St. James's, Westminster, to which the ground belonged, which was considered a rich parish by those who only moved in Western and Southern boundaries\u2014St. James's, Pall Mall, and part of Regent Street\u2014had, East of Regent Street, a population as poor as any in the East End of London. It 1270 contained 18,000 working men and their families", "Second Reading: LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY (ADDITIONAL POWERS) BILL.\nEach of these families, instead of occupying small houses or flats, were compelled to crowd together in one room, eight or ten such families occupying each house. These houses were erected in the time of Charles II. and Queen Anne", "Second Reading: LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY (ADDITIONAL POWERS) BILL.\nIt was proposed to use the money to be paid for the ground in question for the purpose of building new houses for the working classes; and he was of opinion that in applying the money for that purpose the parish would be doing more to promote the temporal comfort of the poor of London than by securing another open space for their recreation, where it was much less needed.", "Second Reading: LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY (ADDITIONAL POWERS) BILL.\n\u00a7 THE EARL OF COURTOWN\nsaid, he thought that every argument which had been urged against the Bill was a strong one in favour of sending it before a Select Committee, who could inquire into the validity of the objections which had been raised to the proposal.\n\u00a7 EARL BEAUCHAMP", "Second Reading: LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY (ADDITIONAL POWERS) BILL.\nsaid, he would point out to the noble Earl that while before a Select Committee the Railway Company and Trustees would be represented by counsel, it would be nobody's business to support the objections to the Bill on behalf of the public.\n\u00a7 THE EARL OF REDESDALE (CHAIRMAN OF COMMITTEES)\nsaid, he thought that the Metropolitan Board of Works would be able to defend the public interests before the Committee.\n\u00a7 EARL CAIRNS", "Second Reading: LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY (ADDITIONAL POWERS) BILL.\npointed out that the Vestry of St. Pancras intended, as was understood, to oppose the Bill in Committee.\nTHE EARL OF CORK\nsaid, he hoped that their Lordships would not be prepared to take any unusual step in this matter, but would allow the Bill to be read a second time, with the object of its being sent before a Select Committee.\n\u00a7 Motion agreed to.", "Second Reading: LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY (ADDITIONAL POWERS) BILL.\n\u00a7 Bill read 2a, and committed. Moved,\" That it be an instruction to the Committee to which the Bill is referred, that the Railway Company shall not be empowered to appropriate a larger portion of the Parochial Burial Ground of St", "Second Reading: LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY (ADDITIONAL POWERS) BILL.\nJames' than is proved to be absolutely required for the necessary convenience of the travelling public, by means of the enlargement of the railway station and of the substitution of a new street in lieu of the existing street which is to be absorbed in the process of the enlargement of the station.\"\u2014(The Lord Mount-Temple.)", "Second Reading: LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY (ADDITIONAL POWERS) BILL.\nasked their Lordships to consider whether there was any precedent for an Instruction of this nature. The object of an Instruction to a Committee was to enlarge the power of a Committee, and to enable them to do that which otherwise they could not do. There was no precedent for an Instruction to limit the power of a Committee, and to require them to discharge their duty in a particular way.\nTHE LORD CHANCELLOR", "Second Reading: LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY (ADDITIONAL POWERS) BILL.\nsaid, he thought that the principle which had just been laid down by the noble and learned Earl was a very unreasonable and dangerous one", "Second Reading: LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY (ADDITIONAL POWERS) BILL.\nA great number of things might be proposed by these Private Bills in which public interests were incidentally concerned; and if that House was never to be at liberty to express an opinion by way of Instruction that something ought not to be done which was proposed to be done by such Private Bills, but was to be bound to leave the remedy to the technical rules of locus standi which prevailed in respect of these Committees, the result would, in his opinion, be the increase of that encroachment, which he had observed to be continually tending to increase, of Private Bills upon the province of public legislation.", "Second Reading: LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY (ADDITIONAL POWERS) BILL.\nsaid, he felt bound to say, as regarded the practice of Parliament, that he remembered as distinctly as possible that it was ruled again and again that Instructions could not be moved upon matters which were within the competency of a Committee. The object of an Instruction was to enlarge the powers which a Committee possessed. Of course, if the House desired to take some course different from that which was recommended by the Committee, its course was obvious", "Second Reading: LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY (ADDITIONAL POWERS) BILL.\nIt could either re-commit the Bill to a Committee of the Whole House, or move for an alteration upon Report or third reading. But, for the sake of the order of their proceedings, he hoped this Instruction would not be accepted.", "Second Reading: LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY (ADDITIONAL POWERS) BILL.\n\u00a7 On Question? Their Lordships divided:\u2014Contents 49; Not-Contents 89: Majority 40.\nCanterbury, L. Archp. York, L. Archp.\nSelborne, E. (L. Chancellor.) Bath, M.\nAmherst, E. Emly, L.\nBeauchamp, E. Granard, L. (E. Granard.)\nCamperdown, E.\nCarnarvon, E. Hammond, L.\nCowper, E. Hylton, L.\nDartrey, E. Kenmare, L. (E. Kenmare.)\nDerby, E.\nFortescue, E. Kenry, L. (E. Dunraven and Mount-Earl.)\nGranville, E.\nKimberley, E. Monteagle of Brandon, L.\nMorley, E.\nNorthbrook, E. Mostyn, L.", "Second Reading: LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY (ADDITIONAL POWERS) BILL.\nOnslow, E. Mount - Temple, L. [Teller.]\nRavensworth, E.\nShaftesbury, E. O'Hagan, L.\nOranmore and Browne, L.\nPowerscourt, V.\nRamsay, L. (E. Dalhousie.) [Teller.]\nCarlisle, L. Bp.\nSt. Asaph, L. Bp. Reay, L.\nWinchester, L. Bp. Rosebery, L. (E. Rosebery.)\nAlcester, L. Sandhurst, L.\nBramwell, L. Saye and Sele, L.\nBraye, L. Somerton, L. (E. Normanton.)\nCarlingford, L.\nCarrington, L. Stanley of Alderley, L.\nChelmsford, L. Strafford, L. (V. Enfield.)\nDorchester, L.\nNOT-CONTENTS.", "Second Reading: LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY (ADDITIONAL POWERS) BILL.\nGrafton, D. Gloucester and Bristol, L. Bp.\nRichmond, D.\nSomerset, D. London, L. Bp.\nSutherland, D. [Teller.] Peterborough, L. Bp.\nAuckland, L.\nBristol, M. Brabourne, L.\nSalisbury, M. Breadalbane, L. (E. Breadalbane.)\nCairns, E. Brodrick, L. (V. Midleton.)\nCoventry, E.\nDartmouth, E. Calthorpe, L.\nDevon, E. Carysfort, L. (E Carysfort.)\nDucie, E.\nEllesmere, E. Clanbrassill, L. (E. Roden.)\nFeversham, E.\nHarewood, E. Clifford of Chudleigh, L.\nInnes, E. (D. Roxburghe.) Clinton, L.", "Second Reading: LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY (ADDITIONAL POWERS) BILL.\nColville of Culross, L. [Teller.]\nJersey, E.\nKilmorey, E. Cottesloe, L.\nLathom, E. Crofton, L.\nLonsdale, E. Denman, L.\nLovelace, E. de Ros, L.\nMalmesbury, E. Derwent, L.\nManvers, E. Digby, L.\nMar and Kellie, E. Douglas, L. (E. Home.)\nMilltown, E. Fitzgerald, L.\nRedesdale, E. Forbes, L.\nRosse, E. Gerard, L.\nSandwich, E. Hare, L. (E. Listowel.)\nSelkirk, E. Harlech, L.\nSondes, E. Harris, L.\nStanhope, E. Hartismere, L. (L. Henniker.)\nWharncliffe, E.\nHopetoun, L. (E Hopetoun.)\nCranbrook, V.", "Second Reading: LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY (ADDITIONAL POWERS) BILL.\nHardinge, V. Hothfield, L.\nHawarden, V. Howth, L. (E. Howth.)\nSherbrooke, V. Inchiquin, L.\nSidmouth, V. Kintore, L.(E. Kintore.)\nSt. Vincent, V. Leconfield, L.\nLovat, L. Stratheden and Campbell, L.\nLyveden, L.\nMoore, L. (M. Drogheda.) Strathspey, L. (E. Seafield.)\nNorton, L. Sudeley, L.\nOxenfoord, L. (E. Stair.) Suffield, T.\nThurlow, L.\nRomilly, L. Tollemache, L.\nSaltersford, L. (E. Courtown.) Truro, L.\nTyrone, L. (M. Waterford)\nShute, L. (V. Barrington.)\nVentry, L.", "Second Reading: LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY (ADDITIONAL POWERS) BILL.\nStewart of Gtarlies, L. (B. Galloway.) Wemyss, L. (E. Wemyss.)\n\u00a7 Resolved in the negative.\n\u00a7 The Committee to be proposed by the Committee of Selection.\nBack to LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY (ADDITIONAL POWERS) BILL.\nForward to TITHE RENTCHARGE BILL.\u2014(No. 22.)"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://victorian-era.org/rudyard-kipling-biography.html

Rudyard Kipling – Biography of the Prominent English Short Story Writer and Novelist of the Victorian Era

["Rudyard Kipling \u2013 Biography of the Prominent English Short Story Writer and Novelist of the Victorian Era\nHome \u00bb Rudyard Kipling \u2013 Biography\nRudyard Kipling \u2013 Biography\nRudyard Kipling was one of the most prominent English short story writer and novelist of the Victorian Era.\nChristened as Joseph Rudyard Kipling, he was also a poet and a journalist. He is remembered for famous works like The Jungle Book that was written in 1894, Kim from 1901.\nRudyard Kipling Books\nEarly Life of Rudyard Kipling\nBritish Education\nRudyard Kipling Short Stories\nReturn of Rudyard Kipling to India\nRise to Fame", "Rudyard Kipling \u2013 Biography of the Prominent English Short Story Writer and Novelist of the Victorian Era\nTravels by Rudyard Kipling\nRudyard Kipling Biography\nPeak of Career\nRudyard Kipling Nobel Prize\nRudyard Kipling Poems\nThere were also many awesome short stories written by her like The Man Who Would Be King (1888). Kipling was one of the most prominent writers in England in the late 19th and early 20th centuries because of his capacity to write both poetry and verse.", "Rudyard Kipling \u2013 Biography of the Prominent English Short Story Writer and Novelist of the Victorian Era\nHe was a major contributor to the art of short stories. The books he had written for children are considered classics of children literature. His reputation, however, changed in regard to the political and social state of affairs during his time and various contrasting views.\nBorn in the Bombay Presidency of British India on December 30, 1865, Rudyard Kipling was the son of Alice Kipling and John Lockwood and Kipling.", "Rudyard Kipling \u2013 Biography of the Prominent English Short Story Writer and Novelist of the Victorian Era\nHis father, John Lockwood, was a prominent sculptor and pottery designer and served as the Principal and Professor of Architectural Sculpture at the Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art that had been established in Bombay.\nHer mother was very lively and active. John Lockwood had met Alice in 1863 and the duo had courted at Rudyard Lake in Staffordshire, England, and Rudyard was named after that lake.", "Rudyard Kipling \u2013 Biography of the Prominent English Short Story Writer and Novelist of the Victorian Era\nKipling spent most of his life outside India and he had complex issues of identity and national allegiance that could be seen in his writings. The days in Bombay ended when he was five.\nHe grew up with his sister Alice with a couple boarding British nationals serving in India. They were Captain Pryse Agar Holloway and Sarah Holloway from Campbell Road, Southsea.", "Rudyard Kipling \u2013 Biography of the Prominent English Short Story Writer and Novelist of the Victorian Era\nKipling later recalled this phase as a time of horror, neglect, and cruelty at the hands of Mrs. Holloway. Alice returned in the spring of 1977 and removed the children from Lorne Lodge.\nRudyard Kipling was admitted to the United Services College in January 1878, where the boys were prepared to serve in the army. Though initially rough, the school later allowed him to make firm friendships and provided the setting for his stories in Stalky & Co. written in 1899.", "Rudyard Kipling \u2013 Biography of the Prominent English Short Story Writer and Novelist of the Victorian Era\nKipling also fell in love with Florence Garrard during this time who was boarding with Trix at Southsea.\nKipling lacked the academic ability to get an entrance into Oxford University. Rudyard\u2019s father had obtained a job as the Principal of the Mayo College of Art And Curator of the Lahore Museum.\nKipling got a chance to become the assistant editor of the local newspaper, the Civil & Military Gazette.", "Rudyard Kipling \u2013 Biography of the Prominent English Short Story Writer and Novelist of the Victorian Era\nKipling had felt a strong bond toward the country where he was born and he said that this had been true for other Indian boys born in India who were originally supposed to be from England.\nKipling worked hard as the assistant editor of The Civil & Military Gazette under Stephen Wheeler, the magazine being featured six days a week. The first collection of verses written by Rudyard Kipling was published in 1886 as Departmental Ditties.", "Rudyard Kipling \u2013 Biography of the Prominent English Short Story Writer and Novelist of the Victorian Era\nKay Robinson became the new editor and allowed Kipling more creative freedom through his contribution to short stories in the newspaper.\nHis ex-colleagues mentioned his love for his work with ink. Kipling also used to spend the summers in Shimla or some other hill stations and the Gazette featured stories from those places.", "Rudyard Kipling \u2013 Biography of the Prominent English Short Story Writer and Novelist of the Victorian Era\nThe thirty-nine stories written by Kipling during this phase was published in Plain Tales from the Hills as his first prose collection. In November 1887, he moved to Allahabad to work as the assistant editor of The Pioneer and lived in the Belvedere House in Allahabad.\nBy 1888, he had published six collections of short stories. He was discharged from the Pioneer early in 1889 after a dispute. He sold the rights to collections of stories for a total of 250 pounds and a small royalty.", "Rudyard Kipling \u2013 Biography of the Prominent English Short Story Writer and Novelist of the Victorian Era\nKipling left India traveling the world. He went to San Francisco through Rangoon, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Japan. He had also supposedly fallen in love with a geisha.\nKipling traveled through the United States and his works were published in the Letters of Travel. He started his tour from San Francisco visiting numerous cities like Portland and Seattle.", "Rudyard Kipling \u2013 Biography of the Prominent English Short Story Writer and Novelist of the Victorian Era\nHe went up to Canada and Vancouver in British Columbia. He visited the Yellowstone National Park, then the Salt Lake City, Omaha, Chicago, and even Beaver. He also met the Hill family and Professor Hill.\nHe is also known to have met Mark Twain on his journey and had a conversation with him about the sequel to Tom Sawyer. He came back to London and published his writings in several magazines.", "Rudyard Kipling \u2013 Biography of the Prominent English Short Story Writer and Novelist of the Victorian Era\nHe had also met an American writer and publishing agent by the name of Wolcott Balestier and had collaborated on The Naulahka and later married his sister Caroline Starr Balestier.\nThough Carrie was 3 years older, they married in London in 1892. The couple spent their days in the Bliss Cottage afterward, where he started writing The Jungle Book.", "Rudyard Kipling \u2013 Biography of the Prominent English Short Story Writer and Novelist of the Victorian Era\nRudyard Kipling lost his daughter at an early age and this left a mark on his life. He published the works he had made for small children named Just So Stories. He had even lost his son during the First World War whom he had urged to join the army.\nJohn had weak eyesight like his father and had got a chance to be in the Irish Guards, though his body was never discovered after death.", "Rudyard Kipling \u2013 Biography of the Prominent English Short Story Writer and Novelist of the Victorian Era\nHe had even attacked the Kaiser as a threat to Britain in The Rowers. He had even written two science fiction stories like With the Night Mail and As Easy As A.B.C.\nRudyard Kipling was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature after being nominated by Charles Oman from the University of Oxford.\nKipling was the first recipient for the English language since the inception of the award in 1901. Kipling had become a Freemason in 1885 before the minimum age of 21.", "Rudyard Kipling \u2013 Biography of the Prominent English Short Story Writer and Novelist of the Victorian Era\nKipling had been initiated into Hope and Perseverance Lodge No. 782 in Lahore. He was entered by a Hindu from Brahmo Somaj as an Apprentice, passed to Fellow Craft by a Mohammedan and was raised to Master Mason by an Englishman.\nThe cover of the initial editions of Wee Willie Winkie and Other Stories\nHe had authored the famous poem \u2018The Mother Lodge\u2019 and also written The Man Who Would Be King. Rudyard Kipling kept writing until the 1930s, but his fame and success had diminished.", "Rudyard Kipling \u2013 Biography of the Prominent English Short Story Writer and Novelist of the Victorian Era\nHe died from a hemorrhage in his small intestine on January 12, 1936. He was very wise and learned and had seen much of the world through his travels.\nMore Info On- Kim Novel, Tommy by Rudyard-Kipling, Famous Quotes, Rudyard-Kipling If\nTommy by Rudyard Kipling"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.downpour.com/crime-and-punishment-russian-edition

Crime and Punishment [Russian Edition] by Fyodor Dostoevsky

["Crime and Punishment [Russian Edition] by Fyodor Dostoevsky\nRodion Romanovich Raskolnikov, a former student, lives in a tiny garret on the top floor of a run-down apartment building in St. Petersburg. He is sickly, dressed in rags, short on money, and talks to himself, but he is also handsome, proud, and intelligent. He is contemplating committing an awful crime, but the nature of the crime is not yet clear. He goes to the apartment of an old pawnbroker, Alyona Ivanovna, to get money for a watch and to plan the crime", "Crime and Punishment [Russian Edition] by Fyodor Dostoevsky\nAfterward, he stops for a drink at a tavern, where he meets a man named Marmeladov, who, in a fit of drunkenness, has abandoned his job and proceeded on a five-day drinking binge, afraid to return home to his family. Marmeladov tells Raskolnikov about his sickly wife, Katerina Ivanovna, and his daughter, Sonya, who has been forced into prostitution to support the family", "Crime and Punishment [Russian Edition] by Fyodor Dostoevsky\nRaskolnikov walks with Marmeladov to Marmeladov\u2019s apartment, where he meets Katerina and sees firsthand the squalid conditions in which they live. The next day, Raskolnikov receives a letter from his mother informing him that his sister, Dunya, is engaged to a government official named Luzhin and that they are all moving to St. Petersburg. He goes to another tavern, where he overhears a student talking about how society would be better off if the old pawnbroker Alyona Ivanovna were dead", "Crime and Punishment [Russian Edition] by Fyodor Dostoevsky\nLater, in the streets, Raskolnikov hears that the pawnbroker will be alone in her apartment the next evening. He sleeps fitfully and wakes up the next day, finds an ax, and fashions a fake item to pawn to distract the pawnbroker. That night, he goes to her apartment and kills her. While he is rummaging through her bedroom, looking for money, her sister walks in, and Raskolnikov kills her as well", "Crime and Punishment [Russian Edition] by Fyodor Dostoevsky\nHe barely escapes from the apartment without being seen, then returns to his apartment and collapses on the sofa. Thus begins Crime and Punishment with all the twists and turns and philosophical questions that permeate Dostoyevsky\u2019s writing. A world classic!", "Crime and Punishment [Russian Edition] by Fyodor Dostoevsky\nFyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (1821\u20131881) was a Russian novelist, journalist, and short-story writer whose psychological penetration into the darkest recesses of the human heart had a profound and universal influence on the twentieth-century novel. He was born in Moscow, the son of a surgeon. Leaving the study of engineering for literature, he published Poor Folk in 1846. As a member of revolutionary circles in St. Petersburg, he was condemned to death in 1849", "Crime and Punishment [Russian Edition] by Fyodor Dostoevsky\nA last-minute reprieve sent him to Siberia for hard labor. Returning to St. Petersburg in 1859, he worked as a journalist and completed his masterpiece, Crime and Punishment, as well as other works, including The Idiot and The Brothers Karamazov."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.kivitv.com/news/national/man-accused-of-murder-in-charlottesville-attack-denied-bail

Man accused of murder in Charlottesville attack denied bail

["Man accused of murder in Charlottesville attack denied bail\nMan accused of murder in Charlottesville attack denied bail\nWin McNamee\n<p>CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA - AUGUST 12: The car that allegedly plowed through a crowd of protestors marching through a downtown shopping district is seen after the vehicle was stopped by police several blocks away August 12, 2017 in Charlottesville, Virginia. (Photo by Win McNamee/Getty Images)</p>", "Man accused of murder in Charlottesville attack denied bail\nA judge on Monday appointed an attorney for James Alex Fields Jr., the man suspected of killing a woman as he allegedly mowed down a group of counterprotesters at a white supremacist rally here.\nFields, 20, is accused of driving his car into a crowd of people, killing Heather Heyer, a 32-year-old paralegal, who was protesting the \"Unite the Right\" march on Saturday.\nFields is being held on suspicion of second-degree murder, malicious wounding and failure to stop in an accident that resulted in death.", "Man accused of murder in Charlottesville attack denied bail\nFields was also denied bail by a judge, the Associated Press reports.\nThe suspect appeared via videolink in front of Judge Robert Downer wearing a black and white jumpsuit and was informed of his charges and rights.\nBond was not set and the judge appointed attorney Charles Weber.\nDowner set August 25 as the date for the next hearing, but it is possible there will be a bond hearing before then.", "Man accused of murder in Charlottesville attack denied bail\nThe incident took place as hundreds of white nationalists converged on Charlottesville to protest the removal of a statue of Confederate general and slavery advocate Robert E. Lee.\nNineteen people were injured during clashes, 10 of whom were listed Sunday in good condition by the University of Virginia Health System. Nine patients were released.\nTwo Virginia State Police troopers died when a helicopter crashed in a wooded area near Charlottesville after monitoring Saturday's events.", "Man accused of murder in Charlottesville attack denied bail\nThe clashes in Charlottesville sparked political fallout over the weekend, with critics blasting President Donald Trump for failing to single out white supremacists in his criticism of the violence. The Vice President, however, on Sunday did just that, calling out \"dangerous fringe groups.\"\nPeople around the nation marched Sunday in support of the anti-racism protesters in Charlottesville, with more than 130 rallies from California to Maine.\nWhat do we know about Fields?", "Man accused of murder in Charlottesville attack denied bail\nFields was a man who possessed \"outlandish, very radical beliefs,\" and a \"fondness\" for Adolf Hitler, according to Derek Weimer, who teaches social studies at Randall K. Cooper High School in Union, Kentucky.", "Man accused of murder in Charlottesville attack denied bail\n\"It was quite clear he had some really extreme views and maybe a little bit of anger behind them,\" Weimer told CNN. \"Feeling, what's the word I'm looking for, oppressed or persecuted. He really bought into this white supremacist thing. He was very big into Nazism. He really had a fondness for Adolf Hitler.\"", "Man accused of murder in Charlottesville attack denied bail\nPrincipal Mike Wilson said he remembered Fields as a quiet and reserved student who graduated in 2015. In August of that year, Fields was inducted into the Army but he left active duty in December 2015. A spokeswoman for the Army said he failed to meet training standards.\n\"As a result he was never awarded a military occupational skill nor was he assigned to a unit outside of basic training,\" Lt. Col. Jennifer Johnson said.", "Man accused of murder in Charlottesville attack denied bail\nFields' mother, Samantha Bloom, told the Toledo Blade in Ohio, where he lives, that she didn't know her son was going to Virginia for a white nationalist rally. She thought it had something to do with Trump.\nShe told the Blade she didn't discuss politics with her son. She was surprised her son attended an event with white supremacists.\n\"He had an African-American friend,\" she told the Blade.\nPence decries neo-Nazis, 'dangerous fringe groups'", "Man accused of murder in Charlottesville attack denied bail\nAs criticism of Trump's response reverberated, Vice President Mike Pence condemned the violence and white supremacists.\n\"We have no tolerance for hate and violence from white supremacists, neo-Nazis or the KKK,\" Pence said during a trip to Cartagena, Colombia. \"These dangerous fringe groups have no place in American public life and in the American debate and we condemn them in the strongest possible terms.\"", "Man accused of murder in Charlottesville attack denied bail\nPence added: \"The President also made clear that behavior by others of different militant perspectives are also unacceptable in our political debate and discourse.\"\nThe creator of one of the most prolific neo-Nazi websites praised Trump for not specifically blaming neo-Nazis and white supremacists, saying \"he loves us.\"\nAndrew Anglin of the Daily Stormer wrote that Trump's comments were \"good.\"", "Man accused of murder in Charlottesville attack denied bail\n\"He didn't attack us. He just said the nation should come together. Nothing specific against us. He said that we need to study why people are so angry, and implied that there was hate on ... both sides!\" Anglin wrote. \"There was virtually no counter-signaling of us at all. He loves us all.\"\nAnglin did not respond to CNN's request for comment.", "Man accused of murder in Charlottesville attack denied bail\nThree other men were arrested Saturday. One faces a charge of carrying a concealed handgun and another is charged with disorderly conduct. The third man was arrested on suspicion of assault and battery.\nThe Justice Department and the Federal Bureau of Investigation have launched a civil rights investigation into the deadly crash, to be led by US Attorney Rick Mountcastle.\nInvestigators will be looking into Fields' alleged motives, and whether there's enough evidence for a domestic terrorism case."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-22519770

Syrian rebel 'eats soldier's heart' in video

["Syrian rebel 'eats soldier's heart' in video\nOutrage at Syrian rebel shown 'eating soldier's heart'\nThe BBC's Jim Muir: \"It's one of the worst things I've seen\"\nA video which appears to show a Syrian rebel taking a bite from the heart of a dead soldier has been widely condemned.\nUS-based Human Rights Watch identified the rebel as Abu Sakkar, a well-known insurgent from the city of Homs, and said his actions were a war crime.\nThe main Syrian opposition coalition said he would be put on trial.", "Syrian rebel 'eats soldier's heart' in video\nThe video, which cannot be independently authenticated, seems to show him cutting out the heart.\n\"I swear to God we will eat your hearts and your livers, you soldiers of Bashar the dog,\" the man says, referring to President Bashar al-Assad as he stands over the soldier's corpse.", "Syrian rebel 'eats soldier's heart' in video\nHuman Rights Watch (HRW) says Abu Sakkar is the leader of a group called the Independent Omar al-Farouq Brigade, an offshoot of the Free Syrian Army (FSA) Al-Farouq Brigades. He insults Alawites, the minority offshoot of Shia Islam to which Mr Assad belongs.", "Syrian rebel 'eats soldier's heart' in video\n\"The desecration and mutilation of a killed person is definitely a war crime,\" Peter Bouckaert, emergencies director of Human Rights Watch, told the BBC. \"This one particularly disturbing because of the sectarian nature of the language used by Abu Sakkar.\"\nHRW said those committing war crimes on either side had to know that there was no impunity and that they would be brought to account.", "Syrian rebel 'eats soldier's heart' in video\nThe human rights group said Abu Sakkar had been filmed before, firing rockets into Shia areas of Lebanon and posing with the bodies of guerrillas from the Lebanese Hezbollah movement killed fighting alongside Syrian government forces.\n\"Abu Sakkar is a very significant commander - he's in charge of one of the most important battles happening in Syria right now,\" said Mr Bouckaert. \"The danger is that extremists on both sides will feel the need to respond in kind.\"", "Syrian rebel 'eats soldier's heart' in video\nThe video was posted on Sunday, though reporters from Time Magazine said they had first viewed the footage in April.\nTime said on Tuesday it had spoken to Abu Sakkar, who confirmed that he had bitten into one of the soldier's organs - though a surgeon told the magazine that the organ appeared to be a lung, not the heart or liver, as reported elsewhere.\nSyria's opposition coalition said the Al-Farouq Brigades were investigating the incident.", "Syrian rebel 'eats soldier's heart' in video\n\"The Syrian Coalition strongly condemns this act - if it is revealed to be true,\" it said in a statement. \"The culprit will eventually be tried in court in front of an honest and fair judiciary.\"\nIt is one of the most gruesome videos to emerge in more than two years of carnage in Syria, says the BBC's Jim Muir in Beirut.\nThe UN says nearly 80,000 people have been killed since the uprising against President Assad began in March 2011, and millions have fled their homes.\n'National sovereignty'", "Syrian rebel 'eats soldier's heart' in video\nMeanwhile, Jordan has said it will host a meeting next week for the Friends of Syria - a group of Western and Arab nations that want Mr Assad to relinquish power - to help prepare for a peace conference on Syria in June.\nUS Secretary of State John Kerry and Russian President Vladimir Putin agreed last week to hold the conference, which they initially hoped to organise before the end of May.", "Syrian rebel 'eats soldier's heart' in video\nThe conference will try to persuade the Syrian government and opposition to accept a deal based on the core elements agreed by the UN-backed Action Group for Syria in June last year.\nThese included an immediate cessation of violence and the establishment of a transitional government that could include officials serving under President Assad and members of the opposition.", "Syrian rebel 'eats soldier's heart' in video\nSyrian Information Minister Omran al-Zoubi said on Tuesday that Syria would need more information before deciding whether to attend such a conference, but would not be party to any meeting which harms \"national sovereignty\".\nHe said the future role of Mr Assad was an issue \"only for the Syrian people and the ballot box\".\nMr Kerry suggested the Syrian government would be at the table as it had already given a list of representatives to Russia.", "Syrian rebel 'eats soldier's heart' in video\n\"If he decides not to come to the table, it would be another one of President Assad's gross miscalculations,\" he said. \"I don't believe that that is the case at this moment.\"\nMr Kerry said he had also spoken to Free Syrian Army leader General Salim Idriss, who had assured him he was committed to the negotiation process.\nRussian President Vladimir Putin, who has argued that Mr Assad could still have a post-war role, said it was \"especially important to avoid any moves that could aggravate the situation\".", "Syrian rebel 'eats soldier's heart' in video\n\"Only a quick cessation of hostilities and a political settlement can prevent a negative scenario,\" he said after talks with Israeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu.\nRussia is concerned by Israeli air strikes on targets inside Syria, while Israel is unhappy at shipments of Russian weapons to Damascus.\nThe two leaders gave no indication of whether they had discussed Russian supplies of advanced weapons systems to Syria, including air defence missiles and artillery systems.", "Syrian rebel 'eats soldier's heart' in video\nLast week, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov said Moscow was not violating any international sanctions and would honour contracts already signed, but avoided confirming reports that it was preparing to sell Damascus S-300 air defence batteries."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://design-milk.com/apartment-views-baltic-sea/?media_id=280804

Apartment With Views of the Baltic Sea by meinDESIGN.

["Apartment With Views of the Baltic Sea by meinDESIGN.\nApartment With Views of the Baltic Sea\nPolish interior designer Paulina Kasprowicz, of meinDESIGN, recently completed the design of this 12th floor apartment located in Sea Towers, the tallest skyscraper in Gdynia, which also happens to be one of the tallest residential buildings in Poland. With such close proximity, only 12 meters away, from the Baltic Sea\u2019s shoreline, the focus of the design was the view.", "Apartment With Views of the Baltic Sea by meinDESIGN.\nThe open living space faces the windows to make the most of the ocean views. The interior is mostly neutral with a bold, bright blue as the accent color throughout, mimicking that of the sea. The rest of the decor plays off the beach theme but in a completely modern way.\nThe white walls are covered with a wave-like pattern and a trio of minimalist bird lamps hang from the ceiling.\nThere are two bedrooms, both of which feature the same blue color as an accent paired with neutrals."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://agage.mit.edu/biblio?page=1&s=year&amp%3Bo=asc&f%5Bauthor%5D=3246

Filters: Author is T. Machida [Clear All Filters] Saunois, M., P. Bousquet, B. Poulter, A. Peregon, P. Ciais, J. G. Canadell, E. J. Dlugokencky, G. Etiope, D. Bastviken, S. Houweling et al. "Variability and quasi-decadal changes in the methane budget over

[" the period 2000\u20132012.\" Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17 (2017): 11135-11161.", "\nSaito, R., P. K. Patra, C. Sweeney, T. Machida, M. Krol, S. Houweling, P. Bousquet, A. Agusti-Panareda, D. Belikov, D. Bergmann et al. \"TransCom model simulations of methane: Comparison of vertical profiles with aircraft measurements.\" Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 118, no. 9 (2013): 3891-3904."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.ed.gov/edblogs/whiaiane/2012/10/15/aian-teacher-in-the-spotlight/

White House Initiative on American Indian and Alaska Native Education Tribes and TCUs Educational Framework Advisory Council/Agencies AIAN Teacher in the Spotlight A Native American Rural High School Teacher is Named this Year’s Monsanto Fund Rural Teache

["r of the Year Awarded by the National Rural Education Association.\nShaun Martin, 31, draws on his Native American heritage to inspire motivation and commitment from his students. He has taught and coached for eight years at Chinle High", "\nPhoto courtesy of the National Rural Education Association.\nSchool in Chinle, Ariz., which enrolls about 925 students on a Navajo reservation. It was the first time rural Arizona education leaders had nominated a Native American teacher for competition.\nBill Blong, executive director of the Arizona Rural Schools Association, wrote in his nomination letter that the selection committee was impressed with the young teacher who works to be a good influence and dynamic mentor.", "\n\u201cMr. Martin uses the ancient practice of distance running as a catalyst to teach self-discipline, commitment, and fortitude to impart the Navajo Way to his students,\u201d he wrote. \u201cHe uses running as a positive activity and its discipline as a way to overcome the hardships of reservation life.\u201d", "\nMartin grew up running alongside his father, who was raised in a traditional Navajo family. They\u2019d wake at 5 a.m. and run to the East to meet the sun. His father told him, \u201cRunning in the morning to meet the sun and holy people is how we celebrate life, it\u2019s how we pray, and it\u2019s a mentor to teach us about life.\u201d", "\nMartin knew he wanted to be a coach and teacher by middle school, and he never wavered from that goal. He was recruited to run at Northern Arizona University and accepted an academic scholarship from the Navajo Nation. He was among only a handful of Native American athletes in the NCAA Division 1 athletic program.", "\nHe graduated from college in 2004 and took the teaching position in Chinle on the reservation. He said in his competition application that he strives to teach students the most valuable lesson he\u2019s learned: turning negative situations into positive ones.\nHe implemented a distance running program at Chinle High and at the district\u2019s other six schools. For students in grades 2 through 12, Martin uses the club to link distance-running skills to success in the classroom and in life.", "\nHis cross-country and track teams have won 13 state titles, and 14 runners have been individual state champions. But he said his most significant accomplishment is that 44 of his students have gone to college on athletic or academic scholarships. Many students in his community don\u2019t go to college.", "\nMartin said in his application for the award that many of his school\u2019s students face significant challenges, such as homes without running water or electricity, traveling as far as 45 miles one way to get to school, drug and alcohol abuse, and single-parent families. He said he tries to teach them to \u201conly focus on the variables you can control, don\u2019t stress the uncontrollable.\u201d", "\nThe Rural Teacher of the Year award receives a $2,000 honorarium, and the school district receives $1,000 for instructional materials and school supplies. Martin presented at the National Rural Education Association convention and research symposium on Oct. 13 in Cincinnati, Ohio.\nPosted bybcafferty\nOctober 15, 2012 0 Comments\n\u2190 Education Drives America 2012 Bus Tour\tFree Webinars for Educators \u2192\nSearch This Site\tSearch for:\nHighlights\tTribal Consultation Session scheduled for August 15, 2013", "\nPresident Obama Announces 2012 White House Tribal Nations Conference\nFree Webinars for Educators\nEducation Drives America 2012 Bus Tour\nFollow @WhiteHouseAIAN\nPast Posts\tJuly 2013\nWHIAIANE Contact\tU.S. Department of Education\n400 Maryland Ave., SW\nRoom 4W116"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/4/schedule/8

Previous: Schedule Next: Schedule Changes over time for: SCHEDULE 8 Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008, SCHEDULE 8 is up to date with all changes known to be in force on or before 19 September 2020. There are changes that may be brought into force

["at a future date. Changes that have been made appear in the content and are referenced with annotations.\nChanges and effects yet to be applied to Schedule 8:\nSch. 8 para. 28 modified by 2020 c. 9 s. 1\nSCHEDULE 8E+WAppeals in criminal cases", "\nThis schedule has no associated Explanatory Notes\nPart 1 E+WAmendments of Criminal Appeal Act 1968\n1E+WThe Criminal Appeal Act 1968 (c. 19) has effect subject to the following amendments.\nI1Sch. 8 para. 1 in force at 14.7.2008 by S.I. 2008/1586, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 para. 26\nTime limit on grant of certificates of fitness for appealE+W\n2E+WIn section 1 (appeal against conviction), in subsection (2)(b) after \u201cif\u201d insert \u201c , within 28 days from the date of the conviction, \u201d.", "\n3E+WIn section 11 (supplementary provisions as to appeal against sentence), in subsection (1A)\u2014\n(a)after \u201cif\u201d insert \u201c , within 28 days from the date on which the sentence was passed, \u201d, and\n(b)for \u201cthe sentence\u201d substitute \u201c it \u201d.\n4E+WIn section 12 (appeal against verdict of not guilty on ground of insanity), in subsection (1)(b) after \u201cif\u201d insert \u201c , within 28 days from the date of the verdict, \u201d.", "\n5E+WIn section 15 (appeal against finding of disability), in subsection (2)(b) after \u201cif\u201d insert \u201c , within 28 days from the date of the finding that the accused did the act or made the omission charged, \u201d.\nPowers of Court to substitute different sentenceE+W\n6(1)Section 4 (sentence when appeal allowed on part of indictment) is amended as follows.E+W\n(2)For the heading substitute \u201c Power to re-sentence where appellant remains convicted of related offences \u201d.\n(3)For subsection (1) substitute\u2014", "\n\u201c(1)This section applies where\u2014\n(a)two or more related sentences are passed,\n(b)the Court of Appeal allow an appeal against conviction in respect of one or more of the offences for which the sentences were passed (\u201cthe related offences\u201d), but\n(c)the appellant remains convicted of one or more of those offences.\u201d\n(4)In subsection (2)\u2014\n(a)for \u201cin respect of any count on which the appellant remains convicted\u201d substitute \u201c in respect of any related offence of which the appellant remains convicted \u201d, and", "\n(b)omit \u201cfor the offence of which he remains convicted on that count\u201d.\n(a)for \u201con the indictment as a whole\u201d substitute \u201c (taken as a whole) for all the related offences of which he remains convicted \u201d, and\n(b)for \u201cfor all offences of which he was convicted on the indictment\u201d substitute \u201c for all the related offences \u201d.\n(6)After subsection (3) insert\u2014\n\u201c(4)For the purposes of subsection (1)(a), two or more sentences are related if\u2014\n(a)they are passed on the same day,", "\n(b)they are passed on different days but the court in passing any one of them states that it is treating that one together with the other or others as substantially one sentence, or\n(c)they are passed on different days but in respect of counts on the same indictment.\n(5)Where\u2014\n(a)two or more sentences are related to each other by virtue of subsection (4)(a) or (b), and\n(b)any one or more of those sentences is related to one or more other sentences by virtue of subsection (4)(c),", "\nall the sentences are to be treated as related for the purposes of subsection (1)(a).\u201d\nI6Sch. 8 para. 6 in force at 14.7.2008 by S.I. 2008/1586, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 para. 26 (with Sch. 2 para. 4)\nInterim hospital ordersE+W\n7E+WThe following provisions (which relate to the effect of interim hospital orders made by the Court of Appeal) are omitted\u2014\n(a)section 6(5) and the definition of interim hospital order in section 6(7),\n(b)section 11(6),", "\n(c)section 14(5) and the definition of interim hospital order in section 14(7), and\n(d)section 16B(3).\n8E+WBefore section 31 (but after the cross-heading preceding it) insert\u2014\n\u201c30AEffect of interim hospital orders\n(1)This section applies where the Court of Appeal\u2014\n(a)make an interim hospital order by virtue of any provision of this Part, or\n(b)renew an interim hospital order so made.", "\n(2)The court below shall be treated for the purposes of section 38(7) of the Mental Health Act 1983 (absconding offenders) as the court that made the order.\u201d\n9E+WIn section 31 (powers of Court which are exercisable by single judge) after subsection (2) insert\u2014\n\u201c(2ZA)The power of the Court of Appeal to renew an interim hospital order made by them by virtue of any provision of this Part may be exercised by a single judge in the same manner as it may be exercised by the Court.\u201d\nEvidenceE+W", "\n10(1)Section 23 (evidence) is amended as follows.E+W\n(2)In subsection (1) after \u201can appeal\u201d insert \u201c , or an application for leave to appeal, \u201d.\n(3)In that subsection, for paragraph (b) substitute\u2014\n\u201c(b)order any witness to attend for examination and be examined before the Court (whether or not he was called in the proceedings from which the appeal lies); and\u201d.", "\n\u201c(1A)The power conferred by subsection (1)(a) may be exercised so as to require the production of any document, exhibit or other thing mentioned in that subsection to\u2014\n(a)the Court;\n(b)the appellant;\n(c)the respondent.\u201d\n\u201c(6)In this section, \u201crespondent\u201d includes a person who will be a respondent if leave to appeal is granted.\u201d\nI10Sch. 8 para. 10 in force at 14.7.2008 by S.I. 2008/1586, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 para. 26\nPowers of single judgeE+W", "\n11(1)Section 31 (powers of Court of Appeal which are exercisable by single judge) is amended as follows.E+W\n(2)In the heading, omit \u201cunder Part 1\u201d.\n(3)After subsection (2C) insert\u2014\n\u201c(2D)The power of the Court of Appeal to grant leave to appeal under section 9(11) of the Criminal Justice Act 1987 may be exercised by a single judge in the same manner as it may be exercised by the Court.", "\n(2E)The power of the Court of Appeal to grant leave to appeal under section 35(1) of the Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 may be exercised by a single judge in the same manner as it may be exercised by the Court.\u201d\nAppeals against procedural directionsE+W\n12E+WIn section 31C (appeals against procedural directions), omit subsections (1) and (2).\nI12Sch. 8 para. 12 in force at 14.7.2008 by S.I. 2008/1586, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 para. 26 (with Sch. 2 para. 6)", "\nDetention of defendant pending appeal to Supreme CourtE+W\n13(1)Section 37 (detention of defendant on appeal by Crown) is amended as follows.E+W\n(2)In subsection (2) for the words from \u201cmay make\u201d to the end substitute \u201cshall make\u2014\n(a)an order providing for his detention, or directing that he shall not be released except on bail (which may be granted by the Court as under section 36 above), so long as the appeal is pending, or\n(b)an order that he be released without bail.\u201d", "\n\u201c(2A)The Court may make an order under subsection (2)(b) only if they think that it is in the interests of justice that the defendant should not be liable to be detained as a result of the decision of the Supreme Court on the appeal.\u201d\n(4)In subsection (3) for \u201cthis section\u201d substitute \u201c subsection (2)(a) \u201d.\n(5)In subsection (4) for \u201cthis section\u201d (in each place where it occurs) substitute \u201c subsection (2)(a) \u201d.", "\n(6)In subsection (4A) for \u201cthis section\u201d (in the first place where it occurs) substitute \u201c subsection (2)(a) \u201d.\n\u201c(5)The defendant shall not be liable to be detained again as a result of the decision of the Supreme Court on the appeal if\u2014\n(a)the Court of Appeal have made an order under subsection (2)(b), or", "\n(b)the Court have made an order under subsection (2)(a) but the order has ceased to have effect by virtue of subsection (3) or the defendant has been released or discharged by virtue of subsection (4) or (4A).\u201d\nI13Sch. 8 para. 13 in force at 14.7.2008 by S.I. 2008/1586, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 para. 26 (with Sch. 2 para. 714)\nPart 2 E+WAmendments of Criminal Appeal (Northern Ireland) Act 1980\n14E+WThe Criminal Appeal (Northern Ireland) Act 1980 (c. 47) has effect subject to the following amendments.", "\n15E+WIn section 1 (appeal against conviction), in paragraph (b) after \u201cif\u201d insert \u201c , within 28 days from the date of the conviction, \u201d.\n16E+WIn section 12 (appeal against finding of not guilty on ground of insanity), in subsection (1)(b) after \u201cif\u201d insert \u201c , within 28 days from the date of the finding, \u201d.", "\n17E+WIn section 13A (appeal against finding of unfitness to be tried), in subsection (2)(b) after \u201cif\u201d insert \u201c , within 28 days from the date of the finding that the person did the act or made the omission charged, \u201d.\n18(1)Section 4 (alteration of sentence on appeal against conviction) is amended as follows.E+W\n\u201c(1)Subsection (1A) applies where\u2014", "\n(b)the Court of Appeal allows an appeal against conviction in respect of one or more of the offences for which the sentences were passed (\u201cthe related offences\u201d), but\n(1A)The Court may, in respect of any related offence of which the appellant remains convicted, pass such sentence, in substitution for the sentence passed thereon at the trial, as it thinks proper and is authorised by law.\u201d\n19E+WSection 10(6) (effect of interim hospital orders made by Court of Appeal) is omitted.", "\n20(1)For the cross-heading preceding section 30 substitute\u2014 \u201c Supplementary \u201d.E+W\n(2)Before section 30 (but after the cross-heading preceding it) insert\u2014\n(a)makes an interim hospital order by virtue of any provision of this Part, or\n(b)renews an interim hospital order so made.\n(2)The Crown Court shall be treated for the purposes of Article 45(6) of the Mental Health Order (absconding offenders) as the court that made the order.\u201d", "\n21E+WIn section 45 (powers of Court which are exercisable by single judge) after subsection (3) insert\u2014\n\u201c(3ZA)The power of the Court of Appeal to renew an interim hospital order made by it by virtue of any provision of this Act may be exercised by a single judge in the same manner as it may be exercised by the Court.\u201d\n\u201c(b)order any witness to attend and be examined before the Court (whether or not he was called at the trial); and\u201d.", "\n23E+WIn section 26 (additional powers of Court), in subsection (1) after \u201can appeal\u201d insert \u201c , or an application for leave to appeal, \u201d.\n\u201c(1A)The Court may make an order under subsection (1)(b) only if it thinks that it is in the interests of justice that the defendant should not be liable to be detained as a result of the decision of the Supreme Court on the appeal.\u201d\n(4)In subsection (2) for \u201csubsection (1)\u201d substitute \u201c subsection (1)(a) \u201d.", "\n(a)the Court of Appeal has made an order under subsection (1)(b), or\n(b)the Court has made an order under subsection (1)(a) but the order has ceased to have effect by virtue of subsection (2) or the defendant has been released or discharged by virtue of subsection (3) or (3A).\u201d\nI24Sch. 8 para. 24 in force at 14.7.2008 by S.I. 2008/1586, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 para. 26 (with Sch. 2 para. 1014)", "\n\u201c(3D)The power of the Court of Appeal to grant leave to appeal under Article 8(11) of the Criminal Justice (Serious Fraud) (Northern Ireland) Order 1988 may be exercised by a single judge in the same manner as it may be exercised by the Court.\u201d\nPart 3 E+WAmendments of other Acts\nDetention of defendant pending appeal from High Court to Supreme CourtE+W\n26(1)Section 5 of the Administration of Justice Act 1960 (c. 65) (power to order detention or admission to bail of defendant) is amended as follows.E+W", "\n(a)an order providing for the detention of the defendant, or directing that he shall not be released except on bail (which may be granted by the court as under section 4 above), so long as the appeal is pending, or\n(b)an order that the defendant be released without bail.\u201d\n(5)In subsection (4) for \u201cthe said subsection (1)\u201d substitute \u201c the said subsection (1)(a) \u201d.\n(6)In subsection (4A) for \u201cthe said subsection (1)\u201d substitute \u201c the said subsection (1)(a) \u201d.", "\n(a)the court has made an order under subsection (1)(b), or\nVariation of sentences by Crown CourtE+W\n27(1)Section 49 of the Judicature (Northern Ireland) Act 1978 (c. 23) (sentences imposed and other decisions made by Crown Court) is amended as follows.E+W\n(a)for \u201c28 days\u201d substitute \u201c 56 days \u201d, and\n(b)omit the words from \u201cor, where subsection (3) applies,\u201d to the end.", "\n\u201c(2A)The power conferred by subsection (1) may not be exercised in relation to any sentence or order if an appeal, or an application for leave to appeal, against that sentence or order has been determined.\u201d\n(4)Subsection (3) is omitted.\nI27Sch. 8 para. 27 in force at 14.7.2008 by S.I. 2008/1586, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 para. 26 (with Sch. 2 para. 12)\n28(1)Section 155 of the Powers of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000 (c. 6) (alteration of Crown Court sentence) is amended as follows.E+W", "\n(b)omit the words from \u201cor, where subsection (2) below applies,\u201d to the end.\n(4)Subsections (2) and (3) are omitted.\nPrintThis Schedule only\nPDF This Schedule only\nWeb page This Schedule only"]

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0.88257343]], \"rps_doc_books_importance\": [[0, 12877, -1706.59886254]], \"rps_doc_openwebtext_importance\": [[0, 12877, -394.49290176]], \"rps_doc_wikipedia_importance\": [[0, 12877, -162.06594964]], \"rps_doc_num_sentences\": [[0, 12877, 147.0]]}"}

RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.spelman.edu/giving/annual-giving/student-philanthropy/student-philanthropy-in-action

Every Woman Every Year Faculty & Staff Philanthropy Program Student Philanthropy Student Philanthropy Council (SPC) Student Philanthropy in Action Giving Securities Home › Giving › Annual Giving › Student Philanthropy › Student Philanthropy in Action Stud

["ents Pay it Forward With a Hand Up to Fellow Peers", "\nVisitors to the Alma Upshaw Dining Hall may have noticed the aroma of hot chocolate wafting through the air Nov. 12. If they followed their nose, they would have been led to a table hosted by Spelman\u2019s Student Philanthropy Council in recognition of National Philanthropy Day as a way to thank students who have made contributions to the College.", "\nThe Student Philanthropy Council consists of 18 students across all classifications who are working to increase student donor participation through philanthropic education. The council\u2019s primary objectives are to inform fellow students of the importance of giving back and to increase gifts to the President\u2019s Safety Net Fund.", "\nEstablished in August, the council has already made incredible strides, raising $2,300 from 163 student donors, a marked increase over the $370 contributed by students in the same time frame in 2013. During New Student Orientation, the Council distributed blue piggy banks to first year students to help them save toward their class gift. So far, first year students have participated at a rate 10 times the total participation for the entire year of first year students in the 2013-2014 academic year.", "\nScholarship recipients themselves, a number of the council\u2019s members are serving as a way to pay it forward and help provide assistance to other students with financial need. Another motivating factor for their participation, according to Briana Knight, C\u20192016, the council\u2019s president, is their belief that \u201cyou have to invest in yourself if you want others to invest in you.\u201d", "\nThrough their work, council members learn more than expected about philanthropy. Briana said her interest was piqued after a stint in the College\u2019s telefund office where she made calls to alumnae thanking them for their gifts and asking for renewals. \u201cSpelman women enjoyed hearing from us about the things happening on campus and sharing what it was like when they were students.\u201d An economics major, Briana says, \u201cThe job really opened my eyes to a lot", "\nA lot of people don\u2019t understand that tuition alone doesn\u2019t cover all of the expenses to educate students.\u201d", "\nIn acknowledgement of that fact, the council is planning an event in February to highlight Tuition Free Day, the approximate point in the fiscal year when revenue from tuition stops covering educational costs and the financial support from other means begins. The goal of Tuition Free Day is to raise awareness among students that their tuition covers just a fraction of what it actually costs to educate them for one year", "\nThe council will also take that opportunity to celebrate the thousands of alumnae and friends of the College who are making an investment in the lives of Spelman students. \u201cWe want to highlight all the great things on campus that are made possible by donors,\u201d says Briana.", "\nThis article by Stacey Lyons, director of the Office of Stewardship & Advancement Services, originally appeared in the online publication Inside Spelman."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.gand.uscourts.gov/news/2018-06

JURY SCAM ALERT: DON’T PAY CALLERS WHO SAY YOU FAILED TO APPEAR Residents of the Northern District of Georgia continue to receive fraudulent phone calls claiming that the victim failed to appear for jury duty in federal court. The scammer tells the victim

[" that he or she can avoid arrest by purchasing a pre-...\nIncrease in the Permitted Size of Electronic Files to 25 MB and Administrative Revisions to Appendix H Effective June 18, 2018", "\nBeginning on June 18, 2018, the Northern District of Georgia will increase the permitted size of individual electronic files uploaded to the Court's CM/ECF system from 20 MB to 25 MB. This change will reduce instances in which a single,...\nRevised Local Patent Rule 2.1(d) Now in Effect\nRevisions to Local Patent Rule 2.1(d), which addresses sealed filings, are now in effect. The full text of the revised rule is available here."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://clintonwhitehouse6.archives.gov/2000/07/2000-07-13-fact-sheet-on-major-new-investment-in-diabetes-research.html

PRESIDENT CLINTON ANNOUNCES MAJOR NEW INVESTMENT IN DIABETES RESEARCH, TREATMENT, AND PREVENTION Urges Congress to Fully Fund Racial Disparities Health Initiative

["", "\nToday, at the national conference of the NAACP, the President will announce that the National Institutes of Health and the Juvenile Diabetes Foundation will immediately release $5 million to 10 research sites worldwide to fund new clinical trials attempting to replicate the breakthrough \"islet transplantation\" protocol that has apparently cured a small number of individuals with Type 1 diabetes", "\nHe will also highlight that the Administration's Mid-Session review budget commits another $300 million over five years for research on and prevention of all types of diabetes. As he outlines this major new financing commitment, the President will unveil findings from a new report documenting that adolescent birth rates, infant mortality, and childhood immunization rates are improving across all segments of the youth populations, including minorities", "\nHowever, the President will also note that racial disparities in health status persist, and call on the Congress to fully fund the Administration's initiative to improve health outcomes and eliminate health disparities amongst American minority populations. Today, the President will:", "\nANNOUNCE SIGNIFICANT NEW FUNDING INVESTMENT IN DIABETES RESEARCH AND PREVENTION. Approximately 16 million people nationwide have diabetes, a chronic disease with no cure that costs the health care system approximately $98 billion annually. Diabetes is the leading cause of new cases of blindness in people aged 20 to 74, affecting up to 24,000 people each year. It is also the leading cause of non-traumatic lower-limb amputations - more than 56,000 a year", "\nIn addition, people with diabetes are more than twice as likely to have heart disease or a stroke than people without the disease. One in four African American women over the age of 55 has diabetes, and African Americans are more likely to have diabetes than whites.", "\nNew investment in breakthrough clinical trials treating Type 1 Diabetes. Today, President Clinton will announce that the National Institutes of Health will invest $5 million, as part of a larger public private partnership between NIH and the Juvenile Diabetes Foundation, in 10 sites worldwide in an attempt to replicate the breakthrough islet transplantation technique demonstrated to have effectively cured Type 1 diabetes in a small number of patients", "\nThere are approximately one million individuals with Type 1 diabetes nationwide, approximately 25 percent of which are minorities, and 30,000 new cases are diagnosed every year - 13,000 in children.", "\nHighlighted new investment of $150 million over 5 years in research on diabetes proposed in mid-session review. The President's Mid-Session review budget includes $150 million over five additional years at the National Institutes of Health and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for new research on treatment and prevention of Type 1 diabetes, including ways to understand and address the immune system abnormalities that cause the disease and combat complications of the disease.", "\nHighlighted new investment of $150 million over five additional years to prevent and treat diabetes in Native American populations", "\nThe President's Mid-Session review budget includes approximately $ 150 million for over 300 tribal grant programs to prevent the development of Type 2 diabetes in individuals at risk and enhance the diabetes care and education provided at Indian Health Service clinics through the creation of new diabetes clinics and teams of health care professionals dedicated to diabetes care.", "\nHighlighted investment of at least $65 million in new or expanded initiatives dedicated to research on and prevention of Type 2 diabetes in his FY 2001 budget. President Clinton announced that his FY 2001 budget proposes to dedicate at least $65 million to research on Type 2 diabetes, as part of an overall investment at NIH of $561 million in diabetes research", "\nThis new funding will be used to fund clinical trials aimed at developing more effective treatment; prevention strategies and national education efforts for Type 2 diabetes; research on risk factors for development and progression of complications for diabetes; and the reasons for racial disparities in the incidence of diabetes", "\nThis funding will also be used to expand and speed the search for genes indicating a predisposition to Type 2 diabetes and basic scientific research on the molecular basis for the disease.", "\nHIGHLIGHT A NEW REPORT INDICATING THAT THE WELL BEING OF AMERICA'S CHILDREN CONTINUES TO IMPROVE, BUT MORE MUST BE DONE TO ADDRESS RACIAL DISPARITIES. Today, the President will highlight the findings of a new government report entitled \"America's Children: Key National Indicators of Well-Being 2000\" by the Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics detailing that the health and well-being of American children continues to improve. Key findings include:", "\nChildhood immunization status. In 1998, approximately 80 percent of children aged 19 to 35 months had received the full complement of vaccines, a dramatic increase from 55 percent in 1992. And while great improvement has been made among minority children, only 73 percent of African-American children received the full complement of vaccines as opposed to 82 percent of white non-Hispanic children.", "\nInfant mortality. In 1998, the national infant mortality rate was 7.2 deaths per 1000 births, a record low - 14 percent lower than the 1993 rate. However, the rate for African American infants (13.7 deaths per 1000 births) is still more than twice the rate for white and Hispanic infants (6 deaths per 1000 births).", "\nTeen birth rates. The national teen birth rate dropped for the seventh year in a row to a record low of 30 births per 1000 for young women ages 15 to 17 years old. The sharpest decline was in the birth rate for African American teens ages 15 to 17, for whom the rate dropped by nearly one-third from 1991 to 1998.", "\nLow birth-weight babies. Although low birth-weight rates are rising for children of all races, in part because of the higher number of twin and triplet births has increased, 13.2 percent of African American children were born at a low birth-weight in 1998 as opposed to 6.6 percent of white children.", "\nViolent crimes committed by young people. In 1998, the serious violent crime offending rate for youth was 27 crimes per 1,000 adolescents - a drop by more than half from 1993 and the lowest level recorded since 1973.\nWhile the racial disparities in these indicators is troubling, it is encouraging that enrollment in early childhood education is up, particularly among children living in poverty, among children with mothers who were not in the labor force, and among black, non-Hispanic children.", "\nURGE THE CONGRESS TO FULLY FUND THE ADMINISTRATION'S RACE AND HEALTH INITIATIVE. The President will note more needs to be done to address racial health disparities. For example, African Americans are 40 percent more likely to die from heart disease than whites. Native Americans suffer significantly higher rates of infant mortality and heart disease. And Asian Americans are as much as five times more likely to die from liver cancer associated with hepatitis", "\nIn order to address these and other racial health disparities, President Clinton launched a new initiative in 1998 that set a national goal of eliminating by the year 2010, longstanding disparities in health status that affect racial and ethnic minority groups in six key areas: 1) infant mortality; 2) diabetes; 3) cancer; 4) heart disease; 5) HIV/AIDS and 6) immunizations. The President's FY 2001 Budget includes $35 million for these demonstration projects. Recently, the Senate provided only $30 million", "\nThe President will reiterate his call to the Congress to fully fund this critical initiative."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.adasoutheast.org/legal/articles.php?id=7735

No title found

["No title found\n\"Smoking Gun\" Comments Serve as an Important Reminder of ADA Protection Against Associational Discrimination\nSource: Foley and Lardner LLP", "No title found\nMost employers are well aware that the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) protects qualified individuals with disabilities against discrimination on the basis of disability and requires employers to provide reasonable accommodations to employees with disabilities, if those accommodations do not pose an undue hardship for the employer", "No title found\nHowever, a recent court decision reminds employers that even individuals without disabilities may be protected from discrimination under the ADA due to their association with another person who has a disability.", "No title found\nIn the recent decision, the employee worked as the sole receptionist in the admissions office for the employer school and was responsible for answering phone calls, meeting with new students, reviewing admissions paperwork, and generally serving as the first point of contact for prospective students and parents. During her six months of employment with the school, the employee arrived to work late 27 times, left work early 54 times, and was absent 17 days", "No title found\nMuch of this time away from work was taken by the employee to care for her infant daughter who required hospitalization on multiple occasions for various respiratory issues. On various occasions, the employee informed her supervisor that she was absent because her daughter had low oxygen levels, had been hospitalized for pneumonia, and would have been diagnosed with asthma if she was older, but, as a child, her condition was referred to as reactive airway disease", "No title found\nWhen the employee was at work, she often stayed late \ufffd working past her regularly scheduled shift on more than 31 occasions.", "No title found\nThe school eventually discharged the employee because her \ufffdjob performance, attendance, attitude and behavior were consistently unsatisfactory.\ufffd However, according to the employee, other than a reprimand for arriving six minutes late to work and an instruction not to wear jogging attire to work, she had not received any discipline prior to her termination", "No title found\nAdditionally, during the termination meeting, the supervisor allegedly told her that he was \ufffdletting her go\ufffd because he needed someone without children to work at the front desk at all scheduled times. When the employee asked for another chance, her supervisor asked her how she could guarantee that her child was not going to be sick again, and said \ufffdso, what is it, your job or your daughter?\ufffd", "No title found\nFollowing the termination, she filed suit against the school, her supervisor, and another school official, claiming that the school discriminated against her and terminated her employment because of her association with an individual with a disability, in violation of the ADA and New York state law. In response, the school asked the court to dismiss the suit and grant judgment in its favor. According to the school, it was not aware that the child of the employee had an ADA-qualifying disability", "No title found\nMoreover, the school argued that the performance of the employee had been unsatisfactory, had not improved despite repeated counseling, and ultimately, resulted in her termination.", "No title found\nDespite the largely undisputed attendance and work attire issues, the court refused to dismiss the case and, instead, determined that the case should proceed to trial. In doing so, the court rejected the notion that the school was not aware of the disability of the child and noted that the employee had multiple communications with her supervisor about illnesses of the child and reactive airway disease", "No title found\nWith respect to the issue of discriminatory discharge, the court concluded that the comments by the supervisor to the employee (i.e., needing someone without kids to work at the front desk, the inability to guarantee that her daughter would not get sick again, etc.) could easily be viewed as \ufffdsmoking gun\ufffd statements, indicating that the supervisor believed that the daughter of the employee would be frequently ill and that the termination of the employee was connected to her association with her disabled child.", "No title found\nThe case highlights several issues that employers would do well to keep in mind:", "No title found\nFirst, ADA protections are not limited to solely persons who have disabilities themselves; it also protects caregivers and other persons who are associated with a person with a disability", "No title found\nThese protections are separate from, and in addition to, any rights or protections such persons might otherwise have under the Family and Medical Leave Act and should be given consideration any time disciplinary action is contemplated, particularly where issues of illness of a family member or other health condition has been raised by the employee.", "No title found\nSecond, the importance of documenting disciplinary action (including verbal counseling) cannot be overstated. Indeed, a lack of supporting documentation showing repeated disciplinary action only assists the employee in the event of a dispute about such discipline.", "No title found\nThird, as evidenced by the comments from the court, employers must keep in mind that a single inappropriate comment during a termination or disciplinary meeting can create significant problems in an otherwise well-documented, performance-based case. Consequently, human resources and supervisors must be trained about what to say and what not to say during disciplinary and termination meetings", "No title found\nIn addition, it is often a good idea to prepare talking points in advance of such meetings and to consult with counsel regarding any anticipated \ufffdtrouble spots\ufffd in advance to ensure that the discussion stays on track.", "No title found\nhttp://www.foley.com/Smoking-Gun-Comments-Serve-as-an-Important-Reminder-of-the-ADAs-Protection-Against-Associational-Discrimination-03-23-2015/?utm_source=Mondaq&utm_medium=syndication&utm_campaign=View-Original"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://goldenempire.scusd.edu/event/student-leadership-elections-are-november-6th-4th-6th-grades

Student Leadership Elections Are November 6th (4th – 6th grades) Event October 29, 2018 This event has been archived and may contain content that is out of date.

[""]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://dlb.sa.edu.au/atmoodle/mod/forum/discuss.php?d=71

2017 Southern STEM Expo by Mark Haughton - Monday, 28 August 2017, 12:07 PM Special congratulations to Mr Thierry Herman, Le Fevre High School - Winner of the 2017 STEM Educator of the Year – School Teaching View a video of Mr Thierry Herman here. Since t

["he introduction of the Science Excellence Awards in 2005, the Government of South Australia has recognised the efforts and achievements of more than 60 winners, many of whom are world leaders in their respective fields.", "\nThe Science Excellence Awards are the most prestigious of their kind in the state and complement the national Prime Minister\u2019s Prize\u2019s for Science Now in its twelfth year, the SA Science Excellence Awards showcase the critical importance of science and research to the development of industry and our society", "\nThe achievements of talented individuals, including recent PhD graduates and early career science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) professionals and teachers, who are making an outstanding contribution to society both nationally and internationally are acknowledged."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://nieman.harvard.edu/news/2006/03/columbia-graduate-school-of-journalism-and-the-nieman-foundation-at-harvard-announce-2006-lukas-prize-project-awards-for-exceptional-works-of-nonfiction/

Columbia and Nieman Foundation Announce 2006 Lukas Prize Project Awards Three Prizes Honor J. Anthony Lukas, Late Pulitzer-Prize Winning Author J. Anthony Lukas Prize Project Laura Claridge Megan Marshall Nate Blakeslee

["", "\nNEW YORK (March 24, 2006) \u2014 The recipients of the 2006 J. Anthony Lukas Prize Project Awards for exceptional nonfiction include a chilling account of racially-biased drug enforcement in the Texas panhandle by Nate Blakeslee; a portrait of the Peabody sisters, who were influential in the transcendental movement, by Megan Marshall; and a fresh look at Emily Post as a writer, whose celebrated advice on etiquette was really about ethics, by Laura Claridge.", "\nThe awards ceremony will be held on Tuesday, May 9, at Harvard University. Established in 1998, the prizes recognize excellence in nonfiction writing, works that exemplify the literary grace, commitment to serious research and social concern that characterized the distinguished work of the awards\u2019 Pulitzer Prize-winning namesake J. Anthony Lukas, who died in 1997", "\nOne of the three prizes, The Mark Lynton History Prize, is named for the late Mark Lynton, business executive and author of Accidental Journey: A Cambridge Internee\u2019s Memoir of World War II. Lynton was an avid proponent of the writing of history and the Lynton Family has sponsored the Lukas Prize Project since its inception.", "\nFollowing are the winners, finalists, judges and the judges\u2019 citations.\nJ. Anthony Lukas Work-in-Progress Award ($30,000)\nLaura Claridge for Emily Post and the Rise of Practical Feminism (to be published by Random House)\nThe Lukas Work-in-Progress Award is given each year to assist in the completion of a significant work of narrative nonfiction on an American topic of political or social concern.", "\nThe judges noted: \u201cLaura Claridge thinks and writes about Emily Post in a way Tony Lukas would have cheered, producing the kind of rigorous and imaginative cultural history that he both pioneered and championed.\u201d Claridge\u2019s book is \u201ca fresh look at the deeply influential advice-giver who showed that manners were about ethics, not just etiquette, and who in the process helped advance the democratic promise that made America special among nations: that anyone could rise into the middle class and beyond.\u201d", "\nTwo finalists for the J. Anthony Lukas Work-in-Progress Award were also named: Bruce Barcott for The Last Flight of the Scarlet Macaw (to be published by Random House) and Dudley Clendinen for Canterbury Tales (to be published by Viking, Penguin Group).", "\nJudges noted that in The Last Flight of the Scarlet Macaw, \u201cBruce Barcott employs a novel\u2019s worth of colorful characters in his brightly written, tightly focused tale of the battle between those who would build a dam and those who would save a bird.\u201d And about Canterbury Tales, the judges wrote, \u201cLiving for years with his subjects \u2014 the residents of the geriatric facility that has become his mother\u2019s final home \u2014 Dudley Clendinen has produced a sharp and wise portrait of what he rightly calls the \u2018new old age\u2019 in America.\u201d", "\nJudges for the J.Anthony Lukas Work-in-Progress Award were Susan Braudy, Kevin Coyne and Richard Pollak.\nThe Mark Lynton History Prize ($10,000)\nMegan Marshall for The Peabody Sisters: Three Women who Ignited American Romanticism (Houghton Mifflin)", "\n\u201cThrough their elegantly entwined biographies,\u201d the judges noted, \u201cMegan Marshall takes us into the life of family, intellectual innovation, gender relations, and even health in New England in the first half of the nineteenth century \u2026 Megan Marshall\u2019s interweaving of domestic life and the wider world of American culture, reform and experimental thought is accomplished with the observant eye of the best social history and the nuance of a Jane Austen novel.\u201d", "\nOne finalist was named: Tony Judt for Postwar: A History of Europe since 1945. In Postwar, Judt has drawn on 40 years of reading and writing about modern Europe to create a fully rounded, deep account of the continent\u2019s recent past. Judges for the Mark Lynton History Prize were Robert Harms, Louis Masur and Natalie Zemon Davis.\nThe J. Anthony Lukas Book Prize ($10,000)\nNate Blakeslee for Tulia: Race, Cocaine, and Corruption in a Small Texas Town (Public Affairs Press)", "\n\u201cTulia is a classic expose of justice denied in small town America, written with meticulous documentation and dramatic flair,\u201d judges noted. \u201cA chilling account of racially-biased drug enforcement in the Texas panhandle, Tulia opens in July 1999 with a police sweep that apprehended 47 alleged cocaine dealers, nearly all of them black", "\nBlakeslee reveals how the suspects were arrested and convicted solely on the word of an undercover cop so unfit for law enforcement that he was wanted for a crime in another Texas town. The assembly-line legal system \u2014 controlled by an obstinate sheriff and a cynical judge \u2014 churned out prison sentences as severe as 361 years. Almost miraculously set right by a determined coalition of local citizens and pro-bono attorneys, these prosecutions ultimately led to state legislative reforms.\u201d", "\nTwo finalists for the J.Anthony Lukas Book Prize were also named: Kurt Eichenwald for Conspiracy of Fools: A True Story (Broadway Books) and co-authors Kai Bird and Martin Sherwin for American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer (Alfred A. Knopf).", "\nJudges noted that \u201cConspiracy of Fools recreates the culture of complicity that inflated and finally exploded Enron \u2026 a forensic investigation of corporate behavior uninhibited by the constraints of legal, regulatory, and moral accountability.\u201d About American Prometheus, judges said, \u201cOffers not only a vivid psychological portrait of its subject, but also a richly-textured history of the atom bomb\u2019s creation and the post-war era of anti-communist hysteria.\u201d", "\nJudges for the J. Anthony Lukas Book prize were: Joe Conason, John Darnton, and Elizabeth Kolbert.\nThe J. Anthony Lukas Prize Project Committee", "\nArthur Gelb, author, and Linda Healey, editor and Mr. Lukas\u2019 widow, are co-chairs of the J. Anthony Lukas Prize Project Committee", "\nOther members are Jonathan Alter, author and Newsweek columnist; Alan Brinkley, Columbia University Provost and Allan Nevins Professor of History; Ellen Chesler, author; Phyllis Grann, editor; Robert Giles, curator, Nieman Foundation; Vartan Gregorian, president, The Carnegie Corporation; Bill Kovach, chairman of the Committee of Concerned Journalists; Nicholas Lemann, Dean of Columbia\u2019s Graduate School of Journalism; Lili Lynton, business consultant; Marion Lynton, Mr", "\nLynton\u2019s widow; Kati Marton, author and human rights activist; and Rosalind Rosenberg, Professor of History at Barnard College.", "\nAbout the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism\nFor almost a century, the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism has been preparing journalists in a program that stresses academic rigor, ethics, journalistic inquiry and professional practice. Founded by Joseph Pulitzer in 1912, the school offers Master of Science, Master of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy degrees.\nAbout Columbia University", "\nFounded in 1754 as King\u2019s College, Columbia University in the City of New York is the fifth oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and today is one of the world\u2019s leading academic and research institutions. For more information about Columbia University, visit www.columbia.edu.\nAbout the Nieman Foundation", "\nThe Nieman Foundation for Journalism at Harvard University administers the nation\u2019s oldest midcareer fellowship program for journalists. Since 1938, more than 1,100 men and women from the United States and 77 other nations have come to Harvard as part of the fellowship program. In addition to the fellowships, the Nieman Foundation publishes Nieman Reports, the nation\u2019s oldest magazine devoted to a critical examination of the practice of journalism", "\nThe foundation also is the home of the Nieman Program on Narrative Journalism and the Nieman Watchdog Project, which encourages reporters and editors to monitor and hold accountable those who exert power in all aspects of public life."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://newsroom.ucla.edu/stories/first-full-length-ucla-tft-thesis-film-to-screen-at-sundance

Patricia Vidal Delgado Stills from Patricia Vidal Delgado’s film “La Leyenda Negra.” First full-length UCLA TFT thesis film to screen at Sundance Alumna Patricia Vidal Delgado’s first feature film is making its debut at one of the nation’s top film festiv

["als\nNoela Hueso | January 23, 2020", "\nPatricia Vidal Delgado\u2019s \u201cLa Leyenda Negra\u201d is headed to the Sundance Film Festival, which takes place Jan. 23-Feb. 2. Created as her thesis project while she was an M.F.A. student at the UCLA School of Theater, Film and Television, it is her first feature film, shot in black and white, and the first full-length UCLA TFT thesis project to screen at Sundance. Delgado, who graduated in 2018, is a native of Portugal", "\nShe received her bachelor\u2019s degree in fine art media from the Slade School of Fine Art, University College London, and has had her short films debut in a number of international film festivals. She wrote, directed and produced \u201cLa Leyenda Negra,\u201d a coming-of-age story about an immigrant teenage girl whose protected status is at risk, filming it in 18 days around greater Los Angeles with the help of a number of UCLA TFT students, faculty and staff, including producer M.F.A", "\nalumni Alicia Herder, cinematographer Matt Maio and first assistant director Cecilia Albertini, among others.", "\nThe filmmaker recently took a break from her Sundance preparations to chat about \u201cLa Leyenda Negra,\u201d screening in the festival\u2019s NEXT section, which she considers to be a commentary on the political actions of the current White House administration.\nCongratulations on your film getting into Sundance!\nThank you. It\u2019s definitely exciting and terrifying all at the same time. It\u2019s such a big opportunity.\nHow did you find out that your film was accepted?", "\nI got a phone call from a programmer. To be honest, my first reaction was that it was a cruel prank. It was a reaction of shock, really.\nWhat was the genesis of \u201cLa Leyenda Negra\u201d?", "\nI previously shot a short film in Compton called \u201cThe Hood,\u201d during my first year at TFT. I really loved the experience, the stories and the talent there. I had a friend who was a teacher and head of the media department at Compton High School. [After the shoot], he said to me, \u201cYou know, a lot of my kids are really interested in acting. Do you want to come down and chat with them?\u201d I met and fell in love with his kids", "\nA lot of them were Latino and they\u2019re going through what every other American teenager goes through but a lot of them also have immigration statuses that are currently under attack because of this administration. That\u2019s where the idea for \u201cLa Leyenda Negra\u201d was born.", "\n\u201cLa Leyenda Negra\u201d take place in Compton. Aleteia is an El Salvadorian teenager fighting for her right to stay in America through activism. She\u2019s a member of an underground political organization called the Compton Black Bloc. She\u2019s very intelligent and feisty, and she stands up for what she believes in but she\u2019s a little bit lonely because she hasn\u2019t really made any friends at Compton High School, where she is newly arrived", "\nWhen she stands up for herself in class, she is noticed by Rosarito and the film documents the burgeoning friendship \u2014 and maybe a little bit more \u2014 between the two girls.", "\nThere were several people who inspired me to write \u201cLa Leyenda Negra\u201d: My boyfriend, David Aguilar, who experienced the alienation of living as an undocumented immigrant in America for many years; the teachers at Compton High School, because some of their brightest Temporary Protected Status-eligible or DACA-eligible students have financial aid or scholarships revoked because of the uncertainty of their immigration status; and the TPS-eligible students at Compton High School themselves, who have said to me, \u201cI\u2019m about to graduate but I can\u2019t make any long-term plans because TPS, DACA, they\u2019re not permanent statuses and no one knows when they might end.\u201d So, do they stay here and risk deportation or do they go back to a country they don\u2019t even remember", "\nEditor\u2019s note: DACA stands for Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals.\nWhat is the significance of the title?", "\n\u201cLa Leyenda Negra\u201d refers to the demonization of Spanish conquistadores by Protestant settlers and essentially reflects a historical bias. Aleteia challenges all bias in her fight for truth and this is reflected in her involvement with the Compton Black Bloc. The film explores themes of imperialism, both old and new, and so \u201cLa Leyenda Negra\u201d refers to that but also, if you consider the English translation, \u201cThe Black Legend,\u201d is a nod to Aleteia\u2019s involvement in anarchist circles.", "\nWhy is the film shot in black and white?\nBecause the film touches on themes of globalization, imperialism, the persecution of the other, intolerance and the idea that history repeats itself. It collates down to the same question, which is essentially one of tradition or change. The black and white setting is an aesthetic representation [of that].\nTell me about your filmmaking style.", "\nA rough, raw, edgy, indie style is the one that makes my heart beat faster; that\u2019s definitely the energy I like to create in my films. Emotional intensity is something that I\u2019m always working with my actors to achieve, too.\nIn general, what kinds of stories do you want to tell as a filmmaker?\nYA [young adult] stories resonate with me. I\u2019m also very interested in female-driven stories. Latino content interests me a lot because there is still a lack of representation. Those are what spark my creative drive.", "\nWhat made you want to become a filmmaker?\nWhen I was in art school, I was making video art, performance art and sound art, so I was already in the new media space. After I graduated, I started working as a camera assistant; I saw, from the shorts and features that I worked on, that there was a lack of representation of the female perspective, the immigrant experience, the people of color experience. I thought, \u201cI want to see a change. Maybe the best way to implement that change is to start making it.\u201d", "\nWhy did you want to come to UCLA TFT?\nWhat really resonated with me was the humanistic storytelling ethos at UCLA TFT. That\u2019s really what made me think, at UCLA, they\u2019re fostering and nurturing filmmakers who want to make some kind of positive change, in the overwhelming narrative, with their work.\nDid you consider any other schools?\nTo be honest, no.\nWhat is your favorite memory of your time at UCLA TFT?", "\nIn the first year of the M.F.A. production/directing program, you\u2019re in class 12 hours a day, six days a week; you\u2019re put through a filmmaking boot camp \u2014 there\u2019s no other way to describe it: You\u2019re basically living, eating, sleeping and drinking with your peers [because of the workload]. You really feel like they\u2019re your family, and it\u2019s unique because then you graduate and to a certain extent, that intimacy and camaraderie is unfortunately dissipated because everybody goes on their own professional path.", "\nWas there a professor who was instrumental to your growth as a filmmaker?\nNancy Richardson, absolutely. She is so passionate and cares so much. She always makes herself available despite the fact that she works professionally as an editor on really big Hollywood productions. I\u2019m sure that she\u2019s so busy and that technically speaking, she doesn\u2019t have time for anyone, but she always makes time for her students.", "\nDelgado isn\u2019t the only UCLA TFT alumnus going to Sundance this year. In the U.S. dramatic competition, Jorma Taccone, who graduated in 2002, is a producer of Max Barbakow\u2019s \u201cPalm Springs\u201d and alumna Quyen Tran is the film\u2019s cinematographer; Alex O\u2019Flinn, who graduated in 2009, is the editor on Tara Miele\u2019s \u201cWander Darkly\u201d; and Michael Stuhlbarg stars in Josephine Decker\u2019s \u201cShirley.\u201d Garrett Bradley, who graduated in 2012, is the director and producer of \u201cTime,\u201d one of the U.S", "\ndocumentary competition entries. In the Midnight section, alumnus Joe Russo is an executive producer on Natalie Erika James\u2019 \u201cRelic\u201d and alumnus Topher Osborn is the director of photography for Justin Simien\u2019s \u201cBad Hair.\u201d", "\nTags: alumni | film and television | arts\nClick image for full description and download.\nCourtesy Patricia Vidal Delgado\nNoela Hueso\[email protected]"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://news.psu.edu/story/388197/2016/01/19/research/industrial-engineer-earns-national-science-foundation-career-award

Industrial engineer earns National Science Foundation CAREER Award Hui Yang, Harold and Inge Marcus Career Associate Professor of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, was recently awarded a National Science Foundation Early Career Development Award.

["Pamela Krewson Wertz", "\nUNIVERSITY PARK, Pa. \u2013 Hui Yang, Harold and Inge Marcus Career Associate Professor of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering at Penn State, was recently awarded a National Science Foundation (NSF) Early Career Development (CAREER) Award.", "\nThe CAREER award is the most prestigious award given by the NSF and is designed to support junior faculty members who have shown exceptional promise through outstanding research, excellent teaching and the integration of education and research by awarding assistant professors with five years of funding.\nYang received a $500,000 grant for his project titled \u201cSensor-based Modeling and Control of Nonlinear Dynamics in Complex Systems for Quality Improvements in Manufacturing and Healthcare.\u201d", "\nMany industries, including manufacturing and health care, have identified the urgent need to harness and exploit nonlinear dynamics \u2014 arising whenever multifarious entities of a system cooperate, compete or interfere \u2014 to introduce creative new products or services with remarkable features, such as adaptation, customization, responsiveness and quality in unprecedented scales.", "\nYang\u2019s research aims to advance the scientific base of modeling and control of these complex systems by contributing new nonlinear dynamics concepts, methods and algorithms. Effective monitoring and control of nonlinear dynamics will increase system quality and integrity, thereby leading to significant economic and societal impacts.", "\n\u201cThis research will enrich the theory of nonlinear dynamics and expand its research domain to interdisciplinary applications in both manufacturing and health care sectors,\u201d said Yang. \u201cThe methodologies are also generally applicable to a wide variety of complex systems that exhibit nonlinear dynamics such as the heart and the brain, as well as precision machining, biomanufacturing and nano manufacturing.\"", "\nSuccesses in smart health and advanced manufacturing require a highly skilled workforce capable of using and developing advanced quality technologies. However, most engineering curricula do not provide college graduates with the knowledge and training in sensor-based modeling of nonlinear dynamics phenomena. Yang\u2019s CAREER education plan is aimed at training the next generation of engineers to bring analytical skills and nonlinear thinking into advanced sensing and process control", "\nHe aims to integrate his research efforts with educational and outreach activities for students at various levels, as well as inform the general public on a wide variety of nonlinear phenomena in complex systems.", "\nYang joined the Penn State faculty in August 2015. His research interests include: sensor-based modeling and analysis of complex systems for process monitoring/control; system diagnostics/prognostics; and quality improvement and performance optimization, with a special focus on nonlinear stochastic dynamics and the resulting chaotic, reoccurring, multifractal, self-organizing, long-range behavior.", "\nHe is specifically interested in the study of complex systems monitoring, health care informatics and signal processing, big data analytics for large-scale complex systems, nonlinear dynamics and chaos, computer simulation and optimization, and quality engineering and applied statistics.\[email protected]\n@StuckemanNews\nHui Yang\[email protected]\nPenn State to host symposium on Lean Six Sigma in health care\nIndustrial engineer co-authors new book on health care service engineering", "\nH. Nembhard accepted into the Penn State Hershey Leadership Academy\nAcademics, Faculty Achievement, Health and Medicine, Research, Science and Technology\nCAREER Award, healthcare service engineering, industrial engineering, manufacturing, National Science Foundation, nonlinear dynamics, NSF Career\nAlumni, Awards and Achievements, Business and Industry, Faculty and Staff, News of Record, Students, Visitors and Neighbors"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/browse?type=author&sort_by=2&order=DESC&value=Hook%2C+JM

Browsing by Author Hook, JM Jump to a point in the index: (Choose year) 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1985 1980 1975 1970 1960 1950 (Ch

["oose month) January February March April May June July August September October November December", "\nSort by: titleissue datesubmit date In order: Ascending Descending Results/Page 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 Authors/Record: All 15 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50\n1-Jan-2016 Intramolecular H\u22efS interactions in metal di-(isopropyl)dithiocarbamate complexes Angeloski, A; Hook, JM; Bhadbhade, M; Baker, AT; McDonagh, AM\n4-Feb-2005 Titanium dioxide nanoparticles functionalized with Pd and W complexes of a catecholphosphane ligand Lucas, NT; Hook, JM; McDonagh, AM; Colbran, SB"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://research.qut.edu.au/reefresearch/about/

Reef Research Reef Research The Great Barrier Reef constitutes approximately 10 per cent of the earth’s coral reef environments, making it the largest coral reef ecosystem on the planet. This 2,300 km long marine environment can be seen from space, spanni

["ng from the northern tip of Queensland down to the north of Bundaberg, with 348,000 km2 of estimated surface area.", "\nCoral reefs play a vital role in underwater ecosystems, supporting a quarter of all marine life on earth. They have evolved to recover and recuperate after severe weather conditions such as cyclones, but with additional environmental factors including coral bleaching from climate change and outbreaks of the notorious crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS), as well as human factors such as land-based pollution and dredging, coral reefs are having a hard time trying to regenerate.", "\nAcademics from different disciplines across the university have dived in to Great Barrier Reef research, working on projects related to reef restoration, seagrass-saving studies, reducing land-based pollution in reef catchments, environmental law, the use of drones in monitoring reef health, finding solutions to sustainability problems, and so much more! You can read all about these projects and studies here.\nThis information has been contributed by Reef Research."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://marvelheroeslibrary.com/comics/comic-info.aspx?book=Invincible+Iron+Man&comic=IM-218

Invincible Iron Man #218: Deep Trouble!

["Invincible Iron Man #218: Deep Trouble!\nComments: First appearance of the deep-sea armor. John Romita Sr. redrew Carter Hastings' head/face in many panels; original Bob Layton art under paste-up shows him with a full head of hair. Irina Tarasova is the name of a Russian shot-putter of a later decade. Tony has developed a low-light photography system which was used in the recent discovery of the Titanic (1985). There's also a brief reference to dictator Ferdinand Marcos' overthrow in the Philippines (1986)", "Invincible Iron Man #218: Deep Trouble!\nIn an understated moment, Tony turns down the offer of a drink. And for a detail that almost went unnoticed, Stark's exploration vessel is called \u201cBethany.\u201d", "Invincible Iron Man #218: Deep Trouble!\nReview: Looks like we have a rare tale harking back to the Cold War era\u2014and, even better, the introduction of a new Black Widow: Irina Tarasova! Except that isn't the case; Ms Tarasova has only one subsequent appearance and that's in ANNUAL #10, two years later. Bringing back a sexy Soviet spy would have been a lot of fun; I don't know why they didn't go along with it. But what we do have is a nicely plotted and nicely drawn underwater adventure that pleases on all counts.", "Invincible Iron Man #218: Deep Trouble!\nOn a secret mission to England, Tony Stark is waylaid by a band of thugs impersonating a security detail. In a secluded wood, he meets their leader, Soviet agent Irina Tarasova who politely suggests he abandon his mission and return home immediately. They then abandon him in the forest. Luckily Tony has his briefcase with him and changes into Iron Man, taking to the air to pursue his foes. Catching up to them he damages their car and strands them, first telling Tarasova to lay off....", "Invincible Iron Man #218: Deep Trouble!\nHeading to London, he ponders the events which led up to his mission. At Stark Enterprises HQ, Tony was visited by a State Department member, who informed him that the recent undersea exploration of the Titanic revealed a canister of a chemical weapon\u2014a canister which was now dissolving and threatening to release its contents into the ocean. Tony was tasked with contacting the elderly and reclusive inventor of the weapon, Carter Hastings, to learn how serious the threat may be....", "Invincible Iron Man #218: Deep Trouble!\nNow, Iron Man changes back into his Tony Stark guise and stops by Hastings' home; he is met by Hastings with a shotgun and it takes some persuasion to get the old man to admit Tony. Hastings reveals that the canister contained the deadliest gas known, which he had second thoughts about creating and so told his superiors that it was a failure. But it wasn't and Hastings begs Tony to take care of it before it is too late", "Invincible Iron Man #218: Deep Trouble!\nTony takes his exploration ship out to the site of the Titanic's sinking and, donning his new, untested deep-sea armor, descends to the ocean floor. There he is attacked by Russian drone subs which he manages to fight off successfully\u2014but there's more. The Soviets have a huge underwater robot Leviathan to battle Iron Man and open the canister, thus creating an environmental disaster for which America will be blamed. Shellhead snatches up the canister and then allows the Leviathan to seize him", "Invincible Iron Man #218: Deep Trouble!\nThe inner armor then detaches from the outer and the hero jets to the surface, sending the self-destruct signal to the outer shell and destroying the Leviathan. Iron Man then blows a hole in the Russian ship above. Irina Tarasova sends out the call for their rescue back-up, dreaming of evening the score against Tony Stark...."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.gainesville.com/story/news/crime/2016/02/16/florida-officials-may-urge-exoneration/31129994007/

Florida officials may urge exoneration for 'Groveland Four'

["Florida officials may urge exoneration for 'Groveland Four'\nFlorida officials may urge exoneration for 'Groveland Four'\nORLANDO \u2014 The arrests and killings of four African-American men accused of raping a white woman in Groveland, Florida, in 1949 is considered one of the great miscarriages of justice in the years prior to the civil rights movement.", "Florida officials may urge exoneration for 'Groveland Four'\nOn Tuesday, Groveland city officials will consider a proclamation encouraging the exoneration of the four men known as the \"Groveland Four.\" None of the men is alive, but their relatives still live in the central Florida community that six decades ago was a major producer of citrus but today is an Orlando suburb.", "Florida officials may urge exoneration for 'Groveland Four'\nThe proclamation requests that Gov. Rick Scott and his Cabinet pardon Samuel Shepherd, Walter Irvin, Charles Greenlee and Ernest Thomas. A resolution exonerating the four men has been introduced in the Florida Senate this legislative session.\nThomas was killed by a sheriff's posse. During their trials, Greenlee was given a life sentence; Shepherd and Irving were sentenced to death.\nA new trial was ordered for Shepherd and Irvin after their convictions were overturned by the U.S. Supreme Court.", "Florida officials may urge exoneration for 'Groveland Four'\nThey were later shot \u2014 Shepherd fatally \u2014 by Lake County's sheriff, who said they tried to overpower him during a ride from the state prison back to Lake County.\nIrvin was tried again, this time represented by Thurgood Marshall, who later would become the nation's first African American Supreme Court justice. Irvin was convicted again, but his death sentence was commuted to life in prison by then-Gov. LeRoy Collins.", "Florida officials may urge exoneration for 'Groveland Four'\nGreenlee and Irvin were released from prison in the 1960s. Irvin died in 1970 during a visit to Lake County. Greenlee died in 2012."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.lubbockonline.com/story/sports/2013/02/05/cause-super-bowl-power-outage-remains-unclear/15107915007/

Super Bowl power outage remains under investigation; cause unclear

["Super Bowl power outage remains under investigation; cause unclear\nNEW ORLEANS - Who turned out the lights?\nThe day after the 34-minute blackout at the Super Bowl, the exact cause - and who's to blame - were unclear.\nAlthough the cause of the blackout remains under investigation, a couple of potential culprits had been ruled out.", "Super Bowl power outage remains under investigation; cause unclear\nIt wasn't Beyonce's electrifying halftime performance, according to Doug Thornton, manager of the state-owned Superdome, since the singer had her own generator. And it apparently wasn't a case of too much demand for power. Meters showed the 76,000-seat stadium was drawing no more electricity than it does during a typical New Orleans Saints game, Thornton said.", "Super Bowl power outage remains under investigation; cause unclear\nHowever, documents released Monday by the state board that oversees the Superdome show that stadium officials were worried about a power outage several months before the big game.\nAn Oct. 15 memo prepared for the Louisiana Stadium & Exposition District says that tests on Superdome electrical feeders showed they had \"some decay and a chance of failure.\"", "Super Bowl power outage remains under investigation; cause unclear\nEntergy New Orleans, the company that supplies the stadium with power, and the structure's engineering staff \"had concerns regarding the reliability of the Dome service from Entergy's connection point to the Dome,\" the memo says. Those concerns were due in part to \"circumstances that have previously occurred with the electrical service regarding transient spikes and loads.\"", "Super Bowl power outage remains under investigation; cause unclear\nThe memo also cites 2011 blackouts that struck Candlestick Park, where the San Francisco 49ers were playing a nationally televised Monday night football game, as a reason for ordering the tests.\nThe board later authorized spending nearly $1 million on Superdome improvements, including more than $600,000 for upgrading the dome's electrical feeder cable system.", "Super Bowl power outage remains under investigation; cause unclear\n\"As discussed in previous board meetings, this enhancement is necessary to maintain both the Superdome and the New Orleans Arena as top tier facilities, and to ensure that we do not experience any electrical issues during the Super Bowl,\" says a LSED document dated Dec. 19.", "Super Bowl power outage remains under investigation; cause unclear\nAn attorney for the state board that oversees the Superdome said the blackout did not appear to be related to the replacement in December of electrical equipment connecting the stadium to Entergy. Officials with the utility and the Superdome noted that an NFL game, the Sugar Bowl and another bowl game were played there in recent weeks with no apparent problems.", "Super Bowl power outage remains under investigation; cause unclear\nThe lights-out game Sunday proved an embarrassment for the Big Easy just when it was hoping to show the rest of the world how far it has come since Hurricane Katrina in 2005. But many fans and residents were forgiving, and officials expressed confidence that the episode wouldn't hurt the city's hopes of hosting the championship again.", "Super Bowl power outage remains under investigation; cause unclear\nTo New Orleans' great relief, NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell said the city did a \"terrific\" job hosting its first pro football championship in the post-Hurricane Katrina era, and added: \"I fully expect that we will be back here for Super Bowls.\"", "Super Bowl power outage remains under investigation; cause unclear\nFans watching from their living rooms weren't deterred, either. An estimated 108.4 million television viewers saw the Baltimore Ravens beat the San Francisco 49ers 34-31, making it the third most-viewed program in television history. Both the 2010 and 2011 games hit the 111 million mark.", "Super Bowl power outage remains under investigation; cause unclear\nThe problem that caused the outage was believed to have happened around the spot where a line that feeds current from the local power company, Entergy New Orleans, connects with the Superdome's electrical system, officials said. But whether the fault lay with the utility or with the Superdome was not clear.", "Super Bowl power outage remains under investigation; cause unclear\nDetermining the cause will probably take days, according to Dennis Dawsey, a vice president for distribution and transmission for Entergy. He said the makers of some of the switching gear have been brought in to help figure out what happened.\nThe blackout came after a nearly flawless week of activity for football fans in New Orleans leading up to the big game.", "Super Bowl power outage remains under investigation; cause unclear\n\"I hope that's not what they'll remember about this Super Bowl,\" French Quarter artist Gloria Wallis said. \"I hope that what they'll remember is they had a great time here and that they were welcomed here.\"\nRavens fan Antonio Prezioso, a Baltimore native who went to the game with his 11-year-old son, said the outage just extended the experience.\n\"The more time we could spend at the game was a good thing, as long as it ended the way it did,\" he said, laughing.", "Super Bowl power outage remains under investigation; cause unclear\nThe city last hosted the Super Bowl in 2002, and officials were hoping this would serve as the ultimate showcase for the city's recovery. Hurricane Katrina in 1985 tore holes in the roof of the Superdome and caused water damage to its electrical systems, and more than $330 million was spent repairing and upgrading the stadium.\nSunday's Super Bowl was New Orleans' 10th as host, and officials plan to make a bid for an 11th in 2018.", "Super Bowl power outage remains under investigation; cause unclear\nMayor Mitch Landrieu told WWL-AM on Monday that the outage won't hurt the city's chances, and he joked that the game got better after the blackout: \"People were leaving and the game was getting boring, so we had to do a little something to spice it up.\"\nThe chairwoman of the New Orleans City Council's Utility Committee has called an emergency meeting for Friday to discuss the power outage.", "Super Bowl power outage remains under investigation; cause unclear\nJarvis DeBerry, a columnist for nola.com and The Times-Picayune, wrote that the power outage gave the media \"an opportunity to laugh at the apparent ineptitude or suggest that the ghosts of Hurricane Katrina were haunting the Superdome.\"", "Super Bowl power outage remains under investigation; cause unclear\n\"That's not the kind of attention the city was looking for, obviously,\" he wrote, \"but it's certainly too soon to say if people will remember the power shortage over San Francisco's furious comeback attempt against Baltimore or if this will harm the city's future opportunities to host the Super Bowl.\"", "Super Bowl power outage remains under investigation; cause unclear\nBjorn Hanson, dean of New York University's Center for Hospitality and Sports Management, said the episode shouldn't hurt the city's reputation as a big convention destination. \"I think people view it for what it was: an unusual event with a near-record power draw,\" he said. \"It was the equivalent of a circuit breaker flipping.\""]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://pib.socioambiental.org/en/Povo:Mehinako

Mehinako (Aruak: "proud of being a special human community")

["Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nInhabitants of the culture area/region known as the upper Xingu (encompassed by the Indigenous Park of the Xingu, the Mehinako belong to a broad complex of peoples who show few differences amongst themselves. The specialized system of commercial trade, the intersocietal rituals, and the patterns of intermarriage at once bind the Mehinako to other ethnic groups which surround them and distinguish them from this network", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nHowever, in the midst of their similarities with other peoples of the upper Xingu, the Mehinako consider themselves above all to be Mehinako, and are proud of being a special human community.", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nHistory of occupation in the upper Xingu\nGaiola da harpia na aldeia dos Mehinako. Foto: Acervo do Museu do \u00cdndio, s/d\nIn recounting their past, the Mehinako describe only a few generations of ancestors before reaching the \"mythical times\" (ekyimyatipa), when the culture heroes and the spirits created humans, social institutions and the geography of the region of the Xingu.", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nAs far as is known, the Mehinako have always lived in the Xingu basin, in the region of the Tuatuari and Kurisevo rivers. The first village for which there is any record is Yulutakitsi, which must have been inhabited 150 or more years ago in an uncertain locale. What makes Yulutakitsi especially intriguing is that the group was, at that time, divided into moieties, each of which lived in triple rows of houses, on opposite sides of the central plaza", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nAccording to several inhabitants of the village, the social frontier was marked by a small fence which crossed the center of the plaza, but others state that it was the bench in front of the men's house which served as the dividing line. As the Mehinako chief Aiyuruwa said:", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\n\"We did not marry a woman on our side. We married on the other side. And when someone of the other side died, we did not cry for them nor did we undo our belts and our body paintings. Only they were in mourning\".", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nThe only possible vestige of this organization in moieties among the contemporary Mehinako is the pattern in which the houses of chiefs have to be placed facing each other, and with each new move of the community they are oriented in the direction of their \"opposites\" on the other side of the village.", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nThe historical Mehinako villages were located to the north of the present-day Aweti village, on the Tuatuari River. The Mehinako go back to these communities every year to gather pequi fruit and to make salt (potassium chloride) with a species of water plant called jacinto, found in the lakes of the region. For the Mehinako, these places are their traditional habitat", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nThe abandoning of these communities was due to various reasons, such as the exhaustion of the fertility of soils, nearness to many leaf-cutter (sa\u00fava) ant colonies, the occurrence of many deaths in one place and the belief that the constructions and the trails of the community had become too large and degraded, causing problems for their reconstruction.", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nAll the old villages are described nostalgically by the Mehinako as being larger and better than their present community. It is said that in the past, the central plaza was surrounded by several rows of houses instead of just one. People were free of the white man's sicknesses (even the flus were unknown), the fish was more abundant and the gossip more intense.", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nAt the moment of the first visit by the German explorer Karl von den Steinen, in 1884, the Mehinako had three separate villages, although one of them may have been only a camping site in the dry season (uleinejepu). It is probable that the present population of about 183 inhabitants is only a little more than a quarter of what it was in the days of von den Steinen. The Mehinako villages customarily had many more families and houses than in the present.", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nThe relocation of the Mehinako villages from their traditional territories was provoked by the arrival of the Ikpeng, a Karib-speaking group, in the mid-1950s, who attacked the inhabitants of the village with a heavy rain of arrows. When the Mehinako chief was struck in the back by an Ikpeng arrow, the Villas-B\u00f4as brothers encouraged the inhabitants of the village to abandon their territory and move to a place closer to the post", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nThe Yawalapiti had done the same, at the same time, in order to escape the Ikpeng. One kilometer from the post, the Yawalapiti gave the Mehinako their first house, Jalapapuh, \"the place of the sa\u00fava ants\". Both groups later agreed that the Mehinako could fish only in the areas of the Tuatuari River which were near their community", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nOn the trail from Jalapapuh, the Mehinako stopped in the Aweti village, where they divided the territory with clusters of banana trees placed in the middle of the trail between the two villages. The Mehinako agreed that they would not exploit cane to make arrows in this area without the permission of the Aweti. Thus, large areas of forest and v\u00e1rzea remained something like a territory vaguely divided among Mehinako, Aweti and Yawalapiti.", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nThe effective estabishment of the community in Jalapapuh was determined by a Yawalapiti woman married to a Mehinako. The new village was located several meters from the Tuatuari River in a place near the first gardens and plantations of pequi of the Yawalapiti.", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nWith the move to Jalapapuh, the Mehinako built several new villages near to the community of origin. In the 60s, after a series of flu and measles epidemics killed more than 15 people, the Mehinako resettled in a new place about 183 meters away. In 1981, they once again built a new community in the same area, for the old community had become reduced and unattractive", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nThe nearness of the Leonardo Post facilitated access to medical treatment and to consumer goods brought by the Villas-B\u00f4as brothers, in such a way that they had no intention of returning to their traditional lands even though the threat posed by the Ikpeng had passed.", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nDespite the frequency of their moves, the Mehinako have preserved much of what is important to them in their village way of life and their relations with other groups. As in the past, the village faced the Tuatuari River. The sun rises over the Kurisevo, passes directly over the men's house in the center of the community, and sets on the Tuatuari. The way that goes from east to west, from the port on the Kurisevo to the Tuatuari, is even called the \"way of the sun\".", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nBesides that, with the move to Jalapapuh, the relations of the Mehinako with other groups became more intense. Their Yawalapiti neighbors began marrying more frequently with the Mehinako than in the past, and shared important rituals with them. The Leonardo Villas-B\u00f4as post, with its constant flow of Xinguan visitors, was only three hours away from the village. The present village is called Uyapiyuku and is a bit more distant from the Post, but the Post is still frequently visited by young people.", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nThe Kurisevo Watch Post (Posto de Vigil\u00e2ncia, PIV) was also created, the head of which is a Mehinako who lives at the Post with his family. The post is about 40 minutes by car from the center of Ga\u00facha do Norte, the municipality most frequently visited by the Mehinako for buying consumer goods and business with the mayor, who is responsible for the schools of the village and the PIV Kurisevo.", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nAldeia Jalapapuh, onde os Mehinako habitavam na d\u00e9cada de 80 e cuja disposi\u00e7\u00e3o das casas \u00e9 semelhante \u00e0 atual aldeia, Uyapiyuku, seguindo o padr\u00e3o alto-xinguano. Foto: Thomas Gregor, 1983.", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nThe Mehinako say that their present village, Uyapiyuku, was planned according to the same patterns as all prior villages, since the time of Creation: it has to be between two rivers, the Tuatuari, to the west, and the Kurisevo, to the east. When the sun rises, its way across the sky must be parallel to the great way that goes from the port of the Kurisevo to the center of the village", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nThe men's house must divide the way of the sun in two, and the bench in front of the men's house must provide a free view over the road to the east, through the forest. In passing over the men's house, the sun must follow the great way west to the place where people bathe, where it finally sets. Thus, the terrestrial plane of the village reflects the architecture of the sky.", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nThe village seems to be divided in two by a great diametrical line that crosses it from east to west. This line is the main road that leads to the area for bathing and to the port along the Kurisevo. The houses are arranged around a great circle, precariously drawn, that goes around the \"men's house\". Inside each house, the owner (the one who initiated its construction) sleeps closer to the way of the sun than any one of the other residents", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nStatus is also firmly associated with location in the house, since the dwelling-places of the chiefs are only built near the main road, on one of the cardinal points. The common men build their houses between the principal residences.", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nIn the region of the plaza in front of the men's house, the inhabitants of the village make decisions, make speeches, perform rituals and cultivate an eminently public sociability. Literally, the word used for plaza, wenekutaku, means \"place often used\". Other sub-regions of the plaza also have specific names. The \"wrestling field\", kapitaku, is set aside for wrestling sessions in the afternoon", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nThe \"shamans' circle\", yetem\u00e1, is where every night the shamans of the village get together to smoke and discuss the happenings of the day. The cemetery is also located on the plaza and, as the Mehinako say, it is connected to the sky by an invisible trail that goes out from the village.", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nMale activities are situated outside the house, such as hunting, fishing, public socializing and wandering in the forest. Thus, the house is associated with the female domain, in opposition to the plaza and the rest of the village which is associated with masculinity.", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nEach house ideally is built in such a way that the back part faces the center of the village. There, at the end of the afternoon and beginning of the evening, the women sit to converse, to remove ticks from each other and to watch the men's wrestling matches.", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nThe area of the house in front of the back door is used for throwing trash and for a great number of daily activities, such as preparing manioc in the dry season, cleaning fish, weaving baskets, carving wood, chatting with members of the same residence and, secretly, proposing extraconjugal relations.", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nOn entering for the first time through the low entrance door of a Mehinako house, the visitor is surprised by a sensation of vast and dark space, since there are very large pillars inside the house. As there are no windows and the front and back doors let little light enter, there is a big contrast between the clarity of the plaza and the darkness of the interior", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nAt night, after the doors are closed so that mosquitos and witches \u2013 which, it is believed, wander through the darkness - don't enter, the only light is that which comes from the small fires that the Mehinako light next to their hammocks.", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nThe ground of the house is divided into a certain number of zones, each one of which is associated with a set of social activities. The area around the front entrance is the place for manual labor, for taking care of the children and for keeping up with what's going on on the plaza. It's also there that visitors are received.\nThe center part of the house is used as a cupboard, work area and kitchen.", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nA large shelf, at the base of the main posts of the house, supports various tall manioc containers. In this area, the women prepare fish and manioc bread, using a ceramic bowl and wooden mortar.", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nThe sleeping areas are situated on the other side of the two principal hammock posts, which are the heaviest in the structure of the house. The nuclear families put their hammocks up next to each other, share a common nucleus of space and even keep their personal objects on common shelves, or hang them on the beams by means of long ropes. But they are private parts of the house and only occasionally is a friend invited to sit in the hammock of another person.", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nRelations with upper-xinguan peoples, other peoples of the Park and with the whites\nThe Mehinako are assiduous participants in the system of trade of the peoples of the upper Xingu. In a way that is similar to several of the other upper Xingu groups, they divide the world of humans into three categories: wajaiyu, kajaiba and putaka. According to the Mehinako, all the people of the upper Xingu, putaka, have a single origin. All, the Mehinako say, \"eat the same foods\".", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nThe wajaiyu are the \"wild Indians\", who live beyond the frontiers of the Upper Xingu world and with whom they have lived since the arrival of the Villas-B\u00f4as brothers and the creation of the Park. In the past, the Mehinako suffered attacks from the Ikpeng, Suy\u00e1 and other wajaiyu peoples who had attacked the upper Xingu peoples in search of women and ceramic pots", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nAn historic village of the Mehinako is located at the place where a Suy\u00e1 was killed by furious residents, and is for that reason today called place of the Suy\u00e1 (Suyapuhi).", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nThe Mehinako explain the differences between them and the wajaiyu in terms of mythology. In ancient times, the Sun made the people of the upper Xingu, giving each of them a place to live and a way of life. The wajaiyu (represented, in many myths, as progeny of the animals) never obtained the rituals, implements and the culture of the peoples of the upper Xingu.", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nThe wajaiyu are examples of all that could be wrong in human behavior. Recently, with the Mehinako being free of invasions, interaction with individuals considered as wajaiyu has increasingly gained space, especially in the soccer matches, in commercial partnerships and in the political articulations among the peoples who live in the Park, principally those involved in the defense of their territory", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nSince the creation of the ATIX (Indigenous Land Association of the Xingu), in 1995, the Mehinako have participated in large assemblies with all of the other leaders of the PIX (Xingu Indian Park), during which they have discussed the vigilance and defense of the territory, health, education and economic alternatives for their territory", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nBesides that, the fact that they are responsible for the administration of the PIV Kurisevo means that the Mehinako maintain a strong political articulation with the peoples of the \"Lower Xingu\", especially the Kaiabi and Yudj\u00e1, who participate in the Frontiers project - for watching over and defense of the territory - by the ATIX.", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nNow the idea they have of the Karaiba, the white men, is that they are children of the sun like the Mehinako themselves. Their technological civilization is a gift from the sun, their specific customs and physical appearance are perpetuated by following their culture and, especially, by eating their unique foods", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nA Mehinako man explained the significance of food in the creation of differences between the peoples of the Xingu, the wild Indians and the white men: \"Your semen is made of coffee, milk, soup, and hot chocolate; of rice, beans, and the meat of animals. From Guaran\u00e1 also. Your semen is, like these foods, sweet. And your children are big because your food is sweet. But your food is different. Our food has no taste, and our blood is different. Our children are small and different from yours", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nFor that reason the children of the Japanese and the wild Indians are different from ours. Their food and the semen of their fathers are different from ours\".", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nIn relation to the whites, the Mehinako still have difficulty in understanding the decrease in the political activity of the Funai, which resulted in the decrease of presents offered at the Leonardo Post. In general, despite a generally positive experience with the whites, the kajaiba are still deeply uncomfortable to the inhabitants of the villages", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nIt is significant that in the Mehinako system of dream interpretation, the white man appears as an omen of sicknesses, known as kajaiba ipyana, or \"sorcery of the white man\". On the other hand, the Mehinako have sought to make a strong alliance with the prefecture of Ga\u00facha do Norte, seeking above all another source of goods, such as gasoline, school material and salaries for the indigenous teacher.", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nAnother notable presence of the universe of the whites in their area is a missionary who lives in the village and whose wife is a Terena Indian. He teaches in the school, along with the indigenous teacher. Although he is quite unprepared pedagogically, the missionary has succeeded in gaining the trust of the leaders of the village", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nBeyond the limits of the Xingu, the Mehinako have sought to publicize their culture among the Karaija through the publication lof a book with photos and video, with support from Rainforest (an NGO) of Japan. They also participate in the project \"Passage Rite\", which promotes the presentation of indigenous dances and songs in the cities of Rio de Janeiro and S\u00e3o Paulo.\nFoto: Thomas Gregor, 1983", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nIn the midst of many similarities among the peoples of the upper Xingu, the most relevant feature which differentiates them is their language. \"Only those who speak our language are like us\", a Mehinako chief once said in a speech on the plaza of the village. Speakers of a language of the Arawak family, the only group who speaks a close language are the Wauj\u00e1, often referred to by the Mehinako as \"our others\", an expression of kinship and proximity", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nThe question of common speech is very important to the Mehinako, since they only feel at ease in speaking other languages that they really know. Men and women who marry in other villages resist speaking a new language in an incorrect way, seeking to learn it beforehand. Even when they totally dominate the language, the Mehinako are reticent to use it in public situations.", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nThe wauj\u00e1 variant of Aruak is intelligible to speakers of Mehinako, but the languages have several differences. Many terms of basic vocabulary are distinct, as well as verb endings and the phonetic system.\nSystem of commercial trade", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nThe trade of specialized commercial items is an important basis of the upper Xinguan system. The commercial system is valued as much for the merchandise it supplies as for the system of interdependence that it establishes. The traditional specialty of the Mehinako in commercial trade is salt obtained in the dry season, in August", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nIn this period, all the inhabitants of the village available for making the trip go to a traditional village site, where each family works to produce salt (which is not sodium chloride but rather potassium chloride). This ingredient is a central element in Mehinako cooking, and is also highly valued by other Xinguan peoples, who come during the year to the Mehinako villages to trade wooden dishes, ceramic bowls, collars and shell belts for large quantities of salt", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nMembers of other ethnic groups also go to the Mehinako for cotton, which the inhabitants of the village produce in quantities that exceed their needs.", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nRitual do Akajatapa, em que as jovens recebem o uluri. Em per\u00edodo de reclus\u00e3o, elas n\u00e3o cortam a franja dos cabelos. Foto: Thomas Gregor, 1983.", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nThe Mehinako and their cerimonial culture are central to the Xinguan religious system. Many of the most important ritual chants are sung in Mehinako, and many of the spirits also recognized in other villages seem to have names of Arawak origin. According to the anthropologist Ellen Basso, for example, the Kalapalo sing ritual music in Mehinako, although these Karib-speaking peoples do not understand Arawak.", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nLike other peoples of the upper Xingu, the Mehinako participate in most of the intertribal festivals that commemorate the installation of new chiefs and the ear-piercing of boys (pihika), the mourning for the recently-deceased (ata kaium\u00e3i, which corresponds to the Kwarup, in the Kamayur\u00e1 language), the festivals of trade in the rainy season (huluki), and a large number of minor cerimonies", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nThe inhabitants of the village send cerimonial ambassadors (waka) to take their invitations accompanied by presents and stylized speeches.", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nThe Mehinako ritual system is similar to that of other peoples of the upper Xingu with regard to general structure, which relies on cerimonial \"sponsors\" and \"performers\". With the exception of their close allies the Wauj\u00e1 and, possibly, the Yawalapiti, the other Xinguan communities have local ritual variations, but the system is sufficiently open to accept these variations.", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nIn these rituals, the chiefs are associated with the gathering of pequi at the end of each year. According to Mehinako beliefs, plantations are the home of the spirits, who are the true owners of pequi. These spirit-owners are appeased in the course of rituals performed over a period of approximately six weeks, during which the spirits, personified by the participants, are brought to the village, ritually fed, and then sent back to their plantations with prayers for more pequi in the years to come", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nAmong the spirit-owners of the plantations is matapu, the spirit of the hummer, the focus of an important ritual that lasts three days. In the course of this ritual, the inhabitants of the village make hummers (an object comprised of a stick with a wooden plate at the end which, when swung around, produces a humming noise) that are hung up in the men's houses and kept at a distance from the women of the village.", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nThe flow of merchandise and cerimonial services among the different peoples is part of a wider system of exchange, the principal component of which is people. Visits to other groups are motivated by a desire to establish commerce, to get away from the same old social pressures at home, to watch rituals in other villages and, even, to look for spouses in another group. The Mehinako, however, prefer to marry close by, but at times they don't find spouses of satisfactory age or kinship category", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nThe solution is to obtain a spouse through the activation of ties already made firm with other communities. At present, there are kinship connections with all Xinguan groups, which serve as a basis for intertribal marriages.", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nThe Mehinako marry with people of other Xinguan groups only as a last alternative, because they don't like the idea of losing the presence and support of children. Since there is no rule of post-marital residence that binds the children to the communities of their parents, there is always the risk that, with marriage, they will leave their group of origin.\nCOSTA, Maria Helo\u00edsa F\u00e9nelon. O mundo dos Mehin\u00e1ku e suas representa\u00e7\u00f5es visuais. Bras\u00edlia : UnB, 1988. 160 p.", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\n--------. Representa\u00e7\u00f5es iconogr\u00e1ficas do corpo em duas sociedades ind\u00edgenas : Mehinaku e Karaj\u00e1. Rev. do Museu de Arqueol. e Etnol., S\u00e3o Paulo : MAE, n. 7, p. 65-9, 1997.\n--------. O sobrenatural, o humano e o vegetal na iconologia Mehin\u00e1ku. In: RIBEIRO, Berta G. (Coord.). Arte \u00edndia. Petr\u00f3polis : Vozes, 1986. p. 239-64. (Suma Etnol\u00f3gica Brasileira, 3)", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nGREGOR, Thomas Arthur. Casamento, alian\u00e7a e paz intertribal. In: FRANCHETTO, Bruna; HECKENBERGER, Michael (Orgs.). Os povos do Alto Xingu : hist\u00f3ria e cultura. Rio de Janeiro : Ed. UFRJ, 2001. p.175-92.\n--------. Exposure and seclusion : a study in institutionalized isolation among the Mehinaku indians of Brazil. Ethnology, s.l. : s.ed., n. 9, p.234-50, 1970.\n--------. Mehin\u00e1ku : O drama di\u00e1rio de uma aldeia do Alto Xingu. S\u00e3o Paulo : Ed. Nacional/ INL, 1982. (Brasiliana, 373)", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\n--------. Mehinaku : the drama of daily life in a Brazilian indian village. Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1977.\n--------. Pahikyawalu : she who is covered with feces. The dialetcis of gender among the Mehinaku of Brazil. In: RANDOLPH, R.; SCHNEIDER, D.M.; DIAZ, M. N (orgs.). The dialetics of gender : anthropological approaches. Boulder : Westview Press, 1988. p. 80-90.", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\n--------. Social relationships in a small society : a study of the mehinacu indians of Central Brazil. s.l. : Columbia University, 1963. (Ph.D. Dissertation)\n--------; ROBARCHEK, C. Two paths of peace : semai and mehinaku nonviolence. In: GREGOR, Thomas. (ed.). A natural history of peace. Nashville : Vanderbilt University Press, 1994. p. 159-88.", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nIDE, Lu\u00eds. Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o cl\u00ednica periodontal e preval\u00eancia de microorganismos periodontopatog\u00eanicos de duas tribos da regi\u00e3o do Alto Xingu. S\u00e3o Paulo : USP, 2000. 70 p. (Disserta\u00e7\u00e3o de Mestrado)\nMEDEIROS, M. do Carmo Ivo de. Uma abordagem preliminar da etnografia da comunica\u00e7\u00e3o na aldeia Mehinako Alto Xingu. In: SEKI, L. (ed.). Ling\u00fc\u00edstica indigena e educa\u00e7\u00e3o na Am\u00e9rica Latina. Campinas : Unicamp, 1993. p 377-85.", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\n--------. Posse nominal na l\u00edngua Mehinaku. Trabalho apresentado no Encontro Anual da Associa\u00e7\u00e3o de Ling\u00fc\u00edstica e Filologia da Am\u00e9rica Latina, Campinas, 1990.\nPINAGE, Paulo; D'ALESSIO, Vito. Mehinaku : message from Amazon. S\u00e3o Paulo : Dialeto Latin American Documentary, 2000. 120 p.\nSILVEIRA, Maria Luiza dos Santos. Identidade em mulheres \u00edndias : um processo sobre processos de transforma\u00e7\u00e3o. S\u00e3o Paulo : USP-IP, 2001. 377 p. (Disserta\u00e7\u00e3o de Mestrado)", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nTRONCARELLI, Maria Cristina (Org.). Imiehunaku iayaka : livro para alfabetiza\u00e7\u00e3o na l\u00edngua Mehinaku. S\u00e3o Paulo : ISA, 2002. 98 p.\nMehinacu. Dir.: Carlos Pasini. V\u00eddeo cor, VHS, 52 min., 1991. Prod.: Granada Television International\n1 History of occupation in the upper Xingu\n2 The village\n3 Relations with upper-xinguan peoples, other peoples of the Park and with the whites\n4 Language\n5 System of commercial trade\n6 Rituals\n7 Intermarriages\n8 Sources of information\nNews of this people\nInhabited lands", "Mehinako (Aruak: proud of being a special human community)\nImages of this people\nPublished originally at 11/2002.\nAuthors of this article\nThomas Gregor\nAnthropologist, head of the Program in Anthropology at Vanderbilt University"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.secondary.stgregory.oxon.sch.uk/academic-life/houses

The Four Houses of St Gregory the Great

["The Four Houses of St Gregory the Great\nSt Gregory the Great is divided into four Houses and they are a well-established part of our school life and friendly rivalry and healthy competition between them are encouraged. Students Year 7 through to the Sixth Form are assigned to one of our four Houses named after the Saints, Benedict, Dominic, Francis and Carmel named after The Order of Carmelites.\n\"Ora et labora\"\nPray and work", "The Four Houses of St Gregory the Great\nBenedict was born into a noble Roman family in 480 in Italy, at a time when there was evil and wickedness in the city. When Benedict tried to be good his school friends laughed at him. He decided he no longer wanted to live amid wickedness, so he ran away and hid in the mountains forty miles from Rome. For the next three years, Benedict lived in a cave on the side of a cliff. Sometimes a raven brought him food to eat.", "The Four Houses of St Gregory the Great\nBenedict had been given from God the power of miracles. Young men who wanted to live good lives heard about him. Many young men found their way to Benedict\u2019s cave in the mountain and asked him if they could stay. Soon Benedict had over one hundred and forty companions. This was the beginning of the Benedictine Order. They built a house to live in and remained there praying, planting crops, feeding the poor and teaching", "The Four Houses of St Gregory the Great\nSt Benedict is known as the father of Western monasticism; the rule that he established became the norm for monastic life. Benedict's motto was \u201cPray and work\u201d", "The Four Houses of St Gregory the Great\nThe Catholic Church celebrates the Feast day of St Benedict on 11th July.\n\"Pace bene\"\nAim for goodness and peace\nFrancis was born in 1181/82 in Assisi in Italy. As a young man, he was very rich and enjoyed the pleasures of life. Once, when he was sick, he felt that God was calling him to live as Jesus did.", "The Four Houses of St Gregory the Great\nFrancis responded to God\u2019s call and began to visit the sick in hospitals and do helpful things for the poor. \u201cWhen people serve the poor,\u201d Francis said, \u201cthey are serving Christ himself\u201d. He began to wear clothes like the poor and began preaching to people about peace and unity. \u201cAll the things God created are like our brothers and sisters,\u201d he said. Francis often addressed the sun, moon, stars and animals as brothers and sisters. Francis attracted others to live his simple way for God", "The Four Houses of St Gregory the Great\nDuring prayer one day, Francis had a vision of Jesus hanging on the cross. So deep was Francis\u2019 desire to be like his Lord, that the marks of Jesus\u2019 five wounds appeared on his body. These marks of Jesus\u2019 wounds remained with him all his life, until he died in 1226.\nThe Catholic Church celebrates the Feast day of St Francis of Assisi on 4th October.\n\"Zelo zelatus sum pro domino deo exercituum\"\nBe zealous for the Lord of Hosts\nSt Therese of Lisieux 1873-1897", "The Four Houses of St Gregory the Great\nThe Order of Carmelites has its origins on Mount Carmel in Palestine where, as we read in the Book of Kings, the great prophet Elijah defended the true faith in the God of Israel when he won the challenge against the priests of Baal. It was also on Mount Carmel that the same prophet, praying in solitude, saw the small cloud which brought life-giving rain after the long drought.", "The Four Houses of St Gregory the Great\nIn the XII century (perhaps after the third crusade, 1189-1191), some penitents-pilgrims who had come from Europe, came together in one of the narrow valleys of Mount Carmel to live out their Christianity. Then and in later times, the Carmelites did not acknowledge anyone in particular as their founder but remained faithful followers of Elijah, who was associated with Mount Carmel. Thus Carmel is deeply associated with Elijah and Mary the Mother of God.", "The Four Houses of St Gregory the Great\nSt Therese of Lisieux is the chosen Patron Saint of the House as she was young and passionate about her vocation and an inspiration for all to follow.", "The Four Houses of St Gregory the Great\nTherese Martin was born in Alencon, France in 1873. From her earliest days Therese told her father she wanted to belong to God. Her father said \u201cYou are too young to be a nun\u201d So Therese asked the pope for special permission. He said it would be acceptable, so she entered the French Carmelites at the age of fifteen. \u201dI just wanted to love God\u201d she told the other nuns. Therese was a simple girl and wanted to find easy ways to pray", "The Four Houses of St Gregory the Great\nShe wanted to invent \u201ca prayer elevator to God.\u201d She is often called \u201cThe Little Flower\u201d because she said, \u201cAfter I die, I will drop down from heaven a shower of roses.\u201d That is just what she did. Many miracles have happened because of prayers to St Therese.", "The Four Houses of St Gregory the Great\nThe Catholic Church celebrates the Feast day of St Therese of Lisieux on 1st October.\n\"Benedicere lauder praedicare\"\nBe blest, praise and preach\nSt Dominic de Guzman -1170-1221", "The Four Houses of St Gregory the Great\nDominic de Guzman was born into a wealthy family in Castille, Spain in 1170. He studied theology and became a companion to his Bishop. Dominic\u2019s life was devoted to those who strayed and were living on the edge of society. He was a man of deep compassion for those who were suffering. Dominic had a great devotion to Our Lady and the Rosary after having a vision of the Blessed Mother. Dominic started a convent of nuns, an apostolic preaching order and a house of lay people who still lived in the world"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.huffpost.com/entry/obama-please-ignore-krist_b_164775

Obama, Please Ignore Kristof For Now

["Obama, Please Ignore Kristof For Now\nObama, Please Ignore Kristof For Now\nThe Bush administration has supported the raids of Cambodian brothels for at least as long as Kristof has been demanding they step up a fight they are already in -- and losing.\nMelissa Gira Grant, Contributor\nWriter working in sex and technology.\nMar. 9, 2009, 05:12 AM EDT | Updated May. 25, 2011", "Obama, Please Ignore Kristof For Now\nNicholas Kristof has been issuing ad-hoc Presidential guidance on the sex trade for years now. The archive of his editorial column in the New York Times serves as a record of his proposals. In 2004, he \"bought the freedom\" of two women working in brothels in Poipet, Cambodia with the intention of returning them to their villages. Kristof wasn't prosecuted under US law for the purchase of sex slaves -- he wrote of this sale as an \"emancipation,\" and in 2005, he was back in Poipet to check up on the women", "Obama, Please Ignore Kristof For Now\nOne had returned to prostitution, prompting Kristof to offer another round of recommendations to President Bush, pleading with him to commit the United States to a New Abolitionism.", "Obama, Please Ignore Kristof For Now\nNow he's back with his 2009 agenda, delivered like the others, as a kicker to his column. In it, he asks that the Obama administration pressure the Cambodian government to bust more brothels, on the premise that the risk of going to jail for selling sex will hurt brothel owners' profits and will protect more women from abuse and violence. Yet such stings and raids are already the centerpiece of a disastrous crackdown on Cambodian prostitution", "Obama, Please Ignore Kristof For Now\nThe Bush administration has supported the raids of Cambodian brothels for at least as long as Kristof has been demanding they step up a fight they are already in -- and losing.", "Obama, Please Ignore Kristof For Now\nIt was under threat of sanctions from the United States that prostitution was outlawed in Cambodia. The resulting government-sponsored raids on brothels did not lead to a great improvement in the lives of women and girls. Instead, the same police tasked with \"liberating\" women from Cambodia's brothels have been accused by human rights groups of abusing these same women.", "Obama, Please Ignore Kristof For Now\nIn a video made by members of the Asia Pacific Network of Sex Workers (APNSW), one survivor of what was called a \"rehabilitation center\" relates the story of being gang raped by six members of the police force: \"They raped me from one after the other... the last one didn't use condom because I got only five condoms. I told him that I have HIV but he was not believe me", "Obama, Please Ignore Kristof For Now\nHe said if I had HIV, would have scar on body, not so smooth.\" Another woman survivor describes her time in the Koh Kor rehabilitation center. It sits on the same island that was once home to a Khmer Rouge prison and execution camp. She explains that when she asked questions about why she had been taken in against her will, and what was wrong with what she was doing, she was repeatedly beaten by her captors -- the police", "Obama, Please Ignore Kristof For Now\nThese are the people -- the police, and the government officials who have operated brothels in a network of corruption -- that Kristof would like us to trust to combat violence.", "Obama, Please Ignore Kristof For Now\nSetting a human rights agenda for the United States will be an enormous challenge for Barack Obama and his incoming administration, with a host of failed Bush campaigns to contend with. His handling of so-called \"sex slavery\" will be but one", "Obama, Please Ignore Kristof For Now\nWhen considering how he ought to proceed, to undo damage done, and to improve human rights around the globe, Obama should look not to Kristof and his urgent cries, but to those women who are currently imprisoned and violated by the people who were supposed to \"save\" them. To endorse brutal, violent raids and \"rehabilitation\" as a solution to the brutality and violence of coerced prostitution ignores the evidence that raids do nothing to discourage abusive conditions -- they perpetuate them."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://blog.alssar.org/2017/02/

The Battle of Moore’s Creek Bridge

["The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nOn this day in history, February 27, 1776, the Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge ends British rule in North Carolina. Governor Josiah Martin had been living in exile aboard a ship off the coast since July of 1775 after a popular uprising. In response to his lobbying, Scottish soldiers Brigadier General Donald McDonald and Lieutenant Colonel Donald MacLeod were sent to raise loyalist troops in the interior, many of whom were of Scottish decent, to help take back the colony.", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nIn early 1776, Governor Martin learned that a fleet would arrive in mid-February and he hoped to have the Loyalists join them. McDonald and MacLeod met with Tory leaders at Cross Creek (present day Fayetteville) on February 5. They quickly raised 3,500 men, but they quickly dwindled when they learned there were no British soldiers to escort them to the coast through patriot friendly territory. By the time the force began its march, only 1,400 remained.", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nWhen the Provincial Congress learned of the meeting at Cross Creek, they sent Colonel James Moore to prevent them from reaching the coast. On February 20, McDonald began his march to the coast, intending to cross the Black River at Corbett\u2019s Ferry. Colonel Moore anticipated this and sent Richard Caswell (the future first governor of North Carolina) to block the ferry. Alexander Lillington was sent to block the crossing at Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge, a few miles to the north.", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nMcDonald arrived at Corbett\u2019s Ferry only to find it blocked. He raced north to try to cross at Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge, but Caswell beat him, joining Lillie on the 26th. Lillie had already taken position on the east side of the creek, so Caswell went to the west side. During the night, however, he realized his position was weak, so he moved across the creek to join Lillie and built a semi-circular earthwork around the east side of the bridge during the night.", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nIn the morning, the elderly McDonald was ill and gave command to Lt. Col. MacLeod. MacLeod saw the patriots on the opposite side of the creek, but severely underestimated their numbers. MacLeod ordered 80 swordsmen to charge across the bridge, which had been de-planked and greased by Caswell. The patriots, hiding behind their earthworks on the east side of the bridge, waited until the swordsmen were within only a few feet of them before firing. The swordsmen were wiped out almost immediately, including Lt", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nCol. MacLeod, who was shot nearly 20 times. The battle lasted only 3 minutes. 50 to 70 Loyalists were killed or injured. The remaining Loyalist forces quickly dissolved and fled.", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nCaswell re-planked the bridge and began pursuit. Over the next few days, nearly 850 Loyalists and loads of supplies were captured, including 1,500 muskets, 300 rifles and \u00a315,000 in silver coins, all valued at nearly $1,000,000 in today\u2019s money.", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nThe Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge effectively ended any hope of re-establishing British rule in North Carolina. The victory rallied southern patriots to join the militia and the Continental Army in mass. Loyalists became afraid of voicing their opinions", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nIt has been called \"The Lexington and Concord of the South.\" The British would not attempt to take North Carolina again until the southern campaign of 1780 and even then, the lingering memory of the Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge would discourage Loyalists from joining General Charles Cornwallis as he attempted to take back the south.", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nHistorian General\n\"[H]is was the singular destiny and merit, of leading the armies of his country successfully through an arduous war, for the establishment of its independence; of conducting its councils through the birth of a government, new in its forms and principles, until it had settled down into a quiet and orderly train; and of scrupulously obeying the laws through the whole of his career, civil and military, of which the history of the world furnishes no other example.\"", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nThomas Jefferson on George Washington (1814)\nSybil Ludington, the female Paul Revere, dies\nOn this day in history, February 26, 1839, Sybil Ludington, the female Paul Revere, dies. Sybil Ludington is famed for a midnight ride just like Revere\u2019s when she was only 16 to raise the New York militia when the British raided Danbury, Connecticut.", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nSybil was the eldest daughter of Colonel Henry Ludington, a New York militia leader, member of the Committee of Safety and organizer of a local spy ring, whose home was near present day Paterson, New York. On April 25, 1777, British General and Governor of New York William Tryon landed a raiding expedition on the shores of Fairfield, Connecticut and marched to Danbury the following day", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nDanbury was a major supply center of the Hudson River Valley based Continental Army, with thousands of barrels of pork, flour, molasses, rice and rum, and other important supplies such as cots, tents and shoes.", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nWhen the soldiers arrived in Danbury, they drove off the small militia force guarding the supplies and began to destroy the storehouses and supplies. Soon, the soldiers found the rum and, instead of destroying it, consumed it and promptly lost all control. They went on a rampage through the town, burning homes and businesses. There was nothing the commanding officers could do to stop them.", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nAround 4pm, messengers were sent in several directions to rouse the local militia to come to Danbury\u2019s aide. One messenger reached Colonel Ludington\u2019s home around 9 in the evening. Ludington was the commander of 400 New York militia, but they were scattered around the area and it was late. The messenger and his horse were exhausted and Ludington himself had only just arrived home from a long stint with the army on the Hudson River.", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\n16 year old Sybil either volunteered or was asked by her father to round up the local troops. Sybil got on her own horse which she had recently broken and traveled more than 40 miles round trip, through the towns of Carmel, Mahopac, Kent Cliffs, Stormville and Pecksville. The journey was especially dangerous because the area was filled with soldiers, Loyalists, \"Skinners\" (outlaws) and runaway troops", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nAt every farmhouse along the way, Sybil told the Minutemen that Danbury was under siege and that the militia was gathering at Ludington\u2019s. She drove her horse on with a stick, while the orange glow from the burning Danbury, which was 25 miles away, could be seen in the distance.", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nBy the time Sybil reached home early in the morning of the 27th, most of the militia had gathered there. They were too late to help Danbury, but they aided Generals David Wooster and Benedict Arnold in chasing the British back to the coast, fighting in the Battle of Ridgefield, and along the roads in engagements very similar to the Minutemen chasing the British back to Boston after Lexington and Concord.", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nIn 1784, Sybil would marry a Revolutionary War soldier named Edmund Ogden who had served with Captain John Paul Jones on the Bonhomme Richard. Edmund was a farmer and innkeeper in Catskill, New York. Sybil ran the inn herself after Edmund\u2019s death in 1799. In 1811, she moved to Unadilla, New York, to live with her only son, Henry, who was a lawyer. She passed away there on February 26, 1839. Ironically, Sybil\u2019s story was little known until it was published by her great-nephew, Louis S. Patrick, in 1907.", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\n\u2026in 1799, William Dawes died. The first man to be dispatched on the night of April 18, 1775, Dawes carried the same message as Paul Revere, but while Revere rowed across the harbor and mounted a horse in Charlestown, Dawes went overland, galloping through Roxbury and Watertown. Both men managed to deliver the warning to Samuel Adams and John Hancock in Lexington. They set off together for Concord, but were stopped by a British army patrol. Revere was arrested. Dawes staged a ruse and escaped", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nThe poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow later immortalized Paul Revere and his midnight ride. William Dawes, the other hero of that night, died unheralded.", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nOn the night of April 18, 1775, Dr. Joseph Warren, one of the Patriot leaders still in Boston, received intelligence that British soldiers were about to launch a surprise raid on Lexington and Concord. Munitions had been stockpiled in Concord, and Samuel Adams and John Hancock were in residence in Lexington.", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nWarren tapped two men to ride out and warn the countryside. Thanks to Longfellow\u2019s famous poem, every school child knows that one rider was Paul Revere. But the other man, William Dawes, also accomplished his dangerous mission that night.\nIn April 1775, William Dawes had just turned 30. He lived in the North End with his wife and growing family. Historians aren\u2019t sure how Dawes came to the attention of Dr. Warren, but he was a good choice.", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nAlthough he had no love for the British authorities, he had not been visibly active in the struggle against the Crown. This meant that, unlike Paul Revere, he was not a marked man. In fact, his frequent contact with Regular soldiers was an advantage. He was tanner, and his business often took him out of Boston. Redcoats on guard duty were unlikely to stop him leaving town. He was also something of a \"ham\" and could do an excellent imitation of a drunken farmer if he needed to.", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nWarren summoned Dawes at 9:00 pm on April 18th and gave him a written message for Adams and Hancock. Later, he would give an identical message to Revere, in the hope that one of the two riders would make it to their destination. The terse warning said simply, \"A large body of the King\u2019s troops (supposed to be a brigade of about 12 or 1500) were embarked in boats from Boston and gone to land at Lechmere\u2019s point.\"", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nDawes set out immediately \"mounted on a slow-jogging horse, with saddle-bags behind him, and a large flapped hat upon his head to resemble a countryman on a journey.\"", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nThere were only two possible routes out of Boston that night. One could cross the narrow strip of land called the Neck that connected Boston to Roxbury or row across the harbor to Charlestown. The Redcoats had both ways carefully guarded, but Dawes somehow managed to elude \u2014 or deceive \u2014 the guards. Luck was on his side; a few moments after he slipped past the sentries, they received an order that no one was to be allowed out of town.", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nOnce Dawes was on his way, Warren directed Paul Revere to row across the Charles River under the shadow of the King\u2019s ships anchored there. Both Dawes and Revere faced danger and long odds, but with the men taking different routes, there was a chance that at least one of them might succeed.", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nWhile Revere rowed towards the mount awaiting him in Charlestown, William Dawes was riding through Roxbury, Brookline, Watertown, and Waltham. He had to proceed cautiously. The British had stationed patrols along the major road out of the city. Dawes apparently moved silently through the towns on his way to Lexington. Whether by design or because the people living along his route were strangers to him, he spoke to no one between Boston and Lexington", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nHe successfully evaded the British Regulars, which was a good thing. Had he been caught, his mission would have been considered treasonous; he could well have been hanged for it.", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nAmazingly, both men reached Lexington that night. Revere arrived first, around midnight. Dawes\u2019s route was several miles longer than Revere\u2019s and his horse slower, so he arrived a half-hour later. Each man delivered Dr. Warren\u2019s message to Hancock and Adams, who were staying with the town\u2019s minister.", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nAfter a brief rest and some refreshment, Revere and Dawes set out together to rouse Concord. They were joined by a local Patriot, Dr. Samuel Prescott. The three stopped at houses along the way, spreading the word. About halfway to Concord, with Revere riding somewhat ahead, they ran into a British army patrol. Revere was taken prisoner. Prescott escaped and rode off to warn Concord.", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nWith two Redcoats in pursuit, the quick-witted Dawes decided to try a ruse. He galloped up to a vacant farmhouse, stopping his horse so quickly that he was thrown to the ground. He jumped up and yelled as if to sympathizers in the house, \"Halloo, boys, I\u2019ve got two of \u2019em!\" Fearing that they were about to confront a large number of angry colonials, the soldiers galloped away. The trick worked. Dawes, whose horse had run off, limped back to Lexington", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nAlthough William Dawes never acquired the fame of Paul Revere, his achievement was not entirely forgotten. Another family tradition has it that when General Washington visited Boston in 1789, he danced a minuet with one of Dawes\u2019s daughters. Washington, it is said, expressed admiration for her father\u2019s courageous deed.\nDictionary of American Biography\nPaul Revere and the World He Lived In, by Esther Forbes (Houghton Mifflin, 1942).", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nPaul Revere\u2019s Ride, by David Hackett Fischer (Oxford University Press, 1994).\nThe Siege of Boston, by Donald Barr Chidsey (Crown Publishers, 1966).\nWilliam Dawes and his Ride with Paul Revere, by H.W. Holland (Privately printed, 1878).\nhttp://www.massmoments.org/moment.cfm?mid=63", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\n\"Freedom had been hunted round the globe; reason was considered as rebellion; and the slavery of fear had made men afraid to think. But such is the irresistible nature of truth, that all it asks, and all it wants, is the liberty of appearing.\"\nThomas Paine, Rights of Man, 1791\nPyle\u2019s Massacre takes place in North Carolina", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nOn this day in history, February 24, 1781, Pyle\u2019s Massacre takes place in North Carolina. The Patriot army had retreated into Virginia after the Battle of Cowpens in January. British General Lord Charles Cornwallis was camped at Hillsboro, North Carolina, recruiting local Loyalists to join his army. By mid-February, Colonel Henry \"Light-horse Harry\" Lee and Colonel Andrew Pickens were sent back into North Carolina to scout out British movements.", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nColonel and Dr. John Pyle of Chatham County raised 400 Loyalists to join Cornwallis. Pyle requested a military escort for his men and Cornwallis agreed to this, dispatching Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton and his dragoons (soldiers on horseback) to bring Pyle to Hillsboro. Against orders, Pyle\u2019s men took the time to visit with friends and family while they waited for Tarleton\u2019s arrival.", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nMeanwhile, Colonels Lee and Pickens heard of Tarleton\u2019s movements and set off to find him. A planned attack was suddenly called off when Tarleton\u2019s camp moved again. Tarleton had arrived at the designated place to meet Pyle\u2019s men, but since they had taken so long, they didn\u2019t arrive on time and Tarleton was trying to find them.", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nOn the morning of the 24th, the Americans captured two British soldiers and learned that Tarleton was only a few miles away at the O\u2019Neal Plantation. As the Patriots marched down the road, they met two farmers who had been sent ahead of Pyle\u2019s 400 men, who were now on their way to meet Tarleton. In a stroke of luck, the farmers mistook the Americans for Tarleton and his soldiers because both groups wore similar green jackets and plumes", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nLee took advantage of the mistake and sent the farmers back to Pyle with orders to wait by the side of the road to allow Tarleton\u2019s cavalry to pass.", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nAs soon as the farmers left, Lee split up the men into several groups to surround the Loyalists. His own group kept straight on the road and found the Loyalists standing in formation on the side of the road just as they had been told. The other Patriots snuck through the woods and surrounded them on all sides.", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nColonel Lee approached Colonel Pyle and said some pleasantries, but when they reached out their hands to greet one another, a few Loyalists noticed the Patriots sneaking up in the woods and began firing on them. The Patriots began firing in unison on the Loyalists. The Loyalists, however, for the most part, were still confused and didn\u2019t realize they were rebels", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nPyle, still thinking Lee was Tarleton, yelled out, \"Stop! You\u2019re firing on your own men!\" Others pleaded with the rebels, \"Stop! We\u2019re loyal to the King!\"", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\n93 of the Loyalists were killed and dozens wounded in just ten minutes, but not a single patriot, hence the name Pyle\u2019s Massacre. Pyle himself was severely wounded and hid in a pond until he could get away", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\n(Later on he would switch sides and bring valuable intelligence to George Washington that helped defeat Cornwallis at Yorktown.) Pyle\u2019s Massacre served to dampen British efforts to recruit Loyalists and only a few weeks later, the Battle of Guilford Courthouse would severely cripple Cornwallis\u2019 army, leading to his surrender at Yorktown in October.", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\n\"Public virtue cannot exist in a nation without private, and public virtue is the only foundation of republics.\" \u2014John Adams (1776)\nBaron von Steuben arrives at Valley Forge", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nOn this day in history, February 23, 1778, Baron von Steuben arrives at Valley Forge. Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben was born in Prussia. He joined the army at 17 and saw extensive service during the Seven Years War in battles with Russia and Austria, during which he rose to captain and was made a personal aide to Frederick the Great.", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nWhen this war ended, the military was downsized and Von Steuben was let go. He took a job overseeing the household of the Prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen, but continued to look for employment with foreign armies. He eventually became acquainted with the French Minister of War, who, in the 1770s was involved with France\u2019s secret funding of the American Revolution.", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nThe minister realized Von Steuben\u2019s extensive knowledge of Prussian military techniques could be of great help to the Americans, so he recommended him to Ben Franklin and Silas Deane, the American ambassadors in Paris, who then recommended him to George Washington.", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nBaron von Steuben arrived in America in late 1777 and offered to serve in the army free of pay. By February, 1778, Congress sent word that he should join Washington at Valley Forge and he arrived there on the 23rd. George Washington was impressed with Von Steuben\u2019s experience and knowledge and made him acting inspector-general", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nVon Steuben was horrified at the unsanitary conditions of the camp and immediately re-organized it with kitchens and latrines far from each other and with latrines on downhill slopes. He also introduced a thorough inventory system that reduced waste and fraud.", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nHis most important contribution though, was in training the soldiers in proper battle techniques. He started with a group of 100 men and trained them efficiently how to march in tandem, fire effectively, reload their weapons more quickly and use the bayonet efficiently, training them over and over in military drills that started early in the morning. After the first 100 men were trained, they trained others who then trained others", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nWithin weeks, the Continental Army was transformed from a group of farmers with varying levels of skills and training, into a formidable fighting force.", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nWashington was so impressed with the change in the troops that he made Von Steuben the permanent Inspector-General with a rank of Major-General. During the Battle of Monmouth, which was the first major battle after the winter at Valley Forge, Von Steuben\u2019s techniques were proved when the army successfully fought the British toe to toe.", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nVon Steuben then prepared Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States, a training and organizational guide which was used by the US army until the War of 1812. Von Steuben became one of Washington\u2019s top aides and was finally given his own troops to command. He was sent to the southern theatre to assist General Nathanael Greene and was present at the surrender of General Cornwallis at Yorktown", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nFor his contributions, Baron von Steuben was considered a military hero and was awarded with some large tracts of land and homes in several states. He died at his home in upstate New York in 1794.", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\n\"A nation without its history is like a person without their memory\u2026\"\nArthur Schlesinger\nChristopher Seider, first casualty of the American Revolution\nOn this day in history, February 22, 1770, 11 year old Christopher Seider is the first casualty of the American Revolution. By 1770, the American colonists were in the midst of a boycott of British goods to protest the Townshend Acts, which taxed common items, such as tea, and increased the penalties for avoiding the customs duties.", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nLoyalists would often disregard the boycott of British goods and attempt to capitalize on the lack of goods for sale by continuing to import and sell them. One such Loyalist was Theophilus Lillie of Boston, the owner of a grocery store. Lillie was a known breaker of the boycott and on this particular date, patriotic citizens staged a protest outside his shop, hoping to shame he and his customers for supporting the tyrannical Parliament.", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nJust then, Ebenezer Richardson, an employee of the customs office came by and attempted to break up the rioters, who were throwing stones at Lillie\u2019s store and carrying protest signs. Richardson was a hated figure himself for informing the Attorney General on the activities of the rebel patriots. When Richardson tried to tear down one of the protest signs, the crowd turned on him and began pelting him with rocks, at least one of which hit him in the head", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nArriving at home, Richardson hid inside while the crowd pelted his house with rocks. Sometime in the fray, a young German immigrant boy joined in the crowd. Christopher Seider was from a poor family, but he lived in the home of and worked for Grizzell Apthorp, a wealthy widow. Most traditional sources say that Christopher was 11 years old, but new sources indicate he may have been only ten years old.", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nChristopher was on the way home from school when he joined the rioting citizens at Richardson\u2019s house. At some point, rocks broke through the windows and Richardson\u2019s wife was struck. Richardson panicked and, fearing for their lives, pulled the trigger on his gun and began firing into the crowd. Young Christopher was shot twice, in the chest and in the arm, and died that evening.", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\n2,000 people attended Christopher Seider\u2019s funeral , which was arranged by Sam Adams. The incident served to stir up Boston so much that the Boston Massacre would occur only 11 days later, when angry citizens harassing a group of soldiers were fired upon with 5 more casualties. Ebenezer Richardson was charged with murder for Seider\u2019s death, but found innocent on grounds of self-protection. He was also given a promotion in the customs service", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nSeider is often considered to be the very first casualty of the American Revolution, five years and two months before the Battles of Lexington and Concord.", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nConfederation Congress approves a new Constitutional Convention\nOn this day in history, February 21, 1787, the Confederation Congress approves a new Constitutional Convention to be held at Philadelphia beginning on May 14, 1787. The Articles of Confederation, which was the first governing document of the United States, had proved to be too weak for the government to function effectively.", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nSome of its weaknesses included that each state had one vote, regardless of size, giving disproportionate power to small states; Congress could not regulate interstate and foreign commerce, making it easy for states to undercut each other on import/export prices; there were no federal courts and no president; to pass a law, there had to be a 2/3 vote of the states; changes to the Articles required a unanimous vote; and Congress had no power to tax or raise money", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nCalls for changes to the system were made for years, but early in 1786, the state of Virginia requested that all the states get together at Annapolis, Maryland to come up with suggestions for changes to the Articles regarding matters of trade and commerce. The Annapolis Convention met from September 11 to 14, but with delegates present from only five states, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania and Virginia", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nThe delegates, including Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Dickinson, all agreed that major changes were necessary to the Articles regarding trade, but there were so few representatives present that they didn\u2019t feel they had the authority to act. Instead, they put together a proposal to Congress and the states that all thirteen states should meet the following May to make serious amendments to the Articles of Confederation that would permanently remedy its weaknesses.", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nCongress received the proposal and, though there were great differences between the members about how far the changes should go, they passed a resolution on February 21, 1787 that stated, \"It is expedient that on the second Monday in May next a Convention of delegates who shall have been appointed by the several States be held at Philadelphia for the sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation.\"", "The Battle of Moore\u2019s Creek Bridge\nThe Convention met in May and, rather than modifying the Articles of Confederation, came up with an entirely new governing document \u2013 the Constitution of the United States, which took effect on March 4, 1789.\n\"A universal peace, it is to be feared, is in the catalogue of events, which will never exist but in the imaginations of visionary philosophers, or in the breasts of benevolent enthusiasts.\"\nJames Madison, essay in the National Gazette, 1792"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.usmint.gov/mint_programs/commemoratives/?action=2009LouisBraille

Commemorative Coins | Image Library | U.S. Mint

["Commemorative Coins | Image Library | U.S. Mint\nThe 2009 Louis Braille Bicentennial Silver Dollar commemorates the 200th anniversary of the birth of Louis Braille, inventor of the Braille system, which is still used by the blind to read and write. Louis Braille was born in Coupvray, France, near Paris, on January 4, 1809. At the age of three, he lost the sight in his left eye as the result of an accident in his father\u2019s workshop. An infection spread to his right eye and he became completely blind by the age of four", "Commemorative Coins | Image Library | U.S. Mint\nAt the age of 10, Braille received a scholarship to attend the Royal Institute for Blind Children in Paris, where he became the youngest student. At the school, most instruction was oral, but Braille read books for the blind, which had large letters embossed on the pages", "Commemorative Coins | Image Library | U.S. Mint\nIn 1821, a captain in Napoleon\u2019s army, Charles Barbier de la Serre, visited Braille\u2019s school and introduced a system he had invented called \u201cnight writing.\u201d This was a method for communicating on the battlefield at night without having to talk or light a match, which could alert the enemy. It consisted of 12 raised dots which could be combined to represent words by sounds rather than letters", "Commemorative Coins | Image Library | U.S. Mint\nOver the next few months, Braille experimented with different configurations until he found a simpler one using just six dots. By the age of 15, using a blunt awl (the same type of tool that had injured his left eye 12 years earlier) to punch holes in paper to represent letters, Braille had developed the code that is essentially what we know today as modern Braille", "Commemorative Coins | Image Library | U.S. Mint\nIt uses no more than six dots in a \u201ccell\u201d of two columns of up to three dots each to represent letters and contains a system of punctuation and \u201ccontractions\u201d to speed reading and writing. It is read by passing the fingers over the raised dots. Today, Braille has been adapted to almost every known language and is used everywhere from bus stops and maps to music notation and text books", "Commemorative Coins | Image Library | U.S. Mint\nIn his native France, Louis Braille\u2019s achievement was recognized in 1952 \u2013 the 100th anniversary of his death \u2013 when his body was moved to Paris and interred in the Pantheon. Now, for the first time in history, a United States coin features readable Braille. It is available in both proof and uncirculated versions", "Commemorative Coins | Image Library | U.S. Mint\nThe obverse (heads) features a portrait of Louis Braille designed by United States Mint Artistic Infusion Program (AIP) Master Designer Joel Iskowitz and sculpted by United States Mint Sculptor/Engraver Phebe Hemphill. It is also inscribed with LIBERTY, IN GOD WE TRUST, LOUIS BRAILLE, 1809 and 2009. The reverse (tails), showing a child reading a book in Braille, was designed by United States Mint AIP Master Designer Susan Gamble and sculpted by United States Mint Sculptor/Engraver Joseph Menna", "Commemorative Coins | Image Library | U.S. Mint\nThe word Braille (abbreviated Brl in Braille code) is depicted in the upper field. The word INDEPENDENCE is featured on a bookshelf behind the child, in addition to the inscriptions UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ONE DOLLAR and E PLURIBUS UNUM. Surcharges from sales of the 2009 Louis Braille Bicentennial Silver Dollar are authorized to be paid to the National Federation of the Blind to further its programs to promote Braille literacy. 2009 Louis Braille Bicentennial Silver Dollar Proof Obverse", "Commemorative Coins | Image Library | U.S. Mint\n2009 Louis Braille Bicentennial Silver Dollar Proof Reverse\n2009 Louis Braille Bicentennial Silver Dollar Uncirculated Obverse\n2009 Louis Braille Bicentennial Silver Dollar Uncirculated Reverse"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://csp.edu/news-events/events/?Date=10/28/2012

No title found

["No title found\n9/8/2014 - 10/4/2014 from 10:00 am to 4:00 pmOh Great State: Made In Minnesota Sunday, October 28, 2012 - Saturday, November 03, 2012\n2:00 pm to 3:30 pmThe Robber Bridegroom (Oct. 28, 2 p.m.E.M. Pearson Theatre\n8:00 pm to 9:00 pmInstrumental Ensembles Fall ConcertBuetow Music Center Auditorium\n10/18/2012 - 11/14/2012 from 10:00 am to 4:00 pmExhibition: Putting the Pieces Together\nMonday, October 01, 2012 - Wednesday, October 31, 2012", "No title found\n11:45 am to 12:45 pmConvocation - \"Promises Made, PromisesBuenger Education Center\n11:45 am to 12:45 pmBartling Lecture Series - \"The Freedom toBuenger Education Center\n7:00 pm to 8:30 pmLuther, Learning and the Liberal ArtsGraebner Memorial Chapel\n5:00 pm to 7:00 pmOpening Reception - Putting the PiecesConcordia Gallery\n4:30 pm to 6:30 pmCommunity Dialogue with President RiesBuenger Education Center\n5:30 pm to 8:00 pmThe Power of Personal ConnectionBeunger Education Center", "No title found\n7:30 pm to 9:00 pmThe Robber Bridegroom (Oct. 25-27, 7:30 p.m.)E.M. Pearson Theatre\n10:30 am to 9:00 pmMother-Daughter DayConcordia University, St. Paul\n9/6/2012 - 10/6/2012 from 10:00 am to 4:00 pmConcordia Faculty & Alumni Exhibition, Sept.\n9/6/2012 - 10/6/2012 from 10:00 am to 4:00 pmExhibition: James Bailey - Babel, Sept."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://events.umich.edu/event/17559

(Expired) Jeff Daniels | Happening @ Michigan

["(Expired) Jeff Daniels\n | Happening @ Michigan\n& the Ben Daniels Band Maybe you know Jeff Daniels as one of the most versatile actors in Hollywood, with roles ranging from Debra Winger's college-instructor husband in \"Terms of Endearment\" to Harry Dunne, the \"Dumber\" (perhaps) of \"Dumb and Dumber.\" Or maybe you know him as the creator of the hilarious deer-hunting stage comedy, \"Escanaba in da Moonlight,\" or maybe as the man who put Chelsea, Michigan on the national theater map with his gem of a venue, the Purple Rose Theatre", "(Expired) Jeff Daniels\n | Happening @ Michigan\nThe last several years have seen a new phase in the development of this man of multiple talents: he's been writing songs, ballads that The New York Times called \"both poignant and ramblingly funny,\" terrific tales of famous people and ordinary folk, all with the special Jeff Daniels touch that has kept him in the headlines as one of America's most beloved entertainers for more than two decades now", "(Expired) Jeff Daniels\n | Happening @ Michigan\nJeff Daniels has proven that he is not an actor who sings, but a supremely accomplished singer/songwriter whose musical talent does not require the support of his acting. He's backed this evening by The Ben Daniels Band\u2013headed by his son, who has an original sound that spans blues, reggae, hip-hop, and even jazz. Two shows, Sunday and Monday! Sponsor", "(Expired) Jeff Daniels\n | Happening @ Michigan\nMichigan Union Ticket Office (MUTO)\nGeneral Admission: $45, Reserved: $52\nWeb and Social\nvendini.com\nJeff daniels and the ben daniels band\nFlag this event for staff review\nOff Campus Location - The Ark, 316 S. Main, Ann Arbor, MI\nComments User emailSubmit Feedback\nThank you for your feedback, we will review it shortly.\nFeedback could not be saved, please be sure to fill out all the fields."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/10/20071017.html

Press Conference by the President

["Press Conference by the President\nPress Conference by the President\nJames S. Brady Briefing Room\nAudio Photos En Espa\u00f1ol\n10:45 A.M. EDT\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tGood morning. We're now more than halfway through October,\nand the new leaders in Congress have had more than nine months to get\nthings done for the American people. Unfortunately, they haven't managed\nto pass many important bills. Now the clock is winding down and in some\nkey areas Congress is just getting started.\nCongress has work to do on health care. Tomorrow Congress will hold a vote", "Press Conference by the President\nattempting to override my veto of the S-CHIP bill. It's unlikely that that\noverride vote will succeed, which Congress knew when they sent me the bill.\nNow it's time to put politics aside and seek common ground to reauthorize\nthis important program. I've asked Health and Human Services Secretary\nMike Leavitt, National Economic Council Director Al Hubbard, and OMB\nDirector Jim Nussle to lead my administration's discussions with the\nCongress. I made clear that if putting poor children first requires more", "Press Conference by the President\nthan the 20 percent increase in funding I proposed, we'll work with\nCongress to find the money we need. I'm confident we can work out our\ndifferences and reauthorize S-CHIP.\nCongress has work to do to keep our people safe. One of the things\nCongress did manage to get done this year is pass legislation that began\nmodernizing the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act.\tFISA is a law that\nour intelligence professionals use to monitor the communications of", "Press Conference by the President\nterrorists who want to do harm to our people. The problem is that Congress\narranged for the measure they passed to expire this coming February. In\naddition, the House is now considering another FISA bill that would weaken\nthe reforms they approved just two months ago.\tWhen it comes to improving\nFISA, Congress needs to move forward, not backward, so we can ensure our\nintelligence professionals have the tools they need to protect us.\nCongress has work to do on the budget.\tOne of Congress's basic duties is", "Press Conference by the President\nto fund the day-to-day operations of the federal government. Yet Congress\nhas not sent me a single appropriations bill. Time is running short, so I\nurge the Speaker and the leader of the Senate to name conferees for six of\nthe annual appropriations bills that have already passed the House and the\nSenate. The two Houses need to work out their differences on these bills,\nand get them to my desk as soon as possible. They also need to pass the", "Press Conference by the President\nremaining spending bills, one at a time and in a fiscally responsible way.\nCongress has work to do on education. As we saw from the recent Nation's\nReport Card, the No Child Left Behind Act is getting results for America's\nchildren. Test scores are rising. The achievement gap is beginning to\nclose.\tAnd Congress should send me a bipartisan bill that reauthorizes and\nstrengthens this effective piece of legislation.\nCongress has work to do on housing. Back in August I proposed a series of", "Press Conference by the President\nreforms to help homeowners struggling with their mortgage payments. More\nthan six weeks later, Congress has yet to finish work on any of these\nmeasures. These are sensible reforms that would help American families\nstay in their homes, and Congress needs to act quickly on these proposals.\nCongress has work to do on trade. Earlier this year my administration\nreached out to the Congress, and we forged a bipartisan agreement to\nadvance trade legislation. Now Congress needs to begin moving on trade", "Press Conference by the President\nagreements with Peru, Colombia, Panama, and South Korea. These agreements\nexpand access to overseas markets, they strengthen democratic allies, and\nthey level the playing field for American workers, farmers, and small\nCongress has work to do for our military veterans. Yesterday I sent\nCongress legislation to implement the Dole-Shalala commission's\nrecommendations that would modernize and improve our system of care for\nwounded warriors. Congress should consider this legislation promptly so", "Press Conference by the President\nthat those injured while defending our freedom can get the quality care\nthey deserve.\nCongress also needs to complete the Veterans Affairs appropriations bill\nthat funds veterans' benefits and other ongoing programs. Look, we have\nour differences on appropriations bills, but the veterans' bill is where we\nagree.\tSo I ask Congress to send me a clean bill that will fund our\nveterans, a bill without unnecessary spending in it. And they need to get", "Press Conference by the President\nthis work done, and I hope they can get it done by Veteran's Day. It seems\nlike a reasonable request on behalf of our nation's veterans.\nCongress has work to do for law enforcement and the judiciary.\tI want to\nthank the Senate Judiciary Committee for beginning hearings today on Judge\nMukasey's nomination to serve as the Attorney General.\tI urge the\ncommittee to vote on that nomination this week and send it to the full\nSenate for a vote next week. The Senate also needs to act on the many", "Press Conference by the President\njudicial nominations that are pending, and give those nominees an up or\ndown vote. Confirming federal judges is one of the most important\nresponsibilities of the Senate, and the Senate owes it to the American\npeople to meet that responsibility in a timely way.\nWith all these pressing responsibilities, one thing Congress should not be\ndoing is sorting out the historical record of the Ottoman Empire. The\nresolution on the mass killings of Armenians beginning in 1915 is", "Press Conference by the President\ncounterproductive. Both Republicans and Democrats, including every living\nformer Secretary of State, have spoken out against this resolution. Congress has more important work to do than antagonizing a democratic ally\nin the Muslim world, especially one that is providing vital support for our\nmilitary every day.\nIt's little time left in the year, and Congress has little to show for all\nthe time that has gone by. Now is the time for them to act. And I look", "Press Conference by the President\nforward to working with members of both parties on important goals that\nI've outlined this morning.\nAnd I now I look forward to taking some of your questions -- believe it or\nnot. (Laughter.)\nQ Mr. President, Turkey's parliament is debating sending military forces\ninto Iraq to pursue Kurdish rebels. Do you think that Turkey has the\nlegitimate right to stage a cross-country -- cross-country offensive --\ncross-border offensive?\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tI've talked to Ambassador Crocker and General Petraeus", "Press Conference by the President\nabout this issue this morning.\tWe are making it very clear to Turkey that\nwe don't think it is in their interests to send troops into Iraq. Actually, they have troops already stationed in Iraq, and they've had\ntroops stationed there for quite a while. We don't think it's in their\ninterests to send more troops in.\nI appreciate very much the fact that the Iraqi government understands that\nthis is a sensitive issue with the Turks, and that's why Vice President", "Press Conference by the President\nHashimi is in Istanbul today, talking with the Turkish leaders to assure\nthem that Iraq shares their concerns about terrorist activities, but that\nthere's a better way to deal with the issue than having the Turks send\nmassive troops into the country -- massive additional troops into the\nWhat I'm telling you is, is that there's a lot of dialogue going on, and\nthat's positive. We are actively involved with the Turks and the Iraqis\nthrough a tripartite arrangement, and we'll continue to -- dialoguing with", "Press Conference by the President\nthe Turks.\nQ Thank you, Mr. President.\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tMatt.\nQ Why are going to attend the Congressional Award Ceremony for the Dalai\nLama today --\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tWhy -- when am I, or why am I?\nQ Why are you going to, when China has expressed outrage about it? And\nwhat, if any, potential damage do you see to U.S.-China relations,\nconsidering that you need their support in dealing with Iran and North\nKorean nuclear issues?\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tOne, I admire the Dalai Lama a lot. Two, I support", "Press Conference by the President\nreligious freedom; he supports religious freedom. Thirdly, I like going to\nthe Gold Medal ceremonies. I think it's a good thing for the President to\ndo, to recognize those who Congress has honored. And I'm looking forward\nto going.\nI told the Chinese President, President Hu that I was going to go to the\nceremony. In other words, I brought it up. And I said I'm going because I\nwant to honor this man. I have consistently told the Chinese that", "Press Conference by the President\nreligious freedom is in their nation's interest. I've also told them that\nI think it's in their interest to meet with the Dalai Lama, and will say so\nat the ceremony today in Congress. If they were to sit down with the Dalai\nLama they would find him to be a man of peace and reconciliation. And I\nthink it's in the country's interest to allow him to come to China and meet\nSo my visit today is not new to the Chinese leadership. As I told you, I", "Press Conference by the President\nbrought it up with him. I wanted to make sure he understood exactly why I\nwas going. And they didn't like it, of course, but I don't think it's\ngoing to damage -- severely damage relations. Matter of fact, I don't\nthink it ever damages relations when the American President talks about\nreligious tolerance and religious freedom is good for a nation. I do this\nevery time I meet with him.\nDavid.\tWelcome back.\nQ Mr. President, last time you used that line and we were here --\n(laughter) --", "Press Conference by the President\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tBut you know something, the interesting thing about it is\nit works every time because -- (laughter) --\nQ I know.\nTHE PRESIDENT:\t-- because there's a grain of truth. (Laughter.) I won't\nuse it again, though. (Laughter.)\nQ There's a report today from Israel Army Radio indicating that the\nSyrians have confirmed that the Israelis struck a nuclear site in their\ncountry. You wouldn't comment on that before, and I'm wondering if now, on", "Press Conference by the President\nthe general question, you think it's appropriate for Israel to take such\naction if it feels that there is mortal danger being posed to the state?\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tDavid, my position hadn't changed. You can ask me another\nQ Can I ask you whether -- did you support Israel's strike in 1981 on\nthe Iraqi reactor outside Baghdad?\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tYou know, Dave, I don't remember what I was doing in 1980\n-- let's see, I was living in Midland, Texas; I don't remember my reaction\nthat far back.", "Press Conference by the President\nQ Well, but as you look at it as President now --\nTHE PRESIDENT:\t-- private citizen back there in 1981 in Midland, Texas,\ntrying to make a living for my family and --\nQ But you're a careful -- someone who studies history --\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tStudent of history? I do, yes. No, I don't remember my\nreaction, to be frank with you.\nQ But I'm asking you now, as you look back at it, do you think it was\nthe right action for Israel to take?\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tDavid, I'm not going to comment on the subject that you're", "Press Conference by the President\ntrying to get me to comment on.\nQ Why won't you? But isn't it a fair question to say, is it -- given\nall the talk about Iran and the potential threat, whether it would be\nappropriate for Israel to act --\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tHey, Dave -- Dave --\nQ -- in self-defense --\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tI understand --\nQ -- if Iran were to --\nTHE PRESIDENT:\t-- I understand where you're trying to take --\nQ -- develop nuclear weapons?\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tI understand where you're trying to take. It's a clever", "Press Conference by the President\nruse to get me to comment on it, but I'm not going to.\tThank you.\nQ Well, I'm just wondering why you think it's not appropriate to make\nthat judgment, when it's a -- it is a real-world scenario, as we know,\nsince they apparently took this action against Syria --\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tDave. Welcome back. (Laughter.)\nQ Good morning, Mr. President, thank you. I don't know if you saw the\npicture on the front page of one of the papers this morning of Mahmoud\nAhmadinejad and Vladimir Putin.\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tI did.", "Press Conference by the President\nQ It looked like they were getting along pretty well. And they are\namong --\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tSurprised they weren't kind of fighting each other on the\nfront page of the paper? No, man, come on.\nQ It looked like they were enjoying each other's company. And I'm\nwondering, since they were leaders of five Caspian Sea region nations that\nhave now declared each country will not be used as a base to attack the\nother, A, what do you make of their growing relationship? B, does it", "Press Conference by the President\ncomplicate what the United States can do in the region? And C, would you\ncharacterize that arrangement as some sort of Caspian Sea Truman Doctrine\nor something like that?\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tYou know, I -- I think it's hard to judge how their\nconversations went from a picture. Generally leaders don't like to be", "Press Conference by the President\nphotographed scowling at each other or making bad gestures at each other. So I'm not surprised that there was a nice picture of them walking along. I try to make sure that when I'm with foreign leaders, there's a pretty\npicture of the two of us walking down the colonnades, or something like\nthat, to send a good message.\nQ Are you saying it's not so warm?\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tWell, I don't know yet. What I'm about to tell you is, is\nthat I'm looking forward to getting President Putin's readout from the", "Press Conference by the President\nmeeting. I think one of the -- the thing I'm interested in is whether or\nnot he continues to harbor the same concerns that I do. And I say\n\"continues\" because when we were in Australia, he reconfirmed to me that it\nis -- he recognized it's not in the world's interest for Iran to have the\ncapacity to make a nuclear weapon. And they have been very supportive in\nthe United Nations. And we're working with them on a potential third\nSo that's where my concerns -- I don't worry about the pictures. I", "Press Conference by the President\nunderstand why they meet. I am -- will continue to work with Russia, as\nwell as other nations, to keep a focused effort on sending Iran a message\nthat you will remain isolated if you continue your nuclear weapons\nambitions.\nQ But this declaration doesn't speak to that, Mr. President. This\ndeclaration doesn't suggest isolation for Iran. Just the opposite, that\nRussia and Iran are going to do business.\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tWell, we'll find out, see. You're trying to get me to", "Press Conference by the President\ninterpret the meeting based upon a news story or a picture. I'd rather\nspend some time with Vladimir Putin finding out exactly what went on. Thank you.\nQ Let's stay with the nuclear -- here. When North Korea tested a\nnuclear device, you said that any proliferation would be a grave threat to\nthe U.S., and North Korea would be responsible for the consequences. Are\nyou denying that North Korea has any role in the suspected nuclear --\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tSee, you're trying to pull a Gregory.\nQ Yes, I am.", "Press Conference by the President\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tOkay, well, I'm not going to fall for it. But I'd like to\ntalk about --\nQ Don't Americans have a right to know about who is proliferating,\nespecially when you're negotiating with North Korea?\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tNo, you have a right to know this, that when it comes to\nthe six-party talks, proliferation -- the issue of proliferation has equal\nimportance with the issue of weaponry, and that North Korea has said that\nthey will stop proliferating, just like they have said they will fully", "Press Conference by the President\ndisclose and disable any weapons programs.\nStep one of that has been dealing with shuttering Pyongyang. Step two will\nbe full declaration of any plutonium that has been manufactured, and/or the\nconstruction of bombs, along with a full declaration of any proliferation\nactivities. And in my judgment, the best way to solve this issue with\nNorth Korea peacefully is to put it in -- keep it in the context of\nsix-party talks. And the reason why is that diplomacy only works if there", "Press Conference by the President\nare consequences when diplomacy breaks down, and it makes sense for there\nto be other people at the table so that if North Korea were to have said to\nall of us, we're doing to do x, y, or z, and they don't, that we have other\n-- people other than the United States being consequential.\nThere's a lot of aid that goes on with -- between North Korea and China, or\nNorth Korea and South Korea, and therefore, if they renege on their\npromises -- and they have said -- they have declared that they will show us", "Press Conference by the President\nweapons and get rid of the weapons programs, as well as stop proliferation\n-- if they don't fulfill that which they've said, we are now in a position\nto make sure that they understand that there will be consequences.\nAnd I'm pleased with the progress we're making. Is there still work to be\ndone? You bet there's work to be done. Do I go into this thing saying,\nwell, you know, gosh, the process is more important than results? I don't.\nWhat matters most to me are whether or not we can achieve the results", "Press Conference by the President\nthat I've said we're hoping to achieve. And if not, there will be\nconsequences to the North Koreans.\nQ Was Syria part of those talks? Is Syria part of the talks?\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tProliferation is a part of the talks.\nQ Including Syria?\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tElaine.\nLook, in all due respect to you and Gregory, this is not my first rodeo. And I know where you're trying to get me to comment. I'm not going to\ncomment on it, one way or the other.\nElaine.\nQ But, Mr. President, your administration has talked about --", "Press Conference by the President\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tThank you, Martha. Martha, thank you.\tElaine.\nQ Mr. President, on Iraq, you've talked repeatedly about the threat of\nal Qaeda in Iraq. And we've also heard a lot about the military progress\nthat's been made against that group. Can you tell Americans how close the\nUnited States is to declaring victory against that group? And if you're\nnot able to do so, does that suggest that your critics are correct that\nthis war cannot be won militarily?", "Press Conference by the President\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tThe Iraq situation cannot be won by military means alone. There has to be political reconciliation to go with it. There has to be an\nemergence of a democracy. That's been my position ever since it started.\nAl Qaeda is still dangerous. They're dangerous in Iraq, they're dangerous\nelsewhere. Al Qaeda is not going to go away anytime soon. That's why it's\nimportant for us to be finding out what their intentions are, and what are", "Press Conference by the President\ntheir plans, so we can respond to them. This is a -- this war against al\nQaeda requires actionable intelligence. That's why this FISA bill is\nimportant. And they still want to do us harm, Elaine, and they're still\nactive. Yeah, we've hurt them bad in Iraq. We've hurt them bad elsewhere.\nIf you're the number three person in al Qaeda, you've had some rough goes\n-- you've either been captured or killed. And we're keeping the pressure\non them, all the time.", "Press Conference by the President\nAnd so, yes, we're making progress. But, no, I fully understand those who\nsay you can't win this thing militarily. That's exactly what the United\nStates military says, that you can't win this military [sic]. That's why\nit's very important that we continue to work with the Iraqis on economic\nprogress, as well as political progress.\nAnd what's happened is, in Iraq, is there's been a lot of political\nreconciliation at the grassroots level. In other words, people that hadn't", "Press Conference by the President\nbeen talking to each other are now talking to each other. They're\nbeginning to realize there's a better future than one of -- that one --\nwith a country with deep sectarian divide. And what's going to end up\nhappening is, is that the local reconciliation will affect the national\ngovernment. In the meantime, we're pressing hard to get the national\ngovernment to complete the strategic partnership with the United States, as\nwell as pass meaningful legislation, like the de-Baath law, or the", "Press Conference by the President\nprovincial government law, or the oil revenue-sharing law.\nBret.\nQ Sir, given that, what you just laid out, should the American people\nprepare for a large number of U.S. forces to remain in Iraq after you are\nfinished with your presidency?\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tThe troop levels in Iraq will be determined by our\ncommanders on the ground and the progress being made. Thank you.\nQ Mr. President, I'd like to follow on Mr. -- on President Putin's visit", "Press Conference by the President\nto Tehran. It's not about the image of President Putin and President\nAhmadinejad, but about the words that Vladimir Putin said there. He issued\na stern warning against potential U.S. military action -- U.S. military\naction against Tehran --\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tDid he say U.S.?\nQ Yes.\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tOh, he did?\nQ He said -- well, at least the quote said that -- and he also said, \"He\nsees no evidence to suggest Iran wants to build a nuclear bomb.\" Were you", "Press Conference by the President\ndisappointed with that message? And does that indicate possibly that\ninternational pressure is not as great as you once thought against Iran\nabandoning its nuclear program?\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tI -- as I said, I look forward to -- if those are, in fact,\nhis comments, I look forward to having him clarify those, because when I\nvisited with him, he understands that it's in the world's interest to make\nsure that Iran does not have the capacity to make a nuclear weapon. And", "Press Conference by the President\nthat's why, on\t-- in the first round at the U.N., he joined us, and second\nround, we joined together to send a message. I mean, if he wasn't\nconcerned about it, Bret, then why did we have such good progress at the\nUnited Nations in round one and round two?\nAnd so I will visit with him about it.\tI have not yet been briefed yet by\nCondi or Bob Gates about, you know, their visit with Vladimir Putin.\nQ But you definitively believe Iran wants to build a nuclear weapon?", "Press Conference by the President\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tI think so long -- until they suspend and/or make it clear\nthat they -- that their statements aren't real, yeah, I believe they want\nto have the capacity, the knowledge, in order to make a nuclear weapon. And I know it's in the world's interest to prevent them from doing so.\tI\nbelieve that the Iranian -- if Iran had a nuclear weapon, it would be a\ndangerous threat to world peace.\nBut this -- we got a leader in Iran who has announced that he wants to", "Press Conference by the President\ndestroy Israel. So I've told people that if you're interested in avoiding\nWorld War III, it seems like you ought to be interested in preventing them\nfrom have the knowledge necessary to make a nuclear weapon. I take the\nthreat of Iran with a nuclear weapon very seriously. And we'll continue to\nwork with all nations about the seriousness of this threat. Plus we'll\ncontinue working the financial measures that we're in the process of doing.", "Press Conference by the President\nIn other words, I think -- the whole strategy is, is that at some point in\ntime, leaders or responsible folks inside of Iran may get tired of\nisolation and say, this isn't worth it. And to me, it's worth the effort\nto keep the pressure on this government.\nAnd secondly, it's important for the Iranian people to know we harbor no\nresentment to them. We're disappointed in the Iranian government's\nactions, as should they be. Inflation is way too high; isolation is", "Press Conference by the President\ncausing economic pain.\tThis is a country that has got a much better\nfuture, people have got a much better -- should have better hope inside\nIran than this current government is providing them.\nSo it's -- look, it's a complex issue, no question about it. But my intent\nis to continue to rally the world to send a focused signal to the Iranian\ngovernment that we will continue to work to isolate you, in the hopes that\nat some point in time, somebody else shows up and says it's not worth the\nisolation.", "Press Conference by the President\nQ Mr. President, you are sponsoring the international peace conference. President Abbas said he is not going to come unless there is a timetable.\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tWho said that?\nQ President Abbas. Secretary Rice said that failure is not an option. You talked about substantial issues need to be discussed. What is the\nminimum expectation from you that you would call this conference a success?\nWhat you're offering the Arab nations to encourage them to participate?", "Press Conference by the President\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tRight.\tWell, that's why Condi is making the trip she's\nmaking, is to explain to people in private, as well as in public that, one,\nwe're for comprehensive peace; two, that there is a -- the meeting, the\ninternational meeting will be serious and substantive.\tIn other words --\nas she said the other day this isn't going to be just a photo opportunity. This is going to be a serious and substantive meeting.\nWe believe that now is the time to push ahead with a meeting at which the", "Press Conference by the President\nIsraelis and Palestinians will lay out a vision of what a state could look\nlike. And the reason why there needs to be a vision of what a state could\nlook like is because the Palestinians, that have been promised all these\nyears, need to see there's a serious, focused effort to step up a state. And that's important so that the people who want to reject extremism have\nsomething to be for.\nSo this is a serious attempt. And I'm pleased with the progress. And the", "Press Conference by the President\nreason I'm pleased is because it appears to me that President Abbas and\nPrime Minister Olmert are, one, talking -- I know they're talking a lot --\nbut they're making progress. And in order for there to be lasting peace,\nthe deal has to be good for the Palestinians, as well as the Israelis.\tOur\njob is to facilitate the process.\nAnother reason I have an international meeting is to -- is to get Arab\nbuy-in for a state. In other words, part of the issue in the past has been", "Press Conference by the President\nthat the Arab nations stood on the sidelines and when a state was in reach,\nthey weren't a part of the process encouraging the parties to move forward.\nAnd so this is -- that's what I mean by comprehensive. It's comprehensive\nnot only for what the state will look like, it's comprehensive in getting\npeople in the region to be a part of the process. And so I'm feeling\npretty optimistic about it.\nQ -- and Jerusalem and security and other issues --", "Press Conference by the President\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tThey are -- the important issue -- the important thing -- I\nhave discussed those publicly, as you know, early on in my presidency, when\nI articulated a two-state solution. The important thing is for the\nIsraelis and the Palestinians to be discussing them. That's the important\nissue.\tThe United States can't impose peace. We can encourage the\ndevelopment of a state. That's precisely what I have been doing since the\nearly stages of my presidency.\tIn order for there to be a Palestinian", "Press Conference by the President\nstate, it's going to require the Israelis and the Palestinians coming to an\naccord. We can facilitate that. But we can't force people to make hard\ndecisions; they're going to have to do that themselves.\nI'm encouraged, I'm encouraged from what Condi tells me is going on in the\nMiddle East, that there is -- the attitude is, let's work together to see\nif we can't lay out that vision for the sake of -- for the sake of peace\nbetween Israel and the Palestinians. And it's possible. I believe that we", "Press Conference by the President\nwill see a democratic state, and I understand how hard it is. And the\nreason it is hard, by the way, is because there are extremists who don't\nwant there to be a democracy in the Middle East, whether it be in Iraq or\nLebanon or in the Palestinian Territories. That's the struggle, that when\nyou see people trying to blow up the opportunity for a state to exist, you\njust got to understand it's broader than just the Palestinian Territory. It's a part of this struggle, this ideological struggle in which we're", "Press Conference by the President\nengaged. We've got to ask ourselves, why don't they want there to be a\ndemocracy? And the answer is, because it doesn't fit into their\nideological vision -- \"they\" being the extremists.\nAnother issue with Iran, by the way, that is of great concern to us is\ntheir willingness to fund groups that try to either destabilize or prevent\nthe rise of a democracy. Anyway, I'm optimistic this can be achieved, and\nwe'll continue working to that end.\nYes, Ed.\nQ Mr. President, could I ask you about a domestic matter?", "Press Conference by the President\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tSure.\nQ The Commerce Department reported today that the housing starts last\nmonth fell to the lowest level since 1993. How concerned are you that this\nhousing recession will spill over into the broader economy, and what more\ncan be done to prevent that from happening?\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tEd, I'm encouraged by the rate of inflation, the job\ngrowth. We've had 49 consecutive months of uninterrupted job growth, which\nis a record here in America. I'm pleased with the fact that our deficit is", "Press Conference by the President\nshrinking. But like our Secretary of the Treasury, I recognize there's\nsoftness in the housing market. By the way, we had growth in the GDP\nbecause of exports. In other words, there's positive elements of our\neconomy. But no question the housing is soft.\nAnd the fundamental question is, what do we do to help homeowners? I don't\nthink we ought to be providing bailouts for lenders, but I do think we\nought to put policy in place that help people stay in their home. And", "Press Conference by the President\nthat's why this FHA modernization bill is really important, because it will\nextend the reach of the FHA, and to -- to help more people be able to\nrefinance their homes.\nPart of the issue in the housing market has been that as a result of asset\nbundling, that it's hard sometimes for people to find somebody to talk to,\nto help them refinance. In other words, in old days, you go into your\nsaving and loan, your local savings and loan, and sit down and negotiate a", "Press Conference by the President\nhouse deal, and the person with whom you negotiated would be around if you\nhad financial difficulties, to say, can't you help me restructure? Today\nthe originator of the note no longer owns the note, in many cases.\nThe securitization of mortgages actually provide a lot of liquidity in the\nmarket, and that's a good thing. But it also creates a issue here in\nAmerica, and that is, how do we get people to understand the nature of the\nmortgages they bought, and how do you help people refinance to stay in home", "Press Conference by the President\n-- stay in their home?\tAnd so that's what Secretary Paulson, Secretary\nJackson have been working on, particularly with the private sector, to\nfacilitate the ability to people to refinance.\nAnd finally, we need to change the tax laws. You're disadvantaged if you\nrefinance your home. It creates a tax liability. And if we want people\nstaying in their homes, then it seems like to me we got to change the tax\ncode. That's why I talked to Senator Stabenow the other day and thanked", "Press Conference by the President\nher for her sponsorship of an important piece of tax legislation that will\nenable people to more likely stay in their homes.\nSo there's some things we can do, Ed. In the meantime, you just got to\nunderstand, it's going to have to work -- when you got more houses than you\ngot buyers, the price tends to go down. And we're just going to have to\nwork through the issue. I'm not a forecaster, but I can tell people that I\nfeel good about many of the economic indicators here in the United States.", "Press Conference by the President\nQ Mr. President, following up on Vladimir Putin for a moment. He said\nrecently that next year when he has to step down, according to the\nconstitution, as President, he may become Prime Minister, in effect keeping\npower and dashing any hopes for a genuine democratic transition there. Senator McCain --\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tI've been planning that myself. (Laughter.)\nQ Senator McCain said yesterday, when he looks into Putin's eyes, he\nsees a K, a G and a B, and he would never have invited --", "Press Conference by the President\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tPretty good line.\nQ And he would never have invited him to Kennebunkport. And he said\nit's time we got a little tough with Vladimir Putin. I'm wondering if you\nthink -- is Senator McCain right? And what would it mean for Russian\ndemocracy if, when you leave power, assuming you do, in January 2009 --\n(laughter) -- if Vladimir Putin is still in power?\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tYou know, one of the interesting -- well, my leadership\nstyle has been to try to be in a position where I actually can influence", "Press Conference by the President\npeople. And one way to do that is to have personal relationships that\nenable me to sit down and tell people what's on my mind without fear of\nrupturing relations. And that's how I've tried to conduct my business with\nVladimir Putin. We don't agree on a lot of issues; we do agree on some. Iran is one; nuclear proliferation is another.\tReducing our nuclear\nwarheads was an issue that we agreed on early.\nBut I believe that diplomacy requires good relations at the leadership", "Press Conference by the President\nlevel.\tThat's why, in Slovakia, I was in a position to tell him that we\ndidn't understand why he was altering the relationship between the Russian\ngovernment and a free press -- in other words, why the fress press was\nbecoming less free. And I was able to do -- he didn't like it. Nobody\nlikes to be talked to in a way that may point up different flaws in their\nstrategy. But I was able to do so in a way that didn't rupture relations. He was able to tell me going into Iraq wasn't the right thing.\tAnd to me", "Press Conference by the President\nthat's good diplomacy.\tAnd so I'm -- and I'll continue to practice that\ndiplomacy.\nNow, in terms of whether or not it's possible to reprogram the kind of\nbasic Russian DNA, which is a centralized authority, that's hard to do. We've worked hard to make it appear in their interests -- we made it clear\nto them that it is in their interests to have good relations with the West.\nAnd the best way to have good long-term relations with the West is to", "Press Conference by the President\nrecognize that checks and balances in government are important, or\nrecognize there are certain freedoms that are inviolate. So Russia a\ncomplex relationship, but it's an important relationship to maintain.\nQ Will you be disappointed if he stays in power after you're gone?\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tI have no idea what he's going to do. He -- I asked him\nwhen I saw him in Australia, I tried to get it out of him, who's going to\nbe his successor, what he intends to do, and he was wily. He wouldn't tip", "Press Conference by the President\nhis hand. I'll tip mine: I'm going to finish -- I'm going to work hard to\nthe finish. I'm going to sprint to the finish line, and then you'll find\nme in Crawford.\nSheryl.\nQ Mr. President, I'd like to turn your attention back to Capitol Hill. A year ago, after Republicans lost control of Congress, you said you wanted\nto find common ground.\tThis morning you gave us a pretty scathing report\ncard on Democrats. But I'm wondering how have you assessed yourself in", "Press Conference by the President\ndealing with Democrats this past year?\tHow effective have you been in\ndealing with them on various issues, and do you think you've done a good\njob in finding common ground?\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tWe're finding common ground on Iraq. We're -- I recognize\nthere are people Congress that say we shouldn't have been there in the\nfirst place. But it sounds to me as if the debate has shifted, that David\nPetraeus and Ryan Crocker's testimony made a difference to a lot of", "Press Conference by the President\nmembers. I hope we continue to find ground by making sure our troops get\nfunded.\nWe found common ground on FISA. My only question is why change a good law?\nThe way that law was written works for the security of the country. That's what the American people want to know, by the way, are we passing\nlaws that are beneficial to the American people. This law is beneficial\nbecause it enables our intelligence experts to\t-- and professionals to\nfind out the intentions of al Qaeda. Now, the law needs to be changed,", "Press Conference by the President\nenhanced, by providing the phone companies that allegedly helped us with\nliability protection. So we found common ground there.\nHopefully we can find common ground as the Congress begins to move pieces\nof legislation. The reason I said what I said today is there's a lot to be\ndone. As you recognize, I'm not a member of the legislative branch,\nprobably wouldn't be a very good legislator. But as the head of the\nexecutive branch, it makes sense to call upon Congress to show progress and", "Press Conference by the President\nget results. It's hard to find common ground unless important bills are\nmoving. They're not even moving. And not one appropriations bill has made\nit to my desk.\tHow can you find common ground when there's no\nappropriations process?\nWe found common ground on a trade bill -- trade bills; really important\npieces of legislation, as far as I'm concerned. One of the reasons why is\nexports helped us overcome the weakness in the housing market last quarter.", "Press Conference by the President\nIf that's the case, it seems like it makes sense to continue and open up\nmarkets to U.S. goods and services. And yet there hadn't been one -- there\nhaven't been any bills moving when it comes to trade.\nVeterans Affairs is an area where we can find common ground. I've called\nin -- I asked Bob Dole and Donna Shalala to lead an important commission, a\ncommission to make sure our veterans get the benefits they deserve. I was\nconcerned about bureaucratic delay and concerned about a system that had", "Press Conference by the President\nbeen in place for years. But this didn't recognize this different nature\n-- a different kind of war that we're fighting.\nI don't like it when I meet wives who are sitting by -- beside their\nhusband's bed in Walter Reed and not being supported by its government, not\nbeing helped to provide care. I'm concerned about PTSD, and I want people\nto focus on PTSD. And so we sent up a bill and I hope they move on it\nquickly. There's a place where we can find common ground, Sheryl.", "Press Conference by the President\nQ Is it all their fault that these bills aren't moving, that you've got\nthese veto threats out?\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tI think it is their fault that bills aren't moving, yeah. As I said, I'm not a part of the legislative branch. All I can do is ask\nthem to move bills. It's up to the leaders to move the bills.\tAnd you bet\nI'm going to put veto threats out. Of course, I want to remind you, I put\na lot of veto threats out when the Republicans were in control of Congress.", "Press Conference by the President\nI said, now, if you overspend I'm going to veto your bills, and they\nlistened, and we worked together. Whether or not that's the case, we'll\nAnd by the way, on the S-CHIP bill, we weren't dialed in in the beginning. The leaders said, okay, let's see if we can get something moving. And I'm\nsurprised I hadn't been asked about S-CHIP. It's an issue that hadn't been\nQ How far are you planning to go?\nTHE PRESIDENT:\t-- surprised I hadn't been asked about S-CHIP yet. It's a", "Press Conference by the President\n-- I made it abundantly clear why I have vetoed the bill. I find it\ninteresting that when Americans begin to hear the facts, they understand\nthe rationale behind the veto.\tFirst of all, there are 500,000 children\nwho are eligible for the current program who aren't covered. And so, to\nanswer your question on how far I'm willing to go, I want to provide enough\nmoney to make sure those 500,000 do get covered. That ought to be the\nfocus of our efforts.", "Press Conference by the President\nSix or seven -- in six or seven states they spend more money on adults than\nchildren. And finally, the eligibility has been increased up to $83,000. That doesn't sound like it's a program for poor children to me. And I look\nforward to working with the Congress if my veto is upheld to focus on those\nwho are supposed to be covered. That's what we need to get done.\nQ Sir --\nQ I wonder if you felt blind-sided by the very blistering criticism", "Press Conference by the President\nrecently from retired General Ricardo Sanchez, who was one of your top\ncommanders in Iraq. He told a news conference last week that there's been\nglaring, unfortunate display of incompetent strategic leadership within our\nnational leaders on Iraq.\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tRight.\nQ Seems like quite a lack of common ground there, sir.\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tYou know, look, I admire General Sanchez's service to the\ncountry. I appreciate his service to the country. The situation on the", "Press Conference by the President\nground has changed quite dramatically since he left Iraq. The security\nsituation is changing dramatically. The reconciliation that's taking place\nis changing. The economy is getting better. And so I -- I'm pleased with\nthe progress we're making. And I admire the fact that he served. I\nappreciate his service.\nQ Should the American people feel disturbed that a former top general\nsays that?\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tMassimo.\nQ Thank you, Mr. President.\tAs Commander-in-Chief, are you in control", "Press Conference by the President\nof and responsible for military contractors in Iraq? And if not, who is?\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tYes, I'm responsible in that the State Department has hired\nthose military contractors.\nQ Are you satisfied with their performance?\tAnd if not, what are you\ndoing to satisfy yourself that --\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tI will be anxious to see the analysis of their performance.\nThere's a lot of studying going on, both inside Iraq and out, as to\nwhether or not people violated rules of engagement. I will tell you,", "Press Conference by the President\nthough, that a firm like Blackwater provides a valuable service. They\nprotect people's lives. And I appreciate the sacrifice and the service\nthat the Blackwater employees have made. And they, too, want to make sure\nthat if there's any inconsistencies or behavior that shouldn't -- that\nought to be modified, that we do that.\tAnd so we're analyzing it fully.\nQ I wanted to ask you about S-CHIP and why you even let that get to a\nsituation where it had to be a veto? Isn't there a responsibility by both", "Press Conference by the President\nthe President and congressional leadership to work on this common ground\nbefore it gets to a veto?\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tRight, as I said, we weren't dialed in. And I don't know\nwhy. But they just ran the bill, and I made it clear we weren't going to\naccept it. That happens sometimes. In the past, when I -- I said, look,\nmake sure we're a part of the process, and we were. In this case, this\nbill started heading our way, and I recognize Republicans in the Senate", "Press Conference by the President\nsupported it. We made it clear we didn't agree. They passed it anyway. And so now, hopefully, we'll be in the process. That's why the President\nhas a veto. Sometimes the legislative branch wants to go on without the\nPresident, pass pieces of legislation, and the President then can use the\nveto to make sure he's a part of the process. And that's -- as you know, I\nfully intend to do. I want to make sure -- and that's why, when I tell you", "Press Conference by the President\nI'm going to sprint to the finish, and finish this job strong, that's one\nway to ensure that I am relevant; that's one way to sure that I am in the\nprocess. And I intend to use the veto.\nWolffe.\nQ Thank you, sir. A simple question.\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tYes. It may require a simple answer.\nQ What's your definition of the word \"torture\"?\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tOf what?\nQ The word \"torture.\" What's your definition?\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tThat's defined in U.S. law, and we don't torture.\nQ Can you give me your version of it, sir?", "Press Conference by the President\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tWhatever the law says.\nQ You talked about sprinting to the finish, and then you also, just a\nmoment ago, sounded a bit resigned to the fact that if legislators don't\nmove there's not much you can do. So --\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tWell, I'm doing it right now, see -- not to interrupt you\n-- but it's called the bully pulpit. And I hope to get your -- I was\ntrying to get your attention focused on the fact that major pieces of\nlegislation aren't moving, and those that are, are at a snail's pace. And", "Press Conference by the President\nI hope I did that. I hope I was able to accomplish that.\nQ One on veterans, sir?\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tGo ahead -- he hasn't asked his question. I rudely\ninterrupted him.\nQ Do you feel as if you're -- do you feel as if you're losing leverage,\nand that you're becoming increasingly irrelevant? And what can you do\nabout that to --\nTHE PRESIDENT:\tQuite the contrary. I've never felt more engaged and more\ncapable of helping people recognize -- American people recognize that", "Press Conference by the President\nthere's a lot of unfinished business. And I'm really looking forward to\nthe next 15 months. I'm looking forward to getting some things done for\nthe American people. And if it doesn't get done, I'm looking forward to\nreminding people as to why it's not getting done.\nBut I'm confident we can get positive things done. I mean, you shouldn't\nview this as somebody who says, well, this is impossible for Congress and\nthe President to work together; quite the contrary. I just named some", "Press Conference by the President\nareas where we have worked together. And we're going to have to work\ntogether. We have to make sure our troops get the money they need. We\nhave to make sure America is protected.\nHaving said that, I'm not going to accept a lousy bill, and the American\npeople don't want there to be a lousy bill on this issue. The American\npeople want to know that our professionals have the tools necessary to\ndefend them. See, they understand al Qaeda and terrorism is still a threat", "Press Conference by the President\nto the security of this country. In other words, they're still out there,\nand they're still plotting and planning. And it's in our interest to have\nthe tools necessary to protect the American people. It's our most solemn\nSo there's a lot of areas where we can work together. This just happens to\nbe a period of time when not much is happening. And my job is to see if I\ncan't get some of that movement in the right direction, and at the same", "Press Conference by the President\ntime, make sure that we're part of the process. And one way the executive\nbranch stays a part of the process is to issue veto threats and then follow\nthrough with them. And so that's what you're going to see tomorrow, as to\nwhether or not the Congress will sustain my veto on a bill that I said I\nwould veto, and explained why I'm vetoing it.\nAnd again, I want to repeat it so the American people clearly understand: One, there are half a million children who are eligible under this program", "Press Conference by the President\nbut aren't being covered today; two, states are spending -- some states are\nspending more money on adults than children. That doesn't make any sense\nif you're trying to help poor children.\nBy the way, in Medicaid, we spend about $35 billion a year on poor\nchildren. So if somebody is listening out there saying, well, they don't\ncare about poor children, they ought to look at the size -- the amount of\nmoney we're spending under Medicaid for poor children.", "Press Conference by the President\nAnd finally, to increase eligibility up to $83,000, in my judgment, is an\nattempt by some in Congress to expand the reach of the federal government\nin medicine. And I believe strongly in private medicine. Now, I think the\nfederal government ought to help those who are poor, and it's one of the\nreasons why I work so hard on Medicare reform, is to make sure that we\nfulfill our promise to the elderly. But I don't like plans that move\npeople from -- encourage people to move from private medicine to the", "Press Conference by the President\npublic. And that's what's happening under this bill. And so I'm looking\nforward to working with the Congress to make sure the bill does what it's\nsupposed to do.\nListen, thank you all for your time. I enjoyed it.\nTHE END 11:32 A.M. EDT"]

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41773, 0.0], [41773, 41813, 0.025], [41813, 41886, 0.19178082], [41886, 41955, 0.04347826], [41955, 42025, 0.0], [42025, 42099, 0.01351351], [42099, 42156, 0.07017544], [42156, 42180, 0.08333333], [42180, 42246, 0.21212121], [42246, 42263, 0.0], [42263, 42335, 0.02777778], [42335, 42405, 0.01428571], [42405, 42422, 0.0], [42422, 42495, 0.19178082], [42495, 42565, 0.01428571], [42565, 42637, 0.02777778], [42637, 42709, 0.01388889], [42709, 42781, 0.04166667], [42781, 42831, 0.0], [42831, 42904, 0.04109589], [42904, 42978, 0.01351351], [42978, 43048, 0.02857143], [43048, 43117, 0.01449275], [43117, 43187, 0.02857143], [43187, 43227, 0.025], [43227, 43300, 0.04109589], [43300, 43371, 0.02816901], [43371, 43442, 0.0], [43442, 43517, 0.02666667], [43517, 43591, 0.01351351], [43591, 43665, 0.01351351], [43665, 43738, 0.02739726], [43738, 43813, 0.02666667], [43813, 43887, 0.02702703], [43887, 43959, 0.0], [43959, 44033, 0.01351351], [44033, 44109, 0.0], [44109, 44183, 0.01351351], [44183, 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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/tag/idaho-national-laboratory/

Idaho National Laboratory - Dot Earth Blog - The New York Times

["Idaho National Laboratory - Dot Earth Blog - The New York Times\nBy Andrew C. Revkin\tJohn Dudley Miller, a former nuclear engineering officer in the Navy with a doctorate in social psychology and a long career in journalism, sent this \u201cYour Dot\u201d critique of \u201cPandora\u2019s Promise,\u201d the new documentary defending nuclear power, and the more recent videotaped discussion of nuclear energy by the climate scientist and campaigner James E. Hansen [Updated, 12:27 p.m. | Hansen has responded below.]:", "Idaho National Laboratory - Dot Earth Blog - The New York Times\nWhen I saw \u201cPandora\u2019s Promise,\u201d I didn\u2019t believe a word of it. I served as a submarine nuclear engineering officer for my four-year stint in the Navy years ago. I qualified as an Engineering Officer of the Watch (a guy who\u2019s in charge of the plant and its other technicians during four-hour shifts) on two different sub reactors. I know the truth about reactors, and the movie replaces it with the demonstrably false Nuclear Dream, a just-so mythical story claiming that nukes are safe, clean and cheap.", "Idaho National Laboratory - Dot Earth Blog - The New York Times\nThen when I viewed the video interview of climate scientist Dr. James Hansen conducted by the movie\u2019s producers, I got mad. Here is an esteemed academic telling us that the next generation of nuclear plants is passively safe, so we should build some. But how does he know? He\u2019s not an expert on nuclear power; outside of climate science, he\u2019s just another person with an opinion.", "Idaho National Laboratory - Dot Earth Blog - The New York Times\nLet\u2019s start with the movie. It spews out a stream of untruths, for instance, telling us only that Chernobyl killed 56 people. It leaves out that a United Nations World Health Organization agency predicts 16,000 more will die from Chernobyl cancers and that the European Environment Agency estimates 34,000 more. It omits that non-fatal thyroid cancer struck another 6,000, mostly children. Read more\u2026"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://blog.uvm.edu/capacity/category/uncategorized/

» Uncategorized : UVM Extension Building Capacity Blog : University of Vermont

["\u00bb Uncategorized : UVM Extension Building Capacity Blog : University of Vermont\nUVM Extension Building Capacity Blog\nBuilding Capacity Home\nDeveloping Volunteers\nStaff Development & Evaluation\nRecent Posts\tLooking at Organizational Change\nLeading Groups Can Be Easy!\nEthical Leadership\nTeam Excellence\nTag Cloud2011 Flood\nLooking at Organizational Change", "\u00bb Uncategorized : UVM Extension Building Capacity Blog : University of Vermont\nChange is ever present and ever accelerating. It is both a journey and a destination. We would hope that we could reach our destination of successful change by simply selecting the right road clearly marked, an arrow pointing us in the right direction. However, organizational change is more complicated and requires a thoughtful and insightful [\u2026]\nThis entry was posted on Friday, June 7th, 2013 at 11:52 am and is filed under Uncategorized.", "\u00bb Uncategorized : UVM Extension Building Capacity Blog : University of Vermont\nHave you ever been in a group and then were asked to lead it \u2013 and product results? Have you ever wanted to learn how to lead successful groups? People get frustrated and discouraged when groups aren\u2019t effective. And more and more, people are asked to team up to get things done on the job, [\u2026]\nThis entry was posted on Thursday, January 31st, 2013 at 9:17 am and is filed under Uncategorized.", "\u00bb Uncategorized : UVM Extension Building Capacity Blog : University of Vermont\nI\u2019m often reminded that leading change is not for the faint at heart. Having a plan for change is a good start. Spend some time identifying the potential ramifications that may result. Open your mind to thinking across the organization and about how others may view the proposed change. Anticipate the unexpected and prepare yourself [\u2026]\nThis entry was posted on Tuesday, July 24th, 2012 at 11:26 am and is filed under Uncategorized.", "\u00bb Uncategorized : UVM Extension Building Capacity Blog : University of Vermont\nWhat is ethical leadership? What does it mean day-to-day in a nonprofit organization? All organizations, nonprofits, for-profits and governmental can face ethical challenges. Some result in criminal violations. The news is full of stories ranging from a large corporations misappropriation of retirement assets to a town clerk who has embezzled tax payments. Most ethical problems, [\u2026]\nThis entry was posted on Tuesday, May 8th, 2012 at 12:07 pm and is filed under Uncategorized.", "\u00bb Uncategorized : UVM Extension Building Capacity Blog : University of Vermont\nTeams are organizational groups made up of individuals who function interdependently, coordinating activities to accomplish common goals. Does your organization use work teams, like project management teams, task forces, work units, or standing committees, to accomplish goals? If yes, read on and join a conversation. Just what makes an excellent team? What do excellent teams have [\u2026]\nThis entry was posted on Friday, April 20th, 2012 at 10:55 am and is filed under Uncategorized."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://archivesholdings.worldbank.org/informationobject/browse?sort=endDate&view=table&creators=457&sf_culture=fr&sortDir=desc&collection=&topLod=0

Records of the Consultative Group on Food Production & Investment in Developing Countries

["Records of the Consultative Group on Food Production & Investment in Developing Countries\nConsultative Group on Food Production and Investment in Developing Countries, 1 r\u00e9sultats 1\nConsultative Group on Food Production and Investment in Developing Countries\nRecords of the Consultative Group on Food Production & Investment in Developing Countries\nWB IBRD/IDA CGFP\nThe records of the Consultative Group are of three types: the records of the four meetings of the Group, the correspondence of the secretariat, and the files on the projects sponsored by the Group.", "Records of the Consultative Group on Food Production & Investment in Developing Countries\nRead together, the records of the meetings and the correspondence provide a miniature study of the difficulties of international cooperation in the middle of the Cold War. The Consultative Group was organized by the World Bank, the Food and Agriculture Organization, and the United Nations Development Program, each of whom had a slightly different view of the mission of the Group", "Records of the Consultative Group on Food Production & Investment in Developing Countries\nShortly after the Group began its work, the United Nations slightly changed the charge to the Group; the United States, which had been the original sponsor of the idea of a Consultative Group, grew disenchanted; the Soviet bloc nations were not represented on the Group; uncertainly over the intentions of the OPEC nations in supporting food production grew; while tensions between food importing nations and food exporting nations hovered over debates", "Records of the Consultative Group on Food Production & Investment in Developing Countries\nAdd to this an injunction to the secretariat to coordinate but not to operate programs, all the while serving three masters at once, and the Group was probably doomed from the start. All of these topics can be researched in the records.", "Records of the Consultative Group on Food Production & Investment in Developing Countries\nThe project files are primarily those of national food plans. The Group's principal effort was to assess the food needs to be met in a specific country as far as food supply and related investments are concerned. It worked out a model for a national food plan, and plans were attempted by Bangladesh, Haiti, Honduras, Senegal, Sudan, and Upper Volta. Any researcher interested in the history of food production and consumption in those countries will find a baseline in these files", "Records of the Consultative Group on Food Production & Investment in Developing Countries\nIn addition, the Group commissioned a report on water resources development in the Narmada River basin of India for irrigation agriculture, and the report is in the files."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.huffpost.com/entry/does-the-national-day-of_b_566107

Does the National Day of Prayer Violate Church-State Separation?

["Does the National Day of Prayer Violate Church-State Separation?\nDoes the National Day of Prayer Violate Church-State Separation?\nThere is no problem when Americans -- including public officials -- gather to pray. Questions properly arise, however, when the government, by an official act of Congress, urges citizens to engage in a religious exercise.\nK. Hollyn Hollman, Contributor\nGeneral counsel, Baptist Joint Committee for Religious Liberty\nJul 6, 2010, 05:12 AM EDT | Updated May 25, 2011", "Does the National Day of Prayer Violate Church-State Separation?\nThere is no problem when Americans -- including public officials -- gather to pray. In fact, for people of faith, every day should be a day of prayer. Questions properly arise, however, when the government, by an official act of Congress, urges citizens to engage in a religious exercise. As citizens, Americans share a long history and proud tradition of religious liberty. As individuals with diverse beliefs, however, Americans do not share a common religion or participate in the same religious practices", "Does the National Day of Prayer Violate Church-State Separation?\nA day of prayer might be appropriately encouraged by our country's various religious leaders -- but it should not be called for by civil magistrates, Congress, or even the president.", "Does the National Day of Prayer Violate Church-State Separation?\nAs the principles contained in the first 16 words of the First Amendment make clear, government shouldn't be in the business of telling the American people what, where or when to pray, or even if they should pray. The national prayer proclamation conflicts with the model of religious freedom embraced in the United States long ago. That model has protected religious expression of all types, and created a healthy and nourishing environment for religious practice", "Does the National Day of Prayer Violate Church-State Separation?\nAs a result, religion in America has flourished, and it is diminished -- not enhanced -- when government intervenes in matters of faith and religious practice.", "Does the National Day of Prayer Violate Church-State Separation?\nThe origins of the National Day of Prayer date to 1952, when Congress passed a joint resolution, signed by President Harry Truman, setting aside one day a year (other than a Sunday) for prayer. Since then, presidents have proclaimed a day for prayer. While not all presidents have issued proclamations, most have. Still, the idea was controversial from our country's founding, especially for those best known for dedication to religious liberty.", "Does the National Day of Prayer Violate Church-State Separation?\nThomas Jefferson, author of Virginia's Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom, refused to issue a thanksgiving proclamation, believing it to be unconstitutional and unwise. Jefferson opposed the government's \"intermeddling\" in religious doctrine, discipline, and practices. James Madison, father of the Constitution, gave five reasons why a religious pronouncement should not be handed down by civil magistrates", "Does the National Day of Prayer Violate Church-State Separation?\nChief among them was that an \"advisory Gov't is a contradiction in terms.\" Madison wrote that such proclamations tend \"to imply and certainly nourish the erroneous idea of a national religion.\"", "Does the National Day of Prayer Violate Church-State Separation?\nThe National Day of Prayer became a more formal affair in 1988 after prominent backers complained that their constituencies were unable to organize effectively because the observance was held on different days each year. They sought not only government recognition for the importance of prayer but also a little help for rounding up a mass of folks to participate in response to the proclamation. They pressed Congress for legislation setting up a specific day each year to optimize their long-range planning", "Does the National Day of Prayer Violate Church-State Separation?\nLegislation now provides that \"the president shall issue each year a proclamation designating the first Thursday in May as a National Day of Prayer on which the people of the United States may turn to God in prayer and meditation at churches, in groups, and as individuals.\"", "Does the National Day of Prayer Violate Church-State Separation?\nConsistent with that legislation, on April 30 this year, President Barack Obama proclaimed that today would be a National Day of Prayer. Obama did so despite a federal district court judge's ruling last month that held that the statute establishing the prayer day is unconstitutional. The Obama Administration has announced that it intends to appeal the ruling.", "Does the National Day of Prayer Violate Church-State Separation?\nAs church-state controversies go, a congressional resolution and a presidential proclamation establishing a National Day of Prayer do not represent a cataclysmic breach in the wall of separation. After all, there is little if any coercion of anyone's conscience, and most Americans are unaware of the occasion.", "Does the National Day of Prayer Violate Church-State Separation?\nBut actual coercion has never been the standard for judging whether government has overstepped its bounds in promoting religion. Even if the National Day of Prayer is not held to be unconstitutional, it is certainly unwise.\nThe proclamation states that \"Prayer has been a sustaining way for many Americans of diverse faiths to express their most cherished beliefs, and thus we have long deemed it fitting and proper to publicly recognize the importance of prayer on this day across the Nation.\"", "Does the National Day of Prayer Violate Church-State Separation?\nIndeed, prayer sustains many Americans. In countless houses of worship, in homes with tables of plenty and those where food is scarce, at the bedsides of children being tucked in for the night, and in celebration of each sunrise, people pray. No doubt many gather together to pray for our country and our elected officials. They surely need our prayers.", "Does the National Day of Prayer Violate Church-State Separation?\nIn the end, religion is best promoted when left to itself -- espoused not by government officials, but by communities of faith. That is the genius of the American tradition of separation: it is designed to promote, not constrain, the free exercise of religious faith in all its varieties. If Congress and the president truly want to promote prayer, they should follow the wise counsel of Jefferson and Madison and keep the government out of it."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.step.org/industry-news/bc-supreme-court-declares-will-invalid-after-son-failed-show-it-was-duly-executed

BC Supreme Court declares will invalid after son "failed to show" it was duly executed

["BC Supreme Court declares will invalid after son failed to show it was duly executed\nBC Supreme Court declares will invalid after son \"failed to show\" it was duly executed\nIn the case of Harshenin v Khadikin (2015 BCSC 1213) the Supreme Court of British Columbia held a will invalid because the defendant had failed to prove that it was \"duly executed in compliance with the requisite statutory formalities\" and therefore revoked a grant of probate issued to the defendant with regard to his late father's estate.", "BC Supreme Court declares will invalid after son failed to show it was duly executed\nWalter Khadikin (WK) died in 2009, having executed a will before his death naming his son Ronald Walter Khadikin (RWK) as sole executor and beneficiary of his estate. In 2008 the late Walter Khadikin had also executed a transfer of his home in favour of himself and RWK as joint tenants.", "BC Supreme Court declares will invalid after son failed to show it was duly executed\nThe plaintiffs, RWK's nephews (WK's grandchildren), claimed that WK's will was invalid (they questioned the authenticity of their grandfather's signature), that probate in favour of RWK should be revoked and the property should be distributed according to the law of intestate succession.", "BC Supreme Court declares will invalid after son failed to show it was duly executed\nIn holding WK's will invalid, the judge held that RWK had not \"discharged his burden of showing, on a balance of probabilities, that the Alleged Will was duly executed by the deceased\" in accordance to the law as it was not established that \"two witnesses saw the Deceased sign or acknowledge his signature on the Alleged Will\". The judge also stated that there was no reliable evidence that WK \"read and appeared to understand the Alleged Will\".", "BC Supreme Court declares will invalid after son failed to show it was duly executed\nThe judge held that the grant of probate issued to the defendant should be revoked and that, as a result, WK's estate \"shall devolve according to the law of intestate succession in British Columbia\".", "BC Supreme Court declares will invalid after son failed to show it was duly executed\nThe judge dismissed, however, the plaintiffs' claim that RWK held his interest in WK's property in trust for the deceased's estate as the judge was \"satisfied that the Deceased intended to give an undivided one-half interest in the Property to his son in his lifetime and that he intended that on his death, his son would receive the entirety of the Property by right of survivorship\".\nSupreme Court of British Columbia"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations/1830/

The Second Oboe Concerto of Sir William Herschel: A New Performance Edition Matthew Thomas Guschl, University of Nevada, Las VegasFollow Doctor of Musical Arts (DMA) Stephen Caplan Anthony Barone Janis McKay Marina Sturm Fifth Committee Member

["", "\nSir William Herschel (1738-1822) is best known for his contributions to the field of astronomy. However, prior to his career in astronomy, Herschel was a professional musician. While living in Bath, England, Herschel developed an interest in astronomy. In 1781, he discovered the planet Uranus using a telescope of his own design. This was the first planetary discovery since the Classical Era", "\nKing George III was so impressed with Herschel's discovery that he offered Herschel an annual stipend with the condition that he quit his music career and move to Windsor so the royal family could have access to his telescopes.", "\nHerschel earned his living as a conductor, music teacher, and occasional soloist. Herschel's primary instruments were the oboe and the violin, but he aspired to be known as a composer. Although many of his works have been previously available, his oboe concertos remained in the private Herschel family archives until relatively recently", "\nManuscripts in Herschel's hand of three, three-movement oboe concertos, a single movement for a fourth oboe concerto, and other Herschel manuscripts owned by the Herschel family were purchased at auction by the Jean Gray Hargrove Music Library at the University of California, Berkeley in 1958. With the exception of Herschel's own performances, these concertos remained unperformed until 1996, when they were recorded by Richard Woodhams as part of a project funded by the American Philosophical Society", "\nThis project produced a published collection of the three oboe concerto scores along with the Woodhams recording. Unfortunately, efforts to find the orchestra and oboe parts used for the recording have been futile.", "\nThis project resulted in a new performance edition of Herschel's Oboe Concerto No. 2 in C (c. 1761). This edition of the work was created by studying the manuscript score and parts located at the University of California, Berkeley, and the published score resulting from the American Philosophical Society project. There are numerous discrepancies between the manuscript score and parts as well as several errors in the published score", "\nThere are also many unclear articulation and dynamic markings in the manuscript. The editorial decisions for this edition are based on my study of Herschel and 18th century performance practice. I have also created a piano reduction to provide amateur and student musicians a more accessible performance option", "\nAlong with this edition, I have provided a stylistic and formal analysis of the work, which will give performers insight into historically accurate realization of the ornamentation and other performance practice issues.", "\nBritish; Concerto; Concertos (Oboe); Eighteenth century; Herschel; William; Sir; 1738-1822; Oboe; Performance practice (Music)\nMusic | Music Performance\nGuschl, Matthew Thomas, \"The Second Oboe Concerto of Sir William Herschel: A New Performance Edition\" (2013). UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones. 1830.\nMusic Performance Commons"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://electricscotland.com/history/world/bios/barron_john.htm

John Barron - Pioneer Farmer and Stock Raiser of Moody County, South Dakota

["John Barron - Pioneer Farmer and Stock Raiser of Moody County, South Dakota\nJOHN BARRON, one of the prosperous and highly honored young farmers and stock raisers of Moody county, comes of a long and sterling line of Scottish forbears, and is himself a native of Banffshire, Scotland, where he was born on the 26th of May, 1869, being a son of John and Elizabeth (Johnston) Barron, who were born and reared in the same county of the fair land of hills and heather, the father of our subject having been there engaged in farming and the raising of fine horses for many years, and having gained a high reputation in connection with the latter feature of his enterprise, as did he later in America", "John Barron - Pioneer Farmer and Stock Raiser of Moody County, South Dakota\nIn 1880 John Barron, Sr., immigrated with his family to the United States, and in October of that year the family took up their residence in Moody county, South Dakota, becoming pioneers of this section of the state", "John Barron - Pioneer Farmer and Stock Raiser of Moody County, South Dakota\nThe father bought one hundred and sixty acres of land in Ward township, Moody county, and later added to the same until the landed estate comprised one thousand seven hundred and sixty acres of the best land in the district, while the old homestead, or the home farm, which consists of six hundred and forty acres, still remains in the possession of John Barron, the rest being divided among the other members of the family", "John Barron - Pioneer Farmer and Stock Raiser of Moody County, South Dakota\nThe father made a specialty of raising fine draft and coach horses, while he imported a number of splendid Clydesdale horses from Scotland, thus breeding from pure-blooded stock. He also raised and dealt in cattle and swine, having the shorthorn type of cattle and giving preference to the Poland-China hogs. It may be said that each department of the farm enterprise as established by him is being successfully carried forward under the capable direction of his son, our subject", "John Barron - Pioneer Farmer and Stock Raiser of Moody County, South Dakota\nJohn Barron, Sr., was a man of broad and liberal ideas, unbending in the rectitude of his character, endowed with distinctive business sagacity, and held in unqualified confidence by all who knew him. He was a Democrat in his political proclivities, and served for several terms as supervisor of his township and also as a member of the school board of the district", "John Barron - Pioneer Farmer and Stock Raiser of Moody County, South Dakota\nHe was summoned to his reward on the 30th of July, 1903, at the age of seventy-six years, passing away in the fullness of years and well-earned honors, while his death was held as a personal bereavement to the people of the community in which he had so long maintained his home. He was a consistent member of the Presbyterian church, as is also his widow, who still resides on the old homestead, which is hallowed to her by the memories and associations of the past", "John Barron - Pioneer Farmer and Stock Raiser of Moody County, South Dakota\nThe children, in order of birth, are as follows: Georgia, Caroline, John, Alexander J., William J. and George E. The home is eligibly located about ten miles northeast of the town of Flandreau, the county seat, and three miles southwest of Ward, the post office village of the locality.", "John Barron - Pioneer Farmer and Stock Raiser of Moody County, South Dakota\nThe subject of this sketch was a lad of about ten years at the time of the family immigration to America, and he was reared to manhood on the farm which is now his home, while he completed his educational discipline in the schools of this county, finishing in Sioux Falls Business College, and thereafter he was closely associated with his father in the work and management of the farm until the death of the latter, since which time the supervision of the homestead has devolved largely upon him, while he has gained a high reputation as a reliable and honorable business man and as a progressive and public-spirited citizen", "John Barron - Pioneer Farmer and Stock Raiser of Moody County, South Dakota\nIn politics he clings to the faith in which he was reared, and is a staunch advocate of the principles and policies of the Democratic party, while both he and his wife are members of the Presbyterian church.", "John Barron - Pioneer Farmer and Stock Raiser of Moody County, South Dakota\nOn the 15th of January, 1891, Mr. Barron was united in marriage to Miss Maud Estella Peart, who was born in Illinois and reared in South Dakota, being a daughter of Thomas Peart, a retired farmer of Moody county and now residing in Flandreau. Fraternally, Mr. Barron is a member of Flandreau Lodge, No. 11, Ancient Free and Accepted Masons; Orient Chapter, No. 19, Royal Arch Masons; Ivanhoe Commandery, No", "John Barron - Pioneer Farmer and Stock Raiser of Moody County, South Dakota\n13, Knights Templar; El Riad Temple, Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, at Sioux Falls; and of Oriental Consistory, No. 1, Ancient Accepted Scottish Rite, at Yankton. Mrs. Barron is a member of Buelah Chapter, Order Eastern Star, at Flandreau, and of Sioux Valley Rebekah Lodge, No. 66, also at Flandreau. Among some old relics in the possession of the subject are some old pieces of linen which were woven by his great-grandmother."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://miniexperience.com.au/did-sejanus-killed-germanicus

The Feud Between Sejanus and Germanicus and Their Fates

["The Feud Between Sejanus and Germanicus and Their Fates\nDid sejanus killed germanicus?\nAsked by: Mr. Arnulfo Bashirian MD\nThrough years of crafty intrigues and indispensable service to the emperor, Sejanus had worked himself up to become the most powerful man in the Empire. But suddenly, at the end of AD 31, he was arrested, summarily executed and his body unceremoniously cast down the Gemonian stairs.\nWho killed Germanicus?", "The Feud Between Sejanus and Germanicus and Their Fates\nIn the midst of the feud, Germanicus suddenly fell ill at Antioch. He died there on 10 October, AD 19, aged only 33, of unknown causes. It seems that he was himself convinced that Piso had poisoned him, and the rumour quickly spread that it was ultimately Tiberius' doing.\nWho did Sejanus kill?", "The Feud Between Sejanus and Germanicus and Their Fates\nAfter the death of Drusus (23 ce), he began to systematically attack the position of Drusus's mother, Vipsania Agrippina, whose sons were Tiberius's probable heirs. In 25 Sejanus was refused Tiberius's permission to marry Drusus's widow, Livilla, who may have been Sejanus's accomplice in the poisoning of her husband.\nWhat happened to Germanicus?", "The Feud Between Sejanus and Germanicus and Their Fates\nDuring their feud, Germanicus became ill in Antioch, where he died on 10 October AD 19. His death has been attributed to poison by ancient sources, but that was never proven. As a famous general, he was widely popular and regarded as the ideal Roman long after his death.\nWho was the ruler of Rome when Jesus was alive?\nKnown for: Caesar Augustus (63 BC \u2013 14 AD) was the first Roman emperor and one of the most successful. He reigned for 45 years and was ruling at the time of Jesus Christ's birth.", "The Feud Between Sejanus and Germanicus and Their Fates\nSejanus: Almost the Roman Emperor\nWho helped Jesus carry his cross?\n(Mt. 27:32) As they led him away, they seized a man, Simon of Cyrene, who was coming from the country, and they laid the cross on him, and made him carry it behind Jesus.\nIs Germany named after Germanicus?\nMany believe that the Roman experience in Germany ended with the battle of Teutoburg. He changed the original name to that of Germanicus Julius Caesar following his adoption in the Iulia gens. ...\nWhy did Augustus marry Livia?", "The Feud Between Sejanus and Germanicus and Their Fates\nFor Augustus, this marriage was, for all intended purposes, a wise decision. Livia would be a strong supporter of her husband while maintaining a low profile. And to the people of Rome, she would be seen as a \"model of old-fashioned propriety\" with intelligence, beauty, and dignity.\nWho spent the latter years of his reign mostly on the Isle of Capri?\nTiberius, who spent the last ten years of his life at Capri, built twelve villas there. Ruins of one at Tragara could still be seen in the 19th century.", "The Feud Between Sejanus and Germanicus and Their Fates\nWhy did Sejanus kill drusus?\nTo secure his position, Sejanus secretly plotted against Drusus and seduced his wife Livilla. With her as an accomplice, Drusus was slowly poisoned and died of seemingly natural causes on September 13, AD 23.\nWhy did snow kill Sejanus?", "The Feud Between Sejanus and Germanicus and Their Fates\nDue to the fact that Snow abstained from bullying Sejanus, he held a higher standard and trust for Snow, expressing that Snow was more likely to help him than any of his classmates. Snow sacrificed and rescued Sejanus many times, assisting him breaking out of the arena and calming him down against Dr. Gaul.\nWhat caused Caligula's downfall?", "The Feud Between Sejanus and Germanicus and Their Fates\nHowever, Caligula's fall to depravity came from his claim to divinity, where he would put statutes of himself in Jewish temples, put his head on the statues of the Greek god Zeus, and attempted a move to Egypt before his assassination by the Praetorian Guard in 41 A.D.\u201d Considered as Caligula's greatest flaw where he ...\nWho sent Piso to Syria?\nGovernorship of Syria", "The Feud Between Sejanus and Germanicus and Their Fates\nThough both Piso and Germanicus were of the same rank, Germanicus had greater authority (imperium maius). Tacitus suggests that Piso was appointed to act as a check on Germanicus, and that he was given secret instructions by Tiberius to thwart his efforts and control him.\nWho poisoned Marcellus?", "The Feud Between Sejanus and Germanicus and Their Fates\nAgrippa left Rome after being insulted by Marcellus at a banquet honoring the victory at the Battle of Actium, but Augustus' wife Livia wanted her son Tiberius to become Augustus' heir, so she secretly poisoned Marcellus, who died soon after at 19.\nDid Mark Antony marry Octavia?", "The Feud Between Sejanus and Germanicus and Their Fates\nOctavia, byname Octavia Minor, (born c. 69 bc\u2014died 11 bc), full sister of Octavian (later the emperor Augustus) and wife of Mark Antony. ... On the death of Marcellus in 40 she was married to Mark Antony, who at the time was ruling the Roman state with Octavian and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus.\nHow was Augustus killed?\nAugustus died of natural causes on August 19, 14 CE, at age 75. He was immediately succeeded by his adopted son, Tiberius.\nWhat did Rome call Germany?\nGermania \u2014 The Roman Side Of Germany.", "The Feud Between Sejanus and Germanicus and Their Fates\nDid the Romans name the Germans?\nDuring the Gallic Wars of the 1st century BC, the Roman general Julius Caesar encountered peoples originating from beyond the Rhine. He referred to these people as Germani and their lands beyond the Rhine as Germania. ... The name of Germany in English and many other languages is derived from the name Germania.\nWhat country is Germania now?", "The Feud Between Sejanus and Germanicus and Their Fates\nAn ancient region of central Europe corresponding largely with present-day Germany but extending west into the Low Countries and what is now northeast France.\nDid Jesus have any brothers?\nJesus' brothers and sisters\nThe Gospel of Mark (6:3) and the Gospel of Matthew (13:55\u201356) mention James, Joseph/Joses, Judas/Jude and Simon as brothers of Jesus, the son of Mary.\nWho sits on the left hand of God?", "The Feud Between Sejanus and Germanicus and Their Fates\nIn Jesus' parable \"The Sheep and the Goats\", the sheep and goats are separated with the sheep on the right hand of God and the goats on the left hand.\nWhat did Jesus say to Mary when he was carrying the cross?\nThe evangelist places the disciple standing by the mother. His testimony accompanies Mary's testimony. She is also a disciple that follows her Son to the cross. ... As we already know, when Jesus says on the cross \u201cMy God, my God why have you deserted me?\u201d (Mt 27:46), it corresponds to Psalm 22:1.", "The Feud Between Sejanus and Germanicus and Their Fates\n25Is sejanus plinth in the hunger games?\n23What happened to sejanus plinth?\n34Where is spinal anaesthesia injection?\n35What does turmeric does to the skin?\n38Is big ed on 90 day fiance?\n18Who is career aspirations?\n32How to lose weight quickly?\n26Was momentum conserved in all of the elastic collisions?\n39Where does the salt come from in the neutralization reaction?\n41Do original artists get paid for remixes?\n34Where is loveland ski area?\n28Can you breathe oxygen?"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2008/07/canada-day/49034/

Canada Day: A Brief History of Canada's Birthday

["Canada Day: A Brief History of Canada's Birthday\nThose of you from the states looking to learn a thing or two about our neighbor to the north should know that Canada Day celebrates not Canadian independence, but the passage of the British North America Act of 1867, which established the Canadian Confederation by uniting four separate British colonies -- the Province of Canada, the Province of New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia -- into a single consolidated political entity", "Canada Day: A Brief History of Canada's Birthday\nOne motive for consolidation was that British and Canadian officials were concerned about a potential American invasion of Canada. We tried to pull this off during the Revolution and the War of 1812 and it continued to be a popular idea for a while. The feeling was that now that the US had put the Civil War (which heightened US-British tensions) behind it and the country had the experience of building a large and powerful military establishment, that our thoughts might turn to expansion"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://describingegypt.com/tours/ty/ty_mastaba_chapel_entrance?h=141&v=-7&f=120

The Mastaba-tomb of Ty in Saqqara

["The Mastaba-tomb of Ty in Saqqara\nMastaba of Ty\nThe pillared court yard\nThe Mastaba-tomb of Ty , in Saqqara, is one of the most famous of the Old Kingdom, remarkable for the diversity and relevance of topics, as well as for the quality of execution of its reliefs and their state of conservation.\nThe Mastaba, is situated a few hundred meters to the northwest of the step pyramid of Djoser and about 150 meters from the entrance way leading into the Serapeum.", "The Mastaba-tomb of Ty in Saqqara\nThe structure if the Mastaba hold the traditional characteristic of the old kingdom funerary structure with a superstructure above the ground level for the living to visit the chapel and honor the deceased and a substructure below ground level where the burial chamber is located.", "The Mastaba-tomb of Ty in Saqqara\nThe plan of the tomb of Ty is simple: the entrance opens onto an open courtyard with pillars, hence, two successive corridors lead to the first room (a storeroom), then another leads to the main chapel for receiving the offerings and worship.\nThe mastaba of Ty was one of the first private tombs to consist of a great pillared courtyard. This courtyard is external to the main structure, to the east of the main oblong massif, and not inside, which signifies that it had been maybe added in a second phase.", "The Mastaba-tomb of Ty in Saqqara\nThe orientation of the monument is nearly perfectly north-south; the chapel, serdabs (vaults) and storeroom are therefore oriented east-west.\nUnfortunately this panorama doesn\u2019t go into the faded details of the walls which is explained here here in much more details\nPosition, Titles and importance in Old Kingdom", "The Mastaba-tomb of Ty in Saqqara\nTy\u2019s eminent social standing as \"Unique Friend\" was due to his position as \"director of the hairdressers of the Great House\", which conferred on him the right to approach and to touch the sovereign.\nAs a rich and powerful man, he had - among other things - the responsibility of agricultural domains and especially of some of the most important institutions connected to the posthumous cult of the sovereigns.", "The Mastaba-tomb of Ty in Saqqara\nIndeed, he had some functions associated with two pyramids (those of Neferirkare and Niuserre) and in four solar temples, those of Sahure, Neferirkares, Raneferefs and Niuserres.\nThe List of titles given to Ty was numerous .\nThis list has been established according to the work of P. Piacentini.\nThe \"tomb of Ty\" was a family monument, which was used not only by Ty himself, but also by his wife and by his sons.\nHis wife Neferhetepes, was a priestess of Neith and Hathor.\nThe false-door of Demedj", "The Mastaba-tomb of Ty in Saqqara\nThis false door is dedicated to Demedj is the eldest son of Ty.\nThe central part, which corresponds to the actual, uninscribed opening, is divided into two by a vertical feature. At its summit, the roller imitates a roll of matting and which includes the (mutilated) name of the deceased, and began by the hieroglyphic sign \"mr\" signifying that he was loved by someone.\nThe lateral panels are symmetrical, in pairs, and each occupied half by a representation and half by the text.\nThe false door of Neferhetepes", "The Mastaba-tomb of Ty in Saqqara\nThis magnificent stela is dedicated to Nefer-Hetep-es (Neferhetepes), the wife of Ty.\nShe is represented identically everywhere: she wears a slim-fitting dress with two shoulder straps, which should cover her breasts, but which somehow manage to be revealed as a symbol of femininity.\nOn her chest is a large usekh-necklace of several rows, whilst her neck is enclosed by a tight band/collar (or choker necklace).\nShe wears bracelets around her wrists and ankles. On her head, she wears a long tripartite wig.", "The Mastaba-tomb of Ty in Saqqara\nThe stela consists of a central (base) panel with two upright panels on each side, the outer ones extending higher than the inner ones. An inner lintel spans the inner uprights and the central panel, which also includes above it a scene of offering.\nAn upper lintel spans the full width of the stela.\nThe south wall\nThis is the wall on top of the entrance to the second part of of the corridor.", "The Mastaba-tomb of Ty in Saqqara\nThe relief of this wall, which has the entry to the second corridor, has suffered especially, and the colours have almost disappeared, only the image of Ty has preserved some of the colour.\nThe engraving work is of quality, but very difficult to distinguish, but an image (the one opposite) has been created with an outline overlay effect.\nDoorway leading to the second corridor", "The Mastaba-tomb of Ty in Saqqara\nThe opening, which is offset to the right, measures about 0.75m wide by 2.10m in height, becoming even narrower due to the fact that it was recessed to take a door at the first corridor end.\nThe Storeroom\nThis room served for the storage of offerings, and objects which could be used for cult worship\nEast wall \u2013 Entry wall above the door", "The Mastaba-tomb of Ty in Saqqara\nIt is occupied entirely by representations of various kinds of pottery which are arranged in seven registers, of which the lower two are very short because they occupy the area at the side of the entry opening.\nOnly certain colors have survived, notably the red of some tables and the upper part of five vases (third register, on the left), also a dark brown for some of the other tables.", "The Mastaba-tomb of Ty in Saqqara\nTo the right of the east wall and close to the entrance (south wall) is a standing figure of Ty wears a short cut square beard, occupying the height of three registers.\nHe holds the long staff with his left hand and a folded piece of linen with the right hand.\nAt his feet is his second son, \"Ty\" (junior), chief of the breeders of ducks, one of which he holds in his right hand, whilst in his left he clutches his father's staff.\n\"Neferhetepes\" kneels behind her husband.", "The Mastaba-tomb of Ty in Saqqara\nShe holds on to his right leg with her left hand, while she rests her right arm on her thigh.\nThe parade of porters\nTotalling sixty-eight, they are very well preserved.\nApart from the six men bringing two poultry, they are nearly all different, even though one can recognise a common base model for their structure.\nThe draftsman had to have separate models for the body and the positions of arms according to the offerings being carried.\nThe West wall", "The Mastaba-tomb of Ty in Saqqara\nThis should be the one facing you when you enter this room.\nThis wall holds one of the best known walls of Egyptian funeral iconography. It is excellently preserved and details the manufacture of bread, beer and pottery, as well as the recording of the results by the scribes attached to the domain: a whole section of economic activity is summarized into a coherent composition.\nThe arrangement of the seven registries goes from the bottom register to the top one as follows:\n- Pottery making \u2013 register 7", "The Mastaba-tomb of Ty in Saqqara\n- Brewing beer \u2013 registers 6 and 5\n- Cooking bread \u2013 registers 4, 3 and 2\n- Scribes registering deliveries register 1 that is closest to the ground\nRead more about this room here\nThe Chapel Entrance\nThe entry from the second corridor leads to the north-east corner of the chapel.\nThe tops of the walls are decorated with narrow frieze, using a simple geometric pattern.", "The Mastaba-tomb of Ty in Saqqara\nThe bottom part of the walls, the dado area, is approximately 1.5m high and although uninscribed, it was painted red. This base color has faded in many places.\nThe rest of the walls are covered with engraved and painted registers, some of which are masterpieces.\nThe chamber includes two square pillars in its center, on the east-west axis and two great stelae false-doors on the west wall (see north-west corner).\nExtending from the east wall to the west one is a beam.", "The Mastaba-tomb of Ty in Saqqara\nThis is part of the stone structure of the two pillars, which they appear to support.\nIt is in this room (on the south wall) that there are the openings to the second serdab of the mastaba.\nEast wall (left)\nAgricultural activities of the harvest season\nIncluding the left part of the two bottom registers, this section contains a total of ten registers which are devoted to various agricultural activities of the harvest season.", "The Mastaba-tomb of Ty in Saqqara\nThe sequence of harvest-time operations starts with the top register and spreads into 10 registers The top registers display the scenes of the harvesting of various products (flax, barley and then corn), five registers in total.\nNext comes the transportation of the harvest by donkey (two registers)\nand its placement in stacks (one register)", "The Mastaba-tomb of Ty in Saqqara\nThis is followed by the threshing, which in ancient Egypt was carried out by donkeys and cattle, on the next-to-bottom register. Finally, at the bottom, the winnowing (the separation of the grain from the chaff) takes place.\nThe Serdab slits\nAbout The serdab\nSerdab translates to vault in Arabic.\nIt should be remembered that this is a completely closed room, or which includes only one (or rarely several) narrow slits.", "The Mastaba-tomb of Ty in Saqqara\nIt contains one or several statues of the deceased's \" ka \", supported between others of his \" ba \", to which the offerings can be presented.\nVia this slit, the deceased can also insure that the service which is due to him is effectively and correctly practiced.\ndetail of Ty's Ka statue through the slit\nKatja Lehmann submitted his thesis in 2001 under the direction of Professor Jan Assmann on the topic \" The serdab in private tombs of the Old Kingdom\". This is a summary of it:", "The Mastaba-tomb of Ty in Saqqara\n\" The standard serdab is defined as an oblong or square room, situated in the superstructure of a tomb, or underground, designed to contain at least one statue of the owner of the tomb. The serdab has been found in about 600 tombs of the Old Kingdom, since the first Dynasty up to the First Intermediate Period.\nOne outcome of the survey was to show that many false ideas in Egyptology are found about the architecture, the content and location of the serdab in the tombs.", "The Mastaba-tomb of Ty in Saqqara\nThe serdab functionally represented a funeral chamber for the statue of the deceased's ka.\nThere is no evidence that in the private tombs, the burial of a statue of the ka has been indispensable to the funerary cult: the owner of the tomb chose to integrate, or not, a serdab in his monument.\nThus, the private serdab appears as an optional room, which had an evolution in its own right. In pharaonic tombs, it is indispensable for the funeral of statuary of the royal ka. \"", "The Mastaba-tomb of Ty in Saqqara\nAt the mastaba of Ty, there are two serdabs, which is rare.\nThe first, is arranged in the thickest part of the north wall of the courtyard and the second is arranged in the southern wall of the inner chapel.\nChapel Detail\nThe parade of the Domains\nThis covers the whole width of the wall, without interruption, up to the entrance doorway.\nIt is located directly above the usual broad red band.\nIt includes thirty-six women who head from the entry towards the false doors of the west wall.", "The Mastaba-tomb of Ty in Saqqara\nThey are clothed identically with completely transparent long dresses, with a naked breast; they wear bracelets on their wrists and ankles, and a necklace and choker around the neck. They transport products from the domain of Ty, again it is uncertain whether these are fictional or partially fictional domains, this question has not yet been resolved.", "The Mastaba-tomb of Ty in Saqqara\nAt the front of the women (left near the false door), four texts explain: \"bringing invocatory offerings from the places in the domain which are in Lower and Upper Egypt, for the unique friend, Ty\".\nThe texts in front of each woman identified the contribution which she brings or where it is from; each containing the name \"Ty\" at the top, and the hieroglyphic determinative for \"town\" or \"estate\" at the bottom.\nThe central wall", "The Mastaba-tomb of Ty in Saqqara\nThis area, which occupies the space from the top of the parade of the domains to the frieze at the top of the wall, contains only one scene which provides the focal point of the wall.\nTy seems minuscule standing on the raised deck of his frail papyrus reed boat in the midst of the gigantic papyrus.", "The Mastaba-tomb of Ty in Saqqara\nTy is standing, with the same costume and attitude which he has when he is on the ground, even holding his great staff of office in front of him. At the rear, a mariner controls the craft with the help of a long pole, whilst in the front, almost made invisible by the confusion caused by a smaller craft and its occupants, is a man who turns respectfully towards his master, probably warning him of what is happening in front of his craft.", "The Mastaba-tomb of Ty in Saqqara\nTy is not alone on the water. On the left, a fisherman with a hand-held line, whom the artist didn't seem to know where to represent him from a lack of space, is seated in a comfortable reed chair.\nOnce again, a great variety of fish are represented in the middle of the blue zigzag lines which represent the waters of the Nile.\nThey share this habitat with a group of hippopotamus represented on the right.", "The Mastaba-tomb of Ty in Saqqara\nTheir accompanying presence owes nothing to chance, because these species, which live hidden in the waters of the river, symbolize the enemy, hostile forces, although some are considered as beneficial.\nThe scene of hunting the hippopotamus became traditional in the Old Kingdom, and would continue for a long time into the New Kingdom.\nIts significance may have been dual from the outset, but in any case, it certainly became so.", "The Mastaba-tomb of Ty in Saqqara\nwe hope you enjoyed this tour as much as we did, and please refer to osirisnet.net for more elaborate description of this magnificent tomb.\nplease make sure to follow us on Facebook and Twitter for updates.\nIf you have any feedback or ideas please make sure you drop us a note.\nand if you are feeling particularly generous today, you might want to checkout our Donation section to help us keep this website free.\nlove and peace always ,\nThe Describing Egypt Team"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.jewishgen.org/Yizkor/Biala_Podlaska/bia157.html

Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair

["Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\n[of the 80's in the previous century until 1939]\nby Gedalyahu Braverman, Petach Tikvah\nTranslated by Libby Raichman\nRegardless of the fact that Biale was always considered a religious town, and was famous for its great scholars, yet already in the 80's of the last century, trade was widespread among the Jewish population of Biale, even though trade was not regarded with much esteem.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe main source of income of the Jewish tradesmen in Biale, came from the Christian population in the town and the surrounding areas. Biale, as a Circle\u2013town was home to many officials and military personnel. However hostile the officials and Russian officers were disposed to the Jews, they had to approach the Jewish tradesmen in many instances where there were no Christian tradesmen at all. And if there were any, they were unable to compete with Jewish tradesmen in the superior quality of their work", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe Christian shoe\u2013makers were unable to copy a pair of officer's varnished boots that Srulke (Yisroel) Kotshemayinik produced, Who did not talk about Hershl Brisker", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\n? People had to wait in a queue to buy a pair of boots or a pair of shoes from him. Aside from the fact that his work was first\u2013class, the materials he used were of the best quality.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nTrue, there were also Jewish shoe\u2013makers who were not as skilled, but these served the farming population who were more willing to allow themselves to be served by the Jewish tradesmen than the Christian.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nIt is worthwhile telling about a Biale shoe\u2013maker of that time, who conducted his work in a strange way. That was the shoe\u2013maker Sender Motye (he had a son who was a teacher and had his own house at the corner of Grabanover and Proste street). This Sender Motye never measured a client's foot and in particular, that of a woman. He had a little box of sand and he would tell his customers to place their foot in it. Then he would measure the impression that formed in the sand", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe same occurred with the Jewish tailors, with whom the Christian tradesmen, could not compete. The few Jewish military tailors were frequently inundated with work. The clients of the good Jewish tailors were noblemen and officials, as well as wealthy Jews. The clients of the mediocre Jewish tailors were from the Jewish middle\u2013income group, the Jewish workers, and the local town\u2013dwellers.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe Jewish building\u2013trades, like: cabinet making, carpentry and painting, were certainly dependent on the Christian population for work. The cabinet makers and many building carpenters could be found in the villages for almost the whole season, where they would erect houses for the farmers and in the courtyards of the noblemen.\nThe situation of the bricklayers was different. They were dependent almost entirely, on the Jews in the town.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe situation of the painters was better. They did not have to wait for the eve of Passover when Jewish people white washed their houses but received work from the Christian population and from the local officials.\nIn the winter, the economic situation for some tradesmen", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nwas a difficult one. The building industry ceased, the tradesmen did not have work and they could not exist for long on the money they had saved. They therefore, began to look for other work in the winter. Many went away to chop ice on the river, others were employed to put ice in the ice\u2013houses and many would go around the courtyards of the houses chopping wood.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nAt the beginning of this century, there was a great revival in the building industry. This happened when the administrator of the Biale court, Dikler, built the barracks on the Warsaw highway. For this work, a few hundred tradesmen from Biale and the surrounds, were employed.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nIn the later years when menial work ceased to be a stigma for a family, and the youth who were now grown up, hastily turned to learn a trade, every trade acquired new tradesmen. It is understandable that Biale was not able to absorb so many tradesmen, so many of them left to work in larger towns, returning home for Sukkot and Pesach. This was, more or less, the means of solving the problem of an excess of tradesmen in the town.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nWith the industrialization of the country, shoe factories came into existence that was a blow to the shoe\u2013makers trade. The Biale shop\u2013keepers began to bring in beautiful shoes, and in this way took the young customer away from the shoe tradesman. The shoemakers called meetings, threatened the shopkeepers with torment, but after all the fuss, they realized that one cannot go against the times, and that the shopkeeper could not be forced to give up his source of income.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nAmongst the cutters and stitchers of shoe leather, there were two rational master craftsmen, Idl Brisker (Hershl Brisker's son) and Froyem the Ginger, who came up with the idea of creating a Workmen's Association of all the Biale cutters and stitchers, to avoid competition", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nWhen the shoe\u2013makers came to know about the impending union, that would, in their opinion, adversely affect their pockets, they began to agitate and tried to prevent the association from being established, but all they managed to attract was one cutter and stitcher, Velvl Kiegls.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nIn 1906, the union of cutters and stitchers came about. A unit was rented from Reuven Kozzes (Shulman) on Grabanover street and there they all worked together. In the town it was called: \u201cThe Cutters and Stitchers Union\u201d. The following tradesmen worked there: Idl Zeidman (Brisker), Froyem the Ginger, Henech Ostatni Grosh, his son and Avraham Froyems. As workers the following were employed: G. Braverman, Mordechai Yosef (Brayndel Gricheles's grandson) and Yoel Ketzeles", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe Union however, did not last more than a year and fell apart. There were many reasons for dissolving the Union, but the main reason was that one employee wanted to deceive the other and watched to see that only the other employee would do the work.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nDuring the 1st World War, when Biale found itself under German occupation, the situation of the Jewish tradesmen was pitiful. There were no raw materials with which to work, and the population could not afford to acquire anything. Most of the Jewish tradesmen became day\u2013workers for the German government.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nAfter the 1st World War, it took a while before the economic situation in the land stabilized. Great changes were brought into the lifestyle of the population, that affected the circumstances of the Jewish tradesmen in the town.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nA revival came about in the line of furniture carpentry. Before the 1st World War this was an almost unfamiliar skill in the town. Who was interested in what kind of bed they slept, and how many generations had already slept in that bed? Who was concerned with what kind of wardrobe stood in the house", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\n? After the war life took a great step forward. For a young couple, after their wedding, the issue of furniture became a problem. Furniture factories began to open in the town, and many building carpenters took to this work. With time, there was a noticeable influx of adult youth to this profession.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe building industry in the town came to a halt, Jews no longer built. Jewish bricklayers were assigned to Christian employers, and the latter rather took Christian bricklayers, who regarded themselves as no worse tradesmen than the Jews. So, part of the Jewish bricklayers actually left for foreign lands, and there were no followers amongst the younger generation to this profession.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe cabinet\u2013makers trade became unstable for the Jews and began to decline. If a Christian built a house, because of anti\u2013Semitism, he gave the work to a Christian.\nThe production of machine\u2013made shoes in Biale, began even before the 1st World War, when the brothers Hoffer and their brother\u2013in\u2013law Binyamin Klieger established a factory for machine\u2013made shoes, where tens of workers were employed. After the war the work in this factory was not recommenced. Many", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nworkers who had previously worked in the aforementioned factory, opened factories in partnership and produced machine\u2013made shoes. In the town, before the outbreak of the 2nd World War, there were 5 partner\u2013factories and production was almost stable. The products were sent to Brisk and a part was taken by Biale shopkeepers.\nThese partnered\u2013factories provided a livelihood for almost all the leather workers in the town and some of the leather shopkeepers.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nGenerally, the economic situation of the Jewish tradesmen in Biale, in the last years before the 2nd World War, was a difficult one. A revival was noticeable only in the partner\u2013factories of machine\u2013made shoes, and by the furniture\u2013makers and the tailors.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nDespite the restrictive policy of the government towards the Jewish population, even relentless anti\u2013Semites were forced to approach some of the Biale Jewish population, if they wanted to have a good article. Even the German murderers could not stop marveling at the work that the Jewish tradesmen produced in Biale.\nby M. Y. Feigenboim", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nUnder the name \u201cfactories\u201d, we mean enterprises that worked with machines, even primitive machines, that employed a greater number of workers, or those firms that were never classified as workshops.\nAlready in 1873, in the Volye, there was a small active factory producing wooden nails. The factory belonged to the Ra'abbes until the outbreak of the 2nd World War, when it was appropriated by the Germans. After the war, the factory was nationalized by the Polish government.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe founder of the factory was the German, Tyber. In 1873 he built up the factory on a very small scale, as a workshop for producing wooden nails for shoes.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nHersh Ber Ra'abbe, a pious Warsaw Jew, who was a small salesman of Tyber's nails, was, after a while, brought in as a partner in the factory. Their firm was called \u201cTyber and Ra'abbe\u201d. After a few years the partnership was dissolved and Ra'abbe remained the only proprietor of the factory. The name of the factory changed to \u201cCh. B. Ra'abbe\u201d. Ra'abbe enlarged the factory and they began to produce shoe\u2013trees for shoes. Later Ra'abbe established a sawmill.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nIn 1915, when the German army marched eastwards, the factory was evacuated and moved to Russia. The machines were transported, and a large number of employees travelled with them to Russia where the factory was set up in the town of Nyerecht.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nAfter the 1st World war, when the Ra'abbes returned from Russia, the factory was re\u2013established and began to operate on a very large scale. Besides the wooden nails, they began to produce new items, like: knives, wooden heels, wooden trowels for medicinal purposes etc. The world\u2013famous firm \u201cBata\u201d were buyers of Ra'abbes' products.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nRa'abbes' factory was one of the largest of its kind in the Russian empire. Its products reached as far as Manchuria, Middle\u2013Asia and the Caucasus. In 1915, before moving the factory to Russia, 400 workers were employed there, amongst them approximately 100 Jewish female workers. The administrative personnel were entirely Jewish. The factory's doctor was Dr. Gershon Zita, the only Jewish doctor in the town.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nAfter the death of Hersh Ber Ra'abbe, his heirs continued to run the factory. The four sons: Me'oritzi, Bernard, Vintsenti and Yakov (all lived in Warsaw).", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nMe'oritsi still strove to observe certain Jewish traditions in his house, but some of his children gave up their Judaism. Bernard became entirely assimilated and after all his children converted, he and his wife followed them", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\n(It is worthwhile mentioning that at the elections to the first Russian parliament, Bernard made the effort and managed to be sent as a representative of the Jewish community in Biale, as a delegate to the election\u2013assembly that appointed a candidate as representative to the Russian parliament). Vintsenti was a social\u2013democrat and an active party\u2013member. He materially supported popular socialistic activities. Yakov went to Paris, without participating directly in the running of the factory", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nmanaged by the younger generation of the Ra'abe family. Finkelhoiz was the director of the factory until the 2nd World War.\n(This was according to information transmitted in writing by the engineer Moshe Kerner who was a senator in the Polish senate. He was the director of Ra'abe's factory in Biale from 1909 until 1915).", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nVarious factories existed in the town until the 1st World War. Some of these were liquidated due to the events of the war and were not re-established. We will, as far as possible, list them here.\nA Jewish owned sawmill already existed on the Volye in 1866. It belonged to a lady named Bayltshe. The work was done by Jewish workmen.\nAnother Jewish owned sawmill, also on the Volye, belonged to the estate (more details in the section dealing with the premises of A. Vineberg of blessed memory).", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nIn 1866, on the Volye there was a small factory producing grease for wagons, sulphur on a stick and sticks for penholders. This small factory belonged to Noah and Leibush Friedman. All the machines were built by the owners themselves and were operated by a person turning a wheel. Later the machines were operated and driven with the help of a transmission belt. Most of the workers were Jews.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nA shoe factory existed in the town that belonged to the Hoffer brothers (sons of Py-e), and Benjamin Klieger. The factory employed more than 40 workers, shoemakers and cutters. The products were also sent deep into Russia.\nFamous in the town and the surroundings, was the factory of Motl Mintz that produced paper for rolling cigarettes. A large number of Jewish workers worked there, mainly women.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nFor many years there was a water-mill on the river, belonging to the court, that was almost always leased to Jews. Some time before the 1st World War, the mill burnt down and was never rebuilt.\nThe factory of Zushe Goldreich, that produced slabs for sidewalks (was situated in the courtyard that later belonged to Alter Suknov and Volf Mallina) was liquidated in approximately 1912.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe brick-yards in the villages of Seltz and Tzitzibor belonged to the Biale Jews Chaim Levi Rubinshtein and Yitzchak Goldshtein (Yitzchakl the son of Channe Toibes). The brick-yard in Seltz was renowned in the entire area for the quality of its products.\nOf the 2 sawmills that existed until the 2nd World War, one belonged to Yitzchak Pizshitz and partners. This sawmill was burnt down by the German air force during military operations.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe second sawmill belonged to Herzl Tsharni and partners. In this sawmill there was also a steam mill.\nAside from the large steam mill of Ratayevitsh, all the other steam mills in the town, belonged to Jews.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe mill on the Yanever highway was the property of Moshe Shneiman and partners. The mill on Artilerisker street belonged to the Krizelmans and Pinchas Nartman. The owners of the mill in Viness, were the Urbach and Vizenfeld families. The Finkelshtein brothers ran a mill on the glinkes that was erected on the site of the former windmill, that belonged to their father", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nOn Garntsarsker street there was a large paper mill belonging to Leibl Blankleider, and on Yaske street \u2013 the small paper mill belonging to Leibl Mindal.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nIn all these Jewish owned mills, a visible number of Jewish workers were employed doing various tasks.\nThe Winery (the name Winery, which means a wine house, probably stems from the fact that wine was once produced or sold in that place), produced beer, and in 1908 it was rebuilt by Berish Urbach, on the site of the wooden winery that had burned down in 1904.\nAll the machines there, were powered by a transmitter that was driven by a belt to which a horse was harnessed.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nDuring the 1st World War the winery was requisitioned by the Germans, and on that site, they installed factories that were entirely mechanized, producing: beer, lemonades and artificial ice. In the courtyard of the winery, an electricity producing plant was installed, but only the Germans themselves\nbenefitted from the electric lights.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nAfter the war, the owners of the winery sold the machines of the lemonade and ice factories and remained with the modernized beer factory. The production of beer continued there.\nA few score Jewish workers and many families earned a living thanks to the factory. With time however, the owners of the winery liquidated the beer factory, and erected a steam mill there.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nLeibe Bornshtein's whose house was next to the winery, was called Leibe Mednik in the town because of the mead and wine factory that he had in his house. The mead produced in this factory was particularly renowned and was in demand throughout Poland.\nThe heirs and workers of the wine-cellars of Leibe Mednik\nLeibe Mednik, and later his heirs, employed a number of Jewish workers who were very well treated there.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nAt the beginning of the Volye, immediately after the river, was a tannery that was bought after the 1st World War by the young family man, Friedberg (from Brisk). The tannery was active until the 2nd World War. The main product consisted of Russian cowhide for the harness makers.\nA few Jewish workers worked in the tannery.\nNext to the tannery was a small soap factory belonging to the lady Sarah Gelle Golfedder. The production was performed entirely by the family.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nA second soap factory, on a larger scale, was situated alongside the so-called Kazioner bath, and belonged to the Oppenheim family. Here too, the factory was run entirely by the family members. The factory of the Oppenheim family was liquidated after the 2nd World War.\nOf the five soda-water and lemonade factories in the town, four were owned by Jews.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe Jewish soda-water and lemonade factories belonged to: the Cohen family (Kahan \u2013 the son of Shaya Bertshes), the Zinger family (Berele Zinger), Yakov Flichtgreich and Moshe Fretter and Listgarten.\nThe small number of workers that were employed in these factories, were all Jewish.\nB. Printing Shops", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe first printing shop in the town was established in approximately 1900/1 by a Jew from Minsk, Dvorzshetz, who came from a family, that was engaged in printing. It can be assumed that Dvorzshetz's leaving Minsk, the great Russian town and settling in such a provincial town like Biale, was not dictated by economic motives, but was caused by the percentage-norms for Jewish children in the Russian school system. Dvorzshetz's children were indeed immediately sent to the Biale High school.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe above mentioned Dvorzshetz established a large printing shop in the house of Yitzchak Goldshtein (Yitzchakl Channe Toibes) on Yanever street. The printing shop would do printing work, only in the Russian language and did not possess Yiddish font. It appears that there was no need for printing work in Yiddish, in the town at that time.\nDuring the 1st World War, before the Russian army left the town, Dvorzshetz moved his printing shop to Minsk.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe second printing works in the town was established in approximately 1902 by Yakov Zelig Lubeltshik. Yakov Zelig was by profession a painter but displayed great talent in various areas. Even before he established the printing shop, he turned to making stamps (seals).\nThe printing shop was run by Yakov Zelig and his two sons Matityahu and Avraham. After the war Avraham remained the proprietor of the printing shop.\nThe printing shop had a large printing machine", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\n(100 x 70 centimeters) and a few small printing machines, a machine for cutting paper, and a large assortment of font in various languages. All the machines were operated by human hands or feet.\nPolish books, brochures, newspapers and various other printing work, were printed in the printing shops, for officials, and for producing posters. There the Jewish newspaper \u201cPodlasier Life\u201d was typeset and printed under the editorship of M. M. Gellenberg.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nFor many years the printing works was situated on Brisker street, in the house of Leib Mandelbaum. In the last years before the 2nd World War the printing works moved into the home of Avraham Lubeltshik that he built for himself on Reformatzker street.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe third printing works in the town was established by Moshe Frishtik on Yanever street. The printing shop was a small one and the printing machine was of quite a primitive one and required great physical strength. Despite this however, a few newspapers were printed there during its existence.\nThe first Jewish newspapers in Biale were printed in Frishtik's printing shop: \u201cBiale Echo\u201d, \u201cBiale Voice\u201d, published by the local Zionist organization under the editorship of Moshe Rubinshtein.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nIn 1927 Moshe Frishtik moved his printing works to Warsaw.\nThe fourth printing works, under the name \u201cExpress\u201d, was established in 1931 on Pilsodski street by Yisroel Hochman and Dovid Tzeshinski. After a few years the partnership was dissolved and Yisroel Hochman remained the proprietor of the printing works.\nThe printing works had a printing machine measuring 35 x 50 centimetres, and a small pedal machine. Both were operated by foot. In the last years before the war, they had a paper-cutting machine.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nIn this very printing shop, the following newspapers were published: \u201cPodlassier Life\u201d, under the editorship of Chaim Rozmarin; \u201cBiale Weekly\u201d, under the editorship of Chaim Miyodek, and \u201cPodlassier Voice\u201d, published by the League for the Working Land of Israel.\nThe main work generated from this printing works, was for officials and private enterprises.\nStamps (seals) would also be produced in all these printing workshops.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nIt is worth mentioning that due to the efforts of \u201cRozvye\u201d in Biale, a Polish printing works was established in the town in the twenties. Despite the backing that it received from all sides, it did not last long. The owners went bankrupt and the printing shop was liquidated.\nDuring the 2nd World War both Jewish Printing works were confiscated by the Germans and handed over to the German named Vanzshura.\n(some of the details were submitted by Yitzchak Shein)\nThe Biale Estate\nby Alter Vineberg \u2013 Tel Aviv", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThere were two estates in Biale: one was related to the Biale Rabbi Yitzchak Yakov Rabinovicz, who, due to his broad and rich bearing, was known throughout Poland. The second estate had no connection to Rabbis, but in a certain period played an important role in the economic life of Biale Jews. I mean, the so-called Radzshivil-estate.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nIn my childhood I heard many legends about the estate. Later, when I was already an adult, I worked there and had the opportunity to move around freely and to verify the authenticity of those legends.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe estate was situated on the Mezritsh highway, immediately after exiting the town, and shared a border with the High School. Entering the estate, on the right side, one could see a building with a tall tower in a neglected condition. On the other levels, there were holes where there were once windows. The front wall, until the first level, was built with longish four-cornered stones, with a high round gate. The arch around the gate was paved with artistically chiseled stones", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nOn each side of the gate were various stone figures, like: guns, cannons on two wheels that the military used to drag, swords etc. The gate was no longer there, and the entrance was boarded up. On the other side of the building, opposite the gate, parallel to the highway, was a mountain that stretched the length of the estate. At the foot of the mountain, stretched a little stream. In the summer, the stream", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nwas covered with small green leaves. Jewish and Christian women would go there with sieves and buckets and pull out the leaves with which they would feed small ducks. Beautiful dense Ash trees grew between the highway and the small stream.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe mountain was called Val (a cylinder), because, it was told, that the space in the mountain had been filled in. People used to say, that under the mountain was a cellar that stretched from the building with the tower, until the village of Slavatshinek. According to the legend, on a few occasions people went into the cellar with lights and torches, in order to see what was there, and how far the cellar stretched, but no one returned", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nPeople also used to say that there in the estate, lay a frame of a whale bone, a piece of which was a cure for a fever. If there happened to be an opportunity to enter freely into the estate, people would go and cut off pieces of the frame of the whale bone.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nWhat circulated was, that the entire town of Biale and the area of the Biale embankment (that the Jews used to call: Nabialke) until the village of Stirentz, and even further, belonged to a member of the Radzshivil family. Who and what this Radzshivil was, nobody knew. Some said, that he was a nobleman, others again \u2013 that he was an emperor, that the whole terrain belonged to him and that all the inhabitants in that area were his subjects", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nIf one observed the estate carefully, one could actually assert, that this was a fortress. The tower with the holes on the higher levels, were definitely meant for shooting the enemy, in the event that it would be necessary.\nThe schools in Biale and Yaneve were, as was said, built by Radzshivil. Why also the Yaneve school, nobody knew. The fact is, that both schools were similar.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nAt the end of the last century, one could not freely enter the estate, because it held the prison for the entire circle. On the second floor of the tower building, there was a prison for women, and the windows there were barred. The court-house was situated deeper into the estate and the court-chairman lived there.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe jail was located in four long single-storied buildings, built in a very old style: very thick walls, and vaulted ceilings of solidly baked bricks. To knock out a brick, was much more difficult than making a hole in a concrete wall today. On every window there were thick iron bars. When I used to work there, it happened from time to time that I had to break into walls and I saw that that the bars were not installed when the prison itself was but were already reinforced when the building was erected.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nNevertheless, it happened that despite the thick walls and the vaulted ceilings, a group of prisoners escaped from there. If I am not mistaken, they were all Jews, and amongst the escapees, were also Biale residents. They made a hole in the ceiling, went into the attic, and from there they managed to escape. This happened at night and in the morning the authorities turned the town upside down", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nIt was told at that time, that the hole in the ceiling was scraped out with knives, a task that naturally must have taken months, and that there were small boats waiting for them at the river. Most of the escapees later went to England. Why the group of escapees consisted only of Jews, and why they were in prison is a whole other chapter. All the escapees were arrested without a trial, and with them in their cell were others who had already had court sentences", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe latter did not escape, and as much as they were tortured, they did not reveal a single detail and claimed that they were asleep and therefore, saw and heard nothing.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nIn the 90's of the last century, a new prison was built in Biale on Proster street. Then the estate became free for all the residents of the town to walk through. Jews also began to go to the orchard there on the sabbath so that they could enjoy the pleasure but some time later, Jews were not permitted to enter.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nFor some time, this estate was called Finekl's manor, although it was never his[1]. Finekl was the manager there for many years, so people assumed that he was the owner. Everyone who had any contact with this Christian was quite well enriched", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThere was no shortage of ways to do deals because tens of thousands of acres of land and forests belonged to the estate, that stretched from Bialke on the Brisk highway, to both Slavatshinkes, villages on the Warsaw highway, as well as the villages Prosheki and Stirnetz. In Bialke and", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe estate also had many houses in the town and on the Volye. The building in the town, that was once occupied by the officials of the district, was the property of the estate, and stretched from the market place, through Yanever street into Patshtover street. Later Shmuel Pizshitz bought the house. It was told that he bought it for 10 thousand rubles, to be paid over 10 years and that Pizshitz had an annual income from that house that was much more than a thousand ruble", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThat building housed the district with all its departments, the military and the police. On one floor was the apartment of the Circle-chief. Later, when all these officials moved into Mevyuse's property, they converted the building into shops.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe estate, that was also called the \u201ctreasury\u201d, once owned a sawmill on the Volye (on the other side of the railway station), that cut the trees from its own forests. The sawmill was definitely the first sawmill \u2013 I think that for many years it was the only sawmill in the town.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe estate also owned the watermills in Biale and in the village of Prosheki. I still remember the small mill in Biale, that burnt down together with the bridge over the river. Later, a large 3-storied mill was erected, that stood for many years and also burnt down.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe first lessee of the mill was Moshe Bergshtein, who had a brick building close to the river, and he later owned the first 3 storied house in Biale that Berel Vineberg erected on Reformatzker street and was passed over to Bergshtein in settlement of a debt.\nThe second lessee of the mill was Dovid Reb Isaacs or Reb Dovid Shachor, a noted Chassid in the town. He held the lease of the mill until it burned down.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nAt the end of the last century the estate was sold to a new owner, a Pole. What was said was, that the reason for the sale was due to the fact that the Russian government issued a decree that foreign nationals may not possess any immovable property. Because this owner of the estate was a Pole, a national, he had to sell the estate. A new manager came in Finekl's place, also a Pole and he began to bring in new orders.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe new landowner however, did not keep the estate long in his possession. In approximately 1900 it was sold to a Jewish girl named Helena Adolpuvna Kogan, a Russian citizen, born in Odessa and living in France. She had very big business and enterprises with many branches in the Russian towns. The main director of her business was an uncle of hers. After the estate became the possession of this girl the manager appointed to the Biale estate, was a Jew from Odessa \u2013 Dikler", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nA new chapter in the history of the estate began. It became a Jewish estate. The Biale Jews could move around freely in the orchard of the estate and go for walks there, whenever they wished. The estate received a new name \u2013 Dikler's estate.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nDikler knew how to live in style and was not Russianized like the other Russian Jews who were ashamed to speak Yiddish. In Dikler's home, understandably, they spoke, Russian, but in the office, in the street and generally with Jews, who used to come to him about various matters, he spoke in a beautiful Ukrainian Yiddish. Later, when I met his father, I saw that this Dikler was raised in a respectable middle-class Jewish home. It was said that Dikler received a large salary, truly like a governor", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nUnder his direction, his office changed from a Polish one and became a Jewish one, where poor Jews sat as clerks, who were not ashamed of their Yiddish.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe contractors, workers, and merchants remained the same. The mill in Prosheki was leased and taken over by two Shedletz Jews who were later called Idl and Asher Proshekier. These two Jews remained at the mill until it burnt down.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nDikler first turned to bringing order to the buildings in the castle. Walls were broken to insert ventilation in order to dry the dampness, bars were removed, and beautiful high windows were installed, the stone floors were lifted and were replaced with wooden boards, new levels were erected - all of great size. Trees and grass were planted at the entrance to the estate, which changed its appearance completely.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe office was installed in the first building at the entrance to the estate. On the second floor of the tower building, lived the chief officials and their families, Ruzshinski and Hertzke Vinograd (Yoske Vinograd's father), who worked on the estate as a woodsman and regarded himself as a great tradesman in this field. He was a fine Jew, religious, but not a fanatic.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe landowner's sawmill on the Volye was dismantled and on its site, a brick sawmill was erected, large and modern. Two Jews who were specialists in the wood industry were brought to manage this facility.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nOne of the two specialists was a Warsaw Jew, a Gerre Chassid \u2013 Segal, who was a very distinguished figure in the town. On the festivals he would go from the Volye to pray in the Gerre prayer house. The second was a young man from M'lav, a religious and intelligent person. On the sabbath preceding the new month, he would go and pray in the synagogue on the Volye. This young man was not embarrassed to put on his hat and do the afternoon prayers in the office", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nA Jewish guard named Shpak, lived on the premises. He had a very good job there. Hershl Shykes was\nthe regular wagon driver there. He would distribute the wooden boards at the site and deliver material to the train. He was a respectable Jew who lived on the Volye.\nLater, Segal's place was taken by Zingerman from Odessa. He was a devoted Jew but a liberated one. Even in those days he would ride through the town to Bialke and back on the Sabbath. In his home however, he kept a kosher kitchen.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe sawmill grew to such an extent that it became an international-firm. Merchants came to Biale from the whole of Poland, and merchants from Germany spent the winter months in the town and transported wood to Germany.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nDikler did not rest and constantly initiated new enterprises. In November 1901 he began to build barracks on the Warsaw highway, for the Kaluzshesk regiment, apartments for the officers, a Russian church, and everything that the regiment needed. This was an enormous undertaking that was actually completed in an unbelievably short time. Many workers worked on the site, Jews and Christians", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe work could have quickly come to an end, but fortunately Dikler had the sawmill at his disposal, with all its facilities. The machines produced and supplied wood and the tradesmen only needed, to complete the task. Today machine work is quite a simple matter, but then, 50 years ago, when even in Warsaw there were no woodworking machines, and everything was made by hand, this was a huge achievement for Biale.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nWhich Biale resident of the older generation, does not remember the building of the barracks? Every courtyard was after all, full of firewood and off-cuts from construction. The highway was full of women and children who used to carry away heavy sacks containing wood shavings and blocks of wood.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nOf all the work in the vicinity of the barracks, 90% was carried out by Jews. Despite Dikler's efforts to bring in Christian tradesmen, because he was already short of Jewish workers, and he wanted to complete the work as soon as possible, nothing came of it \u2013 the Christians could not maintain the work-tempo of the Jewish workers. He even brought Russians from deep within Russia, but in the time that they managed to erect one house, the Jews had already completed five houses", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nA Christian carpenter Vintzenti, from Grabanov was also employed there. He was a good tradesman, but he was also slow compared to the Jewish tradesman. But as this Vintzenti was on good terms with my father-in-law Gershon Brodatsh who worked there, my father-in-law retained him", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nMy father-in-law did this with a purpose: As they also had to build a Russian church there, and he, as a religious Jew, did not want to put a hand to such a building, he actually allocated this work to Vintzenti the Christian, and was happy that he managed to extricate himself from church-work.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe roofs were made of shingles and for this work, all the shingle makers and shingle fitters in Biale and from the surrounding villages, were employed. They worked from frantically and therefore over-exerted themselves.\nThe carpenters who worked in partnership, were Avraham Gril (Braverman) and Velvl Malina. It is worth relating here, the tragic incident that happened by their undertaking the carpentry work.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nAvraham Gril and Malina used to work at the estate and were therefore candidates to receive this work at the barracks. Godl Binyes (Milboim) also wanted the same work. Godl had the keys of the synagogue, where he was the treasurer, and he kept the prayer shawl of Advocate Kalman Hartglas, under his supervision. When Hartglas marked the anniversary of a death, he would come to the synagogue to pray and say the traditional prayer for the dead and Godl used to hover around him", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nLater, when Hartglas's children were nationally elected, everything there changed, and Hartglas would come to the synagogue on every festival and sometimes on the sabbath. Godl also worked in Hartglas's house. Now Advocate Hartglas appealed for Godl to receive the work at the barracks. When Godl went to Dikler, Avraham Gril and Malina came out of their workshop", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nand using a piece of wood from a window frame (part of a window), hit Godl over the head. They broke his skull. A doctor was brought from Warsaw, who operated on him. His condition was critical, and only thanks to the efforts of Advocate Hartglas, who regularly brought doctors from Warsaw, Godl was saved from death. The court sentenced Gril and Malina to 1\u00bd years in prison and to pay Godl a significant sum of money; they were escorted to the prison. Later they appealed and were freed", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nNearly 90% of the brickwork was done by me. The remaining 10% was done by the Christian, Kaminski. I also built 7 brick wells there. The barracks were built in a very modern way, for those times.\nThe painting work was done in partnership by Hershl Lentshner and Abele Maller. They worked there with many workers.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nWhile the barracks were being built there was a day-guard, a Jew by the name of Moshe. They made a large barrack with tables and benches, for him. And this Jew organized a restaurant there and earned a good income from the workers.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nDikler appointed a manager in the warehouse In Slavatshinek. He was a simple village Jew whom they began to call Moshe from Slavatshinek. This Jew made a living there, from selling milk products and there were proprietors in the town, who went there to sample these things. The Christian manager did not disturb the Jew from acquiring this income and even used to help him to earn his living.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nDikler also conceived a plan to build a distillery and set about accomplishing the task. Two weeks before the Jewish New Year in 1904, the building of the distillery commenced on a site near the sawmill. The distillery was large and very successful. The alcohol produced there acquired a good name.\nAs regards the distillery, I would like to note an episode that is engraved in my memory.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nI began to build the distillery before the New Year and had to complete it in a very short time because of the winter. As it was the time of the festivals, I had to negotiate with the other bricklayers, that they should work on the intermediate days of the festival of Sukkot. In those days people did not work on those intermediate days. The shops were open, the wagon drivers travelled with their wagons, but the poor worker was not allowed to work", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nAt the time when the distillery became active, they began to make fish ponds to breed fish. For this purpose, Dikler brought an engineer, a tradesman in this area. This was also a very serious undertaking. For many Jews, the whole idea of breeding fish, seemed strange; they knew that there are fish in the river, but no one breeds them. . . . . .", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nBefore leaving Biale, Dikler still allowed the tower of the castle be renovated. The roof was removed, and a new roof was made with a beautiful tall dome. The work was done by my father-in-law. Shlaymele Stolyer's son, Menachem Leib Hochberg, who made the dome. Menachem Leib regarded himself as one of the best and most talented master carpenters in the entire vicinity. He could understand a plan and could draw up plans himself.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nOnce, being in the office, I heard that the \u201cgirl\u201d bought another property that was truly a Garden-of- Eden, in which she herself, planned to settle. There was a palace in the grounds, and a river flowed through the estate. There was also an orchard and a hot-house with the most expensive fruit, that grew there summer and winter.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nSome time later, I once came into the office and noticed a depressed atmosphere. One clerk mentioned to me: - you know Mr. Vineberg, we have to make a reception for the landlady. To my question, regarding what he meant by that, he told me, that the \u201cgirl\u201d is coming from her recently purchased estate, near Warsaw with her Christian husband, the distiller of that place.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThat was certainly a tragic event for the office. All the years since the office existed, the \u201cgirl\u201d had not once been in Biale, and suddenly she is coming with a gentile husband. It was told that the \u201cgirl\u201d settled in the manor that she had bought and married her distiller. After she converted, one could sense that the Jewish office was coming to an end.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nPreparations for the reception were made. At the entrance to the estate, a triumph gate was erected, with various adornments as they used to do for the emperor or other great personalities. There was great excitement in the town. People were running to see the gate and all the preparations.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThat day, when the \u201cgirl\u201d came to Biale, everyone, Jewish and Christian, ran to look at her. The Jewish population went with curiosity and pain to see the hunchback, as she was called in the town, who, being so rich, fell in love with a gentile and in this way, delivered such enormous wealth into gentile hands. The Christian population was also curious to see the \u201cgirl\u201d and were overjoyed with the capture of a Jewish soul.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nI was not there but after a couple of days, I went to the office, to see what kind of atmosphere there was after the visit of the \u201cgirl\u201d. I found the staff depressed.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nI do not remember how long the Jewish office continued to exist. Details of the liquidation of Jewishness in the office, have also been erased from my memory. I only remember that a Christian manager arrived with a truly gentile appearance. We, the Jewish tradesmen, went to him about employment and he promised, that all those who worked in the estate, will remain working there. There I met the wife of Moshe from Slavatshinek, who told me that that they had already been retrenched from their work.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nJewish tradesmen no longer worked there, only, I think, Ruven Kozzes (Shulman), and that was due to the protection of the noblemen of the Biale region, for whom he used to work.\nAll the Jewish clerks and the couple of Russians, left Biale, and only one remained, a certain Azrilian, a Jew from Odessa, who became a supplier of meat to the military in the town.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nNow, as I write these lines, when since those times, 50 years have already flowed away, I still see the estate office before my eyes, as if it had been only yesterday. I see the Jewish office with Dikler at its head, with his bearing and understanding of people and the Jews in particular. I see before my eyes, Dikler's entrance into the office, with the Yiddish or Russian 'good morning'", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nI remember his arrival at the barracks while they were being built, his enquiries about everything, his attention to everything, his occasional scolding, and his remarks and his jokes in a tasteful Yiddish.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nI recall now, that weeks would pass, and one would not see a gentile in the office, only Jews and Jews. An office that engaged with the world, was entirely Jewish: Jewish merchants, Jewish tradesmen of all professions, and Jewish day and night guards. A significant number of Jewish families in the town had a comfortable income from this estate, that was an important factor in the economic life of Biale Jews.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nEven for work like sanitation \u2013 cleaning toilets, that the gentiles had already surely done, came a Jew like Mendele Sitniker (Freedman) and said, that he wanted to take that job. They helped him obtain the necessary tools and Mendele Sitniker was employed in this capacity and earned well.\nI want to add here another line about the warm attitude of the office towards Jews.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nOne winter, the office began to distribute wood to the poor. Hundreds of banknotes were distributed (notes that authorized the holder to remove the quantity of wood specified in the note, from the forest).", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nIn Biale, it was a well-known matter, that if things were distributed late, as for example, 'wheat money' for Passover (for the poor), then \u201cnice\u201d young boys would receive it. These people were not satisfied with one single distribution but took whatever they could; they did, because everyone was afraid of them. The wood was distributed to Jews and Christians, but the quiet needy Jew did not receive anything", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nFirstly, he was embarrassed, and secondly, when he did conceal his shame, these \u201cnice\u201d youths, did not allow him to receive anything.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nIt appears that Dikler was informed about all of this and he asked me to take the hundred banknotes and distribute them; if the hundred was too little, more would be added. I took up his proposition. It is possible that a few years earlier, I would not have taken up Dikler's request because I would have been afraid of the \u201cnice\u201d Biale youth, but this happened in the times of the Bundist activity in Biale when he had already somewhat silenced the gang.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nI turned to the trustees of the small Chassidic prayer houses about giving me a list of those who needed wood and each trustee received the required number of banknotes, that he distributed among his people. I distributed the banknotes to the tradesmen and others in need, myself, or through intermediaries. For a few years I distributed the wood, and every winter, no less than 150 banknotes. If I was short of a few more than 150, I would go to the office and would receive them there.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nI cannot say if the Biale Jews knew how to appreciate the attitude of the office towards them. It could be, that if Dikler was a Chassid, and went to pray on the sabbath\nthey would have valued the benevolence of the office, more.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nAnd this office, that became more and more Jewish, suddenly slipped out of Jewish hands and became absolutely Christian. A colossal Jewish fortune was transferred from Jewish possession into Christian hands. Biale Jews felt the change in their economic situation because they lost a very influential source of income.\nAdvocate Apolinari Hartglas writes about it, in his unpublished memoirs:", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\n\u201cAt the time of my birth (1883), the castle belonged to the assets of the German Chancellor, Duke Hohenlohe, to whom it was transferred as an inheritance from the Duchess Radzshivil. Together with him, it was managed by an administrator of German extraction, who assumed a more Polish name, Finekl\u201d \u2013 editor. Return\nThe Professional [Workers] Movement\nby Yisroel Hochman\nTranslated by Gloria Berkenstat Freund", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nIn the 1890s when all of Russia began a great evolution in communal life and new branches of production resulted in even more wage workers, a series of factory enterprises with several hundreds of workers arose in Biala. But, just as everywhere else, a labor system existed then in which the work was done in inhuman conditions, with unlimited hours of work, completely unprotected, dependent on the benevolence of those who provided the jobs.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe first forms of professional work began to arise in Biala in such difficult conditions. The worker, who had been accustomed to looking at the person who provided the work as someone upon whom his life was completely dependent, began to change his opinion little by little.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe rise of various groups of artisans and wage workers, the organizing of minyonim [prayer groups of 10 men needed for organized prayer \u2013 minyon is the singular form of the word] and shtiblekh [one room houses of study often organized by the members of the same trade] was the first primitive form of organization, the first actual organization of the workers and artisans. Thus, the tailors in Biala created a prayer group named Khevre Bokherim [group of young men]", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nIts task was to separate the artisans and wage workers from the middle-class Jews. Therefore, the Khevre Bokherim took on additional tasks such as: spreading education among the members and daveners [those who prayed], teaching them to write, a little bit of Khumash [Torah] and Tanakh [Torah, Prophets and Writings], as well as self-help activities for the sick", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThis first primitive form of professional organization lasted as long as the Biala worker did not have any contact with the larger cities and wider world.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nReverberations from the activities of the socialistic parties in Russia reached Biala and the first traces of the workers movement arose. The young, who were enthusiastic about the revolution, devoted all their fervor to the professional organizing of the workers. Among the intelligentsia, Yewel Tiamkin, Czarni Lewin, Dovid Kruses, Yakov Sztajnman and others excelled with all of their strength and helped not only with organizing, but all led systematic educational and explanatory work among the workers.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nAn economic revival in the various branches could be observed, which drew in more and more workers. The professional and political work became more varied. The factories of Motl Minc and Raabe, which employed several hundreds of male and female workers, occupied the most esteemed place. All of the other branches also were revived, such as the tailors who were employed, thanks to the demand for ready-made women's and men's clothing", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nA factory for ready-made shoes opened then at which several dozen workers were employed. These groups introduced greater strength for the political and professional workers movement.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe workers who joined the political parties demanded something tangible and intensive underground work began. The Bund Party committee in Biala created an \u201cexchange\u201d where workers from the various branches would meet with their representatives and tell them about the conditions at their workplaces.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe most important activists at organizing the working class were: with the tailors: Elya Szimszeles, Khona Niskeles, Nakhum Worek; with the carpenters: Shmai Fridman, Elya Bubkes. The other trades were under the leadership of a group of other activists. The brothers Borukh and Yeshayahu Wajnberg played an admirable role in the political and professional movement. Borukh was a true people's tribune; his speeches were like an intoxicating drink for the masses\nStrikes broke out in 1904-1905 to which", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nall of the workers were drawn. The strikes were partially political, but in greater part economic. They were carried out on a large scale and made an impression.\nEmigration abroad of the Biala workers began after the failure of the revolution of 1905. A breakdown began of the organizations that had been created with so much effort. It continued in this way until the outbreak of the First World War, with no change in the situation.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe first years of the First World War passed under the general signs of a real depression until the evacuation of the Russians. The situation completely changed after the arrival of the German military. Illegal work was no longer necessary to lead a professional organization. However, the hardship was that there was no work. The work that existed was for the military regime where no professional union could have any influence", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe majority of the workers were jobless and suffered from hunger; this itself created discouragement. At the end of the German occupation, a tailor's union was created at the existing cultural society, which however did no tangible work. This union in which the active leaders were Meyram Fridman, Moshe Brawerman and Nakhum Worek lasted until the German occupiers left Biala.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe date when the first legal professional union in Biala was created is recorded in 1918. The German military regime was crushed and forced to leave Poland. The Polish Republic arose, which gave the workers the opportunity for normal, legal professional activity. Thanks to this, a group of professional organizations were created which had at their disposition an entire house on Grabanower Street, where a worker's canteen was also created. The political party, the Bund, was then located in the same house.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nDuring the first year of Poland's independence, the professional unions of the Jewish workers developed very well. Thanks to the legal opportunities, systematic cultural, professional and political activity was carried out among them. The masses were activated; the young people were drawn into the professional movement. Separate youth sections were created at various trades. Active workers then were: Mordekhai Hochman, Shmai Fridman, Nakhum Worek, Moshe Rodzinek and Gliksberg.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe strong and well-disciplined professional unions carried on their work with full intensity; all actions to better the conditions of the organized workers had the appropriate success and were carried out without any opposition. However, these magnificent organizations did not have a long existence. A large fire, which broke out in the unions' building, erased everything. Not even one bench was saved.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nFrom then on the unions moved from one place to another. A short while later they succeeded in renting a small apartment on the second floor in a small alley, where the tailors union was established with its 200 members, and the leaders were: Leyzer Shneur, Ita Ejzenberg and Gliksberg. The shoemaker's union also was located there and had good leadership, among whom Shmuelka Goldberg and Chaim Eizenberg stood out", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe well-known year of 1920 drew near. Repressions spread among the professional unions during the time of the Polish-Bolshevik War. Their activists were exiled to camps; the organizations were closed. This was a deathblow for the organizations. The professional activity ceased for a long time.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nAfter the Polish-Bolshevik War, when it finally became peaceful, the former activists did not return to their organizations. The only communal strength came from the young people, who began to re-erect the destroyed unions. The tailor's union arose again illegally. Not having any refuge, it wandered from one house to another. This lasted for three-quarters of a year until the first money fund was create and the union received a small apartment on Grabanower Street, on the second floor, and it was legalized", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nLittle by little other unions arrived; the shoemakers, metal workers and carpenter organizations were revived. The unions carried out intensive activity, thanks to the active leaders: B. Solman, Sh. Winderbaum, W. Szuster, Semiaticki, Goldhamer and others. The economic actions that were carried out in their time were met with success. However, alas, the economic situation then for Jewish workers in Biala was unfortunate.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nthey could not improve their situation. In addition, the currency of that time was the mark with its running inflation. The worker, despite the successful actions, could not make enough money for his daily needs. This situation brought new emigration during 1921-1922 and hundreds of workers emigrated to France, Argentina and other nations. The new storm of emigration drained the masses of active strength from among the young people as well as the older ones. A split in the Bund took place in 1922", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nOnly the carpenter's union remained of the professional organizations, which, thanks to a good set of circumstances and great demand for the work [of carpenters], held together well and carried on good professional and communal work until 1927. The leadership lay in the hands of responsible and devoted people, such as: Elya Hofman, Mikhal Krawiec, Zilia Gutenberg, Charasz and Wirnik. All of the workers in the other branches envied the carpenters for their good and steady income", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nIn 1927 a decline in the carpentry trade began. The stabilization and the normal life brought with it a standstill in the work. The older workers became meisters [foremen or their own bosses] and left the union. Only the young remained who could not cope. The political parties lost their influence; the union remained unsupervised; control over its activity as well as over the inflowing money was weakened and the organization of the carpentry workers began to crumble", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThanks to the efforts of Yakov Szwarcberg and Zelig Libman, an apartment again was rented into which moved the professional union of the carpentry branch as well as the library of the professional union. A half-year later, financial difficulties led to neglecting the payment of rent; the owner was not paid for a long time, until one evening he decided to throw the entire [library] inventory out into the street. The books roamed around, a little time with one person, another time with another", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\n(Podlasier Lebn [Podlasier Life], number 19, 19th May 1934)\nThe Artisans Union\nby B. Winograd, Ramat-Gan\nThe union was founded in 1921. The organizers were: Avraham Lubelczik, Manashe Ceszinski, Borukh Winograd, Yoal Sztromwaser and Tsala Birnbaum. The reason for founding the Artisans Union was to organize the large number (about 500) artisans in a uniform economic organization in order to raise their level of achievement.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nUntil the rise of the Artisans Union their only form of organization was minyonim [prayer groups] such as the \u201cZaposner\u201d house of prayer, which consisted mainly of artisan worshippers, the Khevra Bokhorim [Society of Young Men] of tailors and shoemakers, which was located at the Hakhones-Orkhim [place for hospitality on the Sabbath and on holidays for poor travelers], and later just in the attic of the synagogue and from that comes the nickname, \u201cthe minyon from Golembik.\u201d The majority of artisans were concentrated in the large house of prayer.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe cultural level and their conditions were humble \u2013 backwards. The competition and hatred among them was very great and the want and poverty ever greater, but some of them could read and write.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe institutions mentioned carried out a registration of all the Biala Jewish artisans according to the particular trades. A managing committee, auditing commission and organizational court was chosen at a general meeting. The statute of the union was received from the Warsaw Central Artisans Union and the Biala Artisans Union was legalized with the government as a division of the Warsaw Central.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe managing committee instantly began intensive activity. Gatherings of the artisans were called for each trade and a particular section was chosen from each trade that was occupied with organizational questions connected to the given trade. There was a reading room active every night in the premises of the union and the skilled artisans would read the daily Yiddish newspapers for their comrades,\nas well as various brochures of literary, hygiene-medical and professional content.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nOver time, Avraham Lubelczik, Avraham Stricher, Menasha Ceszinski, Tsale Birnbaum, Yehosha Eidlsztajn, Khanina Kaszemacher, Moshe Kava, Welwl Eizensztat, Leizer Eplbaum, Yitzhak Peterburg, Nakhum Warek, Yoal Sztromwaser and others were members of the managing committee of the union.\nThe chairmen of the union over the course of various terms of office were: Avraham Lubelczik, Moshe Kava, Avraham Stricher, Nakhum Warek and Khanina Kaszemacher.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nBorukh Winograd was active as the secretary from the rise of the union in 1921 until 1925, from 1925 until his departure for Eretz Yisroel, Ayzk Szajn. The last secretary of the union was Noakh Kramarsz.\nIn the course of its existence the Artisans Union took an active part in the political and communal life of the city.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe artisans elected an appropriate number of councilmen from their list at the elections to the city council. In 1923 Menasha Ceszinski and Borukh Winograd were elected; Borukh Winograd and Avraham Stricher [were elected] at the elections in the years 1927 and 1934.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe artisans also took an active part in the leadership of the kehile [organized Jewish community]. During the elections to the first kehile council, four artisans won election out of 15 councilmen: Avraham Stricher, Welwl Eizensztat, Yehoshua Eidlsztajn and Leizer Eplbaum. Khanina Kaszemacher, Yoal Sztromwaser and Yitzhak Peterburg, artisans, were then elected to the kehile managing committee.\nThere were no institutions in the city in which representatives of the Artisans Union did not take part.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe first premises of the union were located at Brisker Street in Moshe Lebenberg's house. Their second location was at Janower Street in Yitzhak Goldsztajn's house. The last premises of the union were located at Janower Street in the house of the tinsmith, Moshe Elya.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe Artisans Union carried out energetic action in providing artisan's cards for the comrades, without which, according to the law, it was illegal to have a workshop. Later, there came the action of arranging for master-diplomas for Jewish artisans", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nIt was not an easy thing for a Jewish artisan to receive such a diploma because he needed to take an exam, during which, in addition to showing his mastery of his trade, he also had to show mastery of the Polish language, and Jewish artisans in Biala were very weak in this area. However, it was important that the Jewish artisan receive this diploma because an artisan without a diploma did not have the right to employ apprentices", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThanks to the good relationship that existed between the leaders of the Jewish Artisans Union and the leaders of the Christian guild organizations, the exams were limited only to questions in the area of the trade and the Jewish artisans successfully passed the exams.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nA gmiles khesed [interest-free loan] fund existed at the Artisans Union, which would divide loans among the members without interest, to be paid in installments.\nDuring the course of its existence, the Artisans Union carried out several events that had great success, such as an artistic evening at Beis-Am [assembly hall] that was carried out by the union members, a lecture by Deputy Noakh Prilicki and others.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nIn 1939 the Artisans Union suffered the fate of other Jewish communal institutions in the city, which ceased to exist immediately after the German Army marched in.\nThe Retailers Union\nby Shmuel Kahan, Paris", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nWhen the merchants union in the city ceased to be active because of the anti\u2013Semitic economic policies of the government, which led to the fact that the majority of the large merchants became retailers, the idea developed to create a retailers union in Biala. The union was founded in 1924. The organizers were Shmuel Kahan, Moshe Rodzinek, Dovid Wajcman, Volvish Wajcman, Dovid Kantor, Yosha Bachrach and Yakov Tokarski.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe main task of the union was to defend the interests of the retailers at the tax office so that they would not be worn down because of the too high tax evaluations. Very often, when the intervention by the union at the municipal tax office did not have an appropriate success, a delegation was sent to Lublin to the local izba skarbowa [tax office] in order to intervene and many times the delegation met with success. It", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nalso was important to be represented in the city council and at the kehile [organized Jewish community] because matters that were important to the retailers often were on the agenda.\nVolvish Wajcman, and Dovid Wajcmen were elected to the city council on the part of the retailers and Shaul Batszka and Yoel Sztromwaser to the kehile.\nThe union tried to have the appropriate representatives at the municipal cooperative bank in order to be of assistance to the comrades in receiving credit there.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe activity of the union constantly expanded and new departments were organized such as an honorary court to solve various conflicts among comrades in order to avoid turning to a court. An information office for the credit possibilities for the clients was opened. Medical help for the comrades at discount prices was organized.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nA gmiles\u2013khesed kasa [interest\u2013free loan fund] was created at the Retailers Union, which carried on vigorous and fruitful activity, helping the members with loans. The fund had a large role in the communal life of the retailers in the city, benefitting from everyone's trust.\nThe union was in constant contact with the central office in Warsaw, which would carry out interventions with the higher officials at the request of the Biala union and also provided legal help in needed cases.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe union worked with the artisans union in the city in certain actions.\nThe budget of the union would be covered by dues from the comrades and by subsidies that the union would receive from the central office in Warsaw.\nIn 1927 the organization of the union consisted of the following comrades:\nManaging committee: Shmuel Kahan (chairman), Moshe Rodzinek, Moshe Feldman, Dovid Wajcman, Yoel Sztromwaser, Yosha Bachrach and Yakov Tokarski.\nInspection commission: Volvish Wajcman, Yitzhak Agres and Ahron Ribak.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nHonorary court: Yakov Sztajnman, Volvish Wajcman, Moshe Feldman, Dovid Wajcman, Moshe Rodzinek, Yakov Tokarski and Hershl Kahan.\nThe union was located for a time in Yoska Winograd's house and, later, at Yatka [butcher] Street at Ides (Yehudis) Henya Resze's [house].\nThe union continued its activities, helping the shopkeepers in their daily struggle for survival until the dark day of the Germans arrival in Biala and the entire Jewish communal life ceased to exist.\nCredit Cooperation\nby A. Wajs", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\na.\tUntil the First World War\nIn 1908 the first credit cooperative arose in Biala under the name \u201cLoan and Savings Fund.\u201d Later the fund joined the loan and savings fund of I.K.O. [Jewish Colonization Organization]. (The founders were: Chaim Levi Rubinsztajn, Yehezkiel Erlich, Kalman Szajnberg and Dovid'tshe Cahan. They would serve daily without any financial reward \u2013 ed.)", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe Jewish artisans and retailers lived under difficult conditions during that time and the rise of the loan fund was welcomed with great joy. Only a few people, including Zogar, one of the founders of the cooperative, then understood what cooperation was. But, everyone understood that such an institution where the Jewish artisans or the retailers would receive a loan of several hundred rubles was an important accomplishment and therefore everyone enthusiastically devoted themselves to the work.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe Biala loan and savings fund developed quickly and became very popular with the Biala Jewish population, so that after a year of its existence the fund's members numbered 500 with a share capital of 7,000 rubles and 30,000 rubles in deposits, giving out loans of 38,000 rubles.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe number of members constantly grew, so that the volume of business could not satisfy the demands of all of the members and they had to draw more outside capital. And the late community worker, managing committee member of the fund, Dovid'tshe Cahan, may he rest in peace, who in addition to his own deposit of several thousand rubles, agitated among the group that they should bring the groshns that they had saved to the", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nfund, emphasizing the safety of the institution. After two years of its existence, the fund developed with such speed that there constantly was an excess of money. The amount of the loans was tripled from 100 to 300 rubles for a member and in many cases the members benefited from double loans, that is, up to 600 rubles.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe fund satisfied the needs of the poor population, but it did not satisfy the needs of the middle class and of the larger merchants. According to a law of that time, the fund did not have the right to carry on exchange\u2013operations, such as collections and other bank operations. At the initiative of a group of people, with the Messrs Eidl Szwarc and Adolf Boldman at the head, it was decided to create a Society of Mutual Credit in Biala for this purpose.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nWhen one remembers the lack of rights and arbitrariness that reigned in Tsarist times, Perhaps it can be understood what effort and obstinacy must have been connected to receiving permission from the Finance Ministry in Petersburg to found such an institution, particularly when all of the signers of the charter were Jewish, and evaluating the earnings of the above\u2013mentioned, they did not stop working for half a year until the charter was finally approved", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nDuring the second half of 1911, the charter was approved by the then Finance Minister [Vladimir] Kokovtsov with the provision that at the opening, the cooperative would number not less than 100 members with a minimum capital of 10,000 rubles.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe information was received with such enthusiasm by the Biala merchant\u2013class that the capital was subscribed with a great surplus at the first founding meeting. Then a managing committee was elected with Eidl Szwarc as chairman and a council with Alter Eidlsztajn as chairman.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe activity of the institution began on the 1st of November 1911. The well\u2013appointed office in a European manner, the hiring of Ayzyk Szwarc as an actual director with a full general staff and co\u2013workers, made the institution very popular in the first months of its existence. Almost every day there were new members and trustees of the richest men in the city and the surrounding area. The institution developed at a fast tempo and surpassed all expectations.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nAfter a year of its existence, the Society joined the Petersburger Central Bank of Mutual Credit as a member and over the course of a year it received rediscount credit of 50,000 rubles and was accredited in the same way by various societies and banks in the country and abroad.\nThe institution developed daily. The deposits grew and it became one of the most esteemed credit institutions in Congress Poland.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nOn the 1st of August 1914 the institution numbered over 250 members with its own capital of 42,00 rubles, deposits over 150,000 rubles, discount notes up to 300,000 rubles with almost unlimited rediscount credit in various private and share\u2013banks, in the Central Bank in Petersburg and in Bank Towarzystwo Spoldzielczych [Bank of Cooperative Societies] in Warsaw. This provided the possibility of expanding the activity of the institution and raised the credit to 5,000 rubles for a member.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThere was great trust in the bank so that Jewish and non\u2013Jewish institutions placed their capital in Wzajemni Kredit [Mutual Credit] (the official name of the institution).\nThe activity of the institution proceeded at a calm and exemplary tempo until 1914.\nThe activity of the Biala cooperative institutions was restricted and paralyzed from the outbreak of the war until 1915. Every day the monetary means flowed out. The Cooperative Bank was evacuated to Minsk in July 1915.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThus the First World War destroyed two beautiful, exemplary Jewish cooperative institutions in Biala.\n(Podlasker Lebn [Poldlasker Life] 83/18, of 12th May 1935. A. Wajs is probably Ayzyk Szwarc \u2013 M. Y. F\u2013M).\nby M. Y. Feigenbaum\na.\tIn Liberated Poland\n1. Cooperative Bank", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe \u201ccredit\u2013cooperative\u201d was founded after the First World War, which actually was the continuation of the \u201cloan and saving\u201d [fund]. Later (1927), the name was changed to the Security Cooperative Bank [Spoldzielczy Bank Udzialowy in Polish].\nThe tasks of the cooperative were: distributing cheap credit to its members, permitting the members to buy goods on credit through the intervention of the cooperative, taking in deposits and savings, accepting collection notes, etc.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe members of the cooperative consisted of artisans and retailers.\nAt the founding of the cooperative, its activities were carried out in Chaim Lev Rubinsztajn's house. Later, in Jungerman\u2013Fridberg's house (previously Hartglas). In 1929 the bank moved into a large and beautiful building in the center of Wolnoszczi Square, in the community house belonging to Tila Berlin (over Ostrowska's apothecary).", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nIn 1926 the bank passed through a dark crisis that threatened the cooperative with liquidation. At the general meeting of the members in August 1926 new members were elected to the managing committee, which consisted of the dentist, Yoal Zilberberg, Pinkhas Nartman and Yitzhak Arges. Benyamin Kliger stood at the head. The new institutions energetically began the work of assuring the health of the bank. A number of members simply invested large sums of money and thus guaranteed normal activity", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nDue to the then favorable economic conditions, the institution succeeded, in general, to emerge from the difficult situation in which it had been.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe population again had trust in the bank and again began to bring in deposits and savings. The Inspectors Union of the Jewish Credit Cooperatives in Warsaw giving its judgment that the activity of the bank had been normalized greatly helped it to receive credit from the Cooperative Central Bank and from the Joint [Distribution Committee] in Warsaw.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe bank never had a director and all of the members' matters and interests were handled by the personnel, according to the decisions and instructions from the managing committee, which would come together for a meeting twice a week. In addition to this, the managing committee members would come to the bank every day, which gave the personnel the opportunity to ask them for advice about various matters.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThere always was the feeling of a shortage in the volume of business and, therefore they could not always satisfy the requests of the members. In the last years before the start of the Second World War, a member could make use of up to 2,000 zl. credit. Loans of up to 300 zl. were given in the form of discount notes. When the managing institutions would notice a rise in the profit, they immediately lowered the interest.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe bank leadership maintained a very secure credit policy and always tried to have their members benefit from credit and not permit individuals to have privileges to the detriment of other members. The credit policy led to the bank being able to cope with all economic crises and to continue to exist during the time when all other Jewish banks in the city were liquidated.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe bank was for the common people in the fullest sense of the word. The bookkeeping actually was in Polish, but the everyday language was Yiddish. The bank tried, as far as possible, to help its members. There was no pomposity there; a folksy joke, a witticism, a story could be heard there. A list of immigrants to Eretz\u2013Yisroel and city nicknames was kept there", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe bank was known in the city as Zionist although the bank authorities represented Bundists and Agudahnikes [Orthodox non\u2013Zionist organization], who worked harmoniously together on behalf of the institutions and its members.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe bank ceased to exist with the outbreak of the Second World War. The portfolios of promissory notes and securities were hidden and it is difficult to say what their fate was.\nIn the course of the existence of the bank, its personnel consisted of: Yakov Ahron Rozenbaum, Moshe Morgensztern, Itka Rubinsztajn, Moshe Orlanski, Motl Wiznfeld, Moshe Yosef Fajgnbaum, Yehudis Warm, Yehosha Fajgbaum, Sura Miendziczecki, Yeshayahu Stolowi, Meir Korman and Menakhem Hajblum.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nActive in the administrative bank authority during the last years before the war were: Benyamin Kliger, Yitzhak Agres, Dr. Yoal Zilberberg, Pinkhas Nortman, Moshe Rodzinek, Shmuel Orlanski, Yosef Fridberg, Yakov Kornblum, Asher Fajgnbaum (carpenter), Yehosha Eidlsztajn, Yitzhak Hochberg, Yitzhak Grobman, Yakir Kohan\u2013Tzedek and others.\nBoard and Personnel of the Cooperative Bank\nSitting, from the left: Shmuel Orlanski, Yitzhak Grobman, Asher Fajgnbaum, Benyamin Kliger, Pinkhus Nartman, Yithak Hochberg;", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nStanding: Yitzhak Arges, Yosef Fridberg, Yeshayahu Stolowi, Moshe Rodzenek, Sura Miendziczecki, Motl Wiznfeld, Moshe Orlanski, Yakov Kornblum, Yehosha Eidlsztajn, Dentist Yoal Zilberberg (missing from the personnel - Yakov Ahron Rozenbaum)\nBalance on the 31st of December 1936 Biala Cooperative Bank\nTreasury 8,698 zl\nBanks 2,045 zl\nSecurities 1,087 zl\nLoans 29,132 zl\nDiscounts 62,061 zl\nAdvances on collections 5,538 zl\nInventory 1,600 zl\nOther accounts 971 zl\n111,132 zl\nSecurities 19,152 zl", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nReserve Fund 5,207 zl\nSpecial Fund 521 zl\nDeposits 56,831 zl\nOn\u2013going Loans 530 zl\nDebts 22,300 zl\nOther invoices 5,475 zl\nProfits in reporting year 1,116 zl\n(The balance is taken from the Cooperative Movement, number 10, Warsaw, 10/10/1937.)\nIn the monograph by B. Gurny, which was published just before the [Second World] war, the number of members of the bank is given as 314 and the bond capital is given as the sum of 20,601 zlotes.\n2. Merchants Bank", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe Merchants Bank in Biala was founded on the 5th of January 1925. It was located for a time on the first floor of Mendl Wajman's house at Pilsudski Street. Later it moved to the ground floor of the same house and was organized in an ample form.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe large merchants from throughout county were involved with the bank and even the landowners. The bank developed at a fast tempo, so that in the course of two years of activity, the bank's own capital reached a sum of more than 15,000 zlotes, which at that time was a very astounding sum.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe bank took care of all kinds of bank transactions and made use of its very good reputation in the banking world, benefiting from high credit at various financial institutions. After a short time of activity, the bank was taken in as a member of the Inspectors Union of the Jewish Cooperative.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nHowever, the credit policies of the institution were not very cautious. Credit operations with individuals were permitted for very large sums. During the economic crisis in the year 1930 several large wood merchants in Biala, with whom the bank was involved, went bankrupt and also dragged the Merchants Bank into the abyss with them.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nIn March 1933 a general meeting of the bank members took place to stablize the position of the bank. It was decided at the meeting to add a surcharge to every security of 25 zlotes. Elected to the council at the meeting were: Dr. A. Gelbard, M. Orlanski, Sh. Grodner and A. Lustigman. However, all attempts to again strengthen the position of the bank were unsuccessful", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe truth is that Biala did not have any great merchants that were in a position to help rehabilitate the institution and in 1934 the bank completely ceased to exist.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nFishl Finklsztajn was the director of the bank. Working as officers were: Ayzyk Szwarc, Shlomo\nHirszson, Pesl Sirkus, Ruczka Dzenczol, Yakov Liberman, Noakh Kramarcz, Garber and Elihu Libman.\nBalance Report of the Biala Merchants Bank on the 31st of December 1926\nCash 4,247.70 zl\nDiscount 69,602.42 zl\nInterest 2,578.61 zl\nMoveable assets 2,299.64 zl\nCollection documents in the portfolio 61,047.51 zl\nCollection documents with correspondence 8,836.30 zl\nCorrespondents 2,849.18 zl", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nProperty payments and bank instruments 3,701.16 zl\nBonds 145.- zl\nAdvance on collections 8,264.80 zl\nAction by the bank for the cooperatives 179.- zl\nInterest for year 1927 110.37 zl\nDebts 11,823.62 zl\n175,685.31 zl\nInterest 17,960.91 zl\nSecurities fund 10,900.- zl\nReserve fund 1,270.13 zl\nSpecial fund 3,008.- zl\nDeposits and savings 30,988.35 zl\nRunning accounts 18,174.87 zl\nRediscounts 14,367.75 zl\nVarious collections 69,883.81 zl\nTransitional sums 616.56 zl\nReceivable accounts 7,868.15 zl", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nInterest for 1927 72.64 zl\n(The balance was taken from the Podlasier Lebn [Podlasier Life], number 6, of the 11th of February 1927).\n3. Cooperative People's Bank\nThe bank was founded by the Radziner Hasidim in 1927. At first it was located in a room in the house of a leather merchant, Motl Eidlsberg.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nYehezkiel Erlich was the leader of the bank and the personnel consisted of religious young people such as Elihu Erlich, Shepsl Rozen, Hinekh Szajnberg, Dovid Pocztaruk. The only non\u2013religious one there was the bookkeeper, Wajsman from Radzyn.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nIn order to receive deposits, which were not abundant among the Jewish population in the city, the bank began to pay higher interest. It should be understood that whoever chased after this interest and did not consider where he was entrusting his money brought his money to this bank. The two remaining banks in the city, which did not want to enter competition with the People's Bank, felt the results of this tactic. (Podlasier Lebn, number 19, of the 19th of August 1927)", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe bank would carry out risky transactions with \u201cour people\u201d and in chasing after profits they completely forgot to insure the credit given.\nThe bank did record success at the beginning and moved into the large and beautiful premises of the former Bank dla Handlu i Przemys\u0142u [Bank for Trade and Industry] in Chaim Joska Kasztenbaum's house. It belonged to the Agudah [Orthodox organization] Inspectors Union.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nIn 1931, with the first sign of a tightening economic crisis, the bank collapsed and ceased to exist.\nThe consequences of the collapse were very serious because the bank owed a large amount of money to small depositors who had taken advantage of the directors of the bank and their assistants. No efforts were made to collect the debts at least to partially cover the debts for which the bank was responsible.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe decline of the bank created anger among a number of Radziner Hasidim who even left the Radziner Hasidim shtibl [one\u2013room synagogue].\nThe bank was never officially liquidated and the holders of debt received none of their savings.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe members of the managing committee were: Yehezkiel Erlich, Motl Eidlsberg, Mordekhai Yosef Goldsztajn, Nukhem Tenenbaum, Avraham Goldszmidt, Moshe Yitzhak Biderman, Shimeon Lichtensztajn and so on. The council consisted of Yitzhak Berman, Shmai Kalichsztajn, Moshe Betsalel Laszczewski, Kalman Szajnberg and so on; in the Inspection Commission: Ayzyk Szajnberg, Leibl Wajntraub, Tzvi Halpern and so on.\n4. Cooperative Discount Fund", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nAfter the liquidation of the Merchants Bank, the former officials of this bank, Ayzyk Szwarc and Shlomo Hirshzon, founded this fund that was located at Wolnoszczi Square, in Yisroel Khahan's house.\nDespite all efforts, the fund did not develop and was liquated after a short time. It should be recorded that the fund had no influence in the economic life of the Biala Jews.\n5. Cooperative Trade Bank", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe founder of this bank was Ayzyk Szajnberg. It was located in the courtyard at Meir Orlanski's and did not play any role in economic life. Its main activity consisted of collecting promissory notes. No loans were given there.\nThey did not belong to any inspection union and were by controlled by state reviews.\nThe bank personnel consisted of Shepsl Rozen and Hinekh Szajnberg. The bank ceased to exist with the outbreak of the war.\nWorkers Consumer Cooperative Einikeit\nby W. Szuster, New York", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe rise of the Polish independent nation did not bring with it any easing in the area of economics for the population. The economy, which was greatly harmed during the [First] World War, had still not returned to normal and a new war already had flared up, the Polish-Bolshevik [War]. Workers and the masses were then not in a position to buy the most important major products.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nTherefore, the Bund in Biala decided to found a consumer cooperative, where each worker and the general masses could get money to purchase products for low prices and be safeguarded against speculation. The Bundist party and the professional unions called a meeting of their comrades and proposed to them the plan for creating the cooperative.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe plan foresaw that each worker and the general masses in the city could become members of the cooperative on the condition that he bought a share. He was entitled to buy at the cooperative with the payment for the share, but only for his own family. The project was affirmed and the cooperative, Einikeit [Unity], arose. The cooperative numbered 255 members (Lebns Fragn [Questions of Life] 1919, Bundist newspaper in Warsaw, correspondence from Biala).", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe cooperative committee consisted of the comrades: Avraham Adller, Nakhum Warek, Moshe Rodzinek, Khanina Kuperszmid and Shmaye Fridman. The sellers at the cooperative were: Khone Frajnd, Chaim Wajsgloz and Velvl Kohan. Mainly the most important articles sold, such as kasha [buckwheat groats], flour, rice, oil, salt, herring, soap and so on, would be bought at the state provisions office.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe cooperative had its selling place at the house of Dovidl the stonecutter at Grabanower Street. Later it was located at Mezritcher Street at the house of Yankele the painter.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe cooperative closed when the Bolsheviks drew near to Biala in 1920 and all active Bund comrades were arrested. With the entry into Biala of the Bolsheviks, several Bund comrades, who had been hiding and avoiding arrest by the Polish regime, gathered and they decided to distribute all of the products among the cooperative members. Later, the committee liquidated the cooperative.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\n(Written based on the material that was found in the Kursky Archives, New York, as well as from the book by Sh. Herc, Di Geshikhte fun a Yugnt [The History of a Young Man]).\nCooperative Mechanical Bakery\nby M. Y. F\u2013M\nThe frequent persecutions on the part of the regime against the Jewish population in the area of sanitation created the idea among the Jewish bakers of founding a joint mechanical bakery.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nSuch a bakery was founded in 1930 as a cooperative, which was joined by all of the Jewish bakers in the city. They rented several large rooms for this purpose in Wajne's and there organized a mechanical bakery according to all of the newest technical standards.\nThe cooperative was accepted as a member of the Jewish Central Inspector's Union [of the Jewish Credit Cooperative] in Warsaw, which made it possible for it to obtain certain credits.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe cooperative was dissolved after a very short existence and each bakery returned to being a private bakery. Later, the bakers still strongly lamented the unsuccessful attempt that had cost each of them dearly.\nIt is hard now to know reasons for the liquidation of the cooperative.\nThe Interest-Free Loan Fund\nat the Small Businessmen's Union", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe gemiles-khesed kasa [interest-free loan fund] at the Small Businessmen's Union was founded in 1926. The initiators of founding the fund were: Shmuel Kahan, Moshe Rodzinek, M.A. Miszkin, Yosha Bachrach, Dovid Wajsman, Mendl Wajsman, Yoal Sztromwaser and Yakov Tokarski. An inducement to found the gemiles-khesed kasa was provided by the news that the Joint [Distribution Committee] in Warsaw was distributing subsidies to such funds.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nHowever, two conditions were placed by the Joint Central in Warsaw: 1) firstly, a fund with the appropriate capital needed to be created on the spot and then the Joint would add its proportional subsidy to the collected capital and 2) the fund had to be a joint fund both for the small businessmen and the artisans.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe initiators contributed to a money collection in the city and in a short time there was success in collecting the appropriate sum. The Joint, for its part, added a subsidy in the amount of 10,000 zlotes and the fund began to function.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nHowever, as the leadership of the Artisans Union had not agreed to the joint fund with the Small Businessmen's Union, the small businessmen founded their own fund and the subsidy that had been received from the Joint was divided between both funds in equal parts. So that the Joint in Warsaw would not know that two separate funds were in existence, every month a joint report was sent to Warsaw. At the first inspection by the Joint on the spot [in Biala], the existence of the two separate funds was uncovered", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe Small Businessmen's Union's gemiles-khesed kasa would distribute loans from 100 to 300 zlotes to its members and the loans would be paid back in small installments. They did not charge any interest but everyone who received a loan had to pay several zlotes in membership dues.\nThe Small Businessmen's Union would carry out various events and campaigns that made possible the increase in the capital of the fund and thus received even larger subsides from the Joint.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nThe gemiles-khesed kasa existed until the outbreak of the war and helped a great number of Biala small businessmen. The society, whose number [of members] reached approximately 400, acted with great sympathy toward their fund, paying their loans on time. An insignificant percent of loans were not paid back. However, the fund never pressed charges in court against a member, because such a step was not permitted by the Joint.", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nAccording to Podlasier Lebn [Podlaska Life] number 28/144 of the 20th of July 1934, elected to the managing committee of the fund were Yitzhak Berman, Tzvi Halpern, Moshe Feldman, Leibl Lipiec, Leibl Blanklajder, Yakov Rozencwajg, Yitzhak Khahan, Avraham Srebrnik and Yakov Tokarski.\nYisroel Liverant, Ruchl Listgartn, Berl Czelazo and Yakov Niewidze worked there as employees during the course of the fund's existence.\nBalance Sheet on the 1st of November 1926\nof the Interest-Free Loan Fund", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nTreasury 75.10 zlotes\nLoans given 8,088.50 zlotes\nRunning accounts in the bank 567.\u2013 zlotes\nAdministrative costs 816.07 zlotes\n9,545.67 zlotes\nRescue committee (Joint)\t 4,475 zlotes\nOwn debts (deposits) 2,410 zlotes\nVarious income 871.17 zlotes\nShares of 378 members 1,790.50 zlotes\n(The balance sheet was taken from the Podlasier Lebn,\nnumber 1, of the 26th of November 1926)\nReceived from Shmuel Kahan (Paris)\nand Ruchl Listgartn (Kibbutz Ramat David)", "Biale - A Religious Town with a Trade Flair\nBia\u0142a Podlaska, Poland Yizkor Book Project JewishGen Home Page\nThis web page created by Jason Hallgarten\nUpdated 2 Sep 2019 by MGH"]

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https://today.thefinancialexpress.com.bd/first-page/pm-places-five-point-proposal-at-unga-on-rohingya-crisis-1506102888

PM places five-point proposal at UNGA on Rohingya crisis

["PM places five-point proposal at UNGA on Rohingya crisis\n/ FIRST PAGE\nPM places five-point proposal at UNGA on Rohingya crisis\nSeeks urgent steps from int'l community\nSeptember 23, 2017 12:00:00\nPrime Minister Sheikh Hasina addresses the 72nd UNGA session on Thursday. \u2014 Reuters\nNEW YORK, Sept 22 (UNB): Calling upon the United Nations and the international community to take immediate and effective measures for a permanent solution to the protracted Rohingya crisis, Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina has placed a five-point proposal to the UN in this regard.", "PM places five-point proposal at UNGA on Rohingya crisis\n\"Myanmar must unconditionally stop the violence and the practice of ethnic cleansing in the Rakhine State immediately and forever,\" she read out the first proposal while delivering her speech at the 72nd session of the UNGA on Thursday.\nIn her second proposal, Sheikh Hasina said the UN Secretary General should immediately send a fact-finding mission to Myanmar.", "PM places five-point proposal at UNGA on Rohingya crisis\n\"All civilians irrespective of religion and ethnicity must be protected in Myanmar. For that 'safe zones' could be created inside Myanmar under UN supervision,\" she said in her third proposal.\nShe also called for ensuring sustainable return of all the forcibly-displaced Rohingyas in Bangladesh to their homes in Myanmar.\nIn her last proposal, the Prime Minister said the recommendations of the Kofi Annan Commission Report must be immediately implemented unconditionally and in its entirety.", "PM places five-point proposal at UNGA on Rohingya crisis\nAt the beginning of her speech, Hasina said this was the 14th time she was addressing the UN General Assembly and this time she had come with a heavy heart.\n\"I've come here just after seeing the hungry, distressed and hopeless Rohingyas from Myanmar who have taken shelter in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh. This forcibly-displaced people of Myanmar are fleeing an 'ethnic cleansing' in their own country where they've been living for centuries,\" she said.", "PM places five-point proposal at UNGA on Rohingya crisis\nBangladesh is currently sheltering over 800,000 forcibly-displaced Rohingyas from Myanmar, she added.\n\"The ongoing atrocities and human rights violations in the Rakhine State of Myanmar once again aggravated the situation at the Bangladesh-Myanmar border. Hundreds of thousands of Rohingyas from the Rakhine State are entering Bangladesh to flee violence,\" said the Prime Minister.\nAs estimated by IOM, she said, over 430,000 Rohingyas entered Bangladesh in the last three weeks.", "PM places five-point proposal at UNGA on Rohingya crisis\n\"We're horrified to see that the Myanmar authorities are laying landmines along their stretch of the border to prevent the Ronhingyas from returning to Myanmar. This people must be able to return to their homeland with safety, security and dignity,\" she told the UN.\nThe Prime Minister thanked the members of the Security Council and the Secretary General for their proactive attempts to stop atrocities and bring in peace, and stability in Rakhine.", "PM places five-point proposal at UNGA on Rohingya crisis\nHasina mentioned that she could feel the pain of Rohingya refugees as she, along with her younger sister, had been refugees for six years after her father, the Father of the Nation Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, and almost all members of her family were assassinated in 1975.\nAbout terrorism and violent extremism, she said Bangladesh also condemns all kinds of terrorism and violent extremism and the government maintains 'zero tolerance' policy in this regard.", "PM places five-point proposal at UNGA on Rohingya crisis\nHasina said terrorism and violent extremism have become a major threat to peace, stability and development. \"Terrorists have no religion, belief or race.\"\nHaving been a target of a number of terrorist attacks, Hasina said she personally empathises with the victims of terrorism and feels their need for protection.", "PM places five-point proposal at UNGA on Rohingya crisis\nBangladesh denounces the use of religion to justify violent extremism, she said and reiterated her call to stop arms supply to terrorists, end terrorist financing and settle all the international disputes peacefully.\nThe Prime Minister also urged the UN to address the growing threats emanated from the cyberspace to prevent money laundering, terrorist financing and other transnational organised crimes.", "PM places five-point proposal at UNGA on Rohingya crisis\nRegarding the migration issue, she said Bangladesh believes in promoting safe, orderly and regular migration.\nLast year, Bangladesh proposed developing a sound migration governance framework through the 'Global Compact on Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration', she said, adding that she is pleased that the UN is currently delivering on the formation of the compacts for migration and refugees.", "PM places five-point proposal at UNGA on Rohingya crisis\n\"I would like to say, we don't want war. We want peace. We want people's wellbeing - not destruction of humanity. We want sustainable development. Let this be our collective goal,\" said the Prime Minister.", "PM places five-point proposal at UNGA on Rohingya crisis\nRecalling the genocide committed by the Pakistani forces during the Liberation War of Bangladesh, she said the genocide included targeted elimination of individuals on the ground of religion, race and political belief. The intellectuals were killed brutally. \"To pay homage to the victims of the genocide, our national parliament has recently declared March 25th 'Genocide Day'.\"", "PM places five-point proposal at UNGA on Rohingya crisis\nIn Bangladesh, she mentioned, the government has already taken the daunting task of bringing the key perpetrators to justice through the International Crimes Tribunal. \"I urge the international community to take collective actions to prevent recurrence of such heinous crimes anywhere anytime. I believe, the recognition of past tragedies like the 1971 genocide would guide us to achieve 'never again'.\"", "PM places five-point proposal at UNGA on Rohingya crisis\nIn recognition of the potential role of the UN peace-building architecture, Hasina said Bangladesh is looking forward to bold and innovative proposals from the Secretary General on financing for 'sustaining peace'. \"I'm pleased to announce a token contribution of US$ 100,000 from Bangladesh for the UN Peace-building Fund (PBF),\" she added."]

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https://library.revcom.us/a/005/united-states-of-torture.htm

The United States of Torture

["The United States of Torture\nThe United States of Torture\nRevolution #005 , June 12, 2005, posted at revcom.us\nDilawar, a 22-year-old Afghani taxi driver, was taken to \"Bagram Collection Point\" \u2014 the U.S. center for interrogation and torture in Afghanistan. We now know some of what happened to him in 2002, because details from a secret U.S. Army report have leaked out.\nThe guards beat Dilawar over and over, especially on his legs. Then for almost four days, he was chained to the ceiling of his cell by his wrists.", "The United States of Torture\nFinally, at 2 a.m. one morning, he was taken again for interrogation. As Dilawar was forced down into a chair, his legs were twitching uncontrollably and his hands were completely numb. And the questioning started again.\nWhen Dilawar asked for water, U.S. Specialist Joshua R. Claus mocked him, and squirted water hard into his face, shouting, \"Come on, drink! Drink!\" as the young man gagged.\nA guard tried to force Dilawar to his knees, but his beaten legs could simply no longer bend.", "The United States of Torture\nEventually, Dilawar was dragged back to his cell. \"Leave him up,\" Specialist Claus barked. And the guards chained Dilawar to the ceiling again by his wrists.\nA doctor was sent by, but by then Dilawar was already dead and his body had begun to stiffen.", "The United States of Torture\nThe base coroner wrote that the tissues in Dilawar's legs had been \"pulpified\"\u2014in the way seen when someone is run over by a bus. And interrogators later noted that they believed Dilawar never had any information to tell them, that he had just been driving his taxi past a U.S. base when he was seized.", "The United States of Torture\nThe story of Dilawar's murder, and much more about the U.S. torture around the world, is now out in public view\u2014including with detailed documentation right on the front pages of the leading newspapers in the U.S.\nAnd as all this tumbles out, a whole other layer of outrages unfolds\u2014as all these crimes are coldly justified .\n\"Absurd,\" said the President, to charges of American brutality, \"The United States is a country that promotes freedom around the world.\"", "The United States of Torture\nSecretary of War Rumsfeld, who deserves nothing but a jail cell, insisted: \"No force in the world has done more to liberate people that they have never met than the men and women of the United States military.\"\nThey invoke their carefully constructed \"plausible deniability\" and insist it can't be so.\nAnd meanwhile, they insist that everything the U.S. does is for lofty purposes of \"freedom\" (and of course has the blessing of their god himself).", "The United States of Torture\nAmerica is (they say) a force for absolute moral good. And so, they argue, anything the \"good guys\" do to their enemies, no matter how brutal, must be accepted by the world.\nAnd it must be willingly embraced by the American people, with silent acceptance and a sense of safety\u2014or even moral righteousness.\nWhat an upside-down and deceitful picture of the U.S., its history and its role in the world!", "The United States of Torture\nThis country has always been the land of the thief and home of the slave. In a place built on such oppression and ruthless expansion, atrocities, including torture, are deeply built into the American Way of Life and the American Way of War\u2014so much so, that this country fully deserves the name the United States of Torture.\nHow many Black men were castrated and then publicly burned alive?\nHow many youth were beaten yesterday in the back rooms of American police stations?", "The United States of Torture\nIn 1861, Colorado's mounted militia swept into a village of \"friendly\" Cheyenne along Sand Creek\u2014 massacring hundreds of men, women and children. The soldiers rode home with their saddles decorated with breasts and private parts carved from their female victims. And then these gruesome \"trophies\" were proudly displayed in the public theater of Denver for all to see.\nWho can argue that such brutalities were a rarity during the creation of these United States? Or that they are just in some distant past?", "The United States of Torture\nA whole generation can still remember how in 1971 a thousand prisoners stood up together in Attica's hellhole prison. And then came the horrible news that Governor Rockefeller's men had swept in, leaving dead prisoners and guards in their wake and, yes, torturing those they recaptured.\nAnd that same generation remembers how some U.S. commandos returning from Vietnam brought necklaces of human ears as trophies.", "The United States of Torture\nWho can forget how Abner Louima was brutally raped by New York police in 1997, sending people into the streets carrying plungers ?\nThis so-called system of justice proclaims \"equality before the law\"\u2014while it has, in reality, protected those who use atrocities to defend the system and its \"way of life.\"\nChicago Police Commander Jon Burge tortured confessions out of Black men\u2014by suffocation, electric shock and burning\u2014for years! And yet he still lives out his retirement in comfort, unpunished.", "The United States of Torture\nA gang of white men tortured 15-year-old Emmett Till to death in 1955 for \"whistling at a white woman.\" They were coldly acquitted by a racist court. Just this month Emmett's body was exhumed for a new examination \u2014 all because, fifty years after his death, there is still no justice!\nAnd as America became an empire, all this homegrown brutality was systematized into an ugly art, and exported across the globe.\nHow many Vietnamese were questioned as a bayonet (slowly, slowly!) cut into their flesh?", "The United States of Torture\nHow many torturers graduated from the U.S. Army's School of the Americas at Fort Benning\u2014and then did their grisly work in Guatemala, El Salvador, Chile, Honduras, and Argentina\u2014or today in Colombia and Peru?\nHow many disappear without a trace into Bagram, Guant\u00e1namo and the CIA's out-sourced torture centers in Egypt, Syria, Uzbekistan, and Pakistan?\nClaiming a Mandate for Torture. Or What is an Election Good For?\nAfter all those crimes over all the years, there is now something shockingly new.", "The United States of Torture\nThe commanders and apologists of this empire insist that they are the champions of freedom\u2014and at the same time they now often openly insist that torture is justified and necessary. And they accuse anyone who can't stomach it of flirting with treason.", "The United States of Torture\nJohn C. Yoo was the Deputy Assistant Attorney General in the days after 9/11. He (with the new Attorney General Alberto Gonzales) helped write a series of memos that said the U.S. could and should simply disregard all laws that forbid the torture of prisoners.", "The United States of Torture\nAnd now this same John Yoo argues: \"President Bush's victory in the 2004 election, along with the relatively mild challenge to Gonzales mounted by the Democrats in Congress, was proof that the debate is over. The issue is dying out. The public has had its referendum.\"\nThere it is, in black-and-white. Debate over \"the issue\" of U.S. torture \"is over,\" Yoo says. Global torture of captives has been legitimized by the last U.S. elections and (so he claims) by the people themselves .", "The United States of Torture\nIt is now being done, openly, in our names. And it is intolerable.\nWhen the story of Dilawar, the taxi driver, appeared on the front page of the New York Times , its vivid details had sent bitter tears down people's faces. And I felt it hard too, as I read what the U.S. Army had done.\nAnd a comrade shared with me how the haunting lyrics of \"The Lonesome Death of Hattie Carol\" kept moving through his head.", "The United States of Torture\nIn that song, Bob Dylan describes one of those all-American atrocities. William Zantzinger, a rich tobacco farmer, took his cane and coldly killed Hattie Carol\u2014a Black maid who had done him nothing.\nAnd at each point in the awful story, Dylan cautions us to hold back our grief and weeping because something still more horrible, and deep, is yet to come.", "The United States of Torture\nAnd then, in his last verse, Dylan describes that final outrage. William Zantzinger walks out of that courtroom with a slap on the wrist\u2014with all the weight of this system legitimizing him and his actions.\nDylan spits out his closing lines:\n\"Oh, but you who philosophize\ndisgrace and criticize all fears,\nBury the rag deep in your face\nFor now's the time for your tears.\"\nHere we now stand.", "The United States of Torture\nNew horrors of American torture are leaking out, including the pictures of Abu Ghraib. The reality is there to be seen by everyone who dares to look.\nAnd then here comes one more outrage:\nThey claim to do all this in our name . The election of Bush is openly celebrated as a mandate for that torture!\nThey claim that any debate or challenge over this is to be silenced\u2014 in our name! It cannot be allowed to stand.\nYes, now's truly the time for our tears.", "The United States of Torture\nThis article is posted in English and Spanish on Revolution Online\nhttp://revcom.us\nWrite: Box 3486, Merchandise Mart, Chicago, IL 60654"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://robertfarnonsociety.org.uk/index.php/london-meetings/2010/50-spring-2010

RFS March Meeting Report 2010: SPRING TONIC

["RFS March Meeting Report 2010: SPRING TONIC\nRFS March Meeting Report 2010\nSPRING TONIC\nMeeting of the Robert Farnon Society at the Park Inn, London on 28th March 2010\nreported by BRIAN REYNOLDS", "RFS March Meeting Report 2010: SPRING TONIC\nOnce again the months had rolled by, during which time we had experienced one of the coldest winters that many of us could remember - but it was now spring - but only by a week, as our meeting was taking place earlier to avoid Easter Sunday. As usual, an impressive number of people had decided that as there was nothing much on the telly, an afternoon wallowing in the glorious melodies of yesteryear would be worthwhile - and as usual, they were right!", "RFS March Meeting Report 2010: SPRING TONIC\nAlbert Killman welcomed us to the show and informed us that, once again, David Ades was unable to attend, as his younger grandson had been rushed to hospital for an emergency operation. Happily, the operation was a success and the boy has now recovered. I know that David was particularly disappointed to have missed two consecutive meetings, having formerly had an unblemished attendance record since the society was formed.", "RFS March Meeting Report 2010: SPRING TONIC\nThe show opened with The Trolley Song arranged and conducted by Robert Farnon - a recently discovered excerpt from the AEF \"Canada Show\" featuring the Canadian Band of the AEF. This was followed by 'Oh! What Love has Done to me' by Gershwin played by the John Wilson Orchestra and taken from the much acclaimed MGM Prom and was in fact, the second finale from the show - the piece that the BBC didn't broadcast! Next we were treated to an arrangement of the Black Bottom played by the Robert Farnon Orchestra.", "RFS March Meeting Report 2010: SPRING TONIC\nWe continued with a tribute to Sir John Dankworth, who died earlier in the year. First, we heard his Widespread World, composed for Associated-Rediffusion Opening Music and played by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra under the direction of Gavin Sutherland. Then followed Further Experiments With Mice in which the London Symphony Orchestra play 'Three Blind Mice' in the style of classical composers", "RFS March Meeting Report 2010: SPRING TONIC\nThe Dankworth tribute concluded with part of the theme from the film Sapphire composed by Phil Green and played by the Pinewood Studio orchestra, and featuring the saxophone of Johnny Dankworth.", "RFS March Meeting Report 2010: SPRING TONIC\nReaders will recall that our previous meeting had taken the form of a tribute to Angela Morley. However, time did not permit us to include some pieces which she had sent to Paul Clatworthy. After a spoken introduction from Angela Morley we heard Mary's Theme from Summer Girl, Diana and Hillary from Emerald Point and At the Beach from Summer Girl.", "RFS March Meeting Report 2010: SPRING TONIC\nNow it was time to take a look at the new releases and Albert commented on the new Sinatra re-releases and played us The Gypsy from the sessions with Bob Farnon. Next came a piece called Cecilia from the Dennis Farnon Orchestra, which is featured on the Guild CD 'Orchestral Gems in Stereo'. This piece is, incidentally, also featured on a new Vocalion re-issue of two Dennis Farnon albums 'Enchanted Woods/Caution Men Swingin'.", "RFS March Meeting Report 2010: SPRING TONIC\nNext came a Stanley Black arrangement of I Love Paris featuring the BBC Concert Orchestra conducted by Roderick Dunk. This comes from the recent Dutton Epoch CD 'Showtime', sponsored by the BBC Concert Orchestra Supporters Club to celebrate their 25th anniversary. This was followed by Let's Beguine written by Otto Cesana and played by his orchestra", "RFS March Meeting Report 2010: SPRING TONIC\nThis is a track from a new 'Guild' CD called 'Strings in Rhythm' - a good title for a CD, as indeed it was a good title for a 1950s orchestra under the direction of Henry Croudson! Our final new release was Passepartout from the Victor Young film score for Around the World in Eighty days. It takes the form of a medley of familiar tunes, and was recently released on 'Vocalion'", "RFS March Meeting Report 2010: SPRING TONIC\nIt was now coming up to teatime and Albert drew our attention to a light music programme to be broadcast on Good Friday on Three Counties Radio, and presented by former Radio Two announcer, Colin Berry. This was to be the fifth in a series of occasional light music specials which has compered.\nWe broke for tea to the accompaniment of John Dankworth's theme for Tomorrow's World.\nWe returned to our seats to Robert Farnon's The Big Night played by the Queen's Hall Light Orchestra.", "RFS March Meeting Report 2010: SPRING TONIC\nIt was now time to meet our special guest for the afternoon, Iain Kerr, a pianist and organist who first came to my attention in the sixties, when Iain Kerr and his Keyboards were sometimes featured on 'Music While You Work'", "RFS March Meeting Report 2010: SPRING TONIC\nI had discovered his extensive website whilst 'surfing the net' some months earlier and as it was apparent that he had enjoyed a long and varied career in the world of entertainment and knew Robert Farnon personally, I decided that he would make an ideal guest and invited him to address us. We are most grateful to him for agreeing to share his experiences with us.", "RFS March Meeting Report 2010: SPRING TONIC\nHaving 'found' Iain, it was felt that I should interview him. I'm no Jeremy Paxman (not that I want to be) so I confined myself to simply guiding Iain into the areas which would be of interest. Iain kindly provided a cue sheet, suggesting aspects of his career to be covered.", "RFS March Meeting Report 2010: SPRING TONIC\nIain Kerr, (pianist, organist, conductor, composer, writer, comedian, radio and television personality) told us that whilst he was born in Edinburgh, much of his early life was spent in New Zealand. A child prodigy, his first broadcast - a fifteen minute programme of Schumann, was at the age of four!", "RFS March Meeting Report 2010: SPRING TONIC\nIain told us how, in 1958, he went to Australia, chalking up hundreds of radio and television performances. Returning to the UK in 1962, Iain played piano and organ at the Mayfair Hotel; he is a Fellow of the Royal College of Organists and a Batchelor of Music. During this period he met many famous people, including Bob Hope, Tony Hancock, Errol Garner and Margaret Rutherford", "RFS March Meeting Report 2010: SPRING TONIC\nBBC executive, Kenneth Baynes heard him and invited him to do 'Music While You Work' as 'Iain Kerr and his Keyboards' which consisted simply of Iain, seated at the Hammond Organ, with a piano keyboard to his right, accompanied by a drummer. All of the broadcasts were performed from memory, without a sheet of music in sight!", "RFS March Meeting Report 2010: SPRING TONIC\nIain told us that he was commissioned to write a piece of music to celebrate the launching of a new tractor, produced by Massey Ferguson, and a recording of the work was provided to the workers in their Coventry factory", "RFS March Meeting Report 2010: SPRING TONIC\nWhen Iain subsequently played the piece on 'Music While You Work' all the factory workers downed tools and cheered! The Managing Director commented to the effect that he thought MWYW was intended to boost production not to stop it! Excerpts from one of Iain's broadcasts were interspersed throughout the presentation, as well as a recording of Iain playing at the Mayfair Hotel.", "RFS March Meeting Report 2010: SPRING TONIC\nIain told us how he toured the world for ten years, with his comedy partner Roy Cowen, with a double act called Goldberg and Solomon in a show called 'Gilbert and Sullivan go Kosher', depicting how G and S songs might have sounded, had their composers been Jewish.\nIain then went to the piano and played Misty for us. He followed this by singing a hilarious parody of My Way - well it certainly was Iain's way!", "RFS March Meeting Report 2010: SPRING TONIC\nSadly, Roy Cowen died in 1978 and Iain returned to the Mayfair Hotel in London, where he continued to entertain the likes of Debbie Reynolds, Larry Adler, Marlon Brando, Woody Herman, Phyllis Diller and Robert Farnon - who took a particular interest in Iain's compositions.", "RFS March Meeting Report 2010: SPRING TONIC\nJust over an hour was not enough to fully cover Iain's long and fascinating career, but everybody seemed to really enjoy his presentation. We are most grateful to him for giving up a Sunday afternoon to come and talk to us. Full details of his career can be found on his website http://www.kerroy.com/\nFollowing the raffle, it was now time for our second interval and we heard the Queen's Hall Light Orchestra playing Robert Farnon's 'Holiday Flight '.", "RFS March Meeting Report 2010: SPRING TONIC\nWe returned to our seats to the accompaniment of Robert Farnon's 'Huckle Buckle' from the QHLO followed by a member's request - April in Paris from the John Wilson Orchestra.", "RFS March Meeting Report 2010: SPRING TONIC\nIt was now time for an old friend of the Society to come to the top table - John Fox, who then proceeded to tell us about his newly published autobiography, which I am sure will interest many of our members. He also played us his arrangement of Day by Day played by the BBC Radio Orchestra, under his direction. Finally, he played us 'Morning Air' from his 'Countryside Suite'", "RFS March Meeting Report 2010: SPRING TONIC\nNext, we heard a piece called 'Twinkletoes' by Don Gillis and featuring the Sinfonia Varsova conducted by Ian Hobson. This was played as a special request for our own Malcolm Osman and it was followed by the first movement of 'An American Wind Symphony:The Gaels' by Robert Farnon and played by the Roxbury High School Honors Wind Symphony (performed on May 26th 2006 under their conductor Stanley Saunders).", "RFS March Meeting Report 2010: SPRING TONIC\nIt was now time for my 'Radio Recollections' spot. I say 'my' with reservation because, although I chose most of the music, I did not present it on this occasion. It was felt that as I had been at the top table, talking to Iain Kerr for over an hour, members would have had quite enough of my ugly mug so I suggested that the more photogenic (but not much) Tony Clayden should take my place on this occasion - well, what do you expect for nine quid, Adonis?", "RFS March Meeting Report 2010: SPRING TONIC\nTony commenced with a rather uptempo arrangement of Toytown Trumpeters by the brilliant organist and pianist, William Davies. It was played by the BBC Midland Light Orchestra under their conductor Jack Coles. We then turned to Fredric Cooper and his Tipica Orchestra (a very popular broadcasting orchestra from Light Programme days) for a piece that is usually played as a samba - Cascade of Stars by Oscar Moderna. This tango arrangement seemed to suit the piece admirably", "RFS March Meeting Report 2010: SPRING TONIC\nThe next item was chosen by Tony and was Caprice for Strings by Edward White (of Runaway Rocking Horse fame) and was played by the orchestra of the British Forces Network in Germany. Back to my selection for a piece which Tony and I regard as one of the best light music pieces ever written - Edelma by the little-known Torag Tucci. This was played by pianist Maurice Arnold and his Sextet. Maurice Arnold had taken over this string ensemble from Norman Whiteley when he retired in 1959", "RFS March Meeting Report 2010: SPRING TONIC\nTo conclude Radio Recollections, Tony played us a samba by Ronald Binge - The Red Sombrero performed by Bernard Monshin and his Rio Tango Band. This gave Tony the opportunity to tell us that his late mother used to go out with Bernard Monshin when she was young, and had things turned out differently, he might have been Bernard's son!", "RFS March Meeting Report 2010: SPRING TONIC\nTony commented that it was unusual to hear Bernard Monshin play anything other than a tango - not so! Bernard rarely played more than three tangos in a broadcast, the other items were boleros, rumbas, pasodobles - indeed everything Latin with perhaps the odd waltz or novelty number for contrast.", "RFS March Meeting Report 2010: SPRING TONIC\nThat brought our afternoon of melody to a close, and it just remained for Albert (who did a splendid job, holding everything together) to thank all of those who took part and to wish us well until we next meet up in November."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/235664

Teen arguments: do school fights cause family fights, and vice versa?

["Teen arguments: do school fights cause family fights, and vice versa?\nThe Secret Life Of The American Teen: Arguments At School May Cause Arguments At Home, And Vice Versa\nAndrew Fuligni and his colleagues want to understand the secret life of the American teenager. Their research has examined whether stress in the teen years affects kids' health as adults (it does), whether teens maintain their religious ties and beliefs as adults (they do) and if ethnic minority-based stigmatization affects how they perform in school (it does).", "Teen arguments: do school fights cause family fights, and vice versa?\nNow the researchers are looking at another big-ticket item for teens: arguments. Specifically, they're examining how arguments with friends at school may spill over and cause arguments at home, along with the reverse - how verbal fights at home affect things at school.", "Teen arguments: do school fights cause family fights, and vice versa?\nReporting in the September-October edition of the journal Child Development, the researchers found that adolescents experienced more arguments with parents or other family members on days in which conflicts with peers took place, and vice versa. Family fights seemed to last longer as well; the effect of family conflict spilled over into peer relationships the next day and two days later, while peer conflict only affected fights at home on the following day.", "Teen arguments: do school fights cause family fights, and vice versa?\n\"Every parent of a teen knows these years can get a little emotional,\" said Fuligni, a professor of psychiatry at the Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA. \"So when disagreements occur, we wanted to know if there was a transmission of negative emotions between the two groups.", "Teen arguments: do school fights cause family fights, and vice versa?\n\"Adolescents tend to respond with more extreme and negative emotions than do pre-adolescents or adults, probably because it's the time in their lives when they are experiencing multiple transitions that might be stressful,\" he said, citing such things as puberty, dating and changing schools as examples. \"Given this tendency among adolescents, emotional distress might potentially explain this idea of a family-peer spillover of conflict.\"", "Teen arguments: do school fights cause family fights, and vice versa?\nThe researchers recruited 578 ninth-grade students from three public high schools in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. Ethnicities were mixed: 235 adolescents were from Mexican backgrounds, 172 from Chinese and 171 from European backgrounds. Students completed an initial background questionnaire at school and then completed a diary checklist at the end of each day for 14 days. In it, they recorded their emotions and whether various events had occurred that day, including arguing with parents and friends.", "Teen arguments: do school fights cause family fights, and vice versa?\nBesides finding there was emotional spillover between the two groups, the researchers also found that the effect of family conflict persisted longer than that of peer conflict. In addition, on days when teenagers argued with parents or other family members, girls experienced more peer conflict than boys. This, the researchers said, suggests that arguing with parents or other family members, as opposed to friends, may be a distinctly more stressful event for girls during this period", "Teen arguments: do school fights cause family fights, and vice versa?\n\"The bottom line,\" said Fuligni, \"is that adolescents' interactions in the home and with peers shape each other on a daily basis, at least in part, through emotional distress.\""]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://sciences.adelaide.edu.au/study/honours/honours-projects/nuclear-theory

Current: Nuclear Theory Nuclear Theory Posted on Jan 1 2019 by Lisa Marie Laws Traditionally the atomic nucleus has been regarded as a collection of bound protons and neutrons. However, with the discovery of quarks and a more fundamental theory of the str

["ong interaction, namely Quantum Chromodynamics, it has become clear that the old view needs to be replaced.\nThe change of the properties of protons and neutrons in matter is the topic of a great deal of research effort around the world.", "\nIt seems likely that such changes may be critical to understanding the equation of state of dense matter and hence the properties of neutron stars. Having a quark-level understanding of dense matter will also be necessary in order to explore the phase transition to quark matter at high density and temperature. Finally, the nucleon-nucleon force itself also needs to be derived from the quark level.", "\nThe theoretical physics research activities are primarily carried out under the umbrella of the ARC Centre for the Subatomic Structure of Matter (CSSM).\nAnthony Thomas\nResearch area: Theoretical physics\nRecommended honours enrolment: Honours in Physics\nTagged in Honours projects - Physics, Honours Projects - Anthony Thomas, Honours in Physics subtheme - Theoretical"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/gard/9201/charcot-marie-tooth-disease-type-4c/resources/6

ORDR Home > Diseases > Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 4C Diseases Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 4C Charcot Marie Tooth disease type 4C CMT 4C Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease More Related Diseases ClinicalTrials.gov lists trials that are studying or have

["studied Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 4C. Click on the link to go to ClinicalTrials.gov to read descriptions of these studies. Patient Registry", "\nThe Inherited Neuropathies Consortium is a team of doctors, nurses, research coordinators, and research labs throughout the U.S., working together to improve the lives of people with Charcot Marie Tooth disease through research. The Inherited Neuropathies Consortium has a registry for patients who wish to be contacted about clinical research opportunities", "\nFor more information on the registry see: http://rarediseasesnetwork.epi.usf.edu/INC/register/index.htm ResearchMatch is a free national research registry designed to bring together patients, healthy volunteers and researchers. Anyone from the United States can register with ResearchMatch, and a parent, legal guardian, or caretaker may register on behalf of a volunteer", "\nResearchers from participating institutions use the ResearchMatch database to search for patients or healthy volunteers who meet the study criteria. Many studies are looking for healthy people of all ages, while some are looking for people with specific illnesses", "\nResearchMatch was developed by major academic institutions across the country and is funded by the National Center for Research Resources (NCRR), a center of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the primary Federal agency for conducting and supporting medical research. Click on the link to learn more about ResearchMatch. General Clinical Trials & Research"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2012/03/31/four-big-myths-about-the-book-of-revelation/comment-page-90/

The Book of Revelation has terrified and confused readers for centuries. Few agree on its meaning, but many have opinions. March 31st, 2012 10:00 PM ET 4 big myths of Book of Revelation By John Blake, CNN (CNN) – The anti-Christ. The Battle of Armageddon.

[" The dreaded Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse.", "\nYou don\u2019t have to be a student of religion to recognize references from the Book of Revelation. The last book in the Bible has fascinated readers for centuries. People who don\u2019t even follow religion are nonetheless familiar with figures and images from Revelation.", "\nAnd why not? No other New Testament book reads like Revelation. The book virtually drips with blood and reeks of sulfur. At the center of this final battle between good and evil is an action-hero-like Jesus, who is in no mood to turn the other cheek.\nElaine Pagels, one of the world\u2019s leading biblical scholars, first read Revelation as a teenager. She read it again in writing her latest book, \u201cRevelations: Visions, Prophecy & Politics in the Book of Revelation.\u201d", "\nPagels\u2019 book is built around a simple question: What does Revelation mean? Her answers may disturb people who see the book as a prophecy about the end of the world.\nBut people have clashed over the meaning of Revelation ever since it was virtually forced into the New Testament canon over the protests of some early church leaders, Pagels says.\n\u201cThere were always debates about it,\u201d she says. \u201cSome people said a heretic wrote it. Some said a disciple. There were always people who loved and championed it.\u201d", "\nThe debate persists. Pagels adds to it by challenging some of the common assumptions about Revelation.\nHere are what she says are four big myths about Revelation::\n1. It\u2019s about the end of the world\nAnyone who has read the popular \u201cLeft Behind\u201d novels or listened to pastors preaching about the \u201crapture\u201d might see Revelation as a blow-by-blow preview of how the world will end.\nPagels, however, says the writer of Revelation was actually describing the way his own world ended.", "\nShe says the writer of Revelation may have been called John \u2013 the book is sometimes called \u201cBook of the Revelation of Saint John the Divine\u201d but he was not the disciple who accompanied Jesus. He was a devout Jew and mystic exiled on the island of Patmos, off the coast of present-day Greece.\n\u201cHe would have been a very simple man in his clothes and dress,\u201d Pagels says. \u201cHe may have gone from church to church preaching his message. He seems more like a traveling preacher or a prophet.\u201d", "\nThe author of Revelation had experienced a catastrophe. He wrote his book not long after 60,000 Roman soldiers had stormed Jerusalem in 70 A.D., burned down its great temple and left the city in ruins after putting down an armed Jewish revolt.\nFor some of the earliest Jewish followers of Jesus, the destruction of Jerusalem was incomprehensible. They had expected Jesus to return \u201cwith power\u201d and conquer Rome before inaugurating a new age. But Rome had conquered Jesus\u2019 homeland instead.", "\nThe author of Revelation was trying to encourage the followers of Jesus at a time when their world seemed doomed. Think of the Winston Churchill radio broadcasts delivered to the British during the darkest days of World War II.\nRevelation was an anti-Roman tract and a piece of war propaganda wrapped in one. The message: God would return and destroy the Romans who had destroyed Jerusalem.", "\n\u201cHis primary target is Rome,\u201d Pagels says of the book\u2019s author. \u201cHe really is deeply angry and grieved at the Jewish war and what happened to his people.\u201d\n2. The numerals 666 stand for the devil\nThe 1976 horror film \u201cThe Omen\u201d scared a lot of folks. It may have scared some theologians, too, who began encountering people whose view of Revelation comes from a Hollywood movie.", "\n\u201cThe Omen\u201d depicted the birth and rise of the \u201canti-Christ,\u201d the cunning son of Satan who would be known by \u201cthe mark of the beast,\u201d 666, on his body.\nHere\u2019s the passage from Revelation that \u201cThe Omen\u201d alluded to: \u201cThis calls for wisdom: let anyone with understanding calculate the number of the beast, for it is the number of a person. Its number is six hundred sixty-six.\u201d", "\nGood movies, though, don\u2019t always make good theology. Most people think 666 stands for an anti-Christ-like figure that will deceive humanity and trigger a final battle between good and evil. Some people think he\u2019s already here.\nPagels, however, says the writer of Revelation didn\u2019t really intend 666 as the devil\u2019s digits. He was describing another incarnation of evil: The Roman emperor, Nero.", "\nThe arrogant and demented Nero was particularly despised by the earliest followers of Jesus, including the writer of Revelation. Nero was said to have burned followers of Jesus alive to illuminate his garden.\nBut the author of Revelation couldn\u2019t safely name Nero, so he used the Jewish numerology system to spell out Nero\u2019s imperial name, Pagels says.", "\nPagels says that John may have had in mind other meanings for the mark of the beast: the imperial stamp Romans used on official documents, tattoos authorizing people to engage in Roman business, or the images of Roman emperors on stamps and coins.\nSince Revelation\u2019s author writes in \u201cthe language of dreams and nightmares,\u201d Pagels says it\u2019s easy for outsiders to misconstrue the book\u2019s original meaning.\nStill, they take heart from Revelation\u2019s larger message, she writes:", "\n\u201c\u2026Countless people for thousands of years have been able to see their own conflicts, fears, and hopes reflected in his prophecies. And because he speaks from his convictions about divine justice, many readers have found reassurance in his conviction that there is meaning in history \u2013 even when he does not say exactly what that meaning is \u2013 and that there is hope.\u201d\n3. The writer of Revelation was a Christian", "\nThe author of Revelation hated Rome, but he also scorned another group \u2013 a group of people we would call Christians today, Pagels says.\nThere\u2019s a common perception that there was a golden age of Christianity, when most Christians agreed on an uncontaminated version of the faith. Yet there was never one agreed-upon Christianity. There were always clashing visions.\nRevelation reflects some of those early clashes in the church, Pagels says.", "\nThat idea isn\u2019t new territory for Pagels. She won the National Book Award for \u201cThe Gnostic Gospels,\u201d a 1979 book that examined a cache of newly discovered \u201csecret\u201d gospels of Jesus. The book, along with other work from Pagels, argues that there were other accounts of Jesus\u2019 life that were suppressed by early church leaders because it didn\u2019t fit with their agenda.", "\nThe author of Revelation was like an activist crusading for traditional values. In his case, he was a devout Jew who saw Jesus as the messiah. But he didn\u2019t like the message that the apostle Paul and other followers of Jesus were preaching.\nThis new message insisted that gentiles could become followers of Jesus without adopting the requirements of the Torah. It accepted women leaders, and intermarriage with gentiles, Pagels says.\nThe new message was a lot like what we call Christianity today.", "\nThat was too much for the author of Revelation. At one point, he calls a woman leader in an early church community a \u201cJezebel.\u201d He calls one of those gentile-accepting churches a \u201csynagogue of Satan.\u201d\nJohn was defending a form of Christianity that would be eclipsed by the Christians he attacked, Pagels says.\n\u201cWhat John of Patmos preached would have looked old-fashioned \u2013 and simply wrong to Paul\u2019s converts\u2026,\u201d she writes.", "\nThe author of Revelation was a follower of Jesus, but he wasn\u2019t what some people would call a Christian today, Pagels says.\n\u201cThere\u2019s no indication that he read Jesus\u2019 Sermon on the Mount or that he read the gospels or Paul\u2019s letters,\u201d she says. \u201c\u2026.He doesn\u2019t even say Jesus died for your sins.\u201d\n4. There is only one Book of Revelation\nThere\u2019s no other book in the Bible quite like Revelation, but there are plenty of books like Revelation that didn\u2019t make it into the Bible, Pagels says.", "\nEarly church leaders suppressed an \u201castonishing\u201d range of books that claimed to be revelations from apostles such as Peter and James. Many of these books were read and treasured by Christians throughout the Roman Empire, she says.\nThere was even another \u201cSecret Revelation of John.\u201d In this one, Jesus wasn\u2019t a divine warrior, but someone who first appeared to the apostle Paul as a blazing light, then as a child, an old man and, some scholars say, a woman.", "\nSo why did the revelation from John of Patmos make it into the Bible, but not the others?\nPagels traces that decision largely to Bishop Athanasius, a pugnacious church leader who championed Revelation about 360 years after the death of Jesus.\nAthanasius was so fiery that during his 46 years as bishop he was deposed and exiled five times. He was primarily responsible for shaping the New Testament while excluding books he labeled as hearsay, Pagels says.", "\nMany church leaders opposed including Revelation in the New Testament. Athanasius\u2019s predecessor said the book was \u201cunintelligible, irrational and false.\u201d\nAthanasius, though, saw Revelation as a useful political tool. He transformed it into an attack ad against Christians who questioned him.\nRome was no longer the enemy; those who questioned church authority were the anti-Christs in Athanasius\u2019s reading of Revelation, Pagels says.", "\n\u201cAthanasius interprets Revelation\u2019s cosmic war as a vivid picture of his own crusade against heretics and reads John\u2019s visions as a sharp warning to Christian dissidents,\u201d she writes. \u201cGod is about to divide the saved from the damned \u2013 which now means dividing the \u2018orthodox\u2019 from \u2018heretics.\u2019 \u2019\u2019\nCenturies later, Revelation still divides people. Pagels calls it the strangest and most controversial book in the Bible.\nEven after writing a book about it, Pagels has hardly mastered its meaning.", "\n\u201cThe book is the hardest one in the Bible to understand,\u201d Pagels says. \u201cI don\u2019t think anyone completely understands it.\u201d\nFiled under: Belief \u2022 Books \u2022 Christianity \u2022 Church \u2022 Devil \u2022 End times \u2022 Faith \u2022 History \u2022 Jerusalem\nNext entry \u00bbYour Take: Comments on New York city schools banning \u2018loaded words\u2019 from tests\t\u00ab Previous entry7 reasons Catholics leave church (in Trenton, #1 is sex abuse crisis)\tsoundoff (8,460 Responses)\nThe Second Coming of Da Vinci", "\nPagel is right about this\u201cThe book is the hardest one in the Bible to understand,\u201d Pagels says. \u201cI don\u2019t think anyone completely understands it.\u201d\n. It has some mysteries from Easter religion and unless one knows about yoga and creation and concept of Ego, Revelations can not be understood in isolation.\nI tried to understand it from Easter concept of creation and Ego and wrote about it in the book \" The Second Coming of Da Vinci Real Lost symbols of Bible.\"", "\nThe book of Revelation is trying to describe how creation came in to existence.\nApril 1, 2012 at 11:36 pm | Log in to Reply\tb4bigbang\ncant think of any at the moment. Is there something on your mind as to where this might lead?\nApril 1, 2012 at 11:36 pm | Log in to Reply\tNicki\nHow can Pagels be a leading biblical scholar and not understand the geographic component. Patmos is a Greek island, not a Turkish island as she stated. Big mistake. . . . not good. Is there a retraction in the works?", "\nApril 1, 2012 at 11:35 pm | Log in to Reply\tD. Reed\nInteresting article, but I disagree with much of the information. 1. you are not using the term myth in the correct way. You are using a modern term meaning lie. Historically myth does not mean that.\n2. Your claim of who actually wrote the book is, I believe, incorrect. The disciple John was exiled to the island of Patamos. In fact he was the only disciple not martyred for following Jesus.", "\n3. You are inconsistent in when you claim that John was not a Christian, but a devout Jew, but then say that he wrote to encourage Christians. Historically, first century Jews (religious sense) did not encourage Christians they sought to kill them. I would argue that the ultimate themes of Revelation are a. Judgement, but greater is that of b. restoration of peace and order.", "\nFor the record I do not agree with the the theology of the Left behind books, which represent one theology within the Christian framework. In the future it would be helpful to cite your information. I would expect CNN to represent a more thorough treatment of a subject that has immense meaning for millions of people worldwide. This article does not seem to reflect the type of reporting I would expect from a major news network.\nApril 1, 2012 at 11:32 pm | Log in to Reply\teric", "\nSpeaking of citing information....\nperhaps you could explain where you got your information. You say things like \"myth\" are incorrect but do not explain the correct meaning. You have more plot holes than this article.\nApril 1, 2012 at 11:38 pm | Log in to Reply\tRic\nOld news. Every educated student of the Bible knows these things. This information has been around for 100 years. Just because the subject is the bible doesn't mean we have to check our brain at the door.", "\nApril 1, 2012 at 11:32 pm | Log in to Reply\tmandarax\nSadly, (a) some don't, and (b) for some it does.\nApril 1, 2012 at 11:41 pm | Log in to Reply\tThe Second Coming of Da Vinci\nPagel is right about this. It has some mysteries from Easter religion and unless one knows about yoga and creation and concept of Ego, Revelations can not be understood in isolation.\nApril 1, 2012 at 11:32 pm | Log in to Reply\tM C KIRK\nNarwhals for JESUS thats funnyr , how many people in this discussion know what a NARWHAL is ?", "\nApril 1, 2012 at 11:31 pm | Log in to Reply\tTico\nI guess anyone can make up anything, and say it with authority, and CNN will print it. The Belief Blog should be on the \"National Enquirer\" site.\nApril 1, 2012 at 11:31 pm | Log in to Reply\tgorillahug\nAn excellent description of bible authority and authenticity.\nApril 1, 2012 at 11:43 pm | Log in to Reply\tAndr\u00e9\nThe whole bible story is a myth, idiots.\nApril 1, 2012 at 11:30 pm | Log in to Reply\tPipe-Dreamer", "\nThe mirrored reflections of socialisms will ever hide many individual's oneness. \"I am alone\" when one looks passed socialisms' reflectives. You will never truly be united with me nor myself. I am myself and nothng more. You are the mirrored reflectiveness that keeps me wanting to learn. I am fearful oh God of my unleavened spirit. You oh God know my innermost thoughts and you oh God do see myself's pain to know you oh God", "\nWithout my always trying to know you oh God, I would be without much reason to want living and to be alive. You oh God are my Life's nourishing moments in Time.", "\nApril 1, 2012 at 11:29 pm | Log in to Reply\tAmericaends\nAmerica is finished. Reject God, now God rejects you. It's over.\nApril 1, 2012 at 11:29 pm | Log in to Reply\tmomoya\nGood.. Who needs an @sshole like that who can't do what he commands and contradicts himself in every other scripture.. What a fvcktard.. Good riddance to the dovchebag.\n\"Are YOU helping the poor as MY ATHEIST SELF DOES\" [emphasis mine].\n\"Not proclaiming my good deeds\". You cant have it both ways debbie. Please be truthful.", "\nAlso, please understand that traditionally Christians believe that Jesus tells people to REFRAIN from publicizing their acts of charity.\nI realize u r a self-proclaimed atheist (ref your above post) but try to understand the others' rules they have to abide by.\nApril 1, 2012 at 11:27 pm | Log in to Reply\ttoad\nDo you do good things because you think Jesus wants it, or because you think they are good?\n@toad: both; humans are a complexity, wouldn't you agree?\nWhat do you do when there is a contradiction?", "\nhumans are somewhat complex; there's lots and lots of things more complex than us.\nApril 1, 2012 at 11:36 pm | Log in to Reply\tOn the other hand\nb4bigbang,\nPerhaps you should have a chat with your Christian cohorts then, and tell them to quit accusing atheists of being selfish and uncharitable.\nApril 1, 2012 at 11:38 pm | Log in to Reply\tDebbieNJ", "\nI donate to food pantries because I despise that kids are hungry, not because I'm trying to get into 'heaven'. I help people in need because I feel for them, not because I'm trying to win points with a spirit in the clouds. Shall I just pray for them and take no action? Yeah, I don't believe in a man in the sky....... Do you help the poor as your god instructs? Do you go without to help those in need? I'll leave the self-rightousness to you biblethumpers....", "\nApril 1, 2012 at 11:42 pm | Log in to Reply\tsomeone\nvicarius filii dei\nApril 1, 2012 at 11:25 pm | Log in to Reply\tfsmgroupie\nporco dio\nApril 1, 2012 at 11:28 pm | Log in to Reply\tHeaven_Bound\nVICARIUS FILII DEI = 666, The Number of the Beast\nApril 1, 2012 at 11:30 pm | Log in to Reply\tSteve", "\nThe book of Revelations like many other books of the Bible provided historical points of view from the writers present day events and prophetic points of view as well. It is up to the reader of the book to determine which is which. The seven churches of Revelations were actual churches during the writers time that dealt with specific issues of that time. Yet, in the prophetic sense you can see how the church \"age\" has changed as well", "\nThe book of Revelations can be understood by reading the book of Daniel and the book of Ezekiels. Both prophets write about many of the events in the book of Revelations.", "\nApril 1, 2012 at 11:21 pm | Log in to Reply\tbff\nSo why should this book have any meaning beyond the people of its time? Certainly not enough meaning to live your life by.\nApril 1, 2012 at 11:27 pm | Log in to Reply\tGodLovesU", "\nThis author has clearly put a lot of time and research into her work, but she seems to arrive at much of her conclusions because she is approaching the Bible from a perspective that I do not believe God intended. The primary purpose of the Bible is stated in 2 Timothy 3:15 and that is to lead the reader to salvation. I know that statement is going to draw some fire, but the Bible really is God\u2019s plan of salvation revealed to mankind", "\nIf one does not approach the Bible within that context it will be impossible to understand. In order to figure out if this author\u2019s conclusions are right, one must evaluate or study the Scripture for themselves; and in studying it\u2019s important to understand the intention of the Author. If anyone is interested, I would like to share some principles which are essential to understanding the Bible. You can view them using the following like. It\u2019s a PDF file.", "\nhttp://www.penn.vi/goodnews/BibleStudy/01-StudyTips.pdf\nI think it will be worth the investigation. God be with you all\nApril 1, 2012 at 11:16 pm | Log in to Reply\tOh Yeah", "\nHis research IS aimed at getting to the original intention of the author of Revelation, not the interpretation later people have placed on it. Standing alone, as it did before being included in the canon of the Bible, Revelation wasn't about \"Christian salvation\" as you now believe. That's the point; you really cannot understand this book without comparing it to the other aapocalyptic literature, and the historical events around it's writing", "\nIt was eventually included into the Bible, but it was originally written to stand by itself, like all NT books except maybe Luke/Acts.", "\nApril 1, 2012 at 11:58 pm | Log in to Reply\tZach\nI am appalled that CNN would have the guts to and post an article like this. How dare they start a direct assault on the Bilbe. This article whole be taken down at once!!!\nWe're coming out, baby!! yeah!!!!!!! atheists are being heard!\nHow DARE we question anything, think for ourselves.....damned sheep getting out of line !!!!\nApril 1, 2012 at 11:16 pm | Log in to Reply\tGuy\nAn article that the demonics forces are in agreement with 100%.", "\nThere are no demons, Guy, just reality; reality says that the bible is a bunch of stupid ramblings of a few weird sheep fvckers.\nApril 1, 2012 at 11:18 pm | Log in to Reply\tSteven Brooks\nGrow up, thanks.\nApril 1, 2012 at 11:21 pm | Log in to Reply\tJust Saying", "\nPlease Zack, calm down and take a deep breath; if you need your meds take them now. Read the article...it is a scholarly work involving the history of mankind as reflected in one book of the Bible. Hardly an attack on the Bible or people who believe in the Bible. The Bible, although divinely inspired, was written by humans and took place inside the confines of history. Peace be with you.\nApril 1, 2012 at 11:21 pm | Log in to Reply\tsonofamram\nWhat is the Bilbe?\nApril 1, 2012 at 11:36 pm | Log in to Reply\tCq", "\nTruth hurts, huh Zach?\nApril 1, 2012 at 11:43 pm | Log in to Reply\tNewsy\nWhen one considers that the Catholic church was the group that spearheaded the canons to be included in the bible it should leave anyone wondering about the entire book. Many things were omitted in several books. Beginning with Genesis that skips important steps like where did Adam and Eve go after they left the garden? If there's was the first family how did their son find someone to marry? It goes on indefinitely.", "\nBesides that then you must look at the bible the Catholics use that include so many rules inserted by Popes. It is ludicrous to think that they did not want total control of the people and used God and Jesus as a way to gain money and power.\nAll this does not mean that God does not exist. Even the Muslims believed in the same God as the Jews until the first writer of the Q'ran died. And there are many that say the Jews twisted and added and deleted scripture to build themselves as the chosen people.", "\nMost people in organized religion are not taught to really think all of this through nor evolution. No I don't mean that we descended from apes \u2013 perhaps we did- but there is anthropology to prove there certainly were giant peoples and small peoples. Peoples who would not necessarily have lived in the areas they were found in. The earth was in an evolution era (climate change if you will) many times. People and animals migrated and adapted to new surroundings", "\nTo deny all this is to be blinded by faith in ignorance.", "\nFor the most part the bible is wonderful in the parable teachings of Jesus that used love, common sense, prudence and morality. The golden rule is also a great guide for mankind as are the Ten Commandments. If one believes in a God that was loving enough to create each being and a son that was loving and giving enough to decend and teach and sacrifice his own mortal life and then attune yourself to the goodness of that love you can not be lost", "\nThe development of the relationship you build with God is your doing entirely.", "\nApril 1, 2012 at 11:12 pm | Log in to Reply\tYossarian\nI remember reading somewhere that the Number of the Beast was 616 instead of 666. It still represented Nero, just rendered somewhat differently.\nApril 1, 2012 at 11:12 pm | Log in to Reply\tBlue Jean\nSo ..... ?\nApril 1, 2012 at 11:24 pm | Log in to Reply\tshartoo\nBet Carlin is regretting this now.\nApril 1, 2012 at 11:10 pm | Log in to Reply\tplucky", "\nThen you will be in hell too! Your chances are 1 in thousands of gods. Maybe the correct god doesn't even have a religion yet! Then we are all fvcked.\nMost likely there is no god and George is exactly where he was before he was born, nowhere.\nApril 1, 2012 at 11:23 pm | Log in to Reply\tOrionStyles\nWhy would he regret banging Zeus' daughter Thaleia?\nApril 2, 2012 at 12:14 am | Log in to Reply\tDanny\nThe best part about debating believing in religion.\nIf I'm wrong it doesn't matter. If I'm right your screwed.", "\nYour position is known as \"Pascal's Wager,\" and only matters if YOUR god just happens to be the right one out of a couple thousand.. And why would god reach out to a non-believer who merely gambled correctly?. Good luck.\nApril 1, 2012 at 11:14 pm | Log in to Reply\tDanny\nI didn't know about \"Pascal's Wager\" but I find it funny people rationally bet against Pascal.\nAnd even funnier that people argue about it. If your right, why are you wasting your time trying to convince someone else your right?\nDanny,", "\nI find it funny that you find it funny. Why is this so funny?\nApril 1, 2012 at 11:25 pm | Log in to Reply\tJohn\nSorry, but it does matter. If you spend your life believing a load of bull and contributing lots of time money to what might be nonsense and you're wrong it is a wasted life.\nIt's just interesting human behavior.", "\nI don't care about convincing people of anything on a religious or god issue.. I care about people criticizing information according to the exact same logic\u2013regardless of what \"belief\" it happens to touch on in their brain.. Why do you believe your religion in exactly the same way and with exactly the same fervor as another person of a different country, time period, and god?", "\nIf you're wrong, your out all the time, money, and effort trying to understand religion. If you opposed civil rights and scientific research because of your beliefs then you have harmed society and individuals for no good reason. Some of us would rather take our chances than step over people just to selfishly better our chances at an afterlife that's just a rumour.\nYou find people not acting selfishly interesting human behavior?", "\nJohn, If you don't believe in any religion or god. Isn't it wasted anyway. Your just molecules and get turned back into molecules in the universe no matter what you do. does it really matter what you did after your gone and no longer exist.", "\nAnd Momoya, you do to care about convincing us. We wouldn't even be annoying to you, if you didn't care. Faith is not a scientific principle and can't be argued as if it were. In my opinion, Pride is what makes many people refuse to believe a God could exist, and that we are smart enough to understand all things with science.\n@ Danny", "\nI don't think we are smart at all, as a species.. I think we are rather dumb.. We don't even see 95% or so of the universe.. We're blind and crazy.. I don't have to convince anybody of anything, and I don't care too, either.. If believing in your god helps you, then go for it.. Just don't try to force your morality and laws on everybody else! Got it?", "\nSo here is my question \"Oh Yeah.\" If there is nothing after this life, why does it matter what you do in this life. Won't it end either way? And aren't we both wasting our time no matter what we do?\nAnd I disagree. I don't see people who believe in Religion any more selfish than people who don't. i.e. yourself.\nMomoya, I agree withyou about forcing morality and laws on everyone, just don't force it off everyone also! got it?", "\nAnyways I just don't understand why life, and especially what comes after your matters, in your view.\nIt's hard for an atheist to explain it to a believer.. Basically, we atheists just want you numbskulls to grow up and quit believing in Santa.\nmomoya,\nSo here is my question.\nIf you truly believe what you do, why does it matter to you that I quit believing in \"Santa\"?\nApril 2, 2012 at 12:00 am | Log in to Reply\tOh Yeah", "\nDoes hurting people only matter to you whether or not you eventually get punished for it after you die", "\n? Personally, I don't hurt people because it isn't the nice thing to do. I try to be good for goodness' sake, as the tune goes, not for the reward I might get out of it later on. Believers have the additional (and, in at least some cases, only) incentive of trying to earn brownie points with their good deeds", "\nThere are many believers I've spoken to who say that they are only against gay marriage and evolution because they think God is, and that they believe God will punish those who do not take a stand against these things. That makes them selfish, as selfish as somebody who chooses to be the follower of a bully instead of his victim. I don't hurt people just because there is a superst.ition that doing so might earn me a reward after I die. I don't hurt them just because it's the right thing to do.", "\nApril 2, 2012 at 12:12 am | Log in to Reply\t\u00ab Previous\nNext entry \u00bbYour Take: Comments on New York city schools banning \u2018loaded words\u2019 from tests\t\u00ab Previous entry7 reasons Catholics leave church (in Trenton, #1 is sex abuse crisis)\tAbout this blog"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/ETD-UT-2011-08-4271

Opportunities and challenges for high-speed rail corridors in Texas Title: Opportunities and challenges for high-speed rail corridors in Texas Carroll, Todd Davis

["", "\nTexas features a growing economy and population. The state boasts a large and well-developed network of roads, freight railroads, and air facilities, which make the state a vital link in the movement of people and goods. However, as the state continues to grow in population and economic significance, these systems are straining to meet state, national, and even global needs", "\nIt is increasingly obvious to residents and state officials that Texas should consider implementing alternative modes of transport, including development of passenger rail, for which Texas currently lags behind many of its peer states. Passenger rail provides quantifiable benefits in displacing less energy-efficient and higher pollutant-emitting air and automobile modes while generating potential positive economic impacts and enhancing consumer choice and multimodalism", "\nConveniently, renewed national interest in rail has invigorated research measuring the applicability of passenger rail services to many different regions of the United States, with the possibility that future national transportation visions will include passenger rail as an essential element", "\nThis thesis seeks to clarify the potential for passenger rail specifically in Texas through comparison and contrast with other regions and nations in the midst of new national-level knowledge and the changing transportation opportunities and challenges facing the state", "\nSome of the ideal characteristics of successful international passenger systems exist in Texas, including optimal city spacing and a well-established rail network, which have fuelled ongoing interest demonstrated by various system proposals for high-speed intercity transportation in Texas over the last four decades", "\nDespite these characteristics, the state presents a number of barriers to rail transport rooted in low transit use coupled with generally lower density and ambivalent support from politicians and residents when officials present realities of eminent domain and land use changes. However, with revitalized national rail interest and new federal rail planning requirements, the state may yet be able to work through these challenges to exploit the opportunities the state possesses.", "\nCivil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering\nDownload File: CARROLL-THESIS.pdf"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/view/author/Ong,_Ryan.html

Murdoch Theses Publications: Ong, Ryan Journal ArticleOng, R.K.C., Raisis, A.L. and Swindells, K.L. (2010) Candida albicans peritonitis in a dog. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, 20 (1). pp. 143-147. Ong, R.K.C., Swindells, K. and Mansfi

["eld, C.S. (2010) Prospective determination of the specificity of a commercial snake venom detection kit in urine samples from dogs and cats. Australian Veterinary Journal, 88 (6). pp. 222-224.", "\nOng, R.K.C., Lenard, Z.M., Swindells, K.L. and Raisis, A.L. (2009) Extradural haematoma secondary to brown snake (Pseudonajaspecies) envenomation. Australian Veterinary Journal, 87 (4). pp. 152-156."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://community.pepperdine.edu/healthcenter/gethelp/medicalalerts.htm

The Pepperdine Student Health Center is committed to providing important and timely information on current health concerns. Please check below for any information we have as well as best practices to keep you safe and healthy. Please call the Health Cente

["r if you believe you may have the virus.\nHealth Advisory Notice\nChicken Pox Information\nFREE FLU SHOTS AT THE STUDENT HEALTH CENTER!", "\nIt is not too late to receive influenza (flu) vaccine to prevent getting the flu. According to the Los Angeles Public Health Department, flu activity is elevated and is increasing throughout Los Angeles County.", "\nThe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) report that influenza activity has increased significantly in recent weeks and is now widespread in the state of California. Flu can cause hospitalization and death. Receiving the flu vaccine is the most effective way to protect yourself and others from getting the flu.", "\nVaccination is the best way to protect yourself from the flu. There are additional steps you can take to keep yourself and your family healthy. Take everyday precautions, like washing your hands, to protect your health. If you are exposed to or caring for someone with the flu, talk to your doctor about preventive antiviral medications.\nWhat is the best way to protect myself and my family from the flu?", "\nEveryone 6 months of age and older should be vaccinated against the flu every year. Flu vaccination is especially important for people who are at greater risk for complications from flu and those who live with or care for these individuals. Groups of people that are at high risk for flu complications include children younger than 5 years, adults 65 years and older, and pregnant women", "\nMedical conditions such as asthma, chronic lung or heart disease, diabetes and being overweight (body-mass index >40) can also increase your risk for flu complications.", "\nPeople at higher risk for complications from the flu should seek medical care as soon as they begin to feel ill, whether or not they have been vaccinated. They could benefit from antiviral therapy that can reduce the risk of experiencing complications and reduce the severity and duration of illness. Antiviral therapy is most effective when given early in the course of illness.\nWhat are everyday steps I can take to stop the spread of germs?", "\nIn addition to getting a flu vaccine, practicing good hygiene can help prevent getting and spreading the flu. This includes washing your hands, covering your coughs and sneezes, not touching your eyes, nose, or mouth, and staying home if you're sick.", "\nTry to avoid close contact with sick people. Practice good health habits. Get plenty of sleep and exercise, manage your stress, drink plenty of fluids, and eat healthy food. Cover your nose and mouth with a tissue when you cough or sneeze. Throw the tissue in the trash after you use it.\nHow do I know if I have the flu?", "\nSymptoms of the flu include fever, cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, muscle or body aches, headaches and fatigue. Pneumonia is the most common complication of the flu. Students with influenza or influenza like illness or with any fever, should not attend classes until they have gone 24 hours without fever. Flu can also aggravate underlying health conditions like heart disease or asthma. Annually, thousands of people nationwide are hospitalized or die from influenza- associated illness", "\nFor more information about the flu please visit the Public Health website at: http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/media/FluSeason/", "\nAre there medications I can take to prevent getting the flu?\nIf you are healthy but exposed to a person with the flu, antiviral drugs can prevent you from getting sick. The sooner you are treated with an antiviral, the more likely it will prevent the flu. Antiviral drugs are 70% to 90% effective at preventing the flu. Talk to your health care provider if you think you need antiviral drugs.", "\nThe above information was taken from http://www.flu.gov/prevention-vaccination/prevention/index.html#, for more information click here\nMumps Outbreaks on U.S. College Campuses\nSince a previous alert in November 2015, additional outbreaks of mumps have occurred at many college campuses in the Eastern and Midwestern United States. As of March 14, 2016, at least five undergraduate students at the University of San Diego (USD) have been recently diagnosed with mumps.", "\nMumps is a viral infection that often causes a fever, headache, muscle aches, fatigue, earache, and inflammation of the salivary glands that results in swelling and tenderness at the angle of the jaw. Severe complications are rare, but can include meningitis, decreased fertility, and permanent hearing loss. Debilitating inflammation of the testicles or ovaries may follow. Most people recover without problems.", "\nMumps is a contagious disease spread through saliva or mucus from the mouth, nose, or throat. An infected person can spread the virus by coughing, sneezing, or close contact with an infected person.\nThe best way to prevent mumps is by getting the vaccine. This vaccine is included in the combination measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) and measles-mumps-rubella-varicella (MMRV) vaccines. Two doses of mumps vaccine are 88% effective at preventing the disease; one dose is 78% effective.", "\nIf you are concerned you may have mumps, or are concerned about a possible exposure to mumps, please contact the Pepperdine Student Health Center at 310-506-4316 right away.\nAdditional information can be found at the CDC Website.\nZika Virus Alert\nZika virus has spread to countries throughout Latin America and will likely continue to spread to additional areas in the months ahead. Cases, mostly related to travel to Latin America, have been identified in a number of U.S. states.", "\nThe Zika virus is spread by mosquitoes and is therefore most prevalent in tropical environments. Sexual transmission has also been reported. Symptoms are usually mild and include fever, rash, joint pain, and conjunctivitis (red eyes), lasting several days to a week. Currently there is no vaccine to prevent Zika and no medicine to treat it. However, severe disease requiring hospitalization is uncommon.", "\nTravelers can limit their exposure to Zika (and other mosquito-borne illnesses such as Malaria, Dengue Fever, and Chikungunya) by taking precautions to prevent mosquito bites. Travelers should note that Aedes species mosquitos (the species that carry this disease) can bite during the daytime, as well as dawn and dusk. Precautions include covering up with long sleeves and long pants, using insect repellant, keeping doors and windows closed if no screen is in place, and sleeping with a mosquito net.", "\nZika is linked to a specific birth defect called microcephaly. This link is so strong that the Center for Disease Control (CDC) issued travel guidance for pregnant women and women trying to become pregnant, warning them to avoid visiting places where the virus is currently circulating. Such travelers should regularly review the CDC travel alert website for updates as more countries are likely to be added to the list.", "\nIn addition, because of the possibility of sexual transmission, individuals returning from Zika affected areas or those who have sexual contact with individuals returning from Zika affected areas, should use condoms for all sexual contact.\nIf you are concerned about a risk of exposure to Zika related to upcoming travel, contact a specialist in travel medicine at the Pepperdine Student Health Center at 310-506-4316. Pregnant women or women planning to become pregnant should consult with their physician."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/oa_diss/261/

MULTIFACETED ATTACK ANALYSIS ON POWER GRIDS Yihai Zhu, University of Rhode IslandFollow Doctor of Philosophy in Electrical Engineering Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering Yan (Lindsay) Sun

["", "\nElectrical grids have been developed over a century, which are considered as one of the most important infrastructures on the earth. In the past decade, the emergence of the Smart Grid, referred to the next generation of power grid, makes existing systems more complicated and vulnerable. Cyber-physical attacks against existing systems and future smart grids have drawn increasing attention, because such attacks could trigger large-scale cascading failures and result in major blackouts.", "\nIn the traditional power society, contingencies are widely considered as the causes that result in power outages. The contingency analysis is the predominant method to investigate the vulnerability of power grids. With the increasing malicious attacks against power transmission systems, however, studying the grid's security and reliability only from the contingency analysis perspective has apparent limitations", "\nFirst, contingencies happen randomly and unintentionally; malicious attacks are mostly intentional. Second, it is rare that multiple contingencies happen simultaneously. Malicious attacks, however, can likely occur on a few, even more, the power grid components.", "\nIn this dissertation, the security and reliability of power grids is investigated. Briefly speaking, the attackers identify a few components in the grid as targets (e.g., substations, transmission lines, or both). Then, the attackers take down these targets by either physical sabotages or cyber intrusions, hoping that the initial failures can trigger large-scale cascading failures. The goal of the attackers is to find a group of targets, attacking on which can yield large damage to the power grid.", "\nIn particular, this dissertation investigates the attacks against the power system from the following aspects.\nIt is a nature question that why attacking a few, even one, critical components can severely weaken the system. In manuscript 1 (i.e., chapter 2), the cascading process is visualized to help people under such complicated phenomena, as well as discovering different types of failure propagation.", "\nAttackers might only know the topological connection of the power grid, e.g., the topology. In manuscript 2 (i.e., chapter 3), a topology-based cascading model is adopted to study cascading failures. The metric load distribution vector (LDV) and LDV-based attack strategy are proposed and investigated.", "\nAttackers can possibly know some general information of the power grid, e.g., the topology, types of substations and length of transmission lines. In manuscript 3 (i.e., chapter 4), the extended topological model is used to mimic cascading failures. A novel metric, called the risk graph, is proposed to reveal the hidden relationship among critical substations/transmission lines. In addition, the risk-graph based attack strategies are developed regarding substations and transmission lines, respectively.", "\nAttacks can occur on substations and transmission lines simultaneously. In manuscript 4 (i.e., chapter 5), both the vulnerability analysis and the attacks are investigated from the joint substation-transmission line perspective.\nAttacks can be conducted not only synchronously but sequentially. In manuscript 5 (i.e., chapter 6), the sequential attack is introduced; the metric sequential attack graph (SAG) is constructed; the SAG-based sequential attack strategy is developed and evaluated.", "\nZhu, Yihai, \"MULTIFACETED ATTACK ANALYSIS ON POWER GRIDS\" (2014). Open Access Dissertations. Paper 261."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://africanstudies.georgetown.edu/tanzania

A six-week, intensive Kiswahili program-- includes language study, homestay, local internship, safari, and more! Click on the link below to learn more about the application process. Tution, Fees and Fellowship Click on the link below to learn more about p

["rogram costs.\nVideo: Summer 2014\nClick learn more to see a video from the 2014 program made by Erica Esposito!\nClick on the link below for information on who to contact for questions.\nA Day in the Life of a Hoya in Tanzania", "\nClick on the link below to read a feature by Hoyas from this year's program.\nDar es Salaam, Tanzania 2019: INTensive Kiswahili studies and internship\nThe application for the Summer 2019 program is now open. Applications are available here, or at the OGE website and the deadline is February 14, 2019.\nProgram Length: 5 weeks\nArrive on: May 24, 2019\nDepart on: June 30, 2019", "\nGeorgetown University offers a five-week, six-credit intensive academic program combining language classes and area studies in Dar es Salaam with extended travel to Arusha and a three- to four-day safari in the Serengeti National Park and Ngorongoro Crater Park. For five weeks of the program, participants study intensive Kiswahili taught by experienced fac-ulty", "\nDepending on final enrollments, the program can accommodate beginning, intermediate, and advanced Kiswahili students (no prior Kiswahili is required to apply). During that time, students will also participate in internships, selected based on each student\u2019s field of study and interests. A wide range of national, regional, and international organizations are located in Dar es Salaam.", "\nStudents live with host families in the university neighborhood during their time in Dar. Host families are selected by Georgetown and local faculty. In addition to providing two meals per day, they offer partici-pants important insights into Tanzanian daily life and culture and a valuable opportunity to develop friendships with local residents", "\nThe university setting is quiet and friendly; most area residents speak Kiswahili and English (Kiswahili is the language of business and everyday life, which integrates the different groups into society). The campus is easy to navigate and conveniently located near the post office, bookstore, Western Union, and Internet cafes. While based in Dar, students may also travel to important area sites such as Bagamoyo, Dodoma, and Zanzibar.", "\nDuring the program, students travel to Arusha with possible visits to such important political and historical sites as the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, and the African Court of Human and Peoples\u2019 Rights, and meet with rep-resentatives of local non-governmental organizations such as the Maasai Women\u2019s Economic Development Organization (MWEDO). From Arusha, the group embarks on a three- to four-day safari in the Serengeti National Park and Ngorongoro Crater Park.", "\nWhile in Dar es Salaam, students reside with host families, who provide two meals per day (breakfast and dinner). They may be in two-person rooms with another GU student, or they may be placed singly, depending on enrollments. Students reside in two-person rooms in a conveniently located hotel in Arusha, where they are provided breakfast and dinner. Students receive three meals per day while on safari.", "\nStudents receive a total of seven (7) Georgetown credits for the program. For their intensive Kiswahili studies, students receive a total of six (6) credits. Students receive an additional one (1) credit for successfully completing the internships and preparing a summative essay for the Faculty Directors.", "\nGeorgetown welcomes participation in this program from Georgetown and non-Georgetown students. The program requires that participants have a minimum 2.7 GPA. A $35 non-refundable application fee (made payable to Georgetown University) must accompany the application.\nCheck out more pictures from previous trips below!\nImportant Dates and links\n2017 Program Dates:\n2017 Deadline to apply:\nFor information about tuition, fees, and the fellowship visit:\nafricanstudies.georgetown.edu/tanzaniafees", "\nFor contact information visit:\nafricanstudies.georgetown.edu/tanzaniacontact"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.america.edu/blog/category/online-college/masters-degree-programs/

Online College - Masters Degree Programs An online master’s degree holds the key to the doors of brilliant employment prospects for you. Once you have obtained an online master’s degree, you will be entitled to a fulfilling career in [...] Which are the b

["est Online Master`s Degree Programs for You?\nIt is extremely important that your education is adequate for you to be able to thrive in today\u2019s tough and competitive economic world. Online Master\u2019s Degree Programs offer you the chance to [...]", "\nWith so many online degrees available in cyberspace, choosing the right one can be a hassle. If you are really interested in earning a hefty income and advancing in your career, you should [...]\nTips to find the best Online University for You\nThe rise in popularity of online education has caused the number of online universities to multiply manifold. This has made it tough for you to make your decision regarding the best online [...]\nIlisagvik College\nAaron's Academy of Beauty"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbtp&tid=64&dcid=0&iid=4&sortby=&page=prev&curpg=1

Victims | Victim Service Providers Home | Publications & Products: Federal | Courts This site requires a Javascript-enabled browser, click here for additional information. Publications & Products: Courts To sort the results by product type, title, date or

[" product number, click on the corresponding link in the table column header. Record 1 - 25 of 59 displayed.\n|<< | < |\t1 | 2 | 3 | > |", "\nFederal Justice Statistics, 2011 - Statistical Tables Provides annual data on workload, activities, and outcomes associated with federal criminal cases. Part of the Federal Justice Statistics Series", "\nFederal Justice Statistics, 2011\u201312 Describes the annual activity, workloads, and outcomes associated with the federal criminal justice system from arrest to imprisonment, using data from the U.S. Marshals Service (USMS), Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), Executive Office for U.S. Attorneys (EOUSA), Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts (AOUSC), and Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP). Part of the Federal Justice Statistics Series", "\nFederal Justice Statistics, 2012 - Statistical Tables Describes the annual activity, workloads, and outcomes associated with the federal criminal justice system from arrest to imprisonment, using data from the U.S. Marshals Service (USMS), Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), Executive Office for U.S. Attorneys (EOUSA), Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts (AOUSC), and Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP). Part of the Federal Justice Statistics Series", "\nFederal Justice Statistics, 2010 Describes the annual activity, workloads, and outcomes associated with the federal criminal justice system from arrest to imprisonment, using data from the U.S. Marshals Service (USMS), Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), Executive Office for U.S. Attorneys (EOUSA), Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts (AOUSC), and the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP). Part of the Federal Justice Statistics Series", "\nFederal Justice Statistics, 2010 - Statistical Tables Describes criminal case processing in the federal justice system, including arrest and booking through sentencing and corrections. Part of the Federal Justice Statistics Series\nImmigration Offenders in the Federal Justice System, 2010 Presents data on criminal and civil immigration violations handled by the federal justice system over the last decade. 7/18/2012", "\nFederal Justice Statistics, 2009 Describes the annual activity, workloads, and outcomes associated with the federal criminal justice system from arrest to imprisonment, using data from Drug Enforcement Administration, U.S. Marshals Service, Executive Office for U.S. Attorneys, Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, U.S. Sentencing Commission, and the Federal Bureau of Prisons. Part of the Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics Series", "\nFederal Justice Statistics, 2009 FEDERAL IMMIGRATION ARRESTS INCREASED ALONG U.S.-MEXICO BORDER BETWEEN 2005 AND 2009 Part of the Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics Series\nFederal Justice Statistics, 2009 - Statistical Tables FEDERAL IMMIGRATION ARRESTS INCREASED ALONG U.S.-MEXICO BORDER BETWEEN 2005 AND 2009 Part of the Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics Series", "\nFederal Justice Statistics, 2008- Statistical Tables Describes criminal case processing in the federal justice system, including arrest and booking through sentencing and corrections. Part of the Federal Justice Statistics Series\nFederal Justice Statistics, 2006 - Statistical Tables Describes criminal case processing in the federal justice system, including arrest and booking through sentencing and corrections. Part of the Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics Series", "\nCivil Rights Complaints in U.S. District Courts, 1990-2006 Examines civil rights claims based on race, age, sex, or national origin involving employment, welfare, housing, voting, or other civil rights discrimination issues. Part of the Civil Rights Complaints in U.S. District Courts Series", "\nCompendium of Federal Justice Statistics, 2004 Describes all aspects of processing in the Federal justice system, including numbers of persons prosecuted, convicted, incarcerated, sentenced to probation, released pretrial, and under parole or other supervision. Part of the Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics Series", "\nCompendium of Federal Justice Statistics, 2003 Presents national-level statistics describing characteristics of persons processed and the distribution of case processing outcomes at each major stage of the Federal criminal justice system. Part of the Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics Series\nFederal Tort Trials and Verdicts, 2002-03 Presents findings on jury and bench tort trials concluded in Federal district courts during fiscal years 2002-03. Part of the Federal Tort Trials and Verdicts Series", "\nFederal Criminal Case Processing, 2002: With trends 1982-2002, Reconciled Data An annual publication that provides statistics describing defendants processed at different stages of the Federal criminal justice system for the 12-month period ending September 30, 2002. Part of the Federal Criminal Case Processing, with Reconciled Data Series", "\nFederal Criminal Case Processing, 2001: With trends 1982-2001, Reconciled Data Describes the processing of defendants in the Federal criminal justice system. Part of the Federal Criminal Case Processing, with Reconciled Data Series\nCompendium of Federal Justice Statistics, 2000 Presents national-level statistics describing all aspects of case processing in the Federal criminal justice system for the 12-month period ending September 30, 2000. Part of the Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics Series", "\nCivil Rights Complaints in U.S. District Courts, 2000 Presents selected findings about civil rights cases in U.S. district courts that dealt with employment, housing, welfare, voting, or other civil rights issues between 1990 and 2000. Part of the Civil Rights Complaints in U.S. District Courts Series\nPrisoner Petitions Filed in U.S. District Courts, 2000, with Trends, 1980-2000 Presents the number of prisoner petitions filed by Federal and State inmates in U.S. district courts during 2000. 12/1/2001"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.gc.cuny.edu/News/GC-News?category=933&page=17

Janet Gornick on 'Stirring Outcry' of Paris March in NY Times LetterProfessor Janet Gornick (GC Political Science/Sociology), in a New York Times letter to the editor, offered a firsthand account of the mass unity rally in Paris, following last week’s ter

["rorist attacks. Read moreMatthew Gold Announces 'Debates in the Digital Humanities' Book SeriesDebates in the Digital Humanities Series\n(University of Minnesota Press)", "\nProfessor Matthew K. Gold (NYCCT/GC, English) recently announced the Debates in the Digital Humanities Series (University of Minnesota Press), a new book series highlighting key tensions that are shaping the field.", "\nRead moreJanet Gornick: In the Global SpotlightAs director of LIS, an international data archive and research center, Janet Gornick enables researchers to compare socioeconomic outcomes around the around the world, and to study the institutional factors that shape those outcomes", "\nRead moreDiana Diamond Receives International Research Award for Psychotherapy PaperProfessor Diana Diamond (City College/GC, Psychology) recently received the 2014 Research Award from the International Society for Transference Focused Psychotherapy (ISTFP) for her paper on patients with co-morbid borderline and narcissistic personality disorder. Read moreThe James Gallery Exhibit Referenced in The Huffington PostThe Many Pursuit of Desire: Yevgeniy Fiks and 'The Lenin Museum' at CUNY's James Gallery", "\nHuffington Post, 1.5.15 Read moreNicholas Michelli Award Recognizes Social Justice Project in CincinnatiThe 2014 Nicholas Michelli Award for Promoting Social Justice, named to honor the work of Presidential Professor Nicholas Michelli (Urban Education), was presented to the Miami University Urban Teaching Cohort for a project in which students work with schools, community leaders, and families in Cincinnati\u2019s Over-the-Rhine neighborhood", "\nRead moreDavid Bloomfield on State Legislature's Impact on EducationProfessor David Bloomfield (Brooklyn, Urban Education) discussed the impact of New York State Education Commissioner John King\u2019s departure in a recent article posted on Capital New York", "\nRead moreJohn Torpey Elected 2016-17 President of Eastern Sociological SocietyProfessor John Torpey (Sociology), who serves as Director of the Ralph Bunche Institute for International Studies at the Graduate Center, has been elected to the top office of the Eastern Sociological Society, the regional professional association of sociologists", "\nRead moreRobert Hatcher Receives APA Award for Applications of Psychology to EducationProfessor Robert Hatcher (City College, Psychology), who serves as director of the Wellness Center at the GC, was recently named winner of the 2015 Distinguished Applications of Psychology to Education and Training Award, bestowed by the American Psychological Association", "\nRead more Eduardo Vianna Featured in New York Times Article on Community CollegesProfessor Eduardo Vianna (Psychology, LaGuardia) was featured prominently in an extensive New York Times Sunday feature. Read more"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.edurite.com/kbase/discovery-of-electron-proton-neutron

• discovery of electron proton and neutron• discovery of neutron electron and proton• an example of a neutron electron and proton• argon protons neutrons electrons• atom proton electron neutron• boron protons neutrons electrons• electron proton neutron• e

["lement protons neutrons electrons\u2022 find protons neutrons electrons\u2022 helium protons neutrons electrons\u2022 hydrogen proton neutron electron\tDiscovery of Electron Proton Neutron\tThe Greek philosopher Democrtius purposed that all matter consists of small indivisible particles which are called as atomos i.e", "\nun-cuttable or indivisible. However by the end of 19th century, it was discovered that atoms consist of three fundamental sub-atomic particles; electrons, protons and neutrons.Out of these sub-atomic particles; electrons were first discovered by Sir John Joseph Thomson (J.J. Thomson) in 1897 on the basis of study of cathode rays by Micheal Faraday in 1832", "\nHe observed that when electricity was passed through an electrolyte, it gets decomposed into elementary substances and this decomposition is called as electrolysis.Further the same concept was used by Julius plucker in 1859 during the experiments with gas discharge tube. Later in 1870, Sir William Crookes, the English chemist and physicist developed the first cathode ray tube with a high vacuum", "\nIt was a long glass tube with metal electrodes on either ends and connected to a vacuum pump for controlling the pressure of gas inside the tube. At 1 atm pressure, there were no electric current flows through the tube. As the pressure reduced to 0.01 atm and a potential difference of about 10000 volts was applied to the electrodes, an electric current flows and light was emitted by the gas", "\nThis observation proved that some radiations are emitted from cathode and called as cathode rays.Since these rays flow from cathode to anode, therefore they must have negative charge. Cathode rays travel in straight line from cathode to anode and consist of material particles as the wheel placed in the path of rays starts rotating. These particles were named as electrons by J.J. Thomson", "\nHe determined the charge by mass ratio of electrons by deflection of cathode rays under the simultaneous application of electric and magnetic field.The value of e/m ratio was found to be 1.758820 x 108 Cg-1. This charge by mass ratio for the cathode ray particles was found to be exactly same not taking into account the nature of cathode or the nature of gas taken inside the discharge tube, and eventually showing that the electrons are the basic constituent of all atoms", "\nIn 1886, Eugen Goldstein discovered the existence of a new type of rays in discharge tube and named as anode rays or canal rays. He observed these rays behind cathode on passing the electric discharge at low pressure.Canal or anode rays also travel in straight line and are deflected by electric field towards cathode which proves that they are composed of positively charged particles. The charge by mass ratio of these particles depends upon nature of gas taken in discharge tube", "\nIt observed that the e/m ratio is least with hydrogen gas in discharge tube that is 9.58 x 104 cg-1. These lightest positively charged particles were named and characterised as protons by Ernest Rutherford in 1919 who purposed Rutherford model for atom to explain the atomic structure. This model proved that the mass of atom is concentrated in nucleus which contains protons. But there is one more particle in nucleus named as neutron by James Chadwick in 1932", "\nHe observed these particles during the bombardment of alpha particles on a thin film of Beryllium as highly penetrating neutral particles.4Be9 + 2He4 --> 6C12 + 0n1Some other Sub- Atomic Particles:Neutrino were discovered in 1927 and it was pauli postulated a particle having zero mass and zero charge", "\nFermi then named it as neutrino but it was around 9n 1952, Allen and Rodeback successfully demonstrated the fee existence of neutrino.Anti-Neutrino were discovered by Fermi and he indicated that these actually exist and was identified to have identical properties of neutrino but with a oppsite spin and according to fermi neutron decays to form 0n1 ---> 1H1 + -1e0 + neutrino / anitneutrinoAnti-Proton were discovered by Segre in 1955 at University of California produced this particle by bombarding copper target with accelerated protons", "\nThis particles mass and spin are exactly identicle with proton but the only difference that this particle has is its charge which is -1.Anti-Electron or in other words the positron were discovered in 1932 by Anderson, a physicists and he found that the bombardment of Boron with an alpha particle resulted in the emission of this particle. Cork in 1956 discovered the anti-neutron and he found all the properties are identical to neutron with the exception of its spin which found to be neutron", "\nThese are produced when a proton strikes an anitproton which results in the production of the neutron and its anti particle antineutron.Mesons are sub atomic particle having mass in-between to that of an electron and proton. These are agin of two different types namely \u03c0-meson and \u03bc-mesons", "\nThese are also termed as pions and muons respectively.Pions have mass compared to electron of 273 times and the charge could be negative or positive.Muons in comparison to electron have mass 207 times and the charge could be either negative or positive.The last of the mesons are termed as K-mesons and are almost 970 times that of electron in mass number and have a charge of either negative, positive or even zero.\tBest Results From", "\nprotonproton elementary particle having a single positive electrical charge and constituting the nucleus of the ordinary hydrogen atom. The positive charge of the nucleus of any atom is due to its protons. Every atomic nucleus contains one or more protons; the number of protons, called the atomic number, is different for every element (see periodic table ). The mass of the proton is about 1,840 times the mass of the electron and slightly less than the mass of the neutron", "\nThe total number of nucleons, as protons and neutrons are collectively called, in any nucleus is the mass number of the nucleus. The existence of the nucleus was postulated by Ernest Rutherford in 1911 to explain his experiments on the scattering of alpha particles; in 1919 he discovered the proton as a product of the disintegration of the atomic nucleus. The proton and the neutron are regarded as two aspects or states of a single entity, the nucleon", "\nThe proton is the lightest of the baryon class of elementary particles . The proton and other baryons are composed of triplets of the elementary particle called the quark. A proton, for instance, consists of two quarks called up and one quark called down, a neutron consists of two down quarks and an up quark. The antiparticle of the proton, the antiproton, was discovered in 1955; it has the same mass as the proton but a unit negative charge and opposite magnetic moment", "\nProtons are frequently used in a particle accelerator as either the bombarding (accelerated) particle, the target nucleus, or both. The possibility that the proton may have a finite lifetime has recently come under examination. If the proton does indeed decay into lighter products, however, it takes an extremely long time to do so; experimental evidence suggests that the proton has a lifetime of at least 10 31 years.\tFrom Yahoo Answers", "\nQuestion:1 draw one atom of this element (element is potassium) atomic number 19 and mass is 39 i got\nprotons - 19\nneutrons-20\nelectrons - 18\nhow would i draw the atom of the element\n2 this atom forms an ion with a charge of 1+. draw a picture represent an ion of this element.\nhow would i draw this pictureAnswers:question 1 is looking for potassium in the neutral state. So it has 19 electrons and 19 protons, along with the 20 neutrons.", "\nQuestion 2 is about charged potassium ions. Since it has a charge of +1, you know it has ONE LESS electron in the ionic state -- there's your 18 electrons.Question:seperately like:\nproton mass=\nneutron mass =\nelectron mass=Answers:proton mass = 1.67262 x 10^-24 g\nneutron = 1.67493 x 10^-24 g", "\nelectron = 9.10939 x 10^-28 gQuestion:Ok, first off, this is for biology class...not chemistry...which is kind of weird to begin with (I thought it fit better in the chem category). I have to create a 3-D Bohr model of the atom carbon. One of the requirements is that protons, neutrons, and electrons are proportional. I thought that electrons were just a cloud/shells anyway, but I guess not according to this teacher...should I make the protons, neutrons, and electrons the same size, or different sizes", "\n? I have only seen them the same size...but I am only in high school...btw, this teacher is really...*cough* annoying, unreliable, confusing, dyslexic (no offense...) *cough* so I have trouble with her instructions sometimes...if they are the same size, please just say so. If not, say what sizes they should be, please! Thanks. (Sorry about the lengthy details.)Answers:Well done!", "\nElectrons do indeed spread out to what quantum physicists call a 'probability cloud' so drawing one seems silly. Electrons aren't like little moons orbiting a planet so you're ahead of your teacher from the sound of it. They're far tinier than protons and neutrons which form the nucleus of an atom. I think electrons are about a 1000th of the size of a proton, I'd have to refresh my memory", "\nApparently electrons are too small to measure but the proton has one thousand, eight hundred and thirty six times the mass of the electron - I guess you could assume it was that much bigger...", "\nTell her its silly to draw a picture of something that is smaller than the wavelength of light. That'll shut her up.\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom\nIf you're actually interested in this stuff I recommend you look up a copy of 'in search of schrodinger's cat' which I promise you will enjoy.\nKind regardsQuestion:numbers of protons and neutrons with the resulting ionic charge", "\n1.47 protons, 46 electrons 2.17 protons, 18 electrons 3.16 protons, 18 electrons 4.12 protons, 10 electrons 5.7 protons, 10 electronsAnswers:Can you do math with signed numbers???\nProtons have a +1 charge, and electrons have a -1 charge\n+47 + (-46) = +1\n+17 + (-18) = -1\nGet the idea?\nThis has nothing to do with neutrons, by the way.\tFrom Youtube", "\nDiscovery Of Neutrons :Check us out at www.tutorvista.com The neutron is a subatomic particle with no net electric charge and a mass slightly larger than that of a proton. They are usually found in atomic nuclei. The nuclei of most atoms consist of protons and neutrons, which are therefore collectively referred to as nucleons. The number of protons in a nucleus is the atomic number and defines the type of element the atom forms", "\nThe number of neutrons is the neutron number and determines the isotope of an element. For example, the abundant carbon-12 isotope has 6 protons and 6 neutrons, while the very rare radioactive carbon-14 isotope has 6 protons and 8 neutrons. While bound neutrons in stable nuclei are stable, free neutrons are unstable; they undergo beta decay with a mean lifetime of just under 15 minutes (885.7 0.8 s). Free neutrons are produced in nuclear fission and fusion", "\nDedicated neutron sources like research reactors and spallation sources produce free neutrons for use in irradiation and in neutron scattering experiments. Even though it is not a chemical element, the free neutron is sometimes included in tables of nuclides. It is then considered to have an atomic number of zero and a mass number of one, and is sometimes referred to as neutronium", "\nIn 1931 Walther Bothe and Herbert Becker in Germany found that if the very energetic alpha particles emitted from polonium fell on certain light elements, specifically beryllium, boron, or lithium, an unusually penetrating radiation was ...Protons, neutrons and electrons :Fundamental particles part 1. Explaining the ideas of proton number, nucleon number and isotopes.\tAbout"]

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